[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



       Olymp'le          c Coast
       National Marine
       Sanctuary


       Final Environmental Impact State ment/M an agement Plan
       Volume 2: Appendices





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                                                        71.


                                                                   Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                                                                             1305 East-West Highway
                                                                                           12th Floor
                                                                             Washington, D.C. 20910


             or                                                                       November 1993

                       U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                       National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       Sanctuaries and -Reserves Division






                 Olympic Coast
                 National Marine
                 Sanctuary


                 Final Environmental Impact State me nt/Managern ent Plan
                 Volume 2: Appendices







                 Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                 1305 East-West Highway
                 12th Floor
                 Washington, D.C. 20910



                 November 1993











                                U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                 V







                        Printed on Recycled Paper









        APPENDIX A:           RESPONSES TO COMMENTS RAISED BY THE DEIS/MP










I









                                Responses to Comments Raised by the DEIS/MP











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                                         A-2











                                        Introduction

              This Appendix, Resgonses to Comments Raised by the DEIS/MP,
          summarizes the comments received on the Draft Environmental
          Impact Statement/Management Plan (DEIS/MP) prepared for the
          proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS). This
          document also provides NOAA's responses to these comments in
          accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
          NOAA's responses to comments are also provided via appropriate
          expansion, clarification, or revision of the DEIS/MP.

              The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division (SRD) received 666
          written comments during the comment period from September 20, and
          November 27, 1991 from individuals, organizations,
          business/industry and local, tribal, state and Federal
          government. In addition , 137 statements were presented at six
          public hearings that were held November 6-20, 1991.

              These comments contributed to the evolution of NOAA's
          policies concerning the proposed Sanctuary. This volume
          clarifies the issues expressed by the commenters, and presents
          NOAA's final position on actions necessary for the long-term
          protection of the resources and qualities of the OCNMS.

              All letters, documents, and scientific papers were read and
          divided into five categories: individuals, government,
          organizations, business/industry, and public hearing transcipts.
          Each comment was carefully analyzed and groupd into one of twelve
          issues. NOAA's response is printed following each comment.

              Table 1 is a matrix that reflects issues raised by
          government officials and agencies, organizations, and
          business/industry. An X is placed next to the commenter's name
          or group for each issue they commented on.

              Individuals who commented on the DEIS/MP and are not
          reflected in Table 1 are listed in Table 9. Copies of all
          written comments and public hearing transcipts are available for
          review during normal business hours at:

          Jefferson County Library
          P.O. Box 990
          Port Hadlock, WA
          (206) 385-6544

          North Olympic Library System
          207 S. Lincoln
          Port Angeles, WA
          (206) 452-9253




                                        A-3











          Government Publications Division
          University of Washington Library
          F.M.-25
          Seattle, WA
          (206) 543-9158

          Grays Harbor College
          John Spellman Library
          1620 Edward Smith Drive
          Aberdeen, WA
          (206) 532-9020

          Washington State Library
          Government Publications Divsion
          16th and Water
          Olympia, WA 98504-2478
          (206) 753-5590

          North Olympic Library System
          Forks Branch
          P.O. Box 1817
          224 Forks Ave.
          Forks, WA 98331
          (206) 374-6402































                                         A-4











                                      Table of Contents


          Issue                                                               Page

          Introduction   ................................................     A-3


          Table of contents  ...........................................      A-4

          Table 1.   Issues Raised by Government Officials     .............  A-7

          Table  2.  issues Raised by Government Agencies     ..............  A-8

          Table  3.  Issues Raised by Organizations     ....................  A-9

          Table  4.  Issues Raised by Business/Industryoooooo.sooooosee       A-12

          Table  5.  Issues Raised by Educational Institutions      ......... A-13

          List of Acronyms   ............................................     A-14

          Issue 1:   Sanctuary Boundary   ................................    A-15
          Boundary  Alternative   1
          Boundary  Alternative   2
          Boundary  Alternative   3
          Boundary  Alternative   4
          Boundary  Alternative   5
          Alternative Boundary    Suggestions
          Modification of the Western Boundary
          Modification of the Shoreline Boundary
          Inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca
          Northern Boundary
          Inclusion of the Estuaries
          Consideration of Other National Marine sanctuaries and
                National Estuarine Research Reserves
          Harbor Exclusion/Inclusion
          opposition to Sanctuary Designation

          Issue 2: Alteration of/or Construction on the Seabed        ....... A-27

          Issue 3: Cultural and Historic Resources       ...................  A-28

          Issue 4: Discharges    ......                                    ... A-30
          Ocean Dumping
          Point Source Discharges
          Non-Point Source Discharges
          Discharges Outside the Sanctuary
          Tribal Concerns
          Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic
          Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations

          Issue 5: Oil and Gas Development     ........                       A-3S
          Contingency Plans

                                             A-5









          Issue 6: Naval Practice Bombing of Sealion Rock    ............ A-38

          Issue 7: Protection of Treaty Rights    ....................... A-40

          Issue 8: Vessel Traffic   .................................... A-44

          Issue 9: Overflights   ....................................... A-51

          Issue 10: Livi ng Resource Extraction   ....................... A-52
          Fishing
          Aquaculture

          Issue 11: Marine Mammals,   Sea Turtles and Seabirds  ......... A-57

          Issue 12: Sanctuary Administration   ......................... A-60
          Regulations/Permits
          Transboundary Coordination
          Beach Management Policies
          Advisory Committee/Decision Making
          Miscellaneous
          Management Alternatives/Strategies
          Research/Education Protocol

          Issue 13: Informational Amendments to the DEIS/MP    .......... A-69
          Biological
          Socioeconomic
          Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement
          Management

          Table 7. Individual Commenters   ............................. A-71

          Table S. Public Hearing Speakers   ........................... A-74

          Table 9. Petitions  ..............                             A-76























                                          A-6






                              Table 1. Issues Raised by Government Officials.



                                                                                            Boundwiss Managemavi At.Mnistrati AlterationtConstruction CtAkwalfHislotical OlKhar9" Mammals/ OIVG*s Overilights Sea Lion                                    Vessel UvkV Reswon Treaty Informabwol Oppose                        Air
                                                                                                                                     jOn Seabed                      Resources                           soalsirdii                            Flocit     Traffic    Extraclort         P49tvis Amendments Sanctuary Ouslity
                              Wad*vm Governor BOOM Gwchw                                                                x                                                                                                                      A          x          x                           x

                              Santa Swow Phil Tol          -9                                                                                                                                                                                  x          9          x

                              Skft Fl4W*Sw4Wft Bob 59skit                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        x

                              901110 PAPrOWItSIVO " F11,044                                 x                                                                                                                         IX                       I          x          I

                              U.S. P"Mwftvn Al SWR                                                       N              x                                                                                             x

                              U.S. Papreserafte Jlm_McDwmmu                                 a

                              U.S. PAW"emative John maw                                     x

                              U.S. Represent"" Jdarn unsew                                                                                                                                                            x                        x

                              U.S. Set -its 11rock Adams                                                                                                                                                                                                  x

                              U.S. Swallor Sleft Gorton                                     x                                                                                                                                                             I
                              VIM Owaltmen G" AmoK Meltsh kwkn Trft                         Al           Is             x                                            x                                                X X                                 x          x                  x        x

                              Chairperson Mary LOU. Hah hdan Trbo                           N            x                              a                                                                             9                        x          x                             x

                              Ch&kPwm Caft Ekbork Lo Elvift TdW Cetmd                      x            x                                                                                                                                                x

                              -Chwkm Christian P411111. oullsub 6 as 71011110,              a            x                                                                                                                                                x
                              IFreskilerv! Joseph 9. 00-sCma. 0*uPA kidian Nafori           x
                              IFW*rln ftliq Rep. .11111 Helps, 0WnwA Wan          Nallon                                                                                                  x





                            Table 2. Issues Raised by Government Agencies



                                                                                                                                                                        QdwMW1f9Wp1W Olockarges klonntaw omia" ow18 9" U., VO.W Lk*q ftommorm Tmety h to a np p,                                                   Air
                                                                                                                                              on Seabed                 Resources                        soatl1rds                         Back     Traffic Extraction           M91116 Amandmonti Sarcluary oust"
                            Ciat of Abwdmn                                                                                                                                                                           x                                       x
                            Civ Of HOWAOR                                                        x             x                                                                                                                           x        x
                            City of OOM *Me*                                                     a             a                                                                                                                                    x                            x
                            Ctskm Cowly                                                          a             A

                            *"a Hobo Camly                                                       N                                                                                          x

                            Nalland " ' Fisheries Ser", A"a Fwwdee n,'               C@aw                      x              x
                            NwAwdM I Wiadee9wWas MarowestApoon                                                                                                                                           x                                                  ix
                            GYw4ft Mwarw P",w of DM
                            ftaft C-affiff                                                                                                                                                                           x
                            Pe" el Q%% I lobat                                                   I             a              x
                            Pon of Part *90"                                                     x             I              I                                                             x                                                       x
                            pwat'rome                                                            x             A              x                                                                                                                     x
                            PortolVA"Nobw                                                        x                            x

                            UA DWW"WW afAwkulkov. Od Cwawvjdm Sw"

                            U.S. DWwWaant of 1ha Amy, Co" of E*-*                                x                                                                                          x
                            U.S. DIPWBNW4 Of SW     wahm. 01506 of 110 900""                                                                                            x                   x            2                    x            A                                     K
                            U.S. !!M= of Ow         Iftiat, SWOW d bdm ANdra

                            U.S. Depw*mw of A"a

                            U.S. U F       101 TrwApwftdm. U.S. Coed O"d
                            U.S. 1;         , , pod"dan pq"                                                                                                                                 x                        x        x            A        x
                            W-"-DWwftwMOfAF1x^n                                                                                              a                                                                       x
                                        D"wbwA d CammmAy Dwd*mwd                                                                                                        a
                                        Deperioment Go fodMN                                                                                                                                x                                              x
                                        DeparlowdelAtAwks

                                        Depwintai"dNe"41 A - as                                  x             a                                                        x                   x
                            WW*" Dqwft@M d VMd*                                                                2              x

                            wftt*%" saw Owww" d T"aft"

                            ft"" soft own a"
                            w"Myto Saw ftu NW 110414011011                                                                                                                                  x
                            rf^" SW Wow PAMWOW COW&Ndw Cameo





                           Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations.



                                                                       Bounderles Mwkogwvwd AdiNnIskello Alleredon/Constuctiot CLAlkeral/Hislorical Discharges MammIst COUCIes OvaNOW See Uon Vesed Uvkv Rea Tre" tMormagonal Oppose                      AW
                                                                                                            On Seabed            11mmarces                                                   Pkm*     TteMe EmIraclon       FVqNs AmermirnentsiSencluary Owelfty
                           Adft*" AudL6m                               x                                                                                                 x                   x        x

                           Mwken Aosodalon of Urjvw" Wwron             X                                    It                                                           x                   x        x
                           MmIcen Rdwrin Sod*V                         x                                    1                                                            1.                  1                 1

                           Mwkm Ocemn CanpWp                           x          X           x             x                    x                 x          x          x       x           x        x        x

                           Anieftsm Ceteman Sod*V                      x                                                                                                 x                   x

                           Afflu Fmol Mwkw Lob                                    x

                           I" Wddws                                    x          x           x                                                                          x                   x        x        x

                           &M Fourddlon                                x                                                                                                 x       I                    IX

                           Cifterm AphW Lkw                            x                                    x                                                            x                   x        x                                                    x

                           Clemn Ak Hm                                                                                                                                   x

                           Cwftf for Moto Commalan                     x          x           9             x                    x                 x          x          x       x           x        x        x

                           CAMMon of Wastinom Ocem Rshmmen                        x                         x                    x                            x          Ix                           x

                           C4*Podk Reawce Cormm. D           CWurcl    X          x                                                                                                                                                  x          x
                           Cdwfft A kw Crab Raw9 Ammodmilm            x                      A             x                                                            x                            x        ix
                           fed Lake Wad*vW Amh6m 9,                    x                                                                                                 x                   x        x        I                                           I
                           Ebys Chwnbw d Ce m                          I                                    x                                                                                                                        IN

                           FWw"wre M&*Arq Ammodeftn                    1                      9             x

                           FfMnck of 1w EsM                                                                                                                   I          x       x           x        Ix       x                     x

                           Fft* d 1w Sm Amm                                       x           x
                           Grap H"w Chmefter d Commee                  x          A           x             x                                      x                                                  x        IN                    x

                           (brays Hater Emm dc Devolopmerd Cowd                                                                                    x                                                                                 IN

                           Grap HwW PftW       Plo h Cann"don          x          In          x             9                                      x          x          IN      x                                                   x

                           Gromw 9"m CV&ntw of Cm -- m

                           (11101"m                                               I                         x                    I                 x          9          x       x           9                                       x

                           NEW WSW$ ca"m                                                                                                                                 x

                           L&M Sumdeh CAnwmft Amodelon                 I
                           mowfthwe                                                                         x                                      x          9          x                   IN

                           NalmW Au"m Sodelij                                                                                                                                                x

                           Navond Cwfpws arW Hkm Asmoddan              x

                           ft$wW Owen bukalfte Anodalan                x          x

                           No 010"



                         Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations.


                                                                        Boundaries Menagernent Adninistrall Aft fallon/Construclim Culturallmisto"Cal Cladvarges Mm"Mals/ OILKIM           or"ghts Sea Lkn Vessel Lh" Resourcm Troaq Irdarmalanal Oppose                AW
                                                                                    I         - ----        iOn Seabed                Resources                      S"blrds                         Rack      traffic Etracv.         Rghts Anlendments Senclumery Otakifty
                         NoM V*w Pr             Associalon              A           I                         I                                                                          F                                                                                     I
                         Norftmvt Indan Fisheries Cormtesion

                         oomn Pak ctmmbw of c4mnwm

                         Ofinqk Enwai m         Cound
                         CV,     Pft Associslon Board                                                                                                                a          A        x           a         I
                         Olyn    Psrw**LA@ Ecomm     Research Asset
                         Oir" wows                                      x           I          _x                                                                    x                               a                                          x
                         Pscft CAn"Malo" Dwd                            x

                         Pedk Sdwon Oporto" Counce                      I
                         Pmdk Stabs "        FIMmme Commission          I                                                                                                                                              x
                         Pe" for PUW Sound                                                                                                              x            x
                         Fort Townsend Uw*w Sdenca, C                              s                                                                   a            a
                         ftem Sound omm"                                                                                                                                                 Ix          x         A
                         " Sound SlawnstV OpwMm Assam, bw               a                                                                                                                                      x                                a
                         Sod% Audubon                                                                                                                                           x                              I
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Ix-
                         am* 0* - Cascade ctimpow                       x           9            a                                                                              A
                         &we Club - VMwe May Chmp-                      x                                                                                                       x
                         SNOWest we"Vion
                         Tahom Audubon                                  a                                                                                                       Is
                         To Pi     to laervins"s Future                                                                                                                         Is                             x
                         Trams thib wd                                                                                                                                          Is
                         UMvmn it)                                                 x                                                                                           x                    a
                         Unftd UsIm-b" kwftft
                                                                                    x            I           Is                       a                 x
                         Vowasw Audulmon                                                                                              X                 N                                x           I         A
                         Wed6ft Conked Loffm Ammodslon                                                                                                  x                                            a         x
                         fUMM Dxqwwn Crab Pahwnwft                                                                                                                                                             a
                         Wa!!2M E rAw am            Cound                                                                                                                                                      x
                         WoNnOm PUbk Parts                                                                                                                                                                     Is
                         W*=M TroN. Assoc         Islon                                                                                                 Is                                                     0
                         no vwwo mumown                                                                                                                                         x
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                [
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Ird,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A




                         ts"-,10@7 MftL






                      Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations.




                                                           Gawdivies Marvagemerit Adrydnistratio Altorallon/Constructlim CoAkwalfMatodcal Diectorg" Mammals/ 01LUm Overfil" See Lion Vessel UvkV Remorce Treaty Irolormallonal Oppose Air

                                                                                           On S"bad           Rosouroes                SO*Wds                     Rock    Traft Extractors   FVgM9 Amendments SwwW&ry   Ouslity

                      Tt* Wddmwu Sodely                                                                                                          9                x       x

                      Yakkm Audk6w                                                         a                  a -M                               I      x         x       x      I




















          I-A





                        Table 4. Issues Raised by Business/industry



                                                           Doundartes Min           AdmInlefratlon Altoralfon/Construclion Cumealftdolodcall Diseshrges Mammals 01100" Overg" Sea Uon Vessel LMM Rosoume Tre"                        Wormailorto oppose      Air
                                                                                                  On Sedied               PANUMN                        Sedilrds                       PA&        Tr&Mc IlEnvaclon       FVgtte      Amemimento Sencluary ouailty
                        Abort W                            x                                                                                                       x

                        ITT Royader, hw                    x                                                                                  x                                                   x                                  x
                        Jorin WmNnpm ftva"ne Go. x                                                x                                           x                                                   x                                  Ix

                        Kwwwo Air lhollos                  x                                                                                                                x                                                        X

                        Nordo Newo" bervice                                                                                                                                                              x                                         x

                        Tro*Fum-.1                         x          x             x              x                                          x                             x                     x      x                           x

                        W4100-                             x                        x                                                         x                                                   x                                  x
                        TwommwAsIn                                                                                                                      I          Ix
                        HIIP r4o O"boalo                   x                                                                                                        x                             x      ix

                        Omys limbo bar Pftb                x                        x                                                         x                                                   x                                  x             x

                        ,EOw Tres Folmar                              x                                                                       x                             x                     x                                  x
                        IMOD Menuftawb, Plant                                                                                                                                                                                                      x
                                                                                                                                                                                                  LX

                                                                                                                                            @
                                                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                                                              x






                 Table 5. Issues Raised By Educational Institutions.


                                   Boundaries Mmagwnwvt Adirrifnistration Aftfetion/ConOWWOon CLAkwal/Hisjoricel ENSChargm MOMMSIGIOUGAS Overfilgivii Sam Uan Vessel UvWq Pmwce Treaty linformadonal Oppose Air
                                                               On Sedmd         Resources                                 Pack  Traffic Extaclion F99WIAmerwdMonts SarwWary OLMItty

                  ChwIft " Acedmq a                                                                                       a

                  Grove Fb*w Comm  a









                                         List of Acronyms

             Acronym                    meaning
             APA              Administrative Procedure Act
             ATBA             Area To Be Avoided
             BIA              Bureau of Indian Affairs
             COE              Corps of Engineers
             CVTMS            Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System
             DEIS/MP          Draft Environmental Impact
                                   Statement/Management Plan
             DNR              Washington Department of Natural Resources
             EPA              Environmental Protection Agency
             ESA              Endangered Species Act
             FAA              Federal Aviation Administration
             FDA              Food and Drug Administration
             FEIS/MP          Final Environmental Impact
                                   Statement/Management Plan
             FWPCA            Federal Water Pollution Control Act
             IM0              International Maritime organization
             MARPOL           International Conference on Marine Pollution.1
                                   1973
             MBTA             Migratory Bird Treaty Act
             MMPA             Marine Mammal Protection Act
             MMS              Minerals Management Service
             MPRSA            Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries
                                   Act
             NEPA             National Environmental Policy Act
             NERRS            National Estuarine Research Reserve System
             NMFS             National Marine Fisheries Service
             NOAA             National'Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                   Administration
             NPS              National Park Service
             OCS              outer Continental Shelf
             OMS              Office of Marine Safety
             OPA 90           Oil Pollution Act of 1990
             PFMC             Pacific Fishery Management Council
             SAC              Sanctuary Advisory Committee
             SEL              Site Evaluation List
             USFWS            United States Fish and Wildlife Service
             UNCLOS III       Third United Nations Conference on the.Law of
                                   the Sea
             WDF-             Washington Department of Fisheries
             WDH              Washington Department of Health
             WDOE             Washington Department of Ecology










                                           A-14












            ISSUE:   BOUNDARIES
            BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 1

            Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 1 because:
            1) it contains most of the unique ecological features off
            the Washington Coast; 2) NOAA can offer greater protection
            to the coastal features than the resources further offshore
            in the event of a spill of hazardous materials; and 3)
            vessel traffic would be least affected, thereby ensuring
            safer seas.

                 Response: NOAA disagrees. Boundary alternative 1
            contains most of the ecological features visible above the
            sea surface. However, a marine sanctuary should encompass  a
            discrete ecological unit with definable boundaries (16
            U.S.C. ï¿½ 1433 (b)(1)(F)). The marine mammals and seabirds
            that transit the waters off the Olympic Peninsula and
            colonize the offshore rocks and islands forage in the rich
            waters and benthic communities over and on the continental
            shelf. The shelf is broad off the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
            The seaward extent of the shelf coupled with the upwelling
            produced from the Juan de Fuca Canyon are the physical
            parameters that support the food chain from the plankton to
            the marine mammals and seabirds. The offshore rocks and
            intertidal communities are only one habitat within the
            marine ecosystem off the Olympic Coast. Therefore, the
            marine sanctuary should encompass the ecologically
            significant offshore waters.

                 With respect to NOAA's ability to protect the offshore
            waters in the event of a spill, NOAA agrees that there is
            little that can be done once a spill has occurred. The high
            seas would most likely render response capabilities
            ineffective. However, NOAA will coordinate with the U.S.
            Coast Guard, the Washington State Office of Marine Safety,
            and the coastal tribes to ensure that there is an adequate
            response capability for the coastal waters, intertidal
            regions, and beaches along the sanctuary including seabird
            and marine mammal rescue capabilities.

                 Extension of the Sanctuary boundary to the shelf edge
            provides a buffer area for protecting the coastal resources.
            NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a
            proposal for an Area to be Avoided (ATBA) from the shoreward
            boundary to 25 nautical miles offshore of the Olympic
            Peninsula. This ATBA is designed to provide sufficient time
            to respond to a vessel that loses power off the Olympic
            Peninsula. The ATBA is compatible with many of the existing
            voluntarily adhered to traffic patterns along the coast and
            thus adds only minimal time and distance to transits between
            the Strait of Juan de Fuca and destinations to the south.



                                        A-15











            BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 2


            Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 2 as the
            preferred alternative.

                 Response: NOAA disagrees for the same reasons stated
            in response to the previous comment. The seaward extent of
            boundary alternative 2, which approximates the 50 fathom
            isobath, has no relation to the seaward extent of the
            coastal ecosystem.

            BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 3


            Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 3 as the
            preferred alternative.

                 Response: Boundary Alternative 3 excludes the Juan de
            Fuca Canyon, which is one of the richest regions of the
            offshore oceanic ecosystem. It also excludes some of the
            highest concentrations of human uses which threaten the
            health of the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula.

            Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 3 as
            the preferred alternative because it will be too restrictive
            for vessel traffic.

                 Response: NOAA is proposing no regulations that will
            unduly restrict vessel traffic. (See response to comment on
            boundary alternative 1).

            BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 4

            Comment: NOAA should select boundary alternative 4 as the
            preferred alternative because: 1) many of the unique
            unspoiled ecological resources that might be significantly
            impacted by oil are located in the physically complex area
            north of Pt. Grenville including areas of submarine canyons,
            productive fishing grounds, and coastal features that are
            critical habitat; 2) Sanctuary status in the southern
            portion of the study area would conflict with state managed
            activities such as dredged material disposal, while most of
            the shoreline in the north has little commercial activity;
            and 3) NOAA can enlarge the boundary in the future.

                 Response: NOAA agrees. One of the most valuable
            qualities of the Olympic Peninsula is that it is undeveloped
            and relatively pristine. NOAA recognizes that the southern
            portion of the boundary is much more developed, especially
            with respect to the harbor maintenance activities in Grays
            Harbor. Further, the rocky in,tertidal habitats in the north
            are much more sensitive to pollution from oil and gas
            compared to the sandy beach environments in the southern

                                        A-16









            portion of the study area. In the event of a spill of
            hazardous materials, experts predict that it would take
            years for intertidal communities of rocky intertidal
            environments to become reestablished, whereas it would take
            an order of months for the sandy intertidal communities to
            recolonize. Lastly, NOAA can expand Sanctuary boundary 4 in
            the future, in accordance with the requirements of the
            Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA),
            the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the
            Administrative Procedure Act (APA), if deemed necessary.

            Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 4
            because: 1) it is not scientifically defensible for it fails
            to protect the important and environmentally delicate
            estuaries along the southern coast; 2) it would render
            ineffective NOAA's resource monitoring and sanctuary
            enforcement mandates; and 3) it will be too restrictive for
            vessel traffic.

                 Response: The boundary of a marine sanctuary should
            approximate the most identifiable boundaries of a marine
            ecosystem. The Site Evaluation List (SEL), from which sites
            are selected for consideration as marine sanctuaries,
            identified the coastal offshore islands as the core of the
            proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (originally
            identified as the Western Washington Outer Coast). With
            this focus, NOAA has determined that the boundaries of the
            ecosystem are encompassed by boundary alternative 4. NOAA
            recognizes that the coastal estuaries are ecologically
            valuable and that many organisms that exist within, or
            transit through boundary alternative 4, depend on the
            estuaries. However, while the estuaries and outer coast are
            ecologically linked, the productivity of the two
            environments is a function of very distinct environmental
            processes.

                 NOAA believes that protection of the estuaries could be
            best achieved through possible inclusion of these areas in
            programs targeting estuarine management such as, the
            National Estuarine Research Reserve System, the National
            Estuary Program, or the Coastal Zone Management Program.

                 NOAA believes that the size of the sanctuary
            encompassed by boundary alternative 4 is manageable with
            respect to research and monitoring initiatives.

                 As discussed above, NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast
            Guard to develop a proposal for an ATBA off the northern
            Olympic Peninsula. It is designed to be as compatible with
            existing customary practices among mariners as possible.
            NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic regulations with
            designation.

                                        A-17












           BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 5


           Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 5 because:
           1) activities that are, or could occur, in the southern
           portion of the study area can affect the resources in the
           north; 2) the entire study area is ecologically connected;
           3) the management needs are greatest in the south; 4) the
           sanctuary management regime would complement existing
           management initiatives (Willapa Bay watershed planning
           processes, Columbia and Snake River Salmon Recovery
           Planning, State National Heritage Plans); and 5) expansion
           of the Sanctuary boundary in the future will be too time-
           consuming.

                Response: NOAA's preferred boundary alternative is
           based on an ecologically identifiable boundary. The
           northern and southern portions of the study area are
           distinct with respect to their coastal and offshore ecology.
           NOAA can'protect Sanctuary resources from outside activities
           through the prohibition on discharges outside the Sanctuary
           boundary that enter and injure Sanctuary resources. NOAA
           will be involved in planning activities that could
           potentially threaten Sanctuary resources outside its
           boundary. The boundary can be expanded in the future if
           needed.


           Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 5
           because it is not necessary to encompass the entire
           Washington coastline as a marine sanctuary, and it would
           eliminate any future development of the coastal areas.

                Response: NOAA agrees. See response to previous
           comment.

           Comment: A more detailed analysis of the impacts of
           sanctuary designation must be undertaken before seriously
           considering boundary alternative 5.

                Response: NOAA has undertaken an extensive analysis of
           the uses and ecology of the southern portion of the study
           area and believes that the ecologically sensitive estuarine
           environments are adequately protected.

           ALTERNATIVE BOUNDARY SUGGESTIONS


           Comment: NOAA should establish a series of smaller site-
           specific areas surrounding unique marine resources, such as
           ocean waters immediately adjacent to already protected
           terrestrial ecosystems such as wildlife refuges and the
           Olympic National Park. This alternative would afford
           sanctuary status to marine resources while maintaining
           provisions for compatible ocean uses.

                                       A-18









                  Response: NOAA disagrees. Smaller site-specific areas
             would not encompass an ecosystem for the reasons stated
             above. Further, designation of the marine sanctuary would
             allow for the continuation of pre-existing and compatible
             uses.


             Comment: NOAA's analysis of the resources within the study
             area identified the southern portion as highly important in
             terms of wildlife and fishery values, particularly the areas
             in and surrounding Willapa Bay. NOAA should consider
             modifying boundary alternative 4 by adding a satellite site
             encompassing the estuarine environment and the offshore
             waters of Willapa Bay.

                  Response: NOA A's analysis confirmed that the estuarine
             areas in the southern portion of the study area are
             significant natural resources and that many of the resources
             utilize the waters off the northern coast as well. However,
             NOAA has determined that the estuarine ecosystems are
             distinct from the higher energy marine environment of the
             northern portion of the study area. In addition, the
             activities in, and adjacent to Grays Harbor are managed
             pursuant to an existing estuarine management plan
             promulgated pursuant to the Washington State Shorelands
             Management Act. The residents living in the watersheds of
             Willapa Bay are currently preparing an estuarine management
             plan.

             Comment: NOAA should consider the creation of a north and
             south Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary with separate
             but coordinated management regimes.

                  Response: The Act requires the designation of one
             sanctuary on the Western Washington Outer Coast with the
             offshore Islands and coastal areas of the northern Olympic
             Peninsula as the core area of the sanctuary. In carrying
             out this mandate, NOAA examined the seaward, northerly,
             southerly, and easterly extent of the ecosystem that has as
             its core the intertidal communities of the outer coast.

             Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be modified
             as further cetacean information is available.

                  Response: NOAA can modify the boundary in the future,
             in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA
             and the APA, as more information becomes available.

             MODIFICATION OF THE WESTERN BOUNDARY


             Comment: The outer boundary of the sanctuary should extend
             westward to a point that minimizes restrictions and needless
             re-routing of vessel traffic and harbor maintenance

                                           A-19









            activities at the opening of Grays Harbor. To accomplish
            this objective, the outer limit of the sanctuary should be
            set at a distance between 2 and 10 miles from shore.

                 Response: Sanctuary boundaries are not established
            based on vessel traffic routes, particularly because routes
            are subject to change. NOAA will work with existing
            regulatory agencies to minimize impacts. While vessel
            traffic is in the scope of sanctuary regulations, NOAA is
            not promulgating vessel traffic regulations at this time.

            Comment: The outer boundary should be established at either
            the 100 or 500 fathom isobath.

                 Response: NOAA has established the boundary at the 100
            fathom isobath because it is generally recognized to be the
            seaward extent of the continental shelf, the area where
            photosynthetic activity is greatest.

            Comment: Clarify the rationale for establishing the western
            boundary of alternatives 4 and 5.

                 Response: See response to previous comment.

            MODIFICATION OF THE SHORELINE BOUNDARY


            Comment: The shoreline boundary should be established at
            the lower low water mark to preclude interference with
            carefully crafted beach management plans regulating beach
            traffic, razor clam harvests and emergency aircraft
            landings.

                 Response: The shoreline boundary of the.Sanctuary is
            located at the higher high water line where adjacent to
            Federally-owned land (including the Olympic National Park
            and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife refuges) and the lower low
            line mark when adjacent to State-owned land. Thus, the
            -boundary does not interfere with beach management plans.
            Razor clam harvests within the intertidal zone of the
            Sanctuary will be managed by existing authorities such as
            the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, the
            Quinault Indian Tribe, and the National Park Service.
            Emergency aircraft landings are permissible in the
            Sanctuary.

            Comment: The shoreline boundary should cut across the
            mouths of all rivers, streams and estuaries because there
            are sufficient management plans in place providing
            protection of inland environments such as the Washington
            State Coastal Zone Management Program and the Grays Harbor
            Estuary Management Plan.



                                        A-20









                 Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary has
            been modified to cut across the mouths of all rivers,
            streams and estuaries.

            Comment: Clarify why the shoreward boundary distinguishes
            between adjacency to tribal and non-tribal lands.

                 Response: The Tribes have jurisdiction to the mean
            lower low water line and the Sanctuary program does not have
            the authority to claim jurisdiction over tribal land without
            the consent of the governing body of the tribes. Both the
            Tribes and the State have requested that the Sanctuary
            boundary not overlap with tribal and State lands.
            Therefore, the coastal boundary has been modified so that it
            is at mean lower low water when adjacent to tribal and State
            owned lands and at mean higher high water when adjacent to
            Federally owned lands.

            Comment: Existing National Park Service standards,
            regulations, and policies must not be diminished as a result
            of dual designation as a National Park and National Marine
            Sanctuary. The majority of the intertidal areas of the
            Olympic National Park are Federally designated Wilderness
            Area and must be managed accordingly.

                 Response: The Sanctuary boundary-overlaps with the
            boundary of the Olympic National Park. NOAA will not
            diminish the standards, regulations and policies currently
            applying to the intertidal areas of the Olympic National
            Park. The existing standards, regulations and policies of
            the intertidal areas will remain. NOAA will enhance the
            protection of these intertidal areas by working with the
            Coast Guard to ensure a safer vessel traffic environment,
            and the upland users of the watershed to monitor and
            minimize the impacts of non-point source pollution.
            Additionally, NOAA will support research and resource
            monitoring initiatives in the intertidal areas and may seek
            compensation for damages if an accident were to occur that
            injures Sanctuary resources.

            INCLUSION OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA


            Comment: The northeastern boundary of the sanctuary should
            extend further into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to either: 1)
            the Lyre River; 2) the Clallam County Marine Sanctuary at
            Salt Creek; 3) Low Point; 4) Crescent Bay/Agate Beach; or 5)
            Pillar Point. Omission of the Strait of Juan de Fuca from
            the Sanctuary excludes the head of the Juan de Fuca Canyon
            from the boundary of the Sanctuary, and thus represents a
            boundary not based upon an ecological rationale.

                 Response: NOAA has examined the resources of the Strait

                                        A-21









            of Juan de Fuca and the FEIS/MP has been revised
            accordingly. Sections III and IV (Alternatives, and
            Environmental Consequences) examine the benefits and
            consequences of various 'alternatives in the Strait of Juan
            de Fuca. NOAA believes that the existence of a functional
            biotic community characteristic of the marine environment
            extends into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Observatory
            Point. Eastward of Observatory Point, the ecosystem is more
            characteristic of an estuarine environment.

                 Despite the ecological arguments that support inclusion
            of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary,
            NOAA does not believe that the public has had ample
            opportunity to analyze and comment on the proposal to add
            the Strait. Since the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies entirely
            in state waters, the Strait of Juan de Fuca cannot be
            included without the approval of the Governor of Washington
            State. However, NOAA will pursue expanding the boundary if
            supported by the State of Washington.

            Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be contiguous
            with that of the proposed Northwest Straits Sanctuary. A
            gap between these two proposed sanctuaries would cause
           .confusion for commercial shipping and fishing interests and
            government managing agencies.

                 Response: At this time, the future and nature of the
            proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary is
            uncertain and cannot serve as a deciding factor in the
            determination of the eastern boundary of the Olympic Coast
            National Marine Sanctuary. The boundary of the Olympic
            Coast National Marine Sanctuary must be determined based on
            ecological and human use factors. NOAA can modify the
            boundary in the future if it is deemed appropriate. NOAA
            will coordinate with existing managing agencies to ensure
            that the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and the
            proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary do not
            unduly disrupt the management of vessel traffic and fishing.

            Comment: 'The boundary of the Sanctuary should not encompass
            the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca because closely-
            monitored vessel traffic lanes already exist.

                 Response: The MPRSA encourages multiple uses of the
            Sanctuary as long as they are compatible with the resource
            protection goals of the Sanctuary. Clearly, the Coordinated
            Vessel Traffic System in the Strait of Juan de Fuca is in
            the best interest of the vessel traffic industry and the
            environment. NOAA would not interfere with the vessel
            traffic management regime in the Strait of Juan de Fuca if
            the Governor of the State of Washington supported inclusion
            of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary.

                                        A-22












            NORTHERN'BOUNDARY

            'Comment: The northern boundary of the Sanctuary should be
            adjacent to the international border and include vessel
            traffic lanes to facilitate the establishment of a
            cooperative international sanctuary and coordinated vessel
            traffic management regime.

                Response: The northern boundary is adjacent to the
            international boundary.

            INCLUSION OF THE ESTUARIES

            Comment: NOAA recognized both the high resource values of
            the estuaries and the high level of point source discharges.
            By including the estuaries in the boundary NOAA would be in
            a position to work with the Washington Department of Ecology
            (WDOE) to correct the sources of pollution.

                 Response: NOAA has been working with the Washington
            Department of Ecology to address pollution problems in the
            coastal estuaries. The Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan
            was supported by funding provided pursuant to the Washington
            Shorelands Management Act. NOAA agrees that the estuaries
            are extremely valuable environments with high levels of
            point source discharges. However, NOAA believes that the
            estuaries are ecologically distinct from the offshore waters
            of the Olympic Peninsula, which is the core area of the
            Sanctuary. Inclusion in the National Estuarine Research
            Reserve System (NERRS) is a more appropriate management
            framework for NOAA involvement in estuarine management.

            Comment: The estuaries should be excluded from the
            Sanctuary boundary because the Washington State Coastal Zone
            Management Program and the Grays Harbor Management Plan
            offer sufficient protection to the estuaries.

                 Response: NOAA agrees. The estuaries are excluded from
            the preferred boundary of the Sanctuary.

            CONSIDERATION OF OTHER NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES AND
            NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES (NERRS)

            Comment: Some commenters believed that NOAA should
            designate the estuaries as NERR's if they are not included
            in the boundary of the Sanctuary because of their natural
            resource values. Other commenters believed that NERR status
            is inadequate since it does not include the marine
            environment. Clarification is needed on the specific
            elements of the NERRS: 1) the degree of protection that the
            NERRS would provide to Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay; 2) the
            process of designation; 3) timetable for designation; 4)

                                        A-23









            assurances that designation would occur; and 5) the degree
            of protection to the estuaries that would be provided in
            comparison to sanctuary status.

                 Response: The terms of designation as a NERR are
            determined between the State and NOAA. The process begins
            with the 'nomination of an estuary, or portion thereof, to
            NOAA for inclusion in the NERRS by the Governor of the
            State. The State holds scoping meetings in the region
            nominated for inclusion to solicit public input. The State
            then prepares a draft environmental impact statement and
            management plan (DEIS/MP) where boundary, management, and
            regulatory alternatives are assessed and a preferred
            alternative is decided upon. The DEIS/MP must demonstrate
            that the key core land and water areas are adequately
            protected by the state. Once the DEIS/MP is completed,
            public hearings are held in the region. After a comment
            period of one month, the State must produce a Final
            Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (FEIS/MP)
            incorporating the public comments. Once NOAA approves the
            FEIS/MP the Reserve is officially designated. The entire
            process requires approximately three years. Designation is
            contingent upon available funding.

            Comment: NOAA should encourage sanctuary designations in
            Northern Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Southern Oregon and
            Northern California.

                 Response: NOAA is working with the State of Washington
            to study the feasibility of a sanctuary in Northern Puget
            Sound. New candidates for sanctuary status are selected
            from NOAA's SEL. Sites*in southern Oregon and Northern
            California are presently on the SEL.

            HARBOR EXCLUSION/INCLUSION

            Comment: How will sanctuary designation influence the
            disposal of dredge material from harbor maintenance and
            development activities that occur in the Port of La Push,
            the mouth of the Quilleute River, and Neah Bay?

                 Response: No dredge spoil disposal will be permitted
            within the Sanctuary. Harbors are excluded from the
            Sanctuary boundary. Therefore, maintenance and development
            activities can occur, but disposal of dredge material must
            be either on land or outside the boundary of the Sanctuary.

            GROWTH MANAGEMENT

            Comment: The Sanctuary should help to limit population
            growth.



                                        A-24









                Response: The sanctuary program has no control over
           population growth adjacent to the Sanctuary boundary.
           Rather, the program exists to ensure that human uses
           resulting from growth do not have a negative impact on
           Sanctuary resources.

           Comment: Private land owners should not lose development
           rights to their land, nor should they have the value of
           their land significantly decreased by regulation without due
           compensation for that loss.

                Response: NOAA is issuing no regulations that will
           diminish the development rights of private property owners.

           OPPOSITION TO SANCTUARY DESIGNATION

           Comment: The marine sanctuary should not be designated
           because: 1) it would shut down the fishing industry; 2)
           existing legislation and management regimes offer adequate
           protection; 3) potential industrial interests would be
           stifled because the sanctuary would over-regulate the local
           economy and its growth; 4) the ecological/aesthetic values
           of Washington's coastline are not permanently threatened; 5)
           local airports in Aberdeen and Ocean Shores would close due
           to insurance problems; and 6) the Olympic National Park has
           too much control over the Olympic Peninsula already.

                Response: The Sanctuary will not shut down the fishing
           industry. Fishing is not within the scope of Sanctuary
           regulation; the regulation of fishing would remain with
           existing management regimes. Further, the Sanctuary will
           ensure greater protection from risks due to oil, gas and
           mineral development and vessel traffic accidents.

                NOAA disagrees that existing legislation offers
           adequate protection of the offshore resources. The threats
           from such things as vessel traffic, oil and gas development,
           sand and gravel mining and Navy practice bombing of Sea Lion
           Rock have not been addressed through a comprehensive
           management regime that recognizes the value and fragility of
           the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula. NOAA does
           not believe that the Sanctuary will over-regulate the local
           economy since the main source of income in the region is
           from tourism, fishing and timber production-none of which
           will be negatively affected by the Sanctuary. Tourism and
           fishing will likely benefit from Sanctuary status due to the
           increased protection of the marine environment.







                                       A-25









             ISSUE:     ALTERATION OF/OR.CONSTRUCTION ON THE SEABED

             Comment: The regulation pertaining to alteration or
             construction of the seabed may be interpreted as prohibiting
             such activities as geologic research, the placement of
             current meters, sediment traps and similar research
             equipment, all of which might be necessary.if environmental
             studies were to be conducted in the Mineral Management
             Service (MMS) Washington-Oregon planning area. To clarify
             the intent of this prohibition, "Government sponsored
             environmental studies" should be added in the second
             sentence of this*section as one of the activities for which
             this prohibition does not apply.

                   Response: NOAA supports research within the Sanctuary.
             However, the prohibition on alteration of, or construction
             on the seabed applies to all research activities, including
             those conducted by governmental agencies. All research
             activities conducted within the Sanctuary that violate a
             Sanctuary regulation must be undertaken    pursuant to a
             Sanctuary research permit to ensure that the impacts from
             the research are minimal and temporary.

             Comment: The prohibition on the alteration of, or
             construction on the seabed should not interfere with current
             or future harbor maintenance or fishing activities
             including: 1) jetty and groin construction; 2) permitted
             dredging of channels and harbors; 3) the use of dredge
             spoils for underwater  iberm construction; 4) construction and
             improvement of boat launching and marine facilities adjacent
             to reservations; 5) the retrieval of fishing gear (including
             crab pots) and sunken vessels; 6) bottom trawling and
             scal lop dredging; and 7) tribal fin and shellfish
             operations. NOAA needs to clarify the exemption of
             activities incidental to routine fishing and vessel
             operations. The exemptions for harbor maintenance and
             fishing activities should read: "attempting to alter the
             seabed for any purpose other than anchoring vessels, normal
             fishing operations to include commercial bottom trawling and
             crab pot recovery,.and routine harbor maintenance."

                  Response: Ports and harbors are not included within the
             boundary of the Sanctuary. Further, there is the following
             exception to the alteration-of-the-seabed regulation:
             "Harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with
             Federal Projects in existence on the effective date of
             Sanctuary designation, including dredging of entrance
             channels and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of
             breakwaters and jetties." The boundary of the Sanctuary
             adjacent to the Port of La Push is congruent with the Colreg
             lines at the mouth of the harbor. The boundary of the
             Sanctuary at Neah Bay forms an arc from Koitlah Point to the

                                           A-26









            point of land on the opposite side of Neah Bay. The arc is
            contiguous with the outer coast of Waadah Island. The noted
            activities incidental to fishing have been exempted from the
            Sanctuary regulations.

            Comment: NOAA should prohibit all dredging and removal of
            sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary.

                 Response: NOAA has prohibited all dredging and removal
            of sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. These
            activities threaten the integrity of the benthic community
            and the food source of many fish, marine mammals and
            seabirds.

            Comment: NOAA should not subject the exploration and
            development of offshore mineral activities to the same
            restrictions proposed for the exploration and development*of
            Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas.

                 Response: All of these activities injure the benthic
            communities in the Sanctuary and NOAA does not believe that
            there is cause for exceptions.

            Comment: Clarify NOAA's policy on establishing artificial
            reefs within the Sanctuary.

                 Response: There are no artificial reefs in the
            Sanctuary as of the date of designation. The creation of
            new artificial reefs would be prohibited pursuant to the
            prohibition on alteration of, or construction on, the
            seabed.

            Comment: NOAA should prohibit the construction of pipelines
            on the sea floor.

                 Response: The regulation prohibiting the alteration of,
            or construction on, the seabed would prohibit the
            construction of pipelines on the sea floor.

















                                        A-27











            ISSUE:    CULTURAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES

            Comment: NOAA should prohibit moving, injuring, or
            possessing historic resources within the Sanctuary.

                 Response: NOAA agrees that it is necessary to protect
            and manage historical and cultural resources within the
            Sanctuary boundary. NOAA has included a prohibition on
            moving, removing, possessing, injuring, or attempting to
            move, remove, or injure these resources, except as resulting
            incidentally from traditional fishing operations. If NOAA
            determines that fishing activities are resulting in injury
            to Sanctuary historic and cultural resources, NOAA may amend
            the Sanctuary regulations to abolish the exemption for these
            activities.

            Comment: The proposed regulations dealing with cultural
            resources fail to preserve the tribes' ability to control
            access to, and removal of, their cultural heritage.
            Therefore, NOAA should add a new section 925.5(a)(8)
            prohibiting: "removal or attempted removal of any Indian
            cultural resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant
            cultural site designated by a tribal governing body with the
            concurrence of the Director, except with the express written
            consent of the governing body of the tribe or tribes to
            which such resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains."
            NOAA should pursue a cooperative agreement with the tribes
            to coordinate management of cultural artifacts of tribal
            significance.

                 Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority
            to control access to cultural artifacts within the Sanctuary
            thereby helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly,
            anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historic resource
            must apply for and obtain a sanctuary permit from NOAA.
            NOAA acknowledges the interest of the coastal tribes to
            preserve their cultural heritage and, in particular, those
            cultural artifacts of tribal significance found within the
            Sanctuary. NOAA considers its objective of preserving the
            historical and cultural resources of the Sanctuary to be
            compatible with the coastal tribes' desire to preserve their
            cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA has clarified in section
            925.9(d) that "In deciding whether to issue a permit, the
            Director or designee may consider such factors as . . . the
            effect of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes." NOAA
            will work on a cooperative agreement with the tribes and the
            State of Washington to clarify the process by which permits
            will be granted to conduct research or salvage operations on
            historical and cultural resources of tribal significance.

            Comment: Current management of cultural resources is agreed
            upon between the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the

                                        A-28









           tribes. The BIA supports the tribes in the management of
           their cultural resources.

                Response: See response to previous comment.

           Comment: The regulation as proposed in the DEIS/MP is
           duplicative of State law. There already exists state and
           Federal antiquities acts to protect coastal archeological
           and historical sites that occur on or near the median high
           tide boundary. The State archeologist already coordinates
           archeological matters.

                Response: The MPRSA is not duplicative of existing laws
           protecting historical and cultural resources. The MPRSA is
           more comprehensive in that it provides enforcement
           authority, including civil penalties, for the destruction or
           injury of historical and cultural resources.

                The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 gives states the
           title to certain abandoned shipwrecks in state waters.
           Under the MPRSA, NOAA has trustee responsibilities for
           abandoned shipwrecks and other historical and cultural
           resources within national marine sanctuaries, including
           those located in state waters, for the purpose of protecting
           them. NOAA will coordinate with State agencies to ensure
           that historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary
           are protected, and that the policies affecting historical
           and cultural resources in State waters are consonant with
           the policies in the Federal waters of the Sanctuary.



























                                       A-29










             ISSUE:    DISCHARGES

             Ocean Dumping

             Comment: NOAA should not prohibit the use of dredged
             material disposal sites off Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the
             Columbia River, or on the north jetty and breakwater of the
             Port of La Push.


                  Respo nse: The Sanctuary boundary does not extend south
             of Copalis Beach and excludes ports and harbors. Therefore,
             the maintenance activities at La Push and the use of the
             dredge disposal sites south of the boundary is not
             prohibited.

             Comment: No ocean dumping should be allowed in proximity to
             the major submarine canyons.

                  Response: The regulations prohibit ocean dumping within
             the Sanctuary, and outside the Sanctuary if the material
             enters and injures Sanctuary resources or qualities.

             Point Source Discharqgs

             Comment: Prohibit discharges of toxics, plastic, and
             municipal garbage and sewage into the marine environment.

                  Response: The dumping of municipal garbage, toxics and
             plastics is prohibited within the Sanctuary by Sanctuary
             regulations and by regulations promulgated pursuant to the
             Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. ï¿½ï¿½ 1901 et
             Aeg.) and the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control
             Act of 1987, which implements Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in the
             U.S. Point source dischai@ges are allowed provided such
             discharge is certified by NOAA in accordance with section
             925.10 or approved by NOAA in accordance with section
             925.11. After expiration of current permits, discharges
             from municipal treatment plants will be subject to the
             review process of section 925.11. At a minimum, secondary
             treatment will be required.

             Comment: Current regulations are adequate. NOAA has not
             proven that the proposed regulations will enhance the
             recreational or aesthetic appeal, and water quality.

                  Response: Current regulations do not protect the area
             from the cumulative impacts of various types of discharges,
             including:. 1) some ocean dumping; 2) sewage receiving only
             primary treatment; and 3) non-point source discharges.
             NOAA's ocean disposal regulation offers protection to the
             offshore environment that does not otherwise exist. NOAA
             will work with existing tribal, State and Federal

                                         A-30









           authorities to ensure that the quality of the water and
           Sanctuary resources are maintained.

           Comment: Clarify how discharges from drilling and
           production rigs may be addressed if oil and gas leasing were
           to occur in the future.

                Response: The regulations prohibit oil and gas
           exploration, development, and production activities within
           the Sanctuary. NOAA will work with the Environmental
           Protection Agency (EPA) to ensure that best available
           technology is implemented on any drilling rigs located
           outside of the Sanctuary to ensure that no discharges enter
           and injure Sanctuary resources and qualities.

           Comment: Depositing or discharging from any location within
           the Sanctuary or from beyond the Sanctuary should be
           prohibited.

                Response: The mandate of the National Marine Sanctuary
           Program is to facilitate multiple uses that are compatible
           with resource protection. Depositing or discharging most
           materials within the boundary of the Sanctuary, or from
           beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary if such material
           subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures Sanctuary
           resources or qualities is prohibited. NOAA will work with
           EPA, the Tribes and the State of Washington to maintain
           water quality. NOAA may require special terms and
           conditions, including (but not limited to) improved effluent
           quality, on EPA permits to ensure Sanctuary resources and
           qualities are protected.

           Non-Point Source Discharges

           Comment: NOAA should not require at a minimum secondary
           treatment and sometimes tertiary or more for non-point
           source pollution. It is virtually impossible to subject
           runoff to these levels of treatment.

                Response: NOAA does not require such treatment for non-
           point source pollution. NOAA will monitor non-point source
           pollution and work with those living and working in the
           coastal watersheds to minimize runoff into the Sanctuary.

           Comment: It should be stated that there is no intent to
           regulate forest practices by Sanctuary administrators.
           There is no research or evidence which would justify the
           statement made in the proposed DEIS that the "greatest
           source of non-point discharge is the forest." This
           statement needs clarification and tree farmers must be
           assured that they can continue to grow and harvest trees
           pursuant to Washington's Forest Practices Act, one of the

                                       A-31









             most stringent in the country.

                  Response: NOAA's Strategic Assessment Branch has
             analyzed existing watershed data from the National Coastal
             Pollutant Discharge Inventory to determine sources of
             runoff. Summaries of pollution discharges for total volumes
             of nitrogen, lead, and all suspended solids combined
             indicate that with the exception of suspended solids
             discharged by paper mills, the greatest source of sediments
             discharged into sanctuary waters is from natural forest
             runoff.

                  Despite this evidence, NOAA will not be directly
             regulating upland uses. However, NOAA will coordinate with
             the upland user groups, and managing agencies to minimize
             non-point source impacts on Sanctuary resources.

             Comment: The suggestion that excessive erosion from clear
             cutting practices is the source of most non-point source
             pollution from forests supports the need for further study
             of this common practice and the issuance of more stringent
             controls due to the steep and unstable slopes and amount of
             rainfall.

                  Response: NOAA agrees and will conduct monitoring and
             research initiatives in coordination with those living and
             working in the watersheds to minimize the impacts from
             timbering activities.

             Discharges Outside the Sanctuary

             Comment: Clarify to what extent the "sphere of influence"
             of the discharge regulation extends, to what degree it may
             affect coastal communities including the Tribes, and who
             determines if injury to a Sanctuary resource has occurred.
             Would a community such as Ocean Shores or an Indian Tribe
             face increased water quality regulations or enforcement?
             Further, does the discharge prohibition apply to
             particulates that are discharged into the air from pulp
             mills and subsequently enter the Sanctuary and harm
             Sanctuary resources and qualities.

                  NOAA should not impose additional restrictions, beyond
             the existing requirements of the Federal Water Pollution
             Control Act (FWPA), on the discharge of effluent and dredge
             spoils into marine waters. There is no evidence that
             additional restrictions on these activities are required to
             protect water quality in the proposed sanctuary.

                  Response: The MPRSA protects Sanctuary resources and
             qualities (including water quality) from the impacts of
             discharges from within and outside the boundary of a

                                         A-32









           Sanctuary whether airborne or waterborne. NOAA is
           responsible for determining injury to Sanctuary resources.
           Discharges pursuant to existing permits may be continued
           subject to the certification requirements of section 925.10.
           New permits are subject to the review process of section
           925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required
           for any treatment plants discharging directly into the
           Sanctuary. With respect to airborne or waterborne
           discharges outside the Sanctuary, NOAA may condition such
           permits only if it is established that the discharges are
           entering the Sanctuary and injuring Sanctuary resources or
           qualities. NOAA will work closely with all to ensure that
           noone is unduly burdened by permitting requirements related
           to discharges. NOAA will coordinate with the State's Air
           Quality Board and Department of Ecology to monitor air and
           water quality over and in the Sanctuary.

           Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic

           Comment: The application of this regulation should prohibit
           organic and inorganic discharges from fishing vessels and
           submarines (including bilge), aircraft. The prohibition
           should apply to all naval operations.

                Response: The Sanctuary regulations specify the fishing
           and vessel related activities exempted from the discharge
           prohibition (section 925.5(a)(2)(i)-(iv)). Discharges and
           deposits from vessels are prohibited except for specific
           discharges intended to provide for traditional fishing
           activities, such as fish wastes resulting from traditional
           fishing operations in the Sanctuary, and for allowed vessel
           operations in the Sanctuary, namely biodegradable effluent
           incidental to vessel use and generated by approved marine
           sanitation devices, water generated by routine vessel
           operations, and engine exhaust. Such discharges are
           determined to be of minimal threat to the Sanctuary and are
           important for the safe and effective functioning of fishing
           and other vessels. other discharges from vessel operations
           are prohibited. If in the future NOAA determines that
           increased protection for Sanctuary resources and qualities
           from these exempted activities is warranted, the Sanctuary
           regulations could be revised.

           Comment: Clarify acceptable and unacceptable discharges
           from fishing vessels.

                Response: See response to previous comment.

           Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations

           Comment: Banning the use of approved dredge disposal sites
           would impose severe economic impacts on marine navigation

                                       A-33









             and commerce, and ultimately to the coastal communities.

                  Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not
             encompass the approved dredge disposal sites off of Grays
             Harbor, Willapa Bay, and the Columbia River. However, no
             new dredge disposal sites may be located within the
             Sanctuary boundary.

             Comment: NOAA must  examine the economic impacts of the
             discharge regulations on existing industries. There are
             currently 72 identified dischargers in the study area. It
             is unclear if the proposed Sanctuary would impact the
             continued operation of the pulp mill's NPDES permitted
             discharge near Grays Harbor.

                 Response: The Sanctuary's boundary does not extend
             south of Copalis Beach. Therefore, the only discharge
             regulation that would apply to dischargers in Grays Harbor
             would be the prohibition on discharges from outside the
             boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary
             resources or qualities. NOAA will need to establish that
             effluents from pulp mills are injuring Sanctuary resources
             or qualities before it would impose terms and conditions on
             the pulp mill's NPDES permit. If this situation were to
             occur, NOAA would work with the discharger, the State of
             Washington, and EPA to minimize the economic impacts of
             reducing the impacts.





























                                         A-34












           ISSUE:    OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT


           Comment:  NOAA's failure to offer as an alternative an
           outright, no conditions ban on hydrocarbon development
           within the Sanctuary is contrary to NEPA regulations, 40 CFR
           1502.14 which states that the alternatives section is the
           heart of the environmental impact statement. NOAA should
           permanently ban oil and gas exploration, development, and
           production activities.

                Response: Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992
           prohibits oil and gas exploration, development and
           production within the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary regulations
           repeat this prohibition.

           Comment: NOAA should designate a buffer zone based on ocean
           currents and local seabed geography to prevent damage from
           external mineral operations.

                Response:   NOAA believes that the Sanctuary is large
           enough to buffer the sensitive canyon and coastal ecosystems
           from negative impacts of mineral development. Further,
           NOAA's authority to regulate discharges from outside the
           Sanctuary boundary that subsequently enter and injure
           Sanctuary resources or qualities provides additional
           protection over mineral activities.

           Comment: NOAA should commit in the FEIS/MP and Record of
           Decision to the preparation of an EIS before lifting the
           prohibition.

                Response: As previously discussed, the Oceans Act of
           1992 prohibits oil and gas explorations, development and
           production within the Sanctuary. This prohibition may only
           be lifted by an Act of Congress.

           Comment: 'The oil companies should be excluded from voicing
           an opinion regarding the Sanctuary because this privilege
           should be extended only to those who have spent time
           enjoying the State of Washington coastline.

                Response: The Sanctuary program does not and cannot
           discriminate against any individual, agency, or interest
           group. All individuals have the right to voice an opinion.

           Comment: Has NOAA come across any proposal for offshore
           wind generated power?

                Response: NOAA is not aware of any proposal for
           offshore wind generated power.

           Comment: The President's decision to postpone OCS

                                       A-35









            activities off the coasts of Washington and Oregon until
            after the year 2,000 should expire at that time unless
            affirmatively extended.

                 Response: Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992
            indefinitely bans oil and gas exploration, development and
            production within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This
            prohibitions could only be lifted by an Act of Congress.

                                  Contingency Plans

            Comment: The Sanctuary should establish a contingency plan
            in coordination with existing state and Federal contingency
            plans. Efforts should be made to coordinate with the State
            of Washington Departments of Wildlife, Fisheries, Ecology,
            and Natural Resources and pursue data sharing opportunities.

                 Response: The FEIS/MP identifies existing oil spill
            contingency plans and efforts in the State of Washington to
            cover the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Outer Coast. NOAA will
            coordinate closely with the existing agencies involved in
            contingency and emergency response planning, particularly
            the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guard and the State of
            Washington Office of Marine Safety (OMS). However, NOAA
            agrees tha't the Sanctuary requires its own contingency plan
            to ensure that resources are protected during events that
            threaten the environment. A prototype Sanctuary Contingency
            Plan is being tested at the Channel Islands National Marine
            Sanctuary. Once implementation experience has been gained,
            the plan will be adapted to other sites, including the
            Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. To implement
            successfully an organized emergency response, NOAA will
            incorporate state and Federal legislation as well as local
            efforts into the Sanctuary Contingency Plan.

            Comment: NOAA needs to provide for better oil spill
            response planning.

                 Response: NOAA is coordinating with the regional
            response committees of the OMS to ensure that the equipment
            is available to address an emergency that would threaten
            Sanctuary resources.

            Comment: An Oil Spill Response Center should be sited in
            close proximity to the Sanctuary to address small spills
            north of Grays Harbor where there is currently a lack of oil
            spill response capability.

                 Response: NOAA is promoting this idea in its
            participation on the regional response subcommittee whose
            jurisdiction is the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer
            Coast. However, priority will be placed on the stationing

                                        A-36









            of tugs and barges dedicated to emergency response.

            Comment: The tribes should be properly funded to handle
            resource damage assessment as well as other activities where
            an oil spill could impact their subsistence and ceremonial
            harvest and cultural values.

                 Response: The reservations are not within the Sanctuary
            boundary. Therefore, the Sanctuary cannot dedicate funds to
            the Tribes for the purpose of damage assessment pursuant to
            a spill of hazardous materials.

            Comment: NOAA should request that the oil industry's Marine
            Spill Response Corporation station a tractor/tug response
            vessel at Neah Bay.

                 Response: NOAA has made the recommendation to the
            subcommittee on emergency response for the Strait of Juan de
            Fuca and the Outer Coast. NOAA is actively participating in
            formulating the recommendation to the State, and will
            coordinate with the Makah Tribe in their planning initiative
            to expand their marina to plan to accommodate a tug or
            emergency response vessel that is of appropriate size to
            service the Outer Coast and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.


            Comment: NOAA should ensure that drills are conducted for
            the Clean Sound Cooperative with outside evaluation.

                 Response: NOAA intends to hire an operations manager
            immediately after designation to address issues related to
            vessel traffic and contingency planning. One of the
            priorities of this position will be to encourage the Coast
            Guard to focus on the Sanctuary during its emergency
            response drills.

            Comment: NOAA should propose the examination of extending
            unlimited liability for spills to the shipping companies and
            the original firms providing the original source materials
            involved in the polluting activities.

                 Response: The MPRSA only provides NOAA with the
            authority to collect $100,000 per day for each violation
            pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1), and damages to Sanctuary
            natural resources pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1443.










                                        A-37











            ISSUE:    NAVAL PRACTICE BOMBING OF SEALION ROCK

            Comment: NOAA should prohibit, or at least condition, the
            Navy's practice bombing activities over Sealion Rock due to
            the impact on seabirds, depositing of metal objects in the
            Sanctuary, and because the military environment does not
            require such a sensitive area to be used for such purposes.
            At the very,least, NOAA should prohibit the practice bombing
            during the breeding season. Section 7 consultations with
            the Department of Commerce and the Department of the
            Interior should not be construed as sufficient mitigation
            because these processes do not address impacts to non-
            endangered species.                           I

                 Response: NOAA agrees that the Navy practice bombing
            of Sealion Rock is inconsistent with the goals of the
            Sanctuary program. Because the permit under which the Navy
            conducted its activities over Sealion Rock was rescinded by
            the Secretary of the Interior in August, 1993, NOAA may
            prohibit outright all bombing activities within the
            Sanctuary and has determined to do so. The regulation
            adopted by NOAA prohibits all practice bombing and provides
            that no exemption from the prohibition will be granted.

            Comment: NOAA does not have the authority to prohibit or
            condition the Navy's activities.

                 Response: Because the Navy's authorization from the
            Secretary of Interior was rescinded, NOAA now has the
            authority to not only condition but also prohibit the Navy's
            practice bombing activities.

            Comment: NOAA should place the Navy's bombing activities
            within the scope of regulation to allow future regulation if
            necessary.- To not list military activities is in conflict
            with the primary goal of resource protection.

                 Response: NOAA has addressed Navy activities in
            section 925.5(d) of the regulations.

            Comment: NOAA should investigate the history of the Navy's
            activities over Sealion Rock to determine if a grandfather
            clause is warranted.

                 Response: The history of the Navy's activities and the
            permit that authorized its activities has been outlined in
            the FEIS/MP. The Navy's authority to conduct practice
            bombing activities has been rescinded and thus consideration
            of a grandfather clause is irrelevant.

            Comment: Clarify how Navy bombing of Sealion Rock at 200
            feet is less disruptive than commercial overflights.

                                        A-38










                Response: NOAA does not assert that the Navy's low
            flying activities are less disruptive than commercial or
            non-commercial overflights. NOAA's differing regulations in
            the DEIS/MP applying to Navy and non-military overflights
            resulted from limitations placed on NOAA by the MPRSA with
            respect to terminating pre-existing leases and permits.




















































                                       A-39











            ISSUE:    PROTECTION OF TREATY RIGHTS

            Comment: NOAA's regulations do not formally recognize the
            Federal Government's trust responsibility to the coastal
            Tribes. The regulations contain no provision which formally
            requires the Director to consider and protect tribal
            interests when ruling on permit applications to conduct
            development activities within the Sanctuary. To address
            this issue, the following modifications to the section 925.8
            should be made:

                 The Director . . . may issue a permit . . . to conduct
            an activity otherwise prohibited by section 925.5(a)(2)-(7),
            if the Director finds that the activity will: further
            research related to Sanctuary resources:

                 . . .or promote the weLf_are of any Indian Tribe
                 adjacent to the Sanctuary, In deciding whether   to
                 issue a permit, the Director shall consider such
                 factors as . . . the impacts of the activity on
                 adjacent Indian Tribes. Where the issuance or denial
                 of a permit is reguested by the governing body of
                 an Indian Tribe, the Director shall consider and
                 protect the interests of the Tribe to the fullest
                 extent practicable in keeping with the purposes of the
                 Sanctuary and his or heZ fiduciary duties to the
                 Tribe.

                 Response: NOAA agrees that the designation of the
            Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary is subject to the
            Federal government's general fiduciary responsibility to the
            coastal tribes. However, it is also clear that the Federal
            government is not obligated to provide particular services
            or benefits, nor to undertake any specific fiduciary
            responsibilities in the absence of a specific provision in a
            treaty, agreement, executive order, or statute. See
            Havasupai Tribe v. U.S., 752 F. Supp. 1471 (D. Ariz 1990),
            citing, Vigil, 667 (D.C. Cir. 1980); Gila River Pima-
            Maricopa Indian Community, 427 F.2d 1194, 190 Ct. Cl. 790
            (1970). With respect to this designation, there is no
            specific provision in the coastal Tribes' treaties or any
            agreement, executive order, or statute which requires NOAA
            to undertake any specific fiduciary responsibility on behalf
            of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA can fulfill its
            obligations to the coastal Tribes with respect to the
            designation by giving due consideration to their interests
            and concerns during the decision-making process.

                 NOAA agrees that its trust responsibilities to the
            Tribes requires that it consider Tribal interest when ruling
            on permit applications to conduct activities within the
            Sanctuary. However, this responsibility does not require

                                        A-40









            that NOAA base its decision solely on what is in the best
            interest of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA opposes the
            addition of "or promote the welfare of any Indian Tribe
            adja ent to the Sanctuary", but agrees to include "the
            effects of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes
            As previously stated, NOAA agrees that it must consider the
            interests of the Tribes when issuing permits, and language
            to that effect has been included in the regulations.

            Comment: NOAA's regulation prohibiting the taking of marine.
            mammals and seabirds conflicts with treaty rights to fish
            and hunt marine mammals in tribal usual and accustomed
            fishing grounds.

                 Response: NOAA recognizes that, given the standard for
            abrogating treaty rights enunciated by the Supreme Court in
            United States v. Dion, 476 U.S. 734 (1985), the provisions
            of the MPRSA do not abrogate the coastal Tribes' treaty
            fishing and hunting rights. However, it is unclear whether
            Congress intended the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act
            (ESA) to abrogate these rights. Recently, the Makah Tribe
            has pursued clarification regarding the applicability of the
            Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and ESA to its treaty
            rights to hunt whales and seals. The issue is currently
            being examined by the Tribes and the National Marine
            Fisheries Service (NMFS). Given the concerns raised by the
            coastal Tribes, section 925.5(a)(6) has been revised to read
            as follows:

                 Taking any marine mammal, sea turtle, or seabird in or
                 above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the
                 National Marine Fisheries Service or the United States
                 Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the
                 Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended (MMPA), 16
                 U.S.C. 1361 et s ., the Endangered Species Act, as
                                geq
                 amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et "e ., and the
                 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16
                 U.S.C. 703 et secr., or pursuant to any treaty with an
                 Indian Tribe to which the United States is a party,
                 provided that the treaty right is exercised in
                 accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA.

                 The revised language recognizes the Makah Tribe's
            treaty right to hunt whales and seals. However, the
            regulation also requires that the right be exercised in
            accordance with the provisions of the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA.
            If the MMPA, ESA or MBTA is determined to abrogate or
            otherwise restrict the Tribe's exercise of its right to hunt
            whales and seals, then that determination shall apply to the
            Tribe's exercise of those rights within the boundary of the
            Sanctuary.



                                        A-41









            Comment: The regulations fail to preserve tribal control of
            their cultural heritage. NOAA should amend section
            925.5(a)(8) to read as follows:

                 Removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural
                 resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant
                 cultural site designated by a Tribal governing body
                 with the concurrence of the Director, except with the
                 express written consent of the governing body of the
                 Tribe or Tribes to which such resource, artifact, or
                 cultural site pertains.

                 Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to
            control access to cultural or historical artifacts within
            the Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation.
            Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or
            historical resource must apply for and obtain a Sanctuary
            permit from NOAA. NOAA also acknowledges the coastal
            Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage and, in
            particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal significance
            found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its objective of
            preserving the historical and cultural resources of the
           .Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal Tribes' desire
            to preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, prior to
            issuing a Sanctuary permit to excavate a cultural or
            historical artifact that is of tribal significance, NOAA
            will consult with the affected Tribe(s). This clarification
            has been added to section 925.9.

            Comment: The regulation prohibiting overflights under 1,000
            ft. except for valid law enforcement purposes conflicts with
            the treaty secured rights to access certain reservation
            lands such as Tatoosh Island and Ozette, which are only
            accessible by helicopter.in the winter months, and to
            conduct aerial timber cruises and engage in helicopter
            logging on portions of the reservation abutting the
            Sanctuary. Therefore the following amendment to section
            925.5(7) is proposed:

                 Flying motorized aircraft at less than 1,000 feet above
                 the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the coastal
                 boundary of the Sanctuary and the Flattery Rocks,
                 Quilleute Needles, and Copalis National Wildlife
                 Refuges, except for valid law enforcement purposes or
                 where authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe
                 to provide access to reservation lands.

                 Response: NOAA acknowledges the Tribes' concerns and
            does not intend to interfere with tribal rights to access
            reservation lands. Also, for the reasons discussed below,
            the minimum altitude has been changed to 2000 ft. In order
            not to interfere with Tribal access to reservation lands,

                                        A-42









            the prohibition on flying has been changed to read:

                 Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above
                 the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery
                 Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalie* National Wildlife
                 Refuge, and within one nautical mile seaward from the
                 coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary
                 for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities
                 related to tribal timber operations conducted on
                 reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies
                 to or from reservation lands as authorized by a
                 governing body of an Indian Tribe.


            Comment: NOAA should apply the management plan equally to
            tribal and non-tribal governmental entities within the
            adopted boundary equally.

                 Response: NOAA is legally bound to recognize treaty
            secured rights and has no intention to interfere with these
            rights. As such, there will be circumstances in which
            Sanctuary regulations will apply to tribal and non-tribal
            members differently.


































                                        A-43












            ISSUE:    VESSEL TRAFFIC


            Comment: Route tankers and barges as far away from
            near-shore reefs and islands as possible. Clarify what
            types of vessels can transit close to shore.

                 Response: There exists a Cooperative Vessel Traffic
            Management System (CVTMS) established and jointly managed by
            the United States and Canada. The CVTMS is a mandatory
            regime and consists of all navigable waters of the Strait of
            Juan de Fuca and its offshore approaches, southern Georgia
            Strait, the Gulf and San Juan Archipelagos, Rosario Strait,.
            Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and Puget Sound, bounded on the
            west by longitude 1470W and latitude 480N, and on the
            northeast by a line along 490N from Vancouver Island to
            Semiamoo Bay.

                 The rules of the CVTMS are intended to enhance safe and
            expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings
            and collisions, and to minimize the risk of property damage
            and pollution to the marine environment. The rules apply
            to:
                 a. Each vessel of 30 meters or more in length; and
                 b. Each vessel that is engaged i'n towing alongside or
            astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more objects, other than
            fishing gear, where:
                      (1) the combined length of the vessel towing, the
                      towing apparatus, and the vessel or object towed
            is 45 meters or more; or
                      (2) the vessel or object towed is 20 meters or
            more in overall length.

                 Both the Canadian and the United States Coast Guards
            are studying methods to improve the CVTMS in the area. Items
            being studied include replacement of outdated equipment,
            elimination of gaps in coverage, and increasing operator
            training and assignment length.-

                 The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the
            U.S. Coast Guard to conduct a national Tanker Free Zone
            Study. This study is nearing completion and will recommend
            regulations requiring tank vessels to remain offshore during
            coastal transits.

                 Further, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard
            that an International Maritime Organization (IMO) approved
            ATBA be established within the proposed Sanctuary boundary.
            This would require vessels transporting hazardous materials
            to remain at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the
            vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their approach
            to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS
            traffic separation scheme. Although ATBA's are not

                                        A-44









            compulsory for foreign flag vessels, a maritime state may
            make such an area compulsory for domestic vessels transiting
            the waters under its jurisdiction.

            Comment: Clarify "commercial vessel" and distinguish
            between various sizes, uses, and types of vessels.

                 Response: "Commercial vessel" means any vessel
            operating in return for payment or other type of
            compensation. Clarification between sizes, uses, and types
            of vessels would require more space than is 'available in
            this document. Rather than attempt to hold to a general
            definition of "commercial vessel", reference will be made to
            specific types of vessels, i.e., tank vessels, bulk
            carriers, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, etc., wherever
            required.

            Comment: The Sanctuary boundary should be published on
            navigational charts.

                 Response: NOAA agrees and will submit the Sanctuary
            boundary to the Nautical Charting Division of the National
            Ocean Service. The boundary will be delineated on the next
            update of the appropriate navigational chart.

            Comment: Spill containment and cleanup measures should be
            part of appropriate mitigation requirements for vessels
            operating within the Sanctuary.

                 Response: OPA 90 mandates that tank vessel contingency
            plans be prepared for a worst-case discharge, and that
            vessel plans be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Coast
            Guard. OPA 90 also stipulates that each responsible party
            for a vessel from which oil is discharged, or which poses
            the substantial threat of a discharge of oil into or upon
            the navigable waters or adjoining shorelines or the
            exclusive economic zone, is liable for the removal costs and
            damages resulting from such an incident.

                 Further, Washington State law (Title 88 Section 46
            Revised Code of Washington) requires the owner or operator
            of a tank vessel to prepare and submit an oil spill
            prevention plan prior to the vessel's entry into a
            Washington port. The law also requires that each tank
            vessel, cargo vessel of greater than three hundred or more
            gross tons, or passenger vessel of greater than three
            hundred or more gross tons have a contingency plan for the
            containment and cleanup of oil spills from such vessel into
            the waters of the State.

            Comment: NOAA should provide a more complete explanation of
            how implementation of each of the regulations would put U.S.

                                        A-45









            shipping companies at an economic disadvantage in relation
            to foreign vessels. Precisely what would be the estimated
            cost in dollars, time, inconvenience, and ultimate impact
            upon U.S. shipping companies.

                 Response: NOAA is promulgating no regulations that
            will adversely affect domestic vessels.

            Comment: NOAA should put forth a vessel traffic management
            plan, spearheaded by the U.S. Coast Guard, that addresses
            research needs, vessel traffic monitoring and communication
            systems, and future regulatory alternatives. The management
            plan should be proactive, and establish a timetable for
            considering new vessel traffic regulations in the future.

                 Response: NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard,
            which has the primary authority for vessel traffic
            regulation, to determine the need for additional measures to
            ensure protection of Sanctuary resources and qualities. In
            addition, NOAA will work with the U.S. Army Corps of
            Engineers (COE) and the EPA regarding vessel traffic
            activities resulting from the transport of dredged material
            through the Sanctuary for disposal outside the Sanctuary.
            These consultations will aim to determine which resources
            are most at risk, which vessel traffic practices are most
            threatening, and which regulations or restrictions would be
            most appropriate to alleviate such risk.

                 NOAA agrees that an improved vessel traffic monitoring.
            and communication system along the coast is desirable. OPA
            90 requires the Secretary of Transportation to complete a
            comprehensive study on the impact of installation,
            expansion, or improvement of vessel traffic servicing
            systems. NOAA will work with the State of Washington's OMS,
            the U.S. Coast Guard, and appropriate public agencies during
            the development of these monitoring studies to determine an
            appropriate system for the Sanctuary and the need for any
            additional site-specific protective measures,.-.

                 Vessel traffic monitoring and research and coordination
            on this subject have been incorporated into the Sanctuary
            management plan.

            Comment: Allow only double-hulled vessels in the Sanctuary.

                 Response: OPA 90 establishes double hull requirements
            for tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons
            will be required to have double hulls by 2010. Vessels
            under 5,000 gross tons will be required to have a double
            hull or a double containment system by 2015. All newly
            constructed tankers must have a double hull (or double
            containment system if under 5,000 gross tons), while

                                        A-46









            existing vessels are phased out over a period of years.

                 As previously stated, the U.S. Coast Guard is
            completing a study of a tanker free zone where tank vessels
            would be required to remain offshore during coastal
            transits. Further, a proposal to establish an ATBA within
            the Sanctuary boundary has been developed and will be
            submitted to the International Maritime organization (IMO)
            for approval at the earliest possible date which, in
            accordance with IMO's procedures, is June, 1994. Both
            actions will serve to ensure that hazardous material laden
            vessels will remain an appropriate distance offshore.

            Comment: Require vessels to have a pilot aboard.

                 Response: Requirements for pilots are set forth in
            both Federal and state regulations. NOAA will monitor and
            review vessel traffic in the Sanctuary and make
            recommendations to the appropriate regulatory agencies,
            state and Federal, regarding the need for additional
            pilotage requirements. Pilotage is currently compulsory for
            all vessels except those under enrollment or engaged
            exclusively in the coasting trade on the West Coast of the
            continental United States (including Alaska) and/or British
            Columbia. Port Angeles has been designated as the pilotage
            station for all vessels enroute to or from the sea.

                 OPA 90 requires the U.S. Coast Guard to designate U.S.
            waters where a second licensed officer must be on the bridge
            of a coastwise seagoing tanker over 1,600 gross tons. Under
            the Ports and Waterways Safety Act, the U.S. Coast Guard
            also is proposing to require a second officer on foreign
            flag tankers over 1,600 gross tons and on U.S. registered
            tankers over 1,600 gross tons.

            Comment: Establish a tonnage limit within three nautical
            miles of shore except for those making a port call.

                 Response: All types of vessels and traffic patterns
            will be reviewed by NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the
            State of Washington OMS to determine any appropriate action
            to be taken. In conducting this review, attention will be
            paid to vessel type, cargo carried, and vessel size.

            Comment: Require all vessels to have English speaking
            bridge personnel.

                 Response: All vessels required to participate in the
            Juan de Fuca region CVTMS are required to make all reports
            in English.

            Comment: Curtail traffic during poor weather conditions.

                                        A-47









                Response: NOAA will work with the state, U.S. Coast
            Guard, and appropriate public agencies to determine the need
            for further vessel traffic regulations to specifically
            address vessel traffic during adverse weather conditions.

                During conditions of vessel congestion, adverse
            weather, reduced visibility, or other hazardous
            circumstances in the area of the Juan de Fuca Region CVTMS,
            the Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management Center may issue
            directions to control and supervise traffic. They may also
            specify times when vessels may enter, move within or
            through, or depart from ports, harbors, or other waters of
            the CVTMS Zone.

                Further, the U.S. Coast Guard's Navigation Rules,
            International and Inland, speak specifically to the conduct
            of vessels while at sea. Rule 6 of the International and
            Inland Steering and Sailing Rules states that "Every vessel
            shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can
            take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be
            stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing
            circumstances and conditions."

            Comment: Prohibit engine powered water craft of any type.

                Response: A fundamental objective of the sanctuary
            program is "to facilitate, to the extent compatible with the
            primary objective of resource protection, all public and
            private uses of the resources of these marine areas not
            prohibited pursuant to other authorities" (16 U.S.C.
            1431(b)(5)). NOAA will consider the threats from all types
            of vessels - power driven, sailing, or paddle propelled - as
            a continuing analysis of*vessel traffic within the sanctuary
            boundaries.

            Comment: Manage the off-loading or exchange of cargo or
            oil.

                Response: No offloading or exchange of oil occurs
            within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This activity
            generally occurs in ports which are located outside of the
            Sanctuary boundary. Further, this type of activity is
            addressed by both OPA 90 and programs being established by
            the recently created Washington State OMS.

            Comment: Prohibit shipment of reclaimed spent nuclear fuel
            from foreign reactors through the Sanctuary.

                Response: As previously noted, NOAA has recommended to
            the U.S. Coast Guard that an IMO approved ATBA be
            established within the Sanctuary boundary. This would
            require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain

                                       A-48









            at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of
            Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the
            Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic
            separation scheme.

                 NOAA will also work with the State of Washington's OMS
            and both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards to be informed
            of, and alerted to, in a timely and regular manner, all
            hazardous cargo carriers transiting near Sanctuary waters.
            Further, through participation in regular meetings of the
            Washington State Regional Marine Safety Committees and
            discussions with the U. S. Coast Guard, NOAA will ensure
            that contingency plans adequately address such transport
            issues.

            Comment: Prohibit commercial vessel anchorages within the
            Sanctuary, particularly off Makah Bay, except in
            emergencies.

                 Response: The use of the Makah Bay anchorage by
            vessels waiting either for an available pilot at Port
            Angeles or instructions from their home office, has been
            examined. Currently, its use as a temporary anchorage has
            been agreed upon by both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards.
            This is viewed as a more favorable alternative than having
            such vessels continuously underway within, and off the
            entrances to, the Strait. Vessels at anchor are subject to
            MARPOL, U.S. Federal law, and Sanctuary regulations
            regarding discharges. The use of this anchorage is
            monitored by Tofino Vessel Traffic Service which can also
            educate such vessels regarding the Sanctuary and its
            regulations.

            Comment: Clarify NOAA's authority to regulate vessel
            traffic within State of Washington waters.

                 Response: Section 303 of the MPRSA gives NOAA the
            authority to promulgate regulations to implement the
            designation, including regulations necessary to achieve
            resource protection.

            Comment: The State and Federal government have appropriated
            $75 million to expand and enhance maritime activity at Grays
            Harbor through waterway dredging and port terminal
            development programs. If vessel traffic is restricted, one
            branch of the government would be defeating the purpose of
            other parts of the government.

                 Response: NOAA has studied vessel traffic along the
            Washington coast. The result of the analysis was the
            recommendation for the previously mentioned ATBA. This
            proposal, if adopted, would add approximately 17 nautical

                                        A-49









           miles on a transit from Grays Harbor to the entrance of the
           Straits of Juan de Fuca and approximately 21 nautical miles
           on a transit from the entrance of the Straits to Grays,
           Harbor. In comparison to the costs of cleanup, legal fees,
           liability, fines, loss of cargo, and vessel and
           environmental damages, the proposals to establish the ATBA
           seem reasonable.

           Comment: Double-hulled proposals are not economically
           sensible in the foreseeable future.

                Response: Congress has mandated (OPA 90) national
           double hull requirements for tank vessels.














































                                       A-50











            ISSUE:    OVERFLIGHTS

            Comment: Establish the boundary for overflights at the
            beach rather than one (1) mile inland.

                 Response: The boundary for overflights is at the
            shoreline and not one (1) mile inland.

            Comment: Establish a 2,500 foot minimum flight altitude
            over the sanctuary.

                 Response: To be consonant with current regulations
            regarding flights over charted National Park Service Areas,
            U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Areas, and U.S. Forest
            Service Areas, NOAA is prohibiting the flying of motorized
            aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within
            one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles,
            or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and at less than 2,000
            feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile seaward
            from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as
            necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities
            related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation
            lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from
            reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an
            Indian Tribe. NOAA will work with the Federal Aviation
            Administration (FAA) to reflect this regulation on
            aeronautical charts.

            Comment: Permit search and rescue at all times by whatever
            aircraft is needed to accomplish the task.

                 Response: The prohibitions set forth in the Sanctuary
            regulations do not apply to activities necessary to respond
            to emergencies threatening life, property, or the
            environment pursuant to Section 925.5 (c) of the
            regulations. Thus, in any emergency, search and rescue
            aircraft are allowed to perform whatever tasks are required
            within the Sanctuary boundary.

            Comment: When necessary to bring a research flight into the
            area below the Sanctuary prescribed ceiling, regulations
            should require the plane's engine be kept at or below a
            reasonable decibel level as heard from the ground.

                 Response: FAA regulations (14 CFR Part 36) codify
            noise standards for aircraft operating within U.S. airspace.
            Adherence to these standards is already required. When
            research is to be conducted within the Sanctuary boundary,
            aircraft operators will be required to obtain a permit and
            conduct such research in such a manner so as to minimize
            disturbance yet remain within safe aircraft operating
            parameters.

                                        A-51












            ISSUE:     LIVING RESOURCE EXTRACTION

            Fishing

            Comment:   NOAA should not restrict access to fishing grounds
            or catch-ability. Crab fishing and razor clam digging must
            be allowed.

                 Response: The regulation of fishing is not authorized
            by the Designation Document. NOAA has determined that
            existing fishery management authorities are adequate to
            address fishery resource issues. As with all other
            fisheries that occur within the Sanctuary, crab fishing and
            razor clam digging remain under the regulatory authority of
            existing Federal, state, tribal and regional fishery
            authorities. NOAA does not view fishing as contrary to the
            goals of the Sanctuary. The sanctuary program is by law
            mandated "to facilitate to the extent compatible with the
            primary objective of resource protection, all public and
            private uses of the resources           (including fishing)
            (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)).

                 Existing fishery management agencies are primarily
            concerned with the regulation and management of fish stocks
            for a healthy fishery. In contrast, the National Marine
            Sanctuary Program has a different and broader mandate under
            the MPRSA to protect all Sanctuary resources on an
            ecosystem-wide basis. Thus, while fishery agencies may be
            concerned about certain fishing efforts and techniques in
            relation to fish stock abundance and distribution, the
            Marine Sanctuary Program is also concerned about the
            potential incidental impacts of specific fishery techniques
            on all Sanctuary resources including benthic habitats or
            marine mammals as well as the role the target species plays
            in the health of the ecosystem. In the case of the Olympic
            Coast, fish resources are already extensively managed by
            existing authorities and NOAA does not envision a fishery
            management role for the Sanctuary Program.. Accordingly,
            fishing activities have not been included in the list of
            activities in the Designation Document subject to regulation
            as part of the Sanctuary regime. However, the Sanctuary
            Program will provide research results and recommendations to
            existing fishery management agencies in order to enhance the
            protection of fishery and other resources within the
            Sanctuary.

            Comment: No additional fisheries management or regulation
            is needed in the Sanctuary. Commercial, recreation, and
            subsistence fishing can be compatible with sanctuary
            designation, and the existing regulatory framework is
            adequate at this time.



                                         A-52









                Response: See response to previous comment. The
           Designation Document places kelp harvesting within the scope
           of future regulation since there is no existing management
           plan for kelp harvesting.

           Comment: Clarify the language associated with commercial
           fishing practices near sunken vessels, rocks and reefs in
           the proposed sanctuary to insure continuance of historical
           and customary fishing practices. Existing Federal and state
           regulations adequately protect archeological treasures,
           man-made reefs, and natural rock and reef formations. The
           FEIS should acknowledge and permit prevailing practices.

                Response: Commercial fishing vis-a-vis historical
           resources is an exempted activity under the prohibition
           against disturbance of historical resources. However, the
           exemption is only for incidental disturbance and therefore
           does not allow deliberate disturbance.

           Comment: Fishing should either be regulated, or placed in
           the scope of regulation, because there may be a time in the
           future when fishing needs to be regulated by the Sanctuary.

                Response: NOAA believes that existing authorities are
           adequate to regulate fishing. Should the need arise to
           regulate fishing as part of the Sanctuary management regime,
           the Designation Document could be amended.

           Comment: Proposed regulations should result in the gradual
           reduction of fishing, aquaculture, kelp harvesting and
           waterfowl hunting to insure that no commercial activity
           threatens the integrity of any resources in the proposed
           Sanctuary. Some commenters believed that the Sanctuary
           should ban all commercial fishing activities except Native
           American fishing activities.

                Response: A blanket reduction of resource-use
           activities across the Sanctuary could not be imposed without
           credible evidence that each resource affected is threatened
           by a population decrease or stock failure. Absent such
           evidence, the Act requires that existing Uses be facilitated
           to the extent compatible with the primary objective of
           resource protection.

           Comment: True refugia should be established where all
           consumptive uses are prohibited for a period of time.

                Response: The determination of whether refugia are
           established in the Sanctuary will be done in coordination
           with the NMFS, PFMC, Washington Department of Fisheries
           (WDF), the tribes, environmental groups, and industry. The
           Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC) will be an important

                                       A-53









            forum to address this issue. If, in coordination with other
            governmental agencies, it is determined that establishment
            of refugia is a desirable alternative, NOAA will analyze the
            alternative through the preparation of an environmental
            impact statement/management plan and solicitation of public
            input pursuant to the NEPA and the APA.

            Comment: Driftnets, trawling ' and all dragnet fisheries
            should be banned from the proposed Sanctuary as inconsistent
            with the regulation prohibiting alteration of, or
            construction on, the seabed.

                'Response: The only net gear used in fisheries in the
            Sanctuary are trolling gear (for salmon) and trawling gear
            (for groundfish). The regulatory prohibition on altering
            the.seabed includes an exception for incidental disturbance
            resulting from traditional fishing operations. NMFS has
            conducted a limited study of the impact of trawl gear on the
            benthos and has not identified any resulting systematic
            destruction. However, the regulations could be modified to
            regulate any activity that is shown to cause significant
            disturbance of the seabed. This reflects adherence to the
            MPRSA's goals of preserving natural and human-use qualities
            of a marine area.

                 High-seas driftnets, defined as nets greater than 1.5
            miles long, have been banned pursuant to United Nations
            resolution 46/215. While gillnets and setnets are currently
            used in the inland waters of the State of Washington, they
            are not used in Sanctuary waters.

            Comment: NOAA should facilitate the regulation of resource
            extraction within the Sanctuary under a regulatory framework
            that is controlled by a single agency.

                 Response: Regulatory authority over resources and
            resource extraction industries is expressly granted by state
            and Federal statute. NOAA does not have the primary
            regulatory authority over resource extraction. NOAA can act
            to coordinate the various regulators and can impose
            additional regulations, but cannot reassign itself or other
            agencies regulatory authority.
            Comment: NOAA must clarify and acknowledge all tribal
            treaty fishing rights in the FEIS/MP, and the interaction of
            Sanctuary regulations with the right of tribes to fish in
            their Usual and Accustomed fishing areas.

                 Response: This issue is clarified in the Designation
            Document and in Part II (under Socio-Demographic profile and
            Land Use). Treaty rights to,hunt and fish are acknowledged.


                                        A-54









           Comment: The entire study area must be considered as a
           "fishing area" since fish migrate along the entire
           Washington coast.

                Response: NOAA recognizes that fish "know no
           boundaries in the sea." The fishing areas identified in the
           FEIS/MP only represent known locations where certain fishery
           activity is concentrated. The fishing areas displayed in
           the FEIS/MP are not related to regulatory jurisdiction in
           any way. They are simplified visual aids to complement the
           discussion of resources off the coast of Washington.

           Aguaculture

           Comment: Clarify NOAA's intention to regulate, condition,'
           or prohibit aquaculture activities throughout the Sanctuary
           and adjacent to Indian reservations.

                Response: The Sanctuary regulations do not directly
           prohibit aquaculture operations within the Sanctuary
           boundary. However, discharge of matter into the Sanctuary,
           or alteration of or construction on the seabed in connection
           with aquaculture activities are prohibited. It is unlikely
           that permits would be granted for aquaculture activities in
           the Sanctuary that violate these prohibitions. This
           determination is based upon U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
           (COE) guidance related to permits for fish pen mariculture
           operations, which prohibits fish farms in Federal natural
           resource areas, such as national seashores, wilderness
           areas, wildlife refuges, parks or other areas designated for
           similar purposes (e.g., national marine sanctuaries).

           Comment: NOAA should change the proposed regulation
           governing alteration of or construction on the seabed to
           "maintenance and development of approved aquaculture
           operations", and strike "existing prior to the effective
           date of these regulations." Eliminating future aquaculture
           development off the Olympic Coast would preclude
           opportunities for both private shellfish and finfish
           production and for public enhancement. Technology is being
           developed which would result in minimal environmental
           imbalance, and would afford employment for regional
           communities.

                Response: See response to previous comment.

           Comment: The Sanctuary should not regulate aquaculture
           activities because there are sufficient regulations in
           place.

                Response: See response to previous comment.



                                       A-55









             Comment: The Sanctuary should provide mutually agreed upon
             requirements for aquaculture activities among the oyster
             growers of Willapa Bay.

                  Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not
             include Willapa Bay.

             Comment: The discussion in the FEIS/MP on the impacts of
             aquaculture needs to be expanded and the proposal to not
             regulate aquaculture in the Sanctuary should be re-assessed.
             The FEIS/MP needs to address the use of drugs in farm-raised
             fish.

                 Response: The discussion of aquaculture within the
             Sanctuary is intended only to evaluate the current status of
             the industry in the study area - it is not intended to
             measure aggregate impacts. The request for expanded
             discussion of resources does not identify specific issues of
             discussion. A re-assessmdnt of aquaculture vis-a-vis the
             Sanctuary reveals that the industry is adequately regulated
             by existing state and Federal requirements. However, any
             discharges from such operations into the Sanctuary would be
             prohibited. The Sanctuary has no jurisdiction over the use
             of drugs in aquaculture - such determinations are under the
             purview of the Washington State Department of Health (WDH)
             and the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

             comment: All aquaculture should be banned from within the
             Sanctuary.

                 Response: The Sanctuary is required by law to
             facilitate public and private uses of Sanctuary resources as
             long as resource protection is not jeopardized. If properly
             sited and operated, aquaculture does not appear to
             appreciably impact the health of the marine environment.

             Comment: Kelp harvesting should be banned or regulated
             within the Sanctuary.

                 Response: At present there is no kelp harvesting
             within the Sanctuary. The Washington Department of Natural
             Resources (DNR) is in the process of preparing a management
             plan for kelp harvesting. NOAA has included kelp harvesting
             in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document in
             the event that future action by NOAA is necessary to protect
             this resource. NOAA will work with DNR to develop a kelp
             management plan within the Sanctuary.







                                        A-56










            ISSUE:     MARINE MAMMALS, SEA TURTLES AND SEABIRDS

            Comment:   Clarify "takings". The prohibition on the taking
            of marine  mammals and seabirds within the Sanctuary is
            redundant  with the ESA, the MMPA and the MBTA, and what
            further impact it will have on the fishing community.

                  Response: "Taking" is defined in section 925.3 of the
            regulations to mean: (1) for any marine mammal, sea turtle
            or seabird listed as either endangered or threatened
            pursuant to the ESA to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot,
            wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt
            to engage in any such conduct and, (2) for any other marine
            mammal, sea turtle, or seabird, the term means to harass,
            hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to
            engage in any such conduct. While marine mammals, seabirds
            and endangered and threatened species are protected under
            the MMPA, ESA and MBTA, NOAA believes that the higher
            penalties afforded under the MPRSA will provide a stronger
            deterrent.

                  The MBTA sets maximum criminal fines at either $500 or
            $2,000 per violation, depending on the violation. The MMPA
            sets maximum civil penalties at $10,000 and maximum criminal
            fines at $20,000. The ESA sets maximum civil penalties at
            $500, $12,000 or $25,000 per violation, depending on the
            violation; maximum criminal fines are set at $50,000. (All
            three statutes also provide for imprisonment for criminal
            violations.)

                  Section 307 of the MPRSA allows NOAA to assess civil
            penalties as high as $100,000-for each violation. In
            addition, monies collected under the MPRSA are available for
            use by the National Marine Sanctuary Program.

            Comment: The MBTA would not allow any taking of migratory
            birds in the sanctuary, thus providing even stronger
            prohibition than sanctuary status can provide.

                  Response: See above response. section 925.5(a)(6) of
            the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of migratory
            birds within the Sanctuary. Including a prohibition on
            "taking" marine birds in the Sanctuary regulations allows
            such violations to be subject to the civil penalties
            authorized by the MPRSA which far exceed those authorized by
            the MBTA.

            Comment: Prohibit all takings of marine mammals and
            seabirds, regardless of military or fishing exemptions.

                  Response: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary
            regulations prohibits the taking of marine mammals and

                                          A-57









            -seabirds in or above the Sanctuary except as authorized by
            the NMFS or the United States Fish and wildlife Service
            under the authority of the MMPA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1361
            et sea., the ESA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et ggq., and
            the MBTA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea., or pursuant to
            any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States
            is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in
            accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. Exemptions include
            a limited five-year incidental take of marine mammals
            provided by interim regulations promulgated pursuant to the
            MMPA, which are in effect until October, 1993. The ESA also
            has a limited incidental take exemption. See 16 U.S.C.
            section 1539(a)(2)B(i). NMFS, in conjunction with
            environmental groups and the fishing industry, is developing
            a permanent management regime to be implemented upon
            expiration of the MMPA interim regulations.

                 If in the future NOAA determines that the existing
            regulations promulgated under MMPA, ESA, MBTA or any other
            state or Federal statute are not adequate to ensure the
            coordinated and comprehensive management of marine mammals
            and seabirds, changes to the Sanctuary regulations would be
            undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA,
            NEPA and APA.

            Comment: Exclude from (takings] prohibition birds
            considered game.

                 Response: The only birds section 925.5(a)(6) prohibits
            the taking of are seabirds--seabirds are not considered game
            species.

            Comment: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the proposed regulations
            would prohibit the taking of marine mammals or seabirds
            unless affirmatively permitted by regulations promulgated
            under authority of the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Because these
            regulations do not expressly permit any takings by treaty
            Indians, the proposed sanctuary regulations would
            effectively prohibit the Makah Tribe from exercising their
            treaty rights to take marine mammals. The proposed
            regulations would also hinder the tribe's ability to
            exercise its fishing rights by precluding fisheries which
            result in the incidental taking of marine mammals and
            seabirds.

                 The DEIS/MP offers no conservation justification for
            imposing restrictions on the taking of marine mammals and
            seabirds which go beyond the restrictions imposed by the ESA
            and MMPA. The DEIS/MP concedes that the purpose of the
            proposed sanctuary regulations is not to protect particular
            species from extinction. According to the DEIS, the purpose
            of these additional prohibitions in the proposed regulations

                                        A-58









             is to "extend protection for sanctuary resources on an
             environmentally holistic basis." This goal does not permit
             infringement of treaty rights. Therefore, the regulations
             should be amended by adding "or in accordance with any
             treaty to which the United States is a party."

                  Response: The regulatory prohibitions do not abrogate
             or obstruct any rights under an existing treaty. The
             regulations have been changed by adding "or pursuant to any
             treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a
             party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in
             accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA.11 The treaty between
             the Makah Tribe and the United States explicitly assures the
             "right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual
             accustomed grounds and stations." (Article 4, Treaty of Neah
             Bay, 1855).

                  Incidental takes of marine mammals can legally occur
             under permit and exemption provisions of the MMPA.
             Currently, Washington coastal tribes apply for and receive
             exemption certificates from NMFS for the incidental taking
             of marine mammals during fishing. Fees for this exemption
             are waived for tribes.

                  Further, tribes cannot be denied entry into any fishery
             based on the likelihood or occurrence of seabird or marine
             mammal takings. However, they could be prosecuted if they
             violate the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA.

             Comment: Change the wording of the regulation to read "as
             authorized or permitted by NMFS or [the U.S. Fish and
             Wildlife Service] USFWS under the authority of the MMPA and
             ESA.11 NMFS suggests that the preamble and/or regulations
             clarify that Sanctuary permits will not be required for
             activities authorized or permitted by NMFS or USFWS under
             MMPA or ESA. Such clarification would relieve many concerns
             over the possibility of overlapping and potentially
             duplicative permitting requirements.

                  Response: NOAA has amended the regulation by adding "as
             authorized by the National marine Fisheries Service or the
             United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority
             of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16
             U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended,
             (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et geg., and the Migratory Bird Treaty
             Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea   . . . . .    The
             inclusion-of "as authorized or permitted" is viewed by NOAA
             as redundant.







                                          A-59











            ISSUE:    SANCTUARY ADNINISTRATION

            Regulations/Permits

            Comment: NOAA should use economic incentives rather than
            regulations to ensure that activities do not impact
            resources.


                 Response: NOAA does not have sufficient authority to
            provide economic incentives to ensure that activities do not
            impact Sanctuary resources. Even regulations, which include
            economic disincentives such as monetary penalties, are not
            sufficient to ensure that any activity does not impact
            resources.


            Comment: Clarify the statement: "When a conflict with a
            sanctuary regulation related to specific [non-sanctuary]
            regulations occurs, the one more protective of sanctuary
            resources will prevail." NOAA regulations should not
            override those of the local jurisdictions. NOAA needs to
            clarify: 1) the application of this policy to fishing; 2)
            types of conflicts the statement applies to; 3) who
            determines whether a conflict exists; and 4) the process for
            resolving a conflict.

                 Response: NOAA agrees that the statement as written in
            the.DEIS/MP is unclear. Accordingly, the statement has been
            deleted in the FEIS/MP. Essentially, the statement meant
            that if two regulations exist covering an activity in the
            Sanctuary, one promulgated by NOAA under the MPRSA authority
            and the other by another agency under a different statute,
            compliance with the less restrictive regulation will not
            relieve the obligation to comply with the other more
            restrictive one.

            Comment: NOAA should follow the guidelines of NEPA when
            proposing any change in regulations that are listed in the
            scope of regulations. This is especially applicable to
            vessel traffic and discharge regulations. Also,
            clarification is needed on the rulemaking and amendment
            processes.

                 Response: Listing activities in the scope of regulation
            reflects that the issues and alternatives were addressed in
            the FEIS/MP, public hearings were held, and public comments
            were solicited regarding the activities. If NOAA later
            proposes the regulation of an activity listed in the scope
            of regulations in the Designation Document but not regulated
            at the time of Sanctuary designation, NOAA will request
            public comments on the proposal. When NOAA plans to amend a
            rule that has been promulgated, an analysis of the issues,
            affected environment, alternatives and consequences will be

                                        A-60









            completed and public comments solicited. NOAA will then
            modify the proposal if necessary and respond to public
            comments when taking the final action.

            Comment: A procedure must be established to disagree with
            management and issue an appeal if permits to conduct
            research are denied.

                 Response: Section 925.12 of the Sanctuary regulations
            set forth the procedures for appealing denials of Sanctuary
            permits. The appeal process involves a written statement by
            the appellant to the Assistant Administrator of NOAA. The
            Assistant Administrator may conduct a hearing on the appeal.

            Comment: Clarify the procedure for obtaining permits for
            low-flying aircraft engaged in ongoing species monitoring
            studies and damage assessment studies in response to an
            incident such as an oil spill. Activities authorized by the
            NMFS and USFWS should not require a Sanctuary permit because
            the requirements for permits would be duplicative.

                 Response: All flights engaged in monitoring or research
            activities that fly below 2,000 feet are required to obtain
            a Sanctuary permit, or, if the activity is already pursuant
            to a permit, to have that permit certified. Permits are not
            required for overflights necessary to respond to emergencies
            threatening life, property or the environment.

            Comment: NOAA should not grandfather existing uses if
            otherwise prohibited by sanctuary regulations.

                 Response: Section 304(c)(1)(B) of the MPRSA specifies
            that NOAA may not terminate any valid lease,.permit,
            license, or right of subsistence use or of access, if the
            lease, permit, license, or right "is in existence on the
            date of designation of any national marine
            sanctuary . . . .

            Comment: Treaty secured rights should not require sanctuary
            certification and registration. Further, NOAA should
            obligate federal regulators to consider and protect tribal
            interests when issuing permits which may affect those
            interests.

                 Response: Treaty secured rights do not require
            certification by the Sanctuary program.

            Comment: The regulations, exemptions and authority to place
            conditions on existing permitted activities are unclear.

                 Response: Section 304(c)(2) of the MPRSA provides NOAA
            with the right to regulate the exercise of a lease, permit,

                                        A-61








             license, or right of subsistence use or of access existing
             on the effective date of Sanctuary designation.

             Comment:   Sanctuary management should be formally
             coordinated with tribal regulatory and law enforcement
             authorities through cooperative agreements.

                  Response: Cooperative agreements will be developed as
             necessary between NOAA and the tribes regarding regulatory
             and law enforcement activities.

             Comment: The Sanctuary should offer increased enforcement
             which should be conducted by Sanctuary personnel rather than
             the U.S. Coast Guard. Clarify the enforcement procedures.

                  Response: There will be enforcement of Sanctuary
             regulations through cooperative agreements with the U.S.
             Coast Guard, NMFS, WDF, the coastal tribes, USFWS, and the
             National Park Service (NPS). Considering.fiscal
             constraints, level of use, and availability of enforcement
             personnel working in the field already, NOAA has determined
             that it is not a high immediate priority to hire Sanctuary
             enforcement personnel. The Sanctuary must first become
             fully.staffed and operational, and a determination must be
             made whether additional enforcement personnel are needed.
             The enforcement procedures will be determined pursuant to
             the cooperative agreements that are established.

             Comment: The broad scope of the discharge prohibition will
             require a well-coordinated enforcement operation to monitor
             all discharge and disposal activities from sources on land
             as well as in offshore, coastal and inland waters over large
             areas outside of the Sanctuary boundary. It may be
             impossible to determine the origin of discharges or deposits
             found in the Sanctuary after the dumping activity has
             occurred.

                  Response:   The prohibition on discharges from outside
             the boundary relates to discharges,that enter and injure
             Sanctuary resources. NOAA must establish that discharges
             not only enter, but injure.the resources before enforcement
             actions will be taken. It will, therefore be desirable for
           .NOAA to undertake a comprehensive monitoring program by
             which it can determine ecosystem health and use impacts.

             Comment: NOAA should impose unlimited liability for spills
             extended to shipping companies and firms providing original
             source materials involved in polluting activities.

                  Response: NOAA is permitted to seek penalties of up to
             $100,000 per day for a violation pursuant to Section
             307(c)(1) of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1)), and for

                                          A-62









           natural resource damages pursuant to section 312 of the
           MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1443).

           Transboundry Coordination

           Comment: NOAA should coordinate with other Federal and
           Canadian authorities to regulate vessel traffic, reduce the
           risk of oil spills, and eliminate oil and gas drilling in
           Canadian waters adjacent to the proposed sanctuary. NOAA
           should encourage an adjacent sanctuary along the west coast
           of Vancouver Island.

                Response: NOAA agrees and is working with the Canadian
           Coast Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Washington OMS to
           reduce the risk of oil spills. The regulation of vessel
           traffic will currently remain with the U.S. and Canadian
           Coast Guards and the OMS. NOAA will support any Canadian
           initiative to designate a marine protected area in Canadian
           waters on the Pacific Coast.

           Beach Management Policies

           Comment: NOAA should grandfather in the existing beach
           management policies including allowable beach driving
           activities.

                Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not
           encompass beaches where beach driving is permitted.

           Advisory-CommitteelDecision Making

           Comment: NOAA and the State of Washington should work
           together to determine the composition of the Sanctuary
           Advisory Committee (SAC). The SAC should include
           representatives from private landowners, local industry, the
           county and tribes. The SAC should be based at the local
           level to oversee operations and help maintain strong local
           input.

                Response: NOAA will work with local user and interest
           groups and state and local governments to obtain broad
           representation on the SAC. The law limits the SAC to no
           more than 15 members.

           Comment: The SAC should have the power to direct the
           Sanctuary manger and set priorities for funding. The SAC
           decisions should be binding. If the decisions are not
           binding, then the manager should at least provide a
           rationale for any actions taken which are directly contrary
           to the recommendations of the SAC.

                Response: The SAC recommendations to the manager will

                                       A-63








             be instrumental in guiding the manager with respect to
             prioritizing actions. If the manager chooses not to pursue
             the recommendations of the SAC, a rationale will be provided
             to the members of the SAC.


             Comment: one of the first tasks of the SAC should be to
             review and update the State of Washington's coastal zone
             management program to ensure consistency with the Sanctuary
             management plan. The Sanctuary management plan goals and
             objectives should also be reviewed.

                  Response: Prior to designation, the State of
             Washington will review the FEIS/MP as part of its
             consistency determination as it relates to Washington's
             approved coastal zone management program. The WDOE has
             jurisdiction for the Shoreline Management Act. The SAC  will
             not share that jurisdiction, rather, the SAC will be
             responsible for reviewing the Sanctuary management plan
             goals and objectives. The SAC's first priority will be  to
             help determine the five-year Sanctuary operating plan
             establishing priorities for education, research, monitoring,
             facilities siting and administration.

             miscellaneous


             Comment: Firearms should be controlled or banned within the
             Sanctuary.

               Response: Possession and use of firearms is regulated by
             State law for public safety purposes. The primary purpose
             of Sanctuary designation is resource protection.

             Management Alternatives/Strategies

             comment: The administrative models being discussed in the
             Northwest Straits proposal should be considered.

               Response: The administrative model identifying NOAA as
             the lead agency in managing the sanctuary with guidance and
             assistance from the SAC (which will represent State and
             local interests) will be implemented in the Olympic Coast
             National Marine Sanctuary. The administrative model which
             involves joint administration between NOAA and the State of
             Washington was not considered for the Olympic Coast National
             Marine sanctuary because the Sanctuary is predominately in
             Federal waters. one model suggested for the proposed
             Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary focuses on joint
             administration because the Sanctuary would be located
             entirely within State waters. NOAA will work closely with
             the state and counties and other Federal agencies in the
             administration of the Olympic Coast National Marine
             Sanctuary.

                                         A-64









           Comment: The management plan needs to account for tribal
           sovereignty and jurisdiction with respect to cultural
           resources, law enforcement and research practices. NOAA
           needs to recognize the need to coordinate with each tribal
           entity in the same manner as with the state and its
           management agencies.

              Response: NOAA acknowledges the importance of tribal
           sovereignty. Nothing in the designation will impact the
           treaty rights of the coastal tribes. NOAA will consult
           closely with the tribes on any action that may potentially
           impact tribal rights or interests.

           Comment: NOAA should choose management plan alternative I
           which proposes to gradually phase in program activities and
           staffing. Staff could be co-located with another Federal
           agency in Port Angeles, with satellite sites in Klaloch or
           La Push. National concerns with fiscal restraint support
           this choice.

              Some commenters supported management plan alternative 2
           which proposes to set up the sanctuary headquarters and
           immediately provide full-staffing. Sanctuary headquarters
           should be located on the coast. The former Makah Air Force
           Station is one possible location.

              Response: NOAA is experiencing the fiscal constraints
           that all Federal programs are experiencing. NOAA proposes
           to balance the needs for resource protection and fiscal
           restraint by phasing in staffing and maximizing cooperative
           relationships with other agencies and jurisdictions working
           in the area (e.g., NPS, U.S. Coast Guard, the tribes, and
           the USFWS) to implement the management plan. The Sanctuary
           manager will have an office on the Olympic Coast with
           administrative support facilities in Seattle.

           Comment: Implementation of the final management plan must be
           adequately funded in order to prevent pollution and resource
           damage.

              Response: The level of funding for the first year after
           Sanctuary designation will depend upon the Sanctuary
           Program's funding which is authorized and appropriated by
           Act of Congress. However, the reality of the program's
           funding situation will require the manager and SAC to
           identify alternative sources of funding for Sanctuary
           programs.

           Comment: A volunteer program, coordinated by a full-time.
           volunteer coordinator, should be established to assist in
           implementation of the management plan.


                                       A-65









             Response: NOAA agrees that the establishment of a
         volunteer program can assist in implementation of the management
         plan. The SAC will be influential in determining the priority of
         hiring a volunteer coordinator.

         Comment: The management alternatives should more accurately
         describe NOAA's comprehensive planning as implemented through a
         combination of legal management authority over certain specific
         Sanctuary activities and advisory coordination with other
         entities managing the remaining essential components.

             Response: NOAA agrees. The FEIS/MP outlines the regulations
         which NOAA is promulgating. The FEIS/MP also outlines the role of
         the SAC, whose composition is aimed at enhancing the coordination
         with other entities with management jurisdiction in the
         Sanctuary.

         Comment: The Sanctuary manager should have a great deal of
         responsibility for setting the Sanctuary budget, as well as
         assigning funds to local governments for assistance in
         implementing management plans.

             Response: The Sanctuary manager will have primary
         responsibility for recommending the Sanctuary budget to
         headquarters. The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division has
         responsibility for the entire National Marine Sanctuary Program
         budget, and will work with the site manager to develop the annual
         program budget. The manager has the discretion to earmark funds
         to local governments or groups to implement Sanctuary programs.

         Comment: Zoning plans should be implemented which accommodate
         the varying resource management needs within the Sanctuary. Some
         zoning examples include allowing for the needs of ports to the
         south, designating areas which would be closed to all consumptive
         uses on a rotating basis,-and zoning specific areas within the
         sanctuary for the sole purposes of research, recreational use,
         commercial use and no use.

             Response: Zoning is not anticipated as part of the FEIS/MP
         for the Sanctuary. If NOAA, in consultation with the SAC,
         believes that zoning would better meet the needs of the program.'
         the management plan and regulations can be amended in accordance
         with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA.

         Research/Education Protocol

         Comment: Research results and data should be shared through
         existing databases with Federal and state agencies and tribes.
         The sharing of data should be formalized through cooperative
         agreements.

             Response: NOAA agrees that research results and data should

                                        A-66









         be shared and will pursue appropriate cooperative agreements to
         ensure this coordination.

         Comment: It is unnecessary to severely restrict or eliminate
         activities such as fishing, commercial vessel activity, dredging
         and aircraft operation in order to carry out the Sanctuary goals
         of promoting research and public education.

           Response: The primary goal of sanctuary designation is the
         comprehensive long-term protection of marine resources. Some
         restrictions are necessary to accomplish this goal. Of the above
         activities, only dredging is being eliminated within the
         Sanctuary boundary. Research and education provide additional
         means to promote the goal of marine resource protection.

         comment: Geophysical exploration should not be prohibited, as
         the information gathered from this research can benefit coastal
         communities and academic institutions.

           Response: NOAA's emphasis on research within the Sanctuary
         allows for research which may involve an otherwise prohibited
         activity (such as alteration of or construction on the seabed) as
         long as researchers obtain a research permit pursuant to section
         925.9 of the Sanctuary regulations. NOAA will determine the
         environmental consequences of the proposed research, including
         short and long term effects on marine biota (such as noise which
         may interfere with cetacean communication) in deciding whether to
         issue a permit.

         Comment: The research program should stress applied research
         such as research which can facilitate fisheries management,
         provide information on long-term environmental trends, and
         provide links between the marine systems and the adjacent
         terrestrial systems. Providing research results to decision
         makers at the various governmental levels would be an important
         link in addressing marine resource problems.

           Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified this point in the
         research section of the management plan.

         Comment: Criteria for acceptable research within the Sanctuary
         should be established prior to formal designation of the
         Sanctuary. The criteria should be used in review of research
         permit applications, and an appeal process should be established
         in the case of research permit application denial.

           Response: Research permit applications will be reviewed on a
         case-by-case basis and evaluated to determine the potential short
         and long term impacts of the proposed activities. In addition,
         section 925.12 of the regulations sets forth the procedures for
         appealing to the Assistant Administrator the denial of a research
         permit.

                                       A-67











          Comment: NOAA should conduct research into the effects of
          fishing activities on the entire marine system. Fish stocks,
          species abundance, and monitoring information should be presented
          to the PFMC.

            Response: The National ocean Service (which includes the
          Sanctuaries and Reserves Division) and the NMFS have entered into
          a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the working relationship
          between the Sanctuary Program and the NMFS. The PFMC will be
          involved in this agreement, through its relationship with the
          NMFS. Research which benefits the overall goal of resource
          protection is addressed within this agreement by highlighting the
          need for interagency coordination, research and monitoring.

          Comment: The benefits of sanctuary designation to the fishing
          community and others should be clearly articulated.
          Additionally, connections between the regulations and resource
          protection should be integrated in the education plan (e.g.,
          establishing warning signs at popular access sites to alert
          boaters and hikers to the effect of disturbance of pelagic birds
          and marine mammals.)

            Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified the education goals
          in the Sanctuary management plan. NOAA has articulated the
          benefits of the Sanctuary program for the fishing community.
          NOAA will coordinate with the USFWS and the NPS to post warning
          signs around critical marine bird and mammal habitat.

          Comment: NOAA should provide for increased education and
          interpretation of the shoreline through a variety of media.
          Educational materials and outreach programs should be developed
          by pre-existing facilities and organizations on the Olympic
          Peninsula.

            Response: Sanctuary designation will provide for increased
          education and interpretation of the entire Sanctuary ecosystem.
          Education materials and outreach programs will be developed in
          cooperation with existing Federal, tribal, state and local
          entities.


















                                        A-68










          ISSUE:    INFORNATIONAL AMENDMENTS TO THE DEIS/XP

          Biological Amendments

          Comment: The discussion of the neretic and shelf edge
          environments in the DEIS/MP needs to be expanded. The resource
          assessment must stress the biological richness of the area.

             Response: The resource assessment describing the ecosystem of
          the Sanctuary study area has been expanded in the FEIS/MP.

          Comment: Biological resources need to be discussed in terms of
          ecosystem interactions and not single species descriptions.

             Response: NOAA has expanded the discussion to include a
          description of the study area from an ecosystem perspective.

          gocioeconomic

          Comment: The FEIS/MP must contain a socioeconomic impact study
          of the regulations on the affected coastal communities and
          Tribes. Failure to consider and mitigate these impacts violates
          the NEPA and Federal Trust responsibility to Indians.

             Response: An economic analysis has been included within the
          FEIS/MP. NOAA is not promulgating regulations that will unduly
          burden the tribes. The regulations have provisions that
          recognize treaty secured rights. In addition, NOAA will consult
          with the tribes when considering permits affecting proposed
          development activities in the Sanctuary. NOAA believes that the
          regulations do not conflict with the economic interests of the
          tribes since the regulations offer increased protection for those
          natural resources critical to the tribal economy.

          Comment: The Federal government should investigate the
          possibility of tax breaks to offset economic impacts of the
          management plan.

             Response: NOAA's actions do not add economic burdens to the
          area. The issue of tax breaks should be addressed to an
          individual's representatives in Congress. NOAA does not have the
          legislative authority to address tax laws.

          Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement

          Comment: NOAA should submit a supplemental Draft
          Environmental Impact Statement for the following reasons: 1) the
          DEIS/MP lacks a satisfactory examination of the socioeconomic
          impacts of the regulations on the coastal communities; 2) the
          DEIS/MP contains erroneous information related to port activities
          in Grays Harbor; 3) some information is missing, outdated, or
          inaccurate; 4) inadequate-definition of the unique environment

                                           A-69









          deserving protection that is identified by the SEL.

             Response: NOAA has determined that the matters for which an
          SEIS has been requested can be addressed in the FEIS/MP. The
          FEIS/MP addresses the socioeconomic impacts of regulations that
          could potentially affect the coastal communities in the
          alternatives and consequences section. Further, the vessel
          traffic section has been amended substantially to provide a
          detailed description of the signific'ance of vessel traffic to the
          coastal communities. Additionally, the description of the marine
          environment under consideration has been expanded greatly.

          Management

          Comment: NOAA needs to address or recognize a number of current
          local and state regulatory controls in place within the shoreline
          areas.


            Response: NOAA has addressed local and state regulatory
          controls within the shoreline areas. These controls are listed
          in Appendix J.





































                                        A-70











          Table 7. individual Commenters

          Mr./Mrs. H.K. Adler     Pamela Chase             Mr./Mrs. Robert H.
          Catherine Allison       Dale Chestnut             Ferber
          James G. Allison/       Diane Civic              Judy Friesem
          Janice A. Anthony       James W. Clarke          Debra Fisher
          Glen L. Alexander       Virginia/Weldon          Louise R. Forrest
          Susan Arbury             Clark                   Annette Frahm
          Therese Armetta         Mary Cline               Robert A. Friedman
          Elizabeth Award         Carol E. Clover          Anthony C. Garland
          Dennis J. Axt           Mike/Denise Coghlan      Gates Family
          Melissa Bale            Diane coiner             Laura Geselbracht
          Eric J. Bard            Stacy S. Coleman         Nick Girten
          Douglas B. Barnett      Kari Collis              John Grettenberger
          Mr./Mrs. Alan Bates     Ames B. Colt             Kevin G. Goebel
          Tawny Bates             Steve Confer             Ms. Jane E. Goforth
          Margaret Battles        Leo . Shaw/Noelle        Helmut/Marcy Golde
          Cheryl Baumann           Congdon                 Gottsfeld Family
          Patti Benson            Erika Courtois           Elinore B. Gordon
          Thomas Berken           Bruce/Judy Cowan         William W. Grace
          Linda D. Bernhardt      Maribeth Crandell        Arthur Grunbaum/
          Timothy Bernthal        Steve/Jane Crawford       Linda Orgel
          Jane Block              Henri Crawley            Scott Guedale
          Linda Books             Nancy Curry              Karen Guffy
          C. Edward Bowlby        Laurie/Jeff Curtis       Chris Haave
          David A. Berger         Donald A. Davidson       Tracy Hain
          Tibor Bessko/           Jack Davis               Hellen L. Halloran
           Debbie Shostock        Ruth/Harold Deery        Tully Hammill
          Mary Blackstone         Anita DeMarco            David H. Hannon
          Kathleen Banchard       Mr./Mrs. J. Denison      Drew Hanson/
          Saphire Blue            Pauline Denison           Christine M. Shulz
          Margaret Boyle          Michael Denker           Laura A. Harders
          Mary Sue Brancato       Lisa Dennsion            John L. Hart
          George Brandt           David DeRousse           Warren Hartz
          Rebecca Branscom        Chris Detrock            Mr./Mrs. Jerry
          Kerri Brenaman          D.L. Dickson              Hatton
          Karen Brown             Lowell Dickson           Albert A. Haubrich
          Lloyd J. Brown          Robin Dobson             Elaine J. Haynes
          Marj Brown              Linda M. Donaldson       Robert Haynes
          Nancy V. Bryant         John E. Douglas          Rob J. Healy
          Jeanette Burrage        Dean A. Drugge           Shana L. Hedlund
          Jeff Buckland           Glen Duncan              Christopher Helf
          Cheryl Bush             Taleah Edmond            Rosilla Helf
          Ann T. Butler           Lou Ann Edwards          Susan Helf
          Ellen Bynum             Stan Eilers              Michael J. Hely
          Jim/Marian Byse         Laura M. Emerson         Edward McCrady
          Mary E. Cadigan         Betty Joyce Enbysk        Henderson, Jr.
          Jean E. Caldwell        Marc Eskenazi            Gary Higbee
          Marcia Campbell         Joseph E. Evans          Mr. C.A. Higgins
          Terri Camean            Yole Evans               Michael Hill
          Douglas J. Canning      Mr. Jim Feigel           Theora M. Hills
          Dianne Carreri                                   Karea Hirsch


                                           A-71









         Mary T. Hodgson           Lind                   Dave Neupert
         Lisa Hoff                Charles D. Louch        Duncan/Dennis
         Edward P. Hoffman        James C. Lowthian        Neuzil
         Tracie Hornung           Nancy Luenn             Tamara Newport
         Steve Horsill            Randy Lunsford          Mr./Mrs. Nils von
         Grace Hubenthal          Ray Maddux               Veh
         Claudia Huber            Christopher D.          David Nordstrom
         Dennis/Melanie            Magda                  Lee Norton
          Humfleet                Tara K. Magner          Mr./Mrs. Kelly
         Janette M. Hursh         Miguel Maestas           Oblad
         Linda Ikeda              Philip H. Mathisen      Judy Ogilvie
         Matt Irinaga             Jim Malecki             Lilli Ohse
         Dorothy E. Jackins       June Mansfield          John Olson
         Mrs. Judith L.           Lyman L. Marfell        Keith M. Oublanica
          Jackson                 Sheila Markman          K.A. Padden
         Hugh A. Jennings         Mary Markus             Mrs. Charles Paine
         Mr. Allen Johnson        J. C. Marsh             I. Wesley Padnoe
         Carl R. Johnson          Amy sue Martin          R.T. Paine
         Johnson Family           Gordon Maul             Mary E. Paulsen
         Dale R. Johnson          Johanna Nitzke
         Morgan A. Jones           marquis                Howard A. Pellett
         Marita Justice           Matty Maxwell           Henry Pemh
         Claudia L. Justis        J.C. May                Marlene Penry
         George Kaminsky          Patricia L. McGrath     Brenda Peterson
         Camilla Kelly            John McKay              Craig Peterson
         Jacqueline Kettman       Susan E. McKinley       George Pickett
         Dianne S. Kirst          Brian McLaughlin        Marilyn Pierce
         J. Klostermeyer          Susan McRae             Eric Ross Pierce
         Mr./Mrs. Leonard         Rick Mead               Erin Lee Pierce
          Knecht                  Robert Meier            Mary R. Pierce
         Dana Knizkerbocker       P a t r i c i a A       Carol Plank
         Roger/Phyllis            Milliren                Mary Plunkett
         Knight                   Janet E. Merriam        Chris/Andrew Poje
         David Kramer             Sharon Merrill          Jennifer Pretare
         Allen Kreger             Kay Metcalf             Nancy Price
         Y. Kutt                  William Michel          Heather Pullen
         Nancy N. Kroening        Charles/Doris           Mark Pullen
         Dr. Daniel Krog          Miller                  Barbara R. Questad
         Max J. Krueger           Craig F. Miller         Jack Raidy
         Walter Kucij             Jeff Miller             Peggy Jo Randall
         Theresa/John             John Mills/Patricia     S. Fred Rapp
          Kwiecinski               Kubala                 Krista Rave
         John P. Lacy             Nancy Mills             Pamela Raddy
         Greg Lambert/            Mrs. J.R. Mitchell      Lee/Karen Rentz
          Patricia Fannigan-      Vicki Morris            S.K.Retherford
           Lambert                Peter Moser             Lisa Riener
         Mark Langner             Mrs. Albert Moss        Amy T. Riggle
         Terry Lavender           Jennifer Moss           John Dixon/Noriko
         Robert P. Lee            Joan/Stan Muench         Riggleman
         Ann Lennartz             Leo J. Muraro III       Elizabeth Riggs
         Thomas F. Lilly          Scott Murdoch           David Risvold
         Mrs. Valerie L.          Herbert E. Nelson       Glorian Robben


                                          A-72










          Joanne M. Roberts        Neil M. Travis
          Marie C. Roska           Peyt Turner
          Ruth Roundy              W. Banning Vail
          Penny Ruby               Juanita Verschuyl
          Steven S. Rumrill        Wade Volwiler
          Janet M. Sailer          Nancy Waddell
          Michele Savelle          Bob Wallace
          C. Thomas Schaefer       Dixie C. Walmsley
          Milton*/carolyn          John Warth
           Scheerer                Lars Watson
          Mark/Nina Schulz         Raleigh Watts
          Katherine  Scott         Douglas W. Welti
          Virginia Seese           M. Pat Wennekens
          Pazy Shapin              Jane B. Wentworth
          Richard Seifried         David Werntz
          Darlene Shanfold         Mike A. Wessels
          Mark Shapley             Joanne Polayes-
          Dan Silver                Wien/Perry Wien
          William Simmons          Tracey Wiese
          Carol J./Emma Smith      Keith/Janice K.
          Gordon Smith              Wiggers
          Lynwood Smith            Deirdre Wilcox
          Sharon Smith             Marilyn Wilfong
          Susan D. Smith           Stephen A. Wille
          Tiffany Snyder           Charles Williams
          Ciel Sonder              Harry E. Wilson
          Maryanne Spear           Richard C. Wilson
          Pat Spears               Patricia Woehrlin/
          Terri Spencer             Scott Allison
          Richard Spotts           Gordon/Marti Wolfe
          Suzanne Springer         Therese Wontorek
          Thomas C. Starr          Leigh Wright
          Thomas H. Steck          Kimie Wright
          Jim/Susan Stolzfus       Pete Wyman
          Mary Ellen Stone         Bernice L/Bryon L.
          James M. Strong           Youtz
          Eric D. Stubb            E. Zahn
          Susan S. Sullivan        Fonda Zimmermen
          Peter C. Sweet           David Zuckerman
          Robin Switzer
          Barbara Szekais
          Scott W. Teaford
          John/Sylvia
           Teichert
          Markus Tengesdal
          Nina Tepedino
          Jennifer Thames
          Lorna Williamson/
           Mark Tipperman
          Graeme Ton
          Darryl E. Toon
          Douglas J. Townsend

                                            A-73










           Table S. Public Hearing fteakers

           November 6. 1991
           Port Angeles, WA.


           David Stalheim           Janet Taylor              Thomas Branot
           David Sones              Tom Putnam                Rhonda Hunter
           Roger Rudolph            Fred Felleman
           Marycile Olexer          David Orkman              November 13, 1991
           Betty Joyce Enbysk       Herbert Green             (Aberdeen. WA)
           John Ballentine          Jeff Rothel
           Donald Rudolph           Bob Goldberg              Jim Lowery
           Thomas Lilly             Ruth Taylor               Therese Swanson
           Roger Jackson            Frank Schumann            Bob Basich
           David Hays               Denise Wonderly           Mary Paulson
           Edwin Brown              Paul Sorenson             Phyllis Shrauger
           Homer Frazier            Frank Crystal             John Stevens
           Norma Turner             Steve Winnaka             Russel Richardson
           Rick Rodlend             Jerry Price               Stan Lattin
           Jenny Diimmel            Cynthia Rusk              O'Dean Williamson
           Denise Diimmel           Naki Stevens              Sue Patnude,
           Jane Shefler             Herb Wright               Ken Kimura
           Mike Breitbach           Gabriella Stone           Ernest Hensley
           Mike Allen               Carl Luna                 Ben Watson
           John Preston                                       Larry Westfall
           Marguerite Glover        November 12, 1991-        Leroy Tipton
           Dr. Pat Wennikers        Olympia.   WA.            Dennis Benn
           Patricia Willits                                   Diane Ellison
           Karl Schroeter           Jim Lowery                William Pickell
           Steve Morrill            David McCraney            Chuck Peterson
           Mr. Clayton              David Heiser              Doug Ficke
           Annette Hansen           Eric Johnson              Jim Fox
           Judy Eckland             Laurie Sardina            Ellen Pickell
           John Preston             Robert Gordon             Jim Walls
           Mary Beth Crandell       Peter Andrews             Steve Barnowemeyer
                                    Christine Platt           Lionel Brown
           November 7. 1991-        Jeff Parsons              Louis Messmer
           Seattle, WA.             Harper Hill               Ray Nelson
                                    Sandy Moore               Chandra Coski
           Jim Gunsolos             Meta Heller               Joe Early
           Bruce Agnew              Nigel Blakley            -Stanley Trohimovich
           David McCraney           Fred Felleman             John Olson
           Mike Lowry               David Dickinson           Darlene Caldwell
           Priscilla Collins        Scott Richardson          Fred Sharpe
           Cathy Becker '           Mike Leigh                Glenn Sundstrom
           Michael Gayler           David Jennings            Marina Littleton
           Jim Goettler             Kenneth Dzinbal
           Rachel Saunders          Judith Johnson
           Rod Sandelin             Eli Sterling
           Donna Osseward           Markus Tengesdal

                                             A-74











          Table S. Continued


          November 14, 1991-
          SeAview, WA.


          Ann Saari
          John Baker
          Fred Mattfield
          Scott McMullen
          Virginia Leach
          Ernie Soule
          Kathleen Sayce
          William Tufts
          Gordon Tompkins
          Ernie Soule
          Nance Main
          Lee Weighardt
          Kathleen Boyle
          Frank Wolfe
          Frank Christhilf


          November 20, 1991-
          Washington, D.C.

          Jeff Sass
          Jack Sobel



































                                        A-75










           Table 9. Petitions

           Subject     Supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast National
           marine sanctuary; 2) permanent ban on oil drilling throughout
           Sanctuary; 3) a plan of action to address commercial vessel traffic
           (especially tankers and barges) ; 4) ban on Navy's practice bombing
           of Sea Lion Rock; 5) boundary alternative #4 as the smallest
           acceptable boundary alteranative; 6) protection for Willapa Bay and
           Grays Harbor; and 7) adequate funding and staff.

           signatures 30

           .............................................................
           Subject     Supports: 1) permanent ban on oil and gas development; 2)
           near shore tanker transits; 3) Navy bombing practice along the
           entire Washington Coast; and 4) boundary alternative #5.

           Signatures 17

           ..................................................................
           Subject     Supports complete ban on oil and gas exploration and
           develpopment.

           Signatures 23

           ...................................................................
           Subject     Supports: 1) boundary alternative #5; 2) permanent ban on
           oil and gas drilling; and 3) protection of the Sanctuary from
           vessel traffic and military activities, particularly ending the
           Navy's bombing of Sea Lion Rock.

           Signatures 11

           ...................................................................
           Subject     Supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast Marine
           Sanctuary; 2) boundary alternative #5; 3) permanent ban on oil and
           gas drilling; and 4) designation of the Hood Canal, and Whidby,
           Marrowstone, and the San Juan Islands as Marine Sanctuaries.

           Signatures 6

           ..................................................................
           subject     supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast National
           Marine Sanctuary; 2) permanent ban on oil and gas drilling; 3)
           commercial vessel traffic management plan and implementation
           strategy; 4) permanent ban on practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock; 5)
           boundary alternative 5; and 6) protection for the Strait of Juan de
           Fuca.


           signatures 197

          .....................................................................











                                               A-76
 









           Appendix B:    NOTICE OF NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY DESIGNATION;
                          FINAL RULE; AND SUMMARY OF FINAL MANAGEMENT PLAN











         DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

         15 CFR Part 925


         1          1

         RIN

         Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Regulations

         AGENCY:    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM),

                    National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and

                    Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of

                    Commerce (DOC)


         ACTION:    Notice of National Marine Sanctuary Designation; Final

                    Rule; and Summary of Final Management Plan.



         SUMMARY: The National Oceanic   and Atmospheric Administration

         (NOAA), by the Designation Document contained in this notice, and

         as required by Section 205(a)(4) of Pub. L. No. 100-627,

         designates an approximately 2,500 square nautical mile area of

         coastal'and ocean waters, and the submerged lands thereunder, off

         the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, including the waters

         of the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward to Koitlah Point, as the

         Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Sanctuary). This notice

         publishes the final Management Plan detailing the goals and

         objectives, management responsibilities, research activities,

         interpretive and educational programs, and enforcement, including

         surveillance, activities for the Sanctuary.

              Further, NOAA, by this notice, issues final regulations to

                                         B-2









         implement the designation by regulating activities affecting the

         Sanctuary consistent with the provisions of the Designation ,

         Document. The intended effect of these regulations is to protect

         the conservational, recreational, ecological, historical,

         research, educational, and aesthetic resources and qualities of

         the Sanctuary.



         Effective Dates:     Pursuant to Section 304(b) of the Marine

         Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1434(b)),

         the Governor of the State of Washington has 45 days of continuous

         session of Congress beginning on the day on which this notice is

         published to review the designation and regulations before they

         take effect. After 45 days, the designation and regulations

         automatically become final and take effect. However, if the

         Governor of the State of Washington certifies within the 45-day

         period to the Secretary of Commerce that the designation or any

         of its terms are unacceptable, the designation or the

         unacceptable terms cannot take effect in the area of the

         Sanctuary lying within the seaward boundary of the State. If the

         Secretary considers that such disapproval will affect the

         designation in a manner that the goals and objectives of the

         Sanctuary cannot be fulfilled, the Secretary may withdraw the

         designation. A document announcing the effective date will be

         .published in the Federal Register.



         ADDRESSES:      Copies of the Final Environmental Impact Statement


                                         B-3









         and Management Plan (FEIS/MP) prepared for the designation are

         available upon request from the Sanctuaries and Reserves

         Divisiont Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management,

         National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

         Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910,

         (301) 713-3125.

         FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:   Nina Garfield, (301) 713-3141.

         SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:


         1.   Background

              Section 303 of the Marine Protection, Research, and

         Sanctuaries Act, as amended (the "Act" or 'IMPRSAII), 16 U.S.C.

         ï¿½ 1433), provides that the Secretary may designate any discrete

         area of the marine environment as a National Marine Sanctuary if

         the Secretary determines that such designation will fulfill the

         purposes and policies of the Act as set forth in Section 301(b)

         ('16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1431(b)) and finds that: (1) the area is of special

         national significance due to its resource or human-use values;

         (2) existing state and Federal authorities are inadequate or

         should be supplemented to ensure coordinated and comprehensive

         conservation and management of the area, including resource

         protection, scientific research, and public education;

         (3) designation of the area as a national marine sanctuary will

         facilitate the coordinated and comprehensive conservation and

         management of the area; and (4) the area is of a size and nature

         that will permit comprehensive and coordinated conservation and

         management.


                                        B-4








              The authority of the Secretary to designate national marine

          sanctuaries and administer the other provisions of the Act has

          been delegated to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and
          Atmosphere by DOC Organization Order 10-15, section 3.01(z),

          January 11, 1988. The authority to administer the other

          provisions of the Act has been re-delegated to the Assistant

          Administrator of NOAA for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone

          Management by NOAA Circular 83-38, Directive 05-50, September 21,

          1983, as amended.

              The coastal and ocean waters off the Olympic Coast were

          recognized for their high natural resource and human use values

          and placed on the National Marine Sanctuary Program site

          Evaluation List (SEL) in August of 1983 (48 FR 35568). In 1988,

          Congress reauthorized and amended the Act and directed the

          Secretary to designate the Olympic Coast National Marine

          Sanctuary (P.L. 100-627, section 205(a)). In report language

          accompanying this legislation, Congress noted that the Olympic

          Coast possesses a unique and nationally significant collection of

          flora and fauna, and that adjacency of the area to the Olympic

          National Park merits the designation of this area as a national

          marine sanctuary (H. Rep. No. 4210, 100th Cong., Ist. Sess.,

          1988).

              NOAA held four scoping meetings in Washington State April

          10-13, 1989, to solicit public comments on the designation:

          Aberdeen on April 10, Port Angeles on April 11, Forks on April

          12, and Seattle'on April 13 (45 FR 10398, March 13, 1989).


                                         B-5









               On September 20, 1991, NOAA published a proposed Designation

          Document and proposed implementing regulations and announced the

          availability of the Draft Environmental Impact

          Statement/Management Plan (DEIS/MP) (56 FR 47836). Public

          hearings to receive comments on the proposed designation,

          proposed regulations, and DEIS/MP were held on November 6th in

          ,Port Angeles, November 7th in Seattle, November 12th in Olympia,

          November 13th in Aberdeen, November 14th in Seaview, and November

          20th in Washington D.C. On November 14th, 1991, the period for

          submitting public comments was extended from November 27th, 1991

          to December 13th, 1991 pursuant to requests from the State of

          Washington and the coastal counties (56 FR 57869). All comments

          received by NOAA in response to the Federal Registe notice and

          at the public hearings were considered and, where appropriate,

          incorporated in the final regulations and FEIS/MP. A summary    of

          the comments on the proposed regulations and the regulatory

          elements of the DEIS/MP and NOAA's responses to them follow.




















                                         B-6











          ISSUE:    BOUNDARIES


          BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 1

          Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 1 because: 1)

          it contains most of the unique ecological features off the

          Washington Coast; 2) NOAA can offer greater protection to the

          coastal features than the resources further offshore in the event

          of a spill of hazardous materials; and 3) vessel traffic would be

          least affected, thereby ensuring safer seas.

               Response: NOAA disagrees. Boundary alternative 1 contains

          most of the ecological features visible above the sea surface.

          However, a marine sanctuary should encompass a discrete

          ecological unit with definable boundaries (16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1433

          (b)(1)(F)). The marine mammals and seabirds that transit the

          waters off the Olympic Peninsula and colonize the offshore rocks

          and islands forage in the rich waters and benthic communities

          over and on the continental shelf. The shelf is broad off the

          Strait of Juan de Fuca. The seaward extent of the shelf coupled

          with the upwelling produced from the Juan de Fuca Canyon are the

          physical parameters that support the food chain from the plankton

          to the marine mammals and seabirds. The offshore rocks and

          intertidal communities are only one habitat within the marine

          ecosystem off the Olympic Coast. Therefore, the marine sanctuary

          should encompass the ecologically significant offshore waters.

               With respect to NOAA's ability to protect the offshore

          waters in the event of a spill, NOAA agrees that there is little

          that can be done once a spill has occurred. The high seas would


                                         B-7









         most likely render response capabilities ineffective. However,

         NOAA will coordinate with the U.S. Coast Guard, the Washington

         State Office of Marine Safety, and the coastal tribes to ensure

         that there is an adequate response capability for the coastal

         waters, intertidal regions, and beaches along the sanctuary

         including seabird and marine mammal rescue capabilities.

              Extension of the Sanctuary boundary to the shelf edge

         provides a buffer area for protecting the coastal resources.

         NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a proposal

         for an Area to be Avoided (ATBA) from the shoreward boundary to

         25 nautical miles offshore of the Olympic Peninsula. This ATBA

         is designed to provide sufficient time to respond to a vessel

         that loses power off the Olympic Peninsula. The ATBA is

         compatible with many of the existing voluntarily adhered to

         traffic patterns along the coast and thus adds only minimal time

         and distance to transits between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and

         destinations to the south.




         BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 2

         Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 2 as the

         preferred alternative.

              Response: NOAA disagrees for the same reasons stated in

         response to the previous comment. The seaward extent of boundary

         alternative 2, which approximates the 50 fathom isobath, has no

         relation to the seaward extent of the coastal ecosystem.




                                        B-8












         BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 3

         Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 3 as the

         preferred alternative.

             Response: Boundary Alternative 3 excludes the Juan de Fuca

         Canyon, which is one of the richest regions of the offshore

         oceanic ecosystem. It also excludes some of the highest

         concentrations of human uses which threaten the health of the

         marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula.



         Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 3 as the

         preferred alternative because it will be too restrictive for

         vessel traffic.

              Response: NOAA is proposing no regulations that will unduly

         restrict vessel traffic. (See response to comment on boundary

         alternative 1)..




         BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 4


         Comment: NOAA should select boundary alternative 4 as the

         preferred alternative because: 1) many of the unique unspoiled

         ecological resources that might be significantly impacted by oil

         are located in the physically complex area north of Pt. Grenville

         including areas of submarine canyons, productive fishing grounds,

         and coastal features that are critical habitat; 2) Sanctuary

         status in the southern portion of the study area would conflict

         with state managed activities such as dredged material disposal,

         while most of the shoreline in the north has little commercial



                                        B-9









         activity; and 3) NOAA can enlarge the boundary in the future.

              Response: NOAA agrees. One of the most valuable qualities

         of the Olympic Peninsula is that it is undeveloped and relatively

         pristine. NOAA recognizes that the southern portion of the

         boundary is much more developed, especially with respect to the

         harbor maintenance activities in Grays Harbor. Further, the

         rocky intertidal habitats in the north are much more sensitive to

         pollution from oil and gas compared to the sandy beach

         environments in the southern portion of the study area. In the

         event of a spill of hazardous materials, experts predict that it

         would take years for intertidal communities of rocky intertidal

         environments to become reestablished, whereas it would take an

         order of months for the sandy intertidal communities to

         re.colonize. Lastly, NOAA can expand Sanctuary boundary 4 in the

         future,in accordance with the requirements of the Marine

         Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), the National

         Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the Administrative Procedure

         Act (APA), if deemed necessary.



         Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 4 because:

         1) it is not scientifically defensible for it fails to protect

         the important and environmentally delicate estuaries along the

         southern coast; 2) it would render ineffective NOAA's resource

         monitoring and sanctuary enforcement mandates; and 3) it will be

         too restrictive for vessel traffic.

              Response: The boundary of a marine-sanctuary should


                                        B-10









         approximate the most identifiable boundaries of a marine

         ecosystem. The Site Evaluation List (SEL), from which sites are

         selected for consideration as marine sanctuaries, identified the

         coastal offshore islands as the core of the proposed Olympic

         Coast National Marine Sanctuary (originally identified as the

         Western Washington Outer Coast). With this focus, NOAA has

         determined that the boundaries of the ecosystem are encompassed.

         by boundary alternative 4. NOAA recognizes that the coastal

         estuaries are ecologically valuable and that many organisms that

         exist within, or transit through boundary alternative 4, depend

         on the estuaries. However, while the estuaries and outer coast

         are ecologically linked, the productivity of the two environments

         is a function of very distinct environmental processes.

              NOAA believes that protection of the estuaries could be best

         achieved through possible inclusion of these areas in programs

         targeting estuarine management such as, the National Estuarine

         Research Reserve System, the National Estuary Program, or the

         Coastal Zone Management Program.

              NOAA believes that the size of the sanctuary encompassed by

         boundary alternative 4 is manageable with respect to research and

         monitoring initiatives.

              As discussed above, NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast

         Guard to develop a proposal for an ATBA off the northern Olympic

         Peninsula. It is designed to be as compatible with existing

         customary practices among mariners as possible. NOAA is not

         promulgating vessel traffic regulations with designation.


                                       B-11












          BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 5

          Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 5 because:

          1) activities that are, or could occur, in the southern portion

          of the study area can affect the resources in the north; 2) the

          entire study area is ecologically connected; 3) the management

          needs are greatest in the south; 4) the sanctuary management

          regime would complement existing management initiatives (Willapa

          Bay watershed planning processes, Columbia and Snake River Salmon

          Recovery Planning, State National Heritage Plans),, and 5)

          expansion of the Sanctuary boundaryin the future will be too

          time-consuming.

               Response: NOAA's preferred boundary alternative is based on

          an ecologically identifiable boundary. The northern and southern

          portions of the study area are distinct with respect to their

          coastal and offshore ecology. NOAA can protect Sanctuary

          resources from outside activities through the prohibition on

          discharges outside the Sanctuary boundary that enter and injure

          Sanctuary resources. NOAA will be involved in planning

          activities that could potentially threaten Sanctuary resources

          outside its boundary. The boundary can be expanded in the future.

          if needed.



          Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 5 because

          it is not necessary to encompass the entire Washington coastline

          as a marine sanctuary, and it would eliminate any future

          development of the coastal areas.



                                        B-12









              Response: NOAA agrees. See response to previous comment.



         Comment: A more detailed analysis of the impacts of sanctuary

         designation must be undertaken before seriously considering

         boundary alternative 5.

              Response: NOAA has undertaken an extensive analysis of the

         uses and ecology of the southern portion of the study area and

         believes that the ecologically sensitive estuarine environments

         are adequately protected.




         ALTERNATIVE BOUNDARY SUGGESTIONS

         Comment: NOAA should establish a series of smaller site-specific

         areas surrounding unique marine resources, such as ocean waters

         immediately adjacent to already protected terrestrial ecosystems

         such as wildlife refuges and the Olympic National Park. This

         alternative would afford sanctuary status to marine resources

         while maintaining provisions for compatible ocean uses.

              Response: NOAA disagrees. Smaller site-specific areas

         would not encompass an ecosystem for the reasons stated above.

         Further, designation of the marine sanctuary would allow for the

         continuation of pre-existing and compatible uses.



         Comment: NOAA's analysis of the resources within the study area

         identified the southern portion as highly important in terms of

         wildlife and fishery values, particularly the areas in and

         surrounding Willapa Bay. NOAA should consider modifying boundary


                                        B-13









         alternative 4 by adding a satellite site encompassing the

         estuarine environment and the offshore waters of Willapa Bay.

              Response: NOAA's analysis confirmed that the estuarine areas

         in the southern portion of the study area are significant natural

         resources and that many of the resources utilize the waters off

         the northern coast as well. However, NOAA has determined that

         the estuarine ecosystems are distinct from the higher energy

         marine environment of the northern portion of the study area. In

         addition, the activities in, and adjacent to Grays Harbor are

         managed pursuant to an existing estuarine management plan

         promulgated pursuant to the Washington State Shorelands

         Management Act. The residents living in the watersheds of

         Willapa Bay are currently preparing an estuarine management plan.



         Comment: NOAA should consider the creation of a north and south

         Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary with separate but

         coordinated management regimes.

              Response: The Act requires the designation of one sanctuary

         on the Western Washington Outer Coast with the offshore Islands

         and coastal areas of the northern Olympic Peninsula as the core

         area of the sanctuary. In carrying out this mandate, NOAA

         examined the seaward, northerly, southerly, and easterly extent

         of the ecosystem that has as its core the intertidal communities

         of the outer coast.



         Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be modified as


                                       B-14










         further cetacean information is available.

             Response: NOAA can modify the boundary in the future, in

         accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the

         APA, as more information becomes available.




         MODIFICATION OF THE WESTERN BOUNDARY


         Comment: The outer boundary of the sanctuary should extend

         westward to a point that minimizes restrictions and needless re-

         routing of vessel traffic and harbor maintenance activities.at

         the opening of Grays Harbor. To accomplish this objective, the,

         outer limit of the sanctuary should be set at a distance between

         2 and 10 miles from shore.

             Response: Sanctuary boundaries are not established based on

         vessel traffic routes, particularly because routes are subject to

         change. NOAA will work with existing regulatory agencies to

         minimize impacts. While vessel traffic is in the scope of

         sanctuary regulations, NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic

         regulations at this time.



         Comment: The outer boundary should be established at either the

         100 or 500 fathom isobath.

             Response: NOAA has established the boundary at the 100

         fathom isobath because it is generally recognized to be the

         seaward extent of the continental shelf, the area where

         photosynthetic activity is greatest.





                                       B-15









         Comment: Clarify the rationale for establishing the western

         boundary of alternatives 4 and 5.

              Response: See response to previous comment.
                               I




         MODIFICATION OF THE SHORELINE BOUNDARY

         Comment: The shoreline boundary should be established at the

         lower low water mark to preclude interference with carefully

         crafted beach management plans regulating beach traffic, razor

         clam harvests and emergency aircraft landings.

              Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary is located

         at the higher high water line where adjacent to Federally-owned

         land (including the Olympic National Park and the U.S. Fish and

         Wildlife refuges) and the lower low line mark when adjacent to

         State-owned land. Thus, the boundary does not interfere with

         beach management plans. Razor clam harvests within the

         intertidal zone of the Sanctuary will be managed by existing

         authorities such as the Washington State Department of Natural

         Resources, the Quinault Indian Tribe, and the National Park

         Service. Emergency aircraft landings are permissible in the

         Sanctuary.



         Comment: The shoreline boundary should cut across the mouths of

         all rivers, streams and estuaries because there are sufficient

         management plans in place providing protection of inland

         environments such as the Washington State Coastal Zone Management

         Program and the Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan.



                                        B-16









              Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary has been

         modified to cut across the mouths of all rivers, streams and

         estuaries.



         Comment: Clarify why the shoreward boundary distinguishes

         between adjacency to tribal and non-tribal lands.

              Response: The Tribes have jurisdiction to the mean lower low

         water line and the Sanctuary program does not have the authority

         to claim jurisdiction over tribal land without the consent of the

         governing body of the tribes. Both the Tribes and the State have

         requested that the Sanctuary boundary not overlap with tribal and

         State lands. Therefore, the coastal boundary has been modified

         so that it is at mean lower low water when adjacent to tribal and

         State owned lands and at mean higher high water when adjacent to

         Federally owned lands.



         Comment: Existing National Park Service standards, regulations,

         and policies must not be diminished as a result of dual

         designation as a National Park and National Marine Sanctuary.

         The majority of the intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park

         are Federally designated Wilderness Area and must be managed

         accordingly.

              Response: The Sanctuary boundary overlaps with the boundary

         of the Olympic National Park. NOAA will not diminish the

         standards, regulations and policies currently applying to the

         intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park. The existing


                                        B-17









          standards, regulations and policies of the intertidal areas will

          remain. NOAA will enhance the protection of these intertidal

          areas by working with the Coast Guard to ensure a safer vessel

          traffic environment, and the upland users of the watershed to

          monitor and minimize the impacts of non-point source pollution.

          Additionally, NOAA will support research and resource monitoring

          initiatives in the intertidal areas and may seek compensation for

          damages if an accident were to occur that injures Sanctuary


          resources.





          INCLUSION OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA


          Comment: The northeastern boundary of the sanctuary should

          extend further into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to either: 1) the

          Lyre River; 2) the dlallam County Marine Sanctuary at Salt Creek,*

          3) Low Point; 4) Crescent Bay/Agate Beach; or 5) Pillar Point.

          Omission of the Strait of Juan de Fuca from the Sanctuary

          excludes the head of the Juan de Fuca Canyon from the boundary of

          the Sanctuary, and thus represents a boundary not.based upon an

          ecological rationale.

               Response: NOAA has examined the resources of the Strait of

          Juan de Fuca and the FEIS/MP has been revised accordingly.

          Sections III and IV (Alternatives, and Environmental

          Consequences) examine the benefits and consequences of various

          alternatives in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. NOAA believes that

          the existence of a functional biotic community characteristic of

          the marine environment extends into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to



                                         B-18









         Observatory Point. Eastward of Observatory Point, the ecosystem

         is more characteristic of an estuarine environment.

              Despite the ecological arguments that support inclusion of

         the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary, NOAA does

         not believe that the public has had ample opportunity to analyze

         and comment on the proposal to add the Strait. Since the Strait

         of Juan de Fuca lies entirely in state waters, the Strait of Juan

         de Fuca cannot be included without the approval of the Governor

         of Washington State. However, NOAA will pursue expanding the

         boundary if supported by the State of Washington.



         Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be contiguous with

         that of the proposed Northwest Straits Sanctuary. A gap between

         these two proposed sanctuaries would cause confusion for

         commercial shipping and fishing interests and government managing

         agencies.

              Response: At this time, the future and nature of the

         proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary is uncertain

         and cannot serve as a deciding factor in the determination of the

         eastern boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.

         The boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary must

         be determined based on ecological and human use factors. NOAA

         can modify the boundary in the future if it is deemed

         appropriate. NOAA will coordinate with existing managing

         agencies to ensure that the Olympic Coast National Marine

         Sanctuary and the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine



                                        B-19









          Sanctuary do not unduly disrupt the management of vessel traffic

          and fishing.



          Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should not encompass the

          waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca because closely-monitored

          vessel traffic lanes already exist.

               Responset. The MPRSA encourages multiple uses of the

          Sanctuary as long as they are compatible with the resource

          protection goals of the Sanctuary. Clearly, the Coordinated.

          Vessel Traffic System in the Strait of Juan de Fuca is in the

          best interest of the vessel traffic industry and the environment.

          NOAA would not interfere with the vessel traffic management

          regime in the Strait of Juan de Fuca if the Governor of the State

          of Washington supported inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca

          in the Sanctuary boundary.




          NORTHERN BOUNDARY


          Comment: The northern boundary of the Sanctuary should be

          adjacent to the international border and include vessel traffic

          lanes to facilitate the establishment of a cooperative

          international sanctuary and coordinated vessel traffic management

          regime.

              Response: The northern boundary is adjacent to the

          international boundary.







                                        B-20












        INCLUSION OF THE ESTUARIES

        Comment: NOAA recognized both the high resource values of the

        estuaries and the high level of point source discharges. By

        including the estuaries in the boundary NOAA would be in a

        position to work with the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE)

        to correct the sources of pollution.

             Response: NOAA has.been working with the Washington

        Department of Ecology to address pollution problems in the

        coastal estuaries. The Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan was

        supported by funding provided pursuant to the Washington

        Shorelands Management Act. NOAA agrees that the estuaries are

        extremely valuable environments with high levels of point source

        discharges. However, NOAA believes that the estuaries are

        ecologically distinct from the offshore waters of the Olympic

        Peninsula, which is the core area of the Sanctuary. Inclusion in

        the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) is a more

        appropriate management framework for NOAA involvement in

        estuarine management.



        Comment: The estuaries should be excluded from the Sanctuary

        boundary because the Washington State Coastal Zone Management

        Program and the Grays Harbor Management Plan offer sufficient

        protection to the estuaries.

             Response: NOAA agrees. The estuaries are excluded from the

        preferred boundary of the Sanctuary.





                                       B-21











          CONSIDERATION OF OTHER NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL
          ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES (NERRS)

          Comment: Some commenters believed that NOAA should designate the

          estuaries as NERR's if they are not included in the boundary of

          the Sanctuary because of their natural resource values. Other

          commenters believed that NERR status is inadequate since it does

          not include the-marine environment. Clarification is needed on

          the specific elements of the NERRS: 1) the degree of protection

          that the NERRS would provide to Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay; 2)

          the process of designation; 3) timetable for designation; 4)

          assurances that designation would occur; and 5) the degree of

          protection to the estuaries that would be provided.in comparison

          to sanctuary status.-

               Response: The terms of designation as  a NERR are determined

          between the State and NOAA. The process begins with the

          nomination of an estuary, or portion thereof, to NOAA for

          inclusion in the NERRS by the Governor of the State. The State

          holds scoping meetings in thexegion nominated for inclusion to

          solicit public input. The State then prepares a draft

          environmental impact statement and management plan (DEIS/MP)

          where boundary, management, and regulatory alternatives are

          assessed and a preferred alternative is decided upon. The

          DEIS/MP must demonstrate that the key core land and water areas

          are adequately protected by the state. once the DEIS/MP is

          completed, public hearings are held in the region. After a

          comment period of one month, the State must produce a Final

          Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (FEIS/MP)

                                         B-22









         incorporating the public comments. Once NOAA approves the

         FEIS/MP the Reserve is officially designated. The entire process

         requires approximately three years. Designation is contingent

         upon available funding.



         Comment: NOAA should encourage sanctuary designations in

         Northern Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Southern Oregon and Northern

         California.

              Response: NOAA is working with the State of Washington to

         study the feasibility of a sanctuary in Northern Puget Sound.

         New candidates for sanctuary status are selected from NOAA's

         SEL. Sites in southern Oregon and Northern California are

         presently on the SEL.




         HARBOR EXCLUSION/INCLUSION

         Comment: How will sanctuary designation influence the disposal

         of dredge material from harbor maintenance and development

         activities that occur in the Port of La Push, the mouth of the

         Quilleute River, and Neah Bay?

              Response: No dredge spoil disposal will be permitted within

         the Sanctuary. Harbors are excluded from the Sanctuary boundary.

         Therefore, maintenance and development activities can occur, but

         disposal of dredge material must be either on land or outside the

         boundary of the Sanctuary.







                                       B-23











          GROWTH MANAGEMENT

          Comment: The Sanctuary should help to limit population growth.

              Response: The sanctuary program has no control over

          population growth adjacent to the Sanctuary boundary. Rather,

          the program exists to ensure that human uses resulting from

          growth do not have a negative impact on Sanctuary resources.



          Comment: Private land owners should not lose development rights

          to their land, nor should they have the value of their land

          significantly decreased by regulation without due compensation

          for that loss.

              Response: NOAA is issuing no regulations that will diminish

          the development rights of private property owners.




          OPPOSITION TO SANCTUARY DESIGNATION

          Comment: The marine sanctuary should not be designated because:

          1) it would shut down the fishing industry; 2) existing

          legislation And management regimes offer adequate protection; 3)

          potential industrial interests would be stifled because the

          sanctuary would over-regulate the local economy and its growth;

          4) the ecological/aesthetic values of Washington's coastline are

          not permanently threatened; 5) local airports in Aberdeen and

          Ocean Shores would close due to insurance problems; and 6) the

          Olympic National Park has too much control over the Olympic

          Peninsula already.

              Response: The Sanctuary will not shut down the fishing


                                        B-24









         industry. Fishing is not within the scope of Sanctuary

         regulation; the regulation of fishing would remain with existing

         management regimes. Further, the Sanctuary will ensure greater

         protection from risks due to oil, gas and mineral development and

         vessel traffic accidents.

              NOAA disagrees that existing legislation offers adequate

         protection of the offshore resources. The threats from such

         things as vessel traffic, oil and gas development, sand and

         gravel mining and Navy practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock have not

         been addressed through a comprehensive management regime that

         recognizes the value and fragility of the marine ecosystem off

         the Olympic Peninsula. NOAA does not believe that the Sanctuary

         will over-regulate the local economy since the main source of

         income in the region is from tourism, fishing and timber

         production-none of which will be negatively affected by the

         Sanctuary. Tourism and fishing will likely benefit from

         Sanctuary status due to the increased protection of the marine

         environment.




         ISSUE:    ALTERATION OF/OR CONSTRUCTION ON THE SEABED

         Comment: The regulation pertaining to alteration or construction

         of the seabed may be interpreted as prohibiting such activities

         as geologic research, the placement of current meters, sediment

         traps and similar research equipment, all of which might be

         necessary if environmental studies were to be conducted in the

         Mineral Management Service (MMS) Washington-Oregon planning area.


                                        B-25








         To clarify the intent of this prohibition, "Government sponsored

         environmental studies" should be added in the second sentence of

         this section as one of the activities for which this prohibition

         does not apply.

              Response: NOAA supports research within the Sanctuary.

         However, the prohibition on alteration of, or construction on the

         seabed applies to all research activities, including those

         conducted by governmental agencies. All research activities

         conducted within the Sanctuary that violate a Sanctuary

         regulation must be undertaken pursuant to a Sanctuary research

         permit to ensure that the impacts from the research are minimal

         and temporary.



         Comment: The prohibition on the alteration of, or construction

         on the seabed should not interfere with current or future harbor

         maintenance or fishing activities including: 1) jetty and groin

         construction; 2) permitted dredging of channels and harbors; 3)

         the use of dredge spoils for underwater berm construction; 4)

         construction and improvement of boat launching and marine

         facilities adjacent to reservations; 5) the retrieval of fishing

         gear (including crab pots) and sunken vessels; 6) bottom trawling

         and scallop dredging; and 7) tribal fin and shellfish operations.

         NOAA needs to clarify the exemption of activities incidental to

         routine fishing and vessel operations. The exemptions for harbor

         maintenance and fishing activities should read: "attempting to

         alter the seabed for any purpose other than anchoring vessels,



                                        B-26









          normal fishing operations to include commercial bottom trawling

          and crab pot recovery, and routine harbor maintenance."

              Response: Ports and harbors are not included within the

          boundary of the Sanctuary. Further, there is the following

          exception to the alteration-of-the-seabed regulation: "Harbor

          maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal

          Projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary

          designation, including dredging of entrance channels and repair,

          replacement or rehabilitation of breakwaters and jetties." The

          boundary of the Sanctuary adjacent to the Port of La Push is

          congruent with the Colreg lines at the mouth of the harbor. The

          boundary of the Sanctuary at Neah Bay forms an arc from Koitlah

          Point to the point of land on the opposite side of Neah Bay. The

          arc is contiguous with the outer coast of Waadah Island. The

          noted activities incidental to fishing have been exempted from

          the Sanctuary regulations.



          Comment: NOAA should prohibit all dredging and removal of sand

          and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary.

               Response: NOAA has prohibited all dredging and removal of

          sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. These activities

          threaten the integrity of the benthic community and the food

          source of many fish, marine mammals and seabirds.



          Comment: NOAA should not subject the exploration and development
          of offshore mineral activities to the same restrictions proposed


                                        B-27









         for the exploration and development of Outer Continental Shelf

         (OCS) oil and gas.

              Response: All  of these activities  injure the benthic

         communities in the  Sanctuary and NOAA does not believe that there

         is cause for exceptions.



         Comment: Clarify NOAA's policy on establishing artificial reefs

         within the Sanctuary.

              Response: There are no artificial reefs in the Sanctuary as

         of the date of designation. The creation of new artificial reefs

         would be prohibited pursuant to the prohibition on alteration of,

         or construction on, the seabed.



         Comment: NOAA should prohibit the construction of pipelines on

         the sea floor.

              Response: The regulation prohibiting the alteration of, or

         construction on, the seabed would prohibit the construction of

         pipelines on the sea floor.



         ISSUE:    CULTURAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES

         Comment:  NOAA should prohibit moving, injuring, or possessing

         historic  resources within the Sanctuary.

              Response: NOAA agrees that it is necessary to protect and

         manage historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary
         boundary. NOAA has included a prohibition on moving, removing,

         possessing, injuring, or attempting to move, remove, or injure


                                         B-28









         these resources, except as resulting incidentally from

         traditional fishing operations. If NOAA determines that fishing

         activities are resulting in injury to Sanctuary historic and

         cultural resources, NOAA may amend the Sanctuary regulations to

         abolish the exemption for these activities.



         Comment: The proposed regulations dealing with cultural

         resources fail to preserve the tribes' ability to control access

         to, and removal of, their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA

         should add a new section 925.5(a)(8) prohibiting: "removal or

         attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource or artifact, or

         entry onto a significant cultural site designated by a tribal

         governing body with the concurrence of the Director, except with

         the express written consent of the governing body of the tribe or

         tribes to which such resource, artifact, or cultural site

         pertains." NOAA should pursue a cooperative agreement with the

         tribes to coordinate management of cultural artifacts of tribal

         significance.

              Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to

         control access to cultural artifacts within the Sanctuary thereby

         helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly, anyone

         proposing to remove a cultural or historic resource must apply
         for and obtain a sanctuary permit from NOAA. NOAA acknowledges

         the interest of the coastal tribes to preserve their cultural

         heritage and, in particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal

         significance found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its


                                        B-29









         objective of preserving the historical and cultural resources of

         the.Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal tribes' desire to

         preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA has clarified

         in section 925.9(d) that "In deciding whether to issue a permit,

         the Director or designee may consider such factors as . . . the

         effect of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes." NOAA will

         work on a cooperative agreement with the tribes and the State of

         Washington to clarify the process by which permits will be

         granted to conduct research or salvage operations on historical

         and cultural resources of tribal significance.



         Comment: Current management of cultural resources is agreed upon

         between the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the tribes. The

         BIA supports the tribes in the management of their cultural


         resources.


              Response: See response to previous comment.



         Comment: The regulation as proposed in the DEIS/MP is

         duplicative of State law. There already exists state and Federal

         antiquities acts to protect coastal archeological and historical

         sites that occur on or near the median high tide boundary. The

         State archeologist already coordinates archeological matters.

              Response: The MPRSA is not duplicative of existing laws

         protecting historical and cultural resources. The MPRSA is more

         comprehensive in that it provides enforcement authority,

         including civil penalties, for the destruction or injury of


                                        B-30











         historical and cultural resources.

              The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 gives states the title

         to certain abandoned shipwrecks in state waters. Under the

         MPRSA, NOAA has trustee responsibilities for abandoned shipwrecks

         and other historical and cultural resources within national

         marine sanctuaries, including those located in state waters, for

         the purpose of protecting them. NOAA will coordinate with State

         agencies to ensure that historical and cultural resources within

         the Sanctuary are protected, and that the policies affecting

         historical and cultural resources in State waters are consonant

         with the policies in the Federal waters of the Sanctuary.




         ISSUE:    DISCHARGES

         Ocean Dumping

         Comment: NOAA should not prohibit the use of dredged material

         disposal sites off Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the Columbia River,

         or on the north jetty and breakwater of the Port of La Push.

              Response: The Sanctuary boundary does not extend south of

         Copalis Beach and excludes ports and harbors. Therefore, the

         maintenance activities at La Push and the use of the dredge

         disposal sites south of the boundary is not prohibited.



         Comment: No ocean dumping should be allowed in proximity to the

         major submarine canyons.

              Response: The regulations prohibit ocean dumping within the

         Sanctuary, and outside the Sanctuary if the material enters and


                                       B-31









         injures Sanctuary resources or qualities.

         Point Source Discharges

         Comment: Prohibit discharges of toxics, plastic, and municipal

         garbage and sewage into the marine environment.

              Response: The dumping of municipal garbage, toxics and

         plastics is prohibited within the Sanctuary by Sanctuary

         regulations and by regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act to

         Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. ï¿½ï¿½ 1901 et sea.) and the

         Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987, which
         implements Annex"V of MARPOL 73/78 in the U.S. Point source

         discharges are allowed provided such discharge is certified by

         NOAA in accordance with section 925.10 or approved by NOAA in

         accordance with section 925.11. After expiration of current

         permits, discharges from municipal treatment plants will be

         subject to the review process of section 925.11. At a minimum,-

         secondary treatment will be required.



         Comment: -Current regulations are adequate. NOAA has not proven

         that the proposed regulations will enhance the recreational or

         aesthetic appeal, and water quality.

              Response: Current regulations do not protect the area from

         the cumulative impacts of various types of discharges, including:

         1) some ocean dumping; 2) sewage receiving only primary

         treatment; and 3) non-point source discharges. NOAA's ocean

         disposal regulation offers protection to the offshore environment

         that does not otherwise exist. NOAA will work with existing



                                       B-32








          tribal, State and Federal authorities to ensure that the quality

          of the water and Sanctuary resources are maintained.



          Comment: Clarify how discharges from drilling and production

          rigs may be addressed if oil and gas leasing were to occur in the

          future.

              Response: The regulations prohibit oil and gas exploration,

          development, and production activities within the.Sanctuary.

          NOAA will work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to

          ensure that best available technology is implemented on any

          drilling rigs located outside of the Sanctuary to ensure that no

          discharges enter and injure Sanctuary resources and qualities.



          Comment: Depositing or discharging from any location within the

          Sanctuary or from beyond the Sanctuary should be prohibited.

              Response: The mandate of the National Marine Sanctuary

          Program is to facilitate multiple uses that are compatible with

          resource protection. Depositing or discharging most materials

          within the boundary of the Sanctuary, or from beyond the boundary

          of the Sanctuary if such material subsequently enters the

          Sanctuary and injures Sanctuary resources or qualities is

          prohibited. NOAA will work with EPA, the Tribes and the State of

          Washington to maintain water quality. NOAA may require special

          terms and conditions, including (but not limited to) improved

          effluent quality, on EPA permits to ensure Sanctuary resources

          and qualities are protected.


                                        B-33










         Non-Point Source Discharges

         Comment: NOAA should not'require at a minimum secondary

         treatment and sometimes tertiary or more for non-point source

         pollution. It is virtually impossible to subject runoff to these

         levels of treatment.

              Response: NOAA does not require such treatment for non-point

         source pollution. NOAA will monitor non-point source pollution

         and work with those living and working in the coastal watersheds

         to minimize runoff into the Sanctuary.



         Comment: It should be stated that there is no intent to regulate

         forest practices by Sanctuary administrators. There is no

         research or evidence which would justify the statement made in

         the proposed DEIS that the "greatest source of non-point

         discharge is the forest." This statement needs clarification and

         tree farmers must be assured that they can continue to grow and

         harvest trees pursuant to Washington's Forest Practices Act, one

         of the most stringent in the country.

              Response: NOAA's Strategic Assessment Branch has analyzed

         existing watershed data from the National Coastal Pollutant

         Discharge Inventory to determine sources of runoff. Summaries of

         pollution discharges for total volumes of nitrogen, lead, and all

         suspended solids combined indicate that with the exception of

         suspended solids discharged by paper mills, the greatest source

         of sediments discharged into sanctuary waters is from natural

         forest runoff.



                                       B-34








              Despitethis evidence, NOAA will not be directly regulating

         upland uses. However, NOAA will coordinate with the upland user

         groups, and managing agencies to minimize non-point source

         impacts on Sanctuary resources.



         Comment: The suggestion that excessive erosion from clear

         cutting practices is the source of most non-point source

         pollution from forests supports the need for further study of

         this common practice and the issuance of more stringent controls

         due to the steep and unstable slopes and amount of rainfall.

              Response: NOAA agrees and will conduct monitoring and

         research initiatives in coordination with those living and

         working in the watersheds to minimize the impacts from timbering

         activities.



         Discharges Outside the Sanctuary

         Comment: Clarify to what extent the "sphere of influence" of the

         discharge regulation extends, to what degree it may affect

         coastal communities including the Tribes, and who determines if

         injury to a Sanctuary resource has occurred. Would a community

         such as Ocean Shores or an Indian Tribe face increased water

         quality regulations or enforcement? Further, does the discharge

         prohibition apply to particulates that are discharged into the

         air from pulp mills and subsequently enter the Sanctuary and harm

         Sanctuary resources and qualities.

              NOAA should not impose additional restrictions, beyond the


                                        B-35









         existing requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act

         (FWPA), on the discharge of effluent and dredge spoils into

         marine waters. There is no evidence that additional restrictions

         on these activities are required to protect water quality in the

         proposed sanctuary.

              Response: The MPRSA protects Sanctuary resources and

         qualities (including water quality) from the impacts of

         discharges from within and outside the boundary of a Sanctuary

         whether airborne or waterborne. NOAA is responsible for

         determining injury to Sanctuary resources. Discharges pursuant

         to existing permits may be continued subject to the certification

         requirements of section 925.10. New permits are subject to the

         review process of section 925.11. At a minimum, secondary

         treatment will be required for any treatment plants discharging

         directly into the Sanctuary. With respect to airborne or

         waterborne discharges outside the Sanctuary, NOAA may condition

         such permits only if it is established that the discharges are

         entering the Sanctuary and injuring Sanctuary resources or

         qualities. NOAA will work closely with all to ensure that    noone

         is unduly burdened by permitting requirements related to

         discharges. NOAA will coordinate with the State's Air Quality

         Board and Department of Ecology to monitor air and water quality

         over and in the Sanctuary.










                                        B-36









          Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic

          Comment: The application of this regulation should prohibit

          organic and inorganic discharges from fishing vessels and

          submarines (including bilge), aircraft. The prohibition should

          apply to all naval operations.

               Response: The Sanctuary regulations specify the fishing and

          vessel related activities exempted from the discharge prohibition

          (section 925.5(a)(2)(i)-(iv)). Discharges and deposits from

          vessels are prohibited except for specific discharges intended to

          provide for traditional fishing activities, such as fish wastes

          resulting from traditional fishing operations in the Sanctuary,

          and for allowed vessel operations in the Sanctuary, namely

          biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use and generated by

          approved marine sanitation devices, water generated by routine

          vessel operations, and engine exhaust. Such discharges are

          determined to be of minimal threat to the Sanctuary and are

          important for the safe and effective functioning of fishing and

          other vessels. Other discharges from vessel operations are

          prohibited. If in the future NOAA determines that increased

          protection for Sanctuary resources and qualities from these

          exempted activities is warranted, the Sanctuary regulations could

          be revised.



          Comment: Clarify acceptable and unacceptable discharges from

          fishing vessels.

               Response: See response to previous comment.



                                        B-37










         Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations

         Comment: Banning the use of approved dredge disposal sites would

         impose severe economic impacts on marine navigation and commerce,

         and ultimately to the coastal communities.

              Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not encompass

         the approved dredge disposal sites off of Grays Harbor, Willapa

         Bay, and the Columbia River. However, no new dredge disposal

         sites may be located within the Sanctuary boundary.



         Comment: NOAA must examine the economic impacts of the-discharge

         regulations on existing industries. There are currently 72

         identified dischargers in the study area. It is unclear if the

         proposed Sanctuary would impact the continued operation of the

         pulp mill's NPDES permitted discharge near Grays Harbor.

              Response: The Sanctuary's boundary does not extend south of

         Copalis Beach. Therefore, the only discharge regulation that

         would apply to dischargers in Grays Harbor would be the

         prohibition on discharges from outside the boundary that

         subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources or qualities.

         NOAA will need to establish that effluents from pulp mills are

         injuring Sanctuary resources or qualities before it would impose

         terms and conditions on the pulp mill's NPDES permit. If this

         situation were to occur, NOAA would work with the discharger, the

         State of Washington, and EPA to minimize the economic impacts of

         reducing the impacts.





                                       B-38











         ISSUE:     OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT

         Comment: NOAA's failure to offer as an alternative an outright,

         no conditions ban on hydrocarbon development within the Sanctuary

         is contrary to NEPA regulations, 40 CFR 1502.14 which states that

         the alternatives section is the heart of the environmental impact

         statement. NOAA should permanently ban oil and gas exploration,

         development, and production activities.

              Response: section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 prohibits

         oil and gas exploration, development and production within the

         Sanctuary. The Sanctuary regulations repeat this prohibition.



         Comment: NOAA should designate a buffer zone based on ocean

         currents and local seabed geography to prevent damage from

         external mineral operations.

              Response:    NOAA believes that the Sanctuary is large enough

         to buffer the sensitive canyon and coastal ecosystems from

         negative impacts of mineral development. Further, NOAA's

         authority to regulate discharges from outside the Sanctuary

         boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources

         or qualities provides additional protection over mineral

         activities.




         Comment: NOAA should commit in the FEIS/MP and Record of

         Decision to the preparation of an EIS before lifting the

         prohibition.

              Response: As previously discussed, the Oceans Act of 1992


                                         B-39









         prohibits oil and gas explorations, development and production

         within the Sanctuary. This prohibition may only be lifted by an

         Act of Congress.



         Comment: The oil companies should be excluded from voicing an

         opinion regarding the Sanctuary because this privilege should be

         extended only to those who have spent time enjoying the State of

         Washington coastline.

              Response: The Sanctuary program does not and cannot

         discriminate against any individual, agency, or interest group.

         All individuals have the right to voice an opinion.



         Comment: Has NOAA come across any proposal for offshore wind

         generated power?

              Response: NOAA is not aware of any proposal for offshore

         wind generated power.



         Comment: The President's decision to postpone OCS activities off

         the coasts of Washington and Oregon until after the year 2,000

         should expire at that time unless affirmatively extended.

              Response: section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992

         indefinitely bans oil and gas exploration, development and

         production within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This

         prohibitions could only be lifted by an Act of Congress.







                                       B-40









                               Contingency Plans

         Comment: The Sanctuary should establish a contingency plan in

         coordination with existing state and Federal contingency plans.

         Efforts should be made to coordinate with the State of Washington

         Departments of Wildlife, Fisheries, Ecology, and Natural

         Resources and pursue data sharing opportunities.

              Response: The FEIS/MP identifies existing oil spill

         contingency plans and efforts in the State of Washington to cover

         the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Outer Coast. NOAA will coordinate

         closely with the existing agencies involved in contingency and

         emergency response planning, particularly the U.S. and Canadian

         Coast Guard and the State of Washington Office of Marine Safety

         (OMS). However, NOAA agrees that the Sanctuary requires its own

         contingency plan to ensure that resources are protected during

         events that threaten the environment. A prototype Sanctuary

         Contingency Plan is being tested at the Channel Islands National

         Marine Sanctuary. Once implementation experience has been

         gained, the plan will be adapted to other sites, including the

         Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. To implement

         successfully an organized emergency response, NOAA will

         incorporate state and Federal legislation as well as local

         efforts into the Sanctuary Contingency Plan.



         Comment: NOAA needs to provide for better oil spill response

         planning.

              Response: NOAA is coordinating with the regional response


                                       B-41









         committees of the OMS to ensure that the equipment is available

         to address an emergency that would threaten Sanctuary resources.



         Comment: An oil Spill Response Center should be sited in close

         proximity to the Sanctuary to address small spills north.of Grays

         Harbor where there is currently a lack of oil spill response

         capability.

              Response: NOAA is promoting this idea in its participation

         on the regional response subcommittee whose jurisdiction is the

         Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer Coast. Howeveri priority

         will be placed on the stationing of tugs and barges dedicated to

         emergency response.



         Comment: The tribes should be properly funded to handle resource

         damage assessment as well as other activities where an oil spill

         could impact their subsistence and ceremonial harvest and

         cultural values.

              Response: The reservations are not within the Sanctuary

         boundary. Therefore, the Sanctuary cannot dedicate funds to the

         Tribes for the purpose of damage assessment pursuant to a spill

         of hazardous materials.




         Comment: NOAA should request that the oil industry's Marine

         Spill Response Corporation station a tractor/tug response vessel

         at Neah Bay.

              Response: NOAA has made the recommendation to the



                                        B-42









         subcommittee on emergency response for the Strait of Juan de Fuca

         and the Outer Coast. NOAA is actively participating in

         formulating the recommendation to the State, and will coordinate

         with the Makah Tribe in their planning initiative to expand their

         marina to plan to accommodate a tug or emergency response vessel

         that is of appropriate size to service the Outer Coast and the

         Strait of Juan de Fuca.




         Comment: NOAA should ensure that drills are conducted for the

         Clean Sound Cooperative with outside evaluation.

              Response: NOAA intends to hire an operations manager

         immediately after designation to address issues related to vessel

         traffic and contingency planning. one of the priorities of this

         position will be to encourage the Coast Guard to focus on the

         Sanctuary during its emergency response drills.



         Comment: NOAA should propose the examination of extending

         unlimited liability for spills to the shipping companies and the

         original firms providing the original source materials involved

         in the polluting activities.

              Response: The MPRSA only provides NOAA with the authority

         to collect $100,000 per day for each violation pursuant to

         16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1), and damages to Sanctuary natural resources

         pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1443.







                                        B-43











          ISSUE:    SEALION ROCK

          Comment: NOAA should prohibit, or at least condition, the Navy's

          practice bombing activities over Sealion Rock due to the impact

          on seabirds, depositing of metal objects in the Sanctuary, and

          because the military environment does not require such a

          sensitive area to be used for such purposes. At the very least,

          NOAA should prohibit the practice bombing during the breeding

          season. Section 7 consultations with the Department of Commerce

          and the Department of the Interior should not be construed as

          sufficient mitigation because these processes do not address

          impacts to non-endangered species.

              Response: NOAA agrees that the Navy practice bombing of

          Sealion Rock is inconsistent with the goals of the Sanctuary

          program. Because the permit under which the Navy conducted its

          activities over Sealion Rock was rescinded by the Secretary of

          the Interior in August, 1993, NOAA may prohibit outright all

          bombing activities within the Sanctuary and has determined to do

          so. The regulation adopted by NOAA prohibits all practice

          bombing and provides that no exemption from the prohibition will

          be granted.



          Comment: NOAA does not have the authority to prohibit or

          condition the Navy's activities.

              Response: Because the Navy's authorization from the

          Secretary of Interior was rescinded, NOAA now has the authority

          to not only condition but also prohibit the Navy's practice


                                        B-44









         bombing activities.



         Comment: NOAA should place the Navy's bombing activities within

         the scope of regulation to allow future regulation if necessary.

         To not list military activities is in conflict with the primary

         goal of resource protection.

              Response: NOAA has addressed Navy activities in

         section 925.5(d) of the regulations.



         Comment: NOAA should investigate the history of the Navy's

         activities over Sealion Rock to determine if a grandfather clause

         is warranted.

              Response: The history of the Navy's activities and the

         permit that authorized its activities has been outlined in the

         FEIS/MP. The Navy's authority to conduct practice bombing

         activities has been rescinded and thus consideration of a

         grandfather clause is irrelevant.



         Comment: Clarify how Navy bombing of Sealion Rock at 200 feet is

         less disruptive than commercial overflights.

              Response: NOAA does not assert that the Navy's low flying

         activities are less disruptive than commercial or non-commercial

         overflights. NOAA's differing regulations in the DEIS/MP

         applying to Navy and non-military overflights resulted from

         limitations placed on NOAA by the MPRSA with respect to

         terminating pre-existing leases and permits.


                                       B-45











          ISSUE:    PROTECTION OF TREATY RIGHTS

          ,Comment: NOAA's regulations do not formally recognize the

          Federal Government's trust responsibility to the coastal Tribes.

          The regulations contain no provision which formally requires the

          Director to consider and protect tribal interests when ruling on

          permit applications to conduct development activities within the

          Sanctuary. To address this issue, the following modifications to

          the section 925.8 should be made:

               The Director . . . may issue a permit . . . to conduct an
               activity otherwise prohibited by section 925.5(a)(2)-(7), if
               the Director finds that the activity will: further research
               related to Sanctuary resources:
               . . or promote the welfare of any Indian Tribe adjacent to
               the Sanctuary. In deciding whether to issue a permit, the
               Director shall consider such factors as . o . the impacts of
               the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes. Where the issuance
               or denial of a permit is requested by the governing body of
               an Indian Tribe, the Direotor shall consider and protect the
               interests of the Tribe to the fullest extent practicable in
               keeping with the purposes of the Sanctuary and his or her
               fiduciary duties to the Tribe-.

               Response: NOAA agrees that the designation of the Olympic

          Coast National Marine Sanctuary is subject to the Federal

          government's general fiduciary responsibility to the coastal

          tribes, However, it is also clear that the Federal government is

          not obligated to provide particular services or benefits, nor to

          undertake any specific fiduciary responsibilities in the absence

          of a specific provision in a treaty, agreement, executive order,

          or statute. See Havasupai Tribe v. U.S., 752 F. Supp. 1471 (D.

          Ariz 1990), citing, Vigil, 667 (D.C. Cir. 1980); Gila River Pima-

          Maricopa Indian Community, 427 F.2d 1194, 190 Ct. Clo 790 (1970).

          With respect to this designation, there is no specific provision


                                        B-46








         in the coastal Tribes' treaties or any agreement, executive

         order, or statute which requires NOAA to undertake any specific

         fiduciary responsibility on behalf of the coastal Tribes.

         Therefore, NOAA can fulfill its obligations to the coastal Tribes

         with respect to the designation by giving due consideration to

         their interests and concerns during the decision-making process.

              NOAA agrees that its trust responsibilities to the Tribes

         requires that it consider Tribal interest when ruling on permit

         applications to conduct activities within the Sanctuary.

         However, this responsibility does not require that NOAA base its

         decision solely on what is in the best interest of the coastal

         Tribes. Therefore, NOAA opposes the addition of "or promote the

         welfare of any Indian Tribe adjacent to the Sanctuary", but

         agrees to include "the effects of the activity on adjacent Indian

         Tribes           As previously stated, NOAA agrees that it must

         consider the interests of the Tribes when issuing permits, and

         language to that effect has been included in the regulations.



         Comment: NOAA's regulation prohibiting the taking of marine

         mammals and seabirds conflicts with treaty rights to fish and

         hunt marine mammals in tribal usual and accustomed fishing

         grounds.

              Response: NOAA recognizes that, given the standard for

         abrogating treaty rights enunciated by the Supreme Court in

         United States v. Dion, 476 U.S. 734 (1985), the provisions of the

         MPRSA do not abrogate the coastal Tribes' treaty fishing and


                                        B-47








         hunting rights. However, it is unclear whether Congress intended

         the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to abrogate these

         rights. Recently, the Makah Tribe has pursued clarification

         regarding the applicability of the Marine Mammal Protection Act

         (MMPA) and ESA to its treaty rights to hunt whales and seals.

         The issue is currently being examined by the Tribes and the

         National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Given the concerns

         raised by the coastal Tribes, section 925.5(a)(6) has been

         revised to read as follows:

              Taking any marine mammal., sea turtle, or seabird in or
              above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the National
              Marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and
              Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal
              Protection Act, as amended (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea.,
              the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C.
              1531 gt,sea., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended,
              (META), 16 U.S.C. 703 et leg., or pursuant to any treaty
              with an Indian Tribe to which the United States is a party,
              provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance
              with the MMPA, ESA, and META.

              The revised language recognizes the Makah Tribe's treaty

         right to hunt whales and seals. However, the regulation also

         requires that the right be exercised in accordance with the

         provisions of the MMPA, ESA, and META. If the MMPA, ESA or META

         is determined to abrogate or otherwise restrict the Tribe's

         exercise of its right to hunt whales and seals, then that

         determination shall apply to the Tribe's exercise of those rights

         within the boundary of the Sanctuary.



         Comment: The regulations fail to preserve tribal control of

         their cultural heritage. NOAA should amend section 925.5(a)(8)


                                        B-48











         to read as follows:

              Removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource
              or artifact, or entry onto a significant cultural site
              designated by a Tribal governing body with the concurrence
              of the Director, except with the express written consent of
              the governing body of the Tribe or Tribes to which such
              resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains.

              Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to

         control access to cultural or historical artifacts within the

         Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation.

         Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historical

         resource must apply for and obtain a Sanctuary permit from NOAA.

         NOAA also acknowledges the coastal Tribes' desire to preserve

         their cultural heritage and, in particular, those cultural

         artifacts of tribal significance found within the Sanctuary.

         NOAA considers its objective of preserving the historical and

         cultural resources of the Sanctuary to be compatible with the

         coastal Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage.

         Therefore, prior to issuing a Sanctuary permit to excavate a

         cultural or historical artifact that is of tribal significance,

         NOAA will consult with the affected Tribe(s). This clarification

         has been added to section 925.9.



         Comment: The regulation prohibiting overflights under 1,000 ft.

         except for valid law enforcement purposes conflicts with the

         treaty secured rights to access certain reservation lands such as

         Tatoosh Island and Ozette, which are only accessible by

         helicopter in the winter months, and to conduct aerial timber

         cruises and engage in helicopter logging on portions of the

                                        B-49








         reservation abutting the Sanctuary. Therefore the following

         amendment to section 925.5(7) is proposed:

              Flying motorized aircraft at less than 1,000 feet above the
              Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the coastal boundary
              of the Sanctuary and the Flattery Rocks, Quilleute Needles,
              and Copalis National Wildlife Refuges, except for valid law
              enforcement purposes or where authorized by a gover ing body
              of an Indian Tribe to provide access to reservation lands.

              Response: NOAA acknowledges the Tribes' concerns and does

         not intend to interfere with tribal rights to access reservation

         lands. Also, for the reasons discussed below, the minimum

         altitude has been changed to 2000 ft. In order not to interfere

         with Tribal access to reservation lands, the prohibition on

         flying has been changed to read:

              Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the
              Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks,
              Quillayute Needles, or copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and
              within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary
              of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law
              enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal
              timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to
              transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands
              as authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe.


         Comment: NOAA should apply the management plan equally to tribal

         and non-tribal governmental entities within the adopted boundary

         equally.

              Response: NOAA is legally bound to recognize treaty secured

         rights and has no intention to interfere with these rights. As

         such, there will be circumstances in which Sanctuary regulations

         will apply to tribal and non-tribal members differently.







                                        B-50











         ISSUE:     VESSEL TRAFFIC


         Comment:   Route tankers and barges as far away from near-shore

         reefs and  islands as possible. Clarify what types of vessels can

         transit close to shore.

               Response: There exists a Cooperative Vessel Traffic

         Management System (CVTMS) established and jointly managed by the

         United States and Canada. The CVTMS is a mandatory regime      and

         consists of all navigable waters of the Strait of Juan de      Fuca

         and its offshore approaches, southern Georgia Strait, the      Gulf

         and San Juan Archipelagos, Rosario Strait, Boundary Pass,      Haro

         Strait, and Puget Sound, bounded on the west by longitude      1470W

         and latitude 48*N, and on the northeast by a line along 49*N from

         Vancouver Island to Semiamoo Bay.

               The rules of the CVTMS are intended to enhance safe and

         expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings and

         collisions, and to minimize the risk of property damage and

         pollution to the marine environment. The rules apply to:

               a. Each vessel of 30 meters or more in length; and

               b. Each vessel that is engaged in towing alongside or

         astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more objects, other than

         fishing gear, where:

                    (1) the combined length of the vessel towing, the

                    towing apparatus, and the vessel or object towed

         is 45 meters or more; or

                    (2) the vessel or object towed is 20 meters or more in

         overall length.



                                          B-51










               Both the Canadian and the United States Coast Guards are

          studying methods to improve the CVTMS in the area. Items being

          studied include replacement of outdated equipment, elimination of

          gaps in coverage, and increasing operator training and assignment

          length.

               The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the U.S.

          Coast Guard to conduct a national Tanker Free Zone Study. This

          study is nearing completion and will recommend regulations

          requiring tank vessels to remain offshore during coastal

          transits.

               Further, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard that

          an International Maritime organization (IMO) approved ATBA be

          established within the proposed Sanctuary boundary. This would

          require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain at

          least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of

          Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the Strait of

          Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic separation

          scheme. Although ATBAIs are not compulsory for foreign flag

          vessels, a maritime state may make such an area compulsory for

          domestic vessels transiting the waters under its jurisdiction.



          Comment: Clarify "commercial vessel" and distinguish between

          various sizes, uses, and types of vessels.

               Response: "Commercial vessel" means any vessel operating in

          return for payment or other type of compensation. Clarification

          between sizes, uses, and types of vessels would require more



                                        B-52









         space than is available in this document. Rather than attempt to

         hold to a general definition of "commercial vessel", reference

         will be made to specific types of vessels, i.e., tank vessels,

         bulk carriers, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, etc., wherever

         required.



         Comment: The Sanctuary boundary should be published on

         navigational charts.

             Response: NOAA agrees and will submit the Sanctuary

         boundary to the Nautical Charting Division of the National ocean

         Service. The boundary will be delineated on the next update of

         the appropriate navigational chart.



         Comment: Spill containment and cleanup measures should be part

         of appropriate mitigation requirements for vessels operating

         within the Sanctuary.

              Response: OPA 90 mandates that tank vessel contingency

         plans be prepared for a worst-case discharge, and that vessel

         plans be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. OPA 90

         also stipulates that each responsible party for a vessel from

         which oil is discharged, or which poses the substantial threat of

         a discharge of oil into or upon the navigable waters or adjoining

         shorelines or the exclusive economic zone, is liable for the

         removal costs and damages resulting from such an incident.

              Further, Washington State law (Title 88 Section 46 Revised

         Code of Washington) requires the owner or operator of a tank


                                       B-53









          vessel to prepare and submit an oil spill prevention plan prior

          to the vessel's entry into a Washington port. The law also

          requires that each tank vessel, cargo vessel of greater than

          three hundred or more gross tons, or passenger vessel of greater

          than three hundred or more gross tons have a contingency plan for

          the containment and cleanup of oil spills from such vessel into

          the waters of the State.




          Comment: NOAA should provide a more complete explanation of how

          implementation of each of the regulations would put U.S. shipping

          companies at an economic disadvantage in relation to foreign

          vessels. Precisely what would be the estimated cost in dollars,

          time, inconvenience, and ultimate impact upon U.S. shipping

          companies.

               Response: NOAA is promulgating no regulations that will

          adversely affect domestic vessels.



          Comment: NOAA should put forth a vessel traffic management plan,

          spearheaded by the U.S. Coast Guard, that addresses research

          needs, vessel traffic monitoring-and communication systems, and

          future regulatory alternatives. The management plan should be

          proactive, and establish a timetable for considering new vessel

          traffic regulations in the future.

               Response: NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard, which

          has the primary authority for vessel traffic regulation, to

          determine the need for additional measures to ensure protection



                                        B-54









         of Sanctuary resources and qualities. In addition, NOAA will work

         with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the EPA regarding

         vessel traffic activities resulting from the transport of dredged

         material through the Sanctuary for disposal outside the

         Sanctuary. These consultations will aim to determine which

         resources are most at risk, which vessel traffic practices are

         most threatening, and which regulations or restrictions would be

         most appropriate to alleviate such risk.

              NOAA agrees that an improved vessel traffic monitoring and

         communication system along the coast is desirable. OPA 90

         requires the Secretary of Transportation to complete a

         comprehensive study on the impact of installation, expansion, or

         improvement of vessel traffic servicing systems. NOAA will work

         with the State of Washington's OMS, the U.S. Coast Guard, and

         appropriate public agencies during the development of these

         monitoring studies to determine an appropriate system for the

         Sanctuary and the need for any additional site-specific

         protective measures.

              Vessel traffic monitoring and research and coordination on

         this subject have been incorporated into the Sanctuary management

         plan.



         Comment: Allow only double-hulled vessels in the Sanctuary.

              Response: OPA 90 establishes double hull requirements for

         tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons will be

         required to have double hulls by 2010. Vessels under 5,000 gross


                                        B-55









          tons will be required to have a double hull or a double

          containment system by 2015. All newly constructed tankers must

          have a double hull (or double containment system if under 5,000

          gross tons), while existing vessels are phased out over a period

          of years.

              As previously stated, the U.S. Coast Guard is completing a

          study of a tanker free zone where tank vessels would be required

          to remain offshore during coastal transits. Further, a proposal
          to establish an ATBA within the Sanctuary boundary has been

          developed and will be submitted to the International Maritime

          Organization (IMO) for approval at the earliest possible date

          which, in accordance with IMO's procedures, is June, 1994. Both

          actions will serve to ensure that hazardous material laden

          vessels will remain an appropriate distance offshore.



          Comment: Require vessels to have a pilot aboard.

              Response: Requirements for pilots are set forth in both

          Federal and state regulations. NOAA will monitor and review

          vessel traffic in the Sanctuary and make recommendations to the

          appropriate regulatory agencies, state and Federal, regarding the

          need for additional pilotage requirements. Pilotage is currently

          compulsory for all vessels except those under enrollment or

          engaged exclusively in the coasting trade on the West Coast of

          the continental United States (including Alaska) and/or British

          Columbia. Port Angeles has been designated as the pilotage

          station for all vessels enroute to or from the sea.



                                        B-56









              OPA 90 requires the U.S. Coast Guard to designate U.S.

         waters where a second licensed officer must be on the bridge of a

         coastwise seagoing tanker over 1,600 gross tons. Under the Ports

         and Waterways Safety Act, the U.S. Coast Guard also is proposing

         to require a second officer on foreign flag tankers over 1,600

         gross tons and on U.S. registered tankers over 1,600 gross tons.



         Comment: Establish a tonnage limit within three nautical miles
         of shore except for those making a port call.

              Response: All types of vessels and traffic patterns will be

         reviewed by NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the State of

         Washington OMS to determine any appropriate action to be taken.

         In conducting this review, attention will be paid to vessel type,

         cargo carried, and vessel size.



         Comment: Require all vessels to have English speaking bridge

         personnel.

              Response: All vessels required to participate in the Juan

         de Fuca region CVTMS are required to make all reports in English.



         Comment: Curtail traffic during poor weather conditions.

              Response: NOAA will work with the state, U.S. Coast Guard,

         and appropriate public agencies to determine the need for further

         vessel traffic regulations to specifically address vessel traffic

         during adverse weather conditions.

              During conditions of vessel congestion, adverse weathe r,


                                        B-57









         reduced visibility, or other hazardous circumstances in the area

         of the Juan de Fuca Region CVTMS, the Cooperative Vessel Traffic

         Management Center may issue directions to control and supervise

         traffic. They may also specify times when vessels may enter,

         move within or through, or depart from ports, harbors, or other

         waters of the CVTMS Zone.

              Further, the U.S. Coast Guard's Navigation Rules,

         International and Inland, speak specifically to the conduct of

         vessels while at sea. Rule 6 of the International and Inland

         Steering and Sailing Rules states that "Every vessel shall at all

         times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and

         effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a

         distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and

         conditions."



         Comment: Prohibit engine powered water craft of any type.

              Response: A fundamental objective of the sanctuary program

         is "to facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary

         objective of resource protection, all public and private uses of

         the resources of these marine areas not prohibited pursuant to

         other authorities" (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)). NOAA will consider

         the threats from all types of vessels - power driven, sailing, or

         paddle propelled - as a continuing analysis of vessel traffic

         within the sanctuary boundaries.



         Comment: Manage the off-loading or exchange of cargo or oil.


                                        B-58









              Response: No offloading or exchange of oil occurs within

         the boundary of the Sanctuary. This activity generally occurs in

         ports which are located outside of the Sanctuary boundary.

         Further, this type of activity is addressed by both OPA 90 and

         programs being established by the recently created Washington

         State OMS.




         Comment: Prohibit shipment of reclaimed spent nuclear fuel from

         foreign reactors through the Sanctuary.

              Response: As previously noted, NOAA has recommended to the

         U.S. Coast Guard that an IMO approved ATBA be established within

         the Sanctuary boundary. This would require vessels transporting

         hazardous materials to remain at least 25 nautical miles offshore

         while in the vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their

         approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established

         CVTMS traffic separation scheme.

              NOAA will also work with the State of Washington's OMS and

         both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards to be informed of, and

         alerted to, in a timely and regular manner, all hazardous cargo

         carriers transiting near Sanctuary waters. Further, through

         participation in regular meetings of the Washington State

         Regional Marine Safety Committees and discussions with the U. S.

         Coast Guard, NOAA will ensure that contingency plans adequately

         address such transport issues.



         Comment: Prohibit commercial vessel anchorages within the


                                        B-59









         Sanctuary, particularly off Makah Bay, except in emergencies.

              Response: The use of the Makah Bay anchorage by vessels

         waiting either for an available pilot at Port Angeles or

         instructions from their home office, has been examined.

         Currently, its use as a temporary anchorage has been agreed upon

         by both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards. This is viewed as a

         more favorable alternative than having such vessels continuously

         underway within, and off the entrances to, the Strait. Vessels

         at anchor are subject to MARPOL, U.S. Federal law, and Sanctuary

         regulations regarding discharges. The use of this anchorage is

         monitored by Tofino Vessel Traffic Service which can also-educate

         such vessels regarding the Sanctuary and its regulations.



         Comment: Clarify NOAA's authority to regulate vessel traffic

         within State of Washington waters.

              Response: Section 303 of the MPRSA gives NOAA the authority

         to promulgate regulations to implement the designation, including

         regulations necessary to achieve resource protection.



         Comment: The State and Federal government have appropriated $75

         million to expand and enhance maritime activity at Grays Harbor

         through waterway dredging and port terminal development programs.

         If vessel traffic is restricted, one branch of the government

         would be defeating the purpose of other parts of the government.

              Response: NOAA has studied vessel traffic along the

         Washington coast. The result of the analysis was the



                                        B-60









            recommendation for the previously mentioned ATBA. This proposal,

            if adopted, would add approximately 17 nautical miles on a

            transit from Grays Harbor to the entrance of the Straits of Juan

            de Fuca and approximately 21 nautical miles on a transit from the

            entrance of the Straits to Grays Harbor. In comparison to the

            costs of cleanup, legal fees, liability, fines, loss of cargo,

            and vessel and environmental damages, the proposals to establish

            the ATBA seem reasonable.




            Comment: Double-hulled proposals are not economically sensible

            in the foreseeable future.

                 Response: Congress has mandated (OPA 90) national double

            hull requirements for tank vessels.




            ISSUE:    OVERFLIGHTS

            Comment: Establish the boundary for overflights at the

            beach rather than one (1) mile inland.

                 Response: The boundary for overflights is at the

            shoreline and not one (1) mile inland.



            Comment: Establish a 2,500 foot minimum flight altitude

            over the sanctuary.

                 Response: To be consonant with current regulations

            regarding flights over charted National Park Service Areas,

            U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Areas, and U.S. Forest

            Service Areas, NOAA is prohibiting the flying of motorized


                                       B-61









           aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within

           one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles,

           or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and at less than 2,000

           feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile seaward

           from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as

           necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities

           related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation

           lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from

           reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an

           Indian Tribe. NOAA will work with the Federal Aviation

           Administration (FAA) to reflect this regulation on

           aeronautical charts.




           Comment: Permit search and rescue at all times by whatever

           aircraft is needed to accomplish the task.

                Response: The prohibitions set forth in the Sanctuary

           regulations do not apply to activities necessary to respond

           to emergencies threatening life, property, or the

           environment pursuant to Section 925.5 (c) of the

           regulations. Thus, in any emergency, search and rescue

           aircraft are allowed to perform whatever tasks are required

           within the Sanctuary boundary.



           Comment: When necessary to bring a research flight into the

           area below the Sanctuary prescribed ceiling, regulations

           should require the plane's engine be kept at or below a


                                        B-62










           reasonable decibel level as heard from the ground.

                Response: FAA regulations (14 CFR Part 36) codify

           noise standards for aircraft operating within.U.S. airspace.

           Adherence to these standards is already required. When

           research is to be conducted within the Sanctuary boundary,

           aircraft operators will be required to obtain a permit and

           conduct such research in such a manner so as to minimize

           disturbance yet remain within safe aircraft operating

           parameters.




           ISSUE:    LIVING RESOURCE EXTRACTION


           Fishing

           Comment: NOAA should not restrict access to fishing grounds

           or catch-ability. Crab fishing and razor clam digging must

           be allowed.

                Response: The regulation of fishing is not authorized

           by the Designation Document. NOAA has determined that

           existing fishery management authorities are adequate to

           address fishery resource issues. As with all other

           fisheries that occur within the Sanctuary, crab fishing and

           razor clam digging remain under the regulatory authority of

           existing Federal, state, tribal and regional fishery

           authorities. NOAA does not view fishing as contrary to the

           goals of the Sanctuary. The sanctuary program is by law

           mandated "to facilitate to the extent compatible with the

           primary objective of resource protection, all public and


                                       B-63









            private uses of the resources         (including fishing).

            (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)).

                 Existing fishery management agencies are primarily

            concerned with the regulation and management of fish stocks

            for a healthy fishery. In contrast, the National Marine

            Sanctuary Program has a different and broader mandate under

            the MPRSA to protect all Sanctuary resources on an

            ecosystem-wide basis. Thus, while fishery agencies may be

            concerned about certain fishing efforts and techniques in

            relation to fish stock abundance and distribution, the

            Marine Sanctuary Program is also concerned about the

            potential incidental impacts of specific fishery techniques

            on all Sanctuary resources including benthic habitats or

            marine mammals as well as the role the target species plays

            in the health of the ecosystem. In the case of the Olympic

            Coast, fish resources are already extensively managed by

            existing authorities and NOAA does not envision a fishery

            management role for the Sanctuary Program. Accordingly,

            fishing activities have not been included in the list of

            activities in the Designation Document subject to regulation

            as part of the Sanctuary regime. However, the Sanctuary

            Program will provide research results and recommendations to

            existing fishery management agencies in order to enhance the

            protection of fishery and other resources within the

            Sanctuary.





                                       B-64









            Comment: No additional fisheries management or regulation

            is needed in the Sanctuary. Commercial, recreation, and

            subsistence fishing can be compatible with sanctuary

            designation, and the existing regulatory framework is

            adequate at this time.

                 Response: See response to previous comment. The

            Designation Document places kelp harvesting within the scope

            of future regulation since there is no existing management

            plan for kelp harvesting.



            Comment: Clarify the language associated with commercial

            fishing practices near sunken vessels, rocks and reefs in

            the proposed sanctuary to insure continuance of historical

            and customary fishing practices. Existing Federal and state

            regulations adequately protect archeological treasures,

            man-made reefs, and natural rock and reef formations. The

            FEIS should acknowledge and permit prevailing practices.

                 Response: Commercial fishing vis-a-vis historical

            resources is an exempted activity under the prohibition

            against disturbance of historical resources. However, the

            exemption is only for incidental disturbance and therefore

            does not allow deliberate disturbance.




            Comment: Fishing should either be regulated, or placed in

            the scope of regulation, because there may be a time in the

            future when fishing needs to be regulated by the Sanctuary.


                                        B-65









                Response: NOAA believes that existing authorities are

            adequate to regulate fishing. Should the need arise to

            regulate 'fishing as part of the Sanctuary management regime,

            the Designation Document could be amended.



            Comment: Proposed regulations should result in the gradual

            reduction of fishing, aquaculture, kelp harvesting and

            waterfowl hunting to insure that no commercial activity

            threatens the integrity of any resources in the proposed

            Sanctuary. Some commenters believed that the Sanctuary

            should ban all commercial fishing activities except Native

            American fishing activities.

                Response: A blanket reduction of resource-use

            activities across the Sanctuary could not be imposed without

            credible evidence that each resource affected is threatened

            by a population decrease or stock failure. Absent such

            evidence, the Act requires that existing uses be facilitated

            to the extent compatible with the primary objective of

            resource protection.



            Comment: True refugia should be established where all

            consumptive uses are prohibited for a period of time.

                Response: The determination of whether refugia are

            established in the Sanctuary will be done in coordination

            with the NMFS, PFMC, Washington Department of Fisheries

            (WDF), the tribes, environmental groups, and industry. The



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            Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC) will be an important

            forum to address this issue. If, in coordination with other

            governmental agencies, it is determined that establishment

            of refugia is a desirable alternative, NOA.A will analyze the

            alternative through the preparation of an environmental

            impact statement/management plan and solicitation of public

            input pursuant to the NEPA and the APA.



            Comment: Driftnets, trawling, and all dragnet fisheries

            should be banned from the proposed Sanctuary as inconsistent

            with the regulation prohibiting alteration of, or

            construction on, the seabed.

                 Response: The only net gear used in fisheries in the

            Sanctuary are trolling gear (for salmon) and trawling gear

            (for groundfish). The regulatory prohibition on altering

            the seabed includes an excep*tion for incidental disturbance

            resulting from traditional fishing operations. NMFS has

            conducted a limited study of the impact of trawl gear on the

            benthos and has not identified any resulting systematic

            destruction. However, the regulations could be modified to

            regulate any activity that is shown to cause significant

            disturbance of the seabed. This reflects adherence to the

            MPRSA's goals of preserving natural and human-use qualities

            of a marine area.

                 High-seas driftnets, defined as nets greater than 1.5

            miles long, have been banned pursuant to United Nations



                                         B-67








            resolution 46/215. While gillnets and.setnets are currently

            used in the inland waters of the State of Washington, they

            are not used in Sanctuary waters.



            Comment: NOAA should facilitate the regulation of resource

            extraction within the Sanctuary under a regulatory framework

            that is controlled by a single agency.

                 Response: Regulatory authority over resources and

            resource extraction industries is expressly granted by state

            and Federal statute. NOAA does not have the primary

            regulatory authority over resource extraction. NOAA  can act

            to coordinate the various regulators and can impose

            additional regulations, but cannot reassign itself or other

            agencies regulatory authority.



            Comment: NOAA must clarify and acknowledge all tribal

            treaty fishing rights in the FEIS/MP, and the interaction of

            Sanctuary regulations with the right of tribes to fish in

            their Usual and Accustomed fishing areas.

                 Response: This issue is clarified in the Designation

            Document and in Part II (under Socio-Demographic profile and

            Land Use). Treaty rights to hunt and fish are acknowledged.



            Comment: The entire study area must be considered as a

            "fishing area" since fish migrate along the entire

            Washington coast.



                                        B-68









                 Response: NOAA recognizes that fish "know no

            boundaries in the sea." The fishing areas identified in the

            FEIS/MP only represent known locations where certain fishery

            activity is concentrated. The fishing areas displayed in

            the FEIS/MP are not related to regulatory jurisdiction in

            any way. They are simplified visual aids to complement the

            discussion of resources off the coast of Washington.

            Aguaculture

            Comment: Clarify NOAA's intention to regulate, condition,

            or prohibit aquaculture activities throughout the Sanctuary

            and adjacent to Indian reservations.

                 Response: The Sanctuary regulations do not directly

            prohibit aquaculture operations within the Sanctuary

            boundary. However, discharge of matter into the Sanctuary,

            or alteration of or construction on the seabed in connection

            with aquaculture activities are prohibited. It is unlikely

            that permits would be granted for aquaculture activities in

            the Sanctuary that violate these prohibitions. This

            determination is based upon U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

            .(COE) guidance related to permits for fish pen mariculture

            operations, which prohibits fish farms in Federal natural

            resource areas, such as national seashores, wilderness

            areas, wildlife refuges, parks or other areas designated for

            similar purposes (e.g., national marine sanctuaries).



            Comment: NOAA should change the proposed regulation



                                        B-69









           governing alteration of or construction on the seabed to

           "maintenance and development of approved aquaculture

           operations", and strike "existing prior to the effective

           date of these regulations." Eliminating future aquaculture

           development off the Olympic Coast would preclude

           opportunities for both private shellfish and finfish

           production and for public enhancement. Technology is being

           developed which would result in minimal environmental

           imbalance, and would afford employment for regional

           communities..

                Response: See response to previous comment.



           Comment: The Sanctuary should not regulate aquaculture

           activities because there are sufficient regulations in

           place.

                Response: See response to previous comment.



           Comment: The Sanctuary should provide mutually agreed upon

           requirements for aquaculture activities among the oyster

           growers of Willapa Bay.

                Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not

           include Willapa Bay.



           Comment: The discussion in the FEIS/MP on the impacts of

           aquaculture needs to be expanded and the proposal to not

           regulate aquaculture in the Sanctuary should be re-assessed.


                                       B-70









           The FEIS/MP needs to address the use of drugs in farm-raised

           fish.

                Response: The discussion of aquaculture within the

           Sanctuary is intended only to evaluate the current status of

           the industry in the study area - it is not intended to

           measure aggregate impacts. The request for expanded

           discussion of resources does not identify specific issues of

           discussion. A re-assessment of aquaculture vis-a-vis the

           Sanctuary reveals that the industry is adequately regulated

           by existing state and Federal requirements. However, any

           discharges from such operations into the Sanctuary would be

           prohibited. The Sanctuary has no jurisdiction over the use

           of drugs in aquaculture - such determinations are under the

           purview of the Washington State Department of Health (WDH)

           and the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).



           Comment: All aquaculture should be banned from within the

           Sanctuary.

                Response: The Sanctuary is required by law to

           facilitate public and private uses of Sanctuary resources as

           long as resource protection is not jeopardized. If properly

           sited and operated, aquaculture does not appear to

           appreciably impact the health of the marine environment.



           Comment: Kelp harvesting should be banned or regulated

           within the Sanctuary.


                                        B-71









                  Response: At present there is no kelp harvesting

             within the Sanctuary. The Washington.Department of Natural

             Resources (DNR) is in the process of preparing a management

             plan for kelp harvesting. NOAA has included kelp harvesting

             in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document in

             the event that future action by NOAA is necessary to protect

             this resource. NOAA will work with DNR to develop a kelp

             management plan within the Sanctuary.



             ISSUE:    MARINE MAMMALS, SEA TURTLES AND SEABIRDS

            .Comment:  Clarify "takings". The prohibition on the taking

             of marine mammals and seabirds within the Sanctuary is

             redundant with the ESA, the MMPA and the MBTA, and what

             further impact it will have on the fishing community.

                  Response: "Taking" is defined in section 925.3 of the

             regulations to mean: (1) for any marine mammal, sea turtle

             or seabird listed as either.endangered or threatened

             pursuant to the ESA to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot,

             wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt

             to engage in any such conduct and, (2) for any other marine

             mammal, sea turtle, or seabird, the term means to harass,

             hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to

             engage in any such conduct. while marine mammals, seabirds

             and endangered and threatened species are protected under

             the MMPA, ESA and MBTA, NOAA believes that the higher

             penalties afforded under the MPRSA will provide a stronger


                                           B-72












            deterrent.

                The MBTA sets maximum criminal fines at either $500 or

            $2,000 per violation, depending on the violation. The MMPA

            sets maximum civil penalties at $10,000 and maximum criminal

            fines at $20,000. The ESA sets maximum civil penalties at

            $500, $12,000 or $25,000 per violation, depending on the

            violation; maximum criminal fines are set at $50,000. (All

            three statutes also provide for imprisonment for criminal

            violations.)

                 Section 307 of the MPRSA allows NOAA to assess civil

            penalties as high as $100,000 for each violation. In

            addition, monies collected under the MPRSA are available for

            use by the National Marine Sanctuary Program.



            Comment: The MBTA would not allow any taking of migratory

            birds in the sanctuary, thus providing even stronger

            prohibition than sanctuary status can provide.

                 Response: See above response. Section 925.5(a)(6) of

            the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of migratory

            birds within the Sanctuary. Including a prohibition on

            "taking" marine birds in the Sanctuary regulations allows

            such violations to be subject to the civil penalties

            authorized by the MPRSA which far exceed those authorized.by

            the MBTA.




            Comment: Prohibit all takings of marine mammals and


                                        B-73









            seabirds, regardless of military or fishing exemptions.

                 Response: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary

            regulations prohibits the taking of marine mammals and

            seabirds in or above the Sanctuary except as authorized by

            the NMFS or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

            under the authority of the MMPA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1361

            et se ., the ESA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et secl., and

            the MBTA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea., or pursuant to

            any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States

            is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in

            accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. Exemptions include

            a limited five-year incidental take of marine mammals

            provided by interim regulations promulgated pursuant to the

            MMPA, which are in effect until October, 1993. The ESA also

            has a limited incidental take exemption. See 16 U.S.C.

            section 1539(a)(2)B(i). NMFS, in conjunction with

            environmental groups and the fishing industry, is developing

            a permanent management regime to be implemented upon

            expiration of the MMPA interim regulations.

                 If in the future NOAA determines that the existing

            regulations promulgated under MMPA, ESA, MBTA or any other

            state or Federal statute are not adequate to\ensure the
            coordinated and comprehensive management of marine mammals

            and seabirds, changes to the'Sanctuary regulations would be

            undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA,

            NEPA and APA.



                                        B-74









           Comment: Exclude from (takings] prohibition birds

           considered game.

                Response: The only birds section 925.5(a)(6) prohibits

           the taking of are seabirds--seabirds are not considered game

           species.



           Comment: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the proposed regulations

           would prohibit the taking of marine mammals or seabirds

           unless affirmatively permitted by regulations promulgated

           under authority of the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Because these

           regulations do not expressly permit any takings by treaty

           Indians, the proposed sanctuary regulations would

           effectively prohibit the Makah Tribe from exercising their

           treaty rights to take marine mammals. The proposed

           regulations would also hinder the tribe's ability to

           exercise its fishing rights by precluding fisheries which

           result in the incidental taking of marine mammals and

           seabirds.

                The DEIS/MP offers no conservation justification for

           imposing restrictions on the taking of marine mammals and

           seabirds which go beyond the restrictions imposed by the ESA

           and MMPA. The DEIS/MP concedes that the purpose of the

           proposed sanctuary regulations is not to protect particular

           species from extinction. According to the DEIS, the purpose

           of these additional prohibitions in the proposed regulations

           is to "extend protection for sanctuary resources on an


                                       B-75








            environmentally holistic basis." This goal does not permit

            infringement of treaty rights. Therefore, the regulations

            should be amended by adding "or in accordance with any

            treaty to which the United States is a party."

                 .tesponse: The regulatory prohibitions do not abrogate

            or obstruct any rights under an existing treaty. The

            regulations have been changed by adding "or pursuant to any

            treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a

            party, provided that the-treaty right is exercised in

            accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA.11 The treaty between

            the Makah Tribe and the United States explicitly assures the

            "right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual

            accustomed grounds and stations." (Article 4, Treaty of Neah

            Bay, 1855).

                 Incidental takes of marine mammals can legally occur

            under permit and exemption provisions of the MMPA.

            Currently, Washington coastal tribes apply for and receive

            exemption certificates from NMFS for the incidental taking

            of marine mammals during fishing. Fees for this exemption

            are waived for tribes.

                 Further, tribes cannot be denied entry into any fishery

            based on the likelihood or occurrence of seabird or marine

            mammal takings. However, they could be prosecuted if they

            violate the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA.



            Comment: Change the wording of the regulation to read "as


                                        B-76









             authorized or permitted by NMFS or [the U.S. Fish and

             Wildlife Service] USFWS under the authority of the MMPA and

             ESA.11 NMFS suggests that the preamble and/or regulations

             clarify that Sanctuary permits will not be required for

             activities authorized or permitted by NMFS or USFWS under

             MMPA or ESA. Such clarification would relieve many concerns

             over the possibility of overlapping and potentially

             duplicative permitting requirements.

                 Response: NOAA has amended the regulation by adding "as

             authorized by the National Marine Fisheries Service or the

             United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority

             of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16

             U.S.C. 1361 e ge
                          t   A., the Endangered Species Act, as amended,

             (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et sea., and the Migratory Bird Treaty

             Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea   . . . . .to The

             inclusion of "as authorized or permitted" is viewed by NOAA

             as redundant.




             ISSUE:    SANCTUARY ADXINISTRATION

             Regulations/Permits

             Comment: NOAA should use economic incentives rather than

             regulations to ensure that activities do not impact

             resources.


                 Response: NOAA does not have sufficient authority to

             provide economic incentives to ensure that activities do not

             impact Sanctuary resources. Even regulations, which include


                                          B-77









            economic disincentives such as monetary penalties, are not

            sufficient to ensure that any activity does not impact


            resources.




            Comment: Clarify the statement: "When a conflict with a

            sanctuary regulation related to specific (non-sanctuary]

            regulations occurs, the one more protective of sanctuary

            resources will prevail.". NOAA regulations should not

            override those of the local jurisdictions. NOAA needs to

            clarify: 1) the application of this policy to fishing; 2)

            types of conflicts the statement applies to; 3) who

            determines whether a conflict exists; and 4) the process  for

            resolving a conflict.

                 Response: NOAA agrees that the statement as written in

            the DEIS/MP is unclear. Accordingly, the statement has been

            deleted in the FEIS/MP. Essentially, the statement meant

            that if two regulations exist covering an activity in the

            Sanctuary, one promulgated by NOAA under the MPRSA authority

            and the other by another agency under a different statute,

            compliance with the less restrictive regulation will not

            relieve the obligation to comply with the other more

            restrictive one.



            Comment: NOAA should follow the guidelines of NEPA when

            proposing any change in regulations that are listed in the

            scope of regulations. This is especially applicable to


                                        B-78









            vessel traffic and discharge regulations. Also,

            clarification is needed on the rulemaking and amendment

            processes.

                 Response: Listing activities in the scope of regulation

            reflects that the issues and alternatives were addressed in

            the FEIS/MP, public hearings were held, and public comments

            were solicited regarding the activities. If NOAA later

            proposes the regulation of an activity listed in the scope

            of regulations in the Designation Document but not regulated

            at the time of Sanctuary designation, NOAA will request

            public comments on the proposal. When NOAA plans to amend a

            rule that has been promulgated, an analysis of the issues,

            affected environment, alternatives and consequences will be.

            completed and public comments solicited. NOAA will then

            modify the proposal if necessary and respond to public

            comments when taking the final action.



            Comment: A procedure must be established to disagree with

            management and issue an appeal if permits to conduct

            research are denied.

                 Response: Section 925.12 of the Sanctuary regulations

            set forth the procedures for appealing denials of Sanctuary

            permits. The appeal process involves a written statement by

            the appellant to the Assistant Administrator of NOAA. The

            Assistant Administrator may conduct a hearing on the appeal.




                                        B-79









            Comment: clarify the procedure for obtaining permits for

            low-flying aircraft engaged in ongoing species monitoring

            studies and damage assessment studies in response to an

            incident such as an oil spill. Activities authorized by the

            NMFS and USFWS should not require a Sanctuary permit because

            the requirements for permits would be duplicative.

                 Response: All flights engaged in monitoring or research

            activities that fly below 2,000 feet are required to obtain

            a Sanctuary permit, or, if the activity is already pursuant

            to a permit, to have that permit certified. Permits are not
         0 required for overflights necessary to respond to emergencies

            threatening life, property or the environment.



            Comment: NOAA should not grandfather existing uses if

            otherwise prohibited by sanctuary regulations.

                 Response: Section 304(c)(1)(B) of the MPRSA specifies

            that NOAA may not terminate any valid lease, permit,

            license, or right of subsistence use or of access, if the

            lease, permit, license, or right "is in existence on the

            date of designation of any national marine

            sanctuary . . . . 11



            Comment: Treaty secured rights should not require s  anctuary

            certification and registration. Further, NOAA should

            obligate federal regulators to consider and.protect tribal

            interests whe n issuing permits which may affect those


                                        B-80










           interests.

                Response: Treaty secured rights do not require

           certification by the Sanctuary program.



           Comment: The regulations, exemptions and authority to place

           conditions on existing permitted activities are unclear.

                Response: Section 304(c)(2) of the MPRSA provides NOAA

           with the right to regulate the exercise of a lease, permit,

           license, or right of subsistence use or of access existing

           on the effective date of Sanctuary designation.



           Comment:   Sanctuary management should be formally

           coordinated with tribal regulatory and law enforcement

           authorities through cooperative agreements.

                Response: Cooperative agreements will be developed as

           necessary between NOAA and the tribes regarding regulatory

           and law enforcement activities.



           Comment: The Sanctuary should offer increased enforcement

           which should be conducted by Sanctuary personnel rather than

           the U.S. Coast Guard. Clarify the enforcement procedures.

                Response: There will be enforcement of Sanctuary

           regulations through cooperative agreements with the U.S.

           Coast Guard, NMFS, WDF, the coastal tribes, USFWS, and the

           National Park Service (NPS). Considering fiscal

           constraints, level of use, and availability of enforcement


                                       B-81








            personnel working in the field already, NOAA has determined

            .that it is not a high immediate priority to hire Sanctuary

            enforcement personnel. The Sanctuary must first become

            fully staffed and operational, and a determinatio.n must be

            made whether additional enforcement personnel are needed.

            The enforcement procedures will be determined pursuant to

            the cooperative agreements that are established.



            Comment: The broad scope of the discharge prohibition will

            require a well-coordinated enforcement operation to monitor

            all discharge and disposal activities from sources on land

            as well as in offshore, coastal and inland waters over large

            areas outside of the Sanctuary boundary. It may be

            impossible to determine the origin of discharges or deposits

            found in the Sanctuary after the dumping activity has

            occurred.

                 Response:    The prohibition on discharges from outside

            the boundary relates to discharges that enter and injure

            Sanctuary resources. NOAA must establish that discharges

            not only enter, but injure the resources before enforcement

            actions will be taken. It will, therefore be desirable for

            NOAA to undertake a comprehensive monitoring program by

            which it can determine ecosystem health and use impacts.



            Comment: NOAA should impose unlimited liability for spills

            extended to shipping companies and firms providing original


                                         B-82









           source materials involved in polluting activities.

                Response: NOAA is permitted to seek penalties of up to

           $100,000 per day for a violation pursuant to Section

           307(c)(1) of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1)), and for

           natural resource damages pursuant to section 312 of the

           MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1443).

           Transboundry Coordination

           Comment: NOAA should coordinate with other Federal and

           Canadian authorities to regulate vessel traffic, reduce the

           risk of oil spills, and eliminate oil and gas drilling in

           Canadian waters adjacent to the proposed sanctuary. NOAA

           should encourage an adjacent sanctuary along the west coast

           of Vancouver Island.

                Response: NOAA agrees and is working with the Canadian

           Coast Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Washington OMS to

           reduce the risk of oil spills. The regulation of vessel

           traffic will currently remain with the U.S. and Canadian

           Coast Guards and the OMS. NOAA will support any Canadian

           initiative to designate a marine protected area in Canadian

           waters on the Pacific Coast.

           Beach Management Policies

           Comment: NOAA should grandfather in the existing beach

           management policies including allowable beach driving

           activities.

                Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not

           encompass beaches where beach driving is permitted.


                                       B-83









            Advisory Committee/Decision Making

            Comment: NOAA and the State of Washington should work

           .together to determine the composition of the Sanctuary

            Advisory Committee (SAC). The SAC should include

            representatives from private landowners, local industry, the

            county and tribes. The SAC should be based at the local

            level to oversee operations and help maintain strong local

            input.

                 Response: NOAA will work with local user and interest

            groups and state and local governments to obtain broad

            representation on the SAC. The law limits the SAC to no

            more than 15 members.




            Comment: The SAC should have the power to direct the

            Sanctuary manger and set priorities for funding. The SAC

            decisions should be binding. If the decisions are not

            binding, then the manager should at least provide a

            rationale for any actions taken' which are directly contrary

            to the recommendations of the SAC.

                 Response: The SAC recommendations to the manager will

            be instrumental in guiding the manager with respect to

            prioritizing actions. If the manager chooses not to pursue

            the recommendations of the SAC, a rationale will be provided

            to the members of the SAC.




            Comment: One of the first tasks of the SAC should be to



                                        B-84









         review and update the State of Washington's coastal zone

         management program to ensure consistency with the Sanctuary

         management plan. The Sanctuary management plan goals and

         objectives should also be reviewed.

             Response: Prior to designation, the State of Washington

         will review the FEIS/MP as part of its consistency determination

         as it relates to Washington's approved coastal zone management

         program. The WDOE has jurisdiction for the Shoreline Management

         Act. The SAC will not share that jurisdiction, rather, the SAC

         will be responsible for reviewing the Sanctuary management plan

         goals and objectives. The SAC's first priority will be to help

         determine the five-year Sanctuary operating plan establishing

         priorities for education, research, monitoring, facilities siting

         and administration.

         Miscellaneous

         Comment: Firearms should be controlled or banned within the

         Sanctuary.

            Response: Possession and use of firearms is regulated by

         State law for public safety purposes. The primary purpose of

         Sanctuary designation is resource protection.

         Management Alternatives/Strategies

         Comment: The administrative models being discussed in the

         Northwest Straits proposal should be considered.

            Response: The administrative model identifying NOAA as the

         lead agency in managing the sanctuary with guidance and

         assistance from the SAC (which will represent State and local


                                       B-85








          interests) will be implemented in the Olympic Coast National

          Marine Sanctuary. The administrative model which involves joint

          administration between NOAA and the State of Washington was not

          considered for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

          because the Sanctuary is predominately in Federal waters. One

          model suggested for the proposed Northwest Straits National

          Marine Sanctuary focuses on joint administration because the

          Sanctuary would be located entirely within State waters. NOAA

          will work closely with the state and counties and other Federal

          agencies in the administration of the Olympic Coast National

          Marine Sanctuary.



          Comment: The management plan needs to account for tribal

          sovereignty and jurisdiction with respect to cultural resources,

          law enforcement and research practices. NOAA needs to recognize

          the need to coordinate with each tribal entity in the same manner

          as with the state and its management agencies.

             Response: NOAA acknowledges the importance of tribal

          sovereignty. Nothing in the designation will impact the treaty

          rights of the coastal tribes. NOAA will consult closely with the

          tribes on any action that may potentially impact tribal rights or

          interests.




          Comment: NOAA should choose management plan alternative 1 which

          proposes to gradually phase in program activities and staffing.

          Staff could be co-located with another Federal agency in Port



                                        B-86









         Angeles, with satellite sites in Klaloch or La Push. National

         concerns with fiscal restraint support this choice.

            Some commenters supported management plan alternative 2 which

         proposes to set up the sanctuary headquarters and immediately

         provide full-staffing. Sanctuary headquarters should be located

         on the coast. The former Makah Air Force Station is one possible

         location.

            Response: NOAA is experiencing the fiscal constraints that

         all Federal programs are experiencing. NOAA proposes to balance

         the needs for resource protection and fiscal restraint by phasing

         in staffing and maximizing cooperative relationships with other

         agencies and jurisdictions working in the area (e.g., NPS, U.S.

         Coast Guard, the tribes, and the USFWS) to implement the

         management plan. The Sanctuary manager will have an office on

         the Olympic Coast with administrative support facilities in

         Seattle.




         Comment: Implementation of the final management plan must be

         adequately funded in order to prevent pollution and resource

         damage.

            Response: The level of funding for the first year after

         Sanctuary designation will depend upon the Sanctuary Program's

         funding which is authorized and appropriated by Act of Congress.

         However, the reality of the program's funding situation will

         require the manager and SAC to identify alternative sources of

         funding for Sanctuary programs.


                                        B-87









          Comment: A volunteer program, coordinated by a full-time

          volunteer coordinator, should be established to assist in

          implementation of the management plan.

            Response: NOAA agrees that the establishment of a

          volunteer program can assist in implementation of the management

          plan. The SAC will be influential in determining the priority of

          hiring a volunteer coordinator.





          Comment: The management alternatives should more accurately

          describe NOAA's comprehensive planning as implemented through a

          combination of legal management authority over certain specific

          Sanctuary activities and advisory coordination with other

          entities managing the remaining essential components.

            Response: NOAA agrees. The FEIS/MP outlines the regulations

          which NOAA is promulgating. The FEIS/MP also outlines the role of

          the SAC, whose composition is aimed at enhancing the coordination

          with other entities with management jurisdiction in the

          Sanctuary.



          Comment: The Sanctuary manager should have a great deal of

          responsibility for setting the Sanctuary budget, as well as

          assigning funds to local governments for assistance in

          implementing management plans.

            Response: The Sanctuary manager will have primary

          responsibility for recommending the Sanctuary budget to


                                        B-88









         headquarters. The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division has

         responsibility for the entire National Marine Sanctuary Program

         budget, and will work with the site manager to develop the annual

         program budget. The manager has the discretion to earmark funds

         to local governments or groups to implement Sanctuary programs.



         commentz Zoning plans should be implemented which accommodate

         the varying resource management needs within the Sanctuary. Some

         zoning examples include allowing for the needs of ports to the

         south, designating areas which would be closed to all consumptive

         uses on a rotating basis, and zoning specific areas within the

         sanctuary for the sole purposes of research, recreational use,

         commercial use and no use.

            Response: Zoning is not anticipated as part of the FEIS/MP

         for the Sanctuary. If NOAA, in consultation with the SAC,

         believes that zoning would better meet the needs of the programl

         the management plan and regulations can be amended in accordance

         with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA.

         Research/Education Protocol

         Comment: Research results and data should be shared through

         existing databases with Federal and state agencies and tribes.

         The sharing of data should be formalized through cooperative

         agreements.

            Response: NOAA agrees that research results and data should

         be shared and will pursue appropriate cooperative agreements to

         ensure this coordination.



                                        B-89









          Comment: It is unnecessary to severely restrict or eliminate

          activities such as fishing, commercial vessel activity, dredging

          and aircraft operation in order to carry out the Sanctuary goals

          of promoting research and public education.

            Response: The primary goal of sanctuary designation is the

          comprehensive long-term protection of marine resources. Some

          restrictions are necessary to accomplish this goal. of the above

          activities, only dredging is being eliminated within the

          Sanctuary boundary. Research and education provide additional

          means to promote the goal of marine resource protection.



          Comment: Geophysical exploration should not be prohibited, as

          the information gathered from this research can benefit coastal

          communities and academic institutions.

            Response: NOAA's emphasis on research within the Sanctuary

          allows for research which may involve an otherwise prohibited

          activity (such as alteration of or construction on the seabed) as

          long as researchers obtain a research permit pursuant-to section

          925.9 of the Sanctuary regulations. NOAA will determine the

          environmental consequences of the proposed research, including

          short and long term effects on marine biota (such as noise which

          may interfere with cetacean communication) in deciding whether to

          issue a permit.



          Comment: The research program should stress applied research

          such as research which can facilitate fisheries management,



                                        B-90









         provide information on long-term environmental trends, and

         provide links between the marine systems and the adjacent

         terrestrial systems. Providing research results to decision

         makers at the various governmental levels would be an important

         link in addressing marine resource problems.

            Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified this point in the

         research section of the management plan.



         Comment: Criteria for acceptable research within the Sanctuary

         should be established prior to formal designation of the

         Sanctuary. The criteria should be used in review of research

         permit applications, and an appeal process should be established

         in the case of research permit application denial.

            Response: Research permit applications will be reviewed on a

         case-by-case basis and evaluated to determine the potential short

         and long term impacts of the proposed activities. In addition,

         section 925.12 of the regulations sets forth the procedures for

         appealing to the Assistant Administrator the denial of a research

         permit.



         Comment: NOAA should conduct research into the effects of

         fishing activities on the entire marine system. Fish stocks,

         species abundance, and monitoring information should be presented

         to the PFMC.

            Response: The National Ocean Service (which includes the

         Sanctuaries and Reserves Division) and the NMFS have entered into



                                        B-91









          a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the working relationship

          between the Sanctuary Program and the NMFS. The PFMC will be.

          involved in this agreement, through its relationship with the

          NMFS. Research which benefits the overall goal of resource

          protection is addressed within this agreement by highlighting the

          need for interagency coordination, research and monitoring.



          Comment: The benefits of sanctuary designation to the fishing

          community and others should be clearly articulated.

          Additionally, connections between the regulations and resource

          protection should be integrated in the education plan (e.g.r

          establishing warning signs at popular access sites to alert

          boaters and hikers to the effect of disturbance of pelagic birds

          and marine mammals.)

            Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified the education goals

          in the Sanctuary management plan. NOAA has articulated the

          benefits of the Sanctuary program for the fishing community.

          NOAA will coordinate with the USFWS and the NPS to post warning

          signs around critical marine bird and mammal habitat.



          comment: NOAA should provide for increased education and

          interpretation of the shoreline through a variety of media.

          Educational materials and outreach programs should be developed

          by pre-existing facilities and organizations on the Olympic

          Peninsula.

            Response: Sanctuary designation will provide for increased


                                        B-92









          education and interpretation of the entire Sanctuary ecosystem.

          Education materials and outreach programs will be developed in

          cooperation with existing Federal, tribal, state and local

          entities.




          ISSUE:    INFORNATIONAL AMENDMENTS OF THE DEIS/MP

          Biological Amendments

          Comment: The discussion of the neretic and shelf edge

          environments in the DEIS/MP needs to be expanded. The resource

          assessment must stress the biological richness of the area.

             Response: The resource assessment describing the ecosystem of

          the Sanctuary study area has been expanded in the FEIS/MP.



          Comment: Biological resources need,to be discussed in terms of

          ecosystem interactions and not single species descriptions.

             Response: NOAA has expanded the discussion to include a

          description of the study area from an,,.e,cosystem perspective.

          Socioeconomic

          Comment: The FEIS/MP must contain a socioeconomic impact study

          of the regulations on the affected coastal communities and

          Tribes. Failure to consider and mitigate these impacts violates

          the NEPA and Federal Trust responsibility to Indians.

             Response: An economic analysis has been included within the

          FEIS/MP. NOAA is not promulgating regulations that will unduly

          burden the tribes. The regulations have provisions that

          recognize treaty secured rights. In addition, NOAA will consult


                                          B-93









         with the tribes when considering permits affecting proposed

         development activities in the Sanctuary. NOAA believes that the

         regulations do not conflict with the economic interests of the

         tribes since.the regulations offer increased protection for those

         natural resources critical to the tribal economy.



         Comment: The Federal government should investigate the

         possibility of tax breaks to offset economic impacts of the

         management plan.

            Response: NOAA**s actions do not add economic burdens to the

         area. The issue of tax breaks should be addressed to an

         individual's representatives in Congress. NOAA does not have the

         legislative authority to address tax laws.



         Supplemental Draft Environmentgl Impact Statement

         Comment: NOAA should submit a supplemental Draft

         Environmental Impact Statement for the following reasons: 1) the

         DEIS/MP lacks a satisfactory examination of the socioeconomic

         impacts of the regulations on the coastal communities; 2) the

         DEIS/MP contains erroneous information related to port activities

         in Grays Harbor; 3) some information is missing, outdated, or

         inaccurate; 4) inadequate definition of the unique environment

         deserving protection that is identified by the SEL.

            Response: NOAA has determined that the matters for which an

         SEIS has been requested can be addressed in the FEIS/MP. The

         FEIS/MP addresses the socioeconomic impacts of regulations that


                                        B-94









         could potentially affect the coastal communities in the

         alternatives and consequences section. Further, the vessel

         traffic section has been amended substantially to provide a

         detailed description of the significance of vessel traffic to the

         coastal communities. Additionally, the description of the marine

         environment under consideration has been expanded greatly.

         Management

         Comment: NOAA needs to address or recognize a number of current

         local and state regulatory controls in place within the shoreline


         areas.


            Response: NOAA has addressed local and state regulatory

         controls within the shoreline areas. These controls are listed

         in Appendix J.
































                                       B-95









              The following sets forth the text of the Designation

         Document for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.



                             DESIGNATION DOCUMENT FOR


                   THE OLYMPIC COAST NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY

            Under the authority of Title III of the Marine Protection,

         Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended (the "Actol),

         16 U.S.C. ï¿½ï¿½ 1431 et se ., the waters off the Olympic Coast of
                              g

         Washington State including the U.S. portion of the Strait of Juan

         de Fuca west of Koitlah Point, and the submerged lands

         thereunder, as described in Article II, are hereby designated as

         the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary for the purposes of

         protecting and managing the conservation, ecological,

         recreational, research, educational, historical and aesthetic

         resources and qualities of the area.

         Article I. Effect of Designation

            The Act authorizes the issuance of such final regulations as

         are necessary and reasonable to implement the designation,

         including managing and protecting the conservation, recreational,

         ecological, historical, research, educational, and aesthetic

         resources and qualities of the Olympic Coast National Marine

         Sanctuary. Section 1 of Article IV of this Designation Document

         lists activities that either will be regulated on the effective

         date of designation or may have to be regulated at some later

         date in order to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities.

         Listing does not necessarily mean that a type of activity will be


                                        B-96









          regulated; however, if an activity is not listed, it may not be

          regulated, except on an emergency basis, unless section 1 of

          Article IV is amended to include the type of activity by the same

          procedures by which the original designation was made.

          Article II. Description of the Sanctuary Area

             The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary boundary

          encompasses approximately 2500 square nautical miles

          (approximately 8577 sq. kilometers) of coastal and ocean waters,

          and the submerged lands thereunder, off the central and northern

          coast of the State of Washington. The Sanctuary boundary extends

          from Koitlah Point due north to the United States/Canada

          international boundary seaward to the 100 fathom isobath. The

          seaward boundary of the Sanctuary approximates the 100 fathom

          isobath in a southerly direction from the U.S./Canada

          international boundary to a point due west of the Copalis River,

          cutting across the heads of Nitnat, Juan de Fuca, and Quinault

          Canyons.

             The shoreward boundary of the Sanctuary is the mean lower low

          water line when adjacent to Indian reservations and State and

          county lands. When adjacent to Federally managed lands, the

          coastal boundary extends to the mean higher high water line. The

          coastal boundary cuts across the mouths of all rivers and

          streams. The precise boundary of the Sanctuary is set forth in

          Appendix I of this Designation Document.







                                         B-97








         Article III. Characteristics of-the Sanctuary Area That Give it

         Particular Value

            The Sanctuary is a highly productive, nearly pristine ocean

         and coastal environment that is important to the continued

         survival of several ecologically and commercially important

         species of fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Its rugged and

         undeveloped coastline makes the region one of the more dramatic

         natural wonders of the coastal United States, paralleling the

         majestic splendor of such terrestrial counterparts as Yosemite

         National Park and the Grand Tetons. The region's high biological

         pruductivity is fueled by seasonal enhanced upwelling along the

         edge of the continental shelf, especially at submarine canyons,

         during periods of high solar radiation.

            The diversity of habitats that make up the Sanctuary support a

         great variety of biological communities. This unusually large

         range of habitat types include: offshore islands and rocks; some

         of the most diverse kelp beds in the world; intertidal pools;

         erosional features such.as rocky headlands, seastacks, and

         arches; interspersed exposed beaches and protected bays;

         submarine canyons and ridges; the continental shelf, including a

         broad shallow plateau extending from the mouth of the Juan de

         Fuca canyon; and continental slope environments. The numerous

         seastacks and rocky outcrops along the Sanctuary shoreline,

         coupled with a large tidal range and wave splash zone, support

         some of the most diverse and complex intertidal zones in the

         United States.



                                       B-98








            The Sanctuary provides an essential habitat for a wide variety

          of marine mammals and birds, and is of particular interest due to

          the presence of endangered and threatened species that live or

          migrate through the region. Twenty seven species of marine

          mammals are reported to breed, rest within, or migrate offshore

          of the Olympic Peninsula. Of particular interest is the

          migration route of the endangered California gray whale, the

          threatened northern sea lion, the occasional presence of the

          endangered right, fin, sei, blue, humpback, and sperm whales, and

          the reintroduced resident population of sea otters.

            In addition, the seabird colonies of Washington's outer coast

          are among the largest in the continental United States and

          include a number of species listed as endangered or threatened

          including the short-tailed albatross, peregrine falcon, brown

          pelican, Aleutian Canada goose, marbled murrelet, and one of the

          largest populations of bald eagles in the continental United

          States.

            The high biological productivity of the coastal and offshore

          waters in the Sanctuary support valuable fisheries that

          contribute significantly to the State and tribal economies. The

          commercially important species of fish include five species of

          salmon, groundfish, and shellfish.

               In addition to the Sanctuary's value with respect to its

          biological resources, the region encompasses significant

          historical resources including Indian village sites, ancient

          canoe runs, petroglyphs, Indian artificats, and numerous


                                        B-99









          shipwrecks.

               The diversity and richness of marine resources suggests that

          the marine sanctuary designations will provide exceptional

          opportunities for scientific research in the areas of species

          interactions, population dynamics, physiological ecology,

          linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and marine

          anthropology. The scientific research encouraged by the

          Sanctuary management plan will, in turn, help support an

          intensive public education and awareness program that will

          address the diverse, complex, and sensitive ecosystems in

          Washington's coastal and oceanic environments.

          Article IV.     Scope of Regulations

          Section 1.      Activities Subject to Regulation

               The following activities are subject to regulation,

          including prohibition, to the extent necessary and reasonable to

          ensure the protection and management of the conservation,

          ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical and

          aesthetic resources and qualities of the area:

               a. - Exploring for, developing, or producing oil, gas or

                    minerals (e.g., clay, stone, sand, metalliferous ores,

                    gravel, non-metalliferous ores or any other solid

                    material or other solid matter of commercial value)

                    within the Sanctuary;

               b.   Discharging or depositing from within the boundary of

                    the Sanctuary, any material or other matter;

               C.   Discharging or depositing, from beyond the boundary of


                                         B-100









                    the Sanctuary, any material or other matter;

               d.   Taking, removing, moving, catching, collecting,

                    harvesting, feeding, injuring, destroying or causing

                    the loss of, or attempting to take, remove, move,

                    catch, collect, harvest, feed, injure, destroy or cause

                    the loss of, a marine mammal, sea turtle, seabird,

                    historical resource or other Sanctuary resource;

               e.   Drilling into, dredging, or otherwise altering the

                    seabed of the Sanctuary; or constructing, placing, or

                    abandoning any structure, material or other matter on

                    the seabed of the Sanctuary;

               f.   Possessing within the Sanctuary a Sanctuary resource or

                    any other resource, regardless of where taken, removed,

                    moved, caught, collected 'or harvested, that, if it had

                    been found within the Sanctuary, would be a Sanctuary

                    resource;

               9-   Flying a motorized aircraft above the Sanctuary;

               h.   Operating a vessel (i.e., watercraft of any description

                    in the Sanctuary;

               i.   Harvesting kelp within the Sanctuary;

               j.   Interfacing with, obstructing, delaying or preventing

                    an investigation, search, seizure or disposition of

                    seized property in connection with enforcement of the

                    Act or any regulation or permit issued under the Act.

          Section 2.      Emergencies

               Where necessary to prevent or minimize the destruction of,


                                         B-101









         loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality, or

         minimize the imminent risk of such destruction, loss or injury,

         any and all activities, including those not listed in Section 1

         of this Article, are subject to immediate temporary regulation,

         including prohibition.

         Article V.     Effect on Leases. Permits, Licenses, and Rights

              Pursuant  to Section 304(c)(1) of the Act, 16 U.S.C.

         ï¿½ 1434(c)(1),  no valid lease, permit, license, or other

         authorization  issued by any Federal, State, or local authority of

         competent jurisdiction, or any right of subsistence use of

         access, may be terminated by the Secretary of Commerce or

         designee as a result of this designation. The Secretary of

         Commerce or designee, however, may regulate the exercise

         (including, but not limited to, the imposition of terms and

         conditions) of such authorization or right consistent with the

         purposes for which the Sanctuary is designated.

              In no event may the Secretary or designee issue a permit

         authorizing, or otherwise approve: (1) exploration for,

         development or production of oil, gas or minerals within the

         Sanctuary; (2) the discharge of primary treated sewage (except

         for regulation, pursuant to Section 304(c)(2) of the Act, of the

         exercise of valid authorizations in existence on the effective

         date of Sanctuary designation and issued by other authorities of

         competent jurisdiction); (3) the disposal of dredged material

         within the Sanctuary other than in connection with beach

         nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities; or


                                        B-102









         (4) bombing activities within the Sanctuary. Any purported

         authorizations issued by other authorities after the effective

         date of Sanctuary designation for any of these

         activities within the Sanctuary shall be invalid.



         Article VI.    Alteration of this Designation

              The terms of designation, as defined under Section 304(a) of

         the Act, may be modified only by the same procedures by which the

         original designation is made, including public hearings

         consultation with interested Federal, State, and local agencies,

         review by the appropriate Congressional committees and the

         Governor of the State of Washington, and approval by the

         Secretary of Commerce or designee.
































                                       B-103









           Appendix I     olympic Coast National Marine SanctuaKy

           Boundary Coordinates. (Based on North American Datum of 1983).



                            2500 square nautical miles

           Point            IATITUDE               LONGITUDE


           1                4700714511             12401110211
           2                4700714511             12405811211
           3                4703510511             12500010011
           4                4704010511             12500414411
           5                4705010111             12500514211
           6                4705711311             125029113".
           7                4800713311             12503812011
           8                4801414611             12504015911
           9                4802011211             12502215911
           10               4802714911             12500610411
           11               4802915911             12405911311
           12               4803011911             12405014211
           13               4802913811             12404314111
           14               4802715011             12403811311
           15               4802311711             12403811311



































                                             B-104









         III. Summary of Final Management Plan

              The FEIS/MP for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

         sets--forth the Sanctuary's location and provides details on the

         most important resources and uses of the Sanctuary. The FEIS/MP

         describes the resources and uses of the Sanctuary. The FEIS/MP

         describes the resource protection, research, education and

         interpretive programs, and establishes goals and objectives to be

         accomplished by each program. The FEIS/MP includes a detailed

         discussion, by program area, of agency roles and

         responsibilities.

              The goals and objectives for the Sanctuary are:

         Resource Protection

              The highest priority management goal is to protect the

         marine environment, resources and qualities of the Sanctuary.

         The specific objectives of protection efforts are to:

               (1) Coordinate policies and procedures among agencies

         sharing responsibility for protection and management of

         resources;

             _(2) Encourage participation by interested agencies and

         organizations in the development of procedures to address

         specific management concerns (e.g., monitoring and

         emergency-response programs);

               (3) Develop an effective and coordinated program for the

         enforcement of Sanctuary regulations;

               (4) Enforce Sanctuary regulations in addition to other

         regulations already in place;


                                       B-105









               (5) Promote public awareness of, and voluntary compliance

          with, Sanctuary regulations and objectives, through an

          educational/interpretive program stressing resource sensitivity

          and wise use;

               (6) Ensure that the water quality of the coastal and ocean

          waters off the Olympic Peninsula is maintained at a level

          consonant with Sanctuary designation;

               (7) Establish mechanisms for coordination among all the

          agencies participating in Sanctuary management;

               (8) Ensure that the appropriate management agencies

          incorporate research results and scientific data into effective

          resource protection strategies; and

               (9) Reduce threats to Sanctuary resources and qualities.

          Research Progra

               Effective management of the Sanctuary requires the

          implementation of a Sanctuary research program. The purpose 'of

          Sanctuary research activities is to improve understanding of the

          marine environment off the Olympic peninsula, its resources and

          qualities,'and to resolve specific management problems, some of

          which may involve resources common to both the marine and upland

          freshwater environments. Research results will be used in

          interpretive programs for visitors, for those living on the

          Peninsula, and working adjacent to or in the Sanctuary, others

          interested in the Sanctuary, as well as for protection and

          management of resources and qualities.

          Specific objectives of the research program are to:


                                        B-106









              (1) Establish a framework and procedures for administering

         research to ensure that research projects are responsive to

         management concerns and that results contribute to improve

         management of the Sanctuary;

              (2) Incorporate research results into the

         interpretive/education program in a format useful for the general

         public;

              (3) Focus and coordinate data collection efforts on the

         physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography of the

         Sanctuary;

              (4) Encourage studies that integrate research from the

         variety of coastal habitats with nearshore and open ocean

         processes;

              (5) Initiate a monitoring program to assess environmental

         changes as they occur due to natural and human processes;

              (6) Identify the range of effects on the environment that

         would result from predicted changes in human activity or natural

         phenomena; and

              (7) Encourage information exchange among all the

         organizations and agencies undertaking management-related

         research in the Sanctuary to promote more informed management.

         Education Progra

              The goal for the education program is to improve public

         awareness and understanding of the significance of the Sanctuary

         resources and qualities to foster a heightened sense of

         stewardship for Sanctuary resources and qualities.


                                       B-107









         The management objectives designed to meet this goal are to:

               (1) Provide the public with information on the Sanctuary and

         its goals and objectives, with an emphasis on the need to use

         Sanctuary resources and qualities wisely to ensure their

         long-term viability;

               (2) Broaden support for the Sanctuary management by offering

         programs suited to visitors with a range of diverse interests;

               (3) Foster public involvement by encouraging feedback on the

         effectiveness of education programs, collaboration with Sanctuary

         management staff in extension and outreach programs, and

         participation in other volunteer programs; and

               (4) Collaborate with other organizations to provide

         educational services complementary to the Sanctuary program.

         Visitor Use

               The Sanctuary goal for visitor management is to facilitate,

         to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource

         protection, public and private uses of the resources of the

         Sanctuary not prohibited pursuant to other authorities.

               Specific management objectives are to:

               (1) Provide relevant information about Sanctuary

         regulations, use policies and standards;

               (2) Collaborate with public and private organizations in

         promoting compatible uses of the Sanctuary;

               (3) Encourage the public who use the Sanctuary to respect

         sensitive Sanctuary resources and qualities; and

               (4) Monitor and assess the levels of use to identify and


                                        B-108









         control potential degradation of resources and qualities and

         minimize potential user conflicts.

              The Sanctuary headquarters will be located at a yet to be

         determined location.


























































                                       B-109









          IV. Summary of Regulations

               The regulations set forth the boundary of the Sanctuary;

          prohibit a relatively narrow range of activities; set forth

          procedures for applying for national marine sanctuary permits to

          conduct prohibited activities; set forth certification procedures

          for existing leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations or

          rights authorizing the conduct of a prohibited activity; set

          forth notification and review procedures for applications for

          licenses, permits, or other authorizations to conduct a

          prohibited activity; set forth the maximum per-day penalties for

          violating Sanctuary regulations; and set forth procedures for

          administrative.appeals.

               The regulations are codified in part 925 of Title 15, Code

          of Federal Regulations.

               Section 925.1 sets forth as the purpose of the regulations

          to implement the designation of the Olympic coast National Marine

          Sanctuary by regulating activities affecting the Sanctuary

          consistent with the terms of that designation in order to protect

          and manage the conservation, ecological, recreational, research,

          educational, historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of

          the area.

               Section 925.2 and Appendix I following ï¿½ 925.12 set forth

          the boundary of the Sanctuary.

               Section 925.3 defines various terms used in the regulations.

          Other terms appearing in the regulations are defined at 15 CFR

          922.2 and/or in the MPRSA.


                                        B-110









              Section 925.4 allows all activities except those prohibited

          by ï¿½ 925.5 to be undertaken subject to the requirements of any

          emergency regulation promulgated pursuant to ï¿½ 925.6, subject to

          all prohibitions, restrictions and conditions validly imposed by

          any other authority of competent jurisdiction, and subject to the

          liability established by Section 312 of the Act.

              Section 925.5 prohibits a variety of activities and thus

          makes it unlawful for any person to conduct them or cause them to

          be conducted. However, any of the prohibited activities except

          for: (1) the exploration for, development or production of oil,

          gas or minerals in the Sanctuary; (2) the discharge of

          primary-treated sewage within the Sanctuary (except pursuant to

          certification under ï¿½ 925.10, of a valid authorization in

          existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and

          issued by other authorities of competent jurisdiction); (3) the

          disposal of dredged material within the Sanctuary other than in

          connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor

          maintenance activities; and (4) bombing activities within the

          Sanctuary could be conducted lawfully if:

               (1) The activity is necessary to respond to an emergency

          threatening life, property, or the environment (not applicable to

          the prohibitions against takings and interference with law

          enforcement); authorized by a National Marine Sanctuary permit

          issued under ï¿½ 925.9 (not applicable to the prohibition against

          interference with law enforcement); or authorized by a Special

          Use Permit issued under Section 310 of the Act (not applicable to


                                        B-111









         the prohibition against interference with law enforcement);

               (2) With regard to Department of Defense activities: (A) the

         activity is an existing military activity including hull

         integrity tests and other deep water tests; live firing of guns,

         missiles, torpedoes, and chaff; activities associated with the

         Quinault Range including the in-water testing of non-explosive

         torpedoes; and anti-submarine warfare operations, or (B) the

         activity is a new activity and exempted by the Director of the

         office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management or designee after

         consultation between the Director or designee and the Department

         of Defense. The regulations require that the Department of

         Defense carry out its activities in a manner that avoids to the

         maximum extent practicable any adverse impact on Sanctuary

         resources and qualities and that it, in the event of threatened

         or actual destruction of, loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary

         resource or quality resulting from an untoward incident,

         including but not limited to spills and groundings, caused by it,

         promptly coordinate with the Director or designee for the purpose

         of taking appropriate actions to respond to and mitigate the harm

         and, if possible, restore or replace the Sanctuary resource or

         quality. The final regulation regarding Department of Defense

         activities differs from the proposed regulation

         principally by prohibiting all bombing activities within the

         Sanctuary;

              (3) The activity is authorized by a certification by the

         Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management



                                       B-112









         or designee under ï¿½ 924.10 of a valid lease, permit, license or

         other authorization issued by any Federal, State or local

         authority of competent jurisdiction and in existence on (or

         conducted pursuant to any valid right of subsistence use or

         access in existence on) the effective date of this designation,

         subject to complying with any terms and conditions imposed by the

         Director or designee as he or she deems necessary to achieve the

         purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated;

              (4) The activity is authorized by a valid lease, permit,

         license, or other authorization issued by any Federal, State or

         local authority of competent jurisdiction after the effective

         date of Sanctuary designation, provided that the Director of the

         Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management or designee was

         notified of the application in accordance with the requirements

         of ï¿½ 925.11, the applicant complies with the requirements of

         ï¿½ 925.11, the Director or designee notifies the applicant and

         authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of

         the authorization, and the applicant complies with any terms and

         conditions the Director or designee deems necessary to protect

         Sanctuary resources and qualities.

              The first activity prohibited is exploring for, developing

         or producing oil, gas or minerals within the Sanctuary. With

         regard to oil and gas, this regulation implements the

         requirements of Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 which

         prohibits "oil or gas leasing or pre-leasing activity [from

         being] conducted within the area designated as the Olympic Coast


                                       B-113









          National Marine Sanctuary . . . . Of The resources and qualities

          of the coastal and offshore waters of the Olympic Peninsula,

          particularly the sea birds and pinnipeds that use the haul-out

          sites, kelp forests and rocks along the Olympic Coast, and the

          high water quality of the area, are especially vulnerable to oil

          and gas activities in the area. A prohibition on oil and gas

          exploration, development and production activities within the

          Sanctuary boundary partially protects Sanctuary resources and

          qualities from oil and gas activities. Only partial protection

          will be provided due to the remaining threat from oil and gas

          from vessel traffic transiting through and near the Sanctuary,

          particularly oil tankers not operating in accordance with the

          voluntary agreement of the Western States Petroleum Association

          to remain 50 nautical miles from shore. A prohibition on mineral

          activities within the Sanctuary is consistent with the

          prohibition on alteration of or construction on the seabed as

          discussed below. "Mineral" is defined to mean clay, stone, sand,

          gravel, metalliferous ore, nonmetalliferous ore, or any other

          solid material or other solid matter of commercial value. The

          prohibition on oil, gas and mineral activities additionally will

          prevent the negative effects of physical and possible chemical

          disturbances associated with extraction activities, e.g.,

          destruction of benthic biota; resuspension of fine sediments;

          interference with filtering, feeding and respiratory functions of

          marine organisms; loss of food sources and habitats; and lowered

          photosynthesis and oxygen levels.



                                        B-114









              The second activity prohibited is depositing or discharging

         from within the boundary of the Sanctuary any material or other

         matter except: (1) fish, fish parts, chumming materials-or bait

         used in or resulting from traditional fishing operations in the

         Sanctuary; (2) biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use

         and generated by marine sanitation devices approved in accordance

         with Section 312 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as

         amended, (FWPCA), 33 U.S.C. 1322 et leg.; (3) water generated by

         routine vessel operations (e.g., cooling water, deck wash down

         and graywater as defined by Section 312 of the FWPCA) excluding

         oily-wastes from bilge pumping; (4) engine exhaust; and (5)

         dredge spoil in connection with beach nourishment projects

         related to harbor maintenance activities.

              This prohibition is necessary to protect Sanctuary resources

         and qualities from the effects of pollutants deposited or

         discharged into the Sanctuary.

              After expiration of current permits, discharges from

         municipal treatment plants will be subject to the review process

         of ï¿½ 925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required.

         Depending on the risk to Sanctuary resources and qualities,

         greater treatment may be required. The intent of this

         prohibition is to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities from

         the effects of land and sea originating pollutants.

              The third activity prohibited is depositing or discharging,

         from beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary, any material or other

         matter that subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures a


                                       B-115









          Sanctuary resource or quality, except for the five exclusions

          discussed above for the second prohibited activity.

               The fourth activity prohibited is moving, removing or

          injuring or attempting to move, remove or injure a Sanctuary

          historical resource. Historical resources in the marine

          environment are fragile, finite and non-renewable. This

          prohibition is designed to protect these resources so that they

          may be researched and information about their contents and type

          made available for the benefit of the public. This prohibition

          does not apply to moving, removing or injury resulting

          incidentally from traditional fishing operations.

              Historical resources located within the Sanctuary  that are

          of significance to an Indian tribe(s) (e.g., submerged

          Indian villages) will be managed so as to protect other Sanctuary

          resources and the interests of the governing body of an Indian

          tribe(s) in such historical resources. If an Indian tribe

          determines that a historical resource of tribal significance

          should be researched, excavated or salvaged, the Sanctuary

          manager may issue a Sanctuary permit if the criteria for issuance

          have been met (See ï¿½ 925.9). The terms and conditions of the

          permit will ensure that the Sanctuary program has access to
          artifacts and research results for education purposes and that

          the artifacts are placed in a location agreed upon by the

          interested Indian tribes.

              The fifth activity prohibited is drilling into, dredging or

          otherwise altering the seabed of the Sanctuary; or constructing,


                                        B-116









        placing or abandoning any structure, material or other matter on

        the seabed of the Sanctuary, except if any of the above results
        incidentally from: (1) anchoring vessels; (2) traditional fishing

        operations; (3) installation of navigation aids; (4) harbor

        maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal

        Projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary

        designation, including dredging of entrance channels and harbors,

        and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of-breakwaters and

        jetties; (5) construction, repair, replacement, enhancement or

        rehabilitation of docks or piers; or (6) beach nourishment

        projects related to harbor maintenance activities. Federal

        projects are any water resources development projects conducted

        by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or operating under a permit

        or authorization issued by the Corps'of Engineers and authorized

        by Federal law.

             The intent of this prohibition is to protect the resources

        and qualities of the Sanctuary from the harmful effects of

        activities such as, but not limited to, archaeological

        excavations, drilling into the seabed, strip mining, laying of

        pipelines and outfalls, and offshore commercial development,

        which may disrupt and/or destroy sensitive marine benthic

        habitats, such as kelp beds, invertebrate populations, fish

        habitats and estuaries.

             The sixth activity prohibited is taking marine mammals, sea

        turtles or seabirds in or above the Sanctuary, except as

        authorized by NMFS or USFWS under the authority of the Marine


                                       B-117









          Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. ï¿½ï¿½ 1361 et

          sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA),

          16 U.S.C. H 1531 et seg., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as

          amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C.      703 et sect., or pursuant to a

          treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a

          party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance

          with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA. The term "taking" includes all

          forms of harassment. The MMPA, ESA and MBTA prohibit the taking

          of species protected under those acts. The prohibition overlaps

          with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA but also extends protection for

          Sanctuary resources on an environmentally holistic basis and

          provides a greater deterrent with civil penalties of up to

          $100,000 per taking. The prohibition covers all marine mammals,

          sea turtles and seabirds in or above the Sanctuary. The

          prohibition recognizes existing treaty rights to hunt marine

          mammals, sea turtles and seabirds to the extent that the treaty

          rights have not been abrogated by provisions of the MMPA, ESA or

          MBTA.

               The seventh activity prohibited is flying motorized aircraft

          at less than 2,000 feet (610m) both above the Sanctuary within

          one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles or

          Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, or within one.nautical mile

          seaward of the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as

          necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities

          .related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation

          lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation


                                         B-118









         lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian tribe. This

         prohibition is designed to limit potential noise impacts,

         particularly those that might startle hauled-out seals and sea

         lions, and colonial seabirds along the shoreline margins of the

         Sanctuary.

              Both the eighth and ninth prohibitions serve to facilitate

         enforcement actions for violations of Sanctuary regulations. The

         eighth prohibition is the possession within the Sanctuary of any

         historical resource or marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird,

         regardless of where the resource was taken, except in compliance

         with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA and the ninth prohibition is

         interfering with, obstructing, delaying or preventing

         investigations, searches, seizures or disposition of seized

         property in connection with enforcement of the Act or any

         regulation or permit issued under the Act.

              Section 925.6 authorizes the regulation, including

         prohibition, on a temporary basis of any activity where necessary

         to prevent or minimize the destruction of, loss of, or injury to

         a Sanctuary resource or quality, or minimize the imminent risk of

         such destruction, loss or injury.

              Section 925.7 sets for the maximum statutory civil penalty

         for violating a regulation -- $100,000. Each day of a continuing

         violation constitutes a separate violation. Section 925.8

         repeats the provision in Section 312 of the Act that any person*

         who destroys, causes the loss of, or injures any sanctuary

         resource is liable to the United States for response costs and


                                       B-119









          damages resulting from such destruction, loss or injury, and any

          vessel used to destroy, cause the loss of, or injure any

          sanctuary resource is liable in rem to the United States for

          response costs and damages resulting from such destruction, loss

          or injury. The purpose of these sections is to draw the public's

          attention to the liability for violating a Sanctuary regulation

          or the Act.

               Regulations setting forth the procedures governing

          administrative proceedings for assessment of civil penalties,

          permit sanctions and denials for enforcement reasons, issuance

          and use of written warnings, and release or forfeiture of seized

          property appear in 15 CFR part 904.

              Section 925.9 sets forth the procedures for applying for a

          National Marine Sanctuary permit to conduct a prohibited activity

          and the criteria governing the issuance, denial, amendment,

          suspension and revocation of such permits. A permit may be

          granted by the Director of the office for Ocean and Coastal

          Resource Management or designee if he or she finds that the

          activity will have only negligible short-term adverse effects on

          Sanctuary resources and qualities and will: further research

          related to Sanctuary resources; further the educational, natural

          or historical resource value of the Sanctuary; further salvage or

          recovery operations in or near the Sanctuary in connection with a

          recent air or marine casualty; assist in the management of the

          Sanctuary; or further salvage or recovery operations in

          connection with an abandoned shipwreck in the Sanctuary title to


                                        B-120









         which is held by the State of Washington. In deciding whether to

         issue a permit, the Director or designee may consider such

         factors as the professional qualifications and financial ability

         of the applicant as related to the proposed activity, the

         duration of the activity and the duration of its effects, the

         appropriateness of the methods and procedures proposed by the

         applicant for the conduct of the activity, the extent to which

         the conduct of the activity may diminish or enhance Sanctuary

         resources and qualities, the cumulative effects of the activity,

         the end value of the activity, and the effects of the activity on

         adjacent Indian tribes. In addition, the Director or designee is

         authorized to consider any other factors she or he deems

         appropriate.

              Section 925.10 sets forth procedures for requesting

         certification of leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations,

         or rights in existence on the date of Sanctuary designation

         authorizing the conduct of an activity prohibited under

         paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of ï¿½ 925.5. Pursuant to paragraph (f) of

         ï¿½ 925.5, the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of ï¿½ 925.5 do

         not apply to any activity authorized by a valid lease, permit,

         license, or other authorization in existence on the effective

         date of Sanctuary designation and issued by any Federal, State or

         local authority of competent jurisdiction, or by any valid right

         of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date

         of Sanctuary designation, provided that the holder of such

         authorization or right complies with the requirements of ï¿½ 925.10


                                       B-121








          (e.g. notifies the Director or designee of the existence of,

          requests certification of, and provides requested information

          regarding such authorization or right) and complies with any

          terms and conditions on the exercise of such authorization or

          right imposed as a condition of certification by the Director or

          designee as she or he deems necessary to achieve the purposes for

          which the Sanctuary was designated.

              Section 925.10 allows the holder 90 days from the effective

          date of Sanctuary designation to request certification. The

          holder is allowed to conduct the activity without being in

          violation of the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of ï¿½ 925.5

          with regard to which the holder is requesting certification

          pending final agency action on his or her certification request,

          provided the holder has complied with all requirements of

          ï¿½ 925.10.

              Section 925.10 also allows the Director or designee to

          request additional information from the holder and to seek the

          views of other persons. .

              As a condition of certification, the Director or designee

          will impose such terms and conditions on the exercise of such

          lease, permit, license, other authorization or right as she or he

          deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary

          was designated. This is consistent with the Secretary's

          authority under Section 304(c)(2) of the Act. The holder may

          appeal any action conditioning, amending, suspending or revoking

          any certification in accordance with the procedures set forth in


                                       B-122











         ï¿½ 925.12. -

              Any amendment, renewal or extension not in existence as of

         the date of Sanctuary designation of a lease, permit, license,

         other authorization or right is subject to the provisions of ï¿½

         925.11.

              Section 925.11 states that consistent with paragraph (g) of

         ï¿½ 925.5, the prohibitions of paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of ï¿½ 925.5 do

         not apply to any activity authorized by any valid lease, permit,

         licensel or other authorization issued after the effective date

         of Sanctuary designation by any Federal, State or local authority

         of competent jurisdiction, provided that the applicant notifies

         the Director or designee of the application for such

         authorization within 15 days of the date of filing of the

         application or of the effective date of Sanctuary designation,

         whichever is later, that the applicant is in compliance with the

         other provisions of ï¿½ 925.11, that the Director or designee

         notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he or she does

         not object to issuance of the authorization, and that the

         applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or

         designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and

         qualities.

              Section 925.11 allows the Director or designee to request

         additional information from the applicant and to seek the views

         of other persons.

              An application for an amendment to, an extension of, or a

         renewal of an authorization is also subject to the provisions of


                                        B-123











          ï¿½ 925. 11.

               The applicant may appeal any objection by, or terms or

          conditions imposed by, the Director or designee to the Assistant

          Administrator or designee in accordance with the procedures set

          forth in ï¿½ 925.12.

               Section 925.12 sets forth the procedures for appealing to

          the Assistant Administrator or designee actions of the Director

          or designee with respect to: 1) the granting, conditioning,

          amendment, denial, suspension or revocation of a National Marine

          Sanctuary permit under ï¿½ 925.9 or a Special Use permit under

          Section 310 of the Act; 2) the granting, denial, conditioning,

          amendment, suspension or revocation of a certification under

          ï¿½ 925.10; or 3) the objection to issuance or the imposition of

          terms and conditions under ï¿½ 925.11.

               Prior to conditioning the exercise of existing leases,

          permits, licenses, other authorizations or rights or conditioning

          or objecting to proposed authorizations, NOAA intends to consult

          with relevant issuing agencies as well as owners, holders or

          applicants.

               NOAA's policy is to encourage best available management

          practices to minimize non-point source pollution entering the

          Sanctuary and, for municipal sewage discharge, to require, at a

          minimum, secondary treatment and sometimes tertiary treatment or

          more, depending on predicted effects on Sanctuary resources and

          qualities.





                                        B-124









          V. Miscellaneous Rulemaking Requirements

          Executive Order 12291

              Under Executive Order 12291, the Department must judge

          whether the regulations in this notice are "major" within the

          meaning of section 1 of the order, and therefore subject to the

          requirement that a Regulatory Impact Analysis be prepared. The

          Administrator of NOAA has determined that the regulations in this

          notice are not major because they are not likely to result in:

          (1) An annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more;

               (2)  A major increase in costs or prices for consumers,

                    individual industries, Federal, state or local

                    government agencies or geographic regions; or

               (3)  Significant adverse effects on competition, employment,

                    investment, productivity, innovation or on the ability

                    of United States-based enterprises to compete with

                    foreign-based enterprises in domestic or export

                    markets.

              Regulatory Flexibility Act

              The regulations in this notice allow all activities to be

          conducted in the Sanctuary other than a relatively narrow range

          of prohibited activities. The procedures in these regulations

          for applying for National Marine Sanctuary permits to conduct

          prohibited activities, for requesting certifications for

          pre-existing leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations or

          rights authorizing the conduct of a prohibited activity and for

          notifying NOAA of applications for leases, licenses, permits,


                                        B-125









         approvals or other authorizations to conduct a prohibited

         activity will all act to lessen any adverse economic effect on

         small entities. The regulations, in total, will not have a

         significant economic impact on a substantial number of small

         entities, and when they were proposed the General Counsel of the

         Department of Commerce so certified to the Chief Counsel for

         Advocacy of the Small Business Administration. As a result,

         neither an initial nor final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis was

         prepared.

         Paperwork Reduction Act

              This rule contains collection of information requirements

         subject to the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act

         (Pub. L. 96-511). The collection of information requirements

         contained in the rule have been reviewed by the Office of

         Management and Budget (OMB) under section 3504(h) of the

         Paperwork Reduction Act and have been approved under OMB Control

         No. 0648-0141. Comments from the public on the collection of

         information requirements contained in this rule are invited and

         should be addressed to the Office of Information and Regulatory

         Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction

         Project (06480141) Washington, D.C. 20503 (Attn: Desk Officer for

         NOAA) and to Richard A. Roberts, Room 724, 6010 Executive

         Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852.

         Executive Order 12612

              A Federalism Assessment (FA) was prepared for the proposed

         designation, draft management plan and proposed implementing



                                       B-126








         regulations. The FA concluded that all were fully consistent
         with the principles, criteria and requirements set forth in
         sections 2 through 5 of Executive Order 12612, Federalism

         Considerations in Policy Formulation and Implementation (52 Fed.

         Reg. 41685, Oct. 26, 1987). Copies of the FA are available upon

         request to the Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management at

         the address listed above.

         National Environmental Policy Act

              In accordance with Section 304(a)(2) of the Act

         (16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1434(a)(2)) and the provisions of the National

         Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. ï¿½ï¿½ 4321-4370(a)), a

         DEIS/MP was prepared for the designation and proposed

         regulations. As required by Section 304(a)(2) of the Act, the

         DEIS/MP included the resource assessment report required by

         Section 303(b)(3) of the Act (16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1433(b)(3)), maps

         depicting the boundary of the area proposed to be designated, and

         the existing and potential uses and resources of the area.

         Copies of the DEIS/MP were made available for public review on

         September 20, 1991, with comments due on December 13, 1991.

         Public hearings were held in Port Angeles, Seattle, Olympia,

         Aberdeen, Seaview and Washington, D.C. from November 7 to 20,

         1991. All comments were reviewed and, where appropriate,

         incorporated into the FEIS/MP and these regulations. Copies of

         the FEIS/MP are available upon request (see address section).

         Executive Order 12630

              This rule does not have takings implications within the


                                        B-127









         meaning of Executive Order 12630 sufficient to require

         preparation of a Takings Implications Assessment under that

         order. It would not appear to have an effect on private property

         sufficiently severe as effectively to deny economically viable

         use of any distinct legally potential property interest to its

         owner or to have the effect of, or result in, a permanent or

         temporary physical occupation, invasion or deprivation. While

         the prohibition on the exploration, development and production of

         oil, gas and minerals from the Sanctuary might have a takings

         implication if it abrogated an existing lease for OCS tracts

         within the Sanctuary or an approval of an exploration or

         development and production plan, no OCS leases have been sold for

         tracts within the Sanctuary and no exploration or production and

         development plans have been filed or approved.





























                                       B-128










          List of Sublects in 15 CFR Part 925

               Administrative practice and procedure, Coastal zone,

          Education, Environmental protection, Marine resources,

          Natural resources, Penalties, Recreation and recreation

          areas, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Research.






          W. Stanley Wilson                               DATE
          Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services
               and Coastal Zone Management

          Federal Domestic Assistance Catalog Number 11.429
          Marine Sanctuary Program




































                                        B-129









          Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, 15 CFR Chapter

          IX is amended as follows:

          1.   Subchapter B heading is added to read as follows:

          Subchapter B - Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

          2.   Part 925'is added to subchapter B to read as follows:



          Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

          Sec.


          925.1     Purpose.

          925.2     Boundary.

          925.3     Definitions.


          925.4     Allowed activities.


          925.5     Prohibited activities.

          925.6     Emergency regulations.

          925.7     Penalties for violations or regulations.

          925.8     Response costs and damages.

          925.9     National Marine Sanctuary permits - application

                    procedures and issuance criteria.

          925.10    Certification of pre-existing leases, licenses,

                    permits, approvals, other authorizations or rights

                    to conduct a prohibited activity.

          925.11    Notification and review of applications for

                    leases, licenses, permits, approvals or other

                    authorizations to conduct a prohibited activity.

          925.12    Appeals of administrative action.





                                         B-130








          Appendix to Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

          Boundary Coordinates



          Authority: Sections 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 310 and 312 of

          Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act

          of 1972 as amended (16 U.S.C. 1431 et se
                                                 sea




          ï¿½ 925.1   Purpose.

              The purpose of the regulations in this Part is to implement

          the designation of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary by

          regulating activities affecting the Sanctuary consistent with the

          terms of that designation in order to protect and manage the

          conservation, ecological, recreational,research, educational,

          historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of the area.

            925.2 Boundary.

               (a) The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary consists of

          an area of approximately 2500 square nautical miles

          (approximately 8577 sq. kilometers) of coastal and ocean waters,

          and the submerged lands thereunder, off the central and northern

          coast of the State of Washington.

               (b) The Sanctuary boundary extends from Koitlah Point due

          north to the United States/Canada international boundary. The

          Sanctuary boundary then follows the U.S./Canada international

          boundary seaward to the 100 fathom isobath. The seaward boundary

          of the Sanctuary approximates the 100 fathom isobath in a

          southerly direction from the U.S./Canada international boundary


                                        B-131








          to a point due west of the mouth of the Copalis River cutting

          across the heads of Nitnat, Juan de Fuca and Quinault Canyons.

          The coastal boundary of the Sanctuary is the mean higher high

          water line when adjacent to Federally managed lands cutting

          across the mouths of all rivers and streams, except where
          adjacent to Indian reservations, state and county owned lands; in

          such case, the coastal boundary is the mean lower low water line.

          La Push harbor is excluded from the Sanctuary boundary shoreward

          of the International Collision at Sea regulation (Colreg.)

          demarcation lines. The harbor at Neah Bay is excluded shoreward

          of an arc connecting the western and easternmost points of Neah

          Bay and adjacent to the outermost boundary of Waadah Island. The

          precise boundary of the Sanctuary is set forth in Appendix I to

          this Part.

          ï¿½ 925.3 Definitions.

              Act means Title III of the Marine'Protection, Research, and

          Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1431 et se
                                                                geg

              Administrator or Under Segretary means the Administrator of

          the National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/under

          Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.

              Assistant Administrator,means the Assistant Administrator

          for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic

          and Atmospheric Administration.

              Director means the Director of the Office of Ocean and

          Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

          Administration.



                                       B-132









               Effective date of Sanctuary designation means the date the

          regulations implementing the designation of the Sanctuary (the

          regulations in this Part) become effective.

               Federal project means any water resources development

          project conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or

          operating under a permit or authorization issued by the Corps of

          Engineers and authorized by Federal law.

               Historical resource means any resource possessing

          historical, cultural, archaeological or paleontological

          significance, including sites, structures, districts and objects

          significantly associated with or representative of earlier

          people, cultures and human activities and events. Historical

          resources include historical properties as defined in the

          National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, and implementing

          regulations, as amended.

               Indian reservation means a tract of land set aside by the

          Federal Government for use by a Federally recognized American

          Indian tribe and includes, but is not limited to, the Makah,

          Quileute, Hoh and Quinault Reservations.

               Indian tribe means any American Indian tribe, band, group,

          or community recognized by the Secretary of the Interior.

               Injure means to change adversely, either in the short or

          long term, a chemical, biological or physical attribute of, or

          the viability of, and includes, but is not limited to, to cause

          the loss of or to destroy.

               Mineral means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous ore,


                                        B-133









         non-metalliferous ore, or any other solid material or other solid

         matter of-commercial value.

              Person means any private individual, partnership,

         corporation or other entity; or any officer, employee, agent,

         department, agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government,

         of any State or local unit of government, or of-any foreign

         government.

              Sanctuary means the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.

              Sanctuary cruality means any particular and essential

         characteristic of the Sanctuary, including, but not limited to,

         water, sediment and air quality.

              Sanctuary resource means any living or non-living resource

         of the Sanctuary that contributes to its conservation,

         recreational, ecological, historical, research, educational or

         aesthetic value, including, but not limited to, the substratum of

         the waters off the Olympic Peninsula, bottom formations, marine

         plants and algae, invertebrates, plankton, fish, birds, turtles,

         marine mammals and histokical resources.

              Take or taking means:

              (1) For any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird listed as

         either endangered or threatened pursuant to the Endangered

         Species Act, the term means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot,

         wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt to

         engage in any such conduct;

              (2) For any other marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, to

         harass, hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to


                                       B-134









         engage in any such conduct.

               For the purpose of both paragraphs (1) and (2) of this

         definition, the term includes, but is not limited to, collecting

         any dead or injured marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, or any

         part thereof; restraining or detaining any marine mammal, sea

         turtle or seabird, or any part thereof, no matter how

         temporarily; tagging any sea turtle, marine mammal or seabird;

         operating a vessel or aircraft or doing any other act that

         results in the disturbing or molesting of any marine mammal, sea

         turtle or seabird.

               Traditional fishing means fishing using a commercial or

         recreational fishing method that has been used in the Sanctuary

         before the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including the

         retrieval of fishing gear.

               Treaty means a formal agreement between the United States

         Government and an Indian tribe.

               Vessel means a watercraft of any description capable of

         being used as a means of transportation in/on the waters of the

         Sanctuary.

               Other terms appearing in the regulations in this Part are

         defined at  15 CFR 922.2 and/or in the Marine Protection,

         Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, 33 U.S.C. 1401

         et geg. and 16 U.S.C. 1431 et se
                                         geg



         ï¿½ 925.4    Allowed Activities

               All activities except those prohibited by ï¿½ 925.5 may be


                                         B-135









          undertaken subject to any emergency regulations promulgated

          pursuant to ï¿½ 925.6, subject to all prohibitions, restrictions,

          and conditions validly imposed by any other authority of

          competent jurisdiction, and subject to the liability established

          by Section 312 of the Act (see ï¿½ 925.8).

          ï¿½ 925.5 Prohibited activities.

               (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of

          this ï¿½ 925.5, the following activities are prohibited and thus

          unlawful for any person to conduct or cause to be conducted:

               (1) Exploring for, developing or producing oil, gas or

          minerals within the Sanctuary.

               (2) Discharging or depositing, from within the boundary of

          the Sanctuary, any material or other matter except:

                    (i) Fish, fish parts, chumming materials or bait used

                    in or resulting from traditional fishing operations in

                    the Sanctuary;

                    (ii) Biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use

                    and generated by marine sanitation devices approved in

                    accordance with Section 312 of the Federal Water

                    Pollution Control Act, as amended, (FWPCA) 33 U.S.C.

                    1322 et geq.;

                    (iii) water generated by routine vessel operations

                    (e.g., cooling water, deck wash down.and graywater as

                    defined by Section 312 of the FWPCA) excluding oily

                    wastes from bilge pumping;

                    (iv) Engine exhaust; or



                                        B-136









                   (v) dredge spoil in connection with beach nourishment

                   projects related to harbor maintenance activities.

              (3) Discharging or depositing, from beyond the boundary of

         the Sanctuary, any material or other matter, except those listed

         in paragraph (a)(2)(i-v) of this ï¿½ 925.5, that subsequently

         enters the Sanctuary and injures a Sanctuary resource or quality.

              (4) Moving, removing or injuring, or attempting to move,

         remove or injure, a Sanctuary historical resource. This

         prohibition does not apply to moving, removing or injury

         resulting incidentally from traditional fishing operations.

              (5) Drilling into, dredging or otherwise altering the seabed

         of the Sanctuary; or constructing, placing or abandoning any

         structure, material or other matter on the seabed of the

         Sanctuary, except as an incidental result of:

                   (i) Anchoring vessels;

                   (ii) Traditional fishing operations;

                   (iii) Installation of navigation aids;

                   (iv) Harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily

                   associated with Federal projects in existence on the

                   effective date of Sanctuary designation, including

                   dredging of entrance channels and repair, replacement

                   or rehabilitation of breakwaters and jetties;

                   (v) Construction, repair, replacement or rehabilitation

                   of docks or piers; or

                   (vi) Beach nourishment projects related to harbor

                   maintenance activities.



                                       B-137









               (6) Taking any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird in or

          above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the National Marine

          Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

          under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as

          amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species

          Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et gag., and the Migratory

          Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 703 et se ., or pursuant to

          any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a

          party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance

          with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA.

               (7) Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet both

          above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery

          Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge,

          or within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of

          the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement

          purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations

          conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or

          supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a

          governing body of an Indian tribe.

               (8) Possessing within the Sanctuary (regardless of where

          taken, moved or removed from), except as necessary for valid law

          enforcement purposes, any historical resource, or any marine

          mammal, sea turtle, or seabird taken in violation of the MMPA,

          ESA or MBTA.

               (9) Interfering with, obstructing, delaying or preventing an

          investigation, search, seizure or disposition of seized property


                                        B-138









         in connection with enforcement of the Act or any regulation or

         permit issued under the Act.

              (b) The regulations in this Part apply to foreign persons

         and foreign vessels in accordance with generally recognized

         principles of international law, and in accordance with treaties,

         conventions and other international agreements to which the

         United States is a party.

              (c) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (5), (7)

         and (8) of this ï¿½ 925.5 do not apply to activities necessary to

         respond to emergencies threatening life, property or the

         environment.

              (d)(1) All Department of Defense military activities shall

         be carried out in a manner that avoids to the maximum extent

         practicable any adverse impacts on Sanctuary resources and

         qualities. Except as provided in paragraph d(2) of this ï¿½ 925.5,

         the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this ï¿½ 925.5

         do not apply to the following military activities performed by

         the Department of Defense in W-237A, W237-B, and Military

         Operating Areas Olympic A and B in the Sanctuary: 1) hull

         integrity tests and other deep water tests; 2) live firing of

         guns, missiles, torpedoes, and chaff; 3) activities associated

         with the Quinault Range including the in-water testing of non-

         explosive torpedoes; and 4) anti-submarine warfare operations.

         New activities may be exempted from the prohibitions in

         paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this ï¿½ 945.5 by the Director or

         designee after consultation between the Director or designee and


                                       B-139









          the Department of Defense. If it is determined that an activity

          may be carried out, such activity shall be carried out in a

          manner that avoids to the maximum extent practicable any adverse

          impact on Sanctuary resources and qualities. Civil engineering

          and other civil works projects conducted by the U.S. Army Corps

          of Engineers are excluded from the scope of this paragraph



               (2) The Department of Defense is prohibited from

          conducting bombing activities within the Sanctuary.

               (3) In the event of threatened or actual destruction of,

          loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality resulting

          from an untoward incident, including but not limited to spills

          and groundings caused by the Department of Defense, the

          Department of Defense shall promptly coordinate with the Director

          or designee for the purpose of taking appropriate actions to

          respond to and mitigate the harm and, if possible, restore or

          replace the Sanctuary resource or quality.

               (e) The prohibitions in-paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of

          this section do not apply to any activity executed in accordance

          with the scope, purpose, terms and conditions of a National

          Marine Sanctuary permit issued pursuant to ï¿½ 925.9 or a Special

          Use permit issued pursuant to Section 310 of the Act.

               (f) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of

          this ï¿½ 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by a valid

          lease, permit, license, approval or other authorization in

          existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and


                                        B-140









         issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent

         jurisdiction, or by any valid right of subsistence use or access

         in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation,

         provided that the holder of such authorization or right complies

         with ï¿½ 925.10 and with any terms and conditions on the exercise

         of such lease, permit, license, other authorization or right

         imposed by the Director or designee as a condition of

         certification as he or she deems necessary to achieve the

         purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated.

              (g) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of

         ï¿½ 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by any lease,

         permit, license, or other authorization issued after the

         effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by any

         Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction,

         provided that the applicant complies with ï¿½ 925.11, the Director

         or designee notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he

         or she does not object to issuance of the authorization, and the

         applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or

         designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and

         qualities. Amendments, renewals and extensions of authorizations

         in existence on the effective date of designation constitute

         authorizations issued after the effective date.

              (h) Notwithstanding paragraphs (e) and (g) of this ï¿½ 925.5,

         in no event may the Director or designee issue a National Marine

         Sanctuary permit under ï¿½ 925.9 or a Special Use permit under

         Section 310 of the Act authorizing, or otherwise approve: the


                                       B-141









          exploration for, development or production of oil, gas or

          minerals within the Sanctuary; the discharge of primary-treated

          sewage within the Sanctuary (except by certification, pursuant to

          ï¿½ 925.10, of valid authorizations in existence on the effective

          date of Sanctuary designation and issued by other authorities of

          competent jurisdiction); the disposal of dredged material within

          the Sanctuary other than in connection with beach nourishment

          projects related to harbor maintenance activities; or bombing

          activities within the Sanctuary. Any purported authorizations

          issued by other authorities after the effective date of Sanctuary

          designation for any of these activities within the Sanctuary

          shall be invalid.'




          ï¿½ 925.6 Emergency regulations.

              Where necessary to prevent or minimize the destruction of,

          loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality, or

          minimize the imminent risk of such destruction, loss or injury,

          any and all activities are subject to immediate temporary

          regulation, including prohibition.



          ï¿½ 925.7 Penalties for violations of regulations.

               (a) Each violation of the Act, any regulation in this Part,

          or any permit issued pursuant thereto, is subject to a civil

          penalty of not more than $100,000. Each day of a continuing

          violation constitutes a separate violation.

               (b) Regulations setting forth the procedures governing


                                        B-142








         administrative proceedings for assessment of civil penalties,

         permit sanctions and denials for enforcement reasons, issuance

         and use of written warnings, and release or forfeiture of seized

         property appear in 15 CFR Part 904.



         ï¿½ 925.8 Response costs and damages.

              Under Section 312 of the Act, any person who destroys,

         causes the loss of, or injures any Sanctuary resource is liable

         to the United States for response costs and damages resulting

         from such destruction, loss or injury, and any vessel used to

         destroy, cause the loss of, or injure any Sanctuary resource is

         liable in rem to the United States for response costs and damages

         resulting from such destruction, loss or injury.



         ï¿½ 925.9 National Marine Sanctuary permits   application

         procedures and issuance criteria.

              (a) A person may conduct an activity prohibited by

         paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5 if conducted in

         accordance with the scope, purpose, terms and conditions of a

         permit issued under this ï¿½ 925.9.

              (b) Applications for such permits should be addressed to the

         Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management;

         Attn: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and
         Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National

         oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway,

         Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. An application must include


                                       B-143









         a detailed description of the proposed activity including a

         timetable for completion of the activity and the equipment,

         personnel and methodology to be employed. The qualifications and

         experience of all personnel must be set forth in the application.

         The application must set forth the potential effects of the

         activity on Sanctuary resources and qualities. Copies of all

         other required licenses, permits, approvals or other

         authorizations must be attached.

               (c) Upon receipt of an application, the Director or'designee

         may request such additional information from the applicant as he

         or she deems necessary to act an the application and may seek the

         views of any persons.

               (d) The Director or designee, at his or her discretion, may

         issue a permit, subject to such terms and conditions as he or she

         deems appropriate, to conduct an activity prohibited by

         paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5, if the Director or

         designee finds that the activity will have only negligible

         short-term adverse effects on Sanctuary resources and qualities

         and will: further research related to Sanctuary resources and

         qualities; further the educational, natural or historical

         resource'value of the Sanctuary; further salvage or recovery

         operations in or near the Sanctuary in connection with a recent

         air or marine casualty; assist in managing the Sanctuary; or

         further salvage or recovery operations in connection with an

         abandoned shipwreck in the Sanctuary title to which is held by

         the State of Washington. In deciding whether to issue a permit,


                                       B-144









        the Director or designee may consider suchfactors as: the

        professional qualifications and financial ability of the

        applicant as related to the proposed activity; the duration of

        the activity and the duration of its effects; the appropriateness

        of the methods and procedures proposed by the applicant for the

        conduct of the activity; the extent to which the conduct of the

        activity may diminish or enhance Sanctuary resources and

        qualities; the cumulative effects of the activity; the end value

        of the activity; and the effect of the activity on adjacent

        Indian tribes. The Director or designee may also deny a permit

        application pursuant to this ï¿½ 925.9, in whole or in part, if it

        is determined that the permittee or applicant has acted in

        violation of the terms or conditions of a permit or of these

        regulations. (Procedures governing permit denials for

        enforcement reasons are set forth in Subpart D of 15 CFR Part

        904). In addition., the Director or designee may consider such

        other factors as he or she deems appropriate.

              (e) A permit issued pursuant to this ï¿½ 925.9 is

        nontransferable.

              (f) The Director or designee may amend, suspend or revoke a

        permit issued pursuant to this section for good cause. Any such

        action shall be communicated in writing to the permittee or

        applicant by certified mail and shall set forth the reason(s) for

        the action taken. Procedures governing permit sanctions for

        enforcement reasons are set forth in Subpart D of 15 CFR Part

        904.



                                       B-145









               (g) It shall be a condition of any permit issued that the

          permit or a copy thereof be displayed on board all vessels or

          aircraft used in the'conduct of the activity.

               (h) The Director or designee may, inter alia, make it a

          condition of any permit issued that any data or information

          obtained under the permit be made available to the public.

               (i) The Director or designee may, inter alia, make it a

          condition of any permit issued that a NOAA official be allowed to

          observe any activity conducted under the permit and/or that the

          permit holder submit one or more reports on the status, progress

          or results of any activity authorized by the permit.

               (j) The Director or designee shall consult with the

          governing body of an Indian Tribe_prior to issuing a permit, if

          the proposed activity involves or affects resources of cultural

          or historical significance to the tribe.

               (k) The applicant for or holder of a National Marine

          Sanctuary permit may appeal the denial, conditioning, amendment,

          suspension or revocation of the permit in accordance with the

          procedures set forth in   925.12.



          ï¿½ 925.10 Certification of pre-existing leases, licenses,

          permits, approvals, other authorizations-or rights to conduct a

          prohibited activity.

               (a) the prohibitions set forth in paragraphs (a)(2) through

          (8) of ï¿½ 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by a valid

          lease, permit, license, approval or other authorization in


                                        B-146









         existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and

         issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent

         jurisdiction, or by any valid right of subsistence use or access

         in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation,

         provided that: 1) The holder of such authorization or right

         notifies the Director or designee, in writing, within 90 days of

         the effective date of Sanctuary designation, of the existence of

         such authorization-or right and requests certification of such

         authorization or right; 2) The holder complies with the other

         provisions of this ï¿½ 925.10; and 3) The holder complies with any

         terms and conditions on the exercise of such authorization or

         right imposed as a condition of certification by the Director or

         designee to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was

         designated.

              (b) The holder of a valid lease, permit, license, or other

         authorization in existence on the effective date of sanctuary

         designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority

         of competent jurisdiction, or of any valid right of subsistence

         use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary

         designation, authorizing an activity prohibited by paragraphs

         (a)(2) through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5 may conduct the activity without

         being in violation of ï¿½ 925.5, pending final agency action on his

         or her certification request, provided the holder is in

         compliance with this ï¿½ 925.10.

              (c) Any holder of a valid lease, permit, license, or other

         authorization in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary


                                       B-147








          designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority

          of competent jurisdiction, or any holder of a valid right of

          subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of

          Sanctuary designation, may request the Director or designee to

          issue a finding as to whether the activity for which the

          authorization has been issued, or the right given, is prohibited

          by (a)(1) through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5.

               (d) Requests for findings or certifications should be

          addressed to the Director, Office of ocean and Coastal Resource

          Management; Attn: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of

          Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service,

          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West

          Highway, Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. A copy of the

          lease, permit, license, or other authorization must accompany the

          request.

               (e) The Director or designee may request additional

          information from the certification requester as he or she deems

          necessary to condition appropriately the exercise of.the

          certified authorization or right to achieve the purposes for

          which the Sanctuary was designated. The information requested

          must be received by the Director or designee within 45 days of

          the postmark date of the request. The Director or designee may

          seek the views of any persons on the certification request.

               (f) The Director or designee may amend any certification

          made under this ï¿½ 925.10 whenever additional information becomes

          available justifying such an amendment.



                                        B-148









                (g) The Director or designee shall communicate any decision

          on a certification request or any action taken with respect to

          any-certification made under this ï¿½ 925.10, in writing, to both

          the holder of the certified lease, permit, license, approval,

          other authorization or right, and the issuing agency, and shall

          set forth the reason(s) for the decision or action taken.

                (h) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this

          ï¿½ 925.10 may be extended by the Director or designee for good


          cause.

                (i) The holder may appeal any action conditioning, amending,

          suspending or revoking any certification in accordance with the

          procedures set forth in ï¿½ 925.12.

                (j) Any amendment, renewal or extension not in existence on

          the effective date of Sanctuary designation of permit, license,

          approval, other authorization or right is subject to the

          provisions of ï¿½ 925.11.



          5 925.11 Notification and review of applications for leases,

          licenses, permits, or other authorizations to conduct a

          prohibited activity.

                (a) The prohibitions set forth in paragraphs (a)(2) through

          (8) of ï¿½ 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by any

          valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization issued after

          the effective date of Sanctuary designation by any Federal, State

          or local authority of competent jurisdiction, provided that: 1)

          The applicant notifies the Director or designee, in writing, of


                                          B-149









          the application for such authorization (and of any application.

          for an amendment, renewal or extension of such authorization)

          within fifteen (15) days of the date of application or of the

          effective date of Sanctuary designation, whichever is later; 2)

          The applicant complies with the other provisions of this

          ï¿½ 925.11; 3) The Director or designee notifies the applicant and

          authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of

          the authorization (or amendment, renewal or extension); and 4)

          The applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director

          or designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and

          qualities.

               (b) Any potential applicant for a lease, permit, license or

          other authorization from any Federal, State or local authority

          (or for an amendment, renewal or extension of such authorization)

          may request the Director or designee to issue a finding as to

          whether the activity for which an application is intended to be

          made is prohibited by paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5.

               (c) Notifications of filings of applications and requests

          for findings should be addressed to the Director, Office of Ocean

          and Coastal Resource Management; ATTN: Sanctuaries and Reserves

          Division, office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management,

          National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

          Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Building 4, Silver

          Spring, MD 20910. A copy of the application must accompany the

          notification.

               (d) The Director or designee may request additional


                                        B-150









         information from the applicant as he or she deems necessary to

         determine whether to object to issuance of such lease, license,

         permit, or other authorization (or to issuance of an amendment,

         extension or renewal of such authorization), or what terms and

         conditions are necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and

         qualities. The information requested must be received by the

         Director or designee within 45 days of the postmark date of the

         request. The Director or designee may seek the views of any

         persons on the application.

              (e) The Director or designee shall notify, in writing, the

         agency to which application has been made of his or her review of

         the application and possible objection to issuance. After review

         of the application and information received with respect thereto,

         the Director or designee shall notify both the agency and

         applicant, in writing, whether he or she has an objection to

         issuance and what terms and conditions he or she deems necessary

         to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. The Director or

         designee shall state the reason(s) for any objection or the

         reason(s) that any terms and conditions are deemed necessary to

         protect Sanctuary resources and qualities.

              (f) The Director or designee may amend the terms and

         conditions deemed necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and

         qualities whenever additional information becomes available

         justifying such an amendment.

              (g) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this

         section may be extended by the Director or designee for good


                                       B-151














          cause.


               (h) The applicant may appeal any objection by, or terms or

          conditions imposed by, the Director or designee to the Assistant

          Administrator or designee in accordance with the procedures set

          forth in ï¿½ 925.12.



            925.12 Appeals of administrative action.

               (a) Except for permit actions taken for enforcement reasons

          (see Subpart D of 15 CFR Part 904 for applicable procedures), an

          applicant for, or a holder of, a ï¿½ 925.9 National Marine

          Sanctuary permit, an applicant for, or a holder of, a Section 310

          of the Act Special Use permit, a ï¿½ 925.10 certification requester

          or a ï¿½ 925.11 applicant (hereinafter appellant) may appeal to the

          Assistant Administrator or designee:

          1  The grant, denial, conditioning, amendment, suspension or

          revocation by the Director or designee of a National Marine

          Sanctuary or Special Use permit;

          2) The conditioning, amendment, suspension or revocation of a

          certification under ï¿½ 925.10; or

          3) The objection to issuance or the imposition of terms and

          conditions under ï¿½ 925.11.

               (b) An appeal under paragraph (a) of this ï¿½ 925.12 must be

          in writing, state the action(s) by the Director or designee

          appealed and the reason(s) for the appeal, and be received within

          30 days of receipt of notice of the action by the Director or

          designee. Appeals should be addressed to the Assistant


                                        B-152









         Administrator, Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management,

         ATTN: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and

         Coastal Resource Management, National ocean service, National

         Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway,

         Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910.

              (c) While the appeal is pending, appellants requesting

         certification pursuant to ï¿½ 925.10 who are in compliance with

         such section may continue to conduct their activities without

         being in violation of the prohibitions in paragraphs (a) (2)

         through (8) of ï¿½ 925.5 with regard to which they are

         requesting certification. All other appellants may not conduct

         their activities without being subject to the prohibitions in

         paragraphs (a) (1) through (9) of ï¿½ 925.5.

              (d) The Assistant Administrator or designee may request the

         appellant to submit such information as the Assistant

         Administrator or designee deems necessary in order for him or her

         to decide the appeal. The information requested must be received

         by the Assistant Administrator or designee within 45 days of the

         postmark date of the request. The Assistant Administrator may

         seek the views of any other persons. The Assistant Administrator

         or designee may hold an informal hearing on the appeal. If the

         Assistant Administrator or designee determines that an informal

         hearing should be held, the Assistant Administrator or designee

         may designate an officer before whom the hearing shall be held.

         The hearing officer shall give notice in the -Federal Register of

         the time, place and subject matter of the hearing. The appellant


                                       B-153









         and the Director or designee may appear personally or by counsel

         at the hearing and submit such material and present such

         arguments as deemed appropriate by the hearing officer. Within

         60 days after the record for the hearing closes, the hearing

         officer shall recommend a decision in writing to the Assistant

         Administrator or designee.

             (e) The Assistant Administrator or designee shall decide the

         appeal using the same regulatory criteria as for the initial

         decision and shall base the appeal decision on the record before

         the Director or designee and any information submitted regarding

         the appeal, and, if a hearing has been held, on the record before

         the hearing officer and the hearing officer's recommended

         decision. The Assistant Administrator or designee shall notify

         the appellant of the final decision and the reason(s) therefore

         in writing. The Assistant Administrator or designee's decision

         shall constitute final agency action for the purposes of the

         Administrative Procedure Act.

             (f) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this

         ï¿½ 925.12 other than the 30-day limit for filing an appeal may be

         extended by the Assistant Administrator, designee or hearing

         officer for good cause.













                                        B-154









           ARvendix I To Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

           Boundary Coordinates. (Based on North American Datum of 1983).



                            2500 square nautical miles

           Point            LATITUDE               LONGITUDE

           1                4700714511             12401110211
           2                47*0714511             124*5811211
           3                4703510511             12500010011
           4                4704010511             12500414411
           5                4705010111             12500514211
           6                4705711311             12502911311
           7                4800713311             12503812011
           8                4801414611             12504015911
           9                4802011211             12502215911
           10               4802714911             12500610411
           11               4802915911             12405911311
           12               4803011911             12405014211
           13               4802913811             12404314111
           14               4802715011             12403811311
           15               4802311711             12403811311



































                                              B-155









        APPENDIX C:    AN EVALUATION OF WESTERN WASHINGTON COASTAL MARINE
                       AREAS AND ADJACENT & M S: SPECIAL REPORT


























                                        I









         An Evaluation of Western Washington Coastal Marine Areas and
         Adjacent Lands: BRecial ReRort















                                                                                  I

















































                                        C-2


                                I









                                           Special Report










                   Information Pertinent to Site Selection for the Proposed
                           Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuaty:

                         An Evaluation of Western Washington Coastal
                                Marine Areas and Adjacent Lands















                                      Strategic Assessment Branch
                             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                             Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment
                                     6001 Executive Blvd., N/OMA31
                                          Rockville, MD 20852
                                             (301)443-8843

                                              August, 1990








                  Material for use in preparation of Environmental Impact Statement


                                Subject                                                                                                 Page

                  I. introdLolon am Generai Intoffnation
                           A. Introduction  ......................................................................                            1
                           B. Description of Study Region    ........................................................                         1
                           C. Descriptions of Study Areas within Region    .............................................                      1
                           D. Map 1 --Proposed Sanctuary Study Areas       ..............................................                     3
                           E. Map 2--Major Geographic Features       ...................................................                      4
                           F. Map 3-Estuarine Drainage Areas      ...........................................               : ........        5

                  IL       Larwd Use InId"ion
                           A. Major Features   ..................................................................                             6
                           B. Figure 1. Land uses within counties adjacent to areas considered for the coastal Washington
                                  marine sanctuary    .............................................................                           7

                  11. Fresh"er klWw
                           A. Major Features   ..................................................................                             8
                           B. Figure 2. Average daily freshwater discharge into the study region      .........................               9

                  IV Polkition Discharges and Sources
                           A. Major Features   ............................................                                                 10
                           B. Figure 3. Pollution discharges for rivers flowing into areas under consideration for the
                                  coastal Washington marine sanctuary      .............................................                    11
                           C. Figure 4. Volumes of pesticide used per year in West Coast states and on lands adjacent
                                  to areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary        .......................            11
                           D. Figure S. Total volumes of nitrogen discharged into waters considered for the coastal Washington
                                  marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total.)         ..............        12
                           E. Figure 6. Total volumes of lead discharged into waters considered for the coastal Washington
                                  marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total.)          .............        12
                           F. Figure 7. Total volumes of all suspended solids discharged into waters considered for the
                                  coastal Washington marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West
                                  Coast total.) .................................................................                           13

                  V. Soclo-ecorKwinic Characteristics of Washington Counties Adjacent to the Proposed Sanctuary
                           A. Major Features   ..................................................................                           14
                           B. Figure 8. Population changes by decade for counties adjacent to the areas considered for
                                  the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West
                                  Coast, and the entire coastal USA   ................................................                      15
                           C. Figure 9. Employment by job sector for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration
                                  for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West
                                  Coast, and the entire coastal USA     ................................................                    16
                           D. Figure 10. Annual unemployment for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration for
                                  the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West
                                  Coast. and the entire coastal USA    ....................                                                 16
                           E. Figure 11. Construction permits (all types) by region and year in counties adjacent to the areas
                                  under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington,
                                  the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA (1985-1989)        ..........................             17
                           F. Figure 12. Average county real estate values for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration
                                  for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the Stale of Washington, the U.S. West Coast,
                                  and the entire coastal USA   ............................................                                 17
                           G. Figure 13a and b. Number of public recreational facilities and acreage by government level for
                                  counties adjacent to areas considered- for the coastal WashiVon marine sanctuary and
                                  for the entire State of Washington  .................................................                     18
                           H. Table 1. Estimades of values and volumes of commercial harvests in areas considered for the
                                  coastal Washington marine sanctuary      ..............................................                   19
                           1. Table 2. Estimates of values and volumes of commercial harvests in waters of the State of
                                  Washingon    ..................................................................                           19









                                su*d                                                                                                       Page

                   VI Infonnation on F&rlne Invertebrates
                            A. Major Features   ...................................................                                            20
                            B. Table3. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of         se@lected ..........
                                   invertebrate species occurring off Washington     .......................................                   21
                            C. Table 4. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and
                                   importance of selected invertebrate species occurring off Washington        ....................            22
                            D. Figure 14. Percent of annual U.S. West Coast oyster harvests and total U.S. oyster harvests
                                   occurring in Willapa Bay   .........................................................                        23
                            E. Information on razor clams off Washington       .............................................                   24

                   VII Infonnation on Marine Fishes
                            A. Major Features   ...................................................................                            25
                            B. Table 5. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected fish
                                   species occurring off Washington     .................................................                      26
                            C. Table 6 Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and
                                   importance of selected fish species occurring off Washington       ...........................              27

                   Vill Inforrnation on Nkdne Bift
                            A. Major Features   ...............                                                                                28
                            B. Table 7. Estimates of seabird popu ions in areas considered for the coastal Washington
                                   marine sanctuary    ..............................................................                          29
                            C. Table 8. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected
                                   marine bird species occurring off Washington      ........................................                  30
                            D. Figure 15. Percentages of contiguous U.S. West Coast seabird populations present in
                                   areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary         ..........................             31

                   D( Inforrnation on Marine MwwWs
                            A. Major Features   ................................................. .................                            32
                            B. Table 9. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected marine
                                   mammal species occurring off Washington         ..........................................                  33


                   Appendkm of Background Inforination

                   Appendix A. Land Use Information
                            Table A. I -Land uses by coastal counties and USGS Cataloging Units adjacent to areas
                              considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary         ..................................                34
                   Appendix B. Freshwater Flow Information
                            Information on freshwater inputs into areas considered for the proposed coastal Washington
                              marine sanctuary    .................................................................                            35
                            Table B.1 -Information on freshwater flow of rivers in lands adjacent to areas under consideration for
                              the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary          ......................................                 36
                   Appendix C. Pollution of Coastal Waters Information
                            Agricultural pesticide use in lands adjacent to areas considered for the proposed coastal
                              Washington marine sanctuary      .....................................................                           37
                            Table CA -Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine
                              sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1994). Flow and Biochemical Oxygen
                              Demand     ..........................................................................                            38
                            Table CA -Summary      ... (circa 1984): Total Suspended Solids and Nitrogen     .......................           39
                            Table CA -Summary      ... (circa 1984): Phosphorus and Arsenic    .................................               40
                            Table C.1-Summary...(circa 1984): Cadmium and Chromium             ..................................              41
                            Table C. I -Summary    ... (circa 1984): Lead and Mercury   .......................................                42
                            Table C. 1 -Summary    ... (circa 1984). Oil and Grease  .........................................                 43
                            Table C.2--Major point source dischargers into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the
                              proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (circa 1984)          ................................              44
                            Table C.3-Description of pollutant outputs by major point sources discharging into counties adjacent to
                              areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (circa 1984)             .....    45
                            Table C.4-Numbers of direct discharging point sources within counties adjacent to areas under
                              consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and
                              source category. (circa 1984)    .........................................................                       46









                              SubjW                                                                                          Page

                 Appendix D. Socio-economic Information
                         Table D-1--Socio-eoonomic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed
                           coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: demographics  ........    47
                         Table D.2-Socio-economic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed
                           coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: employment
                           and farming information .............................................................               48
                         Table. D.3-Socio-oocnomic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed
                           coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: single unit
                           housing construction permits and levels of occupancy ....................................           49
                 Appendix E Living Madne Resources Information
                         Methodology for the Comparative Significance of Study Areas analyses ........................         so
                         Table E. 1 -Estimated volumes (pounds) landed for commercial harvests from along
                           Washington's outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988  .....................       52
                         Table E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings from harvests along Washington's
                           outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988  ................................         54

                 REFERENCES                                                                                                    56












          CONTENTS & GENERAL MAP



I









              Introduction and General Inif ormation



                   A national marine sanctuary for the outer coast of the State of Washington has been mandated
                   by the U.S. Congress. To identify the best possible site(s) for this sanctuary, an extensive region
                   along Washington's coast was studied. The following is a presentation of material used to
                   examine that region.

                   Included in this presentation are:
                   -A general description of the study region;
                   -Maps of pertinent information;
                   -An analysis of living marine resources that occur and are utilized off Washington; and
                   -Additional information describing various features of coastal lands adjacent to the study region
                      (e.g., land uses, pollution discharges, demographics, etc.).

                   Information pertinent to areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status are arranged in
                   sections. Within each section are associated figures and tables, and a "major features" page
                   which summarizes notable material. Support material for findings presented in each section are
                   listed in accompanying data appendices. In combination, these material provide a compre-
                   hensive examination of the outer coast of Washington and its resources.

                   Description of the Study Region
                   The study region is a nearly 6,000 sq s mi (square statute mile) area of the Pacific Northwest. It
                   extends from the USA-Canada boundary at the mouth of the Strait of Juan De Fuca southward to
                   the Washington shoreline at Koitlah Point, and from there along the shoreline to Cape Dis-
                   appointment at the mouth of the Columbia River (Map 2). From Cape Disappointment, the
                   region's boundary extends seaward to the continental shelf edge (100 fathom isobath) and then
                   northward along the shelf edge to the Juan De Fuca Canyon (not indicated) and the USA-
                   Canada boundary. Included in the study region are canyons off the southern and central
                   portions of the coast, and a deep-water area known as 'the plain" at the head of Juan De Fuca
                   Canyon. The study region stops at the mean low water line and at strearn/dver mouths along the
                   coast of Native American Tribal lands, but extends landward to the mean high tide line and
                   upstream to the limit of tidal influence along the remaining coast.

                   Area Descriptions. The study -region was divided into seven areas to comparatively examine
                   information for various segments of the marine region (Map 1), and note important sanctuary-
                   related characteristics for each area.

                       Study Area                                     Area Description
                            1       An area at the head of the Juan De Fuca Canyon, including "the plain" and a small
                                    coastal area from Cape Flattery to Koitlah Point. It is bounded on the north by the
                                    USA-Canada marine boundary; on the east by a line extending from the USA-
                                    Canada line down to Koitlah Point; on the south from Cape Flattery to a point 3 n
                                    mi (nautical miles) offshore and then southwestward along the 100 fm isobath to
                                    the edge of the Juan De Fuca Canyon (about 35 n rN off shore); and on the west
                                    by a line extending northwestward to the USA-Canada boundary, approximately
                                    40 n mi off Cape Flattery. Its surface area is roughly 1,000 sq s mi.
                            2       An off shore, deep water area that extends from 3 n rN off Cape Flattery south-
                                    ward along the 50 fm isobath to a line exterKfing seaward from the southern
                                    boundary of the Copalis National Wildlife Refuge at the mouth of the Copalis River
                                    (not shown, but at Lat. 47* OT N), seaward along the fine to the 100 f m isobath,
                                    and northward along the 100 fm curve to about 3 n mi off Cape Flattery. Also
                                    included is a portion of the canyon off the Quinault River. The surface area of this
                                    study area is about 1,050 sq s mi.











                           Area                             Area Description

                             3      The northern intermediate depth area shoreward of Area 2, extending Out from 3
                                    n mi off the coast out to the 50 fm isobath from off Cape Flattery south to the line
                                    extending seaward from the Copalis River mouth. it has a surface area of about
                                    890 sq s rTii.
                             4      An inshore area extending along the coast from Cape Flattery south to the south-
                                    ern boundary of the Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and offshore to 3 n. mi.
                                    Most waters in this area are shallower than 20 fm, and the study area's surface
                                    area is about 521 sq s mi. Clallarn County, Jefferson County, and a portion of
                                    Grays Harbor County are found shoreward of this study area, and rivers and
                                    streams which drain into this study area occur within the USGS (US Geological
                                    Survey) Estuarine Cataloging Units 17100101 and 102 (Map 3).
                             5      An off shore area between the 50 fm and 100 fm isobaths from the southern bor-
                                    der of Area 2 southward to a line extending seaward from Cape Disappointment.
                                    This study area also includes a portion of the Grays Harbor Canyon and has a total
                                    surface area of nearly 1, 100 sq s mi.
                             6      The southern intermediate depth study area between the 50 fm isobath and a
                                    line 3 n mi off the coast, from the southern boundary of Area 3 to the line
                                    extending seaward from Cape Disappointment. It has a total surface area of about
                                    915 sq s mi.
                             7      The southern coastal area extending landward from 3 n mi off shore between the
                                    southern boundary of Area 4 and Cape Disappointment. This study area includes
                                    the significant estuaries of Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay and has a total surface
                                    area of about 400 sq s mi. Rivers and streams which drain into this study area
                                    occur within the USGS Estuarine Cataloging Units 17100104, 105, and 106
                                    (Grays Harbor and Wilapa Bay Estuarine Drainage Areas on Map 3).







                                                     Map I.Proposed          Sanctuary Areas
                                125 001W                                1240 OOV




                       AREA 1





                                                        .......... .
                                                                       HALLAM COUNTY:
                    100 fathoms

         48 OOIN                                                                        .....      1; 48 %J%j N
                              AREA  2


                                                           . . ......... ..





                                            AREA 3



                                                         AKL                        MUNTY
                   500 fathoms


                                        50 fatho
                                                 20 fathoms








                                                                          .... ......





                                                                          ... ........
                                                                        CRAYS HAR@6k CrUP,- Y:



                                                                                                   i 47000'
         47000'N  ......................................                                 ii

                                                5
                                                 0 fa
                                                     Ums


                                             ARE
                                                                                           N
                                                              EA 6
                                                           A Rt
                                                                      AREA 7


                                         100 fathoms


                               500 fathoms

                                         J,
                                                                                     AG FIC CO

                                                                        ns
                                                                                           N




                                 1250001W                                124000,







                                           Map 2. Major Geographic Features
                         125'000'W      Koitiah Point. 124600 1w


                                                                ... ..... CANADA

                                                                        ......... ..............
                   AREA I
                                                                   UNITED STATES




                                         OMAte
                                         Lake
                                                                             8000'N
        W000'N
                                             ute
                                         Quilla RivWiliiiii@i-.@,
                       AREA 2


                                           La Push
                                                      Hoh Ri er

                                                            ..............
                                                               WASHINGTON
                                  A E  3


                                                     free a rw a
                                                           r Kiver
                                           KLA 4
                                                                                  Y



                                                  Qu

                                                  Ra River


                                                    Quinault River::::








                                                      Oce
                                                         an City


                                                                            47000'N
                                                             Aberd
        47000 'N ......................................
                                                       I  bar
                                                       Wor


                                                        oint Cheh
                                                              alis
                                  ARE
                                       5

                                                     AREA  7
                                                                  ........ .




                                                           @
                                                           BIG
                                                           Pff
                                                7.4

                                                ...........


























































                                                         Cape Dis@p ment
                                                                -point

                                                        Columbia River
                         125000V                       124000'W








                                                                             Map 3. Estuarine Drainage Areas
                                          1250  00,w                                            124"00'W




                               AREA I





                                                                       QzeLte
                                                                        Lake
                                                                   .............
                                                                     ............
            480001%                                                 .............                                                      8 OO'N
                                                                       Quillayute River:::::
                                       AREA     2

                                                                            CATALOGING UNIT            17100101
                                                                                              Hoh River
                                                                                                          ..........


                                                          AREA 3



                                                                          ARLO
                                                                                %4          Clearwater River
                                                                                       %%%rCMtOGING UNIT 17100102
                                                                                       --- --------

                                                                                       Queets River
                                                                                        Raft Riv!f@,:,^

                                                                                            Quinault River*





                                             N                                                                  . . . . . . . .
                                            J,
                                                                                                         GRAY'S HARBOR EDA
                                                                                                            ...........






                             .............................
             47000 'N   .........                                                                            ....................... . 7"OO'N
                                                                                                 Warbar



                                                                                                                                               M.
                                                                                                              . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                           ARE 5                                               . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                              AREA 6
                                                                                                                                              N
                                                                                                            VILLAPA BAY EDA

                                                                                                                 . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                  Willape
                                                 V

                                                                                                              . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                             . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                            kREA 7               . . .






                                                                                                                                                A
                                                                                             lo         . . . . .                  RIVER ED
                                                                                                                  FCOLUMBIA
                                                                                                               ;glow
                                                                                                  Columbia River
                                            125 001W
                                                                                                 1240001W
                                                                                                                   Sk
                                                                                                                                                5-











                 LAND USE








               11 Land use






                        ï¿½ Lands adjacent to the study region are undeveloped, although
                              logging is significant.

                        ï¿½ Nearly all adjacent land is forested (94%). (See Figure 1.)

                        ï¿½ Of the non-forested area, most is utilized for urban purposes,
                              agriculture, and wetlands (each comprises about 2% of the total
                              area in coastal counties).






























                                 100






                                  80





                             Ca
                             5D
                                  bU -


                             Ca
                             -J
                             -6
                             1
                             15
                             0)   40-
                             2
                             a)
                             (L




                                  20-







                                   0
                                          Urban      Agricultural    Range        Forest      Wetlands

                                                                 Type of Land Use

                                     Figure 1. Land use for counties adjacent to the area under consideration for the
                                              Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary.










                 Source: Strategic AssessmGnt Branch. 1986. West Coast land Use Data for NCPDI Counties [data base). Rockville, MD:
                         Office of Oceanography and Marine AssessementINOAA.











            FRESHWATER INFLOW








           III Freshwater    Inflow




                          ï¿½ When compared to other regions of the contiguous West Coast, freshwater
                                 flow from lands adjacent to the study region is relatively small.

                          ï¿½ The Chehalis River, which discharges into Grays Harbor, has the largest flow of,
                                 any riveremptying into the study region, but its long term average flow is only
                                 about 2.5% of that for the Columbia River (Figure 2). (Measured upstream
                                 from a major Columbia River tributary, the Willamette River).

                          ï¿½ Despite low overall amounts of freshwater flowing into the study region, volumes
                                 per square mile of drainage basin are high. High volumes per unit area result
                                 from small drainage basins with high rainfall and steep terrain.

                          ï¿½ An example of high freshwater yield per unit area is the Quinault River which
                                 empties into Study Area 4. It ranks first in water yield (110.77 cfs per sq mi)
                                 for the 47 West Coast rivers that have been inventoried by NOAA. In
                                 contrast, the Columbia River ranks 40th (0.80 cfs per sq mi).





                          Flows and yields for several rivers discharging into the study region are presented
                          in Appendix B, Table B.1; "cfs" is cubic feed per second.












                    Study Area 4
                              Sooes River
                              Ozene River
                              Dickey River
                           Soleduck River
                          Bogachiel Ri    r
                                        V:r
                                Hoh R:v
                            Queets River
                                Raft River
                           Quinault River
                            Moclips River
                    Study Area 7
                        Humptulips River
                        Wynoochee River
                           Chehalis River
                              North River
                              Smith Creek
                            Willapa River
                       North Nemah River
                            Naselle River
                    S. Fork, Naselle River
                            Salmon Creek
                       Columbia River (1)

                                           0             1000            2000            3000            4000            5000                             150000                        2001
                                                                               Average daily flow        (cubic feet/second)



                                        (1) Information for Columbia River included for comparison purposes.


                  Figure 2. Freshwater discharges into study region waters.


                  Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann. Strategic Assessment Branch, OMA/NOAA.












           POLLUTION DISCHARGES







           AT Pollution Discharges and Sources




                          - Because of the undeveloped nature of land adjacent to areas under consideration
                                 for marine sanctuary, the entire study region is relatively unspoiled .

                          - Pollution from traditional sources (i.e., wastewater treatment plants, industry
                                 and urban runoff, etc.) is low (Figure 3).

                          - There are no major industrial polluters within Area 4, and only seven in Area 7.
                                 (See Table C.2 in Appendix C.).

                          - An exception to low pollution throughout the study region is the discharge from
                                 two pulp and paper mills in Area 7.

                          - Pesticide use along coastal Washington is very low relative to other areas of the
                                 West Coast (Figure 4).

                          - Summaries of pollution discharges for total volumes of nitrogen, lead, And all
                                 suspended solids combined indicate that with the exception of suspended
                                 solids discharged by paper mills, the greatest source of pollutants into study
                                 region waters is from backgroud material in natural forest runoff (Figures
                                 5-7). Information forthese pollutants and seven others are presented in Table
                                 C-1 of Appendix C

                          - Note: the above information relates to data from the early 1980s. More
                                  recently, there are indications that. logging activity may have expanded
                                  considerably. Increases in logging of these lands would substantially
                                 increase many pollutant discharges, especially from clear cutting along
                                 river banks and estuary shorelines.











                                             30 - 00'




                                                                                                      4- --7



                                              20.


                                        U.







                                              10.

                                        0-
                                                                                                      Ilk








                                               0"                                         ... ..... . ...
                                                   Sewage       Industial      Urban      cropland       Forest    Pasture and
                                                   Treaument    DWdmvW         Runoff     Runoff         Runoff    P"VGWW
                                                   Plants                                                          Runoff
                                                                                     Source


                                               Figure 3. Pollution discl@arges by source (as percen" of U.S. West COM ictals) in
                                                         counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Wast*Vwn
                                                         Madne San=ary.
               Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD.


                                        3,000,000-


                                        2,750.000-


                                        2,500,000.

                                        2250,OW
                               V

                               0        2,OW,OW

                               .00      1.750,000.

                                        I'SOO.000-
                               CL
                                        1250,000


                                        1.000.000.


                                        7W.(=


                                        600.000


                                        250.000

                                                0                              . . .   AM
                                                       Caliliornia         Oregain         Washington         A4werit 0
                                                                                                              Sk* PAgion
                                                                                Region
                                        Figure 4. Pes#dde we per year In West Coast Ams ancl w lands
                                                                a
                                                                ,iitiw

                                                   f7

                                                   1 0 OL

                                                   adjacerrt to areas under consideradon for the Coastal WasI*VW
                                                   Marine Sanchiary.
               Source: Strategic Assessment Brandi, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal PolkftM Discharge Inventory, Rodwifle, MD.










                                                             is 00










                                                             to.










                                                             5

                                                                               11P






                                                             0

                                                                 Wastewater      Direct        Urban         Cropland       Forest       Pasture and
                                                                 Treaftent       Urban         Runoff        Runoff          Runoff      Range
                                                                 Piants          Discharge                                               Runoff
                                                                                               Pollutant Source


                                                      Figure 5. Total nitrogen discharged into counties adlaoent to areas under consideration for the Coastal
                                                                  Washington Marine Sanctuary by source (as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast).
                       Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD.


                                                             10.,






                                                             a-






                                                             6-






                                                             4-



                                                                               /-7

                                                             2





                                                             0                                                                      7
                                                                WasftwaW Direct                Urban       cropiam         Fored      Pas"O and
                                                                Trealrnent     ;n@             Runoff       Runoff         Runoff       Range
                                                                Plants         Diischarg"                                               Runoff
                                                                                             Powtant Souroe
                                                                               EEL-

















































                                                             Figure 6. Total lead dischorged k1o countes adjacent to areas LNWW
                                                                        conskWation llor the Coastal Washilingm Marine Sanctuary,
                                                                         by source (as a powerdage of U.S. West Coast dscharges).
                        Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD.

                                                                                                                                                                                   I V






















                        20


                                           f77


                        10-


                    0

                    V5



                    0


                    2


                          0-1. Wastewater    Direct       Urban       Cropland      Forest      Pasture an@
                              Treatment      Industrial    Runoff     Runoff        Runoff      Range
                              Plants         Discharge                                          Runoff
                                                            Pollution Source


                             Figure 7. Total volume of all suspended solids discharged into counties adjacent to
                                      areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary by
                                      source (expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total).





            Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD.











           SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE








           V Socio-Econornic Coastal Characteristics




                 ï¿½ The human population within coastal areas adjacent to the sanctuary study region
                        is low, slowly growing, and is projected to remain so (Figure 8).

                 ï¿½ Most people in the studyareaare employed in manufacturing, whereas in all othercoastal
                        counties in the USA, most employment is in services (Figure 9). This is primarily the
                        result of pulp and paper manufacturing and commercial fishing in the study region.

                 ï¿½ Unemployment is high relative to most other areas in the Nation (Figure 10). This reflects
                        seasonal employment associated with fishing, timber, and tourism.

                 ï¿½ New construction in the area is low (Figure 11).

                 ï¿½ Although similarto most other areas in Washington (Figure 12), property values'for lands
                        adjacent to the sanctuary study region are much lower than property values for other
                        regions of the Coastal USA.

                 ï¿½ Large tracts of land are publicly owned (e.g., 74% of Clallam and Jefferson
                        counties).

                 ï¿½ Counties adjacent tot  he study region contain only 10% of the total number of public
                        recreation areas in the state of Washington, but these represent nearly 70% of
                        statewide publicly owned acreage (Figure 13).

                 ï¿½ There is a large tourist industry in the study area. For example, the Olympic
                        National Park alone generates $560 million annually.

                 ï¿½ The fishing industry is extremely important in the study region. Nearly two-thirds
                        of the poundage and 37% of the value for Washington's commercial fisheries
                        come from harvests within the sanctuary study region (Tables 1 and 2).
                        (These statistics are for 1987 and 1988, and do not reflect landings from off
                        other states and British Columbia. Detailed catch statistics are presented
                        in Appendix E.)












                                                                                                             14






















                           650,000
                                           0 Counties Adjacent
                           600,000             to Study Area
                                               Washington

                           550,000             West Coast

                                               Entire Coastal
                           500,000             USA

                  0
                           450,000
                  Ca

                  CL
                  0
                  (L >     400,000

                  53 8     350,000
                  (0 C
                           300,000

                  Cz
                  0
                           250,000


                           200,000


                           150,000


                           100,000


                             50,000


                                   0


                                           1960          1970          1980          1990          2000           2010


                                                                          Decade
                                Figure 8. Population change for counties adjacent to areas under
                                           consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, the
                                             State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA.



             Source: Culliton, et al. 1990: so Years of PopuLation Change A" the Nation's Coasts. 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office
                    of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and
                    Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD.






                                         100   - -



                                          90   - -



                                          80   - -

                                    co

                                          70   - -
                                                                                                                                                   Svi.


                                 C        60   - -
                                                                                                                                                   Fire (Finance, Insurance,
                                                                                                                                                   and Real Estate)
                                 (L       50   - -

                                                                                                                                                   Retail
                                    E
                                    C
                                    0     40   - -

                                                                                                                                                   Manufacturing
                                          30   - -



                                          20   - -



                                          10   --



                                            0-
                                                  Counties Adjacent        Washington             West Coast             Coastal LISA
                                                  to Study Area                      Region
                                                 Figure 9. Employment by job sector for the counties adjacent to areas under
                                                           consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, the State of
                                                           Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA.

                     Source: Culliton, et al. 1990: 50 Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office
                                 of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and
                                 Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD.


                                                      12   0'




                                                       10.


                                          100          8-

                                          0    >
                                          2            6-
                                          0
                                          LL
                                               coo
                                               E
                                                       4.




                                          a.           2-





                                                           Count" Adjacent Al Washinglon            West Coast      Entire Coastal USA
                                                           to Study Region     Coastal Counties
                                                                                            Region
                                                 Figure 10. Annual unemployment for the counties adjacent ID tw areas under
                                                            considwabon for this Coastal Wwaiiington Marine Sanctuary. Washinglit:
                                                            coastal counties, the U.S. West Coast and the entire oDast3l USA.

                     Sources: Bureau of dw Census. 1980. Counly and City Date Book 19S8. U.S. Dept of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GvL Printing
                                 Office. 797 pp. + Appendicies.
                                 Bureau of the Census, 1990. Buildino Permit Data Offering information Package [data base]. Prepared by the Constructior






                                                        E CoUndeeAdJaCOnt           WqStC
                                           2.400--           to Study Area                  Ogg
                                                        0 washingion               Endre CoestaJ
                                           Z200 - -                                USA


                                           2,000--


                                           1,800--


                                           1.600--


                                      c    1.400--


                                           1.2DO" -


                                           1.000-

                                      0
                                      I      Soo-
                                      E
                                      z      600--
                                      z
                                      4V



                                             200--


                                             0


                                                             1985            1986              1987             19"               1989


                                                                                           Year

                                          Figure 11. Construction permits (aJI types) by region and year, 1985-1989, in the counties
                                                      adiaoant to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary,
                                                      the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast and the entire coastal USA.
              Source: Culliton, 6t al. 1990: 50 Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office
                        of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Servioe, National Oceanic and
                        Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD.


                                                  5,000,000





                                                  4,000,000.





                                                  3.000.ODO


                                           C


                                                  2,000.000.





                                                  1.000.000





                                                             0
                                                             Courd" AdjamM AN Wad*KW               Wsdco" adbeCouWUSA
                                                             to Study PAgion     ComW Coundw

                                                                                           Region
                                                  Figure 12. Average county real esaa value for the courities adjacent to areas under
                                                             oonsideradon for the Cont6l Washington Marim Sairictuary. the StM of
                                                             Washingion, the U.S. West CoasL and the entre coastal LISA
               Sources: Bureau of this Census. 1980. Counly and City Date Book 1988. U.S. Dept of Commeme. WashkVton, D.C.: U.S. GvL Printing
                          Office. 797 pp. + Appendicies.
                          Bureau of the Census. 1990. EMkfing Permit Data Oflering Information PadWe (data base]. Prepared by the Construction
                          Statisfm Division, Building Permits Branch. Washngton, D.C. U.S. Department of Com"wroe.
                          Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Populadons Stadidds [data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information







                                 1560-oo
                                 1200.                                                                 EEIIw
                                  100-              Local          State   L' L'A Federal                       lk

                                  75



                             LL
                             -6


                             E
                             3    50-
                             z






                                                                                                                                                            0
                                  251                                                                                                                       G 0
                                                                                                                                                            5'=
                                                                                                                                                               CO
                                                                                                                                                            'a AA

                                                                                                                                                               E
                                                                                                                                                            E
                                                                                                                                                            44

                                   0
                                                  Ckdlarn and               Grays Harbor and               Washington
                                              Jefferson Counties             Pacific Counties                                                                  0

                                                                            Area
                                  Figure 13a. Number of public recreational facilities aciacent to -90 considered for the
                                             Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, and the entire state of Washington.
                                                                                                                                                            a) m


                                                                                                                                                            E

                                                                                                                                                               0

                             2.000,000                                                                                                                         z



                                                   Liocal         Stat.        Federal                                                                      U)


                             1.500.'000

                                                                                                                                                            CD a
                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                            0  CO
                                                                                                                                                               z


                                                                                                       ............
                             1,000.000
                                                                                                                                                               'A






                               500,000                                                                                                                      U
                                                                                                                                                            C2


                                                                                                                                                            CL cc


                                50.000
                                                                                                                                                            C

                                                                                                       . . . . . .... .......
                                     0.
                                                       . .... . ....

















































































                                                                                                                                                                  >C
                                                                                                                                                            10
                                                                                  Area                                                                           cc
                                   FV" 13b. Acreage of public                Iscillties 04awt to      c           for                                       as
                                              the Conowl Wasl k4 on k4wons Swckwy. and lor Ow artirs dole d
                                               Waw*VkWL









                                   Table 1. Estimates of values and volumes for commercial harvests in the state of
                                               Washington (1) (2).

                                       Species                               Landed value                   Pounds landed


                                      Sockeye salmon                          $ 20,593,   593                    8,620,521
                                      Coho salmon                                 18,655,221                     10,485.109
                                      Chum salmon                                 18,361,898                     15,973,980
                                      Chinook salmon                              16,586,065                     8,454,675
                                      Dungeness crab                              13,593,309                     11,600,271
                                      Pacific oyster **                           10,991,082                     8,606,887
                                      Ocean pink shrimp                           6,176,103                      13,459,058
                                      Sea urchins                                 5,749,167                      6,224,967
                                      Sablefish                                   4,447,218                      6,127,331
                                      Geoduck                                     2,948,037                      4,535,442
                                      Manila clam                                 2,926,049                      3,506,203
                                      Pacific cod                                 1,903,630                      6,439,232
                                      Widow rockfish                              1,880,523                      6,146,421
                                      Yellowtail rocklish                         1,291,100                      4,306,187
                                      Rockfish spp.                               1,102,119                      4,735.237
                                      Others                                      13,053,223                     4,691,591

                                      Total                                    $140,258,337                      123,913,112 Ibs.



                                   Table 2. Estimates of values and volumes for commercial harvests in areas under
                                              consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (1).

                                        Species                             Landed value                    Poundslanded


                                      Dungeness crab                         $ 11,407,311                        9,771,405
                                      Pacific oyster **                           7,551,846                      5,930,458
                                      Ocean pink shrimp                           7,208,086                      13,460,058
                                      Chinook salmon                              5,052,149                      2,593,888
                                      Sablefish                                   4,407,200                      6,119,654
                                      Coho salmon                                 3,039,474                      1,547,717
                                      Chum salmon-                                1,927,083                      1,681,745
                                      Widow rockfish                              1,880,523                      6,146,421
                                      Pacific cod                                 1.172,195                      4,022,983
                                      Albacore                                    1,090,613                      1,320.249
                                      Dover sole                                   956,236                       3,745,539
                                      Petrale sole                                 686,334                          918,160
                                      Lingcod *                                    636,334                       1,898,565
                                      Arrowtooth f lou nder                        498.242                       3,492,503
                                      Others                                      4,676,854                      19,942,02S

                                      Total                                  $ 52,190.480                        82,591,370 lbs.

                                (1) Average of 1987 and 1988.
                                (2) Washington landings from other state's waters and from off British Columbia are excluded.
                                 Estuarine Associated Species (i.e., uses estuaries during one or more life stages)
                                  Estuarine Dependent Species (i.e., rdquires estuaries during one or more life stages)

                                Sources:
                                NMFS. 1989. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed In the state of
                                           Washington during 1988 [computer printout]. Seattle, WA.
                                NMFS. 1990. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish lancW in the state of
                                           Washington du ring 1989 [computer printout). Seattle, WA.
                                PacFIN. 1989. PFMC source report #002: Commercial groundfish landed catch (rnt) for 1981-88. all
                                           areas. Seattle, WA.
                                WDF. 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month for
                                           the state of Washington, 1987 and 1988 [computer printout]. Olympia. WA.











               INVERTEBRATES







           VI Information on Marine Invertebrates






                 ï¿½ Both the comparative significance analysis of species distributions (Table 3) and the
                    distributions analysis weighted by species abundance (Table 4) reveal that the
                    inshore Areas 4 and 7 are the most important areas in the study region.

                 ï¿½ Areas 4 and 7 contain beaches where the majodty of the entire U.S. West Coast
                    recreational harvests of razor clams are taken. An average of over 7.5 million razor
                    clams were taken by nearly 1 million recreational clam diggers during 1960s and
                    1970s. More recently, razor clam populations have been reduced in size in
                    Washington (due to disease); however, harvests from Washington beaches still
                    account for about 70% of contiguous West Coast recreational catches (e.g., 6.2
                    million clams of aithe 8.7 million clams total for 1988 and 1989, combined).

                 ï¿½ Areas 4 and 7 include Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay where harvests of Pacific
                    oysters can account for over half of all oysters harvested along the entire U.S. West
                    Coast. Harvests in these estuaries sometimes represent nearly one-fifth of nation
                    wide harvests (Figure 14).

                 ï¿½ More than three-quarters of the state's Dungeness crab catch is taken in Areas 4 and
                    7 and the shallow, shoreward portions of Areas 3 and 6.

                 ï¿½ Pacific oyster, Dungeness crab, and ocean pink shrimp landings from areas under
                    consideration for sanctuary status had combined landed values in 1987-88 of over
                    $25 million (about 85% of statewide totals for harvests of these species off
                    Washington).

                 ï¿½ In addition to the significance of oyster harvests, landings for other shellfish in the
                    study region represent:
                      32% of all contiguous US West Coast commercial crab harvests (1985-88 data);
                      About 25% of all shrimp harvests (1985-88 data); and


                 Note: Also see Tables 1 and 2 (Commercial landings and values ... ) in Section V,
                       Socio-economic Coastal Charactedstics.







                              Table 3. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected invertebrate species
                                            occurring off Washington.


                                    INVERTEBRATES                                       Area           Area          Area            Area        Area           Area          Area
                                                                                          1              2              3            4               5            6             7
                                    Weathervane Scallop                                                                 0            0

                                .. . ........
                                         ic Oyster 11                                                                                                                              .......
                                                                                                                  Xp:'


                                                                                                                                                               ... ...      .....

                                    Pacific Geoduck


                                                                                            .......... .... ..
                                    Fat                                                                                                                                             ......
                                                                                                                                     Affii:i:i *in

                                                                                                                                                                              . ..... .....
                                                                                                                                                     .............
                                                                                                                                                     . ...... ... .... ...

                                    Pacific Gaper

                                                                                                                                                  ........ ....
                                         Ic Razor                                                                                             XX-'.-.X::'
                                                                                                       .....................
                                                                                                                                                                              .. .... .......
                                                                  ...............

                                    Pacific Littleneck

                                                                                                                                              ...............
                                                                                               ... . .......


                                                                                                                  K
                                                                                                                                                                     ..........
                                                                                                                                     .. ......... .
                                                                                                     ...... . . . ...
                                    Pinto Abalone                                        0                              0            0
                                                                    . .. ..... ......

                                                      . ......... .....
                                                CPUs
                                                           ...... ..................
                                                                                                                          ... ....      .......                       ...

                              . ... .. . .....          ..... .                             ........ . .                                                                .....  .....
                                    Market Squid                                                                                     0               0            0             0
                                                                                           ...........                                  -    XT
                                                                                                                                                                  . .........
                                                                                                                                              ........... .
                                                                                                                                           ..... ..... ...
                                    Rod
                                                                                                                                                                              ..... .....

                                                                                                                                        ............ ... ...
                                                                                        .... ......
                                    Northern Pink Shrimp                                                 0              0                            0            0
                                                                                                 . .. . ............... .
                                                . . ........ .                                           .......... ... .... .... . . . .....
                                    O@n Pink Shri
                                                        n

                                    Sidestripe Shrimp                                    0               0              0                            0
                                                                                                                                                     .. . .........
                                                                                                                                                     ...........
                                                                                               ..... .....                                                          .. ....... . . ...... ..
                                                                                                                                                     ............             ..............
                                                                                                                                                     ...........
                                    C66nMripe Sh
                                                                                                                                        ... .. ...  .....
                                    Spot Shrimp                                          0               0              0

                                                                                                      ..................                  ...... .
                                                                                        ..............                               . .....


                                                                                      .....         ......... .. ...            . ..... ......
                                                         ............................... ....                                . ........
                                                          ............. ...........                                     .......                                                        4@1
                                                                                                              .. ... .....
                                                                                                         ............. ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                ........ .
                                    BWk               r
                                                                                                     ..............                                                         ...................
                                    Dungeness Crab _J/

                                                      X            @k


                                 Legend:                                                       J/ Commercially Important in Study Region.
                                 0 Not Significant              1                              & Recreationally Important in Study Region.
                                                                                              -3/ A summary of point values (i.e. significance)
                                      Significant= 2                                               associated with all species within an area.
                                      Very Significant          3                               Source: Strategic Assessment Branch. West Coast North America
                                (Significance relative to species distribution                  Coastal Zones Strategic Assessment., Data Atlas, Invertebrate and
                                along the contiguous U.S. West Coast)                           Fish Pro-publication Volume. Rockville, MD: National Oceanic and
                                                                                                Atmospheric Administration.







                  Table 4. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and importance of
                                 selected invertebrate species occurring off Washington.

                        INVERTEBRATES                       Density            Area           Area         Area            Area             Area          Area           Area
                                                              Index                   1          2             3           4                5             6              7

                                          ank
                        we" 40wil                                                                                          .4

                                                                                                                                                          . ........ ......... .......
                        Pacific Oyster                          10                                                         10                                            20

                                 . ...... ..
                                              ...............
                                             ............ ....
                        P
                                                                                      2....
                                          ... .........
                                                                        .. ........
                                          ..........
                        Fat Gaper                               3                     3                                    9                                             9

                                                                                                                                                    X,    . .... ...... . ........
                                  . .........                                         . .. ...                                                                   ..... ......
                        P-001                                                                                          ... .......
                                                                                             ............-                      ........ ..........
                                 'Ga

                                                                                                                  .. ........                             .......... ...
                        Pacific Razor                           5                     5                                    10                                            10

                                                                                                 ......... . .....
                                                                                          ... .......... .. .....
                                                                            ...... . . . . ..                        ...................... . .....
                                                             ...............                                           ............
                                                                                                                           X.... ........
                                                                                                    ... .......
                                                                   ........  ............
                                          ...........                          ........          ..........
                                ..............
                                                                                                                                      .............. ..... ... .... ... ...
                        Manila Clam                             3                                                          3                                             6

                                                                                                                                      ............I.......
                                                 ..............                                                                       .. ....................  ....
                                                    ....... ....... .......
                                                 ..........
                                                                                                                                ...... ....
                             J            oft:
                                                                                                               ............     ..........  ...     ... ....
                                                             .. .. ......                                             ..... .. . .....
                                                                                                                                            ........ ....

                        Flat Abalone                                                                                       2
                                                                                      ..........                                .... . ........
                                                                                                                  .. ..........
                                                  ...........
                                                                                                                                                    ...... .. ..

                               ........... ....    ...........
                                                                                                                 .... ....................

                        Market Squid                            4                     8          8             8           8                8             8              8


                                            ........... ..
                                                                                                      . ...........
                            ..........
                                                                       .. .. .... . ....

                        Northern Pink Shrimp                                                     1             1


                                                                                                                                ......... .
                                                             X: 10::       :::::::20:+


                        Sidestripe Shrimp                       2                     6          2             2                            2             2

                                                  ... ..........
                                 nPe      .
                                                                                            .... .......                                    ......
                                          -.v                            ....... .

                        Spot Shrimp                             2                     6          4             6           6                4             6              6

                            .. ....... .................... ...... ..
                                                                                                                                               ... ..... ..
                        ................ .............
                                            .. ...... ......
                                 ............. .


                    ... .......           .......... . . ...............

                        Dungeness Crab                          10                    10         20            30          20               20            30             20

                                                                                                                                            ......... ......
                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                     ffi@  ...
                                                                                                                                ...... . . . . ... .......
                                                                                                                                      X     " ' ' " " i" ,               .. . .......
                                                        ...                              ---- --- --- --- -                           W
                                                                                                                                               S.8  $ki::
                                                                        j:j

                                                                                                                                               -0 "'%;'V'@
                                                                                         ... ........
                                                                                          .. ....... .... ..               SWIM-
                                                                                                    ......                                  %Rs-
                                                                                         ........ . ......                                  I


                    Legend:                                                                           Source:         Strategic       Assessment          Branch         (SAB)
                    Density Index: Defined as the relative density or                                 analysis of the State of Washington commercial and
                    abundance of the species, based on commerci@l and                                 recreational catch statistics in relation to species
                    recreational harvests. Rated 1 - 10, with I - rare, and 10 -                      distribution maps in the NOAA West Coast of North
                    highly abundant.                                                                  America, Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic
                    Key for Areas 1 - 7                                                               Assessment Data Atlas, Invertebrate and Fish pre-
                    @11 - 30 - Very Significant. Species has broad areal                              publication volume. NOAA, SAB, Rockville, MD.
                    coverage of the analysis area, and/or is abundant.
                    11 - 20 - Significant. Species has some areal coverage,
                    arKYor is present in some abundance.
                    0 - 10 - Not Significant. Species is either present or only
                    occasionally occurs there; low, 6 any, abundance.







                                              Percent West Coast and US Oyster Harvest from Willapa Bay


                              60-

                                                                            Permt of Weg coast


                                                                            Pement of US


                              so-







                              40.







                              30-








                              20-







                              10-







                              0
                              1970                                       1 980                                     1 ;90

                                                                         Year







                        Figure 14. Percent of annual U.S. West Coast oyster harvests and nationwide harvests occurring
                       in Willapa Bay.






                        Source:
                            Leonard, D. L and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. The quality of shelffish growing waters on the Wow Coast of
                              the United States. NOAAISAB, Rockville, MO.
                            NMFS. 1898. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed in the state of
                              Washington during 1988. NMFS/NW Region Headquarters, Seattle, WA.
                            WDF 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month for the
                              state of Washington, 1987 and 1988. WDF, Olympia. WA.






                                             Razor clams and the outer coast of Washington



                      The clam industry in Washington produces about 95% of U.S. West Coast landings. Although it
                      now accounts for only a small fraction of harvest volumes nationwide, Washington was the leader
                      of clam harvests for many years primarily because of its innovations in canning. Clams have always
                      been a part of Washington culture, especially such species as the Pacific geoduck (or geoduc)
                      and the razor clam. Harvests of the former comprise a significant portion of current commerical
                      harvests, and the latter is the paramount recreational bivalve for the west coast of North America.

                      Razor clams are found primarily on open coast, sandy beaches of Study Area 7; many occur on
                      Area 4 beaches also. This species normally occurs from low intertidal waters out to about depths
                      of about 30 feet, and mostly from the low tide line to depths of less than 10 feet.

                      Since the 1960s, most razor clams have been taken by recreational diggers. During 1969-1974,
                      annual recreational harvests for the contiguous West Coast averaged about 9.5 million clams;
                      about -80% came from Washington beaches, Recreational harvests in Washington ranged
                      between 7 million and 15 million clams at that time, but pathogen infestations and other natural
                      calamities during the early 1980s severely decimated razor clam populations along Washington's
                      coast. Since that time, populations have recovered somewhat and recreational digging has
                      resumed. During 1988-89, about 3 million razor clams were annually taken by recreational diggers
                      along Washington's coast; this amount represents over 70% of (contiguous) coastwide U.S. sport
                      harvests.

                      Although extensive earlier this century, commercial harvests of razor clams now are minor in
                      Washington. Annual harvests peaked at 3.2 million pounds of meats in 1915 and still averaged
                      about 2 million pounds during the 1930s, but harvests substantially declined thereafter. By the
                      1970s, commercial harvests annually averaged less than 270,000 pounds; this reduced volume
                      reflected natural and human-caused population declines, as well as ever-increasing recreational
                      harvests. Harvests dropped to only a few thousand pounds annually by the early 1980s due to a
                      variety of problems: El Nino-related temperature changes, the Mt. St. Helen eruption, and
                      diseases. The resurgence of coastal Washington razor clam populations during the latter 1980s
                      did not signal the return of notable commercial harvests; recreational harvests now dominate
                      human use.



                      Sources:

                                Schink, T. J. K. A. McGraw, and K. K. Chew. 1983. Pacific coast clam fisheries. Washington
                                State Sea Grant Technical Rep. 83-1. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. 72 pp.

                                Leonard, 0. L and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. Quality of shellf ish growing waters on the West Coast of
                                the United States. NOAA, Nati. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessments Branch. 6001 Executive
                                Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 52 pp.
                                Washington Department of Fisheries. 1983. 1982 Fisheries Statistical Report for the State of
                                Washington. Compiled and edited by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia,
                                WA. 77 pp.
                                Washington Department of Fisheries. 1987. 1986 Fisheries Statistical Report for the State of
                                Washington. Compiled and edited, by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia,
                                WA. 89 pp.

                                Personal communication from D. Simons, Wash. Dep. of Fisheries, Montasano, WA.
                                Personal communication from T. Unk, Oregon Dep. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Astoda. OR.












 I                                                        FISH



 4

 1








         VII Information on Marine Fishes





                  Both the comparative significance analysis of species distributions (Table 5) and the
                       analysis weighted by species abundance (Table 6) reveal that offshore and
                       intermediate areas under sanctuary consideration (Areas 1,2,3,5, and 6) generally
                       are more significant for marine fishes than inshore areas (Areas 4 and 7).

                  Using commercial harvests as a means of assessing the significance of fish stocks
                       within the proposed sanctuary region relative to other parts of the contiguous
                       U.S. West Coast, the following is noted:
                       --About 15% of all West Coat groundfish harvests come from the sanctuary study
                         region (based on 1987-1988 data); and
                       --Nearly 13% of all salmon harvests come from the region (1988-1990).

                  When looking at commercial harvests, offshore Areas 1 and 5 were the most impor-
                    tant. More than two-thirds of annual 1987-88 study region harvests came from
                    these areas for the following species:
                    -Pacific ocean perch
                    -Lingcod
                    -English sole
                    -Dover sole
                    -Pacific cod, and
                    -Sablefish.


                ï¿½ Area 5, alone, produced the majority of harvests of widow rockfish.

                ï¿½ Although non-coastal areas scored highest in the comparative significance analyses,
                    the importance of coastal waters for marine fishes is underscored by the associa-
                    tion of many species with estuarine habitats:
                    -Four of the top ten fishes commercially harvested along the outer coast of
                      Washington are either estuarine-associated (Lia., they use estuaries during some
                       time in their lives) or estuarine-dependent (i.e., they require estuaries to com-
                       plete their life cycles). (Examples of estuarine associated/dependent species are
                       chinook, coho, and chum salmon, and lingcod) (Table 2).
                    -The top four recreational species (chinook and coho salmon, steelhead, and
                       lingcod) for Washington all utilize estuaries, at least as juveniles.


                 Note: Also see Tables 1. and 2. (Commercial landings and values ... ) in Section V,
                        Socio-economic Coastal Characteristics.







                                                                                                          19







                    Table 5. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected
                                 fish species occurring off Washington.

                       FISHES                                       Area         Area        Area       A rea         Area       Area         Area
                                                                       1           2           3          4             5           6            7
                    Spiny Dogfish 1/                                                                                             0            0
                    Pacific Herring J/                                                                                           0            0
                    Pacific Sardine                                 0            0           0                        0          0
                    Northern Anchovy
                    Pink Salmon J/ ?.1
                    Chum Salmon I/ Zf
                    Coho Salmon 1/ 2/ a/
                    Sockeye Safmon 21
                    Chinook Salmon J/ 21,IJ
                    &eeffmd W 41
                    Pacific Cod L/                                  4D           go
                    Walleye Pollock                                 0            0
                    Pacific Hake .1/                                                         0            0                      0            0
                    Jack Mackerel
                    Albacore Tuna 1/                                0
                    Chub Mackerel                                   0            0           0            0           0          0            0
                    Swordfish                                       0            0           0            0           0          0            0
                    Striped Bass                                    0                                     0                                   0
                    Pacific Bonito                                  0            0           0                        0          0
                    California Halibut                              0            0           0            0           0                       0
                    Pacific Barracuda                               0            0           0            0           0          0            0
                    Yetlowtail                                      0            0           0            0           0                       0
                    Pacific Cice  an Perch 1/                       0            0           0            0                      0            0
                    Widow Rockfish 11                               49           0           0            0                      0            0
                    Sablefish J/                                    0            0           0            0                      0            0
                    LDVOod I/ at                                                                          0                      0            0
                    Pacific Halibut 1/ 2/                                                                 0           0                       0
                    Engfth So4e J.1                                                                       0                                   0
                    Flathead Sole                                                                         0                                   0
                    Petraf,a So4e It                                                                      0                                   0
                    Starry Flounder 1/                              0                                     0                                   0
                    Dover Sole 11                                   &                                     0                                   0
                    Arrowloolh Flounder IJ                                                                                                    0

                                                                                                                                           ----------

                                                      .. . .... .
                                                                                                                                              A'I
                                                                                                                             N,@
                                                                                                  a
                    palm   T                              :i@.' :f
                                       "I Rl@
                    Legend:                                         IL Commercially Important in Study Region.
                                                                    2L Anadillomous Species. Presence in study area              is limited   to small
                    0 Not Significant -     1                          out-migrating juveniles: larger, foraging juveniles: and nearly mature fish
                    0 Significant - 2                                  returning to rivers to spawn.
                    0 Very Significant - 3                          X  Peaeationally Important in Study Region.
                                                                    !k Anadromous Speaes. Unlike salmon. steelhead adults are also present.
                    (Significance relative to species distribution  2  A summary of point values (i e. signaficance) associated with all species
                    along the contiguous U S. West Coast)              within an area.
                                                                            I           I                             N b



                                                                    Source:      Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB) analysis of State of
                                                                    Washington commerical and recreational catch statistics in relation to
                                                                    speices distnbtuion maps present in the NOAA West Coast Alorth America
                                                                    Coastal Zones Strategic Assessment: Oata Atlas, Invertebrate and Fish
                                                                    Pre-publication Volume NOAA SAB Rockville MD








                    Table 6. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and
                                  importance of selected fish species occurring off Washington.

                          FISHES                        Density        Area        Area         Area        Area        Area       Area         Area
                                                          Index             1           2           3           4           6           6           7
                        Spiny Dogfish                          5            is          is          is          10          1;          is          10
                        Pacrfic Herring                        5            10          10          10          10          10          10          15
                        Pacd1c Sardme                          I            1           1           1                       1           1
                        Northern Anchovy                       5            10          10          10          10          10          10          10
                        Pink Salmon                            7            14          14          14          14          14          14          14
                        Chum Salmon                            7            14          14          14          14          'i 4.       14          14
                        Coho Salmon                            10           30          20          20          30          2G          30          30
                        Sockeye Salmon                         5            15          10          10          15          10          10          10
                        Chinook Salmon                         10           30          20          30          30          20          30          30
                        Steelhead                              8            24          24          24          24          24          24          24

                        Pacific Cod                            7            21          21          21          14          21          21          14
                        Walleye Pollock                        4            12          12          12          a           12          12          8
                        Pacific Hake                           8            is          16          16          a           16          16          a
                        Jack Mackerel                          3            6           6           6           6           6           6           6
                        Albacore Tuna                          2            15.

                        Chub Mackerel                          1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1
                        Striped Bass                           I            I                                   I
                        Pacdic Bonito                          1            1           1           1
                        California Halibut                     I            1           1           1           1
                        Pacific Barracuda                      1            1           1           1           1
                        Yeffowtail                             I            I           1           1           11
                        Pacific Ocean Perch                    6            18          18          6           6           18          6           6
                        Widow Rockfish                         9            18          27          27          Fi          27          27          18
                        Sablefish                              8            24          24          8           8           24          8           8
                        Lirvgcod                               10           30          30          30          "   1       30          1140        30
                        Pacific Halibut                        4            12          12          12          4           12   1      12          4
                        Enghsh Sole                            5            10          is          15          i           is   I      is          5
                        Flathead Sole                          2            6           6           6           2           6    1      6           2
                        Petrale Sole                                        2,          3           3
                                                               6                                                            :a          3           .1
                        Starry Flounder                        5            5           5           10          is          5           10          15
                        Dover Sole                             6            118.        is          is          a           Is          18          6
                        Arrowtooth Flounder                    5            10          15          15          5           15          15          5

                                                                      g
                        Aii
                                                                                        37
                                                                       Am                                                                     . . ....
                                                                                        P


                        Legend:
                        Density Index: Defined         as the relafive density          or
                        abundance of the species,      based on commercial and
                        recreational harvests. Rated   I - 10, with I = rare, and 10 =
                        highly abundant.                                                    Source: Stirat6gic Assassm3nt Branch (SAB)
                        Key for Areas I - 7                                                 analysis of the State of WaE;iiiigtun commercial
                        21 - 30 = Very Significant. Species has broad areal                 and recreational catch staii3tics in felation to
                        coverage of the analysis area. anid/or is abundant.                 species disstribLr@;*.)@i maps in I:ic          Wrsi Goast
                        11 - 20 = Significant. Species has some areal coverage,             of North America, Coar-IEJ and Ocean Zones
                        and/or is present in some abundance.                                Strategic Assessment: Da!a APas, :nver' @@brafe and
                        0 - 10 = Not Significant. Species is either present or only         Fish Pro-PUblicaflon Volume, NOAA. SAB, Rod-
                        occasionally occurs there. low. if anv. abundance.                  v-11e. MD
                                                                                  .     .                                                                                  1)(










                                                        BIRDS









           Vill Information on Marine Birds









                ï¿½ Coastal Areas 4 and 7 standout from other areas under consideration for sanctuary
                    status when distributions of marine birds are examined (Table 7). Examples follow.

                ï¿½ Lands adjacent to Area 7 (around Grays Harbor) contain one of only two major
                    concentrations of adult bald eagles along the contiguous U.S. West Coast.

                ï¿½ Only two major colonies of rhinocerous auklet (>20,000 birds) occur within the
                    contiguous U.S.A. One occurs along the coast of Area 4 and the other is found
                    in the adjacent Strait of Juan De Fuca.

                ï¿½ Only two large colonies of tufted puffins (>1,000 birds) occur within the contiguous
                    U.S. One is found along the coast of Area 4.

                ï¿½ Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay in Area 7 are final staging areas for shorebird migra-
                    tions during early spring.


                    The following relate to seabird colonies:

                ï¿½ Seabird populations in Washington represent 12% of the contiguous U.S. West Coast
                    total of 4.5 million birds (Table 8).

                ï¿½ In toto, over 500,000 seabirds occur in nesting colonies within Washington. Nearly
                    70% of these occur along the outer coast; over 325,000 seabirds are found in Area 4
                    and about 45,500 are present in colonies in Area 7.

                ï¿½ Nesting colonies along the outer coast of Washington (Figure 15) contain more than
                    50% of contiguous U.S. West Coast total populations for the following species:
                    -Fork-tailed storm-petrel
                    --Caspian tern
                    --Cassin's auklet
                    -Tufted puffin.








                                             Table 7. Estimates of seabird populations in areas considered for the coastal Washington
                                                         marine sanctuary.


                                                       Species                  Ufe Stage           Estimates for                     Estimates by State                 Total for
                                                                                                                                                                          Contiguous
                                                                                                                                                                         West Coast
                                                                                                    Area 4   Area 7      Washington        Oregon         CaJifomia

                                             Fork-tailed Storm-petrel             Adults            2,318            0          3,878           400              410             4.688
                                             0coarxxilroma furcata                Juveniles         1,391            0          2.327           240              246             2.813
                                             Leach's Storrrv-petrel               Adults            25.298           0          35.700       435.458           9.870             481,028
                                             Oceanodroma loucorhoa                Juveniles         15.179           0          21.420       261.275           5.922             288,617
                                             Ashy Skirm-povel                     Adults                   0         0                0              0         3,8M              3A54
                                             0coanodroms homoctroa                Juveniles           -0             0                0         -0             2.2112            2,312
                                             Brown Pelican                        Adults                   0         0                0              0         2.690             2.690
                                             Pelecanus occidenWis                 Juveniles                0         0                01             0         1.614             1,614
                                             Double-crested Comwant               Adults            1,276        916            3,296        3,9"              s,204             12,464
                                             Phalacrocor&K suviiYus               Juveniles         2,552      1,632            6,592        7,928             10,408            24.928
                                             Brandrs Cormorant                    Adults              458          96             554        22.730            59.9W             83,244
                                             Phajacrocorax perycillatus           Juveniles         1.053        221            1.274        52,279            1137.906          1191,461
                                             Pelagic Cormorant                    Adults            2,398        240            4,866        10,999            lZ1100            27,965
                                             Phalacrocorax pelagicus              Juveniles         5,515        552            11,192       25.298            27,830            64,320
                                             Black Oystercatcher                  Adults              194            0            334           358              358             1 -050
                                             14aematopus bachmani                 Juveniles           213            0            367           394              394             1.155
                                             Giaucouerwinged /Western Gull        Adults            8,147      8228             39,441       16,51M            43,060            92,001
                                             Larus glaucesconstarus               Juveniles         13,850     13.988           67.050       10,600            78.753            156,402
                                              occidentaks

                                             Caspian Torn                         Adults                   0   7.918            7,918                0         1,480             9,398
                                             Sterma caspia                        Juveniles                0   11.085           11.085               0         2.072             13.157
                                             Least Tern                           Adults                   0         0                0              0         2,472             2,472
                                             Stoma anMrum                         Juveniles                0         0                0              0         2,719             2,719
                                             Cornrnon Murre                       Adults            30,780           0          30,780       426,280           351.336           808.396
                                             Uria aalge                           Juveniles         18,468           0          18.468       255.768           210.802           485,038
                                             Pigeon Guillernot                    Adults              552          69           4270            4,9D6          13,886            23,152
                                             copiphus Columba                     Juveniles           552          69           4,2170          4,996          13,8W             23,152
                                             Cassirvs Auklet                      Adults            87,599           0          87.600               100       63.400            151.100
                                             Prychoramphus aloutrcus              Juveniles         52,559           0          52.560               60        38,040            90.660
                                             Rhinoceros Auklet                    Adults            24,010           0          60.814          1,000          1,703             63.517
                                             Conxhnca monocerala                  Juveniles         14.406           a          36.4158              600       1,022             38,110
                                             Tufted Puffin                        Adults            18.051           0          23,342          5,031            266             28,639
                                             Fratorcula cirrhata                  Juveniles         10,831           0          14.005          3,019            160             17.183


                                             TOTAL - Adults                                         192,934    17.467           263,352      911,316           528.989           1,703,657
                                             TOTAL - Juveniles                                      133,886    27,747           272.535      636,029        1,926.276            2.&U 839
                                             TOTAL - Overall                                        326_8201   45214   1        535@887'     1,W,345        2.455.26S            4,5=106

                                             Sources:
                                                  Sowis. A. L., A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester.                  1980. Catalog of California seabird colonies. U.S.
                                                       Fish and Wildil. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWS/OBS 80/37.
                                                   Massey, B. W. 1988. California least terin field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and Game Contract
                                                       FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach. CA.
                                                   Spoich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 19M. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Seirv.. Biol.
                                                       Rpt. 88(6).
                                                   Carter, E. R.. D. L Jaques, C. S. Strong. G. J. McChesney. M. W. Parker, and J. E. Takekawa. In prop. Survey of
                                                       seabird colonies in northern and central California. U.S.Fish and Wildl. Serv:, Dixon, CA.
                                                   Strategic Assessment Branch. 1990. Cmas (Computer Mapping mid Analysis System) analysis of seabird
                                                       colonies for the west coast of North America. NOAAISAB, Rockville, MD.
                                                   Personal communications from R Lowe for Oregon information.






               Table 8. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected marine bird
                           species occurring off Washington.

                   MARINE BIRDS                                Area        Area        Area       Area        Area        Area        Area
                                                                 1           2          3           4           5           6            7
                   PacKio Loon                                  0            0.

                   Western & Clark's Grebes

                   Northern Fuirnar I

                   Sooty Shearwater.1/?./

                   Brown Pblicart                                                                 ..0.:.      ..0          0            0
                                                                0


                   Brandt's Comorant


                   Brant

                   Surf Scoter ?./                                                                  03/

                   Sanderling, z/

                   Bald Eagle

                   Fled Pbalarope,


                   California Gull


                   Western Gull                                 0            0          0.       -.0

                   Glaucous-winged Gull                         0            0                                             0

                   Black-Logged Kiffiwake _IV                                                       ID        .0

                   Common & Thick Billed Murres _4/                          0          0                                  0            0

                   Ancient Murrelet                                          0          0'..        0                    .0             0

                   Cassin's Auklet                                                      0           0          0           0            0

                   Rhkxmrot0A


                   Tufted Puffin                                                                    40                     49
                   Point Totais. AF.'                                                   26
                                                               20
                                                                                                               23          27.          @6


                   0 Not Significant       I     (Signiticance relative to      Source: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB).         West
                   0 Significant = 2             species distribution along     Coast of North America Coastal and Ocean Zones
                                                 the contiguous U.S. West       Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas, Marine Birds
                   0 Very Significant       3    Coast.)                        Pre-publication Volume. NOAA. SAB, Rockville, MD.

               FOOTNOTES:                                                      41 Mainly present during winter.
               I/ Pelagic seabird.                                             51 A summary of point values (i.e. significance) associated
               2/ Uses Region as a non-breeding, wintering area.               with all species within an area.
               3/ Possible staging area for spring migrations.















                           FORK-TAILED STOFtl-PETREL
                                 LEACH'S STORN-PETREL
                                   ASHY STORM-PETREL
                                         BROWN PEL I CAN
                         DOUBLE-CRESTED CORVIORANT
                                   BRANT'S CORMIRANT
                                   PELAGIC CORIVRANT
                                 BLACK OYSTERCATCHER
                    GLAUCOUS-WINGED/WESTERN                L
                                           CASPIAN TERN
                                              LEAST TERN
                                         COII'VON MURRE
                                       P I GEON GU I LLENOT
                                       CASS I N'S AUKLET
                                    RHINOCEROS AUKLET
                                          TUFTED PUFF IN
                                                    TOTAL

                                                            0             20              40            60              80             100

                                                                                              PERCENT




                          Figure 15. Percentages of contiguous U.S. West Coast seabird populations present within coastal
                         Washington areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status.






                          Sources:
                             Sowls, A. L., A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 19M. Catalog of California seabird colonies. U.S.
                                 Fish and Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWS/OBS 80/37.
                              Massey. 0. W. 1988. California least tam field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and Game Contract
                                 FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach, CA.
                              Spoich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 1989. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildt. Serv., Biol.
                                 Rpt. 8%6).
                              Carter, E. R., D. L Jaques. C. S. Strong, G. J. McChesney. M. W. Padw. and J. E. Takekawa. In prep. Survey of
                                 seabird colonles in rwdwwn and central California. U.S.Fish and Wild. Serv., Dixon, CA.
                              Strategic Assessnwt Bmnch. 19W. Cmas (Computer Mapping and Analysis Syslem) analysis of seabird
                                 colonies for the west coast of North America. NOAAISAS, Rockville, MD.
                              Personal communications from FL Lowe for Oregon information.











                                                   MAMMALS








           IX Information on Marine Mammals








                 ï¿½ A comparative significance analysis of marine mammal distributions (Table 8) sug-
                    gests that offshore areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status (Areas 1,
                    2, and 5) are more important for marine mammal distributions than other areas.

                 ï¿½ In general, most of the region under consideration for sanctuary status occurs
                    within migration pathways for several species.

                 ï¿½ A major adult summer area for the endangered fin whale occurs along the continen-
                    tal slope seaward of the study area.








                                  Table 9 Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected
                                                marine mammal species occurring off Washington.

                                                                                   Area        Area        Area        Area     -Area         Area         Area
                                       MAMMALS                                       1               2      3           4          5           6              7
                                       Sea Otter 11                                  0               0      0                      0

                                       Northern Fur Seal Zi                                          0

                                       Noftem Sea Lion                                               46                                        0,             0

                                       California Sea Lion                                           40                                        0              0

                                       Nbirthem Elephant Seat                                        0                             40          40             0

                                       Harbor Seal 51                                0               0      0           0          0           0              0

                                       KOW Whale                                     0               0

                                       Northern Right Whale Dolphin                  0               10

                                       Pacific WK*@s@ Dolphin                        0               0

                                       Harbor Porpoise fy                            0               0      0           0          0

                                       Sperm Whale Zt                                0               0

                                       Cuvier's Beaked Whale                         0               40                            0

                                       Baird's Beaked Whale                          111111111       0                             41

                                       Stejneger's Beaked Whale                      0               40                            0

                                       Hubb's Beaked VVhrde                          0               0                             40

                                       Gray Whale at                                 0               0      0           0

                                       Fdght Whale ZI Jy                                                                0          0           41             4P

                                       Humpback Whale Z/                                                    40          0          40          0              40

                                       Minke Whale Z/ JM                                                                           40

                                       Fin Whale Z/ J.V                                                                            0

                                       Bk* Whaley                                                                                  0                          0

                                       Risso's Whale                                                                               0           0

                                       DaWs Porpa@.*:                                                       0           0

                                       Striped Dolphn                                                       0                      0           4D

                                       PointTotak.1.1f.                                                                                                       32,
                                    0 Not s;g.ircant -i               (Significance relative to      Souirce: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB). West Coa4 t
                                     0 Significant - 2                species distiribution along    of Nord? America Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic
                                     0 Very Sig6ficant - 3            the contiguous U.S. West       Assessment: Data Adas, Manna Mammals Pro-publicatib 7
                                                                      C<)asL)                        Vo"ne.. NOAA, SAS, Rockville, MD.
                                    FOOTNOTES:                                                       6/ Yew-round Adult concentrawns occur in Areas 6 and 7.
                                    I/ Mainly found in waters shallower than 20 m.                   7/ Endangered.
                                    2/ Concentration o(juveniles less than 3 years                   8/ Areas important during seasonal migrations in Nov.-
                                       old arid some adult femailes ocicur oft the Washington        June.
                                       Coast.                                                        9/ Nearly extinct in north Pacific (-200 anotalls).
                                    3/ No rookeries and only one mim haulcut area                    10/ Feeding and migration arms oocw off Washinigion.
                                       occurs in Washiington waters.                                 11 / A major adult area occurs on this continental slope
                                    4/ Only malft are found in Washington waters.                    seaward of the study region duininig Apc+SepL; additional
                                    St Area 7 contains two out of the eight major                    indlMdualls; migrate through area in SepL - OcL.
                                    rookeries located a" the U S West Coast.                         121 A summary of point values (i a. significance) associated
                                    Apocox 10 000 harbor seals are found in Washington               wth all speciesiffiNn an area











                APPENDIX A







                       Table A. 1 --Land use by county and USGS Cataloging Unit in lands adjacent to waters considered
                                      for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary.


                       Study
                       Area           County                                    Lan use (in square rniles)
                                                             Urban      Agriculturi---    Range        Forest      Wetlands            Totals

                          4           Clallarn                  29            35               11       1550            16              1641
                          4           Jeff erson                22              9              17       1572              8             1627
                        4&7           Grays Harbor              34            58               6        1751            57              1906
                          7           Pacific                   10            2B               6         794            16               854
                                      Total                     96           130               39       5666            97              6028




                       Study        Cataloging
                       Area             Unit                                    Land use (in square rniles)
                                                             Urban      Agriculture       Range         Forest     Wetlands            Totals

                          4           17100101                    9             4              9        1132            11              1165
                          4           17100102                    6             0              1        1041            34              1082
                          7           17100104(l)               is            37               1         780              9              843
                          7           17100105                  11              4              2         430            18               466
                          7           17100106                  11            27               6         869            17               929
                                      Total                     42            6B               10       3121            78              3320




                       (1) Land use information for Cataloging Unit 17100103 is not available.
                       Source: Strategic Assessment Branch. 1986. West Coast Land Use Data for NCPDI Counties [data base].
                       Rockville, MD: OMA/NOAA.





























 4
                                      APPENDIX B


 I







              Appendix B. Freshwater Flow Information


              Information on Freshwater Inputs into Areas Considered for the Proposed Coastal
              Washington Marine Sanctuary


              Appendix Table 13.1. lists the major rivers and streams in watersheds which drain into coastal portions of
              the sanctuary study region, along with the average long-term flow and the drainage area above the gage
              from which flow is measured. Of the 20 rivers and streams shown on Table 13.1, the Chelhalis River, which
              discharges to Grays Harbor, has the largest flow. Compared to other major rivers on the West Coast, the
              rivers in this region are relatively small in terms of long term average flow. For example, the long-term flow
              of the Columbia River, measured at a point upstream of the confluence with the Williamette River, is about
              40 times larger than that of the Chehalis River (192,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) versus 5,100 cfs).

              While relatively small in terms of flow, the rivers adjacent to the study region have high water yields - the
              volume of river flow generated per unit area of land - compared to other rivers on the West Coast. For
              example, the Quinault River ranks first in water yield of the 47 rivers inventoried by NOAA in 1990, with a
              yield of 10.77 cfs per square mile, while the Columbia River ranks 40th on the West Coast, with a yield of
              0.8 cfs per square mile. Water yield is a function of many factors, including precipitation, land use and
              topography of the river's watershed. In this case, the high yields for rivers in the study area primarily
              reflects substantial precipitation in the region and the relatively steep topography associated with
              mountainous terrain.



              Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann, NOAA Strategic Assessment Branch, Rockville, MD.




























                                                                                                                              S5 11









                        Table B. 1--informabon on freshwater flow of rivers in lands adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary.


                                                                                                                 Average daily         Drainage area            Ranking              Yield                Ranking
                        Study                                                                                    flow (in cubic           at Gage (in          based             (average flow/             based
                        Area      River Name                    Monitoring Station Location                   feet per second)          square miles)         on flow (1)        drainage area)          on yield (2)

                          4       Queets River                  rear Clearwater                                         4,227                  445                14                      9.50                   4
                          4       Quinault River                at Quinault Lake                                        2,843                  264                17                      10.77                  1
                          4       Hoh River                     at Nghway 101 neat Forks                                2,521                  253                is                      9.96                   3
                          4       Soleduck River                new Quillayute                                          1.465                  219                34                      6.69                   11
                          4       Bogachlol River               now Forks                                                 M                    Ill                23                      8.60                   5
                          4       Raft Rlver                    below Rainy Crook near Queets                             543                   76                32                      7.14                   a
                          4       Dickey River                  rear La Push                                              525                   as                33                      6.16                   17
                          4       Ozette River                  at Ozone                                                  337                   78                35                      4.32                   24
                          4       Modips River                  at Modips                                                 200                   35                38                      5.71                   18
                          4       Sooes River                   below Miller Creek near Ozone                             198                   32                4D                      6.19                   16

                          7       Chehalis River                now Setsop                                              5,109                 1,761               11                      2.90                   31
                          7       Humptulips Rim                near Humptulips                                         1,335                  130                25-                     10.27                  2
                          7       Wynoochee River               below Black Creek near Montesano                        1,235                  180                26                      6.86                   10
                          7       North River                   near Raymond                                              963                  219                IV                      4.40                   23
                          7       Willapa Rim                   rear Willapa                                              628                  130                29                      4.83                   21
                          7       Nasolle River                 near Naselle                                              425                   55                34                      7.73                   6
                          7       Smith Creek                   raw Richmond                                              237                   58                35                      4.09                   26
                          7       S. Fk., Naselle River         roar Naselle                                              129                   is                43                      7.17                   7
                          7       North Nomah River             roar South Bond                                           115                   is                44                      6.39                   13
                          7       Salmon Crook                  new Naselle                                               112                   16                45                      7.00                   9
                                  Total                                                                                 24,102

                        (1) Compares the average daily flow for 47 rivers discharging into the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound.
                             Included In the 47 rivers are the three with the largest average daily discharge: the Columbia River (I 92,734 cis); the Willamette River (33,208
                             cis); and the Sacramento River (25,217 cis).
                        (2) Compares the yield for 47 rivers discharging Into the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound.

                        Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann. Strategic Assessment Branch, OMA/NOAA.















           14-21.












                 APPENDIX C








               Appendix C. Pollution of Coastal Waters Information


               Agricultural Pesticide Use In Lands Adjacent to Areas Considered for the Proposed
               Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary


               Lands adjacent to study Areas 4 and 7 contain relatively minor agricultural activity. The majority of these
               lands are forested (approximately 90%). The average agricultural acreage by county within these two
               study areas is only 3.60/6 (Appendix D Table D 1.3.). The major crops (excluding pasture/range) are alfalfa,
               barley, corn, wheat and peas. According to NOAA's National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, which
               maintains a data base of estimates on pesticide use for 28 common agricultural pesticides, the highest
               application by county for Areas 4 and 7 occurs in Grays Harbor County, with 6,836 pounds (base year
               1982). In contrast, San Joaquin County, California is 98% agricultural area, with an estimated 658,000
               pounds of the 28 agricultural pesticides applied. Typical of most pesticide application, herbicides make up
               the majority of amounts applied to lands adjacent to the proposed sanctuary region. Also, it should be
               noted that Clallum and Jefferson counties extend inland to Puget Sound; as a result, the total amount of
               agricultural pesticides applied in study Areas 4 and 7 is probably less than amounts estimated for those
               entire counties.



               Additional Sources of Pesticides

               Agricultural pesticide use in the Puget Sound and Columbia River Estuarine Drainage Areas (EDAs) is
               significantly higher than in drainage areas discharging to coastal waters of the proposed marine sanctuary.
               While it is possible that pesticides from the Columbia River'and Puget Sound EDAs may aff ect the areas of
               the proposed sanctuary, it is unlikely because of travel times and amounts of dilution that occur in these
               systems.


               Comparison of West Coast Pesticide Application Patterns by State

               In comparison to the rest of the West Coast, Washington ranks second to California in agricultural
               pesticide application to coastal areas. More than three times as much pesticide was applied in coastal
               areas of California than in Washington. It should be noted, however, that California has significantly more
               coastal land area than Oregon and Washington combined.



               Source:      National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory Program Data Base on Pesticide Use in Coastal Areas
                            of the United States







                     Appendix Table C.1. Summary of pollutant discharge's into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                             and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                                    Flow (millions of gallons per year)

                                                                    Point Sources                                                  Nonpoint Sources                                   All Sources


                                     USGS       Study         Wastewater     Direct Industrial          Urban         Cropland       Forestland        Pasture/        Upstream
                          Cataloging Unit         Area Treatment Plants           Dischargers           Runoff           Runoff           Runoff         Range          Sources                 Total

                                 17100101            4                 40               7,630               567                0        798,700            6,666                 0         813,603
                                 17100102            4                 97               4,292                  0               0        599,100              582                 0         604,011
                                 17100103            7                    8            11,800               173          2,440            12,220           1,649        824,000            852,289
                                 17100104            7                417              27,480           11,800           14,350         315,600          12,470                  0         382,117
                                 17100105            7              2,403              17,530             7,154          4,390          219,800            1,260                 0         252,537
                                 17100106            7                636               6,033               100          3,782          212.700            5,973                 0         229,224

                      Study Region Total:                           3,602              74,705           19,794           24,962      2,158,120           28,600         824,000           3,133,781
                        West Coast Total:                         971,400              702,000         862,500        750,200-       8,858,000        1,352,000      94,850,000        112,500,000
                        % of West Coast:                               0.4                 10.6             2.3            3.3              24.4             2.1             0.9                  2.8




                                                                                          BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (tons per year)

                                                                    Point Sources -                                                Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                     USGS        Study        Wastewater     Direct Industrial          Urban         Cropland       Forestland        Pasture/        Upstream
                          Cataloging Unit         Area Treatment Plants           Dischargers           Runoff           Runoff           Runoff         Range          Sources                Total

                                 17100101            4                 5.1              153.0               28.4           0.0          8,061.1              9.4             0.0           8,257.0
                                 17100102            4                12.9                 84.8             0.0            0.0          4,152.1              0.8             0.0           4,250.6
                                 17100103            7                 1.1             1,648.0              10.9           93.8            116.3             4.8        5,160.0            7,034.8
                                 17100104            7                63.5             4,068.2            589.0            28.4         5,187.4            11.2              0.0           9,947.7
                                 17100105            7                89.8             2,384.0            459.0            0.3          3,526.0              1.2             0.0           6,460.3
                                 17100106            7              114.0               482.3               50.3         256.6          7,058.5            21.5              0.0           7,983.3

                      Study Region Total:                           286.3              8,820.3          1,137.6          379.1         28,101.5            48.8         5,160.0            43,933.7
                        West Coast Total:                       339,670.0             54,580.0        46,748.0        58,652.0       232,630.0        163,840.0       620,180.0        1,516,300.0
                         % of West Coast:                              0.1                 16.2             2.4            0.6             .12.1             0.0             0.8                 2.9

                      Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD








                      Appendix Table C. 1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                              and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                               TSS - Total Suspended Solids (tons per year)

                                                                    Point Sources-                                                 Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                     USGS        Study        Wastewater     Direct Industrial           Urban        Cropland       Forestland         Pasture/       Upstream
                           Cataloging Unit        Area Treatment Plants           Dischargers            Runoff         Runoff            Runoff          Range        Sources                 Total

                                 17100101             4                5.1               191.0            426.0             0.0       474,010.0            314.7             0.0         474,950.0
                                 17100102             4                18.6              106.2              0.0             0.0       787,520.0            108.0             0.0         787,750.0
                                 17100103             7                1.1               951.0            138.0        4,690.7           5,634.0           237.8       20,600.0           32,253.0
                                 17100104             7                88.3            4,398.3          8,840.0        1,435.1        209,640.0            615.9             0.0         225,020.0
                                 17100105             7                66.8            5,782.4          5,744.0            20.8       141,010.0             60.6             0.0         152,680.0
                                 17100106             7             174.0                362.2            755.0       11,716.0        282,110.0          1,434.3             0.0         296,550.0

                      Study Region Total:                           353.8             11,791.1         15,903.0       17,862.5      1,899,924.0         2,771.4        20,600.0        1,969,205.9
                        West Coast Total:                       224,090.0            77,892.0        660,710.0      9,737,500       23,592,000      35,790,000       30,833,000       101,000,000
                         % of West Coast:                              0.2                15.1              2.4             0.2              8.1             0.0             0.1                 1.9




                                                                                                    TN - Total Nitrogen (tons per year)

                                                                    Point Sources                                                  Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                     USGS       Study         Wastewater     Direct Industrial          Urban        Cropland        Forestland        Pasture/       Upstream
                           Cataloging Unit       Area  Treatment Plants           Dischargers           Runoff          Runoff           Runoff          Range         Sources                Total

                                 17100101             4                1.9                22.3              6.5             0.0         4,023.5              4.7             0.0          4,058.9
                                 17100102             4                4.6                12.4              0.0             0.0         2,075.8              0.4             0.0          2,093.2
                                 17100103             7                0.5               116.7              2.1           73.1             58.2              2.4       2,890.0            3,143.0
                                 17100104             7                22.9              104.2           136.0            29.1          2,593.6              5.6             0.0          2,891.4
                                 17100105             7             113.5                 65.5             89.1             3.6         1,763.1              0.6             0.0          2,035.4
                                 17100106             7                37.1               31.4             11.6          139.6          3,524.0             10.8             0.0          3,754.5

                      Study Region Total:                           180.4               352.5            245.4           245.4         14,038.3            24.4        2,890.0           17,976.3
                        West Coast Total:                        55,648.0             3,605.1         10,167.0       39,110.0        116,300.0        81,931.0       330,520.0          644,520.0
                        % of West Coast:                               0.3                 9.8              2.4            0.6             12.1              0.0             0.9                2.8

                      Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD







                     Appendix Table C. 1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                             and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                                 TP - Total Phosphorus (tons per year)

                                                                   Point Sources                                                   Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                    USGS        Study         Wastewater     Direct Industrial          Urban        Cropland        Forestiand        Pasture/        Upstream
                          Cataloging Unit        Area  Treatment Plants           Dischargers            Runoff         Runoff           Runoff           Range         Sources                Total

                                 17100101            4                 1.3                 3.2              1.0            0.0             40.2              0.0             0.0               45.8
                                 17100102            4                 2.8                 1.8              0.0            0.0             20.8              0.0             0.0               25.4
                                 17100103            7                 0.4                 4.5              0.3            2.3              0.6              0.0           129.0               137.2
                                 17100104            7               17.3                  8.0            20.6             1.2             25.9              0.1             0.0               73.1
                                 17100105            7               71.4                  3.2            14.4             0.2             17.6              0.0             0.0               106.d
                                 17100106            7               30.0                  2.7              1.8            2.1             35.2              0.1             0.0               71.9


                      Study Region Total:                            123.2                23.4            38.0             5.9             140.4             0.2           129.0               460.1
                        West Coast Total:                        39,844.0                312.9          1.576.7         1,029.6          1,163.0           819.3        30,738.0           75,574.0
                        % of West Coast:                               0.3                 7.5              2.4            0.6             12.1              0.0             0.4                0.6




                                                                                                      As - Arsenic (tons per year)

                                                                   Point Sources                                                   Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                     USGS       Study         Wastewater     Direct Industrial           Urban        Cropland       Forestland        Pasture/        Upstream
                           Cataloging Unit        Area Treatment Plants           Dischargers            Runoff         Runoff           Runoff           Range         Sources                Total

                                 17100101            4                 0.0                 0.0              0.0            0.0              3.1              0.0             0.0                3.1
                                 17100102            4                 0.0                 0.0              0.0            0.0              5.1              0.0             0.0                5.1
                                 17100103            7                 0.0                 0.0              0.0            0.0              0.0              0.0             3.4                3.5
                                 17100104            7                 0.1                 0.0              0.3            0.0              1.4              0.0             0.0                1.8
                                 17100105            7                 0.3                 0.0              0.2            0.0              0.9              0.0             0.0                1.5
                                 17100106            7                 0.1                 0.0              0.0            0.1              1.8              0.0             0.0                2.0


                      Study Region Total:                              0.5                 0.0              0.6            0.1             12.4              0.0             3.4               17.0
                        West Coast Total:                            91.7                 24.1            24.2             77.7           114.5            221.8           630.7            1,184.6
                         % of West Coast:                              0.5                 0.1              2.4            0.1             10.8              0.0             0.5                1.4

                      Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD







                   Appendix Table C.I. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                        and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                              Cd - Cadmium (tons per year)

                                                            Point Sources                                             Nonpoint Sources                             All Sources

                                 USGS      Study       Wastewater    Direct Industrial        Urban       Cropland      Forestland      Pasture/      Upstream
                        Cataloging Unit     Area Treatment Plants         Dischargers         Runoff        Runoff          Runoff        Range        Sources             Total

                             17100101          4               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.0            0.2            0.0           0.0               0.2
                             17100102          4               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.0            0.3            0.0           0.0               0.3
                             17100103          7               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.0            0.0            0.0           3.4               3.4
                             17100104          7               0.1               0.0             0.1           0.0            0.1            0.0           0.0               0.2
                             17100105          7               0.1               0.1             0.1           0.0            0.1            0.0           0.0               0.4
                             17100106          7               0.1               0.0             0.0           0.0            0.1            0.0           0.0               0.2

                   Study Region Total:                         0.3               0.1             0.2           0.0            0.8            0.0           3.4               4.8
                      West Coast Total:                        72.9              8.2             7.3           3.9            9.4            14.3         431.7            547.7
                      % of W931 Coast:                         0.4               1.6             2.4           0.2            8.0            0.0           0.8               0.9




                                                                                              Cr - Chromium (tons per year)


                                                            Point Sources                                            Nonpoint Sources                              All Sources


                                 USGS      Study       Wastewater    Direct Industrial        Urban       Cropland      Forestland      Pasture/      Upstream
                       Cataloging Unit      Area Treatment Plants        Dischargers          Runoff        Runoff         Runoff         Range        Sources             Total

                             17100101          4               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.0           47.4            0.0           0.0             47.5
                             17100102          4               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.0           78.8            0.0           0.0             78.8
                             17100103          7               0.0               0.0             0.0           0.5            0.6            0.0           34.4            35.5
                             17100104          7               0.1               1.0             0.5           0.1           21.0            0.1           0.0             22.8
                             17100105          7               0.4               1.5             0.5           0.0           14.1            0.0           0.0@-'          16.6
                             17100106          7               0.2               0.0             0.0           1.2           28.2            0.1           0.0             29.8


                   Study Region Total:                         0.8               2.6             1.1           1.8          190.0            0.3           34.4           230.8
                      West Coast Total:                      240.8               74.5           42.5         814.5        2,166.4       3,017.2         4,195.5         10,551.3
                      % of West Coast:                         0.3               3.4             2.5           0.2            8.8            0.0           0.8               2.2


                   Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD







                     Appendix Table CA - Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                             and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                                           Pb - Lead (tons per year)

                                                                   Point Sources                                                  Nonpoint Sources                                  All Sources

                                    USGS        Study         Wastewater    Direct Industrial           Urban        Cropland       Forestland         Pasture/       Upstream
                          Cataloging Unit        Area  Treatment Plants          Dischargers            Runoff          Runoff           Runoff          Range          Sources               Total

                                 17100101             4                0.0                 0.0             0.4             0.0             11.4             0.0             0.0                11.8
                                 17100102             4                0.0                 0.0             0.0             0.0             15.7             0.0             0.0                15.7
                                 17100103             7                0.0                 0.0             0.2             0.1              0.1             0.0             17.4               17.8
                                 17100104             7                0.1                 0.3             8.9             0.0              4.2             0.0             0.0                13.6
                                 17100105             7                0.5                 1.1             6.3             0.0              2.8             0.0             0.0                10.6
                                 17100106             7                0.1                 0.0             0.8             0.2              5.6             0.0             0.0                  6.8


                      Study Region Total:                              0.7                 1.4             16.6            0.4             39.8             0.1             17.4               76.3
                        West Coast Total:                            191.5                55.7           684.4           204.0           411.4            824.6          1,013.2           3,384.8
                        % of West Coast:                               0.4                 2.5             2.4             0.2              9.7             0.0             1.7                 2.3




                                                                                                        Hg - Mercury (pounds per year)

                                                                   Point Sources                                                   Nonpoint Sources                                 All Sources


                                     USGS        Study        Wastewater     Direct Industrial          Urban        Cropland        Forestland        Pasture/       Upstream
                           Cataloging Unit        Area Treatment Plants           Dischargers           Runoff          Runoff           Runoff          Range         Sources                Total

                                 17100101             4                0.1                 0.0             0.5             0.0           132.6              0.1             0.0               133.3
                                 17100102             4                0.3                 0.0             0.0             0.0           165.7              0.0             0.0              166.1
                                 17100103             7                0.0                 0.0             0.2             1.0              1.9             0.1           725.0              728.2
                                 17100104             7                1.7                 6.9             9.8             0.6             82.0             0.2             0.0              101.2
                                 17100105             7                7.6                15.8             9.2             0.0             56--3            0.0             0.0                89.0
                                 17100106             7                2.8                 0.1             0.8             4.7           .112.5             0.6             0.0              121.5


                       Study Region Total:                             12.5               22.8             20.6            6.2           551.1              1.0           725.0            1,339.2
                         West Coast Total:                         4,535.3               912.4            835.5        2,399.0          4,377.2        8,271.1       227.861.4          249,191.9
                         % of West Coast:                              0.3                 2.5             2.5             0.3             12.6             0.0             0.3                 0.5


                       Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD







                   Appendix Table C.1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit
                                        and source category (circa 1984).

                                                                                              Oil and Grease (tons per year)

                                                            Point Sources                                            Nonpoint Sources                             All Sources

                                 USGS      Study       Wastewater    Direct Industrial       Urban       Cropland      Forestiand       Pasture/     Upstream
                       Cataloging Unit      Area Treatment Plants        Dischargers          Runoff       Runoff          Runoff         Range       Sources              Total

                             17100101         4                2.6               0.0            16.9          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0              19.5
                             17100102         4                4.6               0.0             0.0          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0               4.6
                             17100103         7                1.0               0.0             5.2          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0               6.1
                             17100104         7               33.6               2.4           191.0          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0            227.0
                             17100105         7              116.5               0.6           159.4          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0            276.4
                             17100106         7                60.9              0.7            15.4          0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0             77.0


                   Study Region Total:                       219.1               3.6          387.9           0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0            610.6
                     West Coast Total:                    62,561.5           1.652.2       29,581.3           0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0         93,795.1
                     % of West Coast:                          0.4               0.2             1.3          N/A             N/A           N/A            N/A              0.7


                   Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD








                                         Appendix Table C.2--Major point source dischargers into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington
                                                                 marine sanctuary (circa 1984).

                                           Study          USGS              NPDES                                                         sic                                                Flow - In millions
                                           Area      Cataloginq Unit         Code                          Facility Name                  Code                      Activity                   of aallonstyear

                                             7          17100103         WA0039144            Domsea Farms                                2091        Canned and cured seafoods                           900.0
                                             7          17100104         WA0000809            Weyerhaeuser Co., Cosmopolls                2611        Pulp mills                                        8,220.0
                                             7          17100105         WA0003077            ITT Rayonler Inc., Hoquiam                  2611        Pulp mills                                        9,760.0
                                             7          17100105         WA0037192            Aberdeen Sewage Treatment Plant             4952        Sewerage systems                                  1,680.0
                                             7          17100105         WA0020915            Hoqulam Sewage Treatment Plant              4952        Sewerage systems                                    617.0
                                             7          17100106         WA0024848            Peterson and Sons Seafood, Inc.             2091        Canned and cured seafoods                           110.0
                                             7          17100106         WA0001988            Harbor Bell, Inc.                           2092        Fresh and frozen packaged fish                        43.6
                                           Total                                                                                                                                                       21.330.6

                                         Notes: NPDES-- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
                                         Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD










                    Appendix C.3--Descriptlon of pollutant outputs by major point sources discharging Into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washingtor
                                    marine sanctuary (circa 1984).

                                                                   BOD           TSS            TN            TP      Arsenic     Cadmium       Chromium           Lead          Mercury    Oil & Grease
                    Facility Name                             tons/year     tons/year     tons/year    tons/year    tons/year     tons/year      tons/year   tons/year      pounds/year          tons/year


                    Domsea Farm&                                 1,430            679           85             0            0             0               0              0                0                 0
                    Weyerhaeuser Co., Cosmopolls                 3,680          3,910           48             0            0             0           1.03         0.343              6.86                  0
                    ITT Rayonier Inc., Hoquiam                   2,140          5,520           39             0       0.0257         0.128           1.48           1.05             15.8                  0
                    Aberdeen Sewage Treatment Plant                  60            30           79            49        0.226        0.0792          0.301         0.313              5.23                 79
                    Hoquiarn Sewage Treatment Plant                  11            15           29            18       0.0831        0.0291           0.11         0.115              1.92                 29
                    Peterson and Sons Seafood, Inc.                 255           155             9            0    0.000157      0.000784        0.00392         0.0047            0.0627                  0
                    Harbor Bell, Inc.                                76            39             4            0            0             0               0              0                0                 0


                    Totals                                       7.651        10.348           292            67            0             0               3              2               30               108

                    Notes: BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand; TSS - Total Suspended Solids; TN - Total Nitrogen;                               TP - Total     Phosphorus
                    Source: Strategic Assessrnent Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD













                            Appendix Table C.4--Number of direct discharging point sources within counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed
                                              coastal Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984).

                                 USGS           Study               Industrial          Waste Water Treatment Plants             Total
                             Cataloging Unit     Area        Malor   Minor    Total       Major    'Minor   Total       Malor    Minor    Total

                               17100101           4            0       2        2           0         2        2           0       4        4
                               17100102           4            0       2        2           0         2        2           0       4        4
                               17100103           7            1       5        6           0         1        1           1       6        7
                               17100104           7            1       9        10          0         3        3           1       12       13
                               17100105           7            1       17       18          2         2        4           3       19       22
                               17100106           7            2       16       18          0         4        4           2       20       22


                                 Totals                        5       51       56          2         14       16          7       65       72

                             Note: The qualifiers *Major* and "Minor" are from EPA'a classification for discharging facilities.












                  APPENDIX D










                           Table 13.1 --Socio-sconorric information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: Demographics.


                               Region                                          Population by age group                                                                   Total population                                             Population
                                                                                        (1980)                                                                               by year                                                   Density
                                                                 Under 5       5-17         Under 18      18-64        Over 65           1960       1970           1980           1988           1990          2000           2010        1988

                           Oulair Washinglon Cout
                               CA&Ilarn County                   4.W9          9.957        13,966      30,370         7.312          3D,022        34,770         51,U8          56,000         58,802        67,801         73.577       32
                               Grays Harbor County               5,252         13.716       18.968      38.950         8.396          54,465        59.553         66.314         6ZOOO          64.011        67,463         70.953       33
                               Jefferson County                  1.071         2.907        3,978         9,469        Z518             9.639       10.661         15,965         19,500         21,048        25,490         28.150       11
                               Pacific County                    1.168         3.221        4,409         900          Z968           14,674        15,796         17.237         17.800         17.937        19.138         20.216       2D
                               Coundes combined                  11,5M         2Q.801       41,321      88,649         21,194        108.800       120.780       151,164        156,200        161,798        179,892        192,8M        24
                               County a verage                   zeso          7,450        10.330      2Z162          5,299          27.200        31). 195       37,791         39.050         40.450        44.973         48,224       24

                           Stdo of WasMngton
                               Cmral counties
                                 combined                      306,123       833.237    1.139.360     2.561.234      431,562       2,853.000     3,413,000      4,132.GW       4,648,000      4,733,000     5.235,000      5,593.000       M
                               County average                    7,649         21.365       20,214      65,673         11.066         73,154        87.513       105,949        119,179        121,359        134.231        143.410       ?0
                           wag cc" (1)
                               coastal counties
                                 combkied                    1,681,325     4,639,395    6,320,720    15.11Z452     2,401,728      16.171.902    20,485.022     23.835,249     27.574,600     28,250,430    31,2S8,948     33,497,063      351
                               County average                    3Z333         89,219     121,552       290,624        46,187        311.000       393,943       458.370        530,281        543.278        601,711        644,174      351
                           Total C"" USA (2)
                               Coastal counties
                                 combined                    6,919,389    20,505,029   27.424.418   62.016.017    11,407.738      79.757,a29    92,941.938   100,949.575    110,181,700    111,643.081    120,005,141    127,226.234      157
                               County average                    15,342        45,466       60,808      137.508        25,294        176,847       206,080       223,613        244.305        247,546        266,087        282,098      157


                           (1) Washington. Oregon, and California.
                           (2) includes Alikska, Hawaii. and to Great Lakes region.

                           Sources: Bureau of the Census. 1989. Current Populations Reports, Population Estimates and Projections. Series p-26, No. 88-a. County Population Estimates: July 1, 1988, 1987, and 1986.
                                        U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Prindng Office. 45 pp.
                                      National Planning Association Data Services, Inc. 1988. Key Indicators of County Growth, 1970-2010 jdata base). Washington. D.C.: National Planning Association Data Services, Inc.
                                      Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Populations Statistics (data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information Products, Inc.









                        Table D.2--Sodo-ooonomic Information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA:
                                       Single unit housing construction permits and levels of occupancy.


                             Region                                 Numbers of Construction Permits                    Total                    Total                   Total Yew-round                  Aggregate Value
                                                                     for Skyle Housing Units by Year                  Housing Units Units Occupied                  Detached Housing (3)                   in Dollars (4)
                                                                   1985       1986       1987       1988     1989          (1980)               (1980)                      (1980)                             (1980) -

                        Outer WasNnglon Coast
                           Clallam County                          178         230       195        283       414          21.851               19,996                      14,908                            2,479.525
                           Grays Harbor County                     1W            95        9D       108       118          28.596               25,181                      18.912                            2,509.515
                           Jefferson County                        126         125       127        137       255          8,826                6.359                         5,740                              849,725
                           Pacific County                            4           58        5D         46        56         10,949               6.940                         5.810                              616,010
                           Counties combined                       454         508       462        574       S43          70,224               58,476                      45.370                            6.454,775
                           County average                          114         127       116        144       211          17.566               14,619                      11,343                            1,613,694

                        Side of W&Mngton
                           Coastal coundei combined              17.041      19,282    19,962     21,484    26.420      1.689.450            1.540,510                    1.145,365                           80.183.508
                           Comfy average                           437         494       512        551       677          4.%319               39,500                      67,376                            2.055.987

                        WON cam (1)
                           Cvastal counfies combined             91,908     107.543   103,089   114.925 121.473         9,347,412           8,807,322                    5,292,796                        1,554,550,670
                           county average                         1,767       zose       1,982     2.210    2,336         179.758               169.372                    101,785                           29,895.205
                        TOM Coesial USA (2)
                           Coastal ooundes combined 430.90                 479,222    465.496    448.062  420,071      39.598,626          36,236,919                  2D, 103,017                        4,409,191,540
                           County averaos                          956        1,063      1,032      993       931          87,8D2               80,348                      44,574                            9,776,478


                        (1) Washington, Oregon. and California.
                        (2) Includes Alaska. Hawaii. and the Great Lakes region.
                        (3) Total yew-round, detached. singla@ family housing units (includes owner-occupied and rentals).
                        (4) Aggregation for all nonvondominiurn dwellings (owner-oocupied only). Value should be multiplied by 250.
                        Sources:, Bureau of to Census. 1988. County and City Data Book, 1988. U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp. + Appendices.
                                  Bureau of to Census. 1990. Building Permit Date Offiadng Infommdon Package (data base]. Prepared by die Construction Statistics Division, Building Permits Branch.
                                    Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Commerce.
                                 Slater Hall Information Producls, Inc. 1988. Populadoni Stafis6cs [data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information Products, Inc.













         Z_









                              Table D.3--Sodo-economlc Information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA:
                                               Ernployment and farming Information.


                                   Region                                                                             Employment                                                                     Farming (1982)                        Total Land
                                                                                         Numbers per sector (1985)                                          Total               Told                 Farm          Value of                Area (1980)
                                                                                                                                                        work force        unemployed              acreage          farm report
                                                                  Manufacturing          Retail      FIRE (3)      Service       Total non-farm             1986                1986              (x 1000)        ($ x 1kk)                   (sq. mi.)

                              Outer Wastilngwri Coast
                                   Clalarn County                       Z785             3,010           454          2,292           10,660                21,9W               Z161                   28                    6                   1,753
                                   Grays Harbor County                  r%782            3,735           598          3,305           16,066                25,9`10             3,272                  49                    17                  1.918
                                   Jefferson County                        644              943          117             700            2.876               7,776                  638                 16                    3                   1,805
                                   Pacific County                          M                827          155             772            3.441               6.968                  870                 3D                    9                     908
                                   Counties combined                    10.200           8,515          1.324         7,069           33,043                6Z610               6.941                132                     35                  6,384
                                   Comfy average                        Z550             Z129            331          1,767             8,261               15,653              1,735                  33                    9                   1,596

                              sh"olw"Wrigton
                                   Coastaf coundes
                                     combined                         280,329           300,816      100.123        361.519        1,336,675            2,178,000              179,DDO            16,470                Z831                   66,511
                                   County average                       7.18111          7.713          2,567         9,270           34,274                55'M                4,590                422                     73                  1.705
                              WON COON (1)
                                   Coastal counties
                                     comt0ir"                       Z266,532          1,945,214      807.037     2,737,134         9,803.060           13,454,362             846,407             1Z921                 4,843                  78.502
                                   County average                      43,5W             37,408       15.5m          SZ637           188,520              268.738               16,277               248                     93                  1.510
                              Totd ConW USA (2)
                                   Ckinstal coundes
                                     combined                       8.449,476        7.819,010     3.250.097    11,287.437       38,927,505            53,121,270            %470243              6Z471                16,987                 701.894
                                   County average                       18,735           17,337,       7,206         25,028           86,314             1 @ 7,786              7,695                139                     38                  1,


                              (1) Washington, Oregon, and California.
                              (2) Includes Alaska, Hawaii, and the Great Lakes region.
                              (3) Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate.

                              Source: Bureau of d-w Consts. 1988. County and City Data Book 1988. U. S. Departrnent of Comrnerce. WasNnglion, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp.                                           Appendices.










                  APPENDIX E








                 Appendix I- Living Marine Resources Information


                 Methodology for the Comparative Significance of Study Areas analyses

                 The relative importance of the seven analysis areas within the marine sanctuary study region was
                 determined by examining information concerning distribution and abundance of the region's
                 living marine resources. The assumption of this exary@ination was that an area which was important
                 at the highest level of significance for the greatest number of species would be more valuable as a
                 marine sanctuary than other study areas. This was tested by evaluating the "significance" of each
                 study area based on geographical distributions for any life stage of a variety of species. The
                 species selected for this analysis were those addressed in the West Coast of North America
                 Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas, a NOAA publication. They included
                 19 species of invertebrates, 33 fishes, 22 marine birds, and 24 marine mammals. The following is
                 a list of factors relating to this analysis.
                          ï¿½ Each group of species (i.e., invertebrates, fishes, etc.) was treated separately, but
                             exar@nined similarly.
                          ï¿½ The criterion for the analysis was the extent that the species used the study area (i.e.,
                             how much of a species' distribution covered the area) and the relative level of
                             abundance of the species as shown in the atlas (e.g., occasional occurrence, adult
                             area, major adult area, etc.).
                          ï¿½ Scores were given to each area for every species as follows:
                              -'3" for vefy significant presence. For this rating, at least one-quarterof the study area
                                contained the highest level of abundance present off the contiguous U.S. West
                                Coast (for any life stage), and most of the remaining portion of the study area con-
                                tained other levels of abundance.
                             --"2" for significant presence. This rating was given when at least haft of the study area
                                contained the at least the lowest level of abundance present off the West Coast.
                             --"l " for present, but not significantly. This rating was given when less than half of the
                                study area contained the lowest level of abundance present off the West Coast.
                             --"0" for not present.
                          ï¿½ A two-person team analyzed each group.
                          ï¿½ No judgements were made regarding the importance of the species.
                          ï¿½ After the team examined its group, the two team members compared their independent
                             evaluations and reconciled scoring differences.
                 The relative significance of each area was then determined by summing the scores for all species
                 in the group: the higher the cumulative total, the more important the area.


                 The above described analysis attempted to objectively examine qualitative information to derive
                 the relative importance of one study area to another. However, the analysis was somewhat biased
                 toward species with wide geographic distributions. For example, market squid pelagically occurs
                 along most of the West Coast from coastal waters to far offshore, while Pacific razor clam is found
                 only along sandy beaches at very restricted depths. Area 7, a shallow-water nearshore area, was
                 scored identically for the two species, even though high concentrations of the razor clam occur in
                 this area. The identical moderate score (12") resulted because the razor clam concentrations
                 occur only in a narrow band that was smaller than that identified for the highest rating ("31.
                 Because of possibly low rankings of limited-distribution species, a second analysis was performed
                 on invertebrates and fishes. This analysis incorporated a "density index" into scoring species
                 importance for each study area. Since all species examined have recreational and/or commercial
                 importance, the density index was based on commercial and sport catch statistics for harvests in








                    Appendix E
                    Methodology...(continued).

                    the study region. The index ranged from 10 to 1, depending upon harvest levels. For example, a
                    heavily harvested species like Dungeness crab was assigned an index value of "l 0", the mod-
                    erately harvested giant octopus was assigned an index value of *4*, and the slightly harvested
                    spot shrimp was assigned a value of "2*. The study area score from the previous analysis was
                    then multiplied by the density index and resulted in the following scores:
                            --21 to 30. This score was given to an area when it contained a widely distributed and
                               highly abundant species.
                            --11 to 20. This score was assigned when the area contained a species that was either
                               widely distributed or highly abundant.
                            --10 or less. This score was assigned when the area contained a species that only
                               occasionally occurred there and not abundantly.

                    An area's relative importance was then determined by summing that area's scores for all species
                    and comparing the totals for each area.







                       Table E.1 --Estimated volumes (lbs) landed for commerical harvests from along Washington's outer coast and from
                                         all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988.

                                                            Washington's outer coast (1)                              Washington in-state total (2)
                            Species (3)                      1987               1988          Average                 1987               1988            Average
                       albacore                         183,986          2,456,513          1,320,250             183,986         2,456,513          1,320,250
                       northern anchovy                 171,111             78,864            124,988             171,111             78,957             125,034
                       Pacific herring                           0                  0             - 0           1,190,921         1,756,510          1,473,716
                       silver smelt                      75,330             64,762             70,046             135,132           150,846              142,989

                       Pacific halibut                  322,121            267,218            294,670             346,948           286,047              316,498
                       butter sole                             60                   0                30             1,478              3,266              2,372
                       Dover sole                     3,239,532          4,229,425          3,734,479           3,288,115         4,278,631          3,783,373
                       English sole                   1,002,043            835,678            918,861           1,813,727         1,835,938          1,824,833
                       petrale sole                     999,804            836,134            917,969           1,000,044           1336,276             918,160
                       rex sole                         130,157             93,849            112,003             130,639             93,849             112,244
                       rock sole                           5,837              7,223             6,530              74,810             63,771             69,291
                       sand sole                        197,417             50,852            124,135             255,100           141,008              198,054'
                       sole spp.                         13,854             12,550             13,202              13,884             12,550             13,217
                       sanddab                           12,870               5,169             9,020              13,013              5.169              9,091
                       starry flounder                  111,114            259,570            185,342             612,439           818,031              715,235
                       arrowtooth flounder            4,315,506          2,654,272          3,484,889           4,324,834         2,660,171          3,492,503

                       sablefish                      6,219,161          6,034,711          6,126,936           6,257,003         6,105,933          6,181,468
                       lingcod                        2,211,308          1,589,194          1,900,251           2,332,417         1,682,270          2,007,344
                       Pacific cod                    3,273,366          4,773,738          4,023,552           5,029,319         5,971,136          5,500,228
                       walleye pollock                   58,289             47,048             52,669             134,812             69,023             101,918
                       Pacific whiting                     5,700            35,397             20,549             672,588           616,217              644,403

                       Pacific ocean perch              979,545          1,190,554          1,085,050             979,890         1,190,554          1,085,222
                       idiot rockfish                                       64,003             32,002           7,069,021             64,057         3,566,539
                       widow rockfish                                    5,223,678          2,611,839           3,694,795         5,223,820          4,459,308
                       yellowtail rockfish                               4,846,618          2,423,309                     0       4,917,578          2,458,789
                       rockfish spp                  16.190,859          3,910,067         10,050.463           5,557,830         3,912,644          4,735,237
                       rockfish oth.                                     2,544,913          1,272,457                     0       2,662,550          1,331,275

                       striped seaperch                          0                  0                  0           18,178             18,253             18,216
                       pile perch                              98               232                 165            79,137             99,671             89,404
                       silver perch                           128                 12                 70                128                  12                70
                       sculpins spp.                       1,964              2,441             2,203               4,629              4,888              4,759

                       sharks spp.                         2,173              2,761             2,467               5,075              4,213              4,644
                       blue shark                             497               123                 310                497                123                310
                       spiny dogfish                    301,176            431,075            366,126           3,456,157         3,520,486          3,488,322
                       soupfin shark                       3,332              2,410             2,871               3,593              2,410              3.002
                       thresher shark                    60,144               1,792            30,968              60,144              1,792             30,968
                       skates                           103,732             55,180             79,456             336,133           279,953              308,043

                       chinook salmon                 2,616,986          2,570,789          2,593,888         .8,016,318          8,893,032          8,454,675
                       chum salmon                    1,307.989          2,055,501          1,681,745         13,953,578         17,994,381         15,973,980
                       pink salmon                       93,401                 234            46,818           9,611,376              1,076         4,806,226
                       ooho salmon                    2,277,399          8,180,325          5,228,862         12,7a433            8,247,784         10,485,109
                       sockeye salmon                   100,993            103,083            102,038         11,930,998          5.310,045          8,620,522

                       butter clam                               0                  0                  0           15,315              8,561             11,938
                       cockles                                   0                  0                  0            1,657              2,450              2,054
                       horse clams                               0                  0                  0           21,648              6,575             14,112
                       geoduc                                    0                  0                  0        4,462,055         4,608,828          4,5535,442
                       Pacific littleneck                13,977                 206             7,092           1,253,165           960,082          1,106,624
                       razor clam                             103                 94                 99                103                 94                 99
                       Manila clam                      119,003             80,134             99,56g           3,888,210         3,124,197          3,506,204
                       softshell clams                           0            6,031             3,016 1           344,210           135,645              239,928








                Table E. 1 --Estimated volumes (lbs) landed ... (continued)

                                                  Washington's outer coast (1)                          Washington in-state total (2)
                    Species (3)                    1987             1988        - Average               1987              1988         Average
                blue mussel                            0                 0                0          284,039          248,861          266,450
                California mussel                      0                 0                0              645                 0              323
                mussels spp.                         75                  0              38           12,885                  0            6,443
                Olympia oyster                         0                 0                0            7,125          38,464            22,795
                Pacific oyster               6,374,513         5,437,602        5,906,058          9,436,221       7,777,552         8,606,887
                Kumamoto oyster                        0                 0                0              312                89              201
                European oyster                        0                 0                0            9,030             8,385            8,708

                Dungeness crab               5,067,139        14,546,162        9,806,651          6,720,516       16,480,027       11,600,272

                coonstripe shrimp                      0               20                10          50,598           98,420            74,509
                spot shrimp                            0                 0                0          34,214           65,861            50,038
                sidestripe shrimp                      0                 0                0             1,002              856              929
                ocean pink shrimp           12,168,800        14,690,461       13,429,631         12,202,834       14,715,282       13,459,058

                scallops                               0                 0                0          39,163           46,682            42,923
                octopus                          38,237           47,210            42,724           85,041            131,096         108,069
                squid                             1,669               519            1,094             8,720             3,280            6,000
                sea cucumbers                          0                 0                0          365,081       2,100,114         1,232,598
                red sea urchin                         0            7,030            3,515         3,602,986       8,846,945         6,224,966
                green sea urchin                       0              - 0                 0          300,258       1,010,090           655.174
                iTotals               i     -70,374,485       90,335,415      8055-2 796-3t-l 48,631,250          152,691,858     15-0-,65-9- 576-71

                Notes:
                (1) Cape Flattery to Cape Disappointment; landings for anadromous species include harvests from coastal rivers.
                (2) Includes outer coastal waters, the Strait of Juan De Fuca, Puget Sound, and Washington rivers (landings for Columbia
                    River tributaries are incorporated).
                (3) Estimates are based on 1987 and 19M pounds landed by State of Washington statistical subarea provided by
                     Dale Ward, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.







                      Tablo E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings from harvests along Washington's outer coast and
                                  from all Washington waters, 1987 and 19M.

                                                           Washington's outer coast (1)                                 Washington in-state total (2)
                          Species (3)                    1987               1988            Average               1987               1988           Av2E2qe_
                      albacore                        132,249          2,048,977         1,090,613             132,249         2,048,977          1,090,613
                      northern anchovy                   58,742             29,945          44,344               58,742            29,980             44,361
                      Pacific herring                          0                 0                 0           479,346         1,085,348            782,347
                      silver smelt                       8,814              22,304          15,559               15,810            51 X1              33,881

                      Pacific halibut                 464,273            328,892            396,582            500,056           352,067            426,061
                      butter sole                            25                  0                12                611              1,225                918
                      Dover sole                      827,053          1,079,772            953,412            839,456         1,092,334            965,895
                      English sole                    296,304            247,110            271,707            536,319           542,887            539,603
                      petrale sole                    747,653            625,261            686,457            747,833           625,367            686,600
                      rex sole                           39,112             28,202          33,657               39,257            28,202             33,729
                      rock sole                          2,185              3,021             2,603              28,001            26,669             27,335
                      sand sole                       121,017               31,172          76,094             156,376             86,438           121,407
                      sole spp.                          5,729              4.482             5,105               5,741              4,482             5,111
                      sanddab                            4,129              1,658             2,893               4,175              1,658             2,916
                      starry flounder                    28,323             66,164          -47,244            156,111           208,516            182,313
                      arrowtooth flounder             630,064            361,246            495,655            631,426           362,049            496,738

                      sablefish                     4,215,347          4,608,105         4,411,726           4,240,997         4,662,490          4,451,744
                      lingood                         773,294            500,278            636,786            815,646           529,579            672,612
                      Pacific cod                   1,063,189          1,281,749         1,172,469           1,633,523         1,603,250          1,618,386
                      walleye pollock                    10,271             3,359             6,815              23,754              4,928            14,341
                      Pacific whiting                      305              1,734             1,020              35,993            30,195             33,089

                      Pacific ocean perch             310,026            340,975            325,500            310,135           340,975            325,555
                      idiot rockfish                2,255,018               18,452       1,136,735           2,255,018             18,468         1,136,743
                      widow rockfish                1,166.853          1,505,986         1,336,420           1,166,853         1,506,027          1,336,440
                      yellowtail roddish                       0       1,397,280            698,640                     0      1,417,738            708,869
                      rockfish spp                  5,164,884          1,127,272         3,146,078           5,206,605         1,128,015          3,167,310
                      rockfish oth.                            0         733,698            366,849                     0        767,613            383,807

                      striped seaperch                         0                 0                 0                    0                 0                  0
                      pile perch                               0                 0                 0                    0                 0                  0
                      silver perch                             0                 0                 0                    0                 0                  0
                      sculpins spp.                        689                488                589              1,625                978             1,301

                      sharks spp.                        3,101              3,778             3,440               7,243              5,765             6,504
                      blue shark                            709               168                439                 709               168                439
                      spiny dogfish                      40,599             63,152          51,876             465,890           515,751            490,821
                      soupfin shark                      4,755              3,298             4,027               5,128              3,298             4,213
                      thresher shark                     85,&38             2,452           44,145               85,838              2,452            44,145
                      skates                             5,830              3,316             4,573              18,891            16,825             17,858

                      chinook salmon                4,494,673          2,570,789         3,532,731         13,768,026          8,893,032         11,330,529
                      churn salmon                  1,558,992          2,295,173         1,927,083         16,631,270          20,292,526        18,461,898
                      pink salmon                        46,122             . 115           23,119           4,746,097                 531        2,373,314
                      ooho salmon                   4,228,649          1,850,299         3,039,474         23,623,014          18.655,221        21,139,118
                      sockeye saJmon                  183,151            379,445            281,298        21,636,865          19,550.321        20,593,593

                      butter clam                              0                 0                 0             12,760              7,133             9,947
                      cockles                                  0                 0                 0              1,381              2,041             1,711
                      home dams                                0                 0                 0             18,037              5,478            11,758
                      gooduc                                   0                 0                 0         2,900,336         2,995,738          2,948,037
                      Padfic Iftdeneck                   11,646               172             5,909          1,044,137           799,940            922,039
                      razor clam                            128               117                122                 128               117               122 1








                  Table E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings ... (continued)

                                                  - Washinqton's outer coast (1)                            Washington in-state total (2)
                     Species (3)                   1987              1988          Average               1987              1988         Average
                  Manila clam                    99,153            66,768           82,960          3,239,657        2,603,081         2,921,369
                  softshell clams                       0           5,025             2,513          286,796          113,019           199,908
                  blue mussel                           0                0                 0         333,774          292,437           313,105
                  California mussel                     0                0                 0              758                 0              379
                  mussels spp.                        88                 0               44           15,141                  0            7,571
                  Olympia oyster                        0                0                 0         169,982          917,639           543,811
                  Pacific oyster              8,117,305        6,924,242         7,520,774         12,016,084        9,903,935       10,960,009
                  Kumamoto oyster                       0                0                 0            3,245               926            2,085
                  European oyster                       0                0                 0          93,912            87,204           90,558

                  Dungeness crab              6,866,480       16,032,780        11,449,630          9,106,971       18,164,286       13,635,628

                  coonstripe shrimp                     0                8                 4          34,204            41,238           37,721
                  spot shrimp                           0                0                 0          23,129            27,596           25,362
                  sidestripe shrimp                     0                0                 0              677               359              518
                  ocean pink shrimp           8,226,109         6,155,303         7,190,706         8,249,116        6,165,703         7,207,409

                  scallops                              0                0                 0          45,394            54,109           49,751
                  octopus                         18,113           22,363            20,238           40,284            62,100           51,192
                  market squid                       697               173              435              3,644            1,093            2,369
                  sea cucumbers                         0                0                 0          64,035          368,360           216,198
                  red sea urchin                        0                0                 0         926,688        10,571,215         5,748.951
                  green sea urchin                      0                0                 0          77,226         1,206,957          642,091
                  iTotals              i     52,319,672       52,778,510        52,547,103        139,720,101      140,887,988      140,302,057

                  Notes:
                  (1) Cape Flattery to Cape Disappointment; landings for anadromous species include harvests from coastal rivers.
                  (2) Includes outer coastal waters, the Strait of Juan De Fuca, Puget Sound, and Washington rivers (landings for Columbia
                      River tributaries are incorporated).
                  (3) Estimates are based on 1987 and 1988 pounds landed by State of Washington statistical subarea and extrapolations
                      of average prices per pound provided by John Bishop, Fisheries Development Div., NMFS, NW Regional Office, Seattle












               REFERENCES













                  I







                  Sources for Inforrnation used in this report:


                  Bureau of the Census. 1988. County and city data book, 1988. U.S. Department of Commerce.
                  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp. + appendices.

                  Bureau of the Census. 1989. Current population reports, population estimates, and projections.
                  Series p-26, No. 88-a. County population estimates: July 1, 1988, 1987, and 1986. U.S.
                  Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 45 pp.

                  Bureau of the Census. 1990. Building perrriit data ordering information package [data base].
                  Prepared by the Construction Statistics Division, Building Permit Branch. U.S. Department of
                  Commerce. Washington, D.C.

                  Carter, E. R., D. L. Jaques, C. S. Strong, G. J. McChesney, M. W. Parker, and J. E. Takekawa.   In
                  prep. Survey of seabird colonies in northern and central California. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
                  Dixon, CA.

                  Culliton, T.J., M. A. Warren, T. R. Goodspeed, D. G. Remer, C. M. Blackwell, and J. J.
                  McDonough, 111. 1990. Fifty years of population change along the Nation's coasts, 1960-2010.
                  Coastal trends series, report #2. NOAA, Natl- Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001
                  Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 41 pp.

                  Leonard, D. L. and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. The quality of shellfish growing waters on the West
                  Coast of the United States. NOAA, NatI. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001
                  Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 52 pp.

                  Massey, B.W. 1988. California least tern field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and
                  Game Contract FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach, CA.

                  National Planning Association and Data Services, Inc. 1988. Key indicators of county growth,
                  1970-2010 [data base]. Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association Data Services, Inc.

                  NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1989a. State of Washington volumes and values for
                  fish and shellfish landed in the state of Washington during 1988. Computer printout compiled
                  and provided by the NMFS Northwest Region Headquarters, Fisheries Statistics Section, 7600
                  Sand Point Way NE., Seattle, WA.

                  NMFS. 1989b. Fisheries of the United States 1988. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Nall. Mar. Fish.
                  Serv., Current Fisheries Statistics No. 8800. 116 pp.
                  NMFS. 1990. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed in the state of
                  Washington during 1989. Computer printout compiled and provided by the NMFS Northwest
                  Region Headquarters, Fisheries Statistics Section, 7600 Sand Point Way NE., Seattle, WA.
                  PacFIN (Pacific Fisheries Information Network). 1989. PFMC (Pacific Fisheries Management
                  Council) source report #002: Commercial groundfish land catch (metric tons) for 1981-88, all
                  areas. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Groundfish Reports, PacFIN, 7600 Sand
                  Point Way NE., Seattle, WA. Will Daspit, system manager.
                  PMFC (Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission). 1986. Thirty-eighth (38th) annual report of the
                  Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission f6r the year 1985. R. G. Porter (edtor). PMFC, 2000 SW
                  First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 36 pp.
                  PMFC. 1987. Thirty-niryth (39th) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the
                  year 1986. R. G. Porter (editor). PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 29 pp.
                  PMFC. - 1988. Fortieth (40th) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the
                  year 1987. R. G. Porter (editor). PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 25 pp.









                      PMFC. 1989. Forty-first (41 st) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the
                      year 1988. R. G. Porter (editor)* PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite.170, Portland, OR. 22 pp.

                      SAB (Strategic Assessment Branch). 1984. Inventory of public outdoor recreation areas and
                      facilities. NOAA, Nati. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite
                      220, Rockville, MD.

                      SAB. 1985. National estuarine inventory: Data Atlas, volume 1: Physical and hydrologic
                      characteristics. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 103 pp.

                      SAB. 1986. West coast land use data for NCPDI counties [data base]. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001
                      Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD.

                      SAB. 1988. West coast of North America coastal and ocean zones strategic assessment: Data
                      atlas, marine mammal prepublication volume. NOAA, NOS, SAB,6001 Executive Blvd., Suite
                      220, Rockville, MD. 33 pp.

                      SAB. 1990. Cmas (Computer Mapping and Analysis System) analysis of seabird colonies for the
                      west coast of North America. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD.

                      SAB. in press. West coast of North America coastal and ocean zones strategic assessment: Data
                      atlas, invertebrate and fish prepublication volume (scheduled for publication in November, 1990).
                      NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD.

                      Schink, T.J., K. A. McGraw, and K. K. Chew. 1983. Pacific coast clam risheries. Washington
                      State Sea Grant Tech. Rep. 83-1. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. 72 pp.

                      Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Population statistics [data base]. Washington, D.C.:
                      Slater Hall Information Products, Inc.

                      Sowls, A. L.. A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 1980. Cataiog of California seabird
                      colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWSIOBS 80/37.

                      Speich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 1989. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and
                      Wildl. Serv., Biological Rpt. 88(6).

                      WDF (Washington Department of Fisheries). 1983. 1982 Fisheries statistical report for the state
                      of Washington. Compiled and edited by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dept. Fish.,
                      Olympia, WA. 77 pp.

                      WDF. 1987. 1986 Fisheries statistical report for the state of Washington. Compiled and edited
                      by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dept. Fish., Olympia, WA. 89 pp.

                      WDF. 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month
                      for the State of Washington, 1987 and 1988. Computer printout provided by D. Ward, Wash.
                      Dept. Fish., Olympia, WA.


                      Personal cornmunication on razor clams from Doug Simons, Washington Dept. of Fisheries,
                      Montasano, WA.

                      Personal communication on razor clam harvests from Terry Link, Oregon Dept. of Fisheries and
                      Wildlife, Astoria, OR.

                      Personal cornmunication on Oregon seabirds from Roy Lowe, West Oregon Refuge Complex,
                      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newport, Oregon.









              Personal communications on freshwater flow and cfischarge from Steve Rohmann, Strategic
              Assessment Branch, OMAINOAA, Rockville, MD.






                                                                                                                           I



































                                                                                                                  0










         APPENDIX D:    TREATY OP OLYMPIA


		TREATY WITH THE QUINALELT, ETC., 1865.

Stolamets, his x mark			[l.s.]	Aah-ka-wish, his x mark.	[l,s.]
Tamayeuhotote, his x mark.		[l.s.]	Psequal, his x mark.		[l.s.]
Qua-loah-kin, his x mark.		[l.s.]	Wamo-kui, his x mark		[l.s.]
Wiska Ka, his x mark.			[l.s.]	Quaino-ath, his x mark.		[l.s.]
Cha-lo-the, his x mark.			[l.s.]	Cha-ya-tems, his x mark.	[l.s.]
Wetone-yath, his x mark.		[l.s.]	Wa-ya-lo-choi-wit, his x mark [l.s.]
We-ya-lo-cho-wit, his x mark		[l.s.]	Flitch Kai Kui, his x mark	[l.s.]
Yode-noith, his x mark			[l.s.]	Walcha Kas, his x mark		[l.s.]
Wacha-ka-poils, his x mark		[l.s.]	Watch-tia, his x mark		[l.s.]
Xon-ne, his x mark			[l.s.]	Enias, his x mark			[l.s.]

Signed in presence of --

Wm. C. McKay, secretary of treaty, O.T.
R.R. Thompson, Indian agent
R.B. Metcalfe, Indian sub-agent
C. Marpotis
John Flett, interpretar.
Dominick Jondron, his x mark, interpretar.
Mathew Dofa, his x mark, interpretar.

TREATY WITH THE QUINALELT, ETC., 1855

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded by and 
between Isaac J. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian			July 1, 1865
affairs of the Territory of Washington, on the part of the United			Jan. 25,
States, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and delegates of the			12 State., 971
different tribes and bands of the Qui-nas-elt and Quil-leh-ute Indians,		Ratified Mar.5, 1896
on the part of said tribes and bands, and duly authorized thereto by		Proclaimed Apr.11,1889
them.

ARTICLE 1. The said tribes and bands, hereby code, relinquish, and		Surrender of lands
convey to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and		to the United States.
to the land and country occupied by them, bounded and described as 
follows; Commencing at a point on the Pacific coast, which is the 		Boundaries.
southwest corner of the lands lately coded by the Makah tribe of 
Indians to the United States, and running easterly with and along the 
southern boundary of the said Makah tribe to the middle of the coast
range of mountains; thence southerly with said range of mountain to
their intersection with the dividing ridge between the Chebalis and
Quiniatl Rivers; thence westerly with said ridge to the Pacific coast;
thence northerly along said coast to the place of beginning.
ARTICLE 9. There shall, however, be reserved, for the use and occu-		Reservation within
pation of the tribes and bands aforesaid, a tract or tracts of land		the Territory of Wash-
sufficient for their wants within the Territory of Washington, to be		ington.
selected by the President of the United States, and hereafter surveyed
or located and set apart for their exclusive use, and no white man		Whites not to reside
shall be permitted to reside thereon without permission of the tribe		thereon, unless 
and of the superintendent of Indian affairs or Indian agent. And the		Indians agree to
said tribes and bands agree to remove to and settle upon the same			move and settle there.
within one year after the ratification of this treaty, or sooner if the
means are furnished them. In the meantime it shall be lawful for
them to reside upon any lands not in the actual claim and occupation
of citizens of the United States, and upon any lands claimed or occu-
pied,if with the permission of the owner or claimant. If necessary 		Roads may be made.
for the public convenience, roads may be run through said reservation,
on compensation being made for any damage sustained thereby.
ARTICLE 9. The right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed			Rights and privi-
grounds and stations is secured to said Indians in common with all		leges secured to the
citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the		Indians.
purpose of curing the same; together with the privilege of hunting,
gathering roots and berrries, and pasturing their horses on all open
and unclaimed lands. Provided, however, that they shall not take










                                                                    QUINAIELT, ETC., 1865.
                                              shrll-fish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens; and provided
                                              also, that they shall, Liter all stallions not intended for breeding,
                                              keep up and confine the stallions themselves.
                Payment by the                  ARTICLE 4. In considerstiom of the above cession, the United States
               United States.                 agree to gay to the sold tribes and bands the sum of twenty-five thou.-
                                              sand dollars, in the following manner, that in to say: For the first
                                              rear aftert  a ratification hereof, two thousand fire hundred dollars;
                                              for the next two years, two thousand dollars each year; for the next
                                              three years, one thousand six hundred dollars each year; for the next
                                              four years, one thousand three hundred dollars each year; for the
                                              next five years, one thousand dollars each year and for the next five
                How to be applied             years. seven hundred dollars each year. All of which sums of money
                                              shall be applied to the use and benefit of the said Indiana under the
                                              directions if the President of the United States, who may from time
                                              to time, determine at his discretion upon what beneficial objects to
                                              expand the same; and the superintendent of Indian affairs. or other
                                              proper officer. shall each rear Inform the President of the wishes of
                                              said Indians in respect thereto.
                Appropriation for                ARTICLE 5. To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle upon
              removal for clearing            such reservation-as war be selected for them by the President, and to
              and fencing lands, etc.         clear. fences, and break up a sufficient quantity of land for cultivation,
                                              the United States further agree to pay the sum of two thousand five
                                              hundred dollars, to be laid out and expended under the direction of
                                              the President, and in such manner as he shall approve.
               Indians may be re-                ARTICLE 6. The President may hereafter, when In his opinion the,
             moved from the reser-            interests of the Territory shall require, and the welfare of the said
             vation, etc.                     Indians be promoted by it, remove them from said reservatfon or res.
                                              ervations to such Other suitable place or places within said Territory as
                                              he may deem fit, an ramunerating them for their Improvements and the
                                              expenses of their removal or may consolidate them with other friendly
               Tribe annuities may            tribes or bands, In which latter case the annuities, Payable to the con-.
             be considered.                   solidated tribes respectively, shAll also be consolidated; and he may
                                              further. at his discretion, cause the whole or any portion of the lands
                                              to be reserved, or of such other land as may be selected In lieu thereof,
                                              to be surved Into lots, and assign the same to inch individuals or
                                              families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will
                                              locate on the same as a permanent home, on the same terms and subject
                                              to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty
                                              with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicible. Any substan.
                                              tial improvements heretofore made by any Indians, and which they,
                                              shall be compelled to abandon in consiquence of this treaty-, shall be
                                              valued under the direction of the President, and payment made accord-
               Annuities of tribes            ingly therefor
             not to pay debts of in-             ARTICLE 7.	The annuities of the aforesaid tribes and bands shall not
             dividuals.                       be taken to pay the debts of individuals.
                                              ARTICLE 8. The said tribes and bands acknowledge their dependence
               Tribes to promote              On the Government of the United States, and primise to be frIendly
             friendly relations,etc.          with all citizens thereof and pledge themselves to commit no depreda-
                                              tions on the property Of SUCh citizens: and should any one or more of
                                              them violate thin pledge, and the fact he satisfactorily proven before
                                              the agent, the property takeu shall be returned, or in default thereof,
               To pay for depreda-            or if injured or destroyed. compensation mar be made by the Govern-
            tion.                          
               Not to make war.               ment out of their annuities. Nor will they make war on an other
            except. etc.                      tribe except In self-defence, but will submit all matters of difference
                                              between them and other Indians to the Government of the United
                                              State, or its agent. for decision and abide thereby; and If any of the
                                              said Indians commit any depredations on any other Indians within the
                                              Territory, the same rule shall prevail as is Prescribed In this article in
               Ta1mr              Ad-         Case of depredatins against citizens. And the said tribes and bands
            ers.                              agree not to shelter or conceal offenders against the laws of the United
                                              States, but to deliver them to the authorities for trial,
 










                                                                    TREATY WITH THE QUINAIELT,ETC., 1865.
                                          ARTICLE 9. The above tribes and bands are desirous to exclude froM  Annuities to be
                                                                                                              witheld from those
                                                                                                              drinking, etc. ardent
                                                                                                              spirits.
                                      their reservations the use of ardent spirits,and to prevent their people 
                                      from drinking the same. and therefore It is provided that any Indian 
                                      belonging to said tribes who Is guilty of bringing liquor into said res-
                                      ervations or who drinks liquor, may have his or her proportion of
                                      the annuities withheld from him or her, for such time as the President
                                      may determine.
                                         ARTICLE 10. The United States further agrees to establish at the     United states to es-
                                      												  tablish agricultural
                                      general agency  for the district of Puget Sound, within one year from   schools,etc.                                            
                                      the ratification hereof, and to support for a period of twenty years an
                                      agricultural and industrial school, to be free to the children of this
                                      mud tribes and bands in common with those of the other tribes of said
                                      district, and to provide the said school with a suitable instructor or
                                      instructors, and also to provide A smithy and carpenter's shop, and
                                      furnish them with the necessary tools, and to employ a blacksmith,
                                      carpenter, and firmer for a term of twenty years, to Instruct the
                                      Indians in their respective occupations. And the United States farther   To employ mechAn-
                                                                                                               ics, etc., A physician.
                                      agree to employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, who    etc.
                                      shall furnish medicine and advice to their sick, and shall vaccinate
                                      them- the expenses of the said school, shops, employees, and medical
                                      attendance to be defrayed by the United States, and not deducted from
                                      their annuities.
                                        ARTICLE 11. The aid tribes and bands agree to free all slaves now      The tribes are to
                                                                                                               free all slaves and not
                                      hold by them, aid not to purchase or acquire others hereafter.           to acquire Others.
                                        ARTICLE 12. The said tribes and bands finally agree not to trade at    Not to trade Out of
                                                                                                               the United States.
                                      Vancouver's Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United       Foreign Indians not
                                                                                                               to reside on reserva-
                                      States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside on their reser- tion.
                                      vations without consent of the superintendent or spot.
                                       ARTICLE 13. This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting           when treaty to take
                                                                                                                affect.
                                      Parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and
                                      Senate of the United States.
                                       In testimony whereof, the said Isaac I. Stevens, governor and super.
                                      intendent of Indian affairs, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen. and
                                      delegates of the aforesaid tribes and bands of Indians, have hereunto
                                      set their hands and seels, at Olympia, January 25, 1858, and on the
                                      Qui-nai-elt River, July 1. 1855.
                                                      Isaac 1. Stevens, Governor and Sup't of Indian Affairs.
                                      Tah-ho-lah, Head Chief Qui-nits-1                HAY-nes-al-ocs, his I mark.               1- L
                                      tribe, his x mark.                      [L.s]    Noo-e-yselm, his x mark.                  I- L
                                      How-yat'l, Hoed chief quil-ley-                  QuilWe-se-mah, his x mark                A. IL
                                      yati tribe. his x mark.                 [L L]    Quilt-la-ma mah, his x mark.                L- L
                                      Kal-iape, Sub-chief Quil-ley-houts,              Yah-le-hum; his x mark.                   It.   L
                                      his x mark.                             [t-a]    je-tah-let-shin, his x mark.              L     L
                                      Tah-ah-ha-whVi. Sub-thief QUil-                  Ma-ta-a -ha,his x mark.                 L L'
                                      ley-hutse, his x mark.                  t- L     Wah-kee-nah,Sub-chief Qui-n1te'l
                                      Lay-le whash-er his x mark.               L L         tribe, his x mark                      L L
                                      E-mah-ish-cup, his x mark.                L. L   Yer-ay-Ist'l, Sub-chief, his x mark.       1. L
                                      Ash-chak-a-wick. his x mark.           T- L      Silley-Mark'l, his x mark.                L. L
                                      Ay-a-quan, his X mark.                 L L       Cher-lark-tift, his x mark.                L. L
                                      Yats-see-o-kop, his x mark.              L L     How-yat-'l his x mark.                     Z- L
                                      Karts-so-pe-ah, his x mark.                L L   Kne-sho-guartsh, Sub-chief,his X
                                      Quat-a-di-totll his x mark.               T. 5.     mark.
                                      Now-ah-Im, his x mark.                 L. s      Hay-et-umots, his x mark.
                                      Cla-kish-ks, his x mark.                L. A.    Kape. his x mark.
                                                                                                                                  L.
                                      Kler-way-er-bun, his X mark.             L. L    Hay-at-lite'l, or John. his x mark.          L
                                      Quar-ter-heit'l,his z mark.              L. a.
                                      Executed In the pressence of us; the words " or tracts," in the II.
                                      article, and "next," in the IV. article, being Interlined prior to
                                      execution.
                                          M. T. Simmons, special Indian                     James Tilton, surveyor, general
                                                 agent.                                          Washington Territory.
                                          H.A. Goldsborough, commissary.                    F. Kennedy.
                                               etc.                                         J. Y. Miller.
                                          B. F. Shaw, Interpretar.                          H. D. Cock.
 

		TREATY WITH THE MAKAH, 1855.

Jan.21,1856.
12 Stat, 959
Ratified Mar,5,1856
Proclaimed Apr. 18,1859


Articles of agresment and convention, made and concluded at Neah Bay,
in the Territory of Washington, this thirty-first day of January, in 
the year eighteen hundred and fifty-five, by Isaac I Stevens, governor
and superintendent of Indian affairs for the said Territory, on the
part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men, and
delegates of the several villages of the Makah tribe of Indians, via:
Neah Waatch, Taoo-Yoss, and Osett, occupying the country around
Cape Classett or Flattery, on behalf of the said tribe and duly author-
ized by the same.

Surrender of lands to the United States.

Boundaries.

ARTICLE 1. The said tribe hereby codes, relinquishes, and conveys
to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to the
lands and country occupied by it, bounded and described as follows,
viz: Commencing at the mouth of the Oke-ho River, on the Straits
of Fucs; thence running westwardly with said straits to Cape Classett
or Flattery; thence southwardly along the coast to Osett, or the Lower
Cape Flattery; thence eastwardly along the line of lands occupied by 
the Kwe-dah-tut or Kwill-eh-yute tribe of Indians, to the summit of
the coast-range of mountains, and thence northwardly along the line
of lands lately coded to the United States by the S'Klallarn tribe to the
place of beginning, including all the islands lying off the same on the
straits and coast.

Reservation.
Boundaries.

ARTICLE 9. There is, however, reserved for the present use and
occupation of the said tribe the following tract of land, viz: Commenc-
ing on the beach at the mouth of a small brook running into Neah Bay
next to the site of the old Spanish fort;thence along the shore round
Cape Classett or Flattery, to the mouth of another small stream run-
ning into the bay on the south side of said cape, a little above the 
Waarch village; thence following said brook to its source; thence in a 
straight line to the source of the first-mentioned brook, and thence fol-
lowing the same down to the place of beginning; which said tract shall
be set apart, and so far as necessary surveyed and marked out for their

Whites not to reside thereon unless, etc.
Roads may be made.
Other friendly bands may be placed thereon.
Indians to settle on reservation within a year.

exclusive use; nor shall any white man be permitted to reside upon the 
same without permission of the said tribe and of the superintendent or 
agent; but if necessary for the public convenience, roads may be run
through the said reservation, the Indians being compensated for any
damage thereby done them. It is, however, understood that should 
the President of the United States hereafter see fit to place upon the 
said reservation any other friendly tribe or band to occupy the same in
common with those above mentioned, he shall be at liberty to do so.
ARTICLE 8. The said tribe agrees to remove to and settle upon the
said reservation, if required so to do, within one year after the ratifi-
cation of this treaty, or sooner, if the means are furnished them. In
the mean time it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any land not
in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States,
and upon any land claimed or occupied, if with the permission of the
owner.

Rights and privileges secured to Indians.

ARTICLE 4. The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at
usual and socustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said
Indians in common with all citizens of the United States, and of erect-
ing temporary homes for the purpose of curing, together with the
privilege of hunting and gathering roots and berries on open and
unclaimed lands: Provided, however, That they shall not take shell-fish
from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens.

Provided.

Payments by the United States.

ARTICLE 5. In consideration of the above cession the United States
agree to pay to the said tribe the sum of thirty thousand dollars in the 
following manner, that is to say: During the first year after the ratifi-
cation hereof, three thousand dollars; for the next two years, twenty-








                                                                     TRETY WITH THE MAKAH, 1855.
                                   five hundred dollars each year; for the next three years, two thousand
                                   dollars each year; for the next four years, one thousand five hundred
                                   dollars each ear; and for the next ten years, one thousand dollars
                                   each year; all which said sums of money shall be applied to the Use   			How to be applied.                         
                                   and benefit of the said Indians, under the direction of the President of
                                   the United States, who may from time to time determine At his dis.
                                   cretion upon what beneficial objects to expend the same. And the
                                   superintendent of Indian stairs, or other proper officer, shall each
                                   year inform the President of the wishes of said Indians in respect
                                   thereto.
                                     ARTICLE 6 . To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle Upon        		Appropriation for                                                                                                                                            
                                   their aforesaid reservation, and to clear, fence, and break up a suit-			removal and for clear-                                                                                                                                 
                                   cient quantity of land for cultivation,the United States further agree			ing and fencing land,            
                                   to pay the sum of three thousand dollars, to be laid out and expanded			etc.
                                   under the direction of the President, and in such manner as he shall
                                   approve. And any substantial improvements heretofore made by any
                                   Individual Indian,and which be may be compelled to abandon in con-
                                   sequence of this treaty, shall be valued under the direction of the Pres-
                                   Ident and payment made therefor Accordingly.
                                     ARTICLE 7. The President may hereafter when In his opinion the      			Indians may be re-
                                   Interests of the Territory shall require, and the welfare of said Indians 		moved from the re-                  
                                   be promoted thereby, remove them from said reservation to such suit.			ervation.
                                   Able place, or places within said Territory as he mar deem At, an
                                   remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of their
                                   removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands;      		Tribes may be con-
                                   and he may further, at his discretion, cause the whole, or any portion  			solidated.
                                   of the lands hereby reserved, or such other land as may be selected In
                                   lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to such indi-
                                   viduals or families as an willing to avail themselves of the privilege
                                   and will louts thereon as a permanent home. on the same terms and
                                   subject to the same regulations as an. provided In the sixth article of			Anta P.612
                                   the treaty with the 0mahas, so far as the same may be practicable.
                                     ARTICLE 8. The annuities of the aforesaid tribe shall not be taken 			Annuities of tribe
                                   to pay the debts of Individuals.                                                     not to pay individuaL
                                     ARTICLE 9. The said Indians acknowledge their dependence on the                  	debts.
                                   Government of the United States, And promise to be friendly with All 			Indians to promise 
                                   citizens thereof, and thy pledge themselves to commit no depredations			friendly relations.
                                   on the property of such citizens. And should Any one or more Of 				To pay for deoreda-
                                   them violate this pledge,And the foot be satisfactorily proven before			tions.
                                   the agent, the property taken shall be returned, or In default thereof,
                                   or if injured or destroyed, compensation may be made by the Govern.
                                   ment out of their annuities. Nor will they make war an any other tribe 			Not to make war,
                                   except in self-defense, but will submit all matters of difference between            except.
                                   them and other Indians to the Government of the United States or Its
                                   agent for decision and abide thereby. And if any of the said Indians
                                   commit any depredations on Aar other Indians within tho Territory
                                   the same rule shall prevail As that prescribed In this Article in case of
                                   -depredations against citizens. And the said tribe agrees not to shelter 		To surrender of-
                                   or conceal offenders against the United States, but to deliver up the 			fenders.
                                   same for trial by the authorities.
                                   ARTICLE 10. The above tribe is desirous to exclude from Its reserva-    			Annuities to be
                                   tion the use of ardent spirits, and to prevent Its people from drinking 			withheld from those
                                   the same and therefore it is provided that any Indian belonging thereto 			drinking ardent spir-
                                   who shall be guilty of bringing liquor Into said reservation, or who			its.
                                   drinks liquor may have his or her proportion of the annuities withhold
                                   from him or her such time As the President may determine.
                                     ARTICLE 11. The United States further agree to establish At the 				United States to es-
                                   general agency for the district of Puget's Sound, within one year from			tablish an agricultur-
                                   the ratification hereof and to support for the period of twenty Years,			al,etc.school for the
                                   An agricultural and industrial school, to be free to children of the said		Indians; to provide
                                   tribe in common with those of the other tribes of said district and to			tools and employ me-
 																				chanics, etc.


TREATY WITH THE MAKAH,1855.

provide a smithy and carpenter's shop, and furnish them with the neces-
sary tools and employ a blacksmith, carpenter and farmer for the like
term to instruct the Indians in their respective occupation. Provided,
however, That should it be deemed expedient a separate school may be
established for the benefit of said tribe and such others as may be asso-
ciated with it, and the like persons employed for the same purposes at
some other, suitable place. And the Unitd States further agree to
employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, or at such other
school should one be extablished, who shall furnish medicine and advice
to the sick, and shall vacinate them; the expenses of the said school,
shops, persons employed, and medical attendance to be defrayed by the
United States and not deducted from the annuities.

A physician, etc.
The tribe is to free all slaves and not to acquire others.
Not to trade out of the United States.
Foreign Indians not to reside on the reservation.

When treaty to take effect.

ARTICLE 19. The said tribe agrees to free all slaves now held by its
people, and not to purchase or acquire others herafter.
ARTICLE 18. The said tribe finally agrees not to trade at Vancouver's
Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States, nor shall
foreign Indians be permitted to reside in its reservation without con-
sent of the superintendent or agent.
ARTICLE 14. This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting par-
ties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United 
States.
In testimony whereof, the said Issac I. Stevens, governor and super-
intendent of Indian affairs, and the undersigned, chiefs, headmen and 
delegates of the tribe aforesaid have hereunto set their hands and seals
at the place and on the day and year hereinbefore written.
		Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent. [l.s.]
Tae-kauwtl, head chief of the Ma-			Baht-se-diti, Neah village, his x
  kah tribe, his x mark.		[I.S.]	  mark.					[I.S.]
Kal-chota, subchief of the Makaha,			Wack-shia, Neah village, his x
  his x mark.				[I.S.]	  mark					[I.S.]
Tah-a-howtl, subchief of the Ma-			Hah-yo-hwa, Wastoh village, his
  kahs, his x mark.			[I.S.]	  x mark.					[I.S.]
Kah-bach- at, subchief of the Ma-			Deht-leak, or Mines, Owett village,
  kaha, his x mark.			[I.S.]	  his x mark.				[I.S.]
Keta-kus-sum, subchief of the Ma-			Pah-hat, Neah village, his x mark.	[I.S.]
  kahs, his x mark.			[I.S.]	Pal-yeh, Osatt village, his x mark	[I.S.]
Haatue, subchief of the Makahs,			Tach-woh-sup, Neah village, his x
  his x mark.				[I.S.]	  mark.					[I.S.]
Keh-chook, subchief fo the Ma,			Al-is-kah, Osett village, his x mark[I.S.]
  kehs, his x mark.			[I.S.]	Kwe-tow'ti,Neah village, his x
It-an-da-ha,subchief of the Ma-			  mark.					[I.S.]
  kehs, his x mark			[I.S.]	Kaht-eaht-wha, Neah village, his x
Klah-pe-an-hie, of Andrew Jack-			  mark					[I.S.]
  son, subchief of the Makaha, his			Tchoo-quat-lah, or Yes Ser, Neah
  x mark.					[I.S.]	  village, his x mark. 			[I.S.]
Teal-ab-ocs, or Patar, Neah village,		Klatto-ow-aehp, Neah village, his
  his x mark.				[I.S.]	  x mark.					[I.S.]
Tahola, Neah village, his x mark.	[I.S.]	Kai-ki-chia-sum,Neah village, his
Kleht-li-quat-etl, Westch village,			  mark.					[I.S.]
  his x mark.				[I.S.]	Kah-kwi-lit-ha, Wastch village,
Too-whail-tan, Wastch village, his			  his x mark.				[I.S.]
  x mark.					[I.S.]	He-dah-titl, Neah village, his x
Tahts-kin, Neah village, his x			  mark.					[I.S.]
  mark.					[I.S.]	Sah-dit-la-uad, Wastch village, his 
Nanchoop, Neah village, his x				  x mark.					[I.S.]
  mark.					[I.S.]	Klah-ku-pihl, Taoo-you village, 
Ah-de-ak-too-ah,Osett village his			  his x mark.				[I.S.]
  x mark.					[I.S.]	Billuk-whti, Taoo-you village, his
William, Neah village,his x mark	[I.S.]	  x mark.					[I.S.]
Wak-kap-tup, Wastch village, his			Kwah-too-qualh, Tsoo-you village,
  x mark.					[I.S.]	  his x mark.				[I.S.]
Klaht-to-di-yuka, Wastch village			Yooch-boott, Taoo-you village, his
  his x mark.				[I.S.]	  x mark.					[I.S.]
Oobick, Wastch village, his x				Swell, or Jeff. Davis, Neah village,
  mark.					[I.S.]	  his x mark.				[I.S.]
Bich-tonk, Wastch village, his x
  mark.					[I.S.]










                                                             TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1855
                                  Executed in the presence of us. The words "five hundred" being
                               first interlined in the 5th article, and erasures made in the 8th and 9th
                               articles.
                                     M.T. Simmons, Indian agent.
                                     George Gibbs, secretary.
                                     B. F. Shaw, interpreter.
                                     C. M. Hitchcock, M.D.
                                     E. S. Fowler.
                                     Orrington Cushman.
                                     Robt. Davis.


                                                 TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA. 1855.
                              Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the city    Feb. 23, 1855.                        
                               of Washington, this twenty-second day of February, one thousand 		10      1155.
                               eight hundred and fifty-five, by George W. Manypenny, commis-		Ratified Mar. 3, 1855.
                               sioner, on the part of the United States, and the following-named	Proclaimed Apr. 7,
                               chiefs and delegates, representing the Mississippi bands of Chippewa	1855.
                               Indians, vis: Pug-o-na-ke-shick, or Hole-in-the-day; Ous-we-sons-ish,
					 or Bad Boy; Wand-e-kaw, or Little Hill; I-awe-shous-we-ks-shig,
					 or Crossing Sky; Petud-dunce, or Rat's Liver; Mun-o-min-s-kay-
                               shein, or Rice-Maker; Mah-yah-ga-way-we-durg, or the Chorister;
                               Kay-gwa-dawh, or the Attempter; Caw-caug-e-we-goon, or Cross
					 Feather; and Show-baush-king, or He that passes under Everything,
					 and the following-named chiefs and delegates representing the Pil-
					 lager and Lake Winnsbigoshish bands Chippewa Indians, vis:
					 Aish-ke-bug-e-koshs, or Flat Mouth; Be-sheck-kes, or Buffalo; Nay-
					 bun-a-caush, or Young Man's Son; Maug-e-gaw-bow, or Stepping
					 Ahead; Mi-gi-si, or Eagle, and Kaw-be-muo-bee, or North Star,
					 they being thereto duly authorised by the said bands of Indians
				 	 respectively.

				     	Article 1. The Mississippi, Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish   				Coasion to the
                             bands of Chippewa Indians hereby cede, sell, and convey to the United			United States
                             States all their right, title. and interest in, and to, the lands now owned
                             and claimed by them, in the Territory of Minnesota, and included within
                             the following boundaries, vis: Beginning at a point where the east
                             branch of Snake River crows the southern boundary-line of the Chip-
                             pewa country, east of the Mississippi River, as established by the treaty
                             of July twenty-ninth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven,
                             running thence, tip the said branch, to its source; thence, nearly north
                             in a straight line, to the mouth of East Savannah River; thence, up the
                             St. Louis River, to the mouth of East Swan River; thence, up mid
                             river, to its source; thence, in a, straight line, to the most wastwardly
                             band of Vermillion River; thence, northwestwardly, in a straight line,
                             to the first and most considerable bend In the Big Fork River; thence,
                             down said river, to its mouth; thence, down Rainy Lake River, to the
                             mouth of Black River; thence, up that river, to its source; thence, in
                             a straight line, to the northern extremity of Turtle lake; thence in a
                             straight line, to the mouth of Wild Rice River; thence, up Red River
                             of the North, to the mouth of Buffalo River; thence, in a straight line,
                             to the southwestern extremity of Otter-Tail Lake; thence, through
                             said lake, to the source of Leaf River; thence down said river, to its
                             junction with Crow Wing River; thence down Crow Wing River, to
                             its junction with the Mississippi River; thence to this commencement
                             on said river of the southern boundary-line of the Chippawa country,
                             as established by the treaty of July twenty-ninth, one thousand eight
                             hundred and thirty-seven; and thence, along said line, to the place of
                             beginning.  And the said Indians do further fully and entirely relin-
                             quish and convey to the United States, any and all right, title, and
 







         APPENDIX 8:    COASTAL AND OCEAN RESOURCES HISTORICALLY-UTILIZED
                        BY THE TRIBES








           Coastal and ocean Resources Historically Utilized by the Tribes




































                                         E-2
 










                             Identification of Fish, Shellfish, Waterfowl, and Plants
                 Presently Relied an by Makah Peoples for Subsistence and Ceremonial
                 Purposes


                                Species                     Period of Harvest


                                A. Fish

                                   1.   Flatfish            All year
                                   2.   Halibut             All year
                                   3.   Lingcod             All year
                                   4.   Bottomfish          All year
                                   S.   Rockfish            All year
                                   6.   Smelt               Summer
                                   7.   Salmon              Primarily spring    summer

                                B. Invertebrates

                                   S.   Barnacles           Spring and Summer
                                   9.   mussels             All year
                                  10.   Hardshell clams     All year
                                  11.   Razor clams         May and June
                                  12.   Sea urchins         Summer
                                  13.   Chitons             Summer
                                  14.   Crabs               All year

                                C. Waterfowl

                                  15. Ducks                 Summer and fall
                                  16. Sea Birds             Fall


                                D. Plants

                                  17. Kelp                  All year


                      Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries    Commission; Makah Tribe.









                      Principal Harvests of Ocean Resources by the Makah Tribe


            Period of the Year                 Resources Harvested


            May lst through June            A troll fishery Is conducted in the ocean to
                                            the Makah southern boundary, and in the
                                            Straits in Area 4B to Sekiu River for chinook.
                                            Trolling for various species occurs year-
                                            round.
                                            Crab may be taken.
                                          8 Trolling for black cod and rock fish.

            July lot through the          x Gillnet and troll fisheries for chinook,
            first week in September         coho and pinks occur in Areas 4B, 5 and 6C.
                                          N In the latter part of this period, a fishery
                                            for Fraser River sockeye occurs in the same
                                            areas.
                                          R Taking of shellfish and sea urchins occurs on'
                                            the ocean side'of the reservation.
                                          @ Trolling for black cod and rock fish.

            Balance of September          N A possible directed gillnet fishery for coho
                                            in Areas 4B, 5 and 6C, although, due to
                                            conservation requirements, this fishery has
                                            not opened for several years.
                                          n Shellfish harvest, including crab, continues.
                                          8 Sooes River fishery for chinook and coho.
                                            Similar fishery planned for the Hoko River in
                                            the future.
                                          0 Trolling for black cod and rock fish.

            October and early             N A gillnet fishery for chum in the straits
            November                        commences.
                                          0 Take of shellfish and sea urchins continues.
                                          0 Sooes River fishery for chinook and coho.
                                            Similar fishery planned for the Hoko and the
                                            Waatch (coho only) in the future.
                                          8 Trolling for black cod and rock fish.

            November through              N Winter troll fishery for blackmouth (chinook).
            January                       8 Shellfish harvesting continues.
                                          0 Steelhead fishing begins in the Hoko, Sail,
                                            Sekiu, Ozette, Sooes and Waatch Rivers on
                                            December Ist.

            February through              0 Troll fishery for blackmouth continues.
            April                         N Trolling for black cod.
                                          0 Halibut fishery begins in March.
                                          x Shellfish harvesting through March.
                                          0 In-river steelhead fishing continues through
                                            March.



                *The Makah also harvest marine mammals for subsistence purposes.
               -Source: Makah Dept. of Fisheries Management, 1990. Personal
            communication.









                      Fish and Shellfish Presently Relied on by Quileute Peoples for
           Subsistence and Ceremonial Purposes


                         Species                        Period of Harvest


                     A. Fish

                       1.  Halibut                  -Host of year, especially summer
                       2.  Ling cod                 -Summer
                       3.  Bottomfish               -Summer
                       4.  Rockfish                 -Summer
                       S.  Ocean perch              -Summer
                       6.  Smelt                    -April to August
                       7.  Salmon                   -Summer
                       S.  Sturgeon                 -Summer

                     B. Invertegrates

                       9.  Goose neck barnacles     -Year round
                      10.  mussels                  -Year round
                      11.  Hardshell cl 9           -Year round
                      12.  Razor clams              -Year round
                      13.  Sea urchins              -Winter
                      14.  Chitons                  -Winter


               Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries   Commission, 1990.








                        Principal Harvest of ocean Resources by the Quileute Tribe


              Period                   Resources Harvested.


              January       Winter steelhead fishing in-river
              through       Halibut fishing (subsistence and commercial)
              March         Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams
                            Sea urchins and chitons

              April         Winter steelhead fishing in-river
                            Halibut fishing (subsistence and commercial)
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams
                            Smelt

              May           Spring Chinook in-river fishing
              through       Ocean fishing (primarily) on Columbia River chinook stocks
              June          Sockeye fishing in-river (non-directed)
                            Halibut fishing (subsistence)
                            Black cod and sablefish
                            Smelt
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams

             July           Summer chinook and coho in-river
                            Non-directed sockeye fishing in-river
                            ocean fishing for chinook and coho
                            Halibut subsistence fishing
                            Black cod, ling cod, bottomfish, rockfish and sablefish
                            Smelt
                            Ocean perch
                            Sturgeon
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams

             August         Summer chinook and coho in-river
                            Ocean fishing for chinook and coho
                            Halibut subsistence fishing
                            Black cod, ling cod, bottomfish, rockfish and sablefish
                            Smelt
                            ocean perch
                            Sturgeon
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams

             September      Ocean fishing for chinook and coho
                            In-river fishing for fall chinook and fall coho
                            Halibut subsistence fishing
                            Black cod and sablefish
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams

             October-       In-river fishing for fall chinook'and fall coho
                            Halibut subsistence fishing
                            Black cod and sablefish
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams
                            Sea urchins and chitons

             November       In-river fishinq*for fall chinook and fall coho
                            In-river winter steelhead
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams
                            Sea urchinsand ch:Ltons

             December       In-river winter steelhead
                            Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams
                            Sea urchins and chitons


                Sources: Quileute Fisheries Department. Northwest Indian Fisheries
          Commission, 1990.










                           Subsistence Harvest of Fish, Shellfish, Bird Eggs, and Sea
               Plants Hoh Tribal Members


                               Species                    Period of Harvest


                           A. Fish


                              1.  Flatfish                  Summer
                              2.  Halibut                   Summer
                              3.  Ling cod                  Summer
                              4.  Bottomfish                Summer
                              S.  Rockfish                  Summer
                              6.  Black bass                Summer
                              7.  Ocean perch               Summer
                              S.  Smelt                     Spring/Summer/Fall
                              9.  Salmon/steelhead          Year round
                             10.  Sturgeon                  Year round

                           B. Invertebrates


                             11.  Barnacles                 Year round
                             12.  Mussels                   Year round
                             13.  Hardshell  clams          Year round
                             14.  Softshell  clams          Year round
                             15.  Razor clams               Year round
                             16.  Oysters                   Year round (Puget Sound)
                             17.  Sea urchins               Year round
                             18.  Limpets                   Year round
                             19.  Chitons                   Year round
                             20.  Crabs                     Year round
                             21.  Shrimp                    Summer
                             22.  Scallops                  Summer
                             23.  Anemones                  Year round

                           C. Seactull ec_qs                Spring

                           D. Sea weeds                     June/July


                    -Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1989.












                       .ontinued


               Period                  Resources Harvested


            September         River and some ocean fishing for fall Coho
            through           River and some ocean fishing for fall Chinook
            November          End of summer steelhead
                              Start of winter steelhead
                              Sturgeon
                              smelt
                              Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              Sea urchins, limpets and chitons
                              Crabs
                              Sea anemones, chinese slippers

            December          In-river fall coho
                              In-river winter steelhead
                              Sturgeon
                              Smelt
                              Ling cod eggs
                              Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              Crabs
                              Sea urchins, limpets and chitons
                              Sea anemones
                              Octopus


                 Sources: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1989. Mr. James
            Jorgensen, Hoh Tribal Biologist.











                        The Ocean Harvest Round for the Hoh Tribe


                Period                  Resources Harvested


             January lst      In-river  winter steelhead
             through          Sturgeon  in-river and estuary
             February         Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              Sea urchins, limpets and chitons
                              Crabs
                              Sea anemones
                              Ling cod eggs
                              Smelt
                              Octopus

             March            In-river winter steelhead
                              Sturgeon
                              Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              Sea urchins, limpets a chitons
                              Crabs
                              Sea anemones, chinese slippers
                              Ling cod eggs
                              Smelt
                              octopus

             April            In-river summer steelhead
             through          River and ocean fishing for spring and summer chinook
             May              Sturgeon
                              Bottom fish
                              Rockfish
                              Halibut
                              Smelt
                              Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              sea urchins, limpets & chitons
                              Crabs
                              Sea anemones, chinese slippers
                              Sea cucumbers
                              Seagull eggs

             June             In-river summer steelhead
             through          River and ocean fishing for spring and summer coho
             August           Sturgeon
                              Bottom fish and rock fish
                              Halibut
                              Lingcod
                              Black bass
                              Ocean perch
                              Smelt
                              Goose neck barnacles
                              Mussels
                              Clams
                              Sea urchins, limpets and chitons
                              Crabs
                              Sea anemones, chinese slippers







                        Identification of Fish, Shellfish, Waterfowl and Plants Presently
           Relied on by the Quinault Peoples for Subsistence and Ceremonial Purposes

                     species              Period of Harvest      Location


                   A.
                        1. Flatfish       Year round             -Quinault reservation.
                        2. Halibut        Year round             -Destruction Island/
                                                                 Grays Harbor.
                        3. Lingcod        Summer                 -Quinault reservation/
                                                                 Neah Say.
                        4. Bottomfish     Summer                 -Quinault reservation/
                                                                 Neah Bay.
                        S. Rockfish       Summer                 -Throughout U&A area.
                        6. Black Bass     Summer                 -Throughout U&A area.
                        7. Ocean Perch    Summer                 -Quinault reservation.
                        8. Smelt          Summer                 -Taholah, La Push.
                        9. Salmon         In seasons             -All Quinault rivers.
                        10. Sturgeon      Fall/Winter            -Quests/Quinault/Grays
                                                                 Harbor.
                        11. Eels          Fall                   -Quinault river.

                  S. Invertebrates
                        1. Barnacles      Year round             -Cape Elizabeth & Ft.
                                                                 Grenville areas.
                        2. Mussels        Year round             -Cape Elizabeth, Raft
                                                                 R., Kalaloch & Pt.
                                                                 Grenville areas.
                        3. Hardshell      Year round             -Pt. Grenville, Taholah
                           clams                                 and Kalaloch areas.
                        4. Softshell      Spring/summer          -Taholah area.
                           clams
                        5. Razor clams    Spring/summer          -Taholah, Pt. Grenville
                                                                 and Kalaloch areas.'
                        6. Oysters        Year round             -Southern bays/Hood
                                                                 Canal.
                        7. Sea urchins    Summer                 -Taholah area.
                        S. Limpets        Summer                 -Reservation area/Ruby
                                                                 Beach
                        9. Crabs          Year round             -Reservation shores.
                     10.   Shrimp         Summer                 -Hood Canal.
                     11.   Sea anemone    Year round             -Pt. Grenville.
                     12.   Sea cucumber   Year round             -Pt. Grenville.
                     13.   Whelk          Year round             -Quests area.
                     14.   Octopus        Fall                   -Neah Bay.
                     15.   Skate          Summer                 -Quests area.

                 C. Waterfowl
                        1. Ducks          Year round             -Quinault and Quests R.
                                                                 areas.
                        2. Seagull eggs   Spring                 -Pt. Grenville area.
                        3. Geese          Fall                   -Quinault and Quests R.
                                                                 areas.


                 D. Plants
                        1. Kelp           Year round             -Taholah area.
                        2. Seaweed        Year round             -Taholah area.
                        3. Bear grass/    Spring/Summer          -Quinault and QU60tt R.
                           sweet grass/                          areas, Grays Harbor
                           cattails                              Bay.


               Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission.






                      Principal Harvest of Ocean Resources by the Quinault Indian Nation


           Period of the Year                    Resources Harvested


                 April
          Pangwuh?am Huhnsha?ha     Blueback (sockeye) and spring chinook in the Quinault
          (time when the geese      and Queets Rivers.
          go by)                    Ocean halibut fishing if quota still available.
                                    Crab, razor clams, oysters, mussel, and barnacle
                                    gathering.
                                    Flatfish.
                                    Surf perch fishing.
                                    Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                 May
          Panjulashxuhtltu          Blueback and spring chinook in the Quinault and Quests
          (time when Blueback       Rivers.
          return)                   ocean trolling for chinook.
                                    ocean fishing for halibut.
                                    Crab, clams, oysters, mussel, and barnacle gathering.
                                    Flatfish.
                                    Surf perch fishing.
                                    Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                                    Seagull egg gathering.
                 June
          Pankwuhla                 In-river blueback and spring chinook fishing
          (time of                  continues.
          nalmonborries)            ocean trolling for salmon and other ocean species.-
                                    Fishing for smelt from the beach.
                                    Crab, clam, oyster, mussel, and barnacle gathering.
                                    Flatfish.
                                    Halibut (subsistence).
                                    Surf perch fishing.
                                    Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                                    Cattail and beargrass gathering.
                                    Seagull egg gathering.
                 July
          Panklaswha                Ocean trolling for salmon and other species.
          (time to gather           River blueback and spring chinook fishing.
          native blackberries)      Summer steelhead fishing in Quinault River.
                                    Fishing for flatfish, halibut, lingcod, bottomfish,
                                    rockfish, black bass, ocean perch, smelt, and skate in
                                    the ocean.
                                    Crib, clams, oysters, mussels, barnacles, sea urchins,
                                    limpets, chitons and shrimp.
                                    Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                                    Cattail and beargrass gathering.
                 August
          Panmuu?lak                Ocean trolling for salmon and other species.
          (time of warmth)          Summer steelhead fishing in Quinault River.
                                    Fall chinook fishing in Quinault River.
                                    Fishing for flatfish, halibut, lingcod, bottomfish,
                                    rockfish, black bass, ocean perch, smelt and skate in
                                    the ocean.
                                    Harvesting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, barnacles,
                                    sea urchins, limpets, chitons, and shrimp.
                                    Kelp; seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                 September
          To okwanpitskitl          Ocean trolling for salmon and other species.
          (leaves are getting       Fall chinook fishing on the Quests, Quinault,
          red on the vine maples)   Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers.
                                    Fishing for flatfish and halibut.
                                    Harvesting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                    barnacles.
                                    Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone# sea cucumber, and whelk
                                    gathering.
                                    Octopus gathering.
                                    May start catching sturgeon.







                       continued

             Period of the Year                   Resources Harvested


                                     Start of eel season in-river.
                                     .Harvesting of ducks and geese.
                  October
            Pan?silpaulod            Fall chinook fishing on the Queets, Quinault,
            (time of autumn)         Humptulips,  and Chehalis Rivers.
                                     Fishing for  hatchery coho on the guests, Quinault,
                                     Humptulips,  and Chehalis rivers.
                                     Fishing for  flatfish and halibut.
                                     Fishing for  sturgeon.
                                     Fishing for  river eels.
                                     Octopus gathering.
                                     Harv::ting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barn les.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.
                                     Harvesting of ducks and geese.
                  November
            Panitpuhtuhkotista       Chum and coho fishing in the Quests, Quinault,
            (time when the clouds    Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers.
            are covering)            Fishing for flatfish and halibut.
                                     Fishing for sturgeon.
                                     Fishing for river eels.
                                     Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barnacles.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.
                                     Harvesting of ducks and geese.
                  December
            Panpamas                 Residual in-river coho fishing.
            (time of cold)           Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinault, Humptulips,
                                     and Chehalis Rivers.
                                     Fishing for halibut and flatfish.
                                     Fishing for sturgeon.
                                     Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barnacles.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.
                  January
            Autkaltaanem             Steelhead fishing in the'Queets, Quinault,
            (after the sun           Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers.
            comes back)              Fishing for halibut and flatfish.
                                     Fishing for sturgeon.
                                     Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barnacles.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.
                  February
            Panlaleah-kilech         Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinaiilt,
            (time of the beach       Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers.
            willow)                  Commercial razor clam activity.
                                     Fishing for halibut and flatfish.
                                     Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barnacles.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.
                  March
            Panjans                  Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinault,
            (time of the sprouts)    Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers.
                                     Commercial razor clam activity continues.
                                     Commercial halibut fishing commences
                                     Start of fishing for spring chinook ind blueback in
                                     the Quinault and Quests Rivers.
                                     Fishing for flatfish.
                                     Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and
                                     barnacles.
                                     Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk
                                     gathering.

                Source: Quinault Indian Nation, 1990.










               APPENDIX F:    SPECIES INHABITING HABITATS IN THE PROPOSED
                              SANCTUARY









         "Rendix P:     Soecies inhabiting Habitats in the ProRosed
                        Sanctuary
































































                                        F-2








                                                   HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF





                                                                 PHOCA VITULINA                               MOLE CRAB
                                                                 HARBOR SEAL                                 SILIOUA PATULA
                                                                 SPILOGALE PUTORIUS                           RAZOR CLAX
                                                                 SPOTTED SKUNK
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                   ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                      TRDPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                   INVERTEBRATES                                 CALIFORNIA SEA LION                         INVERTEBRATES


                   CHAETOCEROS ARMATUN                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE              OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                   DIATOM                                        INVERTEBRATES                                PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL

                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                   ALLONISCUS PERCONVEXUS                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                   NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                           ISOPODS                                     BIRDS
                                                                 CALLIANASSA CALIFORNIENSIS
                   ASTRIONELLA SOCIALIS                          GHOST SHRIMP                                LARUS GLAUCESCENS
                   DIATOM                                        CIROLANA KINCAIDI                            GLAUCOS-WINGED GULL
                                                                 ISOPODS                                     LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                   COELOPA                                      WESTERN GULL
                   VASCULAR PLANTS                               KELP FLY
                                                                 EUZONUS MUCRONATA                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                   PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI                         BLOOD WORMS                                 EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                   SCOULERIS SURFGRASS                           ORCHESTOIDEA CALIFORNIANA
                                                                 SAND FLEE                                   CEREBRATULUS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                  SPIONIDAE                                    RIBBON WOR14
                   INVERTEBRATES                                 WORM                                        EOHAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUS
                                                                                                              AMPHIPOD
                   ENDEODES COLLARIS                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 PONTOMALOTA OPACA
                   COLEOPTERA                                    INVERTEBRATES                                ROVE BEETLE
                                                                                                             STAPHYLINIDAE
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                  CRAGO NIGRACAUDA                             ROVE BEETLES
                   MAMMALS                                       BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP                         THINOPINUS PICTUS
                                                                 CRAGO SPP.                                   ROVE BEETLE
                   ODOCOILEUS HENIONUS COLUMBIANO                -NULL-                                      THINUSA 14ARIT114A
                   BLACK-TAILED DEER                                                                          ROVE BEETLE
                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)    CARNIVORE               FISHES                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                   INVERTEBRATES                                                                             EATER - FISHES
                                                                 PHANERODON FURCATUS
                   GLYCERIDAE                                    WHITE SEAPERCH                              ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS
                   PROBOSCIS WORM                                                                             WHITEBAIT SMELT
                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                  BIRDS                                        PACIFIC SAND LANCE
                   BIRDS                                                                                     AMPHISTICHUS RHODOT9RUS
                                                                 CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS                        REDTAIL SURFPERCH
                   LARUS ARGENTATUS                              COMMON CROW                                 HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS
                   HERRING GULL                                                                               SURFSMELT
                   LARUS CALIFORNICUS                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OWIVORE
                   CALIFORNIA GULL                               MAMMALS                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                   LARUS CANUS                                                                               EATER - BIRDS
                   MEW GULL                                      MEPHITIS 14EPHITIS
                   LARUS NEER14ANNI                              STRIPED SKUNK                               ARENARIA INTERPRES
                   HEERMANIS GULL                                PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS                       RUDDY TURNSTONE
                   LARUS PHILADELPHIA                            DEER MOUSE                                  CALIDRIS ALBA
                   BONAPARTE'S GULL                              PROCYON LOTOR                                SANDERLING
                   RISSA TRIDACTYLA                              RACCOON.                                    CALIORIS ALPINA
                   BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE                                                                     DUNLIN
                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                 CALIDRIS RAIRDII
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                  INVERTEBRATES                                BAIRD'S SANDPIPER
                   MAMMALS                                                                                   CALIDRIS CANUTUS
                                                                 ALEOCHARA ARENARIA                           RED KNOT
                   EUMETOPtAS JUBATA                             ROVE BEETLE                                 CALIDRIS M"l
                   STELLER'S SEA LION                            MALACOODELLA, SPP.                           WESTERN SANDPIPER
                   LYNX RUFUS                                    R I BBON WORN                               CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUIS
                   BOBCAT                                                                                     SHOWY PLOVER
                   MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER            CHARADRIUS SENIPALMATUS
                   ELEPHANT SEAL                                 INVERTEBRATES                                SEHIPAL14ATED PLOVER
                   MUSTELA FRENATA                                                                           LIMNODROWA GRISEUS
                   LONG-TAILED WEASEL                            ARCHAEORYSIS GREBUITZK11                     SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER
                   MUSTELA VISON                                 MYSID                                       LIMOSA FEDOA
                   MINK                                          EMERITA ANALOGA                              14ARBLED GODWIT








                                            HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH BURP



                WUMEWIUS PHAEOPUS
                 WHIMBREL
                PLUVIALIS SGUATAROLA
                 BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER


                TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UWKWOWN
                INVERTEBRATES


                HAUSTORtIDAE
                 AMPHIPOD








                                                 HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF



                                                            RISSA TRIDACTYLA                           MEPHITIS MEPHITIS
                                                             BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE                     STRIPED SKUNK
                                                            STERNA CASPIA                              PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS
                                                             CASPIAN TERM                               DEER MOUSE
                                                            TRINGA FLAVIPES                            PROCYON LOTOR
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                LESSER YELLOWLEGS                          RACCOON
                  VASCULAR PLANTS
                                                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE             TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
4                 PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULIERI                    MAMMALS                                    INVERTEBRATES
                  SCOULERIS SURFGRASS
                  PLANTAGO 14ARIT114A                       EUMETOPIAS JUBATA                          MALACOBDELLA SPP.
                  SEASIDE PLANTAIN                           STELLER'S SEA LION                         RIBBON WORM
                  TENACETUM DOUGLASI I                      LYNX RUFUS
                  DUNE TANSY                                 BOBCAT                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                                                            MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                    INVERTEBRATES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)  HERBIVORE              ELEPHANT SEAL
                  INVERTEBRaTES                             MUSTELA FREMATA                            ARCHAE004YSIS GREBNITZKII
                                                             LONG-TAILED WEASEL                         MYSID
                  LUMBRINARIS ZONATA                        MUSTELA VISON                              EMERITA ANALOGA
                  WORM                                       MINK                                       MOLE CRAB
                                                            PHOCA VITULINA                             SILIGUA PATULA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)  HERBIVORE              HARBOR SEAL                                RAZOR CLAN
                  BIRDS                                     SPILOGALE PUTORIUS
                                                             SPOTTED SKUNK                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  BRANTA BERNICLA                           ZALOPHUS CALIFORMIAMUS                     INVERTEBRATES
                  BRANT                                      CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                                                                                                       OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE              TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE              PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL
                  MAMMALS                                   INVERTEBRATES
                                                                                                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLLR491ANU           ABARENICOLA CLAPAREDII OCEANIC             BIRDS
                  BLACK-TAILED DEER                          LUGWORM
                                                            CALLIANASSA CALIFORMIENSIS                 HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)  CARNIVORE              GHOST SHRI14P                              BALD EAGLE
                  INVERTEBRATES                             CIROLANA KINCAIDI                          LARUS GLAUCESCENS
                                                             ISOPODS                                    GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
                  GLYCERIDAE                                EUZONUS MUCRONATA                          LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                  PROBOSCIS  WORM                            BLOOD WOR14                                WESTERN GULL
                                                            ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE               LESSER BEACH HOPPERORCHESTOIDEA           TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  FISHES                                    CALIFORNIANA                               EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                                                             SAND FLEE/GREAT BEACH HOPPER
                  MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA,           SPIONIDAE                                  CEREBRATUILUS
                  GREAT SCULPIN                              WOR14                                      R I SOW WOR14
                  PAROPHRYS VETULUS                                                                    EOHAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUS
                  ENGLISH SOLE                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 AMPHIPOD
                  PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS                     INVERTEBRATES                              PARAMEMERTES PEREGRINA,
                  STARRY FLOUNDER                                                                       NEMERTEAM
                  PSETTICHTHYS MELAMOSTICTUS                CRAGO MICRACAUDA                           STAPHYLIMIDAE
                  SAND SOLE                                  BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP                        ROVE BEETLES
                  SEBASTES PAUCISPINIS                      CRAGO SPP.
                  SOCCACIO                                   -NULL-                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                                                                                                        EATER - FISHES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE              TROPHIC  LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                  BIRDS                                     FISHES                                     ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS
                                                                                                        WHITEBAIT SMELT
                  ARDEA HERODIAS                            HYPERPROSOPON ANGENTEUM                    ALOSA SAPIDISS114A
                  GREAT BLUE HERON                           WALLEYE SURFPERCH                          AMERICAN SHAD
                  LARUS ARGENTATUS                          HYPERPROSOPON ELLIPTICUM                   AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS
                  HERRING GULL                               SILVER SURFPERCN                           PACIFIC SAND LANCE
                  LARUS CALIFORMICUS                                                                   AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS
                  CALIFORNIA GULL                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 REDTAIL SURFPERCM
                  LARUS CAMUS                               BIRDS                                      CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI
                  NEW GULL                                                                              PACIFIC HERRING
                  LARUS DELAWARENSIS                        CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS                      CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA
                  RING-BILLED GULL                           COMMON CROW                                SHINER PERCH
                  LARUS REER14ANNI                                                                     HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS
                  HEER14ANIS GULL                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 SURFSMELT
                  LARUS PHILADELPHIA                        MAMMALS                                    LEPTOCOTTUS ARNATUS
                  BONAPARTE'S GULL                                                                      PACIFIC STAGNORM SCULPIN





                                                          ZIABITAT:          PROTECM 13BACH SUp
                         MICROGAOUS PROXIMUS
                          PACIFIC TONCOD
                         TIOPmIC LEVEL:
                        EATER - BIRDS     (9) INVERTEBRATE
                        ACTI TIS MACULARZA
                         SPOTTED SANDPIPER
                       A'ENA41A INTE4PREs
                        RUDDY TURNSTONE
                       ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA
                        SLACK TURNSTONE
                       CALIDRIS ALBA
                         SANDERLING
                      CALIDRIS ALPINA
                       DUNLIN
                      CALIDRIS SAIRDII
                       SAUDIS SANDPIPER
                     CAL10418 CANUTUS
                      RED KNOT
                     CALIORIS MAUR,
                      WESTERN SANDPIPER
                     CALIDRIS MINUTILLA
                      LEAST SANDPIPER
                    CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS
                     SNOWY PLOVER
                    CHARADRIUS SENIPALMATUS
                     SENIPALMATED PLOVER
                   CHARADRIUS VOCZFERUS
                    KILLDEER
                   LIMMODROMS GRISEUS
                    SHORT-OILLED DOWITCHER
                   L IMNOD40WS
                    LONQ-SILLE0  SCOLOPACELIS
                  LZMOSA FEDOA   DOWZ TCHER
                   MARBLED GODWIT
                  LOSIPES LOSATUS
                   NORTHERN PRALAROPE
                 NUMENIUS AMERICANUS
                  LONG-BILLED CURLEW
                 NL04ENZUS PHAEOPUS
                  WHIMBREL
                 PLUVIALIS DONINICA
                  AME91CAN  GOLDEN PLOVER
                PIUVIALIS SQUATAROLA
                 BLACK-BELLZED PLOVER
                TRINGA MELANIDLEUCA
                 GREATER YELLOWLEGS
               TROPHIC LEVEL:
               INVERTEBRATES    (Q) UNKNOWN
               HAUSTORIIDAE
                AMPHIPOD









                                                    HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                                                                 POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA                         ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS
                                                                   POLLY PACIFIC                                ROSYLIP SCULPIN
                                                                 PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA                           RAJA STELLULATA
                                                                   RED JABOT LABER                              STARRY SKATE
                                                                 PORPHYRA PERFORATA                            SEBASTES MELANOPS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                     RED LAVER                                    BLACK ROCKFISH
                   NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                           POSTELSIA PAL14AEFORMIS
                                                                   SEA PALM
                   ALARIA NANA                                   PRESIDLA MERIDIONALIS
                    -NULL-                                         -NULL-                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   BOSSEA 14ANZA                                 PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA                          BIRDS
                    LEAF CORAL                                     -NULL-
                   BRYOPSIS CORTICULANS                          PRIONITIS LYALLII                             AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS
                    SEA FERN                                       LYALLIS SEAWEED                              WESTERN GREBE
                   CALLIARTHROIN MANZA                           PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA                      CEPPHUS COLL146A
                    BEAD CORAL                                     POMPON                                       PIGEON GUILLEMOT
                   CALLITHANNION PIKEAMU14                       PTILOTA FILICINA                              CERORHINCA MONOCERATA
                    BEAUTY BUSH                                    RED WING                                     RHINOCEROUS AUKLET
                   CLADOPHORA TRICHOT014A                        PTILOTA HYPNOIDES                             GAVIA ARCTICA
                    GREEN BALL                                     -NULL-                                       ARCTIC LOON
                   CODIUN FRAGILE                                RALFSIA  PACIFICA                             HAE14ATOPUS BACH14ANI
                    SEA STAGHORN                                   TAR SPOT                                     BLACK OYSTERCATCHER
                   CODIUM SETCHELLII                             SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA                          HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS
                    SPUNGY CUSHION                                 SEA ROSE                                     HARLEQUIN DUCK
                   CORALLINA GRACILIS                            SCYTOSIPHOW LOMENTARIA                        LARUS ARGENTATUS
                    GRACEFUL CORAL                                 WHIP TUBE                                    HERRING GULL
                   COSTARIA COSTATA                              SPONGOMORPKA COALITA                          LARUS CALIFORNICUS
                    SEERSUCKER                                     GREEN ROPE                                   CALIFORNIA GULL
                   CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII                          UROSPORA MIRABILIS                            LARUS CANUS
                    -NULL-                                         -NULL-                                       MEW GULL
                   CYAMATHERE TRIPLICATA,                                                                      LARUS NEER14ANNI
                    TRIPLE RIO                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1)    PRODUCER                 REEER14AMIS GULL
                   CYSTOSEIRA OSMUNDACEA                         VASCULAR PLANTS                               LUNDA CIRRHATA
                    WOODY CHAIN BLADDER                                                                         TUFTED PUFFIN
                   EGREGIA MENZIESIZ                             PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI                         MELANITTA DEGLANDI
                    FEATHER BOA                                    SCOULERIS SURFGRASS                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
                   ENDOCLADIA MURICATA                                                                         PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS
                    NAIL BRUSH                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                   BROWN PELICAN
                   ENTEROMMOHA COMPRESSA,                        INVERTEBRATES                                 PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS
                    GREEN CONFE771                                                                              DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
                   ENTERO MOR PHA INTESTINALIS                   AC14AEA DIGITALIS                             PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS
                    LINK CONFETTI                                  L114PET                                      PELAGIC CORMORANT
                   ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA                          AC14AEA PELTA                                 PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS
                    SILK CONFETTI                                  BROWN & WHITE SHIELD LIMPET                  BRANDT'S COR140RANT
                   GRATELOUPIA PINNATA                           DIDDOR.A. ASPERA                              RISSA TRIDACTYLA
                    POINTED LYNX                                   KEYHOLE L114PET                              BLACK-LEGGEED KITTIWAKE
                   HALICYSTIS OVALIS                             KATHERINA TUNICATA                            URIA AALGE
                    -NULL-                                         BLACK CHITOW                                 COW40M MURRE
                   NEDOPHYLLUM SESSILE                           NUTTALINA CALIFORNICA
                    SEA CABBAGE                                    CNITON                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   NYMENENA FLASELLIGERA,                        PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS                         HAM14ALS
                    VEINED FAN                                     MIDGE
                   IRIDOPHYCUS SPECIES                           STROINGLYOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS                ENHYDRA LUTRIS
                    IRIDESCENT   SEAWEED                           PURPLE SEA URCHIN                            SEA OTTER
                   LAMINARIA ANDERSON111                                                                       EUMETOPIAS JUBATA
                    SPLIT WHIP WRACK                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)     CARNIVORE               STELLER'S SEA LION
                   LAMINARIA PLA7YMERIS                          INVERTEBRATES                                 LUTRA CANADENSIS
                    SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE                                                                        RIVER OTTER
                   LAMINARIA SETCHELIt                           ANISODORIS NOBILIS                            MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS
                    -NULL-                                         SEA LEMON                                    ELEPHANT SEAL
                   LESSONIOPSIS LITTORALIS                       PISASTER GIGANTEUS                            MUSTELA VISON
                    -NULL-                                         SEASTAR                                      MINK
                   LITHOTHAMNIUM SPECIES                         PISASTER  OCNRACEUS                           PHOCA VITULINA
                    RED ROCK CRUST                                 SEASTAR                                      HARBOR SEAL
                   MICROCLADIA BOREALIS                          THAIS                                         ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS
                    COARSE SEA LACE                                SNAIL                                        CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                   PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA
                    -NULL-                                       TROPHIC  LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   PLEUROPHYCUS GARDNERI                         FISHES                                        TROPNIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                    SEA SPATULA                                                                                INVERTEBRATES








                                              HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY BURP



                  EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI                   AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS
                  SASELLID                                 REDTAIL SURFPERCH
                  IDOTEA SCHMITTI                         CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA
                  ISOPOD                                   SHINER PERCH
                  IDOTEA WOSNESENSKII
                  OLIVE GREEN ISOPOD                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  LIGIA PALLAS[                           EATER - BIRDS
                  ROCK LOUSE
                  SABELLARIA CEMENTARIUM                  ACTITIS MACULARIA
                  WORM                                     SPOTTED SANDPIPER
                                                          APHRIZA VIRGATA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE              SURFBIRD
                  MA14MALS                                ARENARIA INTERPRES
                                                           RUDDY TURNSTONE
                  PROCYON  LOTOR                          ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA
                  RACCOON                                  BLACK TURNSTONE
                                                          CALIDRIS PTILOCNEMIS
                  TROPHIC LEVE;L: (6) PARASITE             ROCK SANDPIPER
                  INVERTEBRATES                           HETEROSCELUS INCANUM
                                                           WANDERING TATTLER
                  FABIA SUBQUADRATA                       NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS
                  PEA CRAB                                 WHIMBREL
                  HETEROSACCUS CALIFORNICUS
                  -NULL-
                                                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER        INVERTEBRATES
                  INVERTEBRATES
                                                          HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA
                  BALANUS GLANDULA                         CRAB
                  BARNACLE
                  MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS
                  MUSSEL
                  NEANTHES BRANDT[
                  WORM
                  POLLICIPES POLYMERUS
                  PACIFIC GOOSE BARNACLE
                  VOLSELLA MODIOLUS
                  HORSE MUSSEL


                  TROPHICLEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  BIRDS


                  LARUS.GLAUCESCENS
                  GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
                  LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                  WESTERN GULL


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - INVERTEBRATES


                  AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  CEPHALOTHORIX LINEARIS
                  NEMERTEAN
                  DIAULOTA DENSISS114A
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  EMPLECTONE14A GRACILE
                  i I Sam WON
                  LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  MICRURA VERRILL[
                  NEMERTEAN
                  PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA
                  NEMERTEAN
                  THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI
                  GROUND BEETLE


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - FISHES









                                                    HABITAT: VROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                                                                MICROCLADIA COULTERI                       KATHERINA TUNICATA
                                                                DELICATE SEA LACE                           BLACK CHITON
                                                                PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA                      LITTORINA PLANAXIS
                                                                -NULL-                                      PERIWINKLE
                                                                POLYNEURA PATISSIMA                        LITTORINA SCUTULINA
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                 CRISSCROSS NETWORK                          PERIWINKLE
                    NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                         POLYSIPHONIA COLLINSI                      LITTORINA SITKANA
                                                                POLLY COLLINS                               PERIWINKLE
                    AGARUM FIMBRIATUM                           POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA                      LUMBRINERIS ZONATA
                    SEA COLANDER                                POLLY PACIFIC                               WORM
                    BOSSEA MANZA                                PORPHYRA LAWCEOLATA                        MOPALIA CILIATA
                    LEAF CORAL                                  RED JA80T LAVER                             CHITON
                    CALLIARTHROM 14ANZA                         PORPHYRA PURFORATA                         MOPALIA LIGNOSA
                    BEAD CORAL                                  RED LAVER                                   CHITOW
                    CALLITHAMNION PIKEANUM                      PRASIOLA MERIDIONALIS                      ODONTOSYLLIS PHOSPHOREA
                    BEAUTY BUSH                                 -NULL-                                      WORM
                    CERAMIUM CALIFORMICUM                       PTILOTA FILICINA                           PARALUWIO ALASKENSIS
                    -NULL-                                      RED WING                                    MIDGE
                    CERAMIUM PACIFICUM                          PTILOTA HYPWOIDES                          STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUI
                    POTTERY SEAWEED                             -NULL-                                      SEA URCHIN
                    COILODESME CALIFORMICA                      RALFSIA  PACIFICA                          STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS
                    STICK BAG                                   TAR SPOT                                    PURPLE SEA URCHIN
                    COLPOMENIA SINUOSA                          RHODOMELA LARIX
                    POCKET OR  OYSTER THIEF                     BLACK PINE                                 TROPHIC LEVEL; (2) HERBIVORE
                    CORALLINA CHILENSIS                         RHODYMENIA PAL14ATA                        INVERTEBRATES
                    TIDE POOL CORAL                             DULSE OR RED KALE
                    CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII                        RHODYMENIA PERTUSA                         TONICELLA LINEATA
                    -NULL-                                      RED EYELET SILK                             LINED CHITON
                    CYSTOPHYLLUM GERMINATUM                     SCYTOSIPHOM LOMENTARIA
                    BLADDER LEAF                                WHIP TUBE
                    CYSTOSEIRA OS14ONDACEA                      SPONGOMORP14A COALITA                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                    WOODY CHAIN BLADDER                         GREEN ROPE                                 INVERTEBRATES
                    DESMARESTIA ACULEATA                        ULVA FENESTRATA
                    CRISP COLOR CHANGER                         -NULL-                                     AEOLIDIA PAPILLOSA
                    DESMARESTIA INTERMEDIA                      ULVA LACTUCA                                NUDIBRANCH
                    LOOSE COLOR CHANGER                         SEA LETTUCE                                AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS
                    DESMARESTIA MUNDA                           ULVA LINZA                                  ROVE BEETLE
                    WIDE BRANCH COLOR CHANGER                   GREEN STRING LETTUCE                       ANISODORIS NOBILIS
                    ENTEROMORPHA C014PRESSA                                                                 SEA LEMON
                    GREEN CONFETTI                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                CADLINA
                    ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS                   VASCULAR PLANTS                             NUDIBRANCH
                    LINK CONFETTI                                                                          CORAMBE PACIFICA
                    ENTEROMORPHA PLL040SA                       JAUMEA CARMOSA                              NUDIBRANCH
                    SILK CONFETTI                               JAUMEA                                     DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA
                    FUCUS FURCATA                               PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI                       ROVE BEETLE
                    ROCKWEED OR POPPING    WRACK                SCOULERIS SURFGRASS.                       DIRONA ALBOLIMEATA
                    GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI                      TANACETUM DOUGLASII                         NUDIBRANCH
                    SEA BELLY                                   DUKE TANSY                                 LEPIDOZONA COOPERI
                    GIGARTINA EXASPERATA                                                                    CHITON
                    TURKISH TOWEL                               TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)    HERBIVORE            LEPIDOZONA KERTENSI
                    GIGARTINA SPECIES                           INVERTEBRATES                               CHITON
                    GRAPESTONE                                                                             LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS
                    GRATELOUPIA PINNATA                         A04AEA DIGITALIS                            ROVE BEETLE
                    POINTED LYNX                                L 114PET                                   PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                    HALICYSTIS OVALIS                           A04AEA FENESTRATA                           SEASTAR
                    -NULL-                                      LIMPET                                     PISASTER OCHRACEUS
                    HALOSACCION GLANDIFOR14E                    AC14AEA L114ATULA                           SEASTAR
                    SEA SAC                                     FILE L114PET                               PLACIPHORELLA VELATA
                    HETEROCHORDARIA ABIETINA                    ACHAEA MITRA                                CHITOM
                    FIR NEEDLE                                  DUNCE-CAP LIMPET                           PYCNOGOINUN STEARNSI
                    LA141MARIA PLATYMERIS                       A04AEA PELTA                                SEA SPIDER
                    SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE                        BROWIN & WHITE SHIELD L114PET              PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                    LAMINARIA SACCHARIIIA                       A14PITHOE HUMERALIS                         SUNFLOWER STAR
                    SUGAR WRACK                                 -MULL-                                     ROSTANGA PULCHRA
                    LAURENCIA SPECTABILtS                       CALLISTOCHITON CRASSICOSTATUS               NUDtBRAMCN
                    SEA LAUREL                                  CHITON                                     SOLASTER DOWSOMI
                    LITHOTHAMMIU14 SPECIES                      CRYPTOCNITON STELLERI                       SEASTAR
                    RED ROCK CRUST                              GUM BOOT CHITOM                            SOLASTER STIN SON I
                    MACROICYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA                   CYANOPLAX HARTWEGI                          SEASTAR
                    KELP                                        CHITON                                     THAIS








                                                   HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                   SNAIL                                       DOUBLE-CRESTED COR140RANT                   ANOPLARCHUS PURPURESCENS
                                                               PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS                     HIGH COCKSCOMS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                PELAGIC CORMORANT                           XIPHISTER MUCOSUS
                   FISHES                                      PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS                  ROCK PRICKLEBACK
                                                               BRANDT'S CORMORANT
                   ARTEDIUS LATERALIS                          RISSA TRIDACTYLA                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 04WIVORE
                   SMOOTNHEAD SCULPIN                          BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE                      BIRDS
                   ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS                       URIA AALGE
                   ROSYLIP SCULPIN                             COMMON MURRE                                AYTHYA MARILA
                   HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS                                                             GREATER SCAUP
                   RED IRISH LORD                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                CORVUS &RACHYRHYNCHOS
                   HEMILEPIDOTUS SPINOSIS                      MAMMALS                                     COMMON CROW
                   BROWN IRISH LORD                                                                        CORVUS CORVAX
                   HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMIJS                    ENHYDRA  LUTRIS                             COMM10N RAVEN
                   KELP GREENLING                              SEA OTTER
                   NEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS                    EUMETOPIAS JUBATA                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                   ROCK GREENLING                              STELLER'S SEA LION                          MAMMALS
                   MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA              LUTRA CANADENSIS .
                   GREAT SCULPIN                               RIVER OTTER                                 PROCYON LOTOR
                   PAROPHYRUS VETULUS                          MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                     RACCOON
                   ENGLISH SOLE                                ELEPHANT SEAL
                   RAJA STELLULATA                             MUSTELA VISON                               TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                   STARRY SKATE                                MINK                                        NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
                   SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS                  PHOCA VITULINA
                   CABEZOM                                     HARBOR SEAL                                 JANCZEWSKIA GARDNERI
                   SEBASTES MELANOPS                           ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                      PARASITIC SEA LAUREL
                   BLACK ROCKFISH                              CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                   XIPHISTER ATROPURPUREUS                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                   BLACK PRICKLERACK                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRIVORE                INVERTEBRATES
                                                               INVERTEBRATES
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)  CARNIVORE                                                           ARCTONOE PULCHRA
                   BIRDS                                       AMPHIODIA OCCIDENTALIS                      SCALE WOR14
                                                               BRITTLE STAR                                ARCTONOE VITTATA
                   AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS                   AMPHITRITE ROBUSTA                          SCALE WORM
                   WESTERN GREBE                               POLYCHAETE WORM                             FABIA SUBQUADRATA
                   ARDEA HERODIAS                              CUCL04ARIA MINIATA                          PEA CRAB
                   GREAT BLUE HERON                            SEA CUCUMBER                                PINNIXA TUBICOLA
                   BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA                           EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA,                      PEA CRAB
                   BUFFLEHEAD                                  SABELLID                                    SYNDESMIS FRANCISCANUS
                   BUCEPHALA CLANGULA                          EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI                       WORM
                   COMMON GOLDENEYE                            SABELLID
                   CEPPHUS COLUMBA                             EUPOLYMNIA HETEROBRANCHIA                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                   PIGEON GUILLEMOT                            TEREBELLID WORM                             INVERTEBRATES
                   CERORHINCA MONOCERATA                       IDOTEA SCH14ITTI
                   RHINOCEROS AUKLET                           ISOPOD                                      BALANUS CARIOSUS
                   GAVIA ARCTICA                               IDOTEA UROTOMA,                             BARNACLE
                   ARCTIC LOON                                 PILL BUG                                    BALAMUS GLANDULA
                   HAEMATOPUS RACH14ANI                        LIGIA PALLASt                               BARNACLE
                   BLACK OYSTERCATCHER                         ROCK LOUSE                                  BOCCARDIA PROBOSCIDEA
                   HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS                   MELITA PALKATA                              SPINOID WORM
                   HARLEQUIN DUCK                              BEACH HOPPER                                BEGULA PACIFICA
                   LARUS ARGENTATUS                            NEOAMPHITRITE ROBUSTUS                      BRYOZOAN
                   HERRING GULL                                TEREBELLID WORN                             HALICHONDRIA PANICEA
                   LARUS CALIFORNICUS                          OPHIOPHOLIS ACULEATA                        CRLW OF BREAD SPONGE
                   CALIFORNIA GULL                             BRITTLE STAR                                HENRICIA LEVIUSCULA
                   LARUS CANUS                                 ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA                         RED SEASTAR
                   MEW GULL                                    LESSER BEACH HOPPER                         HINNITES GIGANTEUS
                   LARUS NEER14ANNI                            THELEPUS CRISPUS                            ROCK OYSTER
                   NEERMANIS GULL                              WORN                                        HIPPODIPLOSIA INSCULPTA
                   LUNDA CIRRHADA                              TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS                      BRYOZOAN
                   TUFTED PUFFIN                                                                           LEPRALIA BILABIATA,
                   MEGACERYLE ALCYON                                                                       BRYOZOAN
                   BELTED KINGFISHER                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 MENBRANIPORA MMRAKACEA
                   MELANITTA DEGLANDI                          INVERTEBRATES                               RRYOZOAN
                   WHITE-WINGED SCOTER                                                                     NEMBRANIPORA SERRILAMELLA
                   MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA                     MOPALIA MUSCOSA                             BRYOZOAN
                   SURF SCOTER                                 CHITON                                      PEDICELLINA CERNUA
                   PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS                                                                  ENTOPROCT
                   BROWN PELICAN                               TROPHIC  LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                PHIDOLOPORA PACIFICA
                   PHALACROCORAX AURITIS                       FISHES                                      BRYZOAII








                                                          HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY BURP



                        PLOCAMIA KARYKINA                               MICRURA VERRILLI                               WHIMBREL
                        RED SPONGE                                      NEMERTEAN                                     PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA
                        SERPULA VEMICULARIS                             PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA                         BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
                        WORM                                            NEMERTEAN                                     TRINGA MELANOLEUCA
                        SPIRORBIS                                       PHOXICHILIDIUM FE140RATUM                      GREATER YELLOWLEGS
                        WORM                                            SEA SPIDER
                        TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA                         SPIRONTOCARIS BREVIROSTRIS                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN
                        BRACHIGPOD                                      BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                            INVERTEBRATES
                        TRICELLARIA OCCIDENTALIS                        SPIRONTOCARIS CRISTATA
                        BROZOAN                                         BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                            ANAITIDES MEDIPAPILLATA
                        XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA                            SPIRONTOCARIS PALUDICOLA                       PADDLE WORM
                        SPONGE                                          BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                            ARABELLA IRICOLOR
                                                                        SPIRONTOCARIS PRIONATA                         WORM
                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                    BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                            ASTRAEA GIBBEROSA
                        INVERTEBRATES                                   TEALIA CRASSICORNIS                            SNAIL
                                                                        ANEMONE                                       CREPIDULA ADUNCA
                        HEMIGRAPSUS NUDUS                               THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI                 HORNED SLIPPER SHELL
                        PURPLE SHORE CRAB                               GROUND BEETLE                                 CRYPTOLITHODES SITCHENSIS
                        PACHYCHELES RUDIS                                                                              UMBRELLA- BACKED CRAB
                        PORCELAIN CRAB                                  TROPHIC LEVEL:    (9) INVERTEBRATE            DODECACERIA FISTULICOLA
                        PAGURUIS GRANOSIMANUS                           EATER - FIJHES                                 CIRRATULID WORM
                        HERMIT   CRAB                                   APODICHTHYS FLAVIDUS                          HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA
                        PAGURUS  HEMPHILLI                              PENPOINT GUNNEL                                CRAB
                        HERMIT   CRAB                                   CHIROLOPHIS NUGATOR                           LEPTASTERIA NEXACTIS
                        PAGURUS  SA14JELIS                              MOSSHEAD WAR-BONNET                            SEASTAR
                        HERMIT   CRAB                                   CLINOCOTTUS ACUTICEPS                         LEPTASTERIA PUSILLA
                        PETROLISTHES CINCTIPES                          SHARPNOSE SCULPIN                              SEASTAR
                        PORCELAIN CRAB                                  CLINOCOTTUS EMBRYUM                           NIMULUS FOLIATUS
                                                                        CALICO SCULPIN                                 CRAB
                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                    CLINOCOTTUS GLOSICEPS                         DEDIGNATNUIS INERMIS
                        BIRDS                                           MOSSHEAD SCULPIN                               CRAB
                                                                        CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA                        PATIRIA MINIATA
                        HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS                        SHINER PERCH                                   SEA BAT
                        BALD EAGLE                                      GOBIESOX 14AEANDRICUS                         PLATYNEREIS AGASSIZI
                        LARUS GLAUCESCENS                               NORTHERN CLINGFISH                             NEREID WORM
                        GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL                            LEPTOCOTTUS AR14ATUS                          PODARKE PUGGETTENSIS
                        LARUS OCCIDENTALIS                              PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN                       POLYCHAETE
                        WESTERN GULL                                    LIPARIS FLORAE                                PUGETTIA PRODUCTA
                                                                        TIDEPOOL SNAILFISH                             KELP CRAB
                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)    INVERTEBRATE              OLIGOCOTTUS NACULOSUS                         SCYRA ACUTIFRONS
                        EATER - INVERTEBRATES                           TIDEPOOL SCULPIN                               14ASKING CRAB
                                                                        OLIGOCOTTUS SNYDERI                           TEGULA FUNEBRALIS
                        ALLORCHESTES ANGUSTUS                           FLUFFY SCULPIN                                 BLACK TURBO SNAIL
                        -NULL-                                          PHOLIS LAETA
                        AMPHIPORUS BIMACULATUS                          CRESCENT GUNNEL
                        RIBBON WORM                                     RHACOCHILUS VACCA
                        ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSINA                       PILE PERCH
                        AGGREGATED ANE14ONE                             SPIRINCHUS STARSKI
                        ANTHOPLEURA XANTHOGRAMMICA                      MIGHT S14ELT
                        GIANT GREEN ANEMONE                             XERERPES FUCORUN
                        CANCER ANTENNARIUS                              ROCKWEED GUNNEL
                        CRAB
                        CANCER 14AGISTER                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                        DUNGENESS CRAB                                  EATER - BIRDS
                        CANCER PRODUCTUS
                        CRAB                                            ACTITIS NACULARIA
                        CEPHALOTHRIX LINEARIS                           SPOTTED SANDPIPER
                        NEMERTEAN                                       APHRIZA VIRGATA
                        CERATOST014A                                    SURFBIRD
                        FOLIATUM 14JREX                                 ARENARIA INTERPRES
                        EMPLECTOME14A GRACILE                           RUDDY TURNSTONE
                        RIBBON WORM                                     ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA
                        EPIACTIS PROLIFERA                              BLACK TURNSTONE
                        ANEMONE                                         CALIDRIS ALPINA
                        GLYCERA A14ERICANA                              DUNLIN
                        WOR14                                           CALIDRIS PTILOCNENIS
                        HALOSYDNA BREVISETOSA                           ROCK SANDPIPER
                        SCALE WOR14                                     NETEROSCELUS INCANU14
                        HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS                        WANDERING TATTLER
                        NUD I BRANCH                                    NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS








                                              HABITAT: READI"DS AND ROCKY ISILAMS



                                                                 14OLODISCUS DISCOLOR                          THUJA PLICATA
                                                                 OCEAN-SPRAY                                   WESTERN RED CEDAR
                                                                 HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA                          ULEX EUROPAEUS
                                                                 GOSMORE                                       GORSE
                                                                 LASTHENIA CHRYSOSTOMA                         VACCINIUM OVATUM
                  TROPHIC LEVEL:                                 LASTHENIA                                     EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY
                  VASCULAR PLANTS                                LASTHENIA 141NOR VAR. 14ARIT114A              VACCINIL14 PARVIFOLIUM
                                                                 HAIRY LASTHENIA                               RED HUCKLEBERRY
                  ANTHOXAMTHL04 ODORATUM                         LATHYRUS LITTORALIS                           VERATRUM VIRIDE
                   SWEET VERNALGRASS                             BEACH PEA-VINE                                FALSE HELLE80RE
                  HOLCUS LANATUS                                 LEONTODON NUDICAULIS
                   COMMON VELVET-GRASS                           BRISTLY HAWKSIT                               TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                                 LILAEOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS                       INVERTEBRATES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                    LILAEOPSIS
                  VASCULAR PLANTI                                LONICERA INVOLUCRATA                          PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS
                                                                 BLACK TWINBERRY                               MIDGE
                  AIRA PRAECOX                                   LOTUS FORMOSISSIMUS
                   LITTLE HAIRGRASS                              DEERVETCH, SEASIDE LOTUS                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                  ALNUS RUBRA                                    LUPINUS ARBOREUS                              BIRDS
                   RED ALDER                                     TREE LUPINE
                  ANGELICA LUCIDA                                LUPINUS VARICOLOR                             SONASA UMBELLUS
                   SEA-WATCH                                     TWO-COLOR LUPINE                              RUFFED GROUSE
                  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS COLLP481ANA                     MICROSERIS BIGILOVII                          CARDUELIS PINUS
                   BRISTLY 14ANZINITA                            COAST HICROSERIS                              PINE SISKIN
                  ARCHTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI                       MYRICA GALE                                   CARDULIS TRISTIS
                   KINNIKINNIC                                   SWEET GALE                                    AMERICAN GOLDFINCH
                  ARMERIA MERITIMA                               PINUS CONTORTA                                CARPODACUS MEXICANUS
                   THRIFT                                        LODGEPOLE PINE, SHORE PINE                    HOUSE FINCH
                  BACCHARIS PILULARIS                            PLANTAGID HIRTELLA                            CARPODACUS PURPUREUS
                   CHAPARRAL BROOM                               TALL COAST PLANTAIN                           PURPLE FINCH
                  BLECHNUM SPICANI                               PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA                           COLUMBA FASCIATA
                   DEER FERN                                     BUCKHORN PLANTAIN                             BAND-TAILED PIGEON
                  CALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS                       PGA PACHYPHOLIS                               DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS
                   REEDGRASS                                     SEACLIFF BLUEGRASS                            BLUE GROUSE
                  CASTILLEJA LITORALIS                           POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA                        HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA
                   PACIFIC PAINTBRUSH                            LICORICE FERN                                 EVENING GROSBEAK
                  CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS                         POLYSTICHUM MUNITUR                           JUNCID HYEMALIS
                   BLUE BLOSSOM                                  SWORDFERN                                     DARK-EYED JUNCID
                  CERASTIUM ARVENSE                              PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESI I                        LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUIS
                   FIELD CHICKWEED                               DOUGLAS F I R                                 CALIFORNIA QUAIL
                  CYTISUS SCOPARIUS                              PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM                           LOXIA CURVIROSTRA
                   SCOTCH BROOM                                  WESTERN BRACKEN FERN                          RED CROSSBILL
                  DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA                          RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA                           MELOSPIZA MELODIA
                   OATGRASS                                      SMALL CREEPING BUTTERCUP                      SONG SPARROW
                  DESCHAMPSIA'CAESPITOSA                         RHAMMUS PURSHIANA                             MELOTHRUS ATER
                   TUFTED HAIRGRASS                              CASCARA                                       BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD
                  DESCHAMPSIA LONGIFLORA                         RHODODENDRON NACROPHYLLUM                     OREORTYX PICTUS
                   HAIRGRASS                                     WESTERN RHODODENDRON                          MOUNTAIN QUAIL
                  DIGITALIS PURPUREA                             RHUS DIVERSILOBA                              PASSERELLA ILIACA
                   FOXGLOVE                                      POISON OAK                                    FOX SPARROW
                  EMPETRUM NIGRUM                                ROMANZOFFIA TRACYI                            PHEUCTICUS 14ELANOCEPHALUS
                   CROWBERRY                                     TRACY'S HIST14AIDEN                           BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK
                  ERIGERON GLAUCUS                               RUBUS SPECTABILIS                             PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS
                   SEASIDE DOCK                                  SALHOINBERRY                                  RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE
                  FESTUCA NYUROS                                 RUBUS URSINUS                                 SELASPHORUS RUFUS
                   RAT-TAIL FESCUE                               DOUGLASBERRY                                  RUFOUS HL14MINGSIRD
                  FESTUCA RUBRA                                  RU14EX MARITIMUS                              SPIZELLA PASSERINA
                   RED FESCUE                                    SEASIDE DOCK                                  CHIPPING SPARROW
                  FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS                            SAGINA CRASSICAULIS                           ZENAIDA 14ACROM
                   COASTAL STRAWBERRY                            STICK-STEMNED PEARLWORT                       MOURNING DOVE
                  GALIUM NUTTALII                                SALIX HOOKERIANA                              ZONOTRICHIA ATRICAPILLA
                   NUTTAL$S BEDSTRAW                             COAST WILLOW                                  GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW
                  GAULTHERIA SHALLON                             SEDUN LANCEOLATUN VAR. NESIOT1                ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS
                   SALAL                                         LANCE-LEAVED STONECROP                        WHITE-CRGMED SPARROW
                  GNAPHALIUM CHILENSE                            SIDALCEA HIRTIPES                                                  HERBIVORE
                   COTTON-BATTING PLANT                          HAIRY-STEMMEJ) CHECKER-HALLOW                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)
                  GRINDELIA INTEGRIFOLIA VAR. 14A                STACHYS RIGIDA                                MAMMALS
                   PUGET SOUND GUNWEED                           HEDGE NETTLE                                  NICROTUS LONGICAUDUS
                  HERACLEuN LANATUN                              TANACETLIN DOUGLAS11
                   COW-PARSNIP                                   DUNE TANSY                                    LONG-TAILED VOLE








                                             HABITAT: HEADLAMS AM ROCKY ISLAMS



                  MICROTUS OREGOWI                            LYNX RUFUS                                    DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA
                   OREGON VOLE                                 BOBCAT                                       ROVE BEETLE
                  THOMOMYS 14ONTICOLA                         MUSTELA ERMIWEA                               LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS
                   MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER                      SHORT-TAILED WEASEL                          ROVE BEETLE
                                                              SPILOGALE PUTORIUS                            THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 SPOTTED SKUNK                                GROUND BEETLE
                  HERPETOFAUNA                                UROCYON CINEROARGENTEUS
                                                               GRAY FOX                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES                       VULPES FULVA                                  EATER - HERPETOFAUNA
                   NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE                   RED FOX
                  THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS                                                                       AMBYSTOMA GRACILE
                   COMMON GARTER SNAKE                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                   BROWN SALA14ANDER
                                                              BIRDS                                         BUFO BOREAS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL:                                                                            WESTERN TOAD
                  BIRDS                                       BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM
                                                               CEDAR WAXWING                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  PANDION HALIAETUS                           CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS                         EATER - HERPETOFAUNA,
                   OSPREY                                      COMMON CROW
                                                              CORVUS CORVAX                                 GERRHONOTUS COERULEUS
                  TROPHIC  LEVEL: C3) CARNIVORE                COMMON RAVEN                                 NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD
                  BIRDS                                       CYANOCITTA STELLERI                           HYLA REGILLA
                                                               STELLER'S JAY                                PACIFIC TREEFROG
                  ACCIPITER COOPERII                          PERIOSOREUS CANADENSIS                        PLETHODON DUNNI
                   COOPER'S HAWK                               GRAY JAY                                     DUNNS SALA14ANDER
                  ACCIPITER STRIATUS                          PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA                           RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS
                   SHARP-SHINNED HAWK                          WESTERN TANAGER                              OLYMPIC SALAMANDER
                  AEGOLIUS ACADICUS                           STURNUS VULGARIS                              TARICHA GRANULOSA
                   SAW-WHET OWL                                STARLING                                     ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT
                  ASIO OTUS                                   TURDUS MIGRATORIUS
                   LONG-EARED OWL                              A14ERICAN ROSIN                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  BUBO VIRGINIANUS                                                                          EATER - BIRDS
                   GREAT HORNED OWL                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                  BUTEO JA14AICENSIS                          MAMMALS                                       CATHARUS GUTTATUS
                   RED-TAILED HAWK                                                                          HERMIT THRUSH
                  CEPPHUS COLL048A                            DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS                         CATHARUS USTULATUS
                   PIGEON GUILLE140T                           COMMON OPPOSUM                               SWAINSONIS THRUSH
                  CERORHINCA, MONOCERATA                      EURACTOS AMERICANUS                           CERTHIA FAMILIARIS
                   RHINOCEROS AUKLET                           BLACK BEAR                                   BROWN CREEPER
                  FALCO PEREGRINUS                            MEPHITIS MEPHITIS                             CHAETURA VAUXI
                   PEREGRINE FALCON                            STRIPED SKUNK                                VAUXIS SWIFT
                  GLAUCIDION GN014A                           PEROMYSCUS NANICULATUS                        CHAMAEA FASCIATA
                   PYGMY OWL                                   DEER HOUSE                                   WRENTIT
                  LUNDA CIRRHATA                              PROCYON LOTOR                                 CHORDEILES MINOR
                   TUFTED PUFFIN                               RACCOON                                      COMMON NIGHTHAWK
                  OCEANODR014A FURCATA                        ZAPUS TRINOTATUS                              COLAPTES AURATUS
                   FORK-TAILED STOR14 PETREL                   PACIFIC JL14PING   MOUSE                     COMMON FLICKER
                  OCEANODROMA, LEUCORHOA                                                                    CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS
                   LEACH'S STORM PETREL                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                   WESTERN WOOD PEWEE
                  OTUS ASIO                                   VASCULAR PLANTS                               CYPSELOIDES NIGER
                   SCREECH OWL                                                                              BLACK SWIFT
                  PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS                       BOSCHNIAKIA HOOKERI                           DENDROICA CORONATA
                   DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT                    S14ALL GROUNO-CONE                           YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER
                  PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS                                                                   DENDROICA NIGRESCENS
                   PELAGIC CORMORANT                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (8)    SCAVENGER               BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLEt
                  PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS                  BIRDS                                         DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS
                   BRANDT'S CORMORANT                                                                       HERMIT WARBLER
                  PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICLIS                    CATHARTES AURA                                DENDROICA PETECHIA
                   CASSINIS AUKLET                             TURKEY VULTURE                               YELLOW WARBLER
                  TYTO ALBA                                   HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPKALIS                      DENDROICA TOWNSENDI
                   BARN OWL                                    BALD EAGLE                                   TOWNSEND'S WARBLER
                  URIA AALGE                                  LARUS GLAUCESSCENS                            DRYOCOM PILEATUS
                   COMMON MURRE                                GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL                         PILEATED WOODPECKER
                                                              LARUS OCCIDENTALIS                            EMPIDONAX DIFFICILIS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 WESTERN GULL                                 WESTERN FLYCATCHER
                  MAMMALS-_                                                                                 E14PIDOMAX HAMMONDII
                                                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)    INVERTEBRATE            HAMMONDIS FLYCATCHER
                  CANIS LATRANS                               EATER - INVERTEBRATE$                         EMPIDONAX OBERHOLSERS
                   COYOTE                                                                                   DUSKY FLYCATCHER
                  FELIS CONCOLOR                              AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS                            EMPIDOMAX TRAILLII
                   M OUN TAIN LION                             ROVE BEETLE                                  WILLOW FLYCATCHER








                                         HABITAT: HEADLANDS AM ROCKY ISLANDS



                 HIRUNDO RUSTICA                         SOREX VAGRANS
                 BARN  SWALLOW                           VAGRANT SHREW
                 IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR
                 TREE SWALLOW
                 IXOREUS NAEVIUS
                 VARIED THRUSH
                 MYADESTES TOWNSENDI
                 TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE
                 NUTTALLORNIS BOREALIS
                 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER
                 OPORORNIS TOLMIEI
                 MCGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER
                 PARUS ATRICAPILLUS
                 BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE
                 PARUS RUFESCENS
                 CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE
                 PETROCHELIDON PYRRHONOTA
                 CLIFF SWALLOW
                 PICOIDES PUBESCENS
                 DOWNY WOODPECKER
                 PICOIDES VILLOSUS
                 HAIRY WOODPECKER
                 PROGNE SUBIS
                 PURPLE MARTIN
                 PSALTRIPARUS MININUIS
                 8UISHTIT
                 REGULUS CALENDULA
                 RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET
                 REGULUS SATRAPA
                 GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET
                 SITTA CANADEWSIS
                 RED-BRESTED NUTHATCH
                 SITTA CAROLINENSIS
                 WHITE-BRESTED NUTHATCH
                 SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS
                 YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER
                 STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOILLIS
                 ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW
                 TACHYCINETA THALASSINA
                 VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW
                 THRYOMANES BEWICKII
                 BEWICKIS WREN
                 TROGLODYTES AEDON
                 HOUSE WREN
                 TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES
                 WINTER WREN
                 VERMIVORA CELATA
                 ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER
                 VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA,
                 NASHVILLE WARBLER
                 VIREO GILVUS
                 WARBLING VIREO
                 VIREO HUTTONI
                 HUTTONfS VIREO
                 VIREO SOLITARIUS
                 SOLITARY VIREO
                 WILSONIA PUSILLA
                 WILSONfS WARBLER


                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                 EATER - MAMMALS


                 EPTESICUS FUSCUS
                 BIG BROWN RAT
                 MYOTIS LICIFUGUS
                 LITTLE BROW NYDTIS
                 NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSIl
                 SHREW-HOLE
                 SCAPANUS TdWNSENDII
                 TOWNSEND'S HOLE









                                            HABITAT: HEADLAMS AND ROCKY ISUMS



                                                                                                           AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA
                                                                                                             COPEPOD
                                                                                                           A14ALLOTHRIX VORAK
                                                                                                             COPEPOD
                                                                                                           ARIETELLUS PLLP41FER
                                                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                  COPEPOD
                                                                NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                        BATHYCALANUS BRADY[
                                                                                                             COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA, FOR140SA                     BOREOMYSIS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA JAPONICA                      BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA, KARIANA                      CALANUS CRISTATUS
                                                                DIAT014                                      COPEPOD
                                                                BACTERIASTRUN DELICATULUM                  CALANUS FIN14ARCHICIJS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                CERATIUM                                   CALANUS PLUNCHRUS
                                                                DINOFLAGELLATE                               COPEPOD
                                                                CHAETOCEROS COMPRESSUS                     CALANUS TENUICORNIS
                                                                DIAT014                                      COPEPOD
                                                                CHAETOCEROIS CONVOLUTUS                    CALOCALANUS STYLIREMIS
                                                                DIAT014                                      COPEPOD
                                                                CHAETOCERDS RADICAMS                       CANDACIA BIPINNATA
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                COCCOLITHOPHORES                           CAVOLINA UNCINATA
                                                                COCCOLITHS                                   PTEROPOD
                                                                DACTYLIOSOLEN MEDDITERRANEUS               CENTRAUGAPTILUIS PORCELLUS
                                                                DIAT014                                      COPEPOD
                                                                FRAGILARIA                                 CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI
                                                                DIAT004                                      COPEPOD
                                                                GONYAULAX                                  CHIRUNDINA STREETSI
                                                                DINOFLAGELLATE                               COPEPOD
                                                                LEPTOCYLINDRICUS DANICUS                   CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                MELOSIRA ISLANDICA                         CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                OTHER FLAGELLATES                          CLIO BALANTIU14
                                                                FLAGELLATES                                  PTEROPOD
                                                                PERIDINIUM                                 CLIONE LIMACINA.
                                                                DINOFLAGELLATE                               PTEROPOD
                                                                RHIZOSOLENIA ALATA                         COROLLA SPECTABILIS
                                                                DIATOM                                       PTEROPOD
                                                                RHIZOSOLENIA DELICATULA.                   CORYCAEUS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                RNIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISS114A                 CTENOICALANUS VANUS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                SYNEDRA ULNA                               EPILABIDOCERA A14PHITRITES
                                                                DIAT014                                      COPEPOD
                                                                THALASSIONE14A NITZSCHIOIDES               EUCALANUS ATTENLAATUS
                                                                DIATOM                                       COPEPOD
                                                                                                           EUCALANUS BUNGII
                                                                TZOPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 COPEPOD
                                                                IWVERTEBRATES                              EUCHAETA SPINOSA
                                                                                                             COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA CLAUSI                             EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA DAMAE                              EUCOPIA
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA LOINGIRENIS                        EVADNE NORNANNI
                                                                COPEPOD                                      CLADOCERAN
                                                                ACARTIA NEGLIGENS                          GAETAMUS SECUNDUS
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOD
                                                                AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA                       GAETAMUS SIMPLEX
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOD
                                                                AETIDEUS ARNATUS                           GADIUS BREVISPINUS
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOD
                                                                AETIDEUS  PACIFICUS                        GAIDIUS VARIABILIS
                                                                COPEPOD                                      COPEPOO
                                                                                                           GAUSSIA PRINCEPS
                                                                                                             COPEPOD








                                                            HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                     GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII                         -UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR                             GONATUS ANONYCHUS
                     OSTRACOD                                        COPEPOD                                        SQUID
                     GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS                             UNDEUCHAETA PLUMOSA                            GONATUS FABRICII
                     COPEPOD                                         COPEPOD                                        SQUID
                     GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS                                                                           GONATUS MAGISTER
                     COPEPOD                                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)    HERBIVORE                SQUID
                     HALOPTILUS PSEUDOXYCEPHALUS                     BIRDS                                          HALICREAS MINIMUM
                     COPEPOO                                                                                        JELLYFISH
                     HETERORHABDUS TANNERI                           BRANTA NIGRICANS                               HALISTAURA CELLULARIA
                     COPEPOD                                         BLACK BRANT                                    JELLYFISH
                     HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS                                                                     HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS
                     COPEPOD                                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                   SQU I D
                     HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR                            INVERTEBRATES                                  LENSIA CONOIDEA
                     COPEPOD                                                                                        JELLYFISH
                     LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA                             ABRALIOPSIS FELIS                              L114ACINA HELACINA
                     COPEPOD                                         SQUID                                          PTEROPOD
                     LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS                           AEGINA CITREA                                  LOLIGO OPALESCENS
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQUID
                     METRIDEA LUCENS                                 AEGINURA GRI14ALDII                            MOROTEUTNIS ROBUSTA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQU I D
                     METRIDIA  CURTICAUDA                            AEQUOREA                                       MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS                           AGLANTHA DIGITALE                              NANOMIA CARA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     MICROSETELLA,                                   ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI                             OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQU I D
                     MIXTOCALANUS   ROBUSTUS                         ATOLLA WYVELLEI                                ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQU 10
                     OITHONA                                         AURELIA LABIATA                                PANTACHOGON HAECKELI
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     ONCAEA CONIFERA                                 BARGMANNIA                                     PARAPHYLLINA RANSONI
                     COPEP60                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     PARACALANUS PARVUS                              BEROE CLICUMIS                                 PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA
                     COPEPOD                                         COMB JELLY                                     JELLYFISH
                     PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA                          BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI                               PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA
                     COPEPOO                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA                            CALYCOPSIS ME14ATOPHORA                        PLEUROBRACHIA PILEUS
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      COMB JELLY
                     PHAERNA SPINIFERA                               CARANARIA JAPONICA                             PRAYA DUSIA
                     COPEPOD                                         HETEROPOD                                      JELLYFISH
                     PLEUROMAMNA BOREALIS                            CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA                       PRAYA RETICULATA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     PLEUROMAMMA SCUTULLATA                          CHELOPHYES MULTIDENTATA                        PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      HETEROPOD
                     PODON LEUCKARTI                                 CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI                           SARSIA PRINCEPS
                     CLADOCERAN                                      SQUID                                          JELLYFISH
                     PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS                           CHUNIPHYES 140SERAE                            SARSIA TUBULOSA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     PSEUDOCHIRELLA, POLYSPINA                       COLOBONE14A  SERVICEU14                        SOLMISSUS INCISA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA                           CRANCHIA SCABRA                                SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI
                     COPEPOD                                         SQUID                                          JELLYFISH
                     RACOVITZANUS PACIFICA                           CROSSOTA ALBA                                  SULCULEOLARIA CAJADRIVALVIS
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     RHINCALANUS NASUTUS                             CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA                           TAONIUS PALVO
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQUID
                     SCAPHOCALANUS KEDIUS                            CROSSOTA RUFOGRUNNEA,                          VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      SQUID
                     SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS                           CUNINA OCTONARIA                               VELELLA VELELLA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATUS                      CYANEA                                         VOGTIA SPINOSA
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH                                      JELLYFISH
                     SCOLECITHRICELLA MINOR                          EUPHYSORA FURCATA                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH
                     SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS                           EUTONIA INDICANS                               FISHES
                     COPEPOD                                         JELLYFISH
                     TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS                            GALITEUTHIS AR14ATA                            ALOPIAS VULPINN
                     COPEPOD                                         SQUID                                          THRESHER SHARK
                     UNDEUCHAETA INTER14EDIA                         GONATOPSIS BOREALIS                            BRACHYISTIUS FRENATUS
                     COPEPOD                                         SQUID                                          KELP PERCH








                                                    HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                 EPTATRETUS DEANI                          STERNA PARADISAEA                        PODICEPS AURITUS
                  BLACK HAGFISH                             ARCTIC TERM                              HORNED GREBE
                 EPTORETUS STOUTI                                                                   PODICEPS GRISEGENA
                  PACIFIC HAGFISH                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE              RED-NECKED GREBE
                 GADUS 14ACROCEPHALUS                      BIRDS                                    PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICA
                  PACIFIC COD                                                                        CASSINIS AUKLET
                 GALEORNINUS ZYOPTERUS                     AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS                PUFFINUIS SULLERI
                  SOUPFIN SHARK                             WESTERN GREBE                            BULLER'S SHEARWATER
                 NEXANCHUS GRISEUS                         BRACHYRAMPHUS MARNMATU14                 PUFFINUS CARNEIPES
                  SIXGILL SHARK                             MARSELED MURRELET                        FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER
                 HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI                        CERORHINCA MOMOCERATA,                   PUFFINUS CREATOPUS
                  RATFISH                                   RHINOCEROS AUKLET                        PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
                 LAMNA DITROPSIS                           CLANGULA HYKALIS                         PUFFINUS GRISEUS
                  SALMON SHARK                              OLDSQUAW                                 SOOTY SHEARWATER
                 MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS                      DICHEDEA NIGRIPES                        PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS
                  PACIFIC HAKE                              BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS                   SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER
                 MARONE SAXATILIS                          FUL14ARIS GLACIALIS                      RISSA TRIDACTYLA
                  STRIPED BASS                              NORTHERN FUL14AR                         BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE
                 NOTORYNCHUS NACULATUS                     GAVIA ARCTICA                            STERNA CASPIA
                  SPOTTED COWSHARK ON SEVENGILL             ARCTIC LOON                              CASPIAN TERM
                 ONCORHYNCHUS   GORBUSCHA                  GAVIA INNER                              STERNA FORSTERI
                  PINK SALMON                               COMMON LOOK                              FORSTER'S TERM
                 ONCORHYNCHUS   KETA                       GAVIA STELLATA                           STERNA HIRUNDO
                  CHUN SALMON                               RED-THROATED LOON                        COMMON TERM
                 ONCORHYNCHUS   KISUTCH                    HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS                SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIG
                  COHO SALMON                               HARLEQUIN DUCK                           ANCIENT MURRELET
                 ONCORHYNCHUS   TSHAWYTSCHA                LARUS ARGENTATUS                         URIA AALGE
                  CHINOOK SALMON                            HERRING GULL                             COMMON MURRE
                 PRIONACE GLAUCA                           LARUS CALIFORMICUS                       XE14A SABINI
                  BLUE SHARK                                CALIFORNIA GULL                          SABINE'S GULL
                 RAJA KINCAIDI                             LARUS CAMUS
                  BLACK SKATE                               NEW GULL                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                 RAJA RHINA                                LARUS DELAWARENSIS                       MAMMALS
                  LONGNOSE SKATE                            RING-BILLED GULL
                 RAJA STELLULATA                           LARUS GLAUCESCENS                        BERARDIUS BAIRDI
                  STARRY SKATE                              GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL                     BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE
                 SALMO CLARKI                              LARUS HEERMAMMI                          CALLORHINUS URSINUS
                  CUTTHROAT TROUT                           HEERMANNIS GULL                          NORTHERN FUR SEAL
                 SALMO GAIRDMARI                           LARUS OCCIDENTALIS                       DELPHINUS DELPHIS
                  STEELHEAD TROUT                           WESTERN GULL                             COMMON DOLPHIN
                 SALVALIMUS MAL14A                         LARUS PHILADELPHIA                       EUMETOPIAS JUSATUS
                  DOLLY VARDEN                              BONAPARTE'S GULL                         NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION
                 SEBASTES ALUTUS                           LARUS THAYERI                            GLOSICEPHALA MACRORHYMCHUS
                  PACIFIC OCEANPERCH                        THAYERS GULL                             BLACK FISH OR SHORT-FINNED PIL
                 SEBASTES CRAMERI                          LOBIPES LOBATUS                          GRAMPUS GRISEUS
                  BLACKMOUTH ROCKFISH OR DARKBLOOD          NORTHERN PHALAROPE                       RISSOIS DOLPHIN
                 SEBASTES DIPLOPROA                        LUNDRA CIRRHATA                          KOGIA BREVICEPS
                  SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH                        TUFTED PUFFIN                            PYGMY SPERM WHALE
                 SEBASTES FLAVIDUS                         MELANITTA DEGLANDI                       LAGEMORHYNCHUS OBLIQUIDENS
                  YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH                       WHITE-WINGED SCOTER                      PACIFIC      STRIPED/WT-SIDED
                 SEBASTES PINNEGER                         MELANITTA MIGRA                          DOLPHIN
                  CANARY ROCKFISH                           BLACK SCOTER                            LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS
                 SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCAMUS                    14ELANITTA PERSPICILLATA                  NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN
                  SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH                       SURF SCOTER                             MESOPLODON CARLHUBBSI
                 SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                       MERGUS SERRATOR                           HUBBIS BEAKED WHALE
                  PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                     RED-BRESTED MERGANSER                   MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI
                 SQUALIS ACANTHIAS                         OCEAMODROMA FURCATA                       STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE
                  SPINY DOGFISH                             FORK-TAILED STORN-PETREL                KIROUNGA AUGUSTIROSTRIS
                 THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA                     OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA                     NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL
                  WALLEYE POLLOCK                           LEACH'S STORN-PETREL                    ORCIMUS ORCA
                 TORPEDO CALIFORMICA,                      PELICAMUS OCCIDENTALIS                    KILLER WHALE
                  PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY                      BROWN PELICAN                           PHOCA VITUILINA
                 TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA                      PHALACROCORAX AURITUS                     HARBOR SEAL
                  LEOPARD SHARK                             DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT                PHOICOEMA PHOCOEMA
                                                           PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS                   HARBOR PORPOISE
                 TROPHIC LEVEL:     C-)                     PELAGIC CORMORANT                       PHOCOEMOIDES DALLI
                 BIRDS                                     PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS                DALL PORPOISE
                                                            BRANDT'S CORMORANT                      PHYSETER CATODOM
                 CEPPRUS COLU14BRA                         PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS                     SPERM WHALE
                  PIGEON GUILLE140T                         RED PHALAROPE                           PSEUDORCA CRASSIDEMS








                                                          HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                    FALSE KILLER WHALE                            POMARINE JAEGER                              LANCEOLA LOVENI
                    STENELLA COERULEOALBA                                                                      AMPHIPOO
                    STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE               TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER             LYCAEA PULEX
                    ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIAMUS                        INVERTEBRATES                                AMPHIPOD
                    CALIFORNIA SEA LION                                                                        MENINGODORA HOLLIS
                    ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                           DOLIOLUM                                     SHRIMP
                    CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                SALP                                         NINOE GEMMA
                                                                  HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA                          POLYCHAETE WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                   SALP                                         NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICUS
                    INVERTEBRATES                                 IASIS ZONARIA                                SHRIMP
                                                                  SALP                                         OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI
                    BENTHEUPHAUSIA AMBLYOP'S                      OIKOPLEURA                                   AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      LARVACEAN                                    PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA
                    EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA                            PEGEA CONFOEDERATA                           SHRIMP
                    EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPASIPHAE SUICATIFRONS
                    MEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES                       SALPA FUSIFORMIS                             SHRIMP
                    EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPHROW114A CRASSIPES
                    NE14ATOCELIS DIFFICILIS                       THALIA DEMOCRATICA,                          AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPHRON114A GRACILIS
                    STYLOCHEIROM ABBRVIATU14                      THETYS VAGINA                                AMPHIPOO@
                    EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA
                    STYLOCHEIROM LONGICORNE                                                                    AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER             PASIPHAEA CHACET
                    STYLOCHEIRON MAXIMUM                          MAMMALS                                      SHRIMP
                    EUPHASID                                                                                   PASIPHAEA 14AGNA
                    TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS                      RALAENA GLACIALIS                            SHRIMP
                    EUPHASID                                      BLACK OR PACIFIC   RIGHT WHALE               PASIPHAEA PACIFICA
                    THYANOESSA GREGARIA                           BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA                   SHRI14P
                    EUPHASID                                      MINKE WHALE                                  PETALIDILI14 SUSPIRIOSUM
                    THYANOESSA  INSPINATA                         BALAENOPTERA  BOREALIS                       SHRIMP
                    EUPHASID                                      SEI WHALE                                    PHRON114A SEDENTARIA
                    THYANOESSA  LONGIPES                          BALAENOPTERA  MUSCULUS                       AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      BLUE WHALE                                   PHROMINOPSIS SPINIFERA
                    THYANCESSA  PARVA                             BALAENOPTERA, PHYSALUS                       AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      FINBACK OR FIN WHALE                         POEOBIUS MESERES
                    THYANOESSA  RASCHII                           MEGAPTERA NOVEANGLIAE                        POLYCHAETE WORK
                    EUPHASID                                      HUMPBACK WHALE                               PRINNO ASYSSALIS
                    THYANOESSA  SPINIFERA                                                                      AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)     INVERTEBRATE          PRIMNO MACROPA
                    THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS                        EATER - INVERTEBRATES                        AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                                                                   RHYNCHONOREELLA ANGELINI
                    THYSANOPODA CORNUTA                           ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS                    POLYCHAETE WORM
                    EUPHASID    '                                 SHRI14P                                      SAGITTA BIERII
                    THYSANOPODA EGREGIA                           SENTHEOGENNE14A                              ARROW-WOR14
                    EUPHASID                                      SHRIMPSENTNEOGENNEMA BOREALIS                SAGITTA DECIPIENS
                                                                  SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 014NIVORE                  CYSTIS014A FABRICII                          SAGITTA ELEGAMS
                    FISHES                                        A14PHIPOD                                    ARROW-WORM
                                                                  DAIRELLA CALIFORMICA                         SAGITTA EUNERITICA
                    SARDINOPS SAGAX                               A14PHIPOD                                    ARROW-WOR14
                    PACIFIC SARDINE                               EUKROHNIA BATHYPELAGICA                      SAGITTA 14ACROCEPHALA
                                                                  ARROW-WOR14                                  ARROW-WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                   EUKROHNIA FOWLERI                            SAGITTA MAX114A
                    FISHES                                        ARROW-WOR14                                  ARROW-WORM
                                                                  EUKROHNIA HAMATA                             SAGITTA MIN114A
                    ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                       ARROW-WORM                                   ARROW-WORM
                    PACIFIC LAMPREY                               GENNADUS INCERATUS                           SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE
                    LAMPETRA AYRESI                               SHRI14P                                      ARROW-WORM
                    RIVER LAMPREY                                 GENNADAS PROPINQUUS                          SAGITTA ZETESIOS
                                                                  SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WOR14
                    TROPHIC LEVEL:  (6) PARASITE                  HYMEMODORA FRONTALIS                         SCINA CRASSICORMIS BURMUDENSIS
                    BIRDS                                         SHRIMP                                       A14PHIPOD
                                                                  HYMENODORA GLACIALIS                         SEGESTES SIMILIS
                    CATHARACTA 14CCOR14ICKI                       SHRIMP                                       SHRI14P
                    SOUTH POLAR SKUA                              HY14ENCOORA GRACILIS                         SERGIA TENUIRENIS
                    STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDIS                      SHRIMP                                       SHRIMP
                    LONG-TAILED JAEGER                            HYPERIA HYSTRIX                              STREETSIA CHALLENGERI
                    STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS                      AMPHIPOD                                     AMPHIPOD
                    PARASITIC JAEGER                              HYPEROCHE DEDUSARU14                         SYSTELLAPSIS BRAUERI
                    STERCORARIUS PC M IMUS                        A14PHIPOO                                    SHRIMP








                                                       HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                     SYSTELLAPSIS CRISTATA                                                             EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES
                     SHRIMP                                                                             COPEPOD
                     TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII                                                               EUCALANUS ATTENUATUS
                     POLYCHAETE WORN                                                                    COPEPOD
                     TOMOPTERIS NISSENI                                                                EUCALANUS BUNG11
                     POLYCHAETE WORM                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE               COPEPOD
                     TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA                     INVERTEBRATES                             EUCHAETA SPINOSA
                     POLYCHAETE WORN                                                                    COPEPOD
                     TRYPHANA MALMI                          ACARTIA CLAUSI                            EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA
                     AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     VIBILIA AR14ATA                         ACARTIA DANAE                             EUCOPIA
                     AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                   COPEPOO
                     VIBILIA PROQUINQUA                      ACARTIA LONGERIMIS                        EVADNE NOR14ANNI
                     AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                   CLADOCERAN
                     VIBILIA WOLTERECKI                      ACARTIA NEGLIGENS                         GAETANUS SECUNDUS
                     AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                                                             AEGISTHUS MUCRONATUS HARPACTIC            GAETANUS SIMPLEX
                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE          COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     EATER - FISHES                          AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA                      GAIDIUS BREVISPINUS
                                                              COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS                    AETIDEUS ARMATUS                          GAIDIUS VARIABILIS
                     WHITEBAIT SMELT                          COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA                       AETIDEUS  PACIFICUS                       GAUSSIA PRINCEPS
                     AMERICAN SHAD                            COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS                    AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA                        GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII
                     PACIFIC SAND LANCE                       COPEPOD                                   OSTRACOD
                     AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS                 ANALLOTHRIX VORAK                         GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS
                     REDTAIL SURFPERCH                        COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     ATHERINOPS AFFINIS                      ARIETELLUS PLLN41FER                      GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS
                     TOPSMELT                                 COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     CETORNINUS MAXIMUS                      BATHYCALANUS BRADY1                       HALOPTILUS PSEUDOOXYCEPHALUS
                     BASKING SHARK                            COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                 BOREOMYSIS                                HETERORHABDUS TANNERI
                     PACIFIC HERRING                          COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     COLOLABIS SAIRA                         BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA                       HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORMIS
                     PACIFIC SAURY                            COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA                  CALANUS CRISTATUS                         HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR
                     SHINER PERCH                             COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS                     CALANUS FINMARCHICUS                      LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA
                     STRIPED SEAPERCH                         COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     ENGRAULIS MORDAX                        CALANUS PLUMCHRUS                         LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS
                     NORTHERN ANCHOVY                         COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     HYPOMESUS PRETIOSUS                     CALANUIS TENUICORNIS                      METRIDEA LULCENS
                     SURFSMELT                                COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     MICROGADUS PROXIMUS                     CALOCALAWUS STYLIREMIS                    METRIDIA CURTICAUDA
                     PACIFIC TONCOD                           COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA                      CANDACIA BIPINNATA                        MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS
                     SOCKEYE SALMON                           COPEPOO                                   COPEPOD
                     PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS                  CAVOLINA  UNCINATA                        MICROSETELLA,
                     TADPOLE SCULPIN                          PTEROPOD                                  COPEPOD
                     SPIRINCHUS STARKSI                      CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS                 MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS
                     NIGHT SURF SMELT                         COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     SPIRINCHUS THALEICNTHYS                 CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI                    OITHONA
                     LONGFIW SMELT                            COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS                  CHIRUNDINA STREETS1                       ONCAEA CONIFERA
                     EULACHON OR COLUMBIA RIVER S14ELT        COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                                                             CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS                 PARACALANUS PARVUS
                     TROPHIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE           COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     EATER - BIRDS                           CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS                     PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA
                                                              COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                     AYTHIA MARILA                           CLIO BALANTILIN                           PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA
                     GREATER SCAUP                            PTEROPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                             CLIONE LIMOCINA                           PHAENNA SPINIFERA
                                                              PTEROPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                             COROLLA SPECTABILIS                       PLEURONAM14A BOREALIS
                                                              PTEROPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                             CORYCHAEUS                                PLEURONAMMA SCUTULLATA
                                                              COPEPOD                                   COPEPOD
                                                             CTENOCALAWS VANUS                         PODON LEUCKARTI
                                                              COPEPOD                                   CLADOCERAN








                                                      HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC



                  PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTHUS                       JELLYFISH                                  JELLYFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA                         SOLMISSUS INCISA
                  PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA                     JELLYFISH                                  JELLYFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   CROSSOTA RUFOBRUNNEA                         SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI
                  RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA                        JELLYFISH                                  JELLYFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   CUNINA OCTONARIA                             SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALIS
                  RACOVITZANUS PACIFICUS                       JELLYFISH                                  JELLYFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   CYANEA                                       TAONIUS PAVO
                  RHIWCALANUS NASUTUS                          JELLYFISH                                  SOU I D
                   COPEPOD                                   EUPHYSORA FURCATA                            VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS
                  SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS                         JELLYFISH                                  SQUID
                   COPEPOD                                   EUTONIA INDICANS                             VOGTIA SPINOSA
                  SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS                        JELLYFISH                                  JELLYFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   GALITEUTHIS ARMATA
                  SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATUS                   SQU I D                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   COPEPOD                                   GONATOPSIS BOREALIS                          FISHES
                  SCOLECITHRICELLA, MINOR                      SQUID
                   COPEPOD                                   GONATUS ANOWYCHUS                            ALOPIAS VULPIWUS
                  SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS                        SQUID                                      THRESHER SHARK
                   COPEPOD                                   GONATUS FABRICII                             ANOPLOP014A FIMBRIA
                  TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS                         SQUID                                      SABLEFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   GONATUS MAGISTER                             CHAULIODUS  14ACOLJM I
                  UNDEUCHAETA INTERMEDIA                       SQUID                                      PACIFIC VIPERFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   HALICREAS MINIML14                           CORYPHAENOIDES ACROLEPIS
                  UNDEUCHAETA 14AJOR                           JELLYFISH                                  ROUGHSCALE RATTAIL
                  COPEPOD                                    HALISTAURA CELLULARIA                        EPTATRETUS DEANI
                  UNDUCHAETA PLUMOSA                           JELLYFISH                                  BLACK HAGFISH
                   COPEPOD                                   HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS                     EPTATRETUS STOUTI
                                                               SQUID                                      PACIFIC HAGFISH
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE             JAPETELLA HEATH[                             GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS
                  INVERTEBRATES                                OCTOPUS                                    SOUPFIN SHARK
                                                             LENSIA CONOIDEA                              HEXANCHUS GRISEUS
                  ABRALIOPSIS FELIS                            JELLYFISH                                  SIXGILL SHARK
                   SQUID                                     LIMACINA HELACINA                            HYDROLAGUS COLLIE[
                  AEGINA CITREA                                PTEROPOD                                   RATFISH
                   JELLYFISH                                 LOLIGO OPALESCENS,                           LAMNA DITROPIS
                  AEGINURA GRI14ALDII                          SQUID                                      SALMON SHARK
                   JELLYFISH                                 MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA                          MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS.
                  AEGUOREA                                     SQU I D                                    PACIFIC HAKE
                   JELLYFISH                                 MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA                           NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS
                  AGLANTHA DIGITALE                            JELLYFISH                                  SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL
                   JELLYFISH                                 NANOMIA CARA                                 ONCORHYNCHUS GORSUSCHA
                  ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI                           JELLYFISH                                  PINK SALMON
                   JELLYFISH                                 OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA                         ONCORHYNCHUS KETA
                  ATOLLA WYVILLEI                              SQUID                                      CHU14 SALMON
                   JELLYFISH                                 OCTOPUS                                      ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH
                  AURELIA LABIATA                              OCTOPUS                                    COHO SALMON
                   JELLYFISH                                 OWYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI                         ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA
                  BARG14ANNIA                                  SQUID                                      CHINOOIK.SALNOM
                   JELLYFISH                                 PANTACHOGON HAECKELI                         PORICHTHYS NOTATUS
                  BEROE CLICUMIS                               JELLYFISH                                  PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN
                   COMB JELLY                                PARAPHYLLINA RANSOMI                         PRIONACE GLAUCA
                  BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI                             JELLYFISH                                  BLUE SHARK
                   JELLYFISH                                 PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA                        RAJA KINCAIDI
                  CALYCOPSIS NAMATOPHORA                       JELLYFISN                                  BLACK SKATE
                  CARANARIA JAPONICA                         PHYSOPHORA  HYDROSTATICA                     RAJA RHINA
                   HETEROPOO                                   JELLYFISH                                  LONGNOSE SKATE
                  CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA                   PLEUROBRACHIA PILEUS                         RAJA STELLULATA
                   JELLYFISH                                   CON JELLY                                  STARRY SKATE
                  CHELOPHYES  MULTIDENTATA                   PRAYA DUSIA                                  SALMO CLARKI
                   JELLYFISH                                   JELLYFISH                                  CUTTHROAT TROUT
                  CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI                       PRAYA RETICULATA                             SALNO GAIRDNERI
                  SQUID                                        JELLYFISH                                  STEELHEAD TROUT
                  CHUNIPHYES  MOSERAE                        PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA                         SALVELINUS MAL14A
                   JELLYFISH                                   HETEROPOD,                                 DOLLY VARDEN
                  COLOSONE14A SERVICEUM                      ROSSIA PACIFICA                              SERASTES ALUTUS
                   JELLYFISH                                   SQUID                                      PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH
                  CRANCHIA SCABRA                            SARSIA   PRINCEPS                            SEBASTES CRA14ERI
                   SQUID                                       JELLYFISH                                  BLACKNOUTH       ROCKFISH      OR
                  CROSSOTA ALBA                              SARSIA TUIBULOSA                             DARKBLOCID









                                                           HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC



                       SEBASTES DIPLOPROA                            THYANOESSA INSPINATA                         SHRI14P
                       SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH                            EUPHASID                                    GENNADAS PROPINQUUS
                       SEBASTES ELONGATUS                            THYANOESSA LONGIPES                          SHRIMP
                       GREENSTRIPED ROCKFISH                         EUPHASID                                    HYMENODORA FRONTALIS
                       SEBASTES FLAVIDUS                             THYANOESSA PARVA                             SHRIMP
                       YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH                           EUPHASID                                    HYMENODORA GLACIALIS
                       SEBASTES PINNIGER                             THYANOESSA RASCHII                           SHRIMP
                       CANARY ROCKFISH                               EUPHASID                                    HYMENODORA GRACILIS
                       SEBASTOL08US ALASCANUS                        THYANOESSA SPINIFERA EUPHASID                SHRIMP
                       SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH                           THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS                      HYPERIA HYSTRIX
                       SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                           EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOD
                       PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                         THYSANOPODA CORNUTA                         HYPEROCHE DEDUSARUM
                       SQUALUS ACANTHIAS                             EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOD
                       SPINY DOGFISH                                 THYSAMOPODA EGREGIA                         LANCEOLA LOVENI
                       TACTOSTOKA MACROPUS                           EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOID
                       LONGFIM DRAGONFISH                                                                        LYCAEA PULEX
                       THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (5)   OMNIVORE                AMPHIPOD
                       WALLEYE POLLOCK                               FISHES                                      MENINGODORA MOLLIS
                       TORPEDO CALIFORNICA                                                                        SHRIMP
                       PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY                          SARDINOPS SAGAX                             NINOE GEMNA
                       TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA                          PACIFIC SARDINE                              POLYCHAETE WORN
                       LEOPARD SHARK                                                                             NOTOSTOMUS JAPOINICUS
                                                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                  SHRIMP
                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                  FISHES                                      OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI
                       MAMMALS                                                                                    AMPHIPOD
                                                                     ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                     PANDALUS JORDANI
                       BERARDIUS BAIRDI                              PACIFIC LAMPREY                              OCEAN PINK SHRIMP
                       BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE                          LA14PETRA AYREST                            PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA
                       CALLORHINUS URSINUS                           RIVER LA14PREY                               SHRIMP
                       NORTHERN FUR SEAL                                                                         PARAPISIPHAE SUICATIFRONS
                       KOGIA BREVICEPS                               TROPHIC LEVEL:  (7) FILTER FEEDER            SHRIMP
                       PYGMY SPERM WHALE                             INVERTEBRATES                               PARAPHRONINA CRASSIPES
                       LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS                                                                      AMPHIPOD
                       NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE     DOLPHIN              DOLIOLUM                                    PARAPHRONIMA GRACILIS
                       MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI                         SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                       STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE                      HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA                         PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA
                       ORCINUS ORCA                                  SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                       KILLER WHALE                                  IASIS ZONARIA                               PASIPHAEA CHACEI
                       PHOCOENA PHOCOENA                             SALP                                         SHRIMP
                       HARBOR PORPOISE                               OIKOPLEURA                                  PASIPHAEA KAGNA
                       RHOCOENOIDES DALLI                            LARVACEAN                                    SHRIMP
                       DALL PORPOISE                                 PEGEA CONFOEDERATA                          PASIPHAEA PACIFICA
                       PHYSETER CATODON                              SALP                                         SHRIMP
                       SPERM WHALE                                   SALPA FUSIFORMIS                            PETALIDILIN SUSPIRIOSUN
                       STENELLA COERULEOALBA                         SALP                                         SHRJ14P
                       STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE               THALIA DE140CRATICA                         PHRONIMA SEDENTARIA
                       ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                           SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                       CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                THETYS VAGINA                               PHRONIMOPSIS SPINIFERA
                                                                     SALP                                         A14PHIPOD
                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 014NIVORE                                                              POEOSIUS 14ESERES
                       INVERTEBRATES                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE              POLYCHAETE WOR14
                                                                     EATER - INVER EBRATES                       PRINNO ABYSSALIS
                       BENTHEOPAUSIA    A14BLYOPS                                                                 AMPHIPOD
                       EUPHASID                                      ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS                   PRIMNO 14ACROPA
                       EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA                            SHRIMP                                       AMPHIPOD
                       EUPHASID                                      BENTHEOGENNEMA,                             RHYNCHOINEREELLA ANGELINI
                       NE14ATOBRACHION FLEXIPES                      SHRIMP                                       POLYCHAETE WOR14
                       EUPHASID                                      BENTHEOGENNE14A BOREALIS                    SAGITTA BIERII
                       NEMATOCELIS DIFFICILIS                        SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WORN
                       EUPHASID                                      CYSTIS014A FABRICII                         SAGITTA DECIPIENS
                       STYLOCHEIRON A88REVIATU14                     AMPHIPOD                                     ARROW-WOR14
                       EUPHASID                                      DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA                        SAGITTA ELEGANS
                       STYLOCHEIRON LONGICORNE                       AMPHIPOD                                     ARROW-WORN
                       EUPHASID                                      EUKROHNIA BATHYPIELAGICA                    SAGITTA EUNERITICA,
                       STYLOCHEIRON MAXIMUM                          ARROW-WORN                                   ARROW-WOR14
                       EUPHASID                                      EUKROHNIA FOWLERI                           SAGITTA 14ACROCEPHALA
                       TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS                      ARROW-WON                                    ARROW-WORN
                       EUPHASID                                      EUKROHNIA HA14ATA                           SAGITTA MAX114A
                       THYANOESSA GREGARIA                           ARROW-WORN                                   ARROW-WOR14
                       EUPHASID                                      GENNADAS INCERTUS                           SAGITTA MINIMA








                                                      HABITAT: DISPROTIC PELAGIC



                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             LISCHKIA CIDARIS
                   SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE                                                                      SNAIL
                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             LUIDIA FOLIATA
                   SAGITTA ZETESIOS                                                                       SAND STAR
                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM
                   SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURMUDENSIS             TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                SEA ANEMONE
                   AMPHIPOD                                   INVERTEBRATES                               MITRELLA GOULDI
                   SERGESTES SIMILIS                                                                      SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                     AC14AEA MITRA                               NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                   SERGIA TENUIREMIS                          DUNCECAP LIMPET                             SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                     STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU              WASSARIUS MENDICUS
                   STREETSIA CHALLENGERI                      GIANT RED URCHIN                            SNAIL
                   AMPHIPOO                                   STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS               NEPTUNEA LYRATA
                   SYSTELLASPIS BRAUERI                       PURPLE SEA URCHIN                           SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                                                                 OCTOPUS DOLFEINI
                   SYSTELLASPIS CRISTATA                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE              OCTOPUS
                   SHRIMP                                     INVERTEBRATES                               PISASTER BREVISPINOUS
                   TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII                                                                    SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                   POLYCHAETE WOR14                           AC14AEA LIMATULA,                           PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                   TOMOPTERIS NISSENI                         FILE LIMPET                                 GIANT STAR
                   POLYCHAETE WORM                            ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                        PISASTER 6CHRACEOUS
                   TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA                        SNAIL                                       PURPLE STAR
                   POLYCHAETE WORK                            ANTIPLANES PERVERSA                         POLYPUS
                   TRYPHANA MALMI                             SNAIL                                       OCTOPUS
                   AMPHIPOD                                   ANTIPLANES VINOSA                           PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS
                   VIBILIA ARMATA                             SNAIL                                       SLI14E STAR
                   AMPHIPOD                                   ARCHIDORIS MONTEREYENSIS                    PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA
                   VIBILIA PROOUINOUA                         NUDIBRANCH                                  LIMPET
                   AMPHIPOD                                   ARMINA CALIFORNICA,                         PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                   VIBILIA WOLTERECKI                         NUDIBRANCH                                  SUNFLOWER STAR
                   AMPHIPOD                                   ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS                         ROSSIA PACIFICA
                                                              SAND STAR                                   SQU I D
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)  INVERTEBRATE           BENTHOCTOPUS                                SCYRA ACUTIFRONS
                   EATER - FISHES                             OCTOPUS                                     14ASKING CRAB
                                                              BORETROPHON STUARTI                         SOLASTER DAWSOMI
                   ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS                       SNAIL                                       MORNING SUN STAR
                   WHITEBAIT SMELT                            BUCCINLJ14 STRIGILLATUM                     SOLASTER STIMPSONI
                   ALOSA SAPIDISSINA                          SNAIL                                       SUN STAR
                   AMERICAN SHAD                              CALLIOST014A ANNULATUM                      STYLASTERIAL FORRERI
                   ATHERINOPS AFFINIS                         SNAIL                                       SEA STAR
                   TOPSMELT                                   CHIONECTES BAIRDI                           TACHYRHYNCHU.S LACTEOLUM
                   CERATOSCOPELUS TOWNSENDI                   TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   DOGTOOTH LAMPFISH                          CHIONECTES OPILIO                           TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATCHUM
                   CETORHINUS MAXIMUS                         TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   BASKING SHARK                              CHIONECTES TANNERI                          TROPHON TRIPHERUS
                   CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                    TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   PACIFIC HERRING                            COLUS ROSEUS
                   COLOLABIS SAIRA                            SNAIL                                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   PACIFIC SAURY                              COLUS SERVINUS                              FISHES
                   DIAPHUS THETA                              SNAIL
                   CALIFORNIA HEADLIGHTFISH                   CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                          ANARRHICHTHYS OCELLATUS
                   ENGRAULIS MORDAX                           ROSE STAR                                   WOLF EEL
                   NORTHERN ANCHOVY                           DENTALIUM                                   DASYCOTTUS SETIGER
                   ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA                         TOOTH SNAIL                                 SPINYHEAD SCULPIN
                   SOCKEYE SALMON                             DER14ASTERIAS IMBRICATA                     EPTATRETUS, DEANI
                   SPIRINCHUS STARKSI                         LEATHER STAR                                BLACK HAGFISH
                   NIGHT SURF SMELT                           EPITOMIL14 INDIANORUM                       EPTATRETIS STOUTI
                   SPIRINCHUS THALEICHTHYS                    SNAIL                                       PACIFIC HAGFISH
                   LONGFIN SMELT                              FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS                     HEXAGRAmmoS DECAGRAMMIS
                   STENOBRACHIUS LEUCOPSARUS                  OREGON TRITON                               KELP GREENLING
                   NORTHERN LAMPFISH                          HENRICIA LEVISCULA                          HEXAGRAMM STELLERI
                   TARLETONBEANIA CRENULARIS                  BLOOD STAR                                  WHITESPOTTED GREENLING
                   BLUE LANTERNFISH                           ISCHNOCHITON                                MANCHUS GRISEUS
                   THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS                     CHITON                                      SIXGILL SHARK
                   EULACHOM OR COLL14BIA R.  S14ELT           LEPIDAZONA                                  HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI
                                                              CHITON                                      RATFISH
                                                              LEPIDAZONA GOLISCHI                         ICELINUS FILAMENT
                                                              CHITON                                      THREADFIN SCULPIN
                                                              LEPTOCHITON                                 OPHIODON ELONGATUS
                                                              CHITON                                      LINGCOD








                                                 HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                      RAJA BINOCULATA                                ONCOSOECIA                                   CANCER MAGISTER
                      BIG SKATE                                      BRYOZOAN                                      DUNGENESS CRAB
                      RAJA KINCAIDI                                  PSEUDARCHASTER PARELLI ALASCEN               PAGURISTES TURGIDUS
                      BLACK SKATE                                    SEA STAR                                      HERMIT   CRAB
                      RAJA RHINA                                                                                  PAGURUS   ALEUTICUS
                      LONGNOSE SKATE                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                   HERMIT   CRAB
                      RAJA STELLULATA                                FISHES                                       PAGURUS   OCHOTENSIS
                      STARRY SKATE                                                                                 HERMIT   CRAB
                      SCORPAENICHTHYS   MARMORATUS                   ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                      PAGURUS   TANNERI
                      CAREZON                                        PACIFIC LAMPREY                               HERMIT   CRAB
                      SEBASTES CAURIMUS                              LAMPETRA AYRESI                              PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS
                      COPPER ROCKFISH                                RIVER LA14PREY                                PAPILLA CRAB
                      SEBASTES MALIGER
                      QUILLBACK ROCKFISH                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER             TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                      SEBASTES MYSTINUS                              INVERTEBRATES                                EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                      BLUE ROCKFISH
                      SEBASTES RUBERRIMUS                            ACILIA CASTRENSIS                            ARCTONOE PULCHRA
                      YELLOWEYE ROCKFISH                             DIVARICATE NUT CLAN                           POLYCHAETE
                      SEBASTODES MELANOPS                            BALANUS CRENATUS                             BALANOPHYLLA ELEGANS
                      BLACK SEABASS                                  BARNACLE                                      STONY CORAL
                      SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                            BALANUS HESPERIUS                            CHORILLIA LONGIPES
                      PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                          BARNACLE                                      SHRIMP
                      SOUALUS ACANTHIAS                              BEGULA FLABELLATA                            CRANGON COMINUNIS
                      SPINY DOGFISH                                  BRYOZOAN                                      SHRI14P
                                                                     CABEREA ELLISI                               CRANGON FRANCISORUM
                      TROPHIC LEVEL:   (3) CARNIVORE                 BRYOZOAN                                      SHRIMP
                      MAMMALS                                        CALLAPORA CORNICULIFERA                      DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA
                                                                     BRYOZOAN                                      AMPHIPOD
                      EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS                             CARDIONYA  OLDROYDI                          ENIPO GRACILIS
                      NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION                   CUSPIDARIA CLA14                              POLYCHAETE
                      KOGIA BREVICEPS                                CELLARIA DIFFUSA                             HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS
                      PYGMY SPERM WHALE                              BRYOZOAN                                      POLYCHAETE
                      MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI                          CELLARIA 14ANDIBULATA                        MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS
                      STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE                       BRYOZOAN                                      POLYCHAETE
                      PHOCA VITULINA                                 CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS                    MAGELONA PITELKAI
                      HARBOR SEAL                                    PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP                          POLYCHAETE
                      PHOCOENA PHOCOENA                              CHLAMYS HINDSI                               NEPHTYS CILIATA
                      HARBOR PORPOISE                                MIND'S SCALLOP                                POLYCHAETE
                      PHYSETER CATODON                               CLINOCARDIL14 MUTALLI                        NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA
                      SPERM WHALE                                    BASKET COCKLE                                 POLYCHAETE
                      ZALOPHUS CALIFORMIANUS                         HALOCYNTHIA IGABOJA                          PANDALUSDANAE
                      CALIFORNIA SEA LION                            SEA SQUIRT                                    DOCK SHRIMP
                      ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                            LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA                        PANDALUS JORDAN[
                      CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                 BRYOZOAN                                      OCEAN PINK SHRI14P
                                                                     LAQUEUS CALIFORNICUS                         PANDALUS PLATYCEROS
                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE                 LAMP SHELL                                    SPOT SHRIMP
                      INVERTEBRATES                                  MYRIOZOUN COARCTATUM                         PARAGORGIA ARBOREA
                                                                     BRYOZOAN                                      SOFT CORAL
                      ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                         MYR I OZOUN TENUlE                           PISTA CRISTATA
                      SEA URCHIN                                     BRYOZOAN                                      POLYCHAETE
                      BANKIA SETACEA                                 MEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                    PISTA FIMBRIATA
                      TEREDO                                         HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                          POLYCHAETE
                      BRISASTER LATIFROMS                            PECTEN CAURIMUS                              PRAXILELLA GRACILIS
                      SEA URCHIN                                     GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                         POLYCHAETE
                      PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA                      PROTOTHACA STAMINEA                          SPIRONTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS
                      SEA CUCUMBER                                   ROCK COCKLE                                   SHRIMP
                      STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHINOIDES                  SCALPELLLM                                   SPIRONTOCARUS HOLMES[
                      SEA URCHIN ,                                   BARNACLE                                      SHRIMP
                      XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA                          SOLE14YA AGASSIZI
                      WASHINGTON WOODEATER                           AWNING CLAN                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                                                                     TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA                      EATER - FISHES
                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                    LAMP SHELL
                      INVERTEBRATES                                  VEMERICARDIA   VENTRICOSA                    AGONOPSIS EMMELANE
                                                                     STOUT CARDITA CLAN                            NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER
                      AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR                            YOLDIA LIMATULA GAIRDERI                     CLUPEA KARENGUS PALLASI
                      SNAIL                                          FILE YOLDIA CLAN                              PACIFIC HERRING
                      GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI                                                                       LEPIDOPSETTA BILIMEATA
                      BASKET STAR                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                  ROCK SOLE
                      OEMOPOTA                                       INVERTEBRATES                                LEPTOCOTTUIS ARNATUIS
                      SNAIL                                                                                        PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN








                                           HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                  RADULINUS ASPRELLUS                                                                LISCHKEIA CIDARIS
                  SLIM SCULPIN                                                                         SNAIL
                                                                                                     LUIDIA FOLIATA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL                                                                        SAND STAR
                  INVERTEBRATES                                                                      METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM
                                                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)   HERBIVORE              SEA ANE14ONE
                  ANCISTROLEPSIS                           INVERTEBRATES                             MITRELLA GOULD[
                  SNAIL                                                                                SNAIL
                  COLUS HALIDONUS                          AC14AEA MITRA                             NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                  SNAIL                                     DUNCECAP LIMPET                            SNAIL
                                                                                                     NASSARIUS MENDICUS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                SNAIL
                  INVERTEBRATES                            FISHES                                    NATICA CLAUSA
                                                                                                       SNAIL
                  ABIETINARIA                              ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS                  NEPTUNEA LYRATA
                  HYDROID                                   BIGEYE POACHER                             SNAIL
                  ABIETINARIA ABIETINA                                                               OCTOPUS DOLFEINI
                  HYDROID                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                OCTOPUS
                  ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI                   INVERTEBRATES                             PISASTER BREVISPINOUS
                  HYDROID                                                                              SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                  ABIETIWARIA TRASKI                       AC14AEA LIMATULA                          PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                  HYDROID                                   FILE LIMPET                                GIANT STAR
                  ACRYPTOLARIA                             ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                      PISASTER OCHRACEOUS
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      PURPLE STAR
                  AGLAOPHENIA                              ANTIPLANES PERVERSA,                      POLINICES LEWISII
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      MOON SNAIL
                  AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS                    ANTIPLANES VINOSA                         POLINICES PALLIDUS
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      MOON SNAIL
                  AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA                  ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS                       POLYPUS
                  HYDROID                                   SAND STAR                                  OCTOPUS
                  AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA                    BENTHOCTOPUS                              PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS
                  HYDROID                                   OCTOPUS                                    SLIME STAR
                  ALLOPORA VERRILLI                        BORETROPHOW STUARTI                       PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA
                  @HYDROCORAL                               SNAIL                                      LIMPET
                  CAMPANULARIA                             SUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM                     PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      SUNFLOWER STAR
                  CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA                CADULUS STEARNSII                         -ROSSIA PACIFICA
                  HYDROID                                   TOOTH SHELL                                SQUID
                  CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS                   CALLIOST014A AWNULATUM                    SOLASTER DAWSONI
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      MORNING SUN STAR
                  HALECIUM CORRUGATUM                      CHIONECTES BAIRDI                         SOLASTER STIMPSONI
                  HYDROID                                   TANNER CRAB                                SUN STAR
                  HIPPASTERIA SPINOSA                      CHIONECTES OPILIO                         STYLASTERIAL FORRERI
                  SEA STAR                                  TANNER CRAB                                SEA STAR
                  LAFOEA ADNATA                            CHIONECTES TANNERI                        TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLL14
                  HYDROID                                   TANNER CRAB                                SNAIL
                  LAFOEA DUVIOSA                           COLUS ROSEUS                              TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATOMUM
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      SNAIL
                  LAFOEA FRUTICOSA                         COLUS SERVINUS                            THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      SEA STAR
                  LAFOEA GRACILLIMA                        CROSSASTER PAPOSUIS                       TROPHON TRIPHERUS
                  HYDROID                                   ROSE STAR                                  SNAIL
                  MEDIASTER AEQUALIS                       DENTALIUM
                  VERMILLON STAR                            TOOTH SHELL                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                  NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS                  DERNASTERIAS IMBRICATA                    FISHES
                  SNAIL                                     LEATHER STAR
                  PLUMULARIA ALICIA                        EPITONIUN INDIANORUM                      ANOPLOPONA FINBRIA
                  HYDROID                                   SNAIL                                      SABLEFISN
                  PUGETTIA ARACILLIS                       FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS                   ATHERESTHES ST0141AS
                  KELP CRAB                                 OREGON TRITON                              TURBOT OR ARROWTOOTN FLOUNDER
                  SERTULARELLA TURGIDA                     HENRICIA LEVISCULA                        BR     HYCIS MARGINATA
                  HYDROID                                   BLOOD STAR                                 RED BROTULA
                  THUIARA ROBUSTA                          ISCHNOCHITON                              CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS
                  HYDROID                                   CHITON                                     ROUGHBACK SCULPIN
                                                           LEPIDAZONA                                CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS
                                                            CHITON                                     PACIFIC SANDDAS
                                                           LEPIDAZOMA GOLISCHI                       DASYCOTTUS SETIGElt
                                                            CHITON                                     SPINYHEAD SCULPIN
                                                           LEPTOCNITON                               DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA
                                                            CHITON                                     GIANT WRYMWTH









                                                   HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                     EOPSETTA JORDANI                                 PHOCOENA PHOCOENA                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                     PETRALE SOLE                                     HARBOR PORPOISE                                INVERTEBRATES
                     EPTATRETUS DEANI                                 PHYSETER CATODON
                     BLACK HAGFISH                                    SPERM WHALE                                    ACILIA CASTRENSIS
                     EPTATRETUS STOUTI                                ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                          DIVARICATE NUT CLAN
                     PACIFIC HAGFISH                                  CALIFORNIA SEA LION                            AXINOPSIDA SERICATA
                     GADUS MACROCEPHALUS                                                                              CLAN
                     PACIFIC COD                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE                 CARDIOMYA OLDROYDI
                     GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS                          INVERTEBRATES                                   CUSPIDARIA CLAN
                     REX SOLE                                                                                        CARDIOMYA PLANETICA
                     HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS                          ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                          CLAN
                     KELP GREENLING                                   SEA URCHIN                                     CARDITA STEARNSII
                     HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI                             AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX                        CLAN
                     WHITESPOTTED GREENLING                           BRITTLE STAR                                   CARDITA VEWTICOSA
                     NEXANCHUS GRISEUS                                APHIURA SARS11                                  CLAM
                     SIXGILL SHARK                                    BRITTLE STAR                                   CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS
                     HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON                        BANKIA SETACEA                                  PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP
                     FLATHEAD SOLE                                    TEREDO                                         CHLAMYS HINDSI
                     HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS                          BRISASTER LATIFRONS                             HINDOS CLAN
                     PACIFIC HALIBUT                                  SEA URCHIN                                     CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI
                     HYDROLAGUS COLLIEl                               LEPTOSYNAPTA                                    BASKET COCKLE
                     RATFISH                                          SEA CUCUMBER                                   COMPSOMYAX SUBDIAPHANA
                     ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS                            LISTRIOLOBUIS HEXAMYOTUS                        CLA14
                     THREADFIN SCULPIN                                ECHIURID WORM                                  CRENELLA COLUMBIANA
                     ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS                               LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS                      CLA14
                     BUTTER SOLE                                      BOX CRAB                                       EUPLEXAURA MARKI
                     LYCODOPSIS PACIFICA                              LOPHOLITHOIDES   14ANDT I I                     SEA PEN
                     BALCKBELLY EELPOUT                               PUGET SOUND KING CRAB                          HUXLEYIA MUNITA
                     LYOPSETTA EXILIS                                 LLN46RINERIS BICIRRATA                          CLAN
                     SLENDER SOLE                                     POLYCHAETE                                     LIEOPTULUS CAJADRANGULARIS
                     MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS                            LUMRRINERIS  SIMILABRIS                         SEA PEN
                     DOVER SOLE                                       POLYCHAETE                                     LYONSIA STRIATA
                     OPHIODOW ELONGATUS                               MAC014A ALCAREA                                 CLAN
                     LINGCOD                                          CHALKY CLA14                                   NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM
                     PAROPHRYS VETULUS                                MAGELONA JAPONICA                               HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE
                     ENGLISH SOLE                                     POLYCHAETE                                     NUCULA TENUIS
                     PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS                            MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA                             CLAN
                     STARRY FLOUNDER                                  SEA CUCUMBER                                   NUCULANA AUSTINI
                     PORICHTHYS NOTATUS                               OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI                              CLAN
                     PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN                              BRITTLE STAR                                   NUCULANA PERMULS
                     PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS                       OPHIURA LUTKENI                                 CLA14
                     SAND SOLE                                        BRITTLE STAR                                   PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS
                     RAJA BINOCULATA                                  PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS                      WEATHERVANE SCALLOP
                     BIG SKATE                                        GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER                         PECTEN CAURtNUS
                     RAJA KINCAIDI                                    PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA                       GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP
                     BLACK SKATE                                      SEA CUCUMBER                                   PROTOTHACA STAMINEA,
                     RAJA RHINA                                       TELLINA BUTTONI                                 ROCK COCKLE
                     LONGNOSE SKATE                                   BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAN                           PSEPHIDIA LORDI
                     RAJA STELLULATA                                  XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA                           CLA14
                     STARRY SKATE                                     WASHINGTON WOODEATER                           SAXICAVA ARCTICA
                     SCORPAENICHTHYS         KARMORATUS                                                               ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLA14
                     CABEZON                                          TROPHIC LEVEL: C5) 014NIVORE                   SCLEROPTILUM
                     SEBASTES CAURINUS                                INVERTEBRATES                                   SEA PEN
                     COPPER ROCKFISH                                                                                 SOLEMYA AGASSIZI
                     SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                              AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR                             AWNING CLAM
                     PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                            SNAIL                                          STYLATULA ELONGATA
                     SQUALUS ACANTHIAS                                GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI                           SEA PEN
                     SPINY DOGFISH                                    BASKET STAN                                    THRACIA CURTA
                     TORPEDO CALIFORNICA                              OENOPOTA                                        CLA14
                     PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY                             SMAIL                                          THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES
                                                                      PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN                  CLA14
                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                     SEA STAR                                       THYASIRA BARBARENSIS
                     MAMMALS                                                                                          CLAN
                                                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                    VENERICARDIA VENTRICOSA
                     EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS                               FISHES                                          STOUT CARDITA CLAN
                     NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION                                                                    YOLDIA L114ATULA GAIRDERI
                     KOGIA BREVICEPS                                  ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                         FILE YOLDIA CLA14
                     PYG14Y SPERM WHALE                               PACIFIC LAMPREY
                     PHOCA VITULINA                                   LAMPETRA AYRESI                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENMR
                     HARBOR SEAL                                      RIVER LAWREY                                   INVERTEBRATES








                                                      HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                       CANCER MAGISTER                                CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                        NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS
                         DUNGENESS CRAB                                PACIFIC HERRING                                SNAIL
                       PAGURISTES TURGIDUS                            LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS                            PLUMULARIA ALICIA
                         HERMIT  CRAB                                  PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN                       HYDROID
                       PAGURUS   ALEUTICUS                            LIPARIS PULCHELLUS                             RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS
                         HERMIT  CRAB                                  SHOWY SNAILFISH                                SEA STAR
                       PAGURUS   OCHOTENSIS                           LUMPENUIS SAGITTA                              SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                         HER141T CRAB                                  SNAKE PRICKLEBACK                              HYDROID
                       PAGURUS   TANNERI                              LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS                          THUIARA ROBUSTA
                         HERMIT  CRAB                                  DWARF WRYMOUTH                                 HYDROID
                                                                      MICROGADUS PROXIMUS
                       TROPHIC   LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE               PACIFIC TOMCOD                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)
                       EATER -   INVERTEBRATES                        POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI                           FISHES
                                                                       WHITERARRED BLENNY
                       APHRODITE JAPONICA                             PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS                         PLEURONICHTHYS COENOSUS
                         POLYCHAETE                                    TADPOLE SCULPIN                                C-0 SOLE
                       ARCTONOE PULCHRA                               RADULINUS ASPRELLUS
                         POLYCHAETE                                    SLIM SCULPIN
                       CARINOMELLA LACTEA                             XENERETMUS LATIFRONS
                         RIBBON WOR14                                  BLACKTIP POACHER
                       CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS
                         R188M WORM                                   TROPHIC LEVEL:
                       CHORILLIA LONGIPES                             INVERTEBRATES
                         SHRIMP
                       CRANGON COMMUNIS                               ANCISTROLEPSIS
                         SHRIMP                                        SNAIL
                       CRANGON   FRANCISORUM                          COLUS HALIDONUS
                         SHRIMP                                        SNAIL
                       ENIPO GRACILIS
                         POLYCHAETE                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                       GLYCERA AMERICANA                              INVERTEBRATES
                         POLYCHAETE
                       HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS                       ABIETINARIA
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS                         ABIETINARIA ABIETINA
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       MAGELONA PITELKAI                              ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       NEPHTYS CACOIDES                               ABIETINARIA TRASKI
                         POILYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                       NEPHTYS CILIATA                                ACRYPTOLARIA
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       NEPHTYS CORNUITA                               AGLAOPHENIA
                         POILYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                       NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA                             AGLAOPNENIA DIEGENSIS
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA                            AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA
                         POILYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                       PANDALUS JORDANI                               AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA
                         OCEAN PINK SHRIMP                             HYDROID
                       PANDALUS PLATYCEROS                            CAMPANULARIA
                         SPOT SHRIMP                                   HYDROID
                       PISTA CRISTATA                                 CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       PISTA FIMBRIATA                                CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS
                         POILYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                       PRAXILELLA GRACILIS                            HALECIUM CORRUGATUN
                         POLYCHAETE                                    HYDROID
                       SPIRONTOCARIS LA14ELLICORMIS                   HIPPASTERIA SPIN
                         SHRI14P                                       SEA STAR
                       SPIRONTOCARUS HOL14ESI                         LAFOEA ADNATA
                         SHRIMP                                        HYDROID
                                                                      LAFOEA DUMOSA
                       TROPHIC   LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE               HYDROID
                       EATER -   FISHES                               LAFOEA FRUITICOSA
                                                                       HYDROID
                       AGONOPSIS EMMELANE                             LAFOEA GRACILL114A
                         NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER                    HYDROID
                       AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS                           KEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                         STURGEON POACHER                              VERMILLON STAR









                                            HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC








                                                                                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                                                                      INVERTEBRATES


                                                                                                      ACMAEA MITRA
                                                                                                      DUNCECAP LIMPET


                                                                                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                                                                      FISHES


                                                                                                      ASTEROTHECA, PENTACANTHUS
                                                                                                      BIGEYE POACHER


                                                                                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                                                                                                      INVERTEBRATES


                                                                                                      AC14AEA LIMATULA
                                                                                                      FILE LIMPET
                                                                                                      ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA,
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      ANTIPLANES PERVERSA
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      ANTIPLANES VINOSA
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      ASTROPECTIN AR14ATUS
                                                                                                      SAND STAR
                                                                                                      BENTHOCTOPUS
                                                                                                      OCTOPUS
                                                                                                      BORETROPHON STUARTI
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUN
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      CADULUS STEARNSII
                                                                                                      TOOTH SHELL
                                                                                                      CALLIOSTOKA ANNULATUM
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      CHIONECTES RAIRDI
                                                                                                      TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                      CHIONECTES OPILIO
                                                                                                      TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                      CHIONECTES TANNERI
                                                                                                      TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                      COLUS ROSEUS
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      COLUS SERVINUS
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      CROSSASTER PAPOSUS
                                                                                                      ROSE STAR
                                                                                                      DENTALIUM
                                                                                                      TOOTH SHELL
                                                                                                      DERKASTERIAS IMBRICATA
                                                                                                      LEATHER STAR
                                                                                                      EPITONIUM INDIANMU14
                                                                                                      SNAIL
                                                                                                      FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS
                                                                                                      OREGON TRITON
                                                                                                      HENRICIA LEVISCULA
                                                                                                      BLOOD STAR
                                                                                                      ISCHNOCKITOll
                                                                                                      CHITON
                                                                                                      LEPIDAZONA
                                                                                                      CHITON
                                                                                                      LEPIDAZONA GOLISCNI
                                                                                                      CHITON
                                                                                                      LEPTOCHITON
                                                                                                      CHITON






HABITAT:  MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC


LISCHKEIA CIDARIS						DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA			PHOCOENA PHOCOENA
SNAIL								GIANT WRYMOUTH				HARBOR PORPOIS
LUIDIA FILIATA						EOPSEITA JORDANI				PHYSETER CARTOON
SAND STAR							PETRALE SOLE				SPERM WHALE
METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM					EPTATRETUS DEANI				ZALOPHUS CALUFORNIANUS
SEA ANEMONE							BLACK HAGFISH				CALFORNIA SEA LION
MITRELLA GOULDI						EPTATRETUS STOUTI				
SNAIL								PACIFIC HAGFISH				TROPICAL LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
NASSARUIS FOSSATUS					GADUS MACROCEPHALUS			INVERTEBRATES
SNAIL								PACIFIC COD					
NASSARUIS MEDICUS						GLYPOTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS		ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS
SNAIL								REX SOLE					SEA URCHIN
NATICA CLAUSA						HEXAGRAMM0S DECAGRAMMUS			AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX
SNAIL								KELP GREENLING				BRITTLE STAR
NEPTUNEA LYRATA						HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI			APHIURA SARSII
SNAIL								WHITESPOTTED GREENLING			BRITTLE STAR
OCTOPUS DOLFEINI						HEXANCHUS GRISEUS				BANKIA SETACEA
OCTOPUS							SIXGILL SHARK				TEREDO
PISASTER BREVISPINOUS					HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON		BRISASTER LATIFRONS
SHORT-SPINED PISASTER					FLATHEAD SOLE				SEA URCHIN
PISASTER GIGANTEUS					HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS			DENRASTER EXCENTRICUS
GIANT STAR							PACIFIC HALIBUT				SAND DOLLAR
PISASTER OCHRACEOUS					HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI			LEPTOSYNAPTA
PURPLE STAR							RATFISH					SEA CUBUMBER
POLINICES LEWISII						ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS			LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS
MOON SNAIL							THREADFIN SCULPIN				ECHIURID WORM
POLINICES PALLIDUS 					ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS			LOPHOLITHOIDES FORMAMINATUS
MOON SNAIL							BUTTER SOLE					BOX CRAB
POLYPIS							LYOPSETTA EXILIS				LOPHOLITHOIDES MANDTII
OCTOPUS							SLENDER SOLE				PUGET SOUND KING CRAB
PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS				MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS			LUMBRINERIS BACITTATA
SLIME STAR							DOVER SOLE					POLYCHAETE
PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA					OPHIODON ELONGATUS			LUMBRINERIS SIMILABRIS
LIMPET							LINGCOD					POLYCHAETE
PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES				PAROPHRYS VETULUS				MECOMA ALCAREA
SUNFLOWER STAR						ENGLISH SOLE				CHALKY CLAM
ROSSIA PACIFICA						PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS			MEGLONA JAPONICA
SQUID								STARRY FLOUNDER				POLYCHAETE
SOLASTER DAWSONI						PORICHTHYS NOTATUS			MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA
MORNING SUN STAR						PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN			SEA CUCUMBER
SOLASTER STIMPSONI					PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS		OPHIOPHOLIS BARERI
SUN STAR							SAND SOLE					BRITTLE STAR
STYLASTERIAL FORRERI					RAJA BINOCULATA				OPHIURA LUTKENI
SEA STAR							BIG SKATE					BRITTLE STAR
TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLUM					RAJA KINCAIDI				PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS
SNAIL								BLACK SKATE					GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER
TACHYRHYNCHUS PARTOMUM					RAJA RHINA					PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA
SNAIL								LONGNOSE SKATE				SEA CUCUMBER
THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS				RAJA STELLULATA				TELLINA BUTTONI
SEA STAR							STARRY SKATE				BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM
TRITONIA 							SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS		XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA
NUDIRBRANCH							CABEZON					WASHINGTON WOODEATER
TROPHON TRIPHERUS						SEAASTER CAURINUS				
SNAIL								COPPER ROCKFISH				TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
								SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS			INVERTEBRATES
TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE				PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK
FISH								SQUALUS ACANTHIAS				AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR
								SPINY DOGFISH				SNAIL
ACIPENSER TRONSMONTANUS					TORPEDO CALIFORNICA			GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI
WHITE STURGEON						PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY			BASKET STAR
ATHERESTHES STOMIAS											OENOPOTA
TURBOT OR ARROWTEETH FLOUNDER				TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE		SNAIL
CHITONOTUS PUGETENSUS					MAMMALS					PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN
ROUGHVACK SCULPIM												SEA STAR
CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS					EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS	
PACIFIC SANDDAS						NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION		TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
CITHARICHTHYS STIGMAEUS					KOGIA BREVICEPS				FISHES
SPECKLED SANDDAB 						PYGMY SPERM WHALE				
DASYCOTTUS SETIGER					PHOCA VITULIMA				ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS
SPINYHEAD SCULPIN						HARBOR SEAL					PACIFIC LAMPREY









                                             HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                    LAMPETRA AYRESI                                  YOLDIA LIKATULA GAIRDERI                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                     RIVER LAMPREY                                    FILE YOLDIA CLAM                               EATER - FISHES

                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                    AGONOPSIS EMMELANE
                    INVERTEBRATES                                    INVERTEBRATES                                    NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER
                                                                                                                     AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS
                    ACILIA CASTRENSIS                                CANCER 14AGISTER                                 STURGEON POACHER
                     DIVARICATE NUT CLA1q4                             DUNGENESS CRAB                                 CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI
                    AXINOPSIDASERICATA                               OLIVELLA                                         PACIFIC HERRING
                     CLAN                                             OLIVE SNAIL                                    LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS
                    CARDIONYA qOLqDROYDI                               PAGURISTES TURGIqDUS                              PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN
                     CUSPIDARIA CLAN                                  HER141T  CRAB                                  LIPARIS PULCHELLUS
                    CARqDqIONYA PLANETqICA                             PAGURUS   ALEUTICUS                              SHOWY SNAqILFISH
                     CLAN                                             HERMIT   CRAB                                  LL04PENUS SAGITTA
                    CARDITA STEARNSqIqI                                PAGUqRUS   OCHOTENSIS                             SNAKE PRICKLEBACK
                     CLAM                                             HqERq141T  CRAB                                  LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS
                    CARqDITA VENTICOSA                                PAGURUS   TANNERI                                DWARF WqRYMqOUTqH
                     CLAM                                             HERMIT   CRAB                                  MICROGAqDUS PROXIMUS
                    CHLA14YS HASTATUIS HERICIUS                                                                       PACIFIC TOMCOD
                     PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP                            TROPHqIC   LEVEL:   (9) INVERTEBRATE             POROCLINIS ROTqHROCKI
                    CHLAMYS HINDSI                                   EATER -   INVERTE RATES                          WHITEBARRED BLENNY
                     HINDIS CLAq1q4                                                                                    PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS
                    CLINOCARDIUM qNUTALLI                             APHRODITE JAPOqNICA                               TADPOLE SCULPqI
                     BASKET COCKLE                                    POLYCHAETE                                     RAqDULqIUS ASPRELLUS
                    COMPSMYAX SUBDIAPHANA                           ARCTONOE PULCHRA                                 SLIM SCULPIN
                     CLAN                                             POLYCHAETE                                     XENERETMUS LATIFRONS
                    CRENELLA COLUMBIANA                              CARINOMELLA LACTEA                               qBLACKTIP POACHER
                     CLAN                                             RIBBON WORM
                    EUPLEXAURA 14ARKI                                CEREBRATULUS CALIFORWIENSIS                     TROPHIC LEVEL:
                     SEA PEN                                          RIBBON WORM                                    INVERTEBRATES
                    HUXLEYIA MUNITA                                  CHORILLIA LqONGIPES
                     CLAN                                             SHRqI14P                                        ANCISTROLEPSIS
                    LIEOPTULUS QUADRAMGULARIS                        CRANGON COMMUNIS                                 SNAIL
                     SEA PEN                                          SHRIMP                                         COLUS qHALIDONUS
                    LYONSIA STRIATA                                  CRANGON   FRANCISORUM                            SNAIL
                     CLAN                                             SHRqI1q4P
                    NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                        ENqIPqO GRACILIS                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)
                     HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                             POLYCHAETE                                     INVERTEBRATES
                    NUCULA TENUIS                                    GLYCERA AMERICANA
                     CLA14                                            POLYCHAETE                                     AqBIETINARIA
                    NUCULANA AUSTIN[                                 HAPLOSCOLOPLIOS ELOGATUS                        HYDROID
                     CLAN                                             POLYCHAETE                                     ABIETINARIA ABIETINA
                    NUCULANA PERNULS                                 14AGELONA PAPILLqICqORNqIS                          HYDROID
                     CLAN                                             POLYCHAETE                                     AqBIETINARIA ALEXANDERI
                    PATIWOPECTIN CAURINUS                            14AGELONA PITELKAI                               HYqDRqOqIqD
                     WEATHERVANE SCALLOP                              POLYCHAETE                                     AqBIETINARIA TRASKI
                    PECTEN CAURINUS                                  NEPHqTYS CACqOqIDES                                 HYDROID
                     GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                            POLYCHAETE                                     ACRYPTOLARIA
                    PROTOTHACA STAMINEA                              qNEPqHTYS CILIATA                                  HYqDROIqD,
                     ROCK COCKLE                                      POLYCHAETE                                     AGLAqOPHEqNqIA
                    PSEPHqIDqIA LORDI                                  NEPqHTYS CqORqNUTA                                  HYDRqOqIqD
                     CLA14                                            POLYCHAETE                                     AGLAOPHENIA qDqIEGENSIS
                    PSOLUS qSQUAMATUS                                 NEPHTYS FERRUGqINEA                               HYDRqOqID
                     SEA CUqCLN48ER                                    POLYCHAETE                                     AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPqICUA
                    SAXICAVA ARCTICA                                 NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA                              HYDROID
                     ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAMI                           POLYCHAETE                                     AGLAqOPHEqNqIA OCTOCARPA
                    SCLEROPTILUM                                     PANDALUqS JORqDAqNqT                                 HYDRqOqIqD
                     SEA PEN                                          OCEAN PINK SHRIMP                              CAq140qPAqI0qA0qJ0qLARIA
                    SOLEMYA AGASSIZI                                 PA0qNDALUS PLATYCER4q04q3                              HYDROID
                     AWNING CLAN                                      SPOT SHRIMP                                    CAq1q4PAqMU0qLAR0qIA VERTICILLA0qTA
                    STYLATU0qLA EL0qO0qNGATA                               PISTA CRISTATA                                   0qHqY4qD4qRO4qI4qD
                     SEA PEN                                          POLYCqHA8qETE                                     CAq1q4PA6qW0qJ0qLARIA VOLUBILIS
                    THRACIA CURTA                                    PISTA F1q1q4BRIATA                                 HY0qDROI4qD
                     CLAM                                             POLYCqHAETE                                     qHALECIUM 0qCORRUGATUqM
                    THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES                              PRAXILEL0qLA GRACILIS                              HY4qDR4qO4qI4qD
                     CLAN                                             POLYCqHAETE                                     qHIPPA0qSTERIA SPIqN0qO0qSA
                    TqHYASIRA 0qBARBARENSIS                             SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOCAR4qI4qS 0qLAqMELL0qIC0qOqRqN0qI0qS                      SEA STAR
                     CLAN                                             SqHR0qIq14P                                        LAFOEA ADqVATA
                    VENERICARDIA VENTR0qIC0qOSA                          SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOC0qARU4qS qH0qO0qL0q1q4ESI                           qHYDqRqOID
                     STOUT CARDITA CLAN                               SqHR 1q14P                                       LAFOEA DU0qNOSA
 







                                     HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BERTHIC



                  HYDROID
                  LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                  HYDROID
                  LAFOEA GRACILLIKA
                  NYDROID
                  NEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                  VERMILLON STAR
                  NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS
                  SNAIL
                  PLUMULARIA ALICIA
                  HYDROID
                  RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS
                  SEA STAR
                  SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                  HYDROID
                  THUIARA RORUSTA
                  HYDROID


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)
                  FISHES


                  PLEURONICHTHYS COENOSUS
                  C-0 SOLE
 








                                           HABITAT: BAND NON-VEGETATED BEqNTHIC



                                                           -LEPTOCHITON                               DASYCOTTUS SETIGER
                                                            CHITON                                    SPINYHEAD SCULPIN
                                                           LISCHKEIA CIDARIS                          EOPSETTA JORDANI
                                                            SNAIL                                     PETRALE SOLE
                                                           LUIDIA FOLIATA                             GADUS 14ACROCEPHALUS
                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE               SAND STAR                                 PACIFIC COD
                 INVERTEBRATES                             METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM                       GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS
                                                            SEA ANEMONE                               REX SOLE
                 ACMAEA MITRA                              MITRELLA GOULDI                            NEXAGRAMMOqS DECAGRAMMUS
                  DUNCECAP LIMPET                           SNAIL                                     KELP GREENLING
                                                           NASSARIUS FOSSATUS                         NEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI
                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE               SNAIL                                     WHITESPOTTED GREENLING
                 FISHES                                    NASSARIUS MENDICUS                         HEXANCHUS GRISEUS
                                                            SNAIL                                     SIXGILL SHARK
                 ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS                  NATICA CLAUSA                              HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON
                  BIGEYE POACHER                            SNAIL                                     FLATHEAD SOLE
                                                           qNEPTUREA LYRATA                            HIPPOGLOSqSUS STENCLEPIS
                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE               SNAIL                                     PACIFIC HALIBUT
                 INVERTEBRATES                             OCTOPUS DOLFEINI                           HYDROLAGUS COLLIE[
                                                            OCTOPUS                                   RATFqISH
                 AC14AEA LIKATULA                          PISASTER qBREVISPqINqOUS                      ICELqINUS FILAMENTqOSUS
                  FILE LIMPET                               SHORT-SPINED PISASTER                     THREADFqIqN SCULPIN
                 ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                      PISASTER GIGANTEUS                         ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS
                  SNAIL                                     GIANT STAR                                BUTTER SOLE
                 ANTIPLAWES PERVERSA                       PISASTER OCHRACEOUS                        LYOPSETTA EXILIS
                  SNAIL                                     PURPLE STAR                               SLENDER SOLE
                 ANTIPLANES VINOSA                         POLINICES LEWISqIqI                          MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS
                  SNAIL                                     MOON SNAIL                                DOVER SOLE
                 ASTROPECTIN AR14ATUS                      POLINICES PALLIDUS                         OPHqIOqDON ELONGATUS
                  SAND STAR                                 MOON SNAIL                                LINGCOD
                 BENTHOCTOPUIS                             POLYPUS                                    PAROPHRYS VETULUS
                  OCTOPUS                                   OCTOPUS                                   ENGLISH SOLE
                 BORETROPHON STUART[                       PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS              PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS
                  SNAIL                                     SLIME STAR                                STARRY FLOUNDER
                 BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUN                     PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA                       PORICHTHYS NOTATUS
                  SNAIL                                     LIMPET                                    PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN
                 CADULUS STEARNSII                         PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES                   PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS
                  TOOTH SHELL                               SUNFLOWER  STAR                           SAND SOLE
                 CALLIOST014A ANNULATUM                    ROSSIA PACIFICA                            RAJA qBINOCULATA
                  SNAIL                                     SQUID                                     BIG SKATE
                 CHIONECTES qBAIRDI                         SOLASTER DAWSON[                           RAJA KINCAIDI
                  TANNER CRAB                               MORNING SUN STAR                          BLACK SKATE
                 CHIONECTES OPILIO                         SOLASTER STIqMPSONqI                         RAJA RHINA
                  TANNER CRAB                               SUN STAR                                  LONGNOSE SKATE
                 CHIONECTES TANNERqI                        STYLASTERIAL FORRERI                       RAJA STELLULATA
                  TANNER CRAB                               SEA STAR                                  STARRY SKATE
                 COLUS ROSEUS                              TACHYRNYWCHUS LACTEOqLUq1q4                   SCORPAENICHqTHYS q1q4ARqV0qMTUS
                  SNAIL                                     SNAIL                                     CAqBEZON
                 COLUS SERVINUS                            TACHYRHYqNCqHUqS PRATqOMUqM                     SQUAqLUS ACAqNTqHqIAS
                  SNAIL                                     SNAIL                                     SPINY DOGFqISH
                 CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                        THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS                 TORPEDO CALqIFORMqICA
                  ROSE STAR                                 SEA STAR                                  PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY
                 DENTALqIUM                                 TROPHOqN TRIPHERUS                          TRIAKIS SENqIFASCIATA
                  TOOTH SHELL                               SNAIL                                     LEOPARD SHARK
                 DERMASTERIAS  IMBRIqCATA
                  LEATHER STAR                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE               TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                 EPqITqOqNqIUM INDqIANORUN                      FISHES                                     NAM14ALS
                  SNAIL
                 EqVASTERIAS TROSCqHELI                      ACIPEqNSER TqRAqN0qS0qMONTAqNUS                    EUqMETOPIAS JUBATU4qS
                  SEA STAR                                  WHITE STURGEON                            NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION
                 FUSITRITIOqN OREGONENSIS                   BR0qO0qSqMOPHYCIS q1q4ARGIqNATA                    KOGIA BREVICEP0qS
                  OREGON TRITON                             RED BROTU0qLA                               PYGMY SPERM WHALE
                 HENRICIA LEVISCULA                        CHITONOTUIS PUGETENSIS                     PqHOCA VITUL0qI0qNA
                  BLOOD STAR                                ROUGHqRACK SCULP0qIN                         HARBOR SEAL
                 ISCHNqOCqHqIT0qOqN                              CITKARICqKTHYS SOqRD0qIDUS                     PHOCCEqNA, PHqOCqOEqMA
                  C0qH0qITOqN                                    PACIFIC SAqNDDAB                           HARBOR PORPOISE
                 LEP0qI0qDAZ0qOqNA                                CITHARqICqHTqHY0qS ST0qIGq1q4AELqIS                  PHYSETER 0qCATa6q=
                  C0qHITO4qN                                    SPECKLED SAND0qDA4qB                          SPERM WHALE
                 LEP0qI0qDAZ0qOqNA G0qOLISCqH0qI                       0qDASYATIS 0qDqIPTERURA                         ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIA00qMqS
                  CH0qIT0qO0qN                                    DIAqV0qION0qO STI0qNGRAY                         CALIFORNIA SEA LION
 







                                                    HABITAT: SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                      ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                              AXINOPSIDA qSERICATA                             INVERTEBRATES
                      CLIVIER'S OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                  CLAM
                                                                       CARqDIOMYA OLDROYqDqI                              CANCER MAGISTER
                      TROPHIC LEVEL: q(4q) DETRITIVORE                   CUSPIDARIA CLAM                                 DUNGENESS CRAB
                      INVERTEBRATES                                    CARDIONYA PLANETICA                             OLIVELLA
                                                                       CLAM                                            OLIVE SNAIL
                      ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                           CARDITA STEARNS11                               OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                      SEA URCHIN                                       CLAM                                            PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL
                      AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX                         CARDITA, VENTICOSA                              PAGURISTES TURGIDUS
                      BRITTLE STAR                                     CLAM                                            HERMIT   CRAB
                      APHqIURA SARSII                                   CHLAMYS HASTATUS qHERICIUS                       PAGURUS  ALEUT I CUS
                      BRITTLE STAR                                     PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP                            HERMIT   CRAB
                      qBANKIA SETACEA                                   CHLAMYS INDSI                                  PAGURUS  OCHOTENSIS
                      TEREDO                                           HIND'S CLA1q4                                    HERMIT   CRAB
                      BRISASTER LATIFRONS                              CLINOCARDIUqM NUTALLI                            PAGURUS  TANNERI
                      SEA URCHIN                                       BASKET COCKLE                                   HERMIT   CRAB
                      DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS                           COMPSONYAX qSUBDIAPHANA
                      SAND DOLLAR                                      CLAM                                            TROPHIC  LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                      LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS                       CRENELLA COLUMBIANA                             EATER -  INVERTEBRATES
                      qBOqX CRAB                                         CqLAq14
                      LOPHqOLITqHqOqIDES MANDTII                           EUPLEXAURA qMARKI                                APHRODITE JAPONICA
                      PUGET SOUND KING CRAB                            SEA PEN                                         POLYCqHAETE
                      LUMqBRINERIS BICIRRATA                            HUXLEYIA NUqNqITA                                 ARCTONOE PULCqHqRA
                      POLYCHAETE                                       CLAM                                            POLYCHAETE
                      L04BRINERIS  SIqMILABRIS                         LIEOPTULUS qQUADqRAqNGULARIS                       CARINOMELLA LACTEA
                      POLYCHAETE                                       SEA PEN                                         RIBBON WORM
                      MACOA ALCAREA                                   LYONSIA STRIATA                                 CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS
                      CHALKY CLAM                                      CLAM                                            RIBBON WORK
                      MAGELONA, JAPONICA                               NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                       CHORILLIA LONGIPES
                      POLYCHAETE                                       HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                            SHRIMP
                      MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA                              MUCULA TENUIS                                   CRANGOqN COMMUNIS
                      SEA CUCUMBER                                     CLAM                                            SHRIMP
                      OPHIHqOLqIS BAKERI                               NUCULANA AUSTqIqNqI                                CRANGON FRANCISORUM
                      BRITTLE STAR                                     CLAM                                            SHRI14P
                      OPHIURA LUTKENI                                  NUCULANA PERNULS                                EMIPO GRACILIS
                      BRITTLE STAR                                     CLAM                                            POLYCHAETE
                      PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS                       PATINOPECTIqN CAURINUS                           GLYCERA AMERICANA
                      GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER                           WEATHERVANqE SCALLOP                             POLYCHAETE
                      PENTAMERA, PSEUDOCALCIGERA                       PECTEN CAURINUS                                 HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUqS
                      SEA CUCUMBER                                     GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                           POLYCHAETE
                      STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHINOIDES                    PROTOTHACA STAqMqINEA                             KAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS
                      SEA URCHIN                                       ROCK COCKLE                                     POLYCHAETE
                      TELLINA BUTTqONqI                                  PSEPHIDIA LORDI                                 qMAGELONA PITELKAI
                      BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM                             CLA14                                           POLYCHAETE
                      XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA                            PSOLUS SQUAqMATUqS                                NEPHTYS CACOIDES
                      WASHINGTON WOODEATER                             SEA CUCUMBER                                    POLYCHAETE
                                                                       SAXICAVA ARqCTICA                                NEPHTYS CILIATA
                      TROPHIC LEVEL: q(5q) OMNIVORE                      ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CA14                          POLYqCHAETE
                      INVERTEBRATES                                    SCLEROPTILUqM                                    NEPHqTYS CORNUITA
                                                                       SEA PEN                                         POLYCHAETE
                      AMPHISSA VERSqICOLOR                              SILIQUA PATUIqLA                                 NEPHTYS FERRUGqIEA
                      SNAIL                                            PACIFIC RAqZqOO       itCqLA1                     POLYCHAETE
                      GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI                            qILqIaUA SLOATI                                  NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA
                      BASKET STAR                                      SLOATIS RAZOR       CLAM                        POLYCHAETE
                      OENOPOTA                                         qSOLEMYA AGASSIZI                                PANDALUS DANAE
                      SNAIL                                            AWNING CLAM                                     DOCK SHRIMP
                      PSEUqDARCHASTER PARELIl AqLAqSCEN                   STYLATUqLA ELONGATA                              PANDALUS JORDANI
                      SEA STAR                                         SEA PEN                                         OCEAN PINK SHRIMP
                                                                       TH0qRACIA CU0qRTA                                   PAN0qDALUS PLATYC0qERqO0qS
                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (62q) PARASITE                      CLAM                                            SPOT SHRIMP
                      FISHES                                           THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES                             PIqSTA CRISTATA
                                                                       CLAM                                            POLYCqHAE0qTE
                      LAqMPETRA AYRESI                                  TqHYASIRA BAR0qBARENSIS                            PISTA FIqN0qBRIATA
                      RIVER LAMPREY                                    CLAM                                            PqOLYCHAETE
                                                                       VENERICAqRDIA VENTRICOSA                         P0qRAX4qILEL4qLA GRACILIS
                      TROPqHIC LEVEL:    C8q7) FILTER FEEDER              STOUT CARDITA CLAN                              POLYC0qHAETE
                      INVERTEBRATES                                    Y0qO0qL0qD0qIA 0qLINATU4qLA, GAIR0qDE4qR4qI                       SP0qIRqOqNT0qOCAR0qIqS 0qLAMELL0qIC0qO4qRqNqI4qS
                                                                       FILE Y4qO4qL4qD4qIA CLAN                                SHRIMP
                      ACILIA CAST0qRENSIS                                                                                SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOCARUS qHOLqNESI
                      DIVARICATE NUT CLAN                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (8q8) SCAVENGER                    SHRIMP
 








                                         HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE         SEA STAR
                 EATER - FISHES                         LAFOEA ADWATA
                                                         HYqDROID
                 AGONOPSIS E14MELAME                    LAFOEA DLN40SA
                 NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER              HYDROID
                 AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS                   LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                 STURGEON POACHER                        HYDROID
                 AMM0qMYTES HEXAPTERUS                    LAFOEA GRACILLIMA
                 PACIFIC SAND LANCE                      HYDROID
                 AMPHISTICHUS RHqODqOTERUS                MEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                 REDTAIL SURFPERCH                       VERMILLON STAR
                 CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                WEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS
                 PACIFIC HERRING                         SNAIL
                 CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA                 PLUMULARIA ALICIA
                 SHINER PERCH                            HYqDRqOqIqD
                 EMBqIqOTOCA LATERALIS                    SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                 STRIPED SEAPERCqH                        HYDRqOqID
                 LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS                    THUIARA ROBUSTA
                 PACIFIC STAGHqORqM SCULPqIqN                qHYqDRqOqIqD
                 LIPARIS PULCqHELqLUS,
                 SHOWY SNAILFqISqH                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (q0)
                 qMICROGADUS PROXIMUS                    FISHES
                 PACIFIC T0q1q4CqOqD
                 POROCLINIS ROTHROCqKI                   PLEURqOqNICHq7HYS qCqOEMqOSUS
                 WHITEBARRED qBLENNY                      C-0 SOLE
                 PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS
                 TADPOLE SCULPIN
                 RADULINUS ASPRELLUS
                 SLIM SCULPIN
                 XENERETMUS; LATIFRONS
                 qBLACKTIP POACHER


                 TROPHIC LEVEL:
                 INVERTEBRATES


                 ANCISTROLEPSqIS
                 SNAIL
                 COLUS HALIDONUS
                 SNAIL


                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                 INVERTEBRATES


                 ABIETIqNARIA
                 HYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA ABIETINA
                 HYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA ALEXANqDERI
                 qHYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA TRASKI
                 HYDROID
                 ACRYPTOLARIA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHEqNIA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHE0qM0qIA IqNCONSPIC0qLIA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHE0qNIA OCTOCARPA
                 HYDROI4qD
                 CAMPAqNULARIA
                 qHYDRqOqI0qD
                 CAMPAqNULARIA VERTICILLATA
                 qHYDR0qOqI0qD
                 CAqMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS
                 qHYDROID
                 0qHALECIUqM CORRUGATUqX
                 HYDROID
                 HIPPASTERIA SP0qIqMqOqSA
 








                                              HABITAT: SURFGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC



                                                                LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA                    BORETROPHON STUARTI
                                                                KELP                                      SNAIL
                                                                LAMINARIA SACCHARINA                      BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM
                                                                KELP                                      SNAIL
                                                                LAMINARIA SETCHELLII                      CALLIOST0MA ANNULATUM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                 KELP                                      SNAIL
                    PLANTS                                      LAURENCIA SPECTARILIS                     CROSSASTER PAPOSUS
                                                                RED ALGAE                                 ROSE STAR
                    AHNFELTIA CONCINNA                          MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA                  DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA
                    RED ALGAE                                   GIANT KELP                                LEATHER STAR
                    AHNFELTIA PLICATA                           MEMBRANOPTERA PLATYPHYLLA                 LISCHKEIA CIDARIS
                    RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL
                    ALARIA MARGINATA                            MICROCLAUDIA COULTARI                     MITRELLA GOULDI
                    KELP                                        RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL
                    ANTITHAMNION PACIFICUM                      OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA                    NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL
                    BOSSIELLA CALIFORNICA                       PHYLOSPADIX SCOULERI                      NASSARIUS MENDICUS
                    CORALLINE RED ALGAE                         SEA GRASS                                 SNAIL
                    BOSSIELLA PLUMOSA                           PHYLOSPADIX TORREYI                       PISASTER BREVISPINOUS
                    CORALLINE RED ALGAE                         SEA GRASS                                 SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                    BOTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTOMA                PLOCAMIUM PACIFICUM                       PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 GIANT STAR
                    CALLIARTHRON REGENERANS                     POLYNEURA LATISSINA,                      PISASTER OCHRACEOUS
                    CORALLINE RED ALGAE                         RED ALGAE                                 PURPLE STAR
                    CALLIARTHRON SCHMITTII                      PORPHYRA PERFORATA                        PUNCTURELLA, CUCULATA
                    CORALLINE RED ALGAE                         RED ALGAE                                 LIMPET
                    CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA                       PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA                      PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 SUNFLOWER STAR
                    CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM                       PTEROSIPHONIA BIPIUNATA                   SOLASTER STIMPSOM I
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 SUN STAR
                    CONSTANTINEA SIMPLEX                        PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA
                    RED ALGAE                                   KELP                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                    CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA                     PTILOTA ASPLENIOIDES                      INVERTEBRATES
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE
                    CORALLINA VANCOUVERIENSIS                   RHODOGLOSSUM LATISSIMUM                   BANKIA SETACEA
                    CORALLINE RED ALGAE                         RED ALGAE                                 TEREDO
                    CRYPTOPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA                   RHODOMENIA PALKATA                        PARASITCHOPUS CALIFORNICUS
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER
                    CYSTOSEIRA GEMINATA                         RHOOOMENIA  PERTUSA                       XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA
                    KELP                                        RED ALGAE                                 WASHINGT0N WOODEATER
                    DELESSERIA  DECIPIENS                       RHODOPTILUM PLUMOSLIN
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                    DILSEA CALIFORNICA                          SARGASSLIN MUTICUM                        INVERTEBRATES
                    RED ALGAE                                   KELP
                    EGREGIA MENZIESII                           SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA                      AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR
                    KELP                                        RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL
                    EISENIA ARBOREA                             SMITHORA NAIABU14                         OENOPOTA
                    KELP                                        RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL
                    ERYTHROPHYLLUM DELESSERIOIDES               STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA                     ONCOSOECIA
                    RED ALGAE                                   RED ALGAE                                 BRYOZOAN
                    GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI
                    RED ALGAE                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE              TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                    GELIDIUM ROBUSTUM                           INVERTEBRATES                             INVERTBRATES
                    RED ALGAE
                    GIGARTINA EXASPERATA                        ACKAEA MITRA                              BUGULA FLABELLATA
                    RED ALGAE                                   DUNCECAP LIMPET                           BRYOZOAN
                    GLOIOSIPHONIA VERTICILLARIS                 STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU            CELLARIA MANDIBULATA
                    RED ALGAE                                   GIANT RED URCHIN                          BRYOZOAN
                    GRACILARIOPSIS SJOESTEDII                   STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS             CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI
                    RED ALGAE                                   PURPLE SEA URCHIN                         BASKET COCKLE
                    GRATELOUPIA CALIFORNICA                                                               LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA
                    RED ALGAE                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE              BRYOZOAN
                    GYMNOGONGRUS PLATYPHYLLUS                   INVERTEBRATES                             PECTEN CAURINUS
                    RED ALGAE                                                                             GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP
                    HYMENENA FLABELLIGERA                       ACKAEA LINATULA                           TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA
                    RED ALGAE                                   FILE L114PET                              LAMP SHELL
                    HYMENENA, SETCHELLII                        ANTIPLANES PERVERSA
                    RED ALGAE                                   SNAIL                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                    IRIAOEA CORDATA                             ASTROPECTIN ARNATUS                       INVERTEBRATES
                    RED ALGAE                                   SAND STAR
 







                                        HABITAT: SURFGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC



                PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS
                 PAPILLA CRAB


                TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)
                INVERTEBRATES


                ABIETIMARIA
                 HYDROID
                ABIETINARIA ABIETINA
                 HYDROID
                ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI
                 HYDROID
                ABIETINARIA TRASKI
                 HYDROID
                ACRYPTOLARIA
                 HYDROID
                AGLAOPNENIA
                 HYDROID
                AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS
                 HYDROID
                AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA
                 HYDROID
                AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA
                 HYDROID
                CAMPAWULARIA
                 HYDROID
                CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA
                 HYDROID
                CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS
                 HYDROID
                HALECILIN CORRUGATUN
                 HYDROID
                LAFOEA ADNATA
                 HYDROID
                LAFOEA DUMOSA
                 HYDROID
                LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                 HYDROID
                LAFOEA GRACILLIKA
                 HYDROID
                MEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                 VERNILLON STAR
                PLUKJLARIA ALICIA
                 HYDROID
                SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                 HYDROID
                THUIARA ROBUSTA
                 HYDROID
 









                                               HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF





                                                          PHOCA VITULINA                            MOLE CRAB
                                                           HARBOR SEAL                              SILIOUA PATULA
                                                          SPILOGALE PUTORIUS                        RAZOR CLAN
                                                           SPOTTED SKUNK
                  TROPHIC LEVEL:(1) PRODUCER             ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUIS                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  INVERTEBRATES                            CALIFORNIA SEA LION                      INVERTEBRATES

                  CHAETOCEROS ARATUM                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE            OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                  DIATOM                                  INVERTEBRATES                             PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL

                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER             ALLONISCUS PERCONVEXUS                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                      ISOPODS                                  BIRDS
                                                          CALLIANASSA CALIFORNIENSIS
                  ASTRIONELLA, SOCIALIS                    GHOST SHRIMP                             LARUS GLAUCESCENS
                  DIATOM                                  CIROLANA KINCAIDI                         GLAUCOS-WINGED GULL
                                                           ISOPODS                                  LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER             COELOPA                                   WESTERN GULL
                  VASCULAR PLANTS                          KELP FLY
                                                          EUZONUS MUCRONATA                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI                    BLOOD WORMS                              EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                  SCOULERIS SURFGRASS                     ORCHESTOIDEA CALIFORNIANA
                                                           SAND FLEE                                CEREBRATULUS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE            SPIONIDAE                                 RIBBON WORM
                  INVERTEBRATES                            WORN                                     EONAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUIS
                                                                                                    AMPHIPOD
                  ENDEODES COLLARIS                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE               PONTONALOTA OPACA
                  COLEOPTERA                              INVERTEBRATE                             ROVE BEETLE
                                                                                                    STAPHYLINIDAE
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE            CRAGO NIGRACAUDA                          ROVE BEETLES
                  MAMMALS                                  BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP                     THINOPINUIS PICTUS
                                                          CRAGO SPP.                                ROVE BEETLE
                  ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANO           -NULL-                                   THINUSA MARITIMA
                  BLACK-TAILED DEER                                                                 ROVE BEETLE
                                                          TROPHIC  LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE            FISHES                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  INVERTEBRATES                                                                     EATER - FISHES
                                                          PHANERODON FURCATUIS
                  GLYCERIDAE                               WHITE SEAPERCH                           ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS
                  PROBOSCIS WORM                                                                    WHITEBAIT SMELT
                                                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE               AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE            BIRDS                                     PACIFIC SAND LANCE
                  BIRDS                                                                             AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS
                                                          CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS                     REDTAIL SURFPERCH
                  LARUS ARGENTATUS                         COMMON" CROW                                HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS
                  HERRING GULL                                                                      SURFSMELT
                  LARUS CALIFORNICUS                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                  CALIFORNIA GULL                         MAMMALS                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  LARUS CANUS                                                                       EATER - BIRDS
                  MEW GULL                                MEPHITIS MEPHITIS
                  LARUS HEERMANNI                          STRIPED SKUNK                            ARENARIA INTERPRES
                  HEERMANIS GULL                          PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS                    RUDDY TURNSTONE
                  LARLIS PHILADELPHIA                      DEER MOUSE                               CALIDRIS ALBA
                  BONAPARTE'S GULL                        PROCYON LOTOR                             SANDERLING
                  RISSA TRIDACTYLA                         RACCOON                                  CALIDRIS ALPINA
                  BLACK-LEGGED KITTINAKE                                                            DUNLIN
                                                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE               CALIDRIS SAIRDII
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE            INVERTEBRATES                             BAIRD'S SANDPIPER
                  MAMMALS                                                                           CALIDRIS CANIUTUS
                                                          ALEOCHARA ARENARIA                        RED KNOT
                  EUMETOPIAS JUBATA                        ROVE BEETLE                              CALIDRIS MAURI
                  STELLER'S SEA LION                      MALACOBDELLA SPP.                         WESTERN SANDPIPER
                  LYNX RUFUS                               RIBBON WORM                              CHARADRIUS ALEXAMDRINLIS
                  BOBCAT                                                                            SNOWY PLOVER
                  MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER          CHARADRILIS SENIPALMATUS
                  ELEPHANT SEAL                           INVERTEBRATES                              SENIPALMATED PLOVER
                  MUSTELA FREMATA                                                                   LIMMODROMUS GRISELIS
                  LONG-TAILED WEASEL                      ARCHAEOMYSIS GREBNITZKII                  SNORT-BILLED DOWITCHER
                  MUSTELA VISOM                            MYSID                                    LIMOSA FEDGA
                  MINK                                    EMERITA ANALOGA                           MARBLED GODWIT
 







                                              HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF



                  NUMNIUS PHAEOPUS
                   WHIMBREL
                  PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA
                   BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN
                  INVERTEBRATES


                  HAUSTORIIDAE
                   AMPHIPOD










                                                 HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF



                                                            RISSA TRIDACTYLA                          MEPHITIS MEPHITIS
                                                             BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE                    STRIPED SKUNK
                                                            STERNA CASPIA                             PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS
                                                             CASPIAN TERM                              DEER MOUSE
                                                            TRINGA FLAVIPES                           PROCYON LOTOR
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                LESSER YELLOWLEGS                         RACCOON
                  VASCULAR PLANTS
                                                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)  CARNIVORE             TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                  PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULIERI                    MAMMALS                                   INVERTEBRATES
                  SCOULERIS SURFGRASS
                  PLANTAGO MARITIMA,                        EUMETOPIAS JUBATA                         MALACOSDELLA SPP.
                  SEASIDE PLANTAIN                           STELLER'S SEA LION                        RIBBON WORM
                  TENACETUM DOUGLASII                       LYNX RUFUS
                  DUNE TANSY                                 BOBCAT                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                                                            MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                   INVERTEBRATES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)  HERBIVORE              ELEPHANT SEAL
                  INVERTEBRATES                             MUSTELA FRENATA                           ARCHAEOMYSIS GREBNITZKII
                                                             LONG-TAILED WEASEL                        MYSID
                  LUMBRIMARIS ZONATA                   14JSTELA VISON                            EMERITA ANALOGA
                  WORM                                      MINK                                      MOLE CRAB
                                                            PHOCA VITULINA                            SILIOUA PATUILA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)  HERBIVORE              HARBOR SEAL                               RAZOR CLAN
                  BIRDS                                     SPILOGALE PUTORIUS
                                                             SPOTTED SKUNK                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) SCAVENGER
                  BRANTA BERNICLA                           ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                    INVERTEBRATES
                  BRANT                                      CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                                                                                                      OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE              TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE             PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL
                  MAMMALS                                   INVERTEBRATES
                                                                                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUIS COLUMBIAMUl          ABAREMICOLA CLAPAREDII OCEANIC            BIRDS
                  BLACK-TAILED DEER                          LUGWORM
                                                            CALLIANASSA, CALIFORNIENSIS               HALIAEETLIS LEUCOCEPHALUS
                  TROPNIC LEVEL: (3)  CARNIVORE              GHOS SHRIMP                              BALD EAGLE
                  INVERTEBRATES                             CIROLANA KINCAIDI                         LARUIS GLAUCESCENS
                                                             ISOPODS                                   GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
                  GLYCERIDAE                                EUZONUS MUCRONATA                         LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                  PROBOSCIS   WORM                          BLOOD WORM                                WESTERN GULL
                                                            ORCHESTIA TRASKIAMA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE               LESSER BEACH HOPPERORCHESTOIDEA          TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  FISHES                                    CALIFORMIANA                              EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                                                             SAND FLEE/GREAT BEACH HOPPER
                  MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA            SPIONIDAE                                 CEREBRATULUS
                  GREAT SCULPIN                              WORN                                      RIBBON WORM
                  PAROPHRYS VETULUS                                                                   EONAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONMIAMUS
                  ENGLISH SOLE                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                AMPHIPOD
                  PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS                     INVERTEBRATES                             PARAMEMERTES PEREGRINA,
                  STARRY FLOUNDER                                                                      NEMERTEAM
                  PSETTICHTHYS MELAMOSTICTUS                CRAGO MICRACAUDA                          STAPHYLIMIDAE
                  SAND SOLE                                  BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP                       ROVE BEETLES
                  SEBASTES PAUCISPINIS                      CRAGO SPP.
                  SOCCACIO                                   -MULL-                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                                                                                                       EATER - FISHES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE              TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                  BIRDS                                     FISHES                                     ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS
                                                                                                       WHITEBAIT SMELT
                  ARDEA HERODIAS                            HYPERPROSOPON ANGENTEUN                   ALOSA SAPIDISS1MA
                  GREAT BLUE HERON                           WALLEYE SURFPERCN                         AMERICAN SHAD
                  LARUS ARGENTATUS                          HYPERPROSOPON ELLIPTICUN                  AN MOD YTES NEXAPTERU4S
                  HERRING GULL                               SILVER SURFPERCH                         PACIFIC SAND LANCE
                  LARUS C0ALIF0RNICUS                                                                  AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS
                  CALIFORNIA GULL                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                REDTAIL SUlRFPERCN
                  LARUS CANUIS                              BIRDS                                     CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI
                  MEW GULL                                                                             PACIFIC HERRING
                  LARUS DELAWARENSIS                        CORVUS BRACHYRNYMCHOS                     CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA
                  RING-BILLED GULL                           COMM CROW                                 SHINER PERCH
                  LARUS HEERMANNI                                                                     HYPONE SUS PRETIOSUS
                  HEERNANOS GULL                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                SURFSMELT
                  LARUS PHILADELPHIA                        MAMMALS                                   LEPTOCOTTUS ARKATUS
                  BONAPARTE'S GULL                                                                     PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN
 









                                                HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF



                  MICROGADUS PROXIMUS
                  PACIFIC TOMCOD


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - BIRDS


                  ACTITIS MACULARIA
                  SPOTTED SANDPIPER
                  ARENARIA INTERPRES
                  RUDDY TURNSTONE
                  ARENARIA NELANOCEPHALA
                  BLACK TURNSTONE
                  CALIDRIS ALBA
                  SANDERLING
                  CALIDRIS ALPINA
                  DUNLIN
                  CALIDRIS BAIRDII
                  BAIRD'S SANDPIPER
                  CALIDRIS CANUTUS
                  RED KNOT
                  CALIDRIS KAURI
                  WESTERN SANDPIPER
                  CALIDRIS MINUTILLA
                  LEAST SANDPIPER
                  CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS
                  SNOWY PLOVER
                  CHARADRIUS SENIPALATUS
                  SEMIPALATED PLOVER
                  CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS
                  KILLDEER
                  LIMMODROMUS GRISEUS
                  SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER
                  LIMNODROMUS SCOLOPACEUS
                  LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER
                  LIMOSA FEDOA
                  MARBLED GODWIT
                  LOBIPES LOBATUS
                  NORTHERN PHALAROPE
                  NUMENIUS AMERICANUS
                  LONG-BILLED CURLEW
                  NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS
                  WHIMBREL
                  PLUVIALIS D0MINICA
                  AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER
                  PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA
                  BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
                  TRINGA MELANOLEUCA
                  GREATER YELLOWLEGS


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN
                  INVERTEBRATES


                  HAUSTORIIDAE
                  AMPHIPOD
 








                                               HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY BURP



                                                             POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA                    ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS
                                                             POLLY PACIFIC                            ROSYLIP SCULPIN
                                                             PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA                      RAJA STELLULATA
                                                             RED JABOT LABER                          STARRY SKATE
                                                             PORPHYRA PERFORATA                       SEBASTES MELANOPS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER               RED LAVER                                BLACK ROCKFISH
                   NOW-VASCULAR PLANTS                       POSTELSIA PALNAEFORMIS
                                                             SEA PALM
                   ALARIA NANA                               PRESIDLA MERIDIONALIS
                   -NULL-                                    -NULL-                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   BOSSEA MANZA                              PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA                     BIRDS
                   LEAF CORAL                                -MULL-
                   BRYOPSIS CORTICULANS                      PRIONITIS LYALLII                        AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS
                   SEA FERN                                  LYALLIS SEAWEED                          WESTERN GREBE
                   CALLIARTHRON MANZA                       PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA                CEPPHUS COLUMBA
                   BEAD CORAL                                POMPON                                   PIGEON GUILLEMOT
                   CALLITHAMNION PIKEANUM                    PTILOTA FILICINA                         CERORHINCA MONOCERATA
                   BEAUTY BUSH                               RED WING                                 RNINOCEROUS AUKLET
                   CLADOPHORA TRICHOTONA                     PTILOTA HYPNOIDES                        GAVIA ARCTICA
                   GREEN BALL                                -NULL-                                   ARCTIC LOON
                   CODIUM FRAGILE                            RALFSIA PACIFICA                         HAEMATOPUS BACHMANI
                   SEA STAGNORN                              TAR SPOT                                 BLACK OYSTERCATCHER
                   CODIUM SETCOELLII                         SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA                     HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS
                   SPUNGY CUSHION                            SEA ROSE                                 HARLEQUIN DUCK
                   CORALLINA GRACILIS                        SCYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIA                   LARUS ARGENTATUS
                   GRACEFUL CORAL                            WHIP TUBE                                HERRING GULL
                   COSTARIA COSTATA                          SPONGONORPHA COALITA                     LARUS CALIFORNICUS
                   SEERSUCKER                                GREEN ROPE                               CALIFORNIA GULL
                   CUNAGLOIA ANDERSON111                     UROSPORA MIRABILIS                       LARUS CANUS
                   -NULL-                                    -NULL-                                   NEW GULL
                   CYAMTHERE TRIPLICATA                                                             LARUS NEERMANNI
                   TRIPLE RIB                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (1)  PRODUCER             HEEERMAN'S GULL
                   CYSTOSEIRA OSMUNDACEA                     VASCULAR PLANTS                          LUNDA CIRRHATA
                   WOODY CHAIN BLADDER                                                                TUFTED PUFFIN
                   EGREGIA MENZIESII                         PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI                    MELANITTA DEGLANDI
                   FEATHER BOA                               SCOULERIS SURFGRASS                      WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
                   ENDOCLADIA MURICATA                                                                PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS
                   MAIL BRUSH                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE             BROWN PELICAN
                   ENTERONORPHA COMPRESSA                    INVERTEBRATES                            PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS
                   GREEN CONFETTI                                                                     DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
                   ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS                 ACMAEA DIGITALIS                        PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS
                   LINK CONFETTI                             LIMPET                                   PELAGIC CORMORAMT
                   ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA                      AC14AEA PELTA                            PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS
                   SILK CONFETTI                             BROWN & WHITE SHIELD L1MPET             BRANDTOS CORMORANT
                   GRATELOUPIA PINNATA                       DIDDORA ASPERA                           RISSA TRIDACTYLA
                   POINTED LYNX                              KEYHOLE LIMPET                           BLACK-LEGGEED KITTIMAKE
                   HALICYSTIS OVALIS                         KATHERINA TUNICATA                       URIA AALGE
                   -NULL-                                    BLACK CHITOM                             CON" MURRE
                   HEDOPHYLLU1M SESSILE                      NUTTALINA CALIFORNICA,
                   SEA CABBAGE                               CHITON                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   MYNENENA FLABELLIGERA                     PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS                    MAMMALS
                   VEINED FAN                                MIDGE
                   IRIDOPHYCUS SPECIES                       STRONGLYOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS            ENHYDRA LUTRIS
                   IRIDESCENT   SEAWEED                      PURPLE SEA URCHIN                        SEA OTTER
                   LAMINARIA ANDERSONII                                                               ELMETOPIAS JUBATA
                   SPLIT WHIP WRACK                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)  CARNIVORE            STELLERS SEA LION
                   LAMINARIA PLATYMERIS                      INVERTEBRATES                            LUTRA CAMADENSIS
                   SEA GIRDLE 0R TANGLE                                                               RIVER OTTER
                   LAMINARIA SETCHELII                      ANIS0DORIS MOBILIS                       MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS
                   -NULL-                                    SEA LEMON                                ELEPHANT SEAL
                   LESSONIOPSIS LITTORALIS                   PISASTER GIGANTEUS                       MUSTELA VISON
                   -NULL-                                    SEASTAR                                  MINK
                   LITHOTHAMMIUM SPECIES                    PISASTER  OCHRACEUS                      PHOCA VITUL0INA
                   RED ROCK CRUST                            SEASTAR                                  HARBOR SEAL
                   MICROCLADIA BOREALIS                      THAIS                                    ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS
                   COARSE SEA LACE                           SNAIL                                    CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                   PELVETIOPSIS LINITATA
                   -NULL-                                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   PLEUROPHYCUS GARDNERI                     FISHES                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                   SEA SPATULA                                                                        INVERTEBRATES
 








                                                 HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                  EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI                      AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS
                  SABELLID                                    REDTAIL SURFPERCH
                  IDOTEA SCHMITTI                            CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA
                  ISOPOD                                      SHINER PERCH
                  IDOTEA WOSNESENSKII
                  OLIVE GREEN ISOPOD                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  LIGIA PALLASI                              EATER - BIRDS
                  ROCK LOUSE
                  SABELLARIA CEMENTARIUM                     ACTITIS NACULARIA
                  WORM                                        SPOTTED SANDPIPER
                                                             APHRIZA VIRGATA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                 SURFBIRD
                  MAMALS                                   ARENARIA INTERPRES
                                                              RUDDY TURNSTONE
                  PROCYON  LOTOR                             ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA
                  RACCOON                                     BLACK TURNSTONE
                                                             CALIDRIS PTILOCNE1M1S
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                ROCK SANDPIPER
                  INVERTEBRATES                              HETEROSCELUS INCANUM
                                                              WANDERING TATTLER
                  FABIA SUBQUADRATA                          NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS
                  PEA CRAB                                   WHIMBREL
                  HETEROSACCUS CALIFORNICUS
                  -NULL-
                                                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER           INVERTEBRATES
                  INVERTEBRATES
                                                             HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA
                  BALANUS GLANDULA                            CRAB
                  BARNACLE
                  MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUIS
                  MUSSEL
                  NEANTHES BRANDTI
                  WORM
                  POLLICIPES POLYMERUIS
                  PACIFIC GOOSE BARNACLE
                  VOLSELLA MODIOLUS
                  MORSE MUSSEL


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                  BIRDS


                  LARUS GLAUCESCENS
                  GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
                  LARUS OCCIDENTALIS
                  WESTERN GULL


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - INVERTEBRATES


                  AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  CEPHALOTHORIX LINEARIS
                 NEMERTEAN
                  DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA,
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  EMPLECTONENA, GRACILE
                  RIBB0N WORM
                  LIPAROCEPHALUS C0RDICOLLIS
                  ROVE BEETLE
                  MICRUIRA VERRILLI
                  NEMERTEAM
                  PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA
                  NEMERTEAN
                  THALASSOITRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI
                  GROUND BEETLE


                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - FISHES
 








                                                       HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY BURP



                                                                    MICROCLADIA COULTERI                         KATHERINA TUNICATA
                                                                    DELICATE SEA LACE                             BLACK CHITON
                                                                    PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA                        LITTORINA PLANAXIS
                                                                    -NULL-                                        PERIWINKLE
                                                                    POLYNEURA PATISSIMA                          LITTORINA SCUTULINA
                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                    CRISSCROSS NETWORK                            PERIWINKLE
                     NON-VASCULAR PLANTS                            POLYSIPHONIA COLLINSI                        LITTORINA SITKANA
                                                                    POLLY COLLINS                                 PERIWINKLE
                     AGARUM FIMBRIATUM                              POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA                        LUMBRINERIS ZONATA
                     SEA COLANDER                                   POLLY PACIFIC                                 WORM
                     BOSSEA MANZA                                   PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA,                         KOPALIA CILIATA
                     LEAF CORAL                                     RED JABOT LAVER                               CHITON
                     CALLIARTHRON MANZA                            PORPHYRA PURFORATA                           MOPALIA LIGNOSA
                     BEAD CORAL                                     RED LAVER                                     CHITON
                     CALLITHAMNION PIKEAMUM                        PRASIOLA MERIDIONALIS                        ODONTOSYLLIS PHOSPHOREA
                     BEAUTY BUSH                                    -NULL-                                        WORM
                     CERAMIUM CALIFORMICUM                        PTILOTA FILICINA                             PARALUNIO ALASKENSIS
                     -MULL-                                         RED WING                                      MIDGE
                     CERAMIUM PACIFICUM                             PTILOTA HYPWOIDES                            STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCAMU
                     POTTERY SEAWEED                                -MULL-                                        SEA URCHIN
                     COILODESME CALIFORMICA                         RALFSIA  PACIFICA                            STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS
                     STICK BAG                                      TAR SPOT                                      PURPLE SEA URCHIN
                     COLP0MENIA StNUOSA                            RHOD0MELA LARIX
                     POCKET OR   OYSTER THIEF                       BLACK PINE                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                     CORALLINA CHILENSIS                            RHODYMENIA PALMATA                          INVERTEBRATES
                     TIDE POOL CORAL                                DULSE OR RED KALE
                     CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII                         RHODYMENIA PERTUSA                           TONICELLA LINEATA
                     -NULL-                                         RED EYELET SILK                               LIKED CHITON
                     CYSTOPHYLLUM GERMINATUM                        SCYTOSIPHOW LOMENTARIA
                     BLADDER LEAF                                   WHIP TUBE
                     CYSTOSEIRA OSMONDACEA                          SPONGONORPHA COALITA                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                     WOODY CHAIN BLADDER                            GREEN ROPE                                   INVERTEBRATES
                     DESMARESTIA ACULEATA                           ULVA FENESTRATA
                     CRISP COLOR CHANGER                            -NULL-                                       AEOLIDIA PAPILLOSA
                     DESMARESTIA INTERMEDIA                         ULVA LACTUCA                                  NUDIBRANCH
                     LOOSE COLOR CHANGER                            SEA LETTUCE                                  AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS
                     DESMARESTIA MUWDA                              ULVA LINZA                                    ROVE BEETLE
                     WIDE BRANCH COLOR CHANGER                      GREEN STRING LETTUCE                         ANISODORIS NOBILIS
                     ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA                                                                       SEA LEMON
                     GREEN CONFETTI                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                  CADLINA
                     ENTERO MOR PHA INTESTIMALIS                    VASCULAR PLANTS                               NUDIBRANCH
                     LINK CONFETTI                                                                               CORAMBE PACIFICA
                     ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA                          JALUNEA CARMOSA                               NUDIBRANCH
                     SILK CONFETTI                                  JAUNEA                                      DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA
                     FUCUS FURCATA                                  PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERt                         ROVE BEETLE
                     ROCKWEED OR POPPING     WRACK                  SCOULERIS SURFGRASS                          DIRONA ALSOLIMEATA
                     GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI                         TAMACETUM DOUGLASII                           NUDIBRANCH
                     SEA BELLY                                      DUNE TANSY                                   LEPIDOZONA COOPERI
                     GIGARTINA EXASPERATA                                                                         CHITON
                     TURKISH TOWEL                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 LEPIDOZONA MERTENSI
                     GIGARTINA SPECIES                              INVERTEBRATES                                 CHITOM
                     GRAPESTONE                                                                                  LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS
                     GRATELOUPIA PINNATA                            ACKAEA DIGITALIS                              ROVE BEETLE
                     POINTED LYNX                                   LIMPET                                       PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                     HALICYSTIS OVALIS                              ACKAEA FENESTRATA                             SEASTAR
                     -NULL-                                         LIMPET                                      PISASTER OCHRACEUS
                     HALOSACCION GLANDIFORM,                        ACHEA LIMATULA                               SEASTAR
                     SEA SAC                                        FILE LIMPET                                  PLACIPHORELLA VELATA
                     HETEROCHORDARIA, ABIETINA                      ACHEA NITRA                                CHITON
                     FIR NEEDLE                                     DUNCE-CAP LIMPET                             PYCMOGONUN STEARNSI
                     LAMINARIA PLATYMERIS                           ACHEA PELTA                                 SEA SPIDER
                     SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE                           BROWN & WHITE SHIELD LIMPET                   PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                     LAMINARIA SACCHARINA                           AMPITHOE HUMERALIS                           SUNFLOWER STAR
                     SUGAR WRACK                                    -NULL-                                       ROSTANGA PULCHRA
                     LAUREMCIA SPECTABILIS                          CALLISTOCNITON CRASSICOSTATUS                 NUDIBRANCN
                     SEA LAUREL                                     CHITON                                       SOLASTER DOWSONI
                     LITHOTHAMMIUM SPECIES                          CRYPTOCNITON STELLERI                         SEASTAR
                     RED ROCK CRUST                                 GUM BOOT CHITON                              SOLASTER STIMSONI
                     MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA                       CYANOPLAX HARTWEGI                            SEASTAR
                     KELP                                           CHITON                                       THAIS
 








                                                   HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                   SNAIL                                      DOUBLE-CRESTED CORM0RANT                   ANOPLARCHUS PURPURESCENS
                                                             PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS                      HIGH COCKSCOMB
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                PELAGIC CORM0RANT                          XIPHISTER MUCOSUS
                  FISHES                                     PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS                   ROCK PRICKLEBACK
                                                              BRANDT'S CORMORANT
                  ARTEDIUS LATERALIS                         RISSA TRIDACTYLA                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                   SMOOTHMEAD SCULPIN                         BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE                      BIRDS
                  ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS                      URIA AALGE
                   ROSYLIP SCULPIN                            COMMON MURRE                                AYTHYA MARILA
                  HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS                                                             GREATER SCAUP
                   RED IRISH LORD                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS
                  HEMILEPIDOTUS SPINOSIS                     MAMMALS                                      COMMON CROW
                   BROWN IRISH LORD                                                                       CORVUS CORVAX
                  NEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS                    ENHYDRA   LUTRIS                             COMMON RAVEN
                   KELP GREENLING                             SEA OTTER
                  NEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS                   EUMETOPIAS JUBATA                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                   ROCK GREENLING                             STELLER'S   SEA LION                        MAMMALS
                  MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA             LUTRA CANADENSIS
                   GREAT SCULPIN                              RIVER OTTER                                 PROCYON LOTOR
                  PAROPHYRUS VETULUS                         MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS                      RACCOON
                   ENGLISH SOLE                               ELEPHANT SEAL
                  RAJA STELLULATA                            MUSTELA VISON                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                   STARRY SKATE                               MINK                                        NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
                  SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS                 PHOCA VITULINA
                   CABEZON                                    HARBOR SEAL                                 JANCZEVSKIA GARDNERI
                  SEBASTES MELANOPS                         ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                       PARASITIC SEA LAUREL
                   BLACK ROCKFISH                             CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                  XIPHISTER ATROPURPUREUS                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                   BLACK PRICKLEBACK                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRIVORE                 INVERTEBRATES
                                                             INVERTEBRATES
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE                                                          ARCTONOE PULCHRA
                  BIRDS                                      AMPHIODIA OCCIDENTALIS                       SCALE WORM
                                                              BRITTLE STAR                                ARCTONOE VITTATA
                  AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS                  AMPHITRITE ROBUSTA                           SCALE WORK
                   WESTERN GREBE                              POLYCHAETE WORM                             FABIA SUBGUADRATA
                  ARDEA HERODIAS                             CUCUMARIA MINIATA                            PEA CRAB
                   GREAT BLUE HERON                           SEA CUCUMBER                                PINNIXA TUBICOLA
                  BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA                          EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA                        PEA CRAB
                   BUFFLEHEAD                                 SABELLID                                    SYNDESNIS FRANCISCMUS
                  BUCEPHALA CLANGULA                         EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI                        WORN
                   COMMON GOLDENEYE                           SABELLID
                  CEPPHUS COLUMBA                            EUPOLYNNIA NETEROBRANCHIA                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                   PIGEON GUILLEMOT                           TEREBELLID WORM                             INVERTEBRATES
                  CERORHINCA MONOCERATA                      IDOTEA SCHNITTI
                   RHINOCEROS AUKLET                          ISOPOD                                      RALANUS CARIOSUS
                  GAVIA ARCTICA                              IDOTEA UROTONA                               BARNACLE
                   ARCTIC LOON                                PILL BUG                                    BALANUS GLANDULA
                  HAEMATOPUS BACHMANI                        LIGIA PALLASI                                BARNACLE
                   BLACK OYSTERCATCHER                        ROCK LOUSE                                  BOCCARDIA PROBOSCIDEA
                  HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS                  MELITA PALKATA                               SPINOID WON
                   HARLEQUIN DUCK                             BEACH HOPPER                                BEGULA PACIFICA
                  LARUS ARGENTATUS                           NECAMPHITRITE ROBUSTUS                       BRYOZOAN
                   HERRING GULL                               TEREBELLID WORN                             HALICHONDRIA PANICEA
                  LARUS CALIFORNICUS                         OPHIOPHOLIS ACULEATA                         CRUMB OF BREAD SPONGE
                   CALIFORNIA GULL                            BRITTLE STAR                                HENRICIA LEVIUSCULA
                  LARUS CANUS                                ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA                          RED SEASTAR
                   MEW GULL                                   LESSER BEACH HOPPER                         HINNITES GIGANTEUS
                  LARUS HEERMANNI                            THELEPUS CRISPUS                             ROCK OYSTER
                   HEERMAN'S GULL                             WORM                                        HIPPODIPLOSIA INSCULPTA
                  LUNDA CIRRHADA                             TIGRIOPU0 CALIFORNICUS                       BRYOZOAN
                   TUFTED PUFFIN                              BUG                                         LEPRALIA BILABIATA
                  NEGACERYLE ALCYON                                                                       BRYOZOAN
                   BELTED KINGFISHER                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                  ME0NINRANIPORA NEMBRANACEA
                  MELANITTA DEGLANDI                         INVERTEBRATES                                BRYOZOAN
                   WHITE-WINGED SCOTER                                                                    MEMBRANIPORA, SERRILAMELLA.
                  MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA                    MOPALIA MUSCOSA                              BRYOZOAN
                   SURF SCOTER                                CHITON                                      PEDICELLINA CERNUA
                  PELECAMUS OCCIDENTALIS                                                                  ENTOPROCT
                   BROWN PELICAN                             TROPHIC   LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                PHIDOLOPORA PACIFICA
                  PHALACROCORAX AUIRITIS                     FISHES                                       BRYZOAN
 









                                                HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF



                  PLOCAMIA KARYKINA                       MICRURA VERRILLI                           WHIMBREL
                  RED SPONGE                                NEMERTEAN                               PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA
                  SERPULA VEMICULARIS                     PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA                     BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
                  WORM                                      NEMERTEAN                               TRINGA MELANOLEUCA
                  SPIRORBIS                               PHOXICHILIDILM FEMORATUM                  GREATER YELLOWLEGS
                  WORM                                      SEA SPIDER
                  TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA                 SPIRONTOCARIS BREVIROSTRIS                TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN
                  BRACHIOPOD                                BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                      INVERTEBRATES
                  TRICELLARIA OCCIDENTALIS                SPIRONTOCARIS CRISTATA
                  BROZOAN                                   BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                      ANAITIDES MEDIPAPILLATA
                  XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA                    SPIRONTOCARIS PALUDICOLA                   PADDLE WORM
                  SPONGE                                    BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                      ARABELLA IRICOLOR
                                                          SPIRONTOCARIS PRIONATA                     WORM
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER              BROKEN BACK SHRIMP                      ASTRAEA GIBBEROSA
                  INVERTEBRATES                           TEALIA CRASSICORNIS                        SNAIL
                                                            ANEMONE                                 CREPIDULA ADUNCA
                  HENIGRAPSUS NUDUS                       THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI             HORNED SLIPPER SHELL
                  PURPLE SHORE CRAB                         GROUND BEETLE                           CRYPTOLITHODES SITCHENSIS
                  PACHYCHELES RUDIS                                                                  UMBRELLA-RACKED CRAB
                  PORCELAIN CRAB                          TROPHIC LEVEL:    (9) INVERTEBRATE        DODECACERIA FISTULICOLA
                  PAGURUS GRANOS1ANUS                   EATER - FISHES                             CIRRATULID WORK
                  HERMIT  CRAB                            APODICHTHYS FLAVIDUS                       HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA
                  PAGURUS HEMPHILLI                         PENPOINT GUNNEL                          CRAB
                  HERMIT  CRAB                            CHIROLOPHIS NUGATOR                      LEPTASTERIA HEXACTIS
                  PAGURUS SAMUELIS                          MOSSHEAD WAR-BONNET                     SEASTAR
                  HERMIT  CRAB                            CLINOCOTTUS ACUTICEPS                     LEPTASTERIA PUSILLA
                  PETROLISTHES CINCTIPES                    SHARPNOSE SCULPIN                        SEASTAR
                  PORCELAIN CRAB                          CLINOCOTTUS EMBRYLIN                      MIMULUS FOLIATUS
                                                            CALICO SCULPIN                           CRAB
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER            CLINOCOTTUS GLOBICEPS                     DEDIGNATHUS INERNIS
                  BIRDS                                     MOSSHEAD SCULPIN                        CRAB
                                                          CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA                    PATIRIA NINIATA
                  HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS                  SHINER PERCH                             SEA BAT
                  BALD EAGLE                              GOBIESOX MAEANDRICUS                      PLATYNEREIS AGASSIZI
                  LARUS GLAUCESCENS                         NORTHERN CLINGFISH                       NEREID WORM
                  GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL                    LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS                       PODARKE PUGGETTENSIS
                  LARUS OCCIDENTALIS                        PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN                 POLYCHAETE
                  WESTERN GULL                            LIPARIS FLORAE                            PUGETTIA PRODUCTA
                                                            TIDEPOOL SNAILFISH                       KELP CRAB
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)  INVERTEBRATE        OLIGOCOTTUS MACULOSUS                     SCYRA ACUTIFROMS
                  EATER - INVERTEBRATES                     TIDEPOOL SCULPIN                         MASKING CRAB
                                                          OLIGOCOTTUS SNYDERI                       TEGULA FUNEBRALIS
                  ALLORCHESTES ANGUSTUS                     FLUFFY SCULPIN                           BLACK TURBAN SNAIL
                  -NULL-                                  PHOLIS LAETA
                  AMPHIPORUS BINACULATUS                    CRESCENT GUNNEL
                  RIBBON WORN                             RHACOCHILUS VACCA
                  ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSMA                PILE PERCH
                  AGGREGATED ANEMONE                      SPIRINCHUS STARSKI
                  ANTHOPLEURA XANTHOGRAMMICA                NIGHT SMELT
                  GIANT GREEN ANEMONE                     XERERPES FUCORUN
                  CANCER ANTENNARIUS                        ROCKWEED GUNNEL
                  CRAB
                  CANCER MAGISTER                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  DUNGENESS CRAB                          EATER - BIRDS
                  CANCER PRODUCTUS
                  CRAB                                    ACTITIS MACULARIA
                  CEPHALOTHRIX LINEARIS              SP0TED SANDPIPER
                  NEMERTEAN                               APHRIZA VIRGATA
                  CERATOSTONA                               SURFBIRD
                  FOLIATUN MUREX                          ARENARIA INTERPRES
                  ENPLECTONEMA, GRACILE                     RUDDY TURNSTIONE
                  RIBBON WORM                             ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA
                  EPIACTIS PROLIFERA                        BLACK TURNSTONE
                  ANEMONE                                 CALIDRIS ALPINA
                  GLYCERA AMERICANA                  DUNLIN
                  WORM                                    CALIDRIS PTILOCNENIS
                  HALOSY0DNA BREVISETOSA                     ROCK SANDPIPER
                  SCALE WORM                              HETEROSCELUS INCANUM
                  HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS                  WANDERING TATTLER
                  NUDIBRANCH                              NUMEN0IU0S PHAEOPUS









                                            HABITAT: HEADLANDS ANID ROCKy ISLANDS



                                                              HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR                         THUJA PLICATA
                                                              OCEAN-SPRAY                                 WESTERN RED CEDAR
                                                              HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA                        ULEX EUROPAEUS
                                                              GOSMORE                                     GORSE
                                                              LASTHENIA CHRYSOSTONA                       VACCIMIUM OVATUM
                 TROPHIC LEVEL:                               LASTHENIA                                   EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY
                 VASCULAR PLANTS                              LASTHENIA MINOR VAR. MARITIMA              VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM
                                                              HAIRY LASTHENIA                             RED HUCKLEBERRY
                 ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM                        LATHYRUS LITTORALIS                         VERATRUN VIRIDE
                  SWEET VERNALGRASS                           BEACH PEA-VINE                              FALSE HELLEBORE
                 HOLCUS LANATUS                               LEONTODON NUDICAULIS
                  COMMON VELVET-GRASS                         BRISTLY HAWK81T                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                              LILAEOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS                     INVERTEBRATES
                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                  LILAEOPSIS
                 VASCULAR PLANTS                              LONICERA INVOLUCRATA                        PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS
                                                              BLACK TWINBERRY                             MIDGE
                 AIRA PRAECOX                                 LOTUS FORMOSISSIMUS
                  LITTLE HAIRGRASS                            DEERVETCH, SEASIDE LOTUS                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                 ALNUS RUBRA                                  LUPINUS ARBOREUS                            BIRDS
                  RED ALDER                                   TREE LUPINE
                 ANGELICA LUCIDA                              LUPINUS VARICOLOR                           BONASA UMBELLUS
                  SEA-WATCH                                   TWO-COLOR LUPINE                            RUFFED GROUSE
                 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS COLLUB1ANA                   MICROSERIS BIGILOVII                        CARDUELIS PINUS
                  BRISTLY ANZINITA                          COAST MICROSERIS                            PINE SISKIN
                 ARCHTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI                     MYRICA GALE                                 CARDULIS TRISTIS
                  KINNIKINNIC                                 SWEET GALE                                  AMERICAN GOLDFINCH
                 ARMERIA MERITIMA                             PINUS CONTORTA                              CARPODACUS MEXICANUS
                  THRIFT                                      LODGEPOLE PINE, SHORE PINE                  HOUSE FINCH
                 BACCHARIS PILULARIS                          PLANTAGO HIRTELLA                           CARPODACUS PURPUREUS
                  CHAPARRAL BROOM                            TALL COAST PLANTAIN                         PURPLE FINCH
                 BLECHNUM SPICANI                             PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA                         COLUMBA FASCIATA
                  DEER FERN                                   BUCKHORN PLANTAIN                           BAND-TAILED PIGEON
                 CALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS                     POA PACHYPHOLIS                             DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS
                  REEDGRASS                                   SEACLIFF BLUEGRASS                          BLUE GROUSE
                 CASTILLEJA LITORALIS                         POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA                      HESPERIPHONA VESPERTIMA
                  PACIFIC PAINTBRUSH                          LICORICE FERN                               EVENING GROSBEAK
                 CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS                       POLYSTICHLUM MUNITUM                        JUNCO HYEMALIS
                  BLUE BLOSSOM                                SWORDFERN                                   DARK-EYED JUNCO
                 CERASTIUM ARVENSE                            PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII                       LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUS
                  FIELD CHICKWEED                             DOUGLAS FIR                                 CALIFORNIA QUAIL
                 CYTISUS SCOPARqIUS                            PTERIDIUM AQUILINUN                 LOXIA CURVIROSTRA
                  SCOTCH BROOM                               WESTERN BRACKEN FERN                        RED CROSSBILL
                 DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA                        RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA                         MELOSPIZA MELODIA
                  OATGRASS                                    SMALL CREEPING BUTTERCUP                   SONG SPARROW
                 DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA                       RHAMMUS PURSHIANA                           MELOTHRUS ATER
                  TUFTED HAIRGRASS                            CASCARA                                     BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD
                 DESCHAMPSIA LONGIFLORA                       RHODODENDRON NACROPHYLLUM                   OREORTYX PICTUS
                  HAIRGRASS                                   WESTERN RHODODENDRON                        MOUNTAIN QUAIL
                 DIGITALIS PURPUREA                           RHUS DIVERSILOBA                            PASSERELLA ILIACA
                  FOXGLOVE                                    POISON OAK                                  FOX SPARROW
                 EMPETRUM NIGRUM                              ROKANZOFFIA TRACY1              PHEUCTICUS MELAMOCEPHALUS
                  CROWBERRY                                   TRACY'S MISTMAIDEN                         BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK
                 ERIGERON GLAUCUS                             RUBUS SPECTABILIS                           PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS
                  SEASIDE DOCK                                SALMONBERRY                                 RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE
                 FESTUCA MYUROS                               RUBUS URSINUS                               SELASPHORUS RUFUS
                  RAT-TAIL FESCUE                             DOUGLASBERRY                                RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD
                 FESTUCA RUBRA                                RUNEX MARITIMUS                             SPIZELLA PASSERINA
                  RED FESCUE                                  SEASIDE DOCK                                CHIPPING SPARROW
                 FRAGARIA CHIL0ENSIS                          SAGINA CRASSICAULIS                         ZEMAIDA MACROLIRA
                  COASTAL STRAWBERRY                          STICK-STEMN0ED PEARLW0RT                     MOURNING DOVE
                 GALIUM NUTTAL0I0I                              SALIX HOOKERIANA                ZON0OTRICHIA ATRICAPILLA
                  NUTTALS BEDSTRAW                           COAST WILLOW                                GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW
                 GAULTHERIA SHALLON                           SEDUN LANCEOLAT0UN VAR. NESIOTI              Z0ONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS
                  SALAL                                       LANCE-LEAVED STONECROP                      WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW
                 GNAPHALIUM CHILENSE                          SIDALCEA HIRTIPES
                  COTTON-BATTING PLANT                        HAIRY-STEMMED CHECKER-MALLOW               TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                 GRINDELIA INTEGRIFOLIA VAR. MA              STACHYS RIGIDA                              MAMMALS
                  PUGET SOUND GUMWEED                         HEDGE NETTLE
                 HERACLEUM LANATUM                            TANACETUM DOUGLASII                        MICROTUS LONGICAUDUS
                  COW-PARSNIP                                 DUNE TANSY                                  LONG-TAILED VOLE
 








                                              HABITAT: HEADLANDS AM ROCKY ISLANDS



                    MICROTUS OREGONI                           LYNX RUFUS                                   DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA
                    OREGON VOLE                                  BOBCAT                                      ROVE BEETLE
                    THOMOMYS MONTICOLA                         MUSTELA ERMINEA                              LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS
                    MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER                       SHORT-TAILED WEASEL                         ROVE BEETLE
                                                               SPILOGALE PUTORIUS                           THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 SPOTTED SKUNK                               GROUND BEETLE
                    HERPETOFAUNA                               UROCYON CINEROARGENTEUS
                                                                 GRAY FOX                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                    THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES                      VULPES FULVA                                 EATER - HERPETOFAUNA
                    NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE                    RED FOX
                    THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS                                                                     AMSYSTOMA GRACILE
                    COMMON GARTER SNAKE                        TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                   BROWN SALAMANDER
                                                               BIRDS                                        BUFO BOREAS
                    TROPHIC LEVEL:                                                                           WESTERN TOAD
                    BIRDS                                      BOMYCILLA CEDRORUM
                                                                 CEDAR WAXING                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                    PANDION HALIAETUS                          CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS                        EATER - HERPETOFAUNA
                    OSPREY                                       COMMON CROW
                                                               CONVUS CORVAX                                GERRHONOTUS COERULEUS
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 COMMON RAVEN                                NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD
                    BIRDS                                      CYANOCITTA STELLERI                          HYLA REGILLA
                                                                 STELLER'S JAY                               PACIFIC TREEFROG
                    ACCIPITER COOPER11                         PERIOSOREUS CANADENSIS                       PLETHODON DUNNI
                    COOPER'S HAWK                                GRAY JAY                                    DUMNS SALAMANDER
                    ACCIPITER STRIATUS                         PIRANGA LUDOVICIAWA                          RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS
                    SHARP-SHINNED HAWK                           WESTERN TANAGER                             OLYMPIC SALAMANDER
                    AEGOLIUS ACADICUS                          STURNUS VULGARIS                             TARICHA GRANULOSA
                    SAW-WHET OWL                                 STARLING                                    ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT
                    ASIO OTUS                                  TURDUS MIGRATORIUS
                    LONG-EARED OWL                               AMERICAN ROBIN                             TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                    BU80 VIRGINIANUS                                                                        EATER - BIRDS
                    GREAT HORNED OWL                           TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                    BUTEO JAKAICENSIS                          MAMMALS                                      CATHARUS GUTTATUS
                    RED-TAILED HAWK                                                                          HERMIT THRUSH
                    CEPPHUS COLLUMA                           DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS                        CATHARUS USTULATUS
                    PIGEON GUILLEMOT                             COMMON OPPOSUM                             SWAINSONIS THRUSH
                    CERORNINCA MONOCERATA                      EURACTOS AMERICANUS                          CERTHIA FAM1LIARIS
                    RHINOCEROS AUKLET                            BLACK BEAR                                  BROWN CREEPER
                    FALCO PEREGRINUS                           MEPHITIS MEPHITIS                            CHAETURA VAUXI
                    PEREGRINE FALCON                             STRIPED SKUNK                               VAUXIS SWIFT
                    GLAUCIDIOM GNOMA                          PER0MYSCUS MANICULATUS                     CHAMAEA FASCIATA
                    PYGMY OWL                                    DEER HOUSE                                  WRENTIT
                    LUNDA CIRRHATA                             PROCYON LOTOR                                CHORDEILES MINOR
                    TUFTED PUFFIN                                RACCOON                                     COMMON NIGHTHAWK
                    OCEANODR0MA FURCATA                       ZAPUS TRINOTAUS                             COLAPTES AURATUS
                    FORK-TAILED STORM PETREL                     PACIFIC JUMPING   M0USE                     COMMON FLICKER
                    OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA                                                                   CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS
                    LEACH'S STORM PETREL                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                   WESTERN WOOD PEWEE
                    OTUS ASIO                                  VASCULAR PLANTS                              CYPSELOIDES NIGER
                    SCREECH OWL                                                                              BLACK SWIFT
                    PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS                      BOSCHNIAKIA HOOKERI                          DENDROICA CORONATA
                    DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT                     SMALL GROUND-CONE                           YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER
                    PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS                                                                 DENDROICA NIGRESCENS
                    PELAGIC CORMORANT                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (8)    SCAVENGER               BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER
                    PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS                 BIRDS                                        DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS
                    BRANDT'S CORMORANT                                                                       HERMIT WARBLER
                    PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICUS                    CATHARTES AURA                               DENDROICA PETECHIA
                    CASSINIS AUKLET                              TURKEY VULTURE                              YELLOW WARBLER
                    TYTO ALBA                                  NALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALIS                     DENDRIDICA TOWNSEND0I
                    BARN OWL                                     BALD EAGLE                                  TOWNSEND'S WARBLER
                    URIA AALGE                                 LARUS GLAUCES0SCE0NS                          DRYO0COPUS PILEATUS
                    COMMON MURRE                                 G0LAUC0OUS-WINGED GULL                        PILEATED WOODPECKER
                                                               LARUS OCCI0DENTALIS                           EMPIDOMAX DIFFICILIS
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 WESTERN GULL                                WESTERN FLYCATCHER
                    MAMMALS                                                                                 EMPID0ONA)NAMM0NDII
                                                               TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)    INVERTEBRATE            HANN ONID 43 FLYCATCHER
                    CANIS LATRANS                              EATER - INVERTEBRATES                        EMPIDONAX OBERNOLSE0RI
                    COYOTE                                                                                   DUSKY FLYCATCHER
                    FELIS CONCOLOR                             AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS                  EMIDONAX TRAILL11
                    MOUNTAIN LION                                ROVE BEETLE                                 WILLOW FLYCATCHER
 






                                         HABITAT: HEADLANDS AND ROCKY ISLANDS



                 MIRUNDO RUSTICA                          SOREX VAGRANS
                 BARN SWALLOW                              VAGRANT SHREW
                 IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR
                 TREE SWALLOW
                 IXOREUS MAEVIUS
                 VARIED THRUSH
                 NYADESTES TOWNSENDI
                 TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE
                 NUTTALLORMIS BOREALIS
                 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER
                 OPORORMIS TOLMIEI
                 MCGILLIVRAYIS WARBLER
                 PARUS ATRICAPILLUS
                 BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE
                 PARUS RUFESCENS
                 CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE
                 PETROCHELIDON PYRRHONOTA
                 CLIFF SWALLOW
                 PICOIDES PURESCENS
                 DOWNY WOODPECKER
                 PICOIDES VILLOSUS
                 HAIRY WOODPECKER
                 PROGNE SUBIS
                 PURPLE MARTIN
                 PSALTRIPARLIS MINIMS
                 BUSHTIT
                 REGULUS CALENDULA
                 RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET
                 REGULUS SATRAPA
                 GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET
                 SITTA CAMADENSIS
                 RED-BRESTED NUTHATCH
                 SITTA CAROLINENSIS
                 WHITE-BRESTED NUTHATCH
                 SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS
                 YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER
                 STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS
                 ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW
                 TACHYCINETA THALASSINA
                 VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW
                 THRYOMANES BEWICKII
                 BEWICKIS WREN
                 TROGLODYTES AEDOM
                 HOUSE WREN
                 TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES
                 WINTER WREN
                 VERNIVORA CELATA
                 ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER
                 VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA
                 NASHVILLE WARBLER
                 VIREO GILVUS
                 WARBLING VIREO
                 VIREO NUTTONI
                 HUTTON'S VIREO
                 VIREO SOLITARIUS
                 SOLITARY VIREO
                 WILSONIA PUSILLA
                 WILSON'S WARBLER


                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                 EATER - MAMMALS


                 EPTESICUS FUSCUS
                 BIG BROWN BAT
                 MYOTIS LICIFUGUS
                 LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS
                 NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII
                 SHREW-HOLE
                 SCAPANUS TOWNSENDII
                 TOWNSENDS HOLE
 








                                            HABITAT: HEADLANDS AND ROCKY ISLANDS



                                                                                                           AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA
                                                                                                            COPEPOD
                                                                                                           AMALLOTHRIX VORAK
                                                                                                            COPEPOD                                                                                                           ARIETELLUS PLUMIFER
                                                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                 COPEPOD
                                                                WON-VASCULAR PLANTS                        BATHYCALANUS BRADYI
                                                                                                            COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA FORMOSA                       BORE0MYSIS
                                                                DIAT0M                                     COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA JAPOINICA                     BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                ASTERIONELLA KARIANA                       CALANUS CRISTATUS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                BACTERIASTRM DELICATULUM                CALANUS FINMARCHICUS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                CERATIUM                                   CALANUS PLUNCHRUS
                                                                DINOFLAGELLATE                              COPEPOD
                                                                CHAETOCEROS COMPRESSUS                     CALANUS TENUICORNIS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOO
                                                                CHAETOCEROS CONVOLUTUS                     CALOCALANUS STYLIREMIS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                CHAETOCEROS RADICANS                       CANDACIA BIPINNATA
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                COCCOLITHOPHORES                           CAVOLIMA UNCINATA
                                                                COCCOLITHS                                  PTEROPOD
                                                                DACTYLIOSOLEN MEDDITERRANEUS               CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                FRAGILARIA                                 CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                GONYAULAX                                  CHIRUNDINA STREETSI
                                                                DINCIFLAGELLATE                             COPEPOD
                                                                LEPTOCYLINDRICUS DAMICUS                   CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS
                                                                DIAT0N                                     COPEPOD
                                                                MELOSIRA ISLANDICA                         CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS
                                                                DIAT0N                                     COPEPOD
                                                                OTHER FLAGELLATES                          CLIO BALANTIUM
                                                                FLAGELLATES                                 PTEROPOD
                                                                PERIDINIUM                                 CLIONE LIMACINA
                                                                DINOFLAGELLATE                              PTEROPOD
                                                                RHIZOSOLEMIA ALATA                         COROLLA SPECTABILIS
                                                                DIATOM                                    PTEROPOD
                                                                RHIZOSOLENIA DELICATULA                    CORYCAEUS
                                                                DIATOM                                     COPEPOD
                                                                RHIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISSMA                 CTENOCALANUS VANUS
                                                                DIAT0M                                     COPEPOD
                                                                SYNEDRA ULNA                               EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES
                                                                DIAT0M                                     COPEPOD
                                                                THALASSIONEMA WITZSCHIOIDES               EUCALAMUS ATTENUATUS
                                                                DIATOM                                      COPEPOD
                                                                                                           EUCALAMUS BUNGII
                                                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                COPEPOD
                                                                INVERTEBRATES                              EUCHAETA SPINOSA
                                                                                                            COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA CLAUSI                             EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA
                                                                COPEPOD                                     COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA DAMAE                              EUCOPIA
                                                                COPEPOD                                     COPEPOD
                                                                ACARTIA LONGIREMIS                         EVADNE NORNAMMI
                                                                COPEPOD                                     C0LADOCERAN
                                                                ACARTIA NEGLIGENS                          GAETAMUS SECUNDUS
                                                                COPEPOD                                     COPEPOD
                                                                AETIDEOPIS PACIFICA                       GAETA0MUS SIMPLEX
                                                                COPEPOD                                     COPEPOD
                                                                AETIDEUS ARNATUS                           GADIUS BREVISPINUS
                                                               COPEPOD,                   COPED
                                                                AETIDEUS PACIFICUS                     GAIDIUS VARIABILIS
                                                                COPEPOD                                     COPEPOD
                                                                                                           GAUSSIA PRINCEPS
                                                                                                            COPEPOD
 








                                                                      HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                        GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII                                 UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR                                      GONATUS ANONYCHUS
                        OSTRACOD                                                COPEPOD                                                SQUID
                        GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS                                     UNDEUCHAETA PLUM0SA                                   GONATUS FABRICII
                        COPEPOD                                                 COPEPOD                                                SQUID
                        GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS                                                                                           GONATUS MAGISTER
                        COPEPOD                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (2)        HERBIVORE                    SQUID
                        HALOPTILUS PSEUDOXYCEPHALUS                             BIRDS                                                  HALICREAS MINIMUM
                        COPEPOD                                                                                                        JELLYFISH
                        HETERORHABDUS TANNERI                                   BRANTA NIGRICANS                                       HALISTAURA CELLULARIA
                        COPEPOD                                                BLACK BRANT                                            JELLYFISH
                        HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS                                                                                     HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS
                        COPEPOD                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                           SQUID 
                        HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR                                   INVERTEBRATES                                          LENSIA CONOIDEA
                        COPEPOD                                                                                                        JELLYFISH
                        LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA                                     ABRALIOPSIS FELIS                                      LIMACINA HELACINA
                        COPEPOD                                                 SQUID                                                  PTEROPOD
                        LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS                                   AEGINA CITREA                                          LOLIGO OPALESCENS
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        METRIDEA LUCENS                                         AEGINURA GRIMALDII                                    MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        METRIDIA    CURTICAUDA                                  AEQUOREA                                               MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS                                   AGLANTHA DIGITALE                                      NANOMIA CARA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        MICROSETELLA                                            ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI                                     OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        MIXTOCALANUS      ROBUSTUS                              ATOLLA WYVELLEI                                        ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        OITHONA                                                 AURELIA LABIATA                                        PANTACHOGON HAECKELI
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        ONCAEA CONIFERA                                         BARG1ANNIA                                            PARAPHYLLINA RANSONI
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        PARACALANUS PARVUS                                     BEROE CUCUMIS                                          PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA
                        COPEPOD                                                 COMB JELLY                                             JELLYFISH
                        PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA                                  BOTRYNEA 8RUCEI                                      PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA,
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA                                    CALYCOPSIS NENATOPHORA                                 PLEUROGRACHIA PILEUS
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              COMB JELLY
                        PHAENNA SPINIFERA                                       CARANARIA JAPONICA                                     PRAYA DUBIA
                        COPEPOD                                                HETEROPOD,                                         JELLYFISH
                        PLEUROMAM1A BOREALIS                                   CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA                               PRAYA RETICULATA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        PLEUROMAMNA SCUTULLATA                                  CHELOPHYES    MULTIDENTATA                             PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              HETEROPOO
                        PODON LEUCKARTI                                         CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI                                   SARSIA PRINCEPS
                        CLADOCERAN                                              SQUID                                                JELLYFISH
                        PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS                                   CHUNIPNYES MOSERAE                                     SARSIA TUBULOSA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA                                COLOBONEMA     SERVICEUM                               SOLMISSUS INCISA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA                                   CRANCHIA SCABRA                                        SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI
                        COPEPOD                                                 SQUID                                                 JELLYFISH
                        RACOVITZANUS      PACIFICA                              CROSSOTA ALBA                                          SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALVIS
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        RHINCALANUS NASUTUS                                     CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA                                   TAONIUS PALVO
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS                                    CROSSOTA RUFOBRUNNEA,                                  VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              SQUID
                        SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS                                   CUNINA, OCTONARIA                                      VELELLA VELELLA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISN                                              JELLYFISH
                        SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATU0S                              CYANEA                                                 VOGTIA SPINOSA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISN
                        SCOLECITHRICELLA, MINOR                                 EUPHYSORAFUIRCATA
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH                                              TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                        SCOTTOCALANUS SE0DATUS                                   EUTONIA INDICAMS                                       FISHES
                        COPEPOD                                                 JELLYFISH
                        TORTANIS DISCAU0DATUS                                    GALITEUT0HI0S A0RMATA                                     ALOPIAS VULPINUS
                        COPEPOD                                                 SQUID                                                THRESHER SHARK
                        UNDEUCHAETA, INTERMED IA                                 GONATOP0SIS BOREALIS                                    BRACHYISTIUS FREMATUS
                        COPEPOD                                                 SQUID                                                  KELP PERCH
 








                                                      HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                  EPTATRETUS DEAMI                           STERNA PARADISAEA                          PODICEPS AURITUS
                   BLACK HAGFISH                              ARCTIC TERM                                 HORNED GREBE
                  EPTATRETUS STOUTI                                                                     PODICEPS GRISEGENA
                   PACIFIC HAGFISH                           TROPMIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                RED-NECKED GREBE
                  GADUS MACROCEPHALUS                        BIRDS                                      PTYCHCRAMPHUS ALEUTICA
                   PACIFIC COD                                                                            CASSIMIS AUKLET
                  GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS                      AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS                  PUFFINUS BULLERI
                   SOUPFIN SHARK                              WESTERN GREBE                               BULLER'S SHEARWATER
                  HEXANCHUS GRISEUS                          BRACHYRAMPHUS MARM0RATLIM                 PUFFINUS CARNEIPES
                   SIXGILL SHARK                              MARBELED MURRELET                           FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER
                  HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI                         CERORNINCA M0NOCERATA                     PUFFINUS CREATOPUS
                   RATFISH                                    RHINOCEROS AUKLET                           PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
                  LAMNA DITROPSIS                            CLANGULA HYMALIS                           PUFFINUS GRISEUS
                   SALMON SHARK                               OLDSQUAW                                   SOOTY SHEARWATER
                  MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS                       DICMEDEA WIGRIPES                          PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS
                   PACIFIC HAKE                               BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS                      SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER
                  MARONE SAXATILIS                          FULKARIS GLACIALIS                         RISSA TRIDACTYLA
                   STRIPED BASS                               NORTHERN FULMAR                             BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE
                  NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS                      GAVIA ARCTICA                              STERNA CASPIA
                   SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL              ARCTIC LOON                                 CASPIAN TERM
                  ONCORHYNCHUS    GORSUSCHA                  GAVIA IMMER                               STERNA FORSTERI
                   PINK SALMON                                COMMON LOON                                 FORSTER'S TERN
                  ONCORHYNCHUS    KETA                       GAVIA STELLATA                             STERNA HIRUNDO
                   CHUN SALMON                                RED-THROATED LOON                           COMMON TERN
                  ONCORHYNCHUS    KISUTCH                    HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS                  SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUM
                   COMO SALMON                                HARLEOUIN DUCK                              ANCIENT MURRELET
                  ONCORHYNCHUS    TSHAWYTSCHA                LARUS ARGENTATUS                           URIA AALGE
                   CHINOOK SALMON                             HERRING GULL                                COMM MURRE
                  PRIONACE GLAUCA                           LARUS CALIFORNICUS                         XEMA SABINI
                   BLUE SHARK                                 CALIFORNIA GULL                             SABINE'S GULL
                  RAJA KINCAIDI                              LARUS CANUS
                   BLACK SKATE                                NEW GULL                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                  RAJA RHINA                                 LARUS DELAWARENSIS                         MAMMALS
                   LONGNOSE SKATE                             RING-BILLED GULL
                  RAJA STELLULATA                            LARUS GLAUCESCENS                          BERARDIUS BAIRDI
                   STARRY SKATE                               GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL                        BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE
                  SALMO CLARKI                               LARUS HEERMANNI                            CALLORHIMUS URSINUS
                   CUTTHROAT TROUT                            HEER14ANNIS GULL                            NORTHERN FUR SEAL
                  SALMO GAIRDNARI                            LARUS OCCIDENTALIS                         DELPHINUS DELPHIS
                   STEELHEAD TROUT                            WESTERN GULL                                COMMON DOLPHIN
                  SALVALINUS MAL1A                         LARUS PHILADELPHIA                         EUMETOPIAS JUBSATUS
                   DOLLY VARDEW                               BONAPARTE'S GULL                            NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION
                  SEBASTES ALUTUS                            LARUS THAYERI                              GLOBICEPHALA MACRORHYNCHUS
                   PACIFIC OCEANPERCH                         THAYERS GULL                                BLACK FISH OR SHORT-FINMED PIL
                  SEBASTES CRAMERI                           LOBIPES LOBATUS                            GRAMPUS GRISEUS
                   BLACKMOUTH ROCKFISH OR DARKSLOOD           NORTHERN PHALAROPE                          RISSOIS DOLPHIN
                  SEBASTES DIPLOPROA                         LUNDRA CIRRHATA                            KOGIA BREVICEPS
                   SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH                         TUFTED PUFFIN                               PYGMY SPERM WHALE
                  SEBASTES FLAVIDUS                          MELANITTA DEGLANDI                        LAGEMORMYNCHUS OBLIQUIDENS
                   YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH                        WHITE-WINGED SCOTER                         PACIFIC      STRIPED/WT-SIDED
                  SEBASTES PINNEGER                          MELANITTA MIGRA                            DOLPHIN
                   CANARY ROCKFISH                            BLACK SCOTER                              LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS
                  SEBASTOLOSUS ALASCANUS                     ELANITTA PERSPICILLATA                     NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN
                   SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH                        SURF SCOTER                               MESOPLODON CARLHUBBSI
                  SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                        MERGUS SERRATOR                              HUBBIS BEAKED WHALE
                   PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                      RED-BRESTED MERGANSER                     MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI
                  SQUALIS ACANTHIAS                          OCEANODROMA, FURCATA                         STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE
                   SPINY DOGFISH                              FORK-TAILED STORM-PETREL                  MIROUNGA AUGUSTIROSTRIS
                  THERAGRA, CHALCOGRAM14A                    OCEAM0ODROMA LEUCORHOA                        NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL
                   WALLEYE POLLOCK                            LEACHOS STORM-PETREL                      ORCIMUS ORCA
                  TORPEDO CALIFORNICA,                       PELICANUIS OCCIDENTALIS                      KILLER WHALE
                   PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY                       BROWN PELICAN                             PHOCA VITULIMA
                  TRIAKIS SEN0IFASCIATA,                      PHALACROCORAX AURITUS                        HARBOR SEAL
                   LEOPARD SHARK                              D0UBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT                  PHOCOE0MA PH0COEMA
                                                             PHALACR0OCORAX PELAGICUS                      HARBOR PORPOISE
                  TROPHIC LEVEL:                              PELAGIC C0RMORANT                            PH0OCEMOIDES DALLI
                  BIRDS                                      PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS                   DALL PORPOISE
                                                              BRANDT'S CORMORANT                        PHYSETER CATODOM
                  CEPPHUS COLUMBRA                          PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS                        SPERM WHALE
                   PIGEON GUILLEMOT                           RED PHALAROPE                             PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS
 









                                                          HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                     FALSE KILLER WHALE                            POMARINE JAEGER                              LANCEOLA LOVENI
                    STENELLA COERULEOALBA                                                                       AMPHIPOD
                     STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE               TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER             LYCAEA PULEX
                    ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                         INVERTEBRATES                                AMPHIPOD
                     CALIFORNIA SEA LION                                                                        MENINGODORA MOLLIS
                    ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                            DOLIOLLM                                    SHRIMP
                     CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                SALP                                         WINOE GEMNA
                                                                   HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA                          POLYCHAETE WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                    SALP                                         NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICUS
                    INVERTEBRATES                                  IASIS ZONARIA                                SHRIMP
                                                                   SALP                                         OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI
                    BEWTHEUPHAUSIA AMLYOPS                        OIKOPLEURA                                   AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      LARVACEAN                                    PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA
                    EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA                             PEGEA CONFOEDERATA                           SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPASIPHAE SUICATIFRONS
                    NEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES                        SALPA FUSIFORMIS                             SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPHRONIKA CRASSIPES
                    WENATOCELIS DIFFICILIS                         THALIA DEMOCRATICA                           AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARAPHRON114A GRACILIS
                    STYLOCHEIRON ABBRVIATUM                        THETYS VAGINA                                AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      SALP                                         PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA
                    STYLOCHEIROM LONGICORNE                                                                     AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER             PASIPHAEA CHACET
                    STYLOCHEIROW MAXIMUM                           MAMMALS                                      SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                                                                   PASIPHAEA MAGNA
                    TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS                       BALAENA GLACIALIS                            SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                      BLACK OR PACIFIC   RIGHT WHALE               PASIPHAEA PACIFICA
                    THYANOESSA GREGARIA                            BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA                   SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                      MINKE WHALE                                  PETALIDIUM SUSPIRIOSUM
                    THYANOESSA   INSPINATA                         BALAENOPTERA  BOREALIS                       SHRIMP
                     EUPHASID                                      SEI WHALE                                    PHRONINA SEDENTARIA
                    THYANOESSA   LONGIPES                          BALAENOPTERA  MUSCULUS                       AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      BLUE WHALE                                   PHRONIMOPSIS SPINIFERA
                    THYANOESSA   PARVA                             BALAENOPTERA  PHYSALUS                       AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      FINBACK OR FIN WHALE                         POEOSIUS MESERES
                    THYANOESSA   RASCHII                           MEGAPTERA NOVEANGLIAE                        POLYCHAETE WORM
                     EUPHASID                                      HLPBACK WHALE                              PRINNO ASYSSALIS
                    THYANOESSA   SPINIFERA                                                                      AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                      TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)      INVERTEBRATE         PRINNO MACROPA
                    THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS                         EATER - INVERTEBRATES                        AMPHIPOD
                     EUPHASID                                                                                   RHYNCHONOREELLA ANGELIMI
                    THYSANOPODA CORNUTA                            ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS                    POLYCHAETE WORM
                     EUPHASID                                      SHRIMP                                      SAGITTA BIER11
                    THYSANOPOqDA EGREGIA                            BENTHEOGENNEMA,                              ARROW-WORM
                     EUPHASID                                      SHRIMPBENTHEOGENNEMA   BOREALIS             SAGITTA DECIPIENS
                                                                   SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                    CYSTISOMA FABRICII                           SAGITTA ELEGANS
                    FISHES                                         AMPHIPOD                                     ARROW-WORM
                                                                   DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA                         SAGITTA EUNERITICA
                    SARDINOPS SAGAX                                AMPHIPOD                                    ARROW-WORM
                     PACIFIC SARDINE                               EUKROHNIA BATHYPELAGICA                      SAGITTA MACROCEPHALA
                                                                   ARROW-WORM                                  ARROW-WORM
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                    EUKROHNIA FOWLERI                            SAGITTA MAXIMA
                    FISHES                                         ARROW-WORM                                   ARROW-WORM
                                                                   EUKROHNIA HAMATA                             SAGITTA MINIMA
                    ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                        ARROW-WORM                                  ARROW-WORM
                     PACIFIC LAMPREY                               GENNADUS INCERATUS                           SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE
                    LAMPETRA AYRESI                                SHRIMP                                      ARROW-WORM
                     RIVER LAMPREY                                GENUADAS PROPINONS                           SAGITTA ZETESIOS
                                                                   SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WORN
                    TROPHIC LEVEL:   (6) PARASITE                  HYMEODORA FRONTALIS                        SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURNUDENSIS
                    BIRDS                                          SHRIMP                                      AMPHIPOD
                                                                   HYMEMODORA GLACIALIS                        SEGESTES SIMILIS
                    CATHARACTA MCCORMICKI                          SHRIMP                                       SHRIMP
                     SOUTH POLAR SK0LIA                             HYMENOD0ORA GRACILIS                          SERGIA TENUIREMIS
                    STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDIS                       SHRIMP                                       SHRIMP
                     LONG-TAILED JAEGER                            HYPERIA HYSTRIX                              STREETSIA CHALLENGERI
                    STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS                       AMPHIPOD                                     AMPHIOD
                     PARASITIC JAEGER                              HYPEROCHE DEDUSARU0M                          SYSTELLAPSIS BRAUERI
                    STERCORARIUS P0MARINUS                         AMPHIPOD                                    SHRIMP
 








                                                   HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC



                  SYSTELLAPSIS CRISTATA                                                            EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES
                  SHRIMP                                                                            COPEPOD
                  TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII                                                              EUCALANUS ATTENUATUS
                  POLYCHAETE WORK                                                                   COPEPOD
                  TOMOPTERIS NISSENI                                                               EUCALANUS BUNGII
                  POLYCHAETE WORM                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE              COPEPOD
                  TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA                     INVERTEBRATES                            EUCHAETA SPINOSA
                  POLYCHAETE WORM                                                                   COPEPOD
                  TRYPHANA MALMI                          ACARTIA CLAUSI                           EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA
                  AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  VIBILIA ARKATA                          ACARTIA DANAE                            EUCOPIA
                  AMPHiPOD                                 COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  VIBILIA PROUINQUA                      ACARTIA LONGERIMIS                       EVADNE NORMANNI
                  AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                  CLADOCERAN
                  VIBILIA WOLTERECKI                      ACARTIA NEGLIGENS                        GAETANUS SECUNDUS
                  AMPHIPOD                                 COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                          AEGISTHUS MUCRONATUS HARPACTIC           GAETANUS SIMPLEX
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE          COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  EATER - FISHES                          AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA                     GAIDIUS BREVISPINUS
                                                           COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS                    AETIDEUS ARMATUS                         GAIDIUS VARIASILIS
                  WHITEBAIT SMELT                          COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  ALOSA SAPIDISSMA                       AETIDEUS PACIFICUS                       GAUSSIA PRINCEPS
                  AMERICAN SHAD                            COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  AMMODYTES NEXAPTERUS                    AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA                       GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII
                  PACIFIC SAND LANCE                       COPEPOD                                  OSTRACOD
                  AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS                 AMALLOTHRIX VORAK                        GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS
                  REDTAIL SURFPERCH                        COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  ATHERINOPS AFFINIS                      ARIETELLUS PLUMIFER                      GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS
                  TOPSMELT                                 COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  CETORHINUS MAXIMUS                      BATHYCALAMUS BRADYI                      HALOPTILUS PSEUDOOXYCEPHALUS
                  BASKING SHARK                            COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                 BOREOMYSIS                               HETERORHABDUS TANNERI
                  PACIFIC HERRING                          COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  COLOLABIS SAIRA                         BORE0YSIS ROSTRATA                     HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS
                  PACIFIC SAURY                            COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA                  CALANUS CRISTATUS                        HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR
                  SHINER PERCH                             COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS                     CALANUS FINKARCHICUS                     LUCICUTIA SICORNUTA
                  STRIPED SEAPERCH                         COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  ENGRAULIS MORDAX                        CALANUS PLUNCHRUS                        LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS
                  NORTHERN ANCHOVY                         COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  HYPOMESUS PRETIOSUS                     CALANUS TENUICORNIS                      METRIDEA LULCENS
                  SURFSMELT                                COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  MICROGADUS PROXIMUS                     CALOCALANUS STYLIRES1S                  METRIDIA CURTICAUDA,
                  PACIFIC TONCOD                           COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA                      CANDACIA BIPINNATA                       MICROCALANUS PYGAEUS
                  SOCKEYE SALMON                           COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  PSYRHROLUTES PARAMUS                    CAVOLINA UNCINATA                        HICROSETELLA
                  TADPOLE SCULPIN                          PTEROPOD                                 COPEPOD
                  SPIRNCHUS STARKSI                      CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS               MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS
                  MIGHT SURF SMELT                         COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  SPIRINCHUS THALEICHTHYS                 CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI                   OITHONA
                  LONGFIN SMELT                            COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS                  CHIRUNDINA STREETS1                      ONCAEA CONIFERA
                  EULACHON OR COLUBIA RIVER SMELT        COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                          CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS                PARACALANUS PARVUS
                  TROPHIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE           COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                  EATER - BIRDS                           CLAUSOCALA0NUS PERGENS                    PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA
                                                           COEPED                                  COPEPOD
                  AYTHIA MARILA                           CLIO BALANTIUN                           PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA
                  GREATER SCAUP                            PTERPOD                                 COPEPOD
                                                          CLIONE LIMOCIMA                          PHAEqNNA SPINIFERA,
                                                           PTER0POD                                COPEPOD
                                                          COROLLA SPECTABILIS                      PLEUROMA0HMA BOREALIS
                                                           PTEROPOD                                 COPEPOD
                                                          CORYCHAEUS                               PLEUROKA0MMA SCUTULLATA
                                                           COPEPOD                                  COPEPOD
                                                          CTENOCALANUS VANN                        POD0ON LEUCKARTI
                                                           COPEP0D                                  CLAD OCE RAN
 









                                                                    HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC



                       PSELIDOCALANUS HINUTHUS                                 JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA                                   SOLMISSUS INCISA
                       PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA                                JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                CROSSOTA RUFOGRUNNEA                                   SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI
                       RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA                                   JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                CUNINA OCTONARIA                                       SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALIS
                       RACOVITZANUS PACIFICUS                                  JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                CYANEA                                                 TAONIUS PAVO
                       RHINCALANUS NASUTUS                                     JELLYFISH                                              SQU I D
                        COPEPOO                                                EUPHYSORA FURCATA                                      VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS
                       SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS                                    JELLYFISH                                              SQU I D
                        COPEPOD                                                EUTONIA INDICANS                                       VOGTIA SPINOSA
                       SCAPHOCALAMUS MINUTUS                                   JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                GALITEUTHIS ARMATA
                       SCAPHOCALANUS SUSELONGATUS                              SQUID                                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                        COPEPOD                                                GONATOPSIS BOREALIS                                    FISHES
                       SCOLECITHRICELLA MINOR                                  SQUID
                        COPEPOD                                                GONATUS ANOWYCHUS                                      ALOPIAS VULPINUS
                       SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS                                   SQUID                                                  THRESHER SHARK
                        COPEPOD                                                GONATUS FABRICII                                       ANOPLOPONA FINBRIA
                       TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS                                    SQUID                                                  SABLEFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                GONATUS MAGISTER                                       CHAULIODUS MACOUNI
                       UNDEUCHAETA INTERMEDIA                                  SQUID                                                  PACIFIC VIPERFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                HALICREAS MINIMUM                                      CORYPHAENOIDES ACROLEPIS
                       UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR                                       JELLYFISH                                              ROUGHSCALE RATTAIL
                       COPEPOD                                                 HALISTAURA CELLULARIA                                  EPTATRETUS DEANI
                       UWDUCHAETA PLUMOSA                                      JELLYFISH                                              BLACK HAGFISH
                        COPEPOD                                                HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS                               EPTATRETUS STOUTI
                                                                               SQUID                                                  PACIFIC HAGFISH
                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)         CARNIVORE                    JAPETELLA HEATH[                                       GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS
                       INVERTEBRATES                                           OCTOPUS                                                SOUPFIN SHARK
                                                                               LENSIA CONOIDEA                                        NEXANCHUS GRISEUS
                       ABRALIOPSIS FELIS                                       JELLYFISH                                              SIXGILL SHARK
                        SOUID                                                L1MACINA HELACINA                                     HYDROLAGUS COLLIE1
                       AEGINA CITREA                                           PTEROPOD                                               RATFISH
                        JELLYFISH                                              LOLIGO OPALESCENS                                      LAMNA DITROPIS
                       AEGINURA GRIMALDII                                     SQU I D                                                SALMON SHARK
                        JELLYFISH                                              MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA                                    HERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS
                       AEOUOREA                                                SQU I D                                                PACIFIC HAKE
                        JELLYFISH                                              MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA                                     NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS
                       AGLANTHA DIGITALE                                       JELLYFISH                                              SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL
                        JELLYFISH                                              NANOMIA CARA                                           ONCORHYNCHUS     GORBUSCRA,
                       ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI                                      JELLYFISH                                              PINK SALMON
                        JELLYFISH                                              OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA                                   ONCORHYNCHUS     KETA
                       ATOLLA WYVILLEI                                         SQUID                                                  CHUN SALMON
                        JELLYFISH                                              OCTOPUS                                                ONCORHYNCHUS     K I SUTCH
                       AUfELIA LABIATA                                        OCTOPUS                                                COHO SALMON
                        JELLYFISH                                              ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI                                   ONCORHYNCHUS     TSHAWYTSCHA
                       8ARGKANNIA                                              SQUID                                                  CHINOOK SALMON
                        JELLYFISH                                              PANTACHOGON HAECKELI                                   PORICHTHYS NOTATUS
                       BEROE CUCUMIS                                           JELLYFISH                                              PLAINFIN MIDSHIPKEN
                        CONS JELLY                                             PARAPHYLLA RANSOMI                                   PRIONACE GLAUCA
                       BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI                                        JELLYFISH                                              BLUE SHARK
                        JELLYFISH                                              PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA                                  RAJA KIWCAIDI
                       CALYCOPSIS MAMATOPHORA                                 JELLYFISH                                              BLACK SKATE
                       CARANARIA JAPONICA                                      PHYSOPHORA    HYDROSTATICA                             RAJA RHINA
                        HETEROPOD                                              JELLYFISH                                              LONGNOSE SKATE
                       CHELOPHYES APPEONDICU0LATA                                PLEUROBRAC0H0IA PILEUS                                   RAJA STELLULATA
                        JELLYFISH                                              COW JELLY                                              STARRY SKATE
                       CHELOPHYES     MULTIDENTATA                             PRAYA DUB0IA                                            SALM0O CLARKI
                        JELLYFISH                                              JELLYFISH                                              CUTTHROAT TROUT
                       CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI                                    PRAYA RETICULA0TA                                       SALMO GAIRDWERI
                       SQUID                                                  JELLYFISH                                              STEELHEAD TROUT
                       CHUNIPHYES MOSERAE                                    PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA                                   SALVELIMUS MALMA
                        JELLYFISH                                              NETEROPOD                                              DOLLY VARDEN
                       COLOB0NEMA      SERVICEUN                               ROSSIA PACIFICA                                        SEBASTES ALUTU0S
                        JELLYFISH                                              SQUID                                                  PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH
                       CRANCHIA SCABRA                                         SARSIA   PRINCEPS                                      SEBASTES CRAMERI
                        SQUID                                                  JELLYFISH                                              BLACKNOUTH            ROCKFISH          OR
                       CROSSOTA ALBA                                           SARSIA TUBULOSA                                        DARKBLOOD









                                                        HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC



                    SEBASTES DIPLOPROA                           THYANCESSA INSPINATA                          SHRIMP
                    SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH                            EUPHASID                                     GENNADAS PROPINQUUS
                    SEBASTES ELONGATUS                           THYANOESSA LONGIPES                           SHRIMP
                    GREENSTRIPED ROCKFISH                         EUPHASID                                     HYMENODORA FRONTALIS
                    SEBASTES FLAVIDUS                            THYANOESSA PARVA                              SHRIMP
                    YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH                           EUPHASID                                     HYMENODORA GLACIALIS
                    SEBASTES PINNIGER                            THYANOESSA RASCHII                            SHRIMP
                    CANARY ROCKFISH                               EUPHASID                                     HYMENODORA GRACILIS
                    SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCANUS                       THYANOESSA SPINIFERA EUPHASID                 SHRIMP
                    SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH                          THYSANOPODA ACUTIFROMS                        HYPERIA HYSTRIX
                    SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                           EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOD
                    PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                        THYSAWOPODA CORNUTA                           HYPEROCHE DEDUSARUM
                    SQUALUS ACANTHUS                              EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOD
                    SPINY DOGFISH                                THYSAMOPODA EGREGIA                           LANCEOLA LOVENI
                    TACTOSTOMA MACROPUS                          EUPHASID                                     AMPHIPOD,
                    LONGFIN DRAGONFISH                                                                         LYCAEA PULEX
                    THERAGRA, CHALCOGRAMMA                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (5)    OMNIVORE                AMPHIPOD
                    WALLEYE POLLOCK                              FISHES                                        HYMEMOONDORA GRACIILIS
                    TORPEDO CALIFORNICA                                                                        SHRIMP
                    PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY                         SARDINCIPS SAGAX                              WINOE GEMMA
                    TRIAKIS SENIFASCIATA                          PACIFIC SARDINE                              POLYCHAETE WORM
                    LEOPARD SHARK                                                                              NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICIUS
                                                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                   SHRIMP
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 FISHES                                        OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI
                    MAMMALS                                                                                    AMPHIPOD
                                                                 ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                       PANDALUS JORDAMI
                    BERARDIUS BAIRDI                              PACIFIC LAMPREY                              OCEAN PINK SHRIMP
                    BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE                         LAMPETRA AYREST                               PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA
                    CALLORHIMUS URSINUS                           RIVER LAMPREY                               SHRIMP
                    NORTHERN FUR SEAL                                                                          PARAPISIPHAE SUICATIFRONS;
                    KOGIA BREVICEPS                              TROPHIC LEVEL:   (7) FILTER FEEDER            SHRIMP
                    PYGMY SPERM WHALE                          INVERTEBRATES                                 PARAPIRON1A CRASSIPES
                    LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS                                                                      AMPHIPOD
                    NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE     DOLPHIN             DOLIOLUM                                      PARAPHRONINA GRACILIS
                    MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI                         SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                    STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE                     HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA                           PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA
                    ORCINUS ORCA                                  SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                    KILLER WHALE                                 IASIS ZONARIA                                 PASIPHAEA CHACEI
                    PHOCOIENA PHOCOIENA                           SALP                                         SHRIMP
                    HARBOR PORPOISE                              OIKOPLEURA                                    PASIPHAEA MAGNA
                    RHOCCENOIDES DALLI                            LARVACEAN                                    SHRIMP
                    DALL PORPOISE                                PEGEA CONFOEDERATA                            PASIPHAEA PACIFICA
                    PHYSETER CATODON                              SALP                                         SHRIMP
                    SPERM WHALE                                  SALPA FUSIFORMIS                              PETALIDILIN SUSPIRIOSUM
                    STENELLA COERULEOALBA                         SALP                                         SHRIMP
                    STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE              THALIA DENOCRATICA,                           PHROMINA SEDENTARIA
                    ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                           SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                    CLIVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE              THETYS  VAGINA                                PHRONINCIPSIS SPINIFERA,
                                                                  SALP                                         AMPHIPOD
                    TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                                                                POEOBIUS MESERES
                    INVERTEBRATES                                TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE               POLYCHAETE WORM
                                                                 EATER - INVERTEBRATES                         PRIMMO ABYSSALIS
                    BENTHEOPAUSIA ANSLYOPS                                                                     AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                     ACANTHEPHYRA, CURTIROSTRIS                    PRIMMO MACROPA
                    EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA                            SHRIMP                                       AMPHIPOD
                    EUPHASID                                     BENTHEOGENEA                               RHYNCHONEREELLA, ANGELINI
                    NEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES                       SHRIMP                                       POLYCHAETE WON
                    EUPHASID                                     BENTHEOGE0NNEA BOREALIS                      SAGITTA BIER0II
                    NEMATOCELIS DIFFICILIS                       SHRIMP                                       ARROW-WORK
                    EUPHASID                                     CYSTIS0ONA FABRICII                            SAGITTA DECIPIENS
                    STYLOCHEIR0ON ABBREVIATI0N                      AMPHIP0D                                     ARROW-WORN
                    EUPHASID                                     DAIRELLA CALIF0RNICA                          SAGITTA ELEGANS
                    STYLOCHEIR0qON LONGICORNE                       AMPNIPOD                                     ARROW-WORM
                    EUPHASID                                     EUKROHN0IA BATHY0PELA0GICA                       SAGITTA EUNERITICA
                    STYLOCHEI0RON MAXIMUM                          ARROW-W0RM                                   ARROW-WOW
                    EUPHASI0D                                     EUK0RONNIA FOWLERI                            SAGITTA MACR0CEPHALA
                    TESSARABRACHION OCU0LATU0S                      ARROW-WORN                                   ARROW-WORM
                    EUPHASID                                     EUKRONNIA MAMATA                             SAGITTA MAXIMA
                    THYANOESSA GREGARIA                           ARROW-WORM                                   ARROW-WORM
                    EUPHA0SI0D                                     GEMMADAS INCERTUS,                             SAGITTA MIMIMA
 








                                                      HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC



                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             LISCHKIA CIDARIS
                 SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE                                                                        SNAIL
                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             LUIDIA FOLIATA
                 SAGITTA ZETESIOS                                                                         SAND STAR
                   ARROW-WORM                                                                             METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM
                 SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURMUDENSIS              TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 SEA ANEMONE
                   AMPHIPOD                                  INVERTEBRATES                                MITRELLA GOULDI
                 SERGESTES SIMILIS                                                                        SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                    ACMAEA MITRA                                NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                 SERGIA TENUIREMIS                            DUNCECAP LIMPET                             SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                    STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCAMUl              NASSARIUS MENDICUS
                 STREETSIA CHALLENGERI                        GIANT RED URCHIN                            SNAIL
                   AMPHIPOD                                  STRONGYLOCENTROITUS PURPURATUS               NEPTUNEA LYRATA
                 SYSTELLASPIS BRAUERI                         PURPLE SEA URCHIN                           SNAIL
                   SHRIMP                                                                                 OCTOPUS DOLFEINI
                 SYSTELLASPIS CRISTATA                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)    CARNIVORE              OCTOPUS
                   SHRIMP                                    INVERTEBRATES                                PISASTER BREVISPINCIUS
                 TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII                                                                      SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                   POLYCHAETE WORM                           ACMAEA LIMATULA                             PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                 TOMOPTERIS NISSENI                           FILE LIMPET                                 GIANT STAR
                   POLYCHAETE WORM                           ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                         PISASTER OCHRACEOUS
                 TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA                          SNAIL                                       PURPLE STAR
                   POLYCHAETE WORK                           ANTIPLANES PERVERSA                          POLYPUS
                 TRYPHANA MALMI                               SNAIL                                       OCTOPUS
                   AMPHIPOD                                  ANTIPLANES VINOSA                            PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS
                 VIBILIA ARKATA                               SNAIL                                       SLIME STAR
                   AMPHIPOD                                  ARCHIDORIS MONTEREYENSIS                     PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA
                 VIBILIA PROQUIMUA                          NUDIBRANCH                                  LIMPET
                   AMPHIPOD                                  ARMINA CALIFORNICA                          PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                 VIBILIA WOLTERECK                           NUDIBRANCH                                 SUNFLOWER STAR
                   AMPHIPOD                                  ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS                         ROSSIA PACIFICA
                                                              SAND STAR                                   SQUID
                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (9)    INVERTEBRATE          BENTHOCTOPUS                                 SCYRA ACUT I FRONS
                 EATER - FISHES                               OCTOPUS                                     MASKING CRAB
                                                             BORETROPHON STUARTI                          SOLASTER DAWSONI
                 ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS                         SNAIL                                       MORNING SUN STAR
                   WHITEBAIT SMELT                           BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM                       SOLASTER STIMPSONI
                 ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA                            SNAIL                                       SUN STAR
                   AMERICAN SHAD                             CALLIOST0MA AMMULATUM                      STYLASTERIAL FORRERI
                 ATHERINOPS AFFINIS                           SNAIL                                       SEA STAR
                   TOPSMELT                                  CHIONECTES BAIRDI                            TACHYRNYMCHUS LACTEOLUM
                 CERATOSCOPELUS TOWNSENDI                     TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   DOGTOOTH LAMPFISH                         CNIONECTES OPILIO                           TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATOMM
                 CETORHINUS MAXIMUS                           TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   BASKING SHARK                             CHIONECTES TANNERI                           TROPHON TRIPHERUS
                 CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                      TANNER CRAB                                 SNAIL
                   PACIFIC HERRING                           COLUS ROSEUS
                 COLOLABIS SAIRA                              SNAIL                                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   PACIFIC SAURY                             COLUS SERVINUIS                              FISHES
                 DIAPHUS THETA                                SNAIL
                   CALIFORNIA HEADLIGHTFISH                  CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                           ANARRHICHTHYS OCELLATUS
                 ENGRAULIS MORDAX                             ROSE STAR                                   WOLF EEL
                   NORTHERN ANCHOVY                          DENTALIUM                                    DASYCOTTUS SETIGER
                 ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA                           TOOTH SNAIL                                 SPINYHEAD SCULPIN
                   SOCKEYE SALMON                            DERMASTERIAS   IMBRICATA                     EPTATRETUIS DEANI
                 SPIRINCHUS STARKSI                           LEATHER STAR                                BLACK HAGFISH
                   NIGHT SURF SMELT                          EPITONIUM INDIANORUM                        EPTATRETIS STOUTI
                 SPIRINCHUS THALE0ICHTHYS                      SNAIL                                       PACIFIC HAGFISH
                   LONGFIN SMELT                             FUSITRITION OREG0qOME0NSIS                    HEXAGRAM0MOS DECAGRAMUS
                 STENOGRACH0IUS LEUCOPSARUIS                   OREGON TRITON                               KELP GREENLING
                   NORTHERN LAMPFISN                         HEMRICIA LEVISCULA                           HEXAGRAMV0 ST0ELLERI
                 TARLET0OMBEAM0IA CRENUILARIS                   BLOOD STAR                                  WHITESPOTTED GREENLING
                   BLUE LANTERNFISH                          ISCHNOCH0IT0ON                                 NEXANCHUS GRISEUS
                 THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS                       CHITON                                      SIXGILL SHARK
                   EUILAC0HON OR COLUMLBIA R. SMELT          LEPIDAZONA,                                  HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI
                                                              CHITON                                      RATFISN
                                                             LEPIDAZ0ONA GOLISCHI                          ICELINUS FILA0MENTOSUS
                                                              CHITON                                      THREADFIN SCULPIN
                                                             LEPTOCHITON                                  OPHI0DON ELONGATUS
                                                              CHITON                                      LING0C0D
 








                                            HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                   RAJA BINOCULATA                           ONCOSOECIA                                 CANCER MAGISTER
                   BIG SKATE                                 BRYOZOAN                                   DUNGENESS CRAB
                   RAJA KINCAIDI                             PSEUDARCHASTER PARELLI ALASCEM             PAGURISTES TURGIDUS
                   BLACK SKATE                                SEA STAR                                   HERMIT   CRAB
                   RAJA RHINA                                                                           PAGURUS   ALEUTICUS
                   LONGNOSE SKATE                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                 HERMIT   CRAB
                   RAJA STELLULATA                           FISHES                                     PAGURUS   OCHOTENSIS
                   STARRY SKATE                                                                          HERMIT   CRAB
                   SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS                ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                    PAGURUS   TANNERI
                   CABEZON                                    PACIFIC LAMREY                           HERMIT   CRAB
                   SEBASTES CAURINUS                         LAMPETRA AYRESI                            PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS
                   COPPER ROCKFISH                            RIVER LAMREY                             PAPILLA CRAB
                   SEBASTES KALIGER
                   QUILLBACK ROCKFISH                        TROPHIC LEVEL:    (7) FILTER FEEDER        TROPNIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                   SEBASTES MYSTINUS                         INVERTEBRATES                              EATER - INVERTEBRATES
                   BLUE ROCKFISH
                   SEBASTES RUBERRIMUS                       ACILIA CASTRENSIS                          ARCTONOE PULCHRA
                   YELLOWEYE ROCKFISN                         DIVARICATE NUT CLAW                      POLYCHAETE
                   SEBASTODES MELANOPS                       BALANUS CREMATUS                           BALANOPHYLLA ELEGANS,
                   BLACK SEABASS                              BARNACLE                                   STONY CORAL
                   SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                       BALANUS HESPERIUS                          CHORILLIA LONGIPES
                   PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK                      BARNACLE                                   SHRIMP
                   SQUALUS ACANTHIAS                         BEGULA FLABELLATA                          CRANGON COMMUNIS
                   SPINY DOGFISH                              BRYOZOAN                                   SHRIMP
                                                             CABEREA ELLISI                             CRANGON FRANCISORUM
                   TROPHIC LEVEL:  (3) CARNIVORE              BRYOZOAN                                   SHRIMP
                   MAMMALS                                   CALLAPORA CORNICULIFERA,                   DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA,
                                                              BRYOZOAN                                   AMPHIPOD
                   EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS                        CARDIONYA  OLDROYDI                        ENIPO GRACILIS
                   NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION               CUSPIDARIA CLAN                            POLYCRAETE
                   KOGIA BREVICEPS                           CELLARIA DIFFUSA                           HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS
                   PYGMY SPERM WHALE                          BRYOZOAN                                   POLYCHAETE
                   NESOPLODON STEJNEGERI                     CELLARIA NANDIBULATA                       MAGELOMA PAPILLICORNIS
                   STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE                   BRYOZOAN                                   POLYCHAETE
                   PHOCA VITULINA                            CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS                  MAGELONA, PITELKAI
                   HARBOR SEAL                                PACIFIC PEAK WALLOP                        POLYCHAETE
                   PHOCOENA PHOCOENA                         CHLANYS HINDSI                             NEPHTYS CILIATA
                   HARBOR PORPOISE                            HIND'S SCALLOP                             POLYCHAETE
                   PHYSETER CATODON                          CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI                       NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA
                   SPERM WHALE                                BASKET COCKLE                              POLYCHAETE
                   ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIAMUS                    NALOCYNTHIA IGABOJA                        PANDALUS DANAE
                   CALIFORNIA SEA LION                        SEA SQUIRT                                 DOCK SHRIMP
                   ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                       LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA                      PANDALUS JORDANI
                   CUVIER IS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE             BRYOZOAN                                   OCEAN PINK SHRIMP
                                                             LAQUEUS CALIFORNICUS                       PANDALUS PLATYCEROS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE             LAMP SHELL                                 SPOT SHRIMP
                   INVERTEBRATES                             MYRIOZOUM TENUE                                            PARAGORGIA ARBOREA
                                                              BRYOZOAN                                   SOFT CORAL
                   ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                    MYRIOZOUN  TEWUE                           PISTA CRISTATA
                   SEA URCHIN                                 BRYOZOAN                                   POLYCHAETE
                   BANKIA SETACEA                            NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                  PISTA FINBRIATA
                   TEREDO                                     HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                       POLYCHAETE
                   BRISASTER LATIFRONS                       PECTEN CAURINUS                            PRAXILELLA GRACILIS
                   SEA URCHIN                                 GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                      POLYCHAETE
                   PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA                 PROTOTHACA STAMINEA,                       SPIRONTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS
                   SEA CUCUMBER                               ROCK COCKLE                                SHRIMP
                   STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECKINOIDES             SCALPELLUR                                 SPIRONTOCARUS NOLNESI
                   SEA URCHIN                                 BARNACLE                                   SHRIMP
                   XYLOPHAGA WASHINGT0MA                    SOLENTA AGASSIZI
                   WASHINGTON WOODEATE4R                       AWNING CLAW                              TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                                                             TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA                    EATER - FISHES
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                LAMP SHELL
                   INVERTEBRATES                             VENE0RICARDIA   VENTRICOSA                  AGOM0OP0SIS EMMELANE
                                                              STOUT CARDITA CLAN                         NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACNER-
                 
			AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR                      YOLDIA LIMATULA GAIRDERL                     CLUOEA GAREBGUS PALLASI                         
                   SNAIL                                      FILE YOLDIA CLAW                           PACIFIC HERRING          
                   GORGONOCEPHALLYUS CARYI                                                               LEPIDOP0SETTA BILINEATA
                   BASKET STAN                               TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                ROCK SOLE
                   OENOPOTA                                  INVERTEBRATES                              LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS
                   SNAIL                                                                                 PACIFIC STAGH0RN SCULPIN
 








                                                HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                    RADULINUS ASPRELLUS                                                                        LISCHKEIA CIDARIS
                    SLIM SCULPIN                                                                               SNAIL
                                                                                                               LUIDIA FOLIATA
                    TROPHIC LEVEL                                                                              SAND STAR
                    INVERTEBRATES                                                                              METRIDIUM FINBRIATUM
                                                                  TROPHqIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 SEA ANEMONE
                    ANCISTROLEPSIS                                INVERTEBRATES                                MITRELLA GOULDI
                    SNAIL                                                                                      SNAIL
                    COLLIS HALIDONUS                              ACAEA MITRA                                NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                    SNAIL                                         DUNCECAP LIMPET                              SNAIL
                                                                                                               NASSARIUS MENDICUS
                    TROPHIC LEVEL:   (-)                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 SNAIL
                    INVERTEBRATES                                 FISHES                                       NATICA CLAUSA
                                                                                                               SNAIL
                    ABIETINARIA                                   ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS                     NEPTUNEA LYRATA
                    HYDROID                                       81GEYE POACHER                               SNAIL
                    ABIETINARIA  ABIETINA                                                                      OCTOPUS DOLFEINI
                    HYDROID                                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                 OCTOPUS
                    ABIETINARIA  ALEXANDERI                       INVERTEBRATES                                PISASTER BREVISPINOUS
                    HYDROID                                                                                    SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                    ABIETINARIA  TRASKI                           ACMAEA M1TRA                             PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                    HYDROID                                       FILE LIMPET                                  GIANT STAR
                    ACRYPTOLARIA                                  ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                         PISASTER OCHRACEOUS
                    HYOROID                                       SNAIL                                        PURPLE STAN
                    AGLAOPHENIA                                   ANTIPLANES PERVERSA                          POLINICES LEWISII
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        MOON SNAIL
                    AGLAOPHEMIA  DIEGENSIS                        ANTIPLANES VINOSA                            POLINICES PALLIDUS.
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        MOON SNAIL
                    AGLAOPNENIA  INCONSPICUA                      ASTROPECTIN ARNATUS                          POLYPUS
                    HYDROID                                       SAND STAR                                    OCTOPUS
                    AGLAOPHEMIA  OCTOCARPA                        BENT HOCTOPUS                                 PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS
                    HYDROID                                       OCTOPUS                                      SLIME STAR
                    ALLOPORA VERRILLI                             BORET ROPHON STUARTI                          PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA
                    HYDROCORAL                                    SNAIL                                        LIMPET
                    CAMPANULARIA                                  BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM                        PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        SUNFLOWER STAR
                    CMPANULARIA  VERTICILLATA                    CADULUS STEARNSII                            ROSSIA PACIFICA
                    HYDROID                                       TOOTH SHELL                                  SQUID
                    CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS                       CALLIOSTOKA ANNULATUM                        SOLASTER DAWSONI
                   HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        MORNING SUN STAR
                    HALECIU14 CORRUGATLM                          CHIONECTES SAIRDI                            SOLASTER STIMPSONI
                    HYDROID                                       TANNER CRAB                                  SUN STAR
                    HIPPASTERIA SPIMOSA                           CHIONECTES OPILIO                            STYLASTERIAL FORRERI
                    SEA STAR                                      TANNER CRAB                                  SEA STAR
                    LAFOEA ADNATA                                 CHIONECTES TANNERI                           TACHYRNYMCHUMUS LACTEOLUM
                    HYDROID                                       TANNER CRAIN                                 SNAIL
                    LAFOEA DUMOSA                                 COLLIS ROSELIS                               TACHYRRYNCHUS PRATOMUM
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        SNAIL
                    LAFOEA FRUTICOSA                              COLUS SERVINUS                               THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILAUS
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        SEA STAR
                    LAFOEA GRACILLIMA                             CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                           TROPHON TRIPHERUS
                    HYDROID                                       ROSE STAN                                    SNAIL
                    MEDIASTER AEQUALIS                            DENTALIUN
                    VERMILLON STAR                                TOOTH SHELL                                  TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                    NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS                       DERASTERIAS INBRICATA                      FISHES
                    SNAIL                                         LEATHER STAR
                    PLUMULARIA ALICIA                             EPITONIUM INDIANORUN                         ANOPLOPONA FINNIA
                    HYDROID                                       SNAIL                                        SABLEFISH
                    PUGETTIA ARACIILLIS                            FUSITRITION DREGONEWSIS                    ATNERESTNES STOMIAS
                    KELP CRAB                                     OREGON TRITON                                TURBOT OR ARR0WTOOTH FL0OUNDER
                    SERTULARELLA TURGIDA                          HENRICIA LIEVISCULA                          BR0SMOPHYCIS MARGINATA                                        
                    HYDROID                                       BLOOD STAR                                   RED BROTULA
                    THUIARA ROBUSTA                               ISCHW0CHITON,                                 CHIT0MOTUS PUGETEN0SIS
                    HYDROID                                       CHITON                                       R0UGHBACK  SCULPIN
                                                                  LEPIDAZOMA                                   CITHARICNTHYS SORDIDUS                         
                                                                  CHITON                                       PACIFIC SANDAS
                                                                  LEPIDAZOMA GOLISCNI                          DASYCOTTUS SETIGER   
                                                                  CHITON                                      SPINYHEAD SCULPIN                   
                                                                  LEPT0CHITON                                  DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA
                                                                  CHITON                                       GIANT WRYMOUTH
 









                                                  HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                     EOPSETTA JORDANI                                PHOCOENA PHOCOENA                               TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                     PETRALE SOLE                                    HARBOR PORPOISE                                 INVERTEBRATES
                     EPTATRETUS DEANI                                PHYSETER CATODON
                     BLACK HAGFISH                                   SPERM WHALE                                     ACILIA CASTRENSIS
                     EPTATRETUS STOUTI                               ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS                          DIVARICATE NUT CLAN
                     PACIFIC HAGFISH                                 CALIFORNIA SEA LION                             AXINOPSIDA SERICATA
                     GADUS MACROCEPHALUS                                                                             CLAN
                     PACIFIC COD                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE                  CARDIONYA OLDROYDI
                     GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS                         INVERTEBRATES                                   CUSPIDARIA CLAN
                     REX SOLE                                                                                        CARDIONYA PLANETICA
                     HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS                         ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                          CLAN
                     KELP GREENLING                                  SEA URCHIN                                      CARDITA STEARNSII
                     NEXAGRAMMOS STELLER                            APHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX                       CLAM
                     WHITESPOTTED GREENLING                          BRITTLE STAR                                    CARDITA VENTICOSA
                     HEXANCHUS GRISEUS                               APHIURA SARSII                                  CLAM
                     SIXGILL SHARK                                   BRITTLE STAR                                    CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS
                     HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON                       BANKIA SETACEA                                  PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP
                     FLATHEAD SOLE                                   TEREDO                                          CHLAMYS HINDI
                     HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS                         BRISASTER LATIFRONS                             HIND'S CLAM
                     PACIFIC HALIBUT                                 SEA URCHIN                                      CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI
                     HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI                              LEPTOSYNAPTA                                    BASKET COCKLE
                     RATFISH                                         SEA CUCUMBER                                    C0MPSONYAX SUBDIAPHANA
                     ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS                           LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS                         CLAM
                     THREADFIN SCULPIN                               ECHIURID WORM                                   CRENELLA COLUMBIANA
                     ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS                              LOPHOLIHOIDES FORAMINMATUS                     CLAM
                     BUTTER SOLE                                     BOX CRAB                                        EUPLEXAURA MARKI
                     LYCODOPSIS PACIFICA                             LOPHOLITHOIDES   MANDTII                        SEA PEN
                     BALCKBELLY EELPOUT                              PUGET SOUND KING CRAB                          NUXLEYIA MUNITA
                     LYOPSETTA EXILIS                                LUBRINERIS BICIRRATA                          CLAM
                     SLENDER SOLE                                    POLYCHAETE                                      LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS
                     HICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS                           LUMBRINERIS  SIMILABRIS                         SEA PEN
                     DOVER SOLE                                      POLYCHAETE                                      LYONSIA STRIATA
                     OPHIODON ELONGATUIS                             MALPAD0IA ALCAREA                                 CLAM
                     LINGCOD                                         CHALKY CLAN                                     NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM
                     PAROPHRYS VETULUS                              MAGELONA JAPONICA                               HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE
                     ENGLISH SOLE                                    POLYCHAETE                                      NUCULA TENUIS
                     PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS                           MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA                            CLAM
                     STARRY FLOUNDER                                 SEA CUCUMBER                                    NUCULANA AUSTINI
                     PORICHTHYS NOTATUS                              OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI                              CLAM
                     PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN                             BRITTLE STAR                                    NUCULANA PERMULS
                     PSETTICHTHYS MELAWOSTICTUIS                     OPHIURA LUTKENI                                 CLAM
                     SAND SOLE                                       BRITTLE STAR                                    PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS
                     RAJA BINOCULATA                                 PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS                      WEATHERVANE SCALLOP
                     BIG SKATE                                       GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER                          PECTEN CALNUNUS
                     RAJA KINCAIDI                                   PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA                      GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP
                     BLACK SKATE                                     SEA CUCUMBER                                    PROTOTHACA STANINEA
                     RAJA RHINA                                      TELLINA BUTTONI                                 ROCK COCKLE
                     LONGNOSE SKATE                                  BUTTONIS TELLIN CLAM                            PSEPHIDIA LORDI
                     RAJA STELLULATA                                 XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA                           CLA14
                     STARRY SKATE                                    WASHINGTON WOODEATER                            SAXICAVA ARCTICA
                     SCORPAENICHTHYS   PARNORATUS                                                                    ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM
                     CABEZOM                                         TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                     SCLEROPTILUM
                     SEBASTES CAURINUS                               INVERTEBRATES                                   SEA PEN
                     COPPER ROCKFISH                                                                                 SOLENYA AGASSIZI
                     SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                             AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR                            AWNING CLAN
                     PACIFIC SLEEPER SMARK                          SMAIL                                           STYLATULA ELONGATA
                     SQUALUS ACANTHIA0S                               GORGOC0NCEPHALUS CARYI                           SEA PEN
                     SPINY DOGFISH                                   BASKET STAR                                     THRACIA CURTA
                     TORPEDO CALIFORNICA,                            OEMOPOTA                                        CLAM
                     PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAT                            SNAIL                                           THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES
                                                                     PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN                  CLAM
                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                    SEA STAR                                        THYASIRA BARBARENSIS
                     MAMMALS                                                                                        CLAM
                                                                     TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                     VENERICADIA VENTORICOSA
                     EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS                              FISHES                                          STOUT CARDITA CLAN
                     NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION                                                                    YOLDIA L1MATULA GAIRDERI
                     KOGIA BREVICEPS                                 ENT0SPHENUS TRIDENTATUS                         FILE YOLDIA CLAM
                     PYGMY SPERM WHALE                               PACIFIC LAMPREY
                     PHOCA VITULINA                                   LAMPETRA AYRESI                                 TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER
                     HARBOR SEAL                                     RIVER LAMPREY                                   INVERTEBRATES
 









                                                 HABITAT: XUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                    CANCER MAGISTER                              CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                      NEPTUNEA PRIILOFFENSIS
                     DUNGENESS CRAB                               PACIFIC HERRING                              SNAIL
                    PAGURISTES TURGIDUS                          LEPTOCOTTUS ARKATUS                          PLUMULARIA ALICIA
                     HERMIT  CRAB                                 PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIM                     HYDROID
                    PAGURUS  ALEUTICUS                           LIPARIS PULCHELLUS                           RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS
                     HERMIT  CRAB                                 SHOWY SNAILFISH                              SEA STAR
                    PAGURUS  OCHOTENSIS                          LUMPENUS SAGITTA                             SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                     HERMIT  CRAB                                 SNAKE PRICKLEBACK                            HYDROID
                    PAGURUS; TANNERI                             LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS                        THUIARA ROBUSTA
                     HERMIT  CRAB                                 DWARF WRYMOUTH                               HYDROID
                                                                 MICROGADUS PROXIMUS
                    TROPHIC  LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE              PACIFIC TOM COO                             TROPIC LEVEL: (0)
                    EATER -  INVERTEBRATES                       POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI                         FISHES
                                                                  WHITEBARRED BLENNY
                    APHRODITE JAPONICA                           PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS                       PLEURCINICHTHYS COEMOSUS
                     POLYCHAETE                                   TADPOLE SCULPIN                            C-0 SOLE
                    ARCTONOE PULCHRA                             RADULIMUS ASPRELLUS
                     POLYCHAETE                                   SLIM SCULPIN
                    CARIMELLA LACTEA                          XEMERETMUS LATIFRONS
                     RIBBON WORN                                  BLACKTIP POACHER
                    CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS
                     RIBBOIN WORM                             TROPHIC LEVEL:(-)
                    CHORILLIA LOINGIPES                          INVERTEBRATES
                     SHRIMP
                    CRANGOIN COMMUNIS                            ANCISTROLEPSIS
                     SHRIMP                                       SNAIL
                    CRANGON  FRANCISORUM                         COLUS HALIDONUS
                     SHRIMP                                       SNAIL
                    ENIPO GRACILIS
                     POLYCHAETE                                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                    GLYCERA AMERICANA                           INVERTEBRATES
                     POLYCHAETE
                    HAPLOSCOLOPU0S ELONGATUS                     ABIETINARIA
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS                      ABIETIMARIA
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    MAGELONA PITELKAI                            ABIETIMARIA ALEXANDERI
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    NEPHTYS CACOIDES                             ABIETINARIA TRASKI
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    NEPHTYS CILIATA                              ACRYPTOLARIA
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    NEPHTYS CORNUTA                              AGLAOPHEMIA
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA                           AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA                          AGLAOPNENIA INCONSPICLIA
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    PANDALUS JORDANI                             AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA
                     OCEAN PINK SHRIMP                            HYDROID
                    PANDALUS PLATYCEROS                          CAMPAMULARIA
                     SPOT SHRIMP                                  HYDROID
                    PISTA CRISTATA                               CAMPANULARIA   VERTICILLATA
                     POLYCHAETE                                  HYDROID
                    PISTA FIMBRIATA                              CAMPAIAJLARIA  VOLUBILIS
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    PRAXILELLA GRACILIS                          HALECIUM COR0MUTUM
                     POLYCHAETE                                   HYDROID
                    SPIRONTOCARIS LANELLICORNIS                 HIPPASTE0NIA SPINOSA
                     SHRIMP                                       SEA STAN
                    SPIRONTOCARUIS HOLMESI                      LAFOEA ADNATA
                     SHRIMP                                       HYDROID
                                                                 LAFOEA 0DUl0MUM
                    TROPHIC  LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE              HYDR0ID
                    EATER -  FISHES                              LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                                                                  HYDROID
                    AGONOPSIS EMMELANE                            LAFOEA GRACILLIM
                     NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER                   HYDROID
                    AG0NUS ACIPENSERINUS                           MEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                     STURGEON POACHER                            VERMILLON STAN
 









                                           HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC








                                                                                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                                                                     INVERTEBRATES


                                                                                                     ACMAEA MITRA
                                                                                                     DUNCECAP LIMPET


                                                                                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE
                                                                                                     FISHES


                                                                                                     ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS
                                                                                                     BIGEYE POACHER


                                                                                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                                                                                                     INVERTEBRATES


                                                                                                     ACMAEA LIMATULA
                                                                                                     FILE LIMPET
                                                                                                     ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     ANTIPLANES PERVERSA
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     ANTIPLANES VINOSA
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     ASTROPECTIN ARKATUS
                                                                                                     SAND STAR
                                                                                                     BENTHOCTOPUS
                                                                                                     OCTOPUS
                                                                                                     BOREYROPHON STUARTI
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     BUCCINLIN STRIGILLATLIN
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     CADULUS STEARNSII
                                                                                                     TOOTH SHELL
                                                                                                     CALLIOSTONA ANNULATLIM
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     CHIONECTES BAIRDI
                                                                                                     TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                     CHIONECTES OPILIO
                                                                                                     TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                     CHIONECTES TANNERI
                                                                                                     TANNER CRAB
                                                                                                     COLUS ROSEUS
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     COLUS SERVIN0M
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     CROSSASTER PAPOSUS
                                                                                                     ROSE STAR
                                                                                                     DENTALILM
                                                                                                     TOOTH SHELL
                                                                                                     DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA
                                                                                                     LEATHER STAR
                                                                                                     EPITONILIN IMDIAMORDIUM
                                                                                                     SNAIL
                                                                                                     FUSTRITION OREGONENSIS
                                                                                                     OREGON TRITON
                                                                                                     WEN0RICIA LEVISCULA
                                                                                                     BLOOD STATE
                                                                                                     ISCHN0NOCHITON
                                                                                                     CHITON
                                                                                                     LEPIDAZONA
                                                                                                     CHITON
                                                                                                     LEPIDAZ4ONA GOLISCHI
                                                                                                     CHITON
                                                                                                     LEPTOCHIN
                                                                                                     CHITON
 








                                          HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC


                     LISCHKEIA CIDARIS                           DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA                         PHOCOEMA PHOCOENA
                     SNAIL                                       GIANT WRYMOUTH                             HARBOR PORPOISE
                     LUIDIA FOLIATA                              EOPSETTA JORDANI                           PHYSETER CATODON
                     SAND STAR                                   PETRALE SOLE                               SPERM WHALE
                     METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM                        EPTATRETUS DEAWI                           ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS
                     SEA ANEMONE                                 BLACK HAGFISH                              CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                     MITRELLA GOULDI                             EPTATRETUS STOUT[
                     SNAIL                                       PACIFIC HAGFISH                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                     NASSARIUS FOSSATUS                          GADUS MACROCEPNALUS                        INVERTEBRATES
                     SNAIL                                       PACIFIC COD
                     NASSARIUS MENDICUS                          GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS                    ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS
                     SNAIL                                       REX SOLE                                   SEA URCHIN
                     NATICA CLAUSA                               NEXAGRAMMOS DEAGRAMMUS                   AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX
                     SNAIL                                       KELP GREENLING                             BRITTLE STAR
                     NEPTUNEA LYRATA                             HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI                       APHIURA SARSII
                     SNAIL                                       WHITESPOTTED GREENLING                     BRITTLE STAR
                     OCTOPUS DOLFEINI                            NEXNCHUS GRISEUS                          RANKIA SETACEA
                     OCTOPUS                                     SIXGILL SHARK                              TEREDO
                     PISASTER BREVISINOUS                       HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSOD                    BRISASTER LATIFROMS
                     SHORT-SPIKED PISASTER                       FLATHEAD SOLE                              SEA URCHIN
                     PISASTER GIGANTEUS                          HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS                    DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS
                     GIANT STAR                                  PACIFIC HALIBUT                            SAND DOLLAR
                     PISASTER OCHRACEOUS                         HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI                         LEPTOSYNAPTA
                     PURPLE STAR                                 RATFqISH                                    SEA CUCUMBER
                     POLINICES LEWISII                           ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS                      LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS
                     MOON SNAIL                                THREADFIN SCULPIN                          ECHIURID WORK
                     POLINICES PALLIDUS                          ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS                         LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS
                     MOON SNAIL                                  BUTTER SOLE                                BOX CRAB
                     POLYPUS                                     LYOPSETTA EXILIS                           LOPHOLITHOIDES   MANDTII
                     OCTOPUS                                     SLENDER SOLE                               PUGET SOUND KING CRAB
                     PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS              MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS                      LUMBRIMERIS BICIRRATA
                     SLIME STAR                                  DOVER SOLE                                 POLYCHAETE
                     PUNCTURELLA, CUCULATA                       OPHIODON ELONGATUS                         LUMBRINERIS SIMILABRIS
                     LIMPET                                     LINGCOD                                    POLYCHAETE
                     PYCNOPODIA NELIAWTHOIDES                    PAROPHRYS VETULUS                          KACOMA ALCAREA
                     SUNFLOWER  STAR                             ENGLISH SOLE                               CHALKY CLAN
                     ROSSIA PACIFICA                             PLATICTHYS STELLATUIS                    MAGELONA JAPONCA
                     SQUID                                      STARRY FLOUNDER                            POLYCHAETE
                     SOLASTER DAWSONI                            PORICHTHYS NOYATUS                         MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA
                     MORNING SUN STAR                            PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN                        SEA CUCUMBER
                     SOLASTER STIMPSONI                          PSETTIHTHYS NELANOSTICTUS                 OPHIOPHO0qPXS BAKERI
                     SUN STAR                                    SAND SOLE                                  BRITTLE STAR
                     STYLASTERIAL FORRERI                        RAJA BIN OCU LATA                          OPHIURA LUTKENI
                     SEA STAR                                    BIG SKATE                                  BRITTLE STAR
                     TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLU14                    RAJA KINCAIDI                              PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS
                     SNAIL                                       BLACK SKATE                                GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER
                     TACHYRHYNCHUIS PRATOMUM                     RAJA RHIMA                                 PENTAERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA
                     SNAIL                                       LONGNOSE SKATE                             SEA CUCUMBER
                     THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS                  RAJA STELLULATA                            TELLINA BUTTONI
                     SEA STAR                                    STARRY SKATE                               BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAN
                     TRITONIA                                    SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORAUS                 XYLOPHAGA, WASHINGTONA
                     NUDIBRANCH                                  CABEZON                                    WASHINGTON WOODEATER
                     TROPHON TRIPHERUS                           SEBASTES CAIRINUS
                     SNAIL                                       COPPER ROCKFISH                            TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                                                                 SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS                        INVERTEBRATES
                     TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK
                     FISHES                                      SQUALUS ACANTNIAS                          AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR
                                                                 SPINY D0OGFISH                              SNAIL
                     ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS                    TORPEDO CALIFORNICA                        GORG0NOOCEPHALLIS CART0I
                     WHITE STURGEON                              PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAT                       BASKET STAR
                     ATHERESTHES ST0MIAS                                                                   OENOPOTA
                     TURBOT OR ARROWGROWTH FLOUNDER             TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE               SNAIL
                     CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS                       MAMMALS                                    PSEUDARMASTWER PARELUIS ALASCEW                     
                     ROUGH0BACK SCULPIN                                                                      SEA STAR
                     CITHARICKTHYS SORDIDUS                       EUMETOPIS JUBATUS
                     PACIFIC SA0DDA4I                            NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION               TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE
                     CITHARIC0qHT0HY STIGMAEUS                       KOGIA BREVICEPS                            FISHES
                     SPECKLED SANDDAB                            PYGHT SPERM WHALE
                     DASYCOTTIUS SETIGER                         PHOCA VITULINA                             ENTOSHENUS TRIDENTATUS
                     SPINYHEAD SCULPIN                           HARBOR SEAL                                PACIFIC LAMPREY
 







                                              HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                     LAMPETRA AYRESI                                  YOLDIA LIKATULA GAIRDERI                         TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                      RIVER LAMPREY                                   FILE YOLDIA CLAM                               EATER - FISHES

                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                     AGONOPSIS ENMELANE
                     INVERTEBRATES                                    INVERTEBRATES                                     NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER
                                                                                                                       AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS
                     ACILIA CASTRENSIS                                CANCER MAGISTER                                   STURGEON POACHER
                      DIVARICATE NUT CLAN                              DUNGENESS CRAB                                  CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI
                     AXINOPSIDA SERICATA                              OLIVELLA                                          PACIFIC HERRING
                      CLAN                                             OLIVE SNAIL                                     LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS
                     CARD10MYA OLDROYDI                              PAGURISTES TURGIDUS                               PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN
                      CUSPIDARIA CLAN                                  HERMIT  CRAB                                   LIPARIS PULCHELLUS
                     CARDIONYA PLANETICA                              PAGURUS   ALEUTICUS                               SHOWY SNAILFISH
                      CLAN                                             HERMIT   CRAB                                   LUMPENUS SAGITTA
                     CARDITA STEARNSII                                PAGURUS   OCHOTENSIS                              SNAKE PRICKLEBACK
                      CLAN                                             HERMT  CRAB                                   LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS
                     CARDITA VENTICOSA                                PAGURUS   TANNERI                                 DWARF WRYMOUTH
                      CLAN                                             HERMIT   CRAB                                   HICROGADUS PROXIMUS
                     CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS                                                                          PACIFIC TONCOD
                      PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP                            TROPIC   LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE                POROCLINIS ROTHR OCK I
                     CHLAMYS HINDSI                                   EATER -   INVERTEBRATES                           WHITEBARRED BLENNY
                      MIND'S CLAN                                                                                      PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS
                     CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI                             APHRODITE JAPONICA                                TADPOLE SCULPIN
                      BASKET COCKLE                                    POLYCHAETE                                      RADULINUS ASPRELLUS
                     COMPSONYAX SUBDIAPHANA                           ARCTONOE PULCHRA                                  SLIM SCULPIN
                      CLAM                                            POLYCHAETE                                      XENERETMUS LATIFRONS
                     CRENELLA COLUMBIANA                              CARINELLA LACTEA                               BLACKTIP POACHER
                      CLAM                                            R I BBON WORM
                     EUPLEXAURA MARKI                                CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS                      TROPHIC LEVEL:
                      SEA PEN                                          RIBBON WORM                                    INVERTEBRATES
                     HUIXLEYIA MUNITA                                 CHORILLIA LONGCIPES
                      CLAM                                            SHRIMP                                         ANCISTROLEPSIS
                     LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS                        CRANGON COMMUNIS                                  SNAIL
                      SEA PEN                                          SHRIMP                                         COLUS HALIDONUS
                     LYONSIA STRIATA                                  CRANGOM   FRANCISORUM                             SNAIL
                      CLAN                                             SHRIMP
                     NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                        ENIPO GRACILIS                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                      HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                             POLYCHAETE                                      INVERTEBRATES
                     NUCULA TENUIS                                    GLYCERA AMERICANA
                      CLAN                                             POLYCHAETE                                      ABIETIMARIA
                     MUCULANA AUSTINI                                 HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS                          HYDROID
                      CLAN                                             POLYCHAETE                                      ABIETINARIA ABIETINA
                     NUCULANA PERNULS                                 MAGELGNA PAPILLICORNIS                            HYDROID
                      CLAM                                           POLYCHAETE                                      ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI
                     PATINOPECTIN CAURIMUS                            MAGELONA PITELKAI                                 HYDROID
                      WEATHERVANE SCALLOP                              POLYCHAETE                                      ABIETIMARIA TRASKI
                     PECTEN CAURINUS                                  NEPNTYS CACOIDES                                  HYDROID
                      GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                            POLYCHAETE                                      ACRYPTOLARIA
                     PROTOTHACA STAMINEA                              NEPNTYS CILIATA                                   HYDROID
                      ROCK COCKLE                                     POLYCHAETE                                      AGLAOPHEMIA
                     PSEPHIDIA LORDI                                  NEPNTYS CORMUTA                                   HYDROID
                      CLAM                                             POLYCHAETE                                      AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS
                     PSOLUS SQUAMATUS                                 NEHTYS FERRUGINEA                                HYDROID
                      SEA CUCUMBER                                     POLYCHAETE                                      AGLAOPHEMIA INCONSPICUA
                     SAXICAVA ARCTICA                                MEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA                               HYDROID
                      ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM                          POLYCHAETE                                      AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA
                     SCLEROPTILUM                                    PANDALUS JORDANI                                  HYDROID
                      SEA PEN                                          OCEAN PINK SHRIMP                               CAMPANLAIA
                     SOLEMYA AGASSIZI                                 PANDALUS PLATYCEROS                                   HYDROID
                      AWNING CLAM                                      SPOT SHRIMP                                     CAMPAMULMIA VERTICILLATA
                     STYLATULA ELONGATA                               PISTA CRISTATA                                    HYDROID
                      SEA PEN                                          POLYCHAETE                                      CAMPA0NULARIA VOLUBILIS
                     TH0RACIA CURTA                                    PISTA FINSRIATA                                   HYDROID
                      CLAM                                           P0L0YCNAET4E                                      NALECIUlM C0RRUGATION
                     THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES                              PRAXILELLA GRACILIS                               HYDROID
                      CLAM                                             POLYCHAETE                                      NIPPASTERIA SPINOSA
                     THYASIRA BARBARENSIS                             SPI0RONTOCANIS LAMELLIC0RNIS                       SEA STAR,
                      CLAM                                            SHRIMP                                          LAFOEA ADMATA
                     VENERICAR0DIA VENTRICOSA                          SPIRONTOCARUS HOLMES                           HYDROID
                      STOUT CARDITA CLAN                               SHRIMP                                          LAFOEA DUMOSA
 








                                    HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                  HYDROID
                LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                  HYDROID
                LAFOEA GRACILLIMA
                  HYDROID
                NEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                  VERMILLOW STAR
                NEPTUNEA PRIB1LOFFENSIS
                  SNAIL
                PLUMULARIA ALICIA
                  HYDROID
                RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS
                  SEA STAR
                SERTULARELLA TURGIDA
                  HYDROID
                TWUIARA ROBUSTA
                  HYDROID


                TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q)
                FISHES


                PLEURONICHTHYS COEMOSUS
                  C-0 SOLE
 








                                              HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                                                                LEPTOCNITON                                  DASYCOTTUS SETIGER
                                                                 CHITON                                        SPINYHEAD SCULPIN
                                                                LISCHKEIA CIDARIS                            EOPSETTA JORDANI
                                                                 SNAIL                                         PETRALE SOLE
                                                                LUIDIA FOLIATA                               GADUS MACROCEPHALUS
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                  SAND STAR                                     PACIFIC COD
                   INVERTEBRATES                                METRIDIUM FINBRIATUM                         GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS
                                                                 SEA ANEMONE                                   REX SOLE
                   ACMAEA MITRA                                MITRELLA GOULDI                              HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS
                   DUNCECAP LIMPET                               SNAIL                                         KELP GREENLING
                                                                NASSARIUS FOSSATUS                           REXAGRAMMOS STELLERI
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                  SNAIL                                         WHITESPOTTED GREENLING
                   FISHES                                       NASSARIUS MENDICUS                           HEXANCHUS GRISEUS
                                                                 SNAIL                                         SIXGILL SHARK
                   ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS                     NATICA CLAUSA                                HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON
                   BIGEYE POACHER                                SNAIL                                         FLATHEAD SOLE
                                                                NEPTUNEA LYRATA                              HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS
                   TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE                  SNAIL                                         PACIFIC HALIBUT
                   INVERTEBRATES                                OCTOPUS DOLFEINI                             HYDROLAGUS COLLIE1
                                                                 OCTOPUS                                       RATFISH
                   ACMEA L1MATULA                            PISASTER BREVISPINOUS                        ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS
                   FILE LIMPET                                   SHORT-SPINED PISASTER                         THREADFIN SCULPIN
                   ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA                         PISASTER GIGANTEUS                           ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS
                   SNAIL                                         GIANT STAR                                    BUTTER SOLE
                   AWTIPLANES PERVERSA                          PISASTER OCHRACEOUS                          LYOPSETTA EXILIS
                   SNAIL                                         PURPLE STAR                                   SLENDER SOLE
                   AWTIPLANES VINOSA                            POLINICES LEWISII                            MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS
                   SNAIL                                         MOON SNAIL                                    DOVER SOLE
                   ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS                          POLINICES PALLIDUS                           OPHIODON ELONGATUS
                   SAND STAN                                     NOW SNAIL                                   LINGCOD
                   BENTHOCTOPUS                                 POLYPUS                                      PAROPHRYS VETULUIS
                   OCTOPUS                                       OCTOPUS                                       ENGLISH SOLE
                   BORETROPHOM STUARTI                          PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS                PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS
                   SNAIL                                         SLIME STAR                                    STARRY FLOUNDER
                   BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM                        PUNCTURELLA CLICULATA                        PORICHTHYS NOTATUIS
                   SNAIL                                         LIMPET                                       PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN
                   CADULUS STEARNSII                            PYCNOPODIA MELIANTHOIDES                     PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTLIS
                   TOOTH SWELL                                   SUNFLOWER   STAR                              SAND SOLE
                   CALLIOSTONA ANNULATUM                        ROSSIA PACIFICA                              RAJA BINOCULATA
                   SNAIL                                         SQUID                                         BIG SKATE
                   CHIONECTES BAIRDI                            SOLASTER DAWSON1                             RAJA KINCAIDI
                   TANNER CRAB                                   MORNING SLIM STAR                             BLACK SKATE
                   CHIONECTES OPILIO                            SOLASTER STIPSON                          RAJA RHIMA
                   TANNER CRAB                                   SUN STAR                                      LONGNOSE SKATE
                   CHIONECTES TANNERI                           STYLASTERIAL FORRERI                         RAJA STELLULATA
                   TANNER CRAB                                   SEA STAR                                      STARRY SKATE
                   COLUS ROSEUS                                 TACHYANYMCNIUS LACTEOLUN                     SCORPAENICNTHYS MARMORATUS
                   SNAIL                                         SNAIL                                         CABEZON
                   COLUS SERVINUS                               TACHYRHYNCHUIS PRATO NUM                     SQUALUS ACANTHIAS
                   SNAIL                                         SNAIL                                         SPINY DOGFISH
                   CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                           THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS                   TORPEDO CALIFORNICA
                   ROSE STAR                                     SEA STAR                                      PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY
                   DENTALIUM                                    TROPHON TRIPHERUS                            TRIAKIS SENIFASCIATA
                   TOOTH SHELL                                   SNAIL                                         LEOPARD SHARK
                   DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA
                   LEATHER STAR                                 TROPIC LEVEL: C3) CARNIVORE                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                   EPITONIUM INDIANONUM                         FISHES                                       MAMMALS
                   SNAIL
                   EVASTERIAS TROPICHELI                         ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS                      EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS
                   SEA STAN                                      WHITE STURGEON                                NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION
                   FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS                      BRODMOPHYIC MARGINATA                      KOGIA BREVICEPS
                   OREGON TRITON                                 RED BROTULA                                   PYGMY SPERM WHALE
                   HENRICIA LEVISCULA                           CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS                        PHOCA VITULINA
                   BLOOD ST00M                                     ROUGHBACK SCLULPIN                                 HARBOR SEAL
                   ISHMOCHITON                                 CITHARICNTNYS SORDIDUS                      PHOCEMA PHOC0ENA
                   CHITON                                        PACIFIC SANDDAB                              KAMM PORPOISE
                   LEPIDAZONA                                   CITMARICNTHYS STIGNAEUS                     PYSETER CATO0N
                   CHITON                                        SPECKLED SANWA@                               SPERM WHALE
                   LEPIDAZONA GOLISCHI                          DASYATIS DIPTERURA,                         ZAL0PMUS CALIF0RIANUS
                   CHITON                                        DIAMOND STINGRAY                              CALIFORNIA SEA LION
 








                                                    HABITAT: SAND NON-VEGIETATED BENTHIC



                       ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS                            AXINOPSIDA SERICATA                              INVERTEBRATES
                       CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE                  CLAN
                                                                      CARDIONYA OLDROYDI                               CANCER MAGISTER
                       TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE                  CUSPIDARIA CLAM                                 DUNGENESS CRAB
                       INVERTEBRATES                                  CARDIOMYA PLANETICA                              OLIVELLA
                                                                       CLAN                                            OLIVE SNAIL
                       ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS                         CARDITA STEARNSII                                OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
                       SEA URCHIN                                      CLAN                                            PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL
                       AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX                       CARDITA VENTICOSA                                PAGURISTES TURGIDUS
                       BRITTLE STAR                                    CLAN                                            HERMIT   CRAB
                       APHIURA SARSII                                 CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS                        PAGURUS  ALEUTICUS
                       BRITTLE STAR                                    PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP                            HERMIT   CRAB
                       BANKIA SETACEA                                 CHLAMYS HINDSI                                   PAGURUS  OCHOTENSIS
                       TEREDO                                          MIND'S CLAN                                     HERM1T  CRAB
                       BRISASTER LATIFRONS                            CLINOCARDIU14 NUTALLI                            PAGURUS  TANNERI
                       SEA URCHIN                                      BASKET COCKLE                                   HERMIT   CRAB
                       DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS                         COMPS0NYAX SUBDIAPHANA
                       SAND DOLLAR                                     CLAN                                            TROPHIC  LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE
                       LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMIKATUS                     CRENELLA COLUMBIANA                              EATER -  INVERTEBRATES
                       BOX CRAB                                        CLAN
                       LOPHOLITHIDES MANDTII                        EUPLEXAURA MARKI                                 APHRODITE JAPONICA
                       PUGET SOUND KING CRAB                           SEA PEN                                         POLYCHAETE
                       LUMBRINERIS BICIRRATA                         HUXLEYIA MUNITA                                  ARCTONOE PULCHRA
                       POLYCHAETE                                      CLAN                                            POLYCHAETE
                       LUMBRINERIS SIMLABRIS                    LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS                        CARINOMELLA LACTEA
                       POLYCHAETE                                      SEA PEN                                         RIBBON WORM
                       KACOMA ALCAREA                                 LYONSIA STRIATA                                  CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS
                       CHALKY CLAM                                     CLAN                                            RIBBON WON
                       MAGELONA JAPONICA                              NENDCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM                        CHDRILLIA LONGIPES
                       POLYCHAETE                                      HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE                            SHRIMP
                       MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA                            NUCULA TENUIS                                    CRANGON COMMUIS
                       SEA CUCUMBER                                    CLAN                                            SHRIMP
                       OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI                             NUCULANA, AUSTINI                                CRANGON FRANCISORUN
                       BRITTLE STAR                                    CLAN                                            SHRIMP
                       OPHIURA LUTKENI                                NUCULAMA PERNIJLS                                ENIPO GRACILIS
                       BRITTLE STAR                                    CLAM                                           POLYCHAETE
                       PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS                     PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS                            GLYCERA AMERICANA
                       GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER                          WEATHERVANE SCALLOP                             POLYCHAETE
                       PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA                      PECTEN CAURINUS                                  HAPLOSCOLOPUIOS ELONGATUS
                       SEA CUCUMBER                                    GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                           POLYCHAETE
                       STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHIMOIDES                 PROTOTHACA STAMINEA                             MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS
                       SEA URCHIN                                      ROCK COCKLE                                     POLYCHAETE
                       TELLINA BUTTOMI                                PSEPHIDIA LORDI                                  MAGELONA PITELKAI
                       BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM                            CLAN                                            POLYCHAETE
                       XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTON                          PSOLUS SQUAMATUS                                 NEPHTYS CACOIDES
                       WASHINGTON WOODEATER                            SEA CUCUMBER                                   POLYCHAETE
                                                                      SAXICAVA ARCTICA                                MEPHTYS CILIATA
                       TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE                      ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM                           POLYCHAETE
                       INVERTEBRATE                                  SCLEROPTILUN                                     XEPNTYS CORMUTA
                                                                       SEA PEN                                         POLYCHAETE
                       AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR                            SILIQUA PATULA                                   NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA
                       SNAIL                                           PACIFIC RAZOR    CLAM                           POLYCHAETE
                       GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI                          SILIQUA SLOATI                                   NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA
                       BASKET STAR                                     SLOATIS RAZOR    CLAM                          POLYCHAETE
                       OENOPOTA                                       SOLEMYA AGASSIZI                                PANDALUS DANAE
                       SNAIL                                           AWNING CLAN                                     DOCK SHRIMP
                       PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN                 STYLATLILA ELONGATA                              PANDALLUS JORDANI
                       SEA STAR                                        SEA PEN                                         OCEAN PIK SHRIMP
                                                                      TNRACIA CURTA                                    PANDALUS PLATYCER0S
                       TROPNIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE                     CLAM                                            SPOT SHRIMP
                       FISHES                                         THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES                              PISTA CRISTATA
                                                                       CLAM                                            P0LCHAETE
                       LAMPETRA AYRESI                                THYA0SIRA BARSARIMIS                              PISTA FIBRIATA
                       RIVER LAMPREY                                   CLAM                                            POLYCHAETE
                                                                      VENERICADIA VENTRICOSA                            PRAXILELLA GRACILIS
                       TROPHIC LEVEL:   (7) FILTER FEEDER              STOUT CARDITA CLAM                              POLYCHAETE
                       INVERTEBRATES                                  Y0LDIA LIMATULA GARDER                         SPI0R0NTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS
                                                                       FILE YOLDIA CLAM,                               SHRIMP
                       ACILIA CASTRENSIS                                                                               SPIRONTOCARIUS HOLMESI
                       DIVARICATE NUT CLAM                            TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER                     SHRIMP
 








                                         HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC



                 TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE          SEA STAR
                 EATER - FISHES                          LAFOEA ADNATA
                                                          HYDROID
                 AGONOPSIS EMMELANE                      LAFOEA DUN OSA,
                 NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER               HYDROID'
                 AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS                    LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                 STURGEON POACHER                         HYDROID
                 AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS                    LAFOEA GRACILL1MA
                 PACIFIC SAND LANCE                       HYDROID
                 AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS                 NEDIASTER AEQUALIS
                 REDTAIL SURFPERCK                        VERMILLON STAR
                 CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI                 NEPUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS
                 PACIFIC HERRING                          SNAIL
                 CYKATOGASTER AGGREGATA                  PLUNULARIA ALICIA
                 SHINER PERCH                             HYDROID
                 EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS                     SERTULARELLA TURCIDA
                 STRIPED SEAPERCH                         HYDROID
                 LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS                    THUIARA ROBUSTA
                 PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN                 HYDROID
                 LIPARIS PULCHELLUS
                 SHOWY SNAILFISH                         TROPIC LEVEL: (Q)
                 MICROGADUS PROXIMUS                     FISHES
                 PACIFIC TONCOD
                 POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI                    PLEURONICNTHYS COENOSI
                 WHITEIIARRED KENNY                       C-0 SOLE
                 PSYCHROLUTES PARADOWS
                 TADPOLE SCULPIN
                 RADULINUS ASPRELLUS
                 SLIM SCULPIN
                 XENERETNUS LATIFRONS
                 BLACKTIP POACHER


                 TROPHIC LEVEL:
                 INVERTEBRATES


                 ANCISTROLEPSIS
                 SNAIL
                 COLUS HALIDONUS
                 SNAIL


                 TROPIC LEVEL: (Q)
                 INVERTEBRATES

                 ABIEIINARIA
                 HYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA  ABIETINA
                 HYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA  ALEXANDERI
                 HYDROID
                 ABIETINARIA TRASKI
                 HYDROID
                 ACRYPTOLARIA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHENIA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHENIA  DIEGENSIS
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPNENIA  INC0MSPICUA
                 HYDROID
                 AGLAOPHENIA  OCTOCARVA
                 HYDRI0D
                 CAMPANULARIA
                 HYDROID
                 CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA
                 HYDRIOD
                 CAMPANULARIA VOLUSIBILIS
                 HYDROID
                 HALECIUM CORRUGATI0N
                 HYDROID
                 HIPPASTERIA SPIN0SA
 








                                             HABITAT: KELP FORESTS VEGETATED BENTHIC



                                                                  STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA                       BRACHISTIUS FRENATUS
                                                                   RED ALGAE                                   KELP PERCH
                                                                                                              HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS
                                                                  TROPIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE                 KELP GREENLING
                                                                  INVERTEBRATES                               HEXAGRAMMOS STELLER[
                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER                                                               WHITESPOTTED GREENLING
                     PLANTS                                       ACHAEA MITRA                              OPHIOIDON ELONGATUS
                                                                   DUNCECAP LIMPET                             LINGCO
                     AGARDHIELLA TENERA                           STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU              SCORPAENICHTHYS ARN0MATUS
                      RED ALGAE                                    GIANT RED URCHIN                            CEBEZON
                     AGARUM FIMBRIATUM                            STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS               SEBASTES CAURINUS
                      KELP                                         PURPLE SEA URCHIN                           COPPER ROCKFISH
                     ANTITHAMNION PACIFICUM                                                                  SEBASTES KALIGER
                      RED ALGAE                                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE               QULLBACK ROCKFISH
                     BOTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTONA,                INVERTEBRATES                               SEBASTES MYSTINUS
                      RED ALGAE                                                                                BLUE ROCKFISH
                     CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA                        AQMAEA MINTRA
                      RED ALGAE                                    FILE LIMPET                               SEBASTODES ELANOPS
                     CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM                        ANTIPLANES PERVERSA,                         BLACK SEABASS
                      RED ALGAE                                    SNAIL                                      SQUALUS ACANTHIAS
                     CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA                      ASTROPECTIN AR1ATUS                         SPINY DOGFISN
                      RED ALGAE                                    SAND STAR
                     CRYPTOPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA,                   BORETROPHON STUARTI                         TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE
                      RED ALGAE                                    SNAIL                                      MAMMALS
                     DELESSERIA DECIPIENS                         BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM
                      RED ALGAE                                    SNAIL                                      ENHYDRA LUTRIS
                     DILSEA CALIFORNICA,                          CALLIOST0NIA AMMUULATUM                       SEA OTTER
                      RED ALGAE                                    SNAIL                                      ELIKETOPIAS JUBATUS
                     EGREGIA MENZIESII                           CROSSASTER PAPOSUS                           NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION
                      KELP                                         ROSE STAR                                  PHOCA VITULINA
                     EISENIA ARBOREA                              DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA                      HARBOR SEAL
                      KELP                                         LEATHER STAR                               ALOPHUS CALIFRNIANUS
                     GELIDIUM ROBUSTUM                            EVASTERIAS TROSCHELI                         CALIFORNIA SEA LION
                      RED ALGAE                                    SEA STAR
                     GIGARTINA EXASPERATA                         FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                      RED ALGAE                                    OREGON TRITON                              INVERTEBRATES
                     GRATELOUPIA CALIFORNICA,                     HENRICIA LEVISCULA
                      RED ALGAE                                    BLOOD STAR                                 BANKIA SETACEA
                     HYMENENA SETCHELLII                          LISCHKEIA CIDARIS                            TEREDD
                      RED ALGAE                                    SNAIL                                      PARASITCHOPUS CALFONICUS
                     LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA                       LUIDIA FOLIATA                               GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER
                      KELP                                         SAND STAR                                  XYLOPHAGA WASNINGTONA
                     LAMINARIA SACCHARINA                         MITRELLA GOULDI                              WASHINGTON WOODEATER
                      KELP                                         SNAIL
                     LAMINARIA SETCHELLII                         KASSARIUS FOSSATUS                          TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                      KELP                                         SNAIL                                      INVERTEBRATES
                     MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA                     MASSARIUS MENDICUS
                      GIANT KELP                                   SNAIL                                      AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR
                     NEREOCYSTIS    LUETKEAMA                     PISASTER BREVISPINOUS                        SNAIL
                      GIANT KELP                                   SNORT-SPINED PISASTER                      OENOPOTA
                     OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA                       PISASTER GIGANTEUS                           SNAIL
                      RED ALGAE                                    GIANT STAN                                 ONCOSOECIA
                     PHYLOSPADIX TORREY1                          PISASTER OCHRACEOUS                          BRYOZOAN
                      SEA GRASS                                    PURPLE STAR
                     PLOCAMIL4 PACIFICU                         PTERASTER TESSE~LATUS ARCUATUS               TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                      RED ALGAE                                    SLIME STAR                                 INVERTEBRATES
                     POLYNEURA LATISSIN&                          PUlNCTUIRELLA CUCULATA
                      RED ALGAE                                    LIMPET                                     BALN0N C0RENA0UI
                     PORPHYRA PERFORATA                           PY0CN0DPO0DIA NELIANTNO0E0S                    BARNACLE
                      RED ALGAE                                    SUNFLOWER  STAR                            BUGULA, F0LABIELLATA
                     PRIONITIS LANCEIDLATA                        SCYRA ACU0T0IFR NS                            BRYOOA0N,
                      RED ALGAE                                    MASKING C0RM                                CELLARIA NA0NOIBULATA
                     PTERYGOHORA CALIF0RNICA                     OLA0STE DAWS0ONI                            B0O0
                      KELP                                         MORNING SUN STAR                           CINOCARD0IUM W0TALLI
                     RHODOMENIA PERTUISA,                         SOLASTER S0TINPSO0NI                           BASKET COCKLE
                      RED ALGAE                                    SUN STAN                                   LAGENIPOR0A PUNICTULATA
                     RHODOPTILUS P0LU4MOSU0M                                                                      
                      RED ALGAE                                   TROPNIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE              
                     SMITHORA MAIADUN                            FISHES                                       
                      RED ALGAE                                                                               PECTE0N CAURINUS










                                         HABITAT: KELP FORESTS VEGETATED BENTHIC



                  GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP                        HYDROID
                  PSOLUS SQUANATUS                            LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                  SEA CtJCLM4BER                               HYDROID
                  SAXICAVA ARCTICA                            LAFOEA GRACqILLINA
                  ARCTIC SAXICAVE   CLAq14                      HYDROID
                  TEREBRATALIA TRAqNSVERSA                     MEDIASTER AEqQUALIS
                  LAMP SHELL                                   VERMILLON STAR
                                                              PLLN4JLARIA ALICIA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (q8) SCAVENGER                 HYDROID
                  INVERTEBRATES                               PUGETTIA AqRACILLIS
                                                               KELP CRAB
                  PHYLLqOLqITqHqOIDES PAPILLOSUS                  SERTULARELqLA TURGIDA
                  PAPILLA CRAB                                 HYDROID
                                                              THUIARA RqOqBUSTA
                  TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE              HYDROIqD
                  EATER - INVERTEBRATES

                  BALAMOPHYLqLA ELEGANS
                  STONY CORAL
                  NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA
                  POLYCHAETE
                  PANDALUS DANAE
                  DOCK SqHRqIq1q4P


                  TROPHqIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE
                  EATER - FISHES


                  CLUPEA HAqRENGUS PALqLASI
                  PACIFIC HERRING
                  CY14ATOGASTER AGGqREGATA
                  SHINER PERCH
                  E14BqI070qCA qLAqTEqRALIS
                  STRIPED qSEAPERCH
                  LqOPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS
                  PACIFIC qSTAGHORN SCULPIM


                  TqROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                  INVERTEBRATES

                  AqSIETIMARIA
                  qHYDROID
                  AqBIETIMARIA AqBIETIMA
                  qHYDRqOqIqD
                  AqBIETINARIA ALEqXAqNqDERI
                  qHYqDROID
                  AqBIETINARIA TRASKI
                  qHYDRqOqIqD
                  ACRYPTOLARIA
                  HYqDROqIqD
                  AqGLAOPHENIA
                  HYDROID
                  AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS
                  HYqDROID
                  AGqLqAqOPHENqIA INCqONSPICUA
                  HYDROID
                  AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCAqRPA
                  HYDROqID
                  ALLOPO0qRA, qVERRILL4qI
                  HYDRO0qC0qORAL,
                  CAq1q4PAqNULA0qRIA
                  HY0qDR0qO0qI4qD
                  CA0q1q4PAqMULARIA VERTICILLATA
                  HYDR0qO0qI0qD
                  CA0qMPAqNU0qLARIA V0qOLU0qBILIS
                  HYDRqOqI0qD
                  0qHALEC4qIU0qN C0qORRUGA0qTU0qM
                  0qHYDR0qO0qI0qD
                  LAFOEA A0qDqMATqA
                  HY4qDR0qO0qI4qD
                  LAFOEA 0qDtqM4qM0qO4qS0qA
 








                                            HABITAT: SURPGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC



                                                             LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA                   SORETROPHOW STUARTI
                                                             KELP                                     SNAIL
                                                             LAMINARIA SACCHARINA                     SUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM
                                                             KELP                                     SNAIL
                                                             LAMINARIA SETCHELLII                     CALLIOSTOMA ANNUILATUN
                   TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER               KELP                                     SNAIL
                   PLANTS                                    LAURENCIA SPECTABILIS                    CROSSASTER PAPOSUS
                                                             RED ALGAE                                ROSE STAR
                   AHNFELTIA CONCINNA                        ACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA                DERNASTERIAS IMBRICATA
                   RED ALGAE                                 GIANT KELP                               LEATHER STAR
                   ANNFELTIA PLICATA                         MEMBRANOPTERA PLATYPHYLLA                LISCHKEIA CIDARIS
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                SNAIL
                   ALARIA KARGINATA                          MICROCLAUDIA COULTARI                    MITRELLA GOULDI
                   KELP                                      RED ALGAE                                SNAIL
                   ANTITHANNION PACIFICUM                    OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA,                  NASSARIUS FOSSATUS
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                SNAIL
                   BOSSIELLA CALIFORNICA                     PHYLOSPADIX SCOULERI                     NASSARIUS MENDICUS
                   CORALLINE RED ALGAE                       SEA GRASS                                SNAIL
                   BOSSIELLA PLUMOSA                         PHYLOSPADIX TORREYI                      PISASTER BREVISPINOUS
                   CORALLINE RED ALGAE                       SEA GRASS                                SHORT-SPINED PISASTER
                   ROTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTOKA              PLOCAMIUM PACIFICUM                      PISASTER GIGANTEUS
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                GIANT STAR
                   CALLIARTHRON' REGENERAMS                  POLYNEURA LATISSINA,                     PISASTER OCHRACEOUS
                   CORALLINE RED ALGAE                       RED ALGAE                                PURPLE STAR
                   CALLIARTHRON SCHNITTII                    PORPHYRA PERFORATA                       PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA
                   CORALLINE RED ALGAE                       RED ALGAE                                L1PET
                   CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA                     PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA                     PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                SUNFLOWER STAR
                   CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM                     PTEROSIPHOMIA BIPIUMATA                  SOLASTER ST11PSOMI
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                SUN STAR
                   CONSTANTINEA S11PLEX                     PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA
                   RED ALGAE                                 KELP                                     TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE
                   CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA                   PTILOTA ASPLENIOIDES                     INVERTEBRATES
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE
                   CORALLINA VANCOUVERIENSIS                 RHMOGLOSSU LATISSIMUN                  RANKIA SETACEA
                   CORALLINE RED ALGAE                       RED ALGAE                                TEREDO
                   CRYPT OPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA                RHODOMENIA PAL1ATA                      PARASTCHOPUS CALIFORNICUS
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER
                   CYSTOSEIRA GEMINATA                       RHODOMENIA  PERTUSA                      XYLONAGA WASHINGTONA
                   KELP                                      RED ALGAE                                WASNUCTON WOODEATER
                   DELESSERIA  DECIPIENS                     RHODOPTILUN PLUMOSUN
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                TUNIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE
                   DILSEA CALIFORNICA                        SARGASSUM 1UTICUM                       INVERTEBRATEI
                   RED ALGAE                                 KELP
                   EGREGIA MENZIESII                         SCHIZY1ENIA PACIFICA                    AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR
                   KELP                                      RED ALGAE                                SNAIL
                   EISENIA ARBOREA                           S11THORA WAIADUN                        DENOPOTA
                   KELP                                      RED ALGAE                                SNAIL
                   ERYTHROPHYLLUM DELESSERZOIDES             STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA                    ONCOSOECIA
                   RED ALGAE                                 RED ALGAE                                BRYOZOAN
                   GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI
                   RED ALGAE                                 TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE             TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER
                   GELIDIUM ROBUSTUN                         INVERTEBRATES-                           INVERTEBRATES
                   RED ALGAE
                   GIGARTINA EXASPERATA                      ACNAEA MITRA                             BUGULA FLASELLATA
                   RED ALGAE                                 DUNCECAP LIMPET                          BRYOZOAN
                   GLOIOSIPHONIA VERTICILLARIS               STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCAMIJ          CELLARIA MAWIBULATA
                   RED ALGAE                                 GIANT RED URCHIN                         BRY0OZ0O00M
                   GRACILAR0I0OPS0IS S0J0OESTE0DII                 STR0ONG0Y LOCEN0TROTUS P0URPURATUS           CL0NCARUN WALLI
                   RED ALGAE                                 PURPLE SEA URCHIN                        BASKET COCKLE
                   GRATELOUP0IA CAL0IFORNICA,                                                           LAGEN0IP0ORA PU0NCTU0LATA
                   RED ALGAE                                 TUNIC LEVEL: (3)   CARNIVORE             BRO0W
                   GYMNOG0ONGRUS; PL0ATYPNYLLUS                INVERTEBRATES                            0PEC0TEN 0CAURI0N0N
                   RED ALGAE                                                                          GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP
                   HYE0ME0NA FLABELLIGERA                    AC0K08M0A LI0MATULA                           TER0EBRATALIA TRAN0SV0ER0IA
                   RED ALGAE                                 FILE LIMPET                              LAMP SHELL
                   HY0MENENA SETC0HELL11                       A0N0TIPLANES 0PERVER0SA
                   RED ALGAE                                 SNAIL                                    TUNIC LEVEL: (28) SCAVENGER
                   IRIAGEA COR0DATA                           AST0R08MCTIN ARN00A0TUS                        INVERTEBRATES
                   RED ALGAE                                 SAND STAR









                                         HABITAT: 8qS8qUR8qP8qGRqAqSqS VEGETATED 2qB2qENT8qRIC



                PHYLLqOLqITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS
                 PAPILLA CRAB


                TROPHIC LEVEL: (0)
                INVERTEBRATES


                ABIETIqMARIA
                 qHYDROID
                AqBIETINARqIA  AqBIETIqNA
                 HYqDRqOqIqD
                ABqIEqTqIqMARIA ALEXADERI
                 HYDROID
                AqBIETqINARIA  TRASKI
                 HYDRqOqIqD
                ACRYPTOLARIA
                 HYDROID
                AGqLqAqOPNENIA
                 HYDROID
                AGqLqAqOqPNENIA qDrqIEGENSIS
                 qHYDROID
                AGqLqAqOqPqNENIA INCqOqNSPICUA
                 HYDROID
                AGqLqAqOqPqMENqIA OCTOCAqRPA
                 HYDROID
                CAq14PAMUqLARIA
                 HYDRqOID
                CA14PAMULARIA VERTICILLATA
                 HYDROID
                CANqPAqMUqLARIA VOLUqBILIS
                 qHYDROID
                NALECIUM CqOqRRUGA0qU0qX
                 qHYDROID
                LAFOEA ADMATA
                 HYDROID
                LAFOEA DUMqM
                 qHYDROID
                LAFOEA FRUTICOSA
                 HYDROqIqD
                LAFOEA GqRACILLIqNA
                 HYqDqRqOqIqD
                qMEqDqIASTER AE0qMALIS
                 VERMILLOqN STAR
                PLqL0qMLARIA ALICIA
                 HYqDRqOqIqD
                SERTULARELqLA, TURGqIqOA
                 qHYqDROID
                THUIARA ROBUSTA
                 HYDRqOqIqD
 









           APPENDIX G:    INVERTEBRATE SPECIES IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF THE
                          OLYNPIC NATIONAL PARX







Invertebrate Species in the Coastal Areas of the Olympic National
Park






















G-2







Prionitis lanceolata
Prionitis lyallii
Prionitis filiformis
Erythrophyllum delesserioides
Schzymenia pacifica
Mastocarpus jardinii
Mastocarpus papillatus
"Petrocelis"
Peyssonnelia pacifica
Ahnfeltia gigartinoides
Ahnfeltia plicata
Gymnogongrus chiton
Gymnogongrus linearis
Plocamium cartilagineum
Plocamium tenue

Order Rhodymeniales
Gastrooclonuim
subartvulatum
Fauchea laciniata
Rhodymenia californica
Order Ceramiales
Callithaminon pikeanum
Ceramium pacificum 
Ceramium washingtoniense
Griffithsia pacifica
Microcladia borealis
Microcladia coulteri
Ptilota asplenioides
Ptilota hypnoides
Crypotpleura ruprechtiana
Crypotpleura lobulifera
Crypotpleura violacea
Delesseria decipiens
Polyneuropsis latussuma
Polyneuropsis stonlonifera
Laurencia spectabilis
neorhodomela larix
Odonthalia washingtoniensis
Polysiphonia hendryi
Polysiphonia pacifica

LICHENS
Verruciria spp.
Arthopyrenia halodytes


ANIMALS

PH. PORIFERA (SPONGES)

Leucosolenia sp.
Halichondria panicea
Ophiltaspongia pennata
Haliclona spp.






Leptasterias hexactis
Pynopodia helianthoides
Henricia leviuscula
Evasterias troschelii

BRITTLE STAR

Amphipholis squamata

PH. UROCHORDATA: TUNICSTES

Styela spp.
Perophora annectens
Metandrocarpa sp.
Clayelina huntsmani
Aplidium spp.
Didemnum sp.

VERTEBRATES: FISHES

Gobies
Blennies
Cottids (sculpins)










             APPENDIX H:     NAVY ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO SEALION ROCK




























































                                       I
 








                              Navy Analysis of Alternatives to Bealion Rock




















































                                         1=11





          I






DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
COMMANDER MEDUIM ATTACK
TACTICAL ELECTRONIC WARFARE WING
U.S PACIFIC FLEET
NAVAL AIR STATION, WHIDSEY ISLAND
OAK HARBOR, WASHINGTON 98276-6000

IN REPLY REFER TO 5800
SER 016/0510
14 February 1



From: Commander, Medium Attack Tactical Electronic Warfare Wing,
	U.S. Pacific Fleet
To:	Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet
Via:	Commander, Naval Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet

Subj:	SEA LION ROCK

Ref:	(a) P.L. 91-504. 84 STAT 1104
	(B) 16 W.S.C. 1132
	(C) COMMATVAQWINGPAC LTR SER 016/3778 OF 24 DEC 1990
	(D) P.L. 100-627, 102 STAT 3217
	(E) 16 U.S.C. 1401
	(F) 16 U.S.C. 1362
	(G) 16 U.S.C. 1372
	(H) 16 U.S.C. 1531 ET. SEQ.
	(I) 16 U.S.C. 1536 (2)
	(J) 16 U.S.C. 701 ET. SEQ.

ENCL:	(1) ALTERNATIVE TO SEA LION ROCK (R-6707)
	(2) 1986-1990 SCHEDULING OF SEA LION ROCK
	(3) COMNAVAIRPAC LTR 5800 SER 011/7040 OF 31 AUG 1989
	(4) NOAA LTR (TIPPIE LTR) DTD 8 APRIL 1990
	(5) DRAFT MARINE MAMMAL LTR (TWISS LTR) UNDATED
	(6) DSFWS LTR (MARTIN LTR) DTD 9 APRIL 1990

1. In the last several months, it has become increasinglyu
apparent that the Navy's use of Sea Lion Rock will be challenged
by both other federal agencies and enciromentalists.  As the 
only sea-based bombing target in the Pacific Northwest, Sea Lion
Rock is considered an important training option for current and 
future Navy requirements.

2. SEA LION ROCK. Sea Lion Rock is an exposed reef of rock
approximately 80 feet long and 30 feet wide and is located
at high tide, Sea Lion Rock has no soil or vegetation and is not
used by sea birds for nesting or egg laying.  Despite its name (a
Misnomer), Sea Lion Rock is only used by sea lions and harbor 
seals as an occasional haul out site for resting.  No sea lions
live on the rock.  During a period of observation from 1984 to
1985, no sea lions and only sporadically, harbor seals were
observed on Sea Lion Rock.











       Subj: SEA LION ROCK


       18. ALTERNATIVES TO SEA LION ROCK.    During discussions over the
       last two years, USFWS has proposed several possible alternatives
       to Sea Lion Rock. USFWS readily concedes that this is the Navy's
       only sea based target in the Northern Pacific. In addition they
       acknowledge that there are no other rocks which could be used for
       the same purpose. Instead USFWS suggested certain alternatives
       which we rejected as infeasible for financial practical,
       environmental and scheduling reasons. These alternatives included
       towed targets floating targets (including moored targets), out-
       of-area training and simulation (including cockpit simulation).
       Enclosure (1) was presented to USFWS as our opposition but they
       have persisted to state that we have not given serious
       consideration to these alternatives, On the contrary these
       suggestions were seriously considered but do not warrant more
       detailed and costly study.

       19. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. Continued use of Sea Lion Rock
       by naval a1rcraft an a bombing target will depend upon   not only
       the outcome of the current negotiations with USFWS but  will be
       affected and influenced by several other environmental  issues.
       These issues are discussed below.

       20. By reference (d) Congress directed the Secretary    of
       Commerce to designate an area off the coast of western   Washington
       as a National Marine Sanctuary. Sea Lion Rock is located within
       the area now being referred to as the Olympic National-Marine
       Sanctuary. To date, the National Oceanic and Atmosphere
       Administration (NOAA) has submitted a preliminary draft Management
       Plan to concerned agencies including the Navy. The proposed
       prohibitions would appear to ban the bombing of Sea Lion Rock.
       Other Navy activities which may or may not be affected by the
       designation at described in enclosure (3). Currently the
       proposed management plan is being reviewed by OP-44EPI (POC: Mr.
       Tom Reeling) and Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy
       (I&E) (POC: Cdr Tim Schnoor), and Office of the General Counsel
       (POC Capt R. M. Mollison).  It should be noted that in April
       1990 by enclosure (4), NOAA expressed concern about Navy's use of
       Sea Lion Rock.

       21. The marine Mammal Commission established by reference (a)
       has also recently raised questions concerning the Navy's use of
       Sea Lion Rock. In an unsigned draft of a letter addressed to
       Assistant Secretary of the Navy (I&E), Jacqueline E. Schafer,











                               R-0707 - SEA LION ROCK




        REQUIREMENTS



              The U.S. Navy has the requirement for a readily accessible

        target for use with practice and heavy inert ordnance near or

        within the confines of of a Warning area or Military Operation Area

        (MOA), so as to accomplish multiple mission training. The primary

        training to be conducted in this area is as follows:



                   -War at Sea exercise;

                   -Heavy ordnance carriage and release; and

                   -Multiple aircraft tactical maneuvering.



              In addition, this target will serve as the primary alternate

        target for routine weapons delivery training when the Navy's

        primary Instrumented target (NTRF BOARDMAN. OREGON) is not usable.

        In this regard, historical data for NTRF Boardman indicates that

        the target is closed on an average of six days per month due to

        maintenance, upkeep and training and 3 days per month due to

        weather conditions such as high winds, fog and snow. Closure of

        NTRF BOARDMAN due to fog is more frequent during the Summer.

        Training requirements for aircrews of Naval Air Station. Whidbey

        Island, require a year round alternative to NTRF BOARDMAN.

        Delays in bombing training when squadrons are preparing for

        carrier deployments have a direct adverse impact on military


                                                         NCL (1)








       readinosa. DUO to operating requirements and schedules, carrier
       based aircrows have even less flexibility in scheduling bombin#

       practice.



       CURRENT CAPABILITIES:



            Sea Lion Rock in an unmanned target located off the West

       coast of Washington, approximately 17 RM North of Pacific Beach

       Washington and 65 RM from Naval Air Station. Whidbey Isiand.

       Scheduling of Sea Lion Rock is controlled by the Operations

       Office. Commander Medium Attack Tactical Electronic Warfare Wing.

       U.S. Pacific ?loot. with at least two and one halt hours advance


       notice. The rock is located within the confines of B-6707 and

       within the Olympic MOA. to the East and contiguous with Warning

       Area, W-237A. Sea Lion Rock to the western-most rock offshore In

       the area. It to approximately 90 feet long by 30 feet wide. and

       at high tide It to either submerged or awash.



       POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES:



            Towed tarSets: Navy aircraft have used ship towed targets

       while operating at mea, in the vicinity of surface combatants.

       Theme targets are pontoon mounted. rI#Id structures. approximately

       15 feet Ion$. which are towed 1000 to 1500 loot behind a host

       ship. Utilization of a towed target In the outer coast of the

       Pacific Northwest would require a minimum of 30 days advance








        notice to task a dedicated surface vtoseL. Storinq the target on

        the outer coast would reduce the time r*qui-red. but a considerable

        time would still be required. several dave to ov*r a week. to

        arranSo for a towing craft from the Puget Sound area. for it to

        transit to the area. and for it to prepare and tow the target.

        SchedulinS would depend on the availability and operatin*

        requirements ot surface vessels. The lack of credictabilltv ans

        flexibility in scheduling a towed target would preclude the use of

        this alternative as a viable training target and as a weather

        backup for NTRF BOARDMAN. This need for & readily available

        alternative to Boardman and a sea based target In a year round

        requirement. The lack of predictability and reliability in

        utilizing a towed target precludes its use. even on a seasonal

        basis. Although conceivably carriers could carry and tow targets.

        carrier operating requirements, including the launching and

        recovery of aircraft. preclude this as a reliable training

        option.'

             Floating tar4ets: This alternative would require the

        preparation and mooring of a target barge In the Pacific Ocean

        off the coast of Washington. within the confints of W-237A. Deep

        water moorIn$ of & barge would require that it be able to

        withstand the heavy sees and storms of this area. It would not be

        feasible to moor such a barge year round an the hazard to

        navigation and the danger to the environment should the bar#*

        break free of Its moorage would be too great. Instead & tug would

        be required to tow the barge to its target location. At least two








       to three days would be required for the target barge to be towed

       and moored. The initial and recurring costs would be substantial.

       At a minimum the estimated costs would entail the following:



                   -Preparation of a target barge          $50,000.00

                   -Installation of Deep Water Mooring     $250,000.00

                   -Environmental documentation            $50,000.00

                   -Towing ($9000 to $10,000 per day)      $60.000.00(recur

                                                                    -ring)



                   -TOTAL COST OF A SINGLE MOORAAGE      $410.000.00



           A moored target is not coonsidered feasible. Besides the

       considerable cost, the very real possibility that the barge could

       break free of Its mooring presents an unacceptable risk to

       navigation and the environment. A moored target vessel used off

       the, Pacific Missile Test Center. Point Mugu. California. broke

       free of Its morning became a hazard to navigation, and cost in

       excess of 3 million dollars to remove from San Miguel Island where

       it had washed shop.

            A buoy-sized target has been suggested. but is also not an

       acceptable alternative. While the costs would be substantially

       lose. the sin* would render it an unsuitable target. Target

       location, bombing and bomb scoring would be unworkable. In

       addition. a successful  bomb strike could either sink the target.

       or break it free of its mooring, presenting a hazard to
 









       navigation. Finally, buoys and similar moored and marked objects

       in navigable waters would be used as a reference point by

       fisherman.




            Other target rocks: Based on the Navy's review of the area

       and discussion with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

       representative, no other rocks so ideally suited for a target

       have been located off the Western Coast of Washington. The

       location of the rack relative to Naval Air Station, Whidbey

       Island, its distance from the coast and populated areas and the

       fact that Sea Lion Rock is not used by marine mammals or sea birds

       for breeding and nesting. Art factors in combination not

       characteristic of any other rock in the area.



            Simulation: A Weapons System Training flight simulator in

       available for A-6 aircrew training at Naval Air Station. Whidbev

       Island. Although this simulator is used for basic weapons delivery

       procedures. It cannot be used for multi-plane, tactical

       maneuvering or coordinated target timing. Use of computer

       generated technology will not simulate this actual conditions of

       bomb carriage and release, such as "G's" and aircraft handling

       associated with heavy ordnance. The current system is too old to

       be updated and no now A-6 trainer in planned as the plans itself

       will be phased out over the next 15 years. In addition flight

       simulation to only one portion of the training required for

       aircrew bombing proficiency. To adequately train an aircrew, it is









        necessary to actually drop bombs from the airplane. Even target
        simulation in an A-6, if the technology existed in the A-6 which

        it does not, would fail to train the crew for the real life

        scenario of dropping bombs on target. Moreover, cockpit bombing
        simulation in an A-6 would still require a real target, and would

        not obviate the need for Sea Lion Back.




            Out of area training and targets: The fundamental need is for

        a target to be used by Whidbey Island based aircrews. To integrate

        over the sea bombing training with all other phases of aircrew

        training, a target within the range of the A-6 must be available.

        When Whidbey based aircrews are deployed to other areas such as

        Southern California, they do use the targets available in that

        operating area. Such training is limited,by the  availability of

        these targets and higher priority Battle Group training

        commitments that can only by accomplished in these areas.




        CONCLUSION




            The Navy must have access to Sea Lion Rock on a continuing

        basis for over the sea bombing practice.











                                    DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

                                     THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF TME NAVY
                                      (INSTALLATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT-
                                        WASHINGTON, D.C. 20260-5000
                                                   9 APR 1992
                                                                              S_/yM?_

                 Mr. Richard Smith
                 Deputy Director
                 U.S. Fish and wildlife service
                 Department of Interior
                 Washington,.D.C. 20240

                 Dear Mr. Smith:

                     We were pleased to meet with you on 3 March 1992 to discuss
                 the Department of the Navy's (DoN) use of Sea Lion Rock within
                 Copalis National Wildlife Refuge as an inert bombing target. As
                 explained below, the DoN believes that the public interest is
                 best served by allowing continued us* of Sea Lion rock for
                 training vital to the national defense pursuant to the existing
                 letter of permission from the Secretary of the Interior. The
                 careful studies already conducted do not reveal any significant
                 impact. There is simply no site specific evidence that the DoN
                 activities have materially impaired the purposes of the refuqe.
                 Although we expect that both the DoN and the U.S. Fish and
                 wildlife Service will continue to monitor the situation
                 carefully, we do not believe any change to the existing letter-of
                 permission is required at this time.,

                     A DoN review conducted as a result of our meeting concludes
                 that Sea Lion Rock remains an essential training asset because it
                 is the only inert bombing target off the Northwest CIdast
                 available when conditions at land-based targets are unfavorable
                 or when a sea-based target is required. To aircrews, the closer
                 the training approaches the mission requirements under actual
                 conditions, the higher the quality of training. Training
                 requirements for A-6 aircrews include practice weapons deliveries
                 against sea based targets, consisting of coordinated strikes
                 against ships or task groups. Using Sea Lion Rock as a target,
                 aircraft operating in coordination can attack an actual sea based
                 fixed object. Thus, aircrews are able to experience approaching
                 a sea based target and releasing ordnance under ocean
                 wind/weather conditions and water/land contrast.

                      Sea Lion Rock also serves an a land based backup target when
                 Navak Weapons System Training Facility (NWSTF) Boardman is not
                 available, providing a readily accessible target within range of
                 aircraft taking off from Naval Air Station (NAS) Whidbey Island.
          Z05 %.
         U







































                 NWSTF Boardman is unavailable an average of nine days per month
                 due to weather or other conditions. Sea Lion Rock, as an
                 alternate target, allows aircrews to complete training of a
                 particular evolution within a limited period of time. In times
                 of national crisis when the tempo of deployment training
                 increases and adhering to schedules becomes even more critical, a
                 backup target becomes invaluable.







              The unique location of Sea Lion Rock along the Northwest
         Coast permits' ideal bombing practice involving evasion,tactics
         training because of its proximity to Warning Area W-237A and the
         Olympic Military Operating Area (MOA). Aircraft can release
         their inert weapons and, before returning to NAS Whidbey Island,
         engage in defensive air combat maneuvering critical to
         survivability. The airspace required for such training is not
         available at NWSTF Boardman, but is available at Sea Lion Rock
         within the Olympic MOA. Sea Lion Rock is also ideally situated
         for aircraft carriers conducting training in the waters off the
         Northwest Coast. NWSTF Boardman usually is not within range of
         the embarked aircraft, however, Sea Lion Rock is available within
         the cyclic flight operations schedule of the aircraft carrier
         with no requirement for inflight refueling or Federal Aviation
         Administration interface. The importance of Sea Lion Rock is
         further enhanced by the homeportinq of the USS NIMITZ in the
         Pacific Northwest and the likelihood that fleet operations will
         continue to require a sea based target.

              Efforts have been made to investigate alternative bombing
         options, including the use of towed targets, floating targets
         (barges and buoys), smoke floats, small reflector targets, other
         target rocks, simulation, and out of area.training and targets.
         These alternatives are not feasible because of logistics and/or
         cost constraints. As budget reductions become greater, the cost
         of maintaining and operating alternate portable targets becomes
         very important.

              Sea Lion Rock is part of a diminishing supply of assets
         available for DoN training. If Sea Lion Rock is given up
         outright or its use so limited that it is essentially forfeited,
         the training opportunities it provides will be forever lost.

              The DoN shares your concerns over protection of the refuge.'
         We believe, however, that the results of the 1984-85 study
         conducted by the Washington Department of Game for DoN supports
         our conclusion that A-6 aircraft operations, conducted according
         to the operations Plan, do not significantly impact the resources
         associated with Sea Lion Rock. The DoN will continue to ensure
         compliance with the Operations Plan and is exploring additional
         measures to ensure compliance. I have requested that personnel
         at NAS Whidbey Island meet with representatives of your regional
         office at their request to discuss these additional measures.
         The DoN point of contact in Commander J.J. Stonier at 206/257-
         2470. We look forward to working together to solve our mutual
         concerns.


                                       Sincerely,
                                       JA@QU@ELINE









                             APPZNDIX I:    SANCTUARY DESIGNATION PROCEMS





















I











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                                             Sanctuaxy Designation Process
















































                                        1-1










                                                                                   Sanctuary Development Process


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           APPENDIX J:    FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL AND IN-TERNATIONR
                          AUTHORITIES-APPLICABLE TO THE SANCTUARY AREA












I









        .Federal. Otate, Local. Tribal and International Authorities
        ARRlicabla to the SanctuaKy Area











                                                                                   I





















































                                        J-2










                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS                           PAGE


                 INTRODUCTION


                 STATE JURISDICTION
                 A.    State Statutes
                        1.   Aquatic Lands Act (RCW 79.90)      .....................
                        2.   Clean Air Washington Act (RCW 70.94)       ..............
                        3.   Energy Facility Siting Act (RCW 80.50)       ............
                        4.   Environmental Coordination Procedures Act
                             (RCW 90.62)  ....................    o ....o..... o.......
                        5.   Fisheries Code (RCW 75)     ................  o ..........
                        6.   Growth Management Act (RCW 36.70A)         ...............
                        7.   Hazardous Waste Management Act (RCW 70.105)        .......
                        8.   Marine Recreation Land Act (RCW 43.99)       .... 00..0.0.
                        9.   Noise Control Act (RCW 70.107)      ....................
                       10.   Ocean Resources Management Act (RCW 43.143)        .......
                       11.   Oil and Gas Conservation Act (RCW 78.52)        ..........
                       12.   Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention and
                             Response Act (RCW 90.56)     ..................   o.......
                       13.   Oil Spill Response System - Maritime Commission
                             Act (RCW 88.44)   .........................    o .........
                       14.   Planning Enabling Act (RCW 36.70)       ..............   o..
                       15.   Public Lands Act (RCW 79)     .........................
                       16.   Puget Sound Water Quality Management Act
                             (RCW 90.70)  .......................................
                       17.   Seashore Conservation Area law (RCW 43.51.650)          ....
                       18.   Shellfish Sanitary Control Act (RCW 69.30)o        .......
                       19.   Shoreline Management Act (RCW 90.58)       ..............
                       20.   State Environmental Policy Act (RCW 43.21)        ... o ....
                       21.   Water Pollution Control Act (RCW 90.48)        ...........
                       22.   Wildlife Code (or Game Code - RCW 77)..o        ......

                 B.    Landmark Judicial Decisions
                        1. United States v. State of Washington
                             (The Boldt Decision on tribal fishing rights),
                             1974  ..............................................

                 C.    Cooperative Agreements
                        1. Crabber-Towboat Agreement       .........................
                        2. Timber, Fish, Wildlife Agreement...          ...............

                 D.    State Agencies and Local Authorities
                        1.   Cities and   Counties   .............   o................
                        2.   Department   of Agriculture   ............  o............
                        3.   Department   of Ecology   .............................
                        4.   Department   of Fisheries   ...........  oo ....o.........
                        5.   Department   of Health   ..............................
                        6.   Department   of Natural Resources     ...................
                        7.   Department   of Transportation    .......  o..............
                        S.   Department   of Wildlife   ............................
                        9.   Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council        ...........

                                                J-3









                      10. Office of Marine Safety     ...........................
                      11. Parks and Recreation Commission      ...................
                      12. Puget Sound Water Quality Authority      ...............

          III. FEDERAL JURISDICTION
                A.    Federal Statutes
                       1.  Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships     ...............
                       2.  Clean Air Act   .....................................
                       3.  Clean Water Act   ...................................
                       4.  Coastal Zone Management Act   .......................
                       5.  Comprehensive Environmental Response,
                           Compensation, and Liability Act     ...................
                       6.  Endangered Species Act   ............................
                       7.  Federal Aviation Act    ..............................
                       S.  Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956     .....................
                       9.  Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act     ................
                      10.  Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act..
                      11.  Marine Mammal Protection Act    ......................
                      12.  Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
                           Act (Title I)   .....................................
                      13.  Migratory Bird Treaty Act    .........................
                      14.  National Aquaculture Act    ..........................
                      15.  National Environmental Policy Act     .................
                      16.  National Historic Preservation Act..;    ..............
                      17.  National Park service organic Act     .................
                      18.  National wildlife Refuge System Administration
                           Act of 1966   .......................................
                      19.  Oil Pollution Act   .................................
                      12.  Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act     .................
                      21.  Ports and Waterways Safety Act     ....................
                      22.  Rivers and Harbors Act   ............................
                      23.  Submerged Lands Act  ............................     ;.-
                      24.  Wilderness Act   ......................................

                B.    Federal Agencies and Authorities
                       1.  Army corps of Engineers   ......... oo ........o .......
                       2.  Coastal States Organization   ..........  o..........  o.
                       3.  Department of Commerce   ............................
                       4.  Department of Defense    .............................
                       5.  Department of Interior   ................  o ...........
                       6.  Department of Transportation    ...................   -
                       7.  Environmental Protection Agency     ...................
                       8.  Federal Aviation Administration-      .................
                       9.  Federal Maritime commission... o    ...................
                      10.  National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration       ...
                      11.  National Park Service   ....................  o ........
                      12.  US Coast Guard  ..... o
                      13.  US Fish and Wildlife Service    ............... o ......


          IVo TRIBAL AUTHORITIES
                A.    Makah, Quileute, Hoh, and Quinault Indian Tribes


                                             J-4










          V.   INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITIES
               A.   U.S.-Canada Salmon Interception Treaty    .................
               B.   International Halibut Commission   .......................
               C.   Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System    ...........
          I.   INTRODUCTION

               Presented below is an overview of various State, Federal,
          Tribal and international management authorities which have
          statutory responsibility for protecting marine resources in the
          Olympic coast National Marine Sanctuary study area. This
          discussion includes a description of relevant legislative
          mandates and, in some cases, the administrative measures taken to
          accomplish them (Some additional information is provided in the
          FEIS/MP).

          II. STATE JURISQICTION

               A.   State Statutes

                    1.   The Aquatic Lands Act (ALA, RCW 79.90) provides
          the policies under which the Department of Natural Resources
          manages all state-owned aquatic lands, emphasizing a balance of
          benefits to all state citizens, water-dependent uses, and
          environmental concerns. ALA establishes the multiple use
          concept, which provides for several uses, either simultaneously
          or in planned rotation, on a single tract of aquatic land. The
          Act governs sales and leases of state aquatic lands, aquaculture,
          property rights and easements, administration of tidelands and
          harbor areas, rents and fees, dredge disposal, and archaeological
          research.

                    2.   The Clean Air Washington Act (CAWA, RCW 70.94)
          declares that air pollution is the state's most serious
          environmental problem. The Act establishes a statewide program
          (1) to prevent the deterioration of air quality in areas with
          clean air and (2) to return the air quality in other areas to
          levels that protect human health and the environment. In some
          respects, CAWA is more stringent than the federal Clean Air Act.
          A State Air Pollution Control Board and Local Air Pollution
          Control Authorities are established and, together with the
          Department of Ecology, are empowered to regulate activities such
          as outdoor burning (of any kind), industrial emissions,
          commercial/residential burning, and motor vehicle emissions.
          This is a broad-ranging act that extends state jurisdiction over
          such coastal activities as offshore oil production emissions,
          slash burning in coastal areas, controlled burns of marine oil
          spills, at-sea incineration, concentrated vessel emissions,
          coastal industrial emissions, etc. The act also assures
          protection of scenic, aesthetic, and cultural aspects of the
          natural environment, including marine vistas, that are threatened
          by air pollution.


                                          J-5








                    3.   The Energy Facility Siting Act (EFSA, RCW 80.50)
          creates and authorizes-the Energy Facility Site Evaluation
          Council, a quasi-judicial regulatory body. The council serves   as
          a one-stop agency for permitting major energy facilities within
          the state. This act would also pertain to energy facilities in
          the coastal zone and potential discharges from those facilities
          into the air and marine environments. Legislative policy-states
          a desire to protect the ecology of state waters and their aquatic
          life through responsible site planning.

                    4.   The Environmental Coordination Procedures Act
          (ECPA, RCW 90.62) establishes a procedural option to reduce the
          burden and confusion associated with multiple environmental
          permit requirements for certain private or corporate project
          proposals. It directs the Department of Ecology to develop and
          administer a "master application" process and, upon applicant
          request, coordinate all permit requirements for any project
          affecting the state's air, land or water resources. This, in
          effect, provides permit applicants the opportunity for one-stop-
          shopping. The Act also requires DOE and all county governments
          to establish environmental permit,information centers (EPICs) to
          provide information to the public regarding federal, state, and
          local permits which govern the use of natural resources and to
          assist applicants in the preparation of master.applications.
          Note: No applicant has filed a master application since the early
          1980s because the changing nature of most project proposals
          complicates and nullifies efforts to coordinate permit
          procedures.

                    5.   The Fisheries Code (RCW 75) provides management
          guidelines for food -fish and shellfish and authorizes the
          Department of Fisheries (WDF) to protect and manage recreational
          and commercial salt-water fisheries. The Act also authorizes the
          Department of Fisheries, jointly with the Department of Wildlife
          (WDW), to administer the Hydraulic Code (RCW 75.20), requiring
          that construction projects in state waters obtain a permit from
          either WDF or WDW to ensure protection of fish, shellfish, and
          wildlife resources of the state.

                    6.   The Grovth Management Act (GMA, RCW 36.70A)
          mandates coordinated and comprehensive land-use planning by
          municipalities and counties to provide for future growth and
          protect air and water quality. one planning goal of the act   is
          to maintain and enhance natural resource-based industries,
          including fisheries. Each coastal community must include in   its
          comprehensive land use plan provisions for the preservation and
          conservation of coastal resources and water quality.

                    7.   The Hazardous Waste Management Act (HWMAI RCW
          70.105) establishes "a comprehensive state-wide framework for the
          planning, regulation, control, and management of hazardous waste
          (to] prevent 1and, air, and water pollution and conserve the

                                          J-6









         natural, economic, and energy resources of the state-" HWMA
         grants broad powers of regulation to the Department of Ecology in
         matters related to hazardous-waste regulation, management and
         disposal. The Act also gives DOE "preemptive authority" for the
         siting of hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and
         incineration facilities. This law affects the 3-mile offshore
         jurisdiction of the state and regulates any activities that
         introduce hazardous materials into that area.

                  8.   The Marine Recreation Land Act (MRLA, RCW 43.99)
         allocates funds from the state marine fuel tax assessment for the
         acquisition and improvement of marine recreational land and for
         the preservation and conservation of open space in the coastal
         zone.

                  9.   The Noise Control Act (NCA, RCW 70.107) authorizes
         the Department of Ecology to establish maximum permissible noise
         levels for identified environments "in order to protect against
         adverse effects of noise on the health, safety and welfare of the
         people, the value of property, and the quality of environment."
         DOE can implement performance standards, evaluation criteria, and
         rules
         to carry out this chapter. The department can also establish use
         standards, regulating the time and place of occurrence for an
         operation that produces noise above specified levels.

                   10. The Ocean Resources Management Act (ORMA,   RCW
         43.143) recognizes conflicting use demands in Washington marine
         waters and directs that "priority shall be given to resource uses
         and activities that will not adversely impact renewable resources
         over uses which are likely to have an adverse impact on renewable
         resources.11 ORMA establishes planning and project review
         criteria to evaluate uses and activities that adversely impact
         renewable resources and associated industries in coastal waters.
         The Act further states that "there is not enough information
         available to adequately assess the potential adverse effects of
         oil and gas exploration and production off Washington's coast."
         In accordance with this finding, it directs the Department of
         Ecology (DOE) to produce an oil and gas leasing analysis and
         places a moratorium on the leasing of state marine lands for oil
         or gas activities until July 1, 1995. At that time the
         Legislature will decide whether to continue or terminate the
         moratorium based on the analysis provided by DOE. Other
         provisions of the Act are codified in the Revised Code of
         Washington (RCW) as follows:
              Transport of Petroleum Products - Financial Responsibility
         (RCW 88.40) prescribes financial responsibility requirements for
         vessels that transport petroleum products across the waters of
         the state." Oil cargo vessels exceeding 300 gross tons must
         provide evidence to the Department of Ecology of financial
         liability and responsibility for a potential spill in the marine
         waters of the state.


                                        J-7








                    11. The Oil and Gas Conservation Act (OGCA, RCW 78.52)
          provides for extensive regulation of oil and gas drilling,
          production, storage, transportation and refining operations
          within Washington State. The Act requires preparation of an
          environmental impact statement (EIS) for any proposed drilling
          operation through or under any surface waters of the state. The
          Department of Ecology is directed to review EIS documentation and
          submit recommendations for approval or denial of drilling permits
          to the Oil and Gas Conservation Committee.

                    12. The Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention
          and Response Act (RCW 90.56) superceded and consolidated previous
          legislation concerning oil spill prevention and response. It
          also expanded state authority over spill prevention and response
          and granted additional powers to the Department of Ecology to
          enforce the provisions of this act. The provisions of the Act
          are codified in the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) as follows:
               oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention and Response
          (RCW 90.56) This chapter includes the major themes and core
          provisions of the original Act. It is based on the Legislature's
          determination that prevention is the best method to protect the
          marine environment from oil and hazardous substance spills. In
          order to establish a comprehensive prevention and response
          program to protect the state's waters and natural resources from
          spills of oil, the chapter (a) provides broad powers to the
          Department of Ecology relating to spill prevention and response;
          (b) supports and compliments the federal Oil Pollution Act; (c)
          requires the development, adoption, and execution of a state-wide
          master spill prevention and contingency plan; (d) requires spill
          prevention and contingency plans from oil storage and transfer
          facility operators; (e) provides for state spill response and
          wildlife rescue planning and implementation; (f) ensures that
          responsible parties are liable and have the resources and ability
          to respond to spills and provide compensation for all costs and
          damages; (g) establishes the Oil Marine Oversight Board as an
          independent authority to assess adequacy of prevention and
          contingency planning; and (h) establishes a state oil spill
          response account.
               office of Marine Safety .(RCW 43.211) This chapter creates
          the office of Marine Safety as a state agency to "provide
          leadership and coordination in identifying and resolving [a]
          threats to the safety of marine transportation and [b] the impact
          of marine transportation on the environment." The Office is to
          serve as a center for expertise in marine transportation issues.
               Vessel Oil Spill Prevention and Response (RCW 88.46) This
          chapter assigns specific duties and powers to the Office of
          Marine Safety (OMS). It directs OMS (a) to establish a state
          tank vessel inspection program; (b) to establish and enforce
          standards for tank vessel spill prevention plans; (c) to
          establish and enforce rules and standards for the preparation of
          contingency plans concerning the containment and cleanup of oil
          spills from covered vessels (tank, cargo, and passenger vessels);

                                          J-8








         (d) to establish and supervise Regional Marine Safety Committees
         for the purpose of planning for the safe navigation and operation
         of all vessel traffic in state waters; (e) to develop an
         emergency response system for the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the
         Pacific Coast; and (f) to define requirements for containment and
         recovery equipment aboard tanker vessels and at refueling,
         bunkering, and lightering stations. The chapter abolishes the
         office of Marine Safety effective July 1, 1997 and transfers all
         its powers, duties and functions to the Department of Ecology.

                   13. The Oil Spill Response System - Maritime
         Commission Act (RCW 88.44) creates the Washington State Maritime
         commission to prepare comprehensive oil spill response plans for
         all state waters. The Act also requires the development of a
         data base from existing information sources of accidents,
         groundings, near misses, and oil discharges of all cargo and
         passenger vessels entering state waters and report such
         information to the Office of Marine Safety. The Commission is
         granted broad powers to make rules, and enter into contracts to
         assure a complete response in the first 24 hours following a
         spill event. The Commission.is also given authority to assess
         vessels transiting the waters of the state, to collect such
         assessments, investigate violations, and enforce the provisions
         of the act.

                   14. The Planning Enabling Act (PEA, RCW 36.70) enables
         counties to form planning commissions and counties, cities and
         others to form regional planning commissions. Comprehensive
         planning and zoning requirements are established. Among the
         elements of the comprehensive plan are land use, circulation,
         conservation, recreation, transportation, and public services and
         facilities.

                   15. The Public Lands Act (PLA, RCW 79) authorizes the
         Commissioner of Public Lands to lease or not lease state-owned
         lands (including those within 3 miles of shore); the Act sets
         terms and conditions of leases, provides for conservation areas
         and natural area preserves, and defines property rights and
         governmental authority over tidelands and shorelands of the
         state. Within the Public Lands Title of the Revised Code of
         Washington (RCW 79) are sections governing oil and gas leases on
         state lands, natural area preserves, natural resources
         conservation areas, marine plastic debris, and aquatic lands.

                   16. The Puget Bound Water Quality Management Act
         (PSWQMA, RCW 90.70) restructured the Puget Sound Water Quality
         Authority (PSWQA - originally established in 1983) and directed
         it to develop and oversee a comprehensive plan for the
         restoration and protection of the biological health and diversity
         of Puget Sound waters. The Puget Sound Water Quality Management
         Plan primarily addresses issues that impact water quality. The
         scope of planning includes all the waters of Puget Sound north to

                                        J-9








         the Canadian border, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and, to the
         extent that they affect water quality in Puget Sound, all waters
         flowing into the Sound, and adjacent lands. Lead state agencies
         and local governments are responsible for implementing individual
         plan components. These existing governmental authorities are
         required to evaluate and'incorporate applicable provisions of the
         plan into their policies and activities. The Puget Sound Water
         Quality Board is responsible for setting goals and policy for the
         PSWQA. The Board is chaired by the Director of the Department of
         Ecology.

                   17. The Seashore Conservation Area law (RCW 43.51.650)
         declares all Washington Pacific Coast beaches (under state
         ownership or control) to be a conservation area for public
         recreation. The law restricts non-recreational uses of Pacific
         beaches and assigns priority consideration to preserving such
         areas in a natural condition. Recreation management plans are
         required for ocean beaches within the conservation area. The law
         is administered by the Washington State Parks and Recreation
         Commission.

                   18. The Shellfish Sanitary Control Act (RCW 69.30)
         instructs the State Board of Health to monitor the sanitation of
         shellfish growing areas, processing facilities and operations and
         to establish health requirements for the safe harvesting and
         processing of shellfish. The State Department of Health has
         authority to enforce the standards established by the Board and
         issues certificates of approval for all commercial growing,
         harvesting, and processing operations and facilities. The
         department has authority to revoke operating permits and close
         shellfish beds from harvest when it determines that unhealthy
         conditions exist.

                    19. The Shoreline Management Act (SMA, RCW 90.58) is
         administered by the Department of Ecology (DOE) and sta:nds as
         benchmark legislation for the conservation of marine resources in
         Washington State. The Act provides a framework and a uniform set
         of rules to guide planning and management of human activities and
         development in the coastal zone. SMA emphasizes governmental
         protection in the management of state-owned aquatic lands, with a
         preference for long-term over short-term benefits. It applies
         from the shoreline seaward 3 miles and inland for 200 feet.
         Detailed zoning, implementation, and enforcement is a local
         governmental responsibility. Shoreline municipalities and
         counties develop local master plans that must be reviewed and
         approved by DOE. These plans are then incorporated into state
         law as components of the state Coastal Zone Management Plan. The
         Department of Ecology maintains supervisory authority and
         monitors permits issued by local governments. In 1983, the SMA
         was amended to provide DOE with authority for issuing permits for
         oil or natural gas exploration activities conducted from state
         marine waters. The SMA is an approved program under the federal

                                        J-10









         Coastal Zone Management Act and is therefore protected by federal
         consistency requirements (i.e., no federal activity can violate
         any provision of an approved shoreline master plan).

                   20. The State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA, RCW
         43.21) requires that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be
         conducted for any proposed legislation or activity that has a
         probable, significant adverse impact upon the natural
         environment. The Act is intended to ensure that government makes
         informed environmental decisions before issuing approval for any
         project. It requires government agencies to "utilize a
         systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the
         integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the
         environmental design arts in planning and decision making which
         may have an impact on (the] environment". The Act is binding on
         all state agencies and is usually administered and enforced
         through local governmental permit authorities such as city and
         county planning departments.

                   21. The Water Pollution Control Act (WPCA, RCW 90.48)
         designates the Department of Ecology as lead state agency for
         implementation of federal Clean Water Act provisions. DOE is
         given extensive rule-making and enforcement authority to control
         and prevent the pollution of all surface and underground waters
         of the state. The Act authorizes the department to (a) regulate
         various types of discharge (e.g. oil, chlorinated organics, and
         agricultural runoff); (b) issue waste disposal permits and
         regulate treatment facilities; (c) delineate and monitor sewage
         drainage basins; (d) issue water quality protection grants; and
         (f) regulate forest practices that affect water quality. The
         department is also authorized to recover damages for the
         destruction of any natural resource(s) due to violations of the
         Act. This act, together with the Puget Sound Water Quality
         Management Act and the federal Clean Water Act, form the basis of
         a comprehensive Water Quality Program at DOE.

                   22. The Wildlife Code (Also referred to as the Game
         Code, RCW 77) is the assimilation of all state laws that directly
         regulate fresh-water fisheries and upland wildlife resources in
         the State of Washington. WDW is given paramount responsibility
         by the Legislature "to preserve, protect, and perpetuate all
         wildlife species" in the state - both game and non-game. In
         addition to its primary authority over fresh-water fisheries, WDW
         regulates all non-game marine invertebrates (e.g. snails and
         barnacles) and some anadromous fish species. It is also the lead
         state agency with oversight responsibility for marine mammals.
         The Wildlife Code regulates fishing; hunting; trapping; transfer,
         transportation, and importation of game; sale of wildlife; and
         wild land and wildlife restoration. Section 16.120 of the code
         authorizes the State Wildlife Commission to extend special
         protection to individual fish and wildlife species. This section
         is the basis of authority for the state "Endangeredel and

                                        J-11









         "Threatened'$ SPOCieg Lists. The Code also regulates tidelands
         used as public shooting grounds, protects bald eagles, and
         extends WDW enforcement jurisdiction throughout all marine areas
         of the state.


              B.   Landmark Judicial Decisions

                   1.   United States v. State of Washington, 1974 (The
         Boldt Decision, 384 F. Supp. 312, 1974) was a landmark case in
         the State of Washington concerning the State's ability to
         condition or limit tribal fishing rights. This is an expansive
         and complex case. Several important supplemental judgements have
         been issued since the 1974 decision and, as of February 1993,
         forty subproceedings of this case were still outstanding. The
         original suit was filed by the United.States, on its own behalf
         and as trustee for several Washington native tribes, against the
         State of Washington and others, seeking declaratory and
         injunctive relief concerning off-reservation treaty fishing
         rights. Judge Boldt (Senior District Judge of the US District
         Court, Western District of Washington) ruled that (1) Washington
         State has the legal authority to regulate the exercise of native
         tribes' off-reservation treaty right fishing only to the extent
         necessary for conservation of fishery resources, (2) any one of
         the plaintiff tribes was entitled to exercise its governmental
         powers by regulating the treaty right fishing of its members
         without any state regulation thereof, provided the tribe had and
         maintained certain specified qualifications and accepted and
         abided by certain delineated conditions, and (3) certain
         Washington statutes and regulations, delineated in the opinion,
         failed to meet the standards governing their applicability to the
         native exercise of treaty fishing rights and therefore could not
         lawfully be applied to restrict members of tribes having such
         rights from exercising same. A significant result of this case
         is the guarantee that treaty right fishermen may take up to 50%
         of the harvestable number of fish at usual and accustomed grounds
         and stations. (West's Federal Supplement)

              C.   COORerative Agreements

                   1.   The Crabber-Towboat Aqreement, formally termed the
         "Towboat/Fishing Lane Negotiations," applies to most of the west
         coast of the United States. Due to mutual interference between
         West Coast crab fishermen and towboats with tows, a non-binding
         agreement was reached in 1971 to provide towing lanes for
         towboats along a major portion of the West Coast. Almost every
         year since, a meeting has been held to review these towboat
         lanes; some significant changes have been made.
              The general agreement is that crab fishermen will not put
         crab pots in the designated lanes. If they choose to do so, they
         forfeit the right to complain if tugs and tows destroy their
         pots. The towboaters agree to stay within the designated lanes,
         or well outside the fishing areas, as long as weather and ship

                                       J-12









        safety allow. The facilitator of negotiations publishes and
        distributes a series of charts delineating the towboat lanes in
        the affected areas and issues revisions when negotiated changes
        are made. Regulatory authorities recognize the existence of this
        voluntary agreement and have elected not to regulate the activity
        as long as the two industries - fishing and towing - can resolve
        conflicts through mutual agreement.
             Prior to 1990, negotiations were led by the Oregon State
        University Sea Grant Extension Program. In January 1990, the
        Northwest Towboat Association agreed to organize annual lane
        negotiation meetings and assume responsibility for chart
        production and distribution. The costs of the mutual agreement
        are shared by the towboat and crab fishing industries.

                  2.   The Timber, Fish, and Wildlife Agreement (TFW) of
        1987 was a non-binding mediated resource management plan between
        forest land owners, native tribes, natural resource management
        agencies, and environmental groups. Following passage of the
        Forest Practices Act of 1974 (RCW 76.09) by the Washington State
        Legislature, conflict over timber harvests escalated
        dramatically. TFW evolved to break the deadlock of litigation
        and conflict surrounding forest practices on non-federal land in
        Washington State. It has no formal or legal status, and thus
        depends on the good faith of the TFW cooperators and the adopted
        rules. The agreement establishes "interdisciplinary (ID) teams"
        to assess proposed timber harvest sites on a case-by-case basis
        to determine the harvest method and conditions that best minimize
        environmental, ecological, and cultural damage. Teams consist of
        resource managers, harvesters, biologists, and tribal
        representatives to develop integrated, balanced plans for each
        site. The Department of Natural Resources retains final
        authority for approving all harvest plans but coordinates with
        the ID teams to work out problems. TFW is designed to resolve
        such conflicts as clear cutting and over-siltation of rivers and
        estuaries. The agreement identifies and protects spawning areas,
        wildlife corridors and other sensitive habitat through land set-
        asides known as Riparian Management Zones and Upland Management
        Areas. It also contains a research component to investigate
        impacts of forest practices on the environment. TFW indirectly
        affects the marine zone through its impact on anadromous
        fisheries and through reduction of siltation in estuaries. The
        TFW Agreement has a stated lifetime of eight years, at which time
        the parties will assess the effectiveness of the program and
        decide whether or not to continue the agreement.

             D.   State Agencies and Local Authorities

                  1.   cities and Counties have primary responsibility
        for administering shorelines master programs and adopting other
        land use regulations. counties and cities protect marine
        resources through shoreline development permitting; development
        of comprehensive growth management plans; and ordinances

                                       J-13








         regulating zoning, sensitive areas protection, grading and
         clearing, and drainage. In addition, local governments may use
         SEPA to protect wetlands and other sensitive areas.

                   2.   Department of Agriculture coordinates aquaculture
         interests in the state.

                   3.   Department of Ecology is the state's primary
         environmental agency to manage, protect, and enhance the state's
         air, land, and water resources. The responsibilities and
         opportunities for protecting habitat are legislatively mandated
         as well as delegated by the federal government. DOE administers
         permit programs under the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act.
         The Department has extensive authority in all matters concerning
         pollution and hazardous waste in the state and monitors the
         health and welfare of the state's natural resources. DOE also
         administers the Shoreline Management Program at the statelevel,
         conducts environmental research and investigations, and provides
         expert advice to the Governor and Legislature on environmental
         matters.

                   4.   Department of Fisheries protects and manages the
         state's food fish and shellfish resources. Under that general
         authority, the Department manages major recreational and
         commercial marine fisheries and protects fishery habitat. WDF
         reviews all proposed construction plans in coastal waters for
         impacts to fisheries and fishery habitats and may approve,
         condition or deny such projects through the Hydraulics Permit
         program. The Department's Habitat Investigation Division is
         responsible for the pro-active assessment and protection of
         marine habitats critical to the marine fish resources of
         Washington. The Shellfish Program is responsible for management
         and protection of classified shellfish resources on public lands.
         WDF has a marine law enforcement division to assure compliance
         with the provisions of the state fisheries code.

                   5.   Department of Health has authority over shellfish
         beds, processing, and distribution. The Department monitors
         shellfish beds for signs of contamination that pose a health risk
         to the public and has the authority to order closures when
         unsanitary conditions exist.

                   6.   Department of Natural Resources manages most of
         the state's marine and upland property holdings. The properties
         are managed as a public trust. Marine lands are managed for
         maximum public benefit, while uplands are managed to provide
         revenue to the state's schools. The state owns approximately 11
         square miles of harbor area, 140 square miles of shorelands, and
         206 square miles of tidelands. The state also owns the beds of
         all navigable waters (marine lands below mean lower-low water to
         three miles offshore, and navigable lakes and rivers). DNR
         administers aquatic lands under a variety of programs. DKR is

                                        J-14









          authorized to issue leases, rights of way, and easements. It
          also may sell resources from aquatic lands.

                    7.   Department of Transportation, Marine Division
          manages the state's ferry fleet. The director of the Marine
          Division also serves as chair of the State Board of Pilotage
          commissioners which prescribes requirements for pilotage and
          licensing of marine pilots in Washington.

                    S.   Department of Wildlife is given paramount
          responsibility by the Legislature "to preserve, protect, and
          perpetuate all wildlife species" in Washington State - both game
          and non-game.  The Department has primary authority over fresh-
          water fisheries, but also regulates all non-game marine
          invertebrates (e.g. snails and barnacles) and some anadromous
          fish species. It is also the lead state agency with oversight
          responsibility for marine mammals and administers a bald eagle
          protection program. WDW reviews the status of all wildlife
          species in Washington and selects certain species for special
          protection under state law by including them on state endangered
          and threatened species lists. The Department's Habitat
          Administration Program maintains information bases on upland
          habitat, stream habitat, and critical habitat areas. WDW,
          together with the Department of Fisheries, evaluates proposed
          water-side construction projects for impacts to fisheries
          habitats and grants, conditions or denies Hydraulics Permits
          based on its findings. The Department regulates fishing;
          hunting; trapping; transfer, transportation, and importation of
          wildlife; sale of wildlife; and wild land and wildlife
          restoration.

                    9.   Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council includes
          representatives from 13 state agencies. The Council was created
          as a one-stop agency for permitting major energy facilities
          within the state. It is a formal regulatory body which acts as
          the lead agency for the state EIS process for energy facilities,
          conducts quasi-judicial reviews of project proposals, and makes
          formal recommendations for gubernatorial action on these matters.

                    10. Office of Marine Safety was created by the
          Legislature to "provide leadership and coordination in
          identifying and resolving threats to the safety of marine
          transportation and the impact of marine transportation on the
          environment." OMS is responsible for developing standards and
          programs for'oil tank vessel inspection, maritime oil spill
          prevention and response, and safe transport of oil through
          Washington waters. The Office is to provide expert analysis of
          marine transportation issues to the executive and legislative
          branches of government.

                    11. Parks and Recreation Commission provides
          recreation opportunities for Washington citizens, preserves

                                         J-15








        natural heritage areas and conservation areas, and manages 104
        developed park properties. The Commission manages several
        developed state parks in the coastal area for recreation and
        preservation and is the managing agency for the seashore
        conservation area - a recreation zone that protects the Pacific
        Coast beaches of Washington for public enjoyment. The agency has
        three divisions - Administrative Services, Operations, and
        Resources Development - which are responsible for land
        acquisition, park development, scenic rivers, and environmental
        protection programs.

                   12. Puget Bound Water Quality Authority was
        established by the Legislature to develop and oversee a
        comprehensive plan for the restoration and protection of the
        biological health and diversity of Puget Sound waters. The
        Authority also co-manages the Puget Sound Estuary Plan with the
        US Environmental Protection Agency. PSWQA's primary mandate is
        to collect data on the status of the inland waters of Washington,
        monitor water quality in the Sound and adjacent waters, to
        prepare a comprehensive plan to address water quality degradation
        from point source and non-point source emissions, to educate the
        public about threats to watersheds and the marine environment,
        and to coordinate with existing state, federal, and tribal
        authorities to implement and enforce the provisions of the
        comprehensive management plan for the Puget Sound Basin. The
        Director of the Department of Ecology chairs the Puget Sound
        Water Quality Board; however, the Authority maintains a great
        degree of autonomy

        III. FEDERAL JURISDICTION


             A.    Federal Statutes

             Like State authorities, Federal programs vary greatly in
        approach and scope, ranging from fairly broad-based legislation
        for resource conservation and environmental protection (e.g., The
        National Environmental Policy Act and Magnuson Fishery
        Conservation and Management Act) to regulation of specific
        activities and resources.

                   1.  The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS, 33
        USC ï¿½ 1901 et p&q.) The International Convention for the
        Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, and the Oil
        Pollution Act of 1961 have been superseded by the International
        Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
        modified by the 1978 Protocol relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) and
        implemented by the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 1980, as
        amended in 1982, 1987 (APPS). APPS, in implementing Annex I of
        MARPOL 73/78, regulates the discharge of oil and oily mixtures
        from seagoing ships, including oil tankers. APPS, in
        implementing Annex II of MARPOL 73/78, regulates the discharge of
        noxious liquid substances from seagoing ships. Enforcement of

                                       J-16









        the Act is the responsibility of the USCG.
             when more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, any
        discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea from a ship
        subject to APPS other than an oil tanker or from machinery space
        bilges of an oil tanker subject to APPS is prohibited except
        when: 1) the oil or oily mixture does not originate from cargo
        pump room bilges; 2) the oil or oily mixture is not mixed with
        oil cargo residues; 3) the ship is not within a Special Area (the
        study area is not a Special Area for purposes of APPS); 4) the
        ship is proceeding en route; 5) the oil content of the effluent
        without dilution is less than 1000 parts per million (ppm); and
        6) the ship has in operation oily-water separating equipment, a
        bilge monitor, bilge alarm or combination thereof (33 CFR
        151.10(a).
             The restriction on discharges 12 nautical miles or less from
        the nearest land are more stringent. When within 12 nautical
        miles of the nearest land, any discharge of oil or oily mixtures
        into the sea from a ship other than an oil tanker or from
        machinery space bilges of an oil tanker is prohibited except
        when: 1) the oil or oily mixture does not originate from cargo
        pump room bilges; 2) the oil or oily mixture is not mixed with
        oil cargo residues; 3) the oil content of the effluent without
        dilution does not exceed 15 ppm; 4) the ship has in operation
        oily-water separating equipment, a bilge monitor, bilge alarm, or
        combination thereof; and 5) the oily-water separating equipment
        is equipped with a 15 ppm bilge alarm. NOTE: In the navigable
        waters of the U.S., the CWA, section 311(b)(3) and 40 CFR 110
        govern all discharges of oil and oily mixtures (33 CFR 151.10(b).
             A tank vessel subject to APPS may not discharge an oily
        mixture into the sea from a cargo tank, slop tank or cargo pump
        bilge unless the vessel: 1) is more than 50 nautical miles from
        the nearest land; 20 is proceeding en route; 3) is discharging at
        an instantaneous rate of oil content not exceeding 60 liters per
        nautical mile; 4) is an existing vessel and the total quantity of
        oil discharged into the sea does not exceed 1/15,000 of the total
        quantity of the cargo that the discharge formed a par (1/30,000
        for new vessels); 5) discharges, with certain exceptions, through
        the above waterline discharge point; 6) has in operation a cargo
        monitor and control system that is designed for use with the oily
        mixture being discharged; and 7) is outside the Special Areas (33
        CFR 157.37.)
             APPS is amended by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and
        Control Act of 1987 (MPPRCA), which implements Annex V of MARPOL
        73/78 in the U.S. The MPPRCA and implementing regulations at 33
        CFR 151.51 to 151.77 apply to U.S. Ships (except warships and
        ships owned or operated by the U.S.) everywhere, including
        recreational vessels, and to other ships subject to MARPOL 73/78
        while in the navigable waters or the Exclusive Economic Zone of
        the U.S. They prohibit the discharge of plastic or garbage mixed
        with plastic into any waters and the discharge of dunnage, lining
        and packing materials that float within 25 nautical miles of the
        nearest land. Other unground garbage may be discharged beyond 12

                                       J-17








          nautical miles from the nearest land. Other garbage ground to
          less than one inch may be discharged beyond three nautical miles
          of the nearest land. Fixed and floating platforms and associated
          vessels are subject to more stringent restrictions. "Garbage" is
          defined as all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste,
          excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the
          normal operations of the ship and liable to the disposed of
          continuously or periodically except dishwater, graywaters and
          certain substances (33 CFR 151.05).

                    2.    The Clean Air Act (CAA, 42 USC ï¿½ 7401 gt geg.)
          sets general guidelines and minimal air quality standards on a
          nation'wide basis in order to protect and enhance the quality of
          the Nation's air resources. States are responsible for
          developing comprehensive plans for all regions within their
          boundaries. Thus, as noted above, discharges of air pollutants
          over Washington State waters are subject to the control of the
          Washington Air Quality Control Board.
               Per the CAA Amendments of 1990, section 328(a)(1) of the CAA
          provides that the Administrator of the EPA, following
          consultation with the Secretary of the Interior and the
          Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, "by rule, shall
          establish requirements to control air pollution from OCS sources
          located offshore of the States along the Pacific ... Coast ... to
          attain and maintain Federal and State ambient air quality
          standards and to comply with part C of title I ... New OCS sources
          shall comply with such requirements on the date of promulgation.,'

                    3.    The Clean Water Act (CWA, (The Federal Water
          Pollution Control Act) 33 USC ï¿½ 1251 et leg.) was passed by
          Congress to restore and maintain the   chemical, physical, and
          biological integrity of the nation's   waters. To varying degrees,
          navigable waters of the United States, the contiguous zone, and
          the oceans beyond are subject to requirements of the CWA.
               The CWA's chief mechanism for preventing and reducing water
          pollution is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
          (NPDES), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency
          (EPA). Under the NPDES program, a permit is required for the
          discharge of any pollutant from a point source into the navigable
          waters of the United States, the waters of the contiguous zone,
          or ocean waters. Within Washington State waters, EPA has
          delegated NPDES permitting authority to the Washington Department
          of Ecology. Indian Tribes, however, attain permits directly from
          EPA.
               Since oil and gas development pursuant to Federal lease
          sales occur beyond State waters, an NPDES permit from EPA is
          required for discharges associated with this activity. EPA
          generally grants NPDES permits for offshore oil and gas
          developments based on published effluent guidelines (40 CFR Part
          435). Other conditions beyond these guidelines may, however, be
          imposed by the Regional Administrator on a case-by-case basis.
               The CWA prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous

                                          J-18








         substances in quantities that may be harmful to the public health
         or welfare or the environment, including but not limited to fish,
         shellfish, wildlife, and public and private property, shorelines
         and beaches into or upon the navigable waters of the U.S.,
         adjoining shorelines, or into or upon the waters of the
         contiguous zone, or in connection with activities under the outer
         Continental Shelf Lands Act or the Deepwater Port Act of 1974, or
         which may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to,
         or under the exclusive management authority of the U.S., except,
         in the case of such discharges into or upon the waters of the
         contiguous zone or which may affect the above-mentioned natural
         resources, where permitted under the Protocol of 1978 Relating to
         the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
         ships.
              When harmful discharges do take place, the National
         Contingency Plan (NCP) for the removal of oil and hazardous
         substance discharges (40 CFR Part 300), which is designed to
         minimize the impacts on marine resources takes effect. The USCG,
         in cooperation with EPA, administers the NCP. The NCP
         establishes the organizational framework whereby oil and
         hazardous substance spills are to be cleaned up. To carry out
         the NCP, regional plans have been established; the USCG has
         issued such a plan for Federal Region IX which encompasses the
         study area. Under the plan, Coast Guard personnel are to
         investigate all reported offshore spills, notify the party
         responsible (if known) of its obligation to clean up the spill,
         and supervise the,clean-up operation. The Coast Guard retains
         final authority over the procedures and equipment used in the
         cleanup. If the party responsible for the spill does not
         promptly begin cleanup operations, the Coast Guard may hire
         private organizations.
              The CWA also requires that publicly owned sewage treatment
         works meet effluent limitations based on effluent reductions
         attainable through the application of secondary treatment by July
         1, 1977 (33 USC ï¿½ 1311(b)(1)). EPA does have authority, however,,
         to waive the July 1, 1977 deadline for secondary treatment for
         discharges into marine waters under certain circumstances (33 USC
         ï¿½1311(h)). There are no wastewater effluents currently being
         discharged into the Olympic Coast Sanctuary study area. However,
         the Makah Bay Tribe is studying alternatives for discharging
         effluents from a planned sewage treatment facility located at
         Makah Bay.
              Permits from the Army Corps of Engineers, (COE) which are
         based on EPA guidelines, are required prior to the discharge of
         dredged or fill materials into navigable waters that lie inside
         the baseline from which the territorial sea (defined to be three
         nautical miles of shore) is measured and fill materials into the
         territorial sea (33 USC ï¿½ 1344; 40 CFR 230.2).
              Finally, the CWA requires vessels to comply with marine
         sanitation regulations issued by EPA and enforced by the USCG (33
         USC   1322).


                                        J-19









                    4.   The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, 16 USC ï¿½
          1451 gt gM.) was designed to protect the environmental integrity
          of coastal areas by providing for state and local planning and
          management of human alterations to the coastal zone. The Act
          requires that federal actions be consistent with approved state
          coastal management programs. The consistency review provision of
          the law gives states a powerful tool to influence federal
          activities that impact state waters and coastal areas (e.g.
          offshore oil development). The Act is administered by the Office
          of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), National oceanic
          and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Act uses financial
          incentives to encourage states to develop coastal zone management
          plans, then guarantees that all federal activities that directly
          affect a state's coastal zone will have to be consistent with the
          federally approved state coastal programs. In 1976, the State of
          Washington was the first state to have a Coastal Zone Management
          Plan approved under this Act.

                    5.   The Comprehensive Environmental Response,
          compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, 42 USC ï¿½ 9601 et gLeq.),
          whose principal purpose is the cleanup of hazardous waste sites,
          consists of four fundamental elements. First, it creates an
          information-gathering and evaluation system to help Federal and
          state governments categorize hazardous waste sites and prioritize
          responses. Second, CERCLA provides Federal authority to respond
          to releases of hazardous substances. Response actions are
          carried out pursuant to the National Contingency Plan (NCP).
          Third, CERCLA establishes a Hazardous Substance Trust Fund to pay
          for removal and remedial actions and related costs. Finally,
          CERCLA makes persons responsible for hazardous substance releases
          liable for costs of removal or remedial action incurred by the
          Federal or state government; other necessary costs of response
          incurred by others; damages for injury, destruction or loss of
          natural resources; and costs of any health assessment or health
          effects study carried out pursuant to the Act.

                    6.   The Endangered Species Act (ESA, 16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1531
          gt geg.) provides protection for listed species of animals and
          plants in both State waters and the waters beyond. The U.S. Fish
          and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service
          (NMFS) determine which species need protection and maintain a
          list of endangered and threatened species. One of the most
          protective provisions of the Endangered Species Act is the
          prohibition against takings. The term "take" is defined broadly
          to mean "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap,
          capture, collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct" (16
          USC ï¿½ 1532 (19)).   The FWS regulations define the term "harm" to
          mean an act which actually kills or injures wildlife, including
          significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually
          kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential
          behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding or sheltering.
          The regulations define the term "harass" to mean "an intentional

                                         J-20









          or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of
          injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to
          significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include,
          but are not limited to, breeding, feeding or sheltering" (50 CFR
          17.3).
              The ESA also provides for the indirect protection of
          endangered species and their habitats by establishing a
          consultation process designed to insure that projects authorized,
          funded or carried out by Federal agencies are not likely to
          jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened
          species, or "result in the destruction or adverse modification of
          habitat of such species which is determined... to be critical"
          (16 USC ï¿½1536). Critical habitat areas for endangered species
          are designated by the FWS and NMFS. The 1978 amendments to the
          Act establish a Cabinet level committee authorized to exempt
          Federal agencies (through an elaborate review process) from
          compliance with their responsibilities with regard to the
          jeopardy standard and critical habitat..
               Several species of marine mammals found in the study area
          are listed as endangered or threatened species. These include:
          1) sea otter; 2) gray whale; 3) fin whale; 4) right whale; 5) sei
          whale; 6) blue whale; 7) humpback whale; and 8) sperm whale.
               Species of birds listed as endangered or threatened found in
          the study area include: 1) California brown pelican; 2) American
          peregrin falcon; 3) short tailed albatross; 4) Aleutian Canada
          goose; 5) American bald eagle. In addition the State of
          Washington lists the snowy plover as an endangered species, as
          well as the marbled murrelet.

                    7.   The Federal Aviation Act (49 USC ï¿½ 1301 et seg.)
          gives the Secretary of Transportation broad powers to promote air
          commerce and to regulate the use of navigable airspace to ensure
          aircraft safety and efficient use of such airspace. In
          furtherance of the mandate, the FederalAviation Administration,
          within the Department of Transportation publishes aeronautical
          charts which provide a variety of information to pilots,
          including the location of sensitive areas which should be
          avoided.

                    S.   The Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 USC      742a-
          742j; 70 Stat. 119 as amended) Public Law 84-1024 initially
          established the Fish and Wildlife Service under the Assistant
          Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and a Commissioner for Fish and
          Wildlife. The Service consisted of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
          and Wildlife and a Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, each having a
          Director. In 1970, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was
          transferred to the Department of Commerce. The Act was amended
          by P.L. 93-271 to abolish the office of commissioner and
          establish the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under a Director.
          Under this Act, the Secretary is authorized to take such steps as
          may be required for the development, advancement, management,
          conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources

                                         J-21








         including but not limited to research, development of existing
         facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and
         water or interest therein. The Act also authorizes the Service
         to accept gifts of real or personal property for its benefit and
         use in performing its activities and services.

                   9.   The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
         (16.U.S.C. ï¿½ 661 et "e .) authorizes the Secretary of the
         Interior to, among other things: (1) provide assistance to, and
         cooperate with, Federal, State, and public or private agencies
         and organizations in the development, protection, rearing, and
         stocking of all species of wildlife, resources thereof, and their
         habitat, in controlling losses of the same from disease or other
         causes, in minimizing damages from overabundant species, in
         providing public ... fishing areas, including easements across
         public lands for access thereto, and in carrying out other
         measures necessary to effectuate the purposes of this Act; (2)
         make surveys and investigations of the wildlife of the public
         domain,'including lands and waters or interests therein acquired
         or controlled by any agency of the United States'; and (3) accept
         donations of land and contributions of funds in furtherance of
         the purposes of this Act.
              Such areas made available to the Secretary of the Interior
         pursuant to this Act are administered by the Secretary directly
         or in pursuant to cooperative agreements in accordance with such
         rules and regulations for the conservation, maintenance, and
         management of wildlife, resources thereof, and its habitat
         thereon, as may be adopted by the Secretary of the Interior and
         the head of the department or agency exercising primary
         administration of such areas.

                   10. The Magnuson Fishery conservation and Management
         Act (MFCMA, 16 USC ï¿½ 1801 et gAg.) provides for the conservation
         and management of all fishery resources between 3 and 200 nm
         (5.6-370 KM) offshore. The National Marine Fisheries service
         (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce is charged with establishing
         guidelines for and approving fishery management plans (FMPs)
         prepared by regional fishery management councils for selected
         fisheries. These plans determine the levels of commercial, sport
         and tribal fishing consistent with achieving and maintaining the
         optimum yield of each fishery. The waters of the study area are
         within the jurisdiction of the Pacific Fishery Management Council
         (PFMC).
              in addition to non-benthic fishery resources located outside
         state waters, benthic continental shelf fishery resources located
         outside state waters such as crabs and sea urchins are also
         subject to management under the MFCMA. Within Federal waters the
         MFCMA is enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and NMFS. The
         Act empowers the Secretary of Commerce to enter into agreements
         with any State agency for enforcement purposes in State waters.
         Such an agreement exists between the WDF and NMFS whereby both
         parties have been deputized to enforce each other's laws. As a

                                        J-22








         result, PFMC fishery plan enforcement personnel can now enforce
         State law within 3 nm (5.6 km) and State officers can enforce
         Federal laws between 3-200 nm (5.6-370 km).

                  11. The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA, 16 USC ï¿½
         1361 et ge
             -    A.) provides protection to marine mammals in both state
         waters and the waters beyond. It is designed to protect all
         species of marine mammals. As specified in the MMPA, the
         Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and wildlife Service (FWS), is
         responsible for the management of polar bears, walrus (a
         pinniped), northern and southern sea otters, three species of
         manatees, and dugong; and Department of Commerce, National Marine
         Fisheries Service (NMFS), is responsible for all other marine
         mammals. The Marine Mammal Commission advises these implementing
         agencies and sponsors relevant scientific research. The primary
         management features of the Act include: 1) a moratorium on
         "taking" of marine mammals; 2) the development of a management
         approach designed to achieve an "optimum sustainable population"
         (OSP) for all species or population stocks of marine mammals; and
         3) protection of populations determined to be "depleted."
             MMPA defines "take" broadly to include "harass, hunt,
         capture, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or kill
         any marine mammal" (16 USC ï¿½ 1362(12)). The term "harass" has
         been interpreted to encompass acts unintentionally adversely
         affecting marine mammals, such as operation of motor boats in
         waters in which these animals are found. The MMPA allows certain
         exceptions to the moratorium. First, the Secretary may issue
         permits for public display or scientific research. second, the
         Secretary may grant exemptions for takes of small numbers of
         marine mammals incidental to their lawful activities. Third, the
         Secretary may make a special waiver of the moratorium on taking
         for particular species of populations of marine mammals provided
         that the species or population being considered is at or above
         its determined optimum sustainable population. No such waiver,
         however, has been granted concerning any marine mammal found in
         the area under consideration.
             marine mammal species whose population is determined to be
         depleted receive additional protection. Under only limited
         circumstances may permits be issued for the taking of any marine
         mammal determined to be depleted, including but not limited to
         scientific research and enhancing the survival or recovery of a
         species or stock of depleted species. Marine mammals listed on
         the Federal threatened and endangered list include grey, right,
         fin, sei, blue, humpback, and sperm whales, and the northern
         (Stellar) sea lion.
             The 1988 amendments to the MMPA added requirements that
         observers be carried aboard commercial fishing vessels to
         determine levels of incidental take of marine mammals.
         Commercial fishing activities are divided into categories on the
         basis of gear-type and associated levels of potential incidental
         take of marine mammals. For example, Category 1 vessels such as
         gillnetters may have to carry an observer if requested by NMFS

                                       J-23









          and the Secretary of Commerce may place observers on vessels in
          Categories 2 and 3 with the consent of the vessel owner. This
          observerprogram has been in operation since early 1990 and
          although the authority for its management is with the NMFS the
          day-to-day operational management may be delegated to state and
          local authorities.

                    12. The marine Protections Research, and Sanctuaries
          Act (Title 1) (MPRSA, 16 USC 1431 ï¿½ it gM.), also known as the
          Dumping Act, prohibits 1) any person from transporting, without a
          permit, from the US any material for the purpose of dumping it
          into ocean waters (defined to mean those waters of the ocean seas
          lying seaward of the baseline from which the territorial sea is
          measured) and 2) in the case of a vessel or aircraft registered
          in the US or flying the US flag or in the case of a US agency,
          any person from transporting, without a permit, from any location
          any material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters.
          Title I also prohibits any person from dumping, without a permit,
          into the territorial sea or the contiguous zone extending 12
          nautical miles seaward from the baseline of the territorial sea
          to the extent that it may affect the territorial sea or the
          territory of the US, any material transported from a'location
          outside of the US. EPA regulates, through the issuance of
          permits, the transportation for the purpose of dumping, and the
          dumping of all materials except dredged material; COE regulates
          the transportation, for the purpose of dumping, of dredged
          material. The COE permits are subject to EPA review and
          approval. Title I also makes it unlawful for any person to dump
          into ocean waters, or to transport for the purposes of dumping
          into ocean waters, sewage sludge or industrial waste.

                     13. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA, 16 USC ï¿½ 703
          et sea.) The essential provision of the Migratory Bird Treaty
          Act, which implements conventions with Great Britain, Mexico, the
          USSR, and Japan, makes it unlawful, except as permitted by
          regulations, "to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill ... any
          migratory bird, any part, nest or egg" or any product of any such
          bird protected by the Convention (16 USC ï¿½ 703). The Secretary
          of the Interior is charged with determining when, and to what
          extent, if at all, and by what means to permit these activities.
          Each treaty establishes a "closed season" during which no hunting
          is permitted. A distinction is made between game and nongame
          birds. The closed season for migratory birds other than game
          birds is year-round. The game birds found in the study area are
          ducks, geese, mergansers, and brants. As specifically permitted
          by the Act, the Washington Department of Wildlife has
          supplemented this authority with its own regulations (see Fish
          and Game Code Discussion above).

                     14. The National Aquaculture Act (16 USC ï¿½ 2801 et
          geq.), as amended, encourages the development of aquaculture in-
          the US by 1) declaring a national aquaculture policy, 2)

                                         J-24









         establishing and implementing a national aquaculture development
         plan, 3) directing the Department of Agriculture to act as the
         lead federal agency for promoting and assisting aquaculture
         development in the public and private sectors of the economy, and
         4) establishing a National Aquaculture Information Center within
         the Department of Agriculture. The Act primarily instructs USDA
         to collect information through various means on the status and
         needs of the aquaculture industry in the US and prepare
         recommendations to the Congress on actions necessary for the
         growth and expansion of this industry.

                   15. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 42
         USC ï¿½ 4321 et se .) was.enacted "to ensure that environmental
         considerations are considered and weighed appropriately in
         government planning, policy making, and action." NEPA directs
         federal agencies to use an interdisciplinary approach in making
         decisions that may have an impact on the environment.
              In proposing a major federal action that significantly
         affects environmental quality, a federal agency must consult with
         other federal agencies that have jurisdiction over any
         environmental aspect of the proposed action. The agency must
         prepare a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
         describing the anticipated effects of the proposed action, any
         adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided, and
         alternatives to the proposed action. The EIS must discuss the
         relationship between local short-term uses of the environment and
         the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity. It
         must also describe any irreversible and irretrievable resource
         commitments that the proposed action would entail.
              One of the Act's most important features is that it provides
         substantial opportunities for the public to review and comment on
         actions by federal agencies that have significant environmental
         impacts. Federal agencies are required to circulate NEPA
         documents for review and comment to federal, state, and local
         environmental agencies as well as to the President, the council
         on Environmental Quality, and the public. In addition, federal
         agencies are required to hold public hearings in the affected
         area to receive public testimony, and formally respond to all
         comments received on EISs.

                   16. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA1 16
         USC S 470 et se .) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to
         maintain a National Register of "districts, sites,, buildings,
         structures, and objects significant in American history,
         architecture, archeology, and culture."    Sites have been listed
         on the National Register which include or are composed entirely
         of ocean waters and submerged lands within state waters or on the
         Outer Continental Shelf.
              Any federal agency conducting, licensing, or assisting an
         undertaking which may affect a property listed or eligible for
         listing on the National Register must prior to the action take
         into account the effect of the undertaking on the property and

                                        J-25









          provide the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a
          reasonable opportunity.to comment on the proposed action (16 USC
          ï¿½ 470f). The Basic criteria applied by the Council is whether
          the undertaking will change the quality of the site's historic,
          architectural, archeological, or cultural character (36 CFR Part
          800).

                    17. The National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 (16
          USC ï¿½ï¿½ 1, 2-4) established the National Park'Service within the
          Department of Interior to "promote and regulate the use of the
          federal areas known as national parks, monuments, and
          reservations." The Act states that the purpose of national parks
          is to "conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects
          and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the
          same in such manner and by such means as will leave them
          unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." The Olympic
          National Park was established and placed under the governance of
          this act by a legislative amendment of 1938.

                    18. The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration
          Act of 1966 (16 USC ï¿½ï¿½ 668dd-668ee; 80 Stat. 927, as amended)
          Public Law 89-669 defines the National Wildlife Refuge System as
          including wildlife refuge s, areas for the protection and
          conservation of fish and wildlife which are threatened with
          extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management
          areas, and waterfowl production areas. The Secretary is
          authorized to permit any use of an area provided such use is
          compatible with the *major purposes for which such area was
          established. The purchase consideration for rights-of-way go
          into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund for the acquisition of
          lands. By regulation, up to 40 percent of an area acquired for a
          migratory bird sanctuary may be opened to migratory bird hunting
          unless the Secretary finds that the taking of any species of
          migratory game birds in more than 40 percent of such area would
          be beneficial to the species. The Act requires an Act of
          Congress for the divestiture of lands in the system, except (1)
          lands acquired with migratory bird funds may be divested upon
          approval of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission; and (2)
          any lands can be removed from the system by land exchange, or if
          brought into the system by a cooperative agreement then pursuant
          to the terms of the agreement.

                    19. The oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA, P.L. 101-380,
         .33 USC ï¿½ 2701 et m-e-q.) creates a comprehensive prevention,
          response, liability, and compensation regime for dealing with
          vessel and facility-based oil pollution. The OPA provides for
          environmental safeguards in oil transportation greater than those
          existing before its passage by: setting new standards for vessel
          construction, crew licensing, and manning; providing for better
          contingency planning; enhancing Federal response capability;
          broadening enforcement authority; increasing penalties; and
          authorizing multi-agency research and development. A one billion

                                        J-26









         dollar trust fund is available to cover clean-up costs and
         damages not compensated by the spiller.
              Title I creates a liability and compensation regime for
         vessel and facility-source oil pollution. Any party responsible
         for the discharge, or the substantial threat of discharge, of oil
         into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines or the Exclusive
         Economic Zone is liable for the removal costs and damages,
         including assessment costs; for injury, destruction, loss or loss
         of use of natural resources, injury to, or economic losses
         resulting from destruction or real or personal property;
         subsistence use of natural resources, net lost government
         revenues, lost profits or impairment of earning capacity; and net
         costs of providing increased or additional public services during
         or after removal activities. NOAA has the responsibility for
         promulgating damage assessment regulations and following the
         regulations will create a rebuttable presumption in favor of a
         given assessment. Sums recovered by a trustee for natural
         resource damages will be retained in a revolving trust account to
         reimburse or pay costs incurred by the trustee with respect to
         those resources.
              Title II makes numerous amendments to conform other Federal
         statutes, particularly section 311 of the Clean Water Act, to the
         provisions of the Oil Pollution Act.
              Title III encourages the establishment of an international
         inventory of spill removal equipment and personnel.
              Title IV is divided into three subtitles: A) Prevention; B)
         Removal; and C) Penalties and Miscellaneous. Subtitle A gives
         added responsibility to the Coast Guard regarding merchant marine
         personnel, including the review of alcohol and drug abuse and
         review of criminal records prior to issuance and renewal of
         documentation. It also amends the Ports and Waterways Safety Act
         to: require the Coast Guard to "require appropriate vessels
         which operate in an area of a vessel traffic service to utilize
         or comply with that service," and 2) authorize the construction,
         improvement, and expansion of vessel traffic services.
              Further, Subtitle A establishes double hull requirements for
         tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons will be
         required to have double hulls by 2010, while vessels under 5,000
         gross tons will be required to have a double hull or double
         containment systems by 2015. All newly constructed tankers must
         contain a double hull (or double containment systems if under
         5,000 gross tons), while existing vessels are phased out over a
         period of years.
              Subtitle B amends subsection 311(c) of the Clean Water Act,
         requiring the Federal Government to ensure effective and
         immediate removal of a discharge, and mitigation or prevention of
         a substantial threat of a discharge, of oil or a hazardous
         substance into or on the navigable waters, on the adjoining
         shorelines, into or on the waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone,
         or that may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining
         to, or under the exclusive management authority of the U.S. it
         also requires a revision and republication of the National

                                       J-27









          Contingency Plan within one ye ar which will include, among other
          things, a Fish and Wildlife response plan developed in
          consultation with NOAA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
          Nothing in Subtitle B preempts the rights of States to require
          stricter standards for removal action.
               Subtitle C alters and increases civil and administrative
          penalties for illegal discharges and violations of regulations
          promulgated under the Clean Water Act.
               Title VII authorizes an oil pollution research and
          technology development program, including the establishment of an
          interagency coordinating committee that is chaired by Department
          of Transportation and composed of representatives from the
          Departments of Energy, the Interior, Transportation, Commerce
          (including NOAA), and Defense, Environmental Protection Agency,
          Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Aeronautics and
          Space Administration, as well as such other Federal agencies as
          the President may designate.
               Title IX amends the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and
          increases from $500 million to $1 billion the amount that can be
          spent on any single oil spill incident, of which no more than
          $500 million may be spent on natural resource damage, assessments
          and claims.'

                    20. The outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA, 14
          USC ï¿½ 1331 et sea.), as amended in 1978 and 1985, establishes
          federal jurlseiction over the mineral resources of the Outer
          Continental Shelf (OCS) beyond 3 nm (5.6 km) of shore and gives
          the Secretary of Interior primary responsibility for managing OCS
          mineral exploration and development. The Secretary's
          responsibility has been delegated to the Minerals Management
          Service (MMS).
               MMS is charged with supervising OCS oil operations,
          including approval of exploration, development and production
          plans and applications for pipeline rights of way on the OCS.
          Lessees are required to include in exploration, development and
          production plans specific information concerning emissions and
          their potential impacts on coastal areas. Such authority
          includes the enforcement of regulations made pursuant to the
          OCSIA (30 CFR Parts 250 and 256) and the enforcement of
          stipulations applicable to particular leases.
               In unique or special areas, the,MMS may impose special lease
          stipulations designed to protect specific geological and
          biological phenomena. These stipulations may vary among lease-
          sale tracts and sales.
               In addition to DOI, both the Army Corps of Engineers (COE)
          and the US Coast Guard (USCG) have responsibility over OCS
          mineral development to the extent that such development affects
          navigation (43 USC 1333). COE is responsible for ensuring,
          through a permit system, that OCS structures,-including
          pipelines, platforms, drill ships and semi-submersibles do not
          obstruct navigation. USCG assures that structures on the OCS are
          properly marked and that safe working conditions are maintained

                                         J-28











         onboard.

                   21. The Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA, 33 USC ï¿½
         1231 et sea.) as amended by the Port and Tanker Safety Act of
         1978 (and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990), is designed to promote
         navigation and vessel safety and the protection of the marine
         environment. The PWSA applies both in state waters and the
         waters beyond out to 200 nautical miles.
              The PWSA authorizes the U.S. Coast Guard to construct,
         operate, maintain, improve or expand vessel traffic services and
         control vessel traffic in ports, harbors, and other waters
         subject to congested vessel traffic. The Oil Pollution Act of
         1990 amends the PWSA to mandate that the USCG "require
         appropriate vessels which operate in the area of a vessel traffic
         service to utilize or comply with that service." The USCG, in
         conjunction with the Canadian Coast Guard operates a Traffic
         Separation Scheme (TSS) and a Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) in the
         Strait of Juan de Fuca to service the tankers, barges, fishing
         vessels and ferries.
              In addition to vessel traffic control, the USCG regulates
         other navigational and shipping activities. It has promulgated
         numerous regulations relating to vessel design, construction, and
         operation designed to minimize the likelihood of an accident and
         reduce vessel source pollution.
              The 1978 amendments of the PWSA establish a comprehensive
         program for regulating the design, construction, operation,
         equipping, and banning of all tankers using U.S. ports to
         transfer oil and hazardous materials. These requirements are,
         for the most part, in agreement with protocols (passed in 1978)
         to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
         from Ships, 1973, and the International Convention on Safety of
         life at Sea, 1974.
              The USCG is also vested with the primary responsibility for
         maintaining boater safety, including the tasks of conducting
         routine vessel inspections and coordinating rescue operations.

                   22. The Rivers and Harbors Act (33 USC ï¿½ 401 et S&q.)
         prohibits the unauthorized obstruction of navigable waters of the-
         United States. The construction of any structure or any
        .excavation or fill activity in the navigable waters of the U.S.
         is prohibited without a permit from the COE. Section 13 (33 USC
         ï¿½ 407) prohibits the discharge of refuse into navigable waters of
         the U.S., but has been largely superseded by the CWA, discussed
         above.

                   23. The Submerged Lands Act (SLA, 43 USC ï¿½ 1301 et
         sea.) distributes between the states and the federal government
         title to offshore lands and natural resources (including minerals
         and all living resources). The Act grants to the states title
         and ownership of the seabed from the coastline to 3 geographical
         miles (nautical miles) offshore in the Atlantic and Pacific
         Oceans and to 3 marine leagues (approximately 10 miles) in the

                                       J-29 *








          Gulf of Mexico. States thus have "the right and power to manage,
          administer, lease, develop and use the said lands and natural
          resources all in accordance with applicable state law... The
          federal government retains the constitutional right "to regulate
          or improve navigation, (and] to provide for flood control or the
          production of power... 11 within state waters.

                    24. The Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 USC ï¿½ï¿½ 1131-1136;
          78 Stat. 890) directs the Secretary of the Interior to review,
          within ten years every roadless area of 5,000 acres or more and
          every roadless island regardless of size within the National
          Wildlife Refuge System and to recommend to the President the
          suitability of each such area for formal preservation under a
          special act of Congress.
              The Wilderness Act stipulates that management of designated
          areas should be such as to "leave them unimpaired for future use
          and enjoyment as wilderness, and so as to provide for the
          protection of these areas .... 11 To this end, the Act generally
          prohibits any construction of roads or facilities, logging, any
          use of motorized vehicles, motorized equipment or motorboats.
          The Act also provided for termination within designated
          Wilderness areas of any new entry under the Mining Law of 1872
          after December 31, 1983, although valid mineral rights existing
          as of that date are maintained.
              The Act's definition states, in Part that "A wilderness, in
          contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate
          the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth
          and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man
          himself is a visitor who does not remain." Further, the
          definition lists as one of an area's attributes that it "has
          outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and
          unconfined type of recreation." Wilderness is the most
          protective form of designation that can be applied to Federal
          resource lands, given the prohibitions spelled out in the
          authorizing Act.(Siehl, George. 1991. "Natural Resourbe Issues
          in National Defense Programs. Congressional Research Service
          Report for Congress. The Library of Congress.)

               B.   Federal Agencies and Authorities

                    1.   Army Corps of Engineers (COE) must approve any
          plans for development within navigable waters of the United
          States. This authority was granted by the Rivers.and Harbors   Act
          of 1899 and was primarily intended to assure efficient and safe
          commerce through the nation's waters. The review process now
          involves socio-economic and environmental impact reviews. The
          Corps thus has authority over such activities as dredging, ocean
          dumping, offshore oil platform installation, breakwater
          construction, marina construction, harbor development, marine
          outfall installation, etc.

                    2.   Coastal States organization (CSO) promotes the

                                         J-30








         interests of 35 coastal state and territorial governors in United
         States coastal affairs.

                   3.   Department of Commerce (DOC) regulates
         international maritime trade through the sanctuary area.
         However, the Department's most direct influence in the marine
         sector is through the activities of the National Oceanic and
         Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA conducts oceanic and
         atmospheric research and monitoring on.behalf of the federal
         government, charts the nation's coastal waterways, operates the
         National Weather Service, manages fishery resources within the
         nation's 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), provides
         expertise in marine pollution prevention and clean-up,
         administers the federal Coastal Zone Management Program, and
         enforces marine mammal and fishery protection laws. The National
         Marine Fishery Service (NMFS) is the branch of NOAA responsible
         for enforcing US fishery regulations and tracking the health and
         population status of commercial fishery stocks. NMFS also
         inspects seafood products and processing facilities for
         compliance with health standards and enforces the Marine Mammal
         Protection Act.

                   4.   Department of Defense (DOD) conducts on-going
         activities in the sanctuary area - primarily surface and air
         military exercises. Some testing and underwater research is also
         conducted in the area. DOD is exempt from certain regulatory
         requirements due to national security reasons.

                   5.   Department of the Interior (DOI) manages for the
         federal government a significant amount of tidelands and coastal
         uplands abutting the eastern sanctuary boundary. The National
         Park Service manages federal coastal lands on the western Olympic
         Peninsula and the US Fish and Wildlife Service manages all
         coastal islands and rocks in the area. 'The Department has
         complete police power over the lands of the Olympic National Park
         and the Washington Islands National Wildlife Refuge.
              In addition to the above lands, the Department manages all
         submerged lands and mineral resources from 3 nautical miles
         offshore to the edge of the continental shelf. The Minerals
         Management Service has authority to lease federal offshore tracts
         for oil exploration and development; however, the 1992
         reauthorization of the Marine Protection, Research, and
         Sanctuaries Act permanently banned all oil extraction activities
         within the final boundaries of the sanctuary.

                   6.   Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates
         occupational safety and health on commercial offshore structures.
         Through the US Coast Guard, it responds to maritime emergencies,
         inspects vessels, recommends shipping lanes and "areas to be
         avoided" to the International Maritime organization, and
         officiates as on-scene coordinator for oil spills at sea. The
         Coast Guard regulates and administers vessel licensing, maintains

                                        J-31








         aids to navigation, conducts maritime law enforcement, and
         provides coastal defense to the nation. The Coast Guard has
         broad authority to enforce many laws within the marine
         environment, including wildlife protection.

                   7.   Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
         responsible for the control and abatement of pollution in the
         categories of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation, and
         toxic substances. The Agency uses a variety of research,
         monitoring, regulatory and enforcement activities to carry out,
         its mission. It has direct regulatory authority nationwide for
         many aspects of waste treatment and disposal. EPA is the lead
         federal agency for implementing and enforcing the provisions of
         the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. The Agency has
         authority over offshore dredge disposal, marine sewage outfalls,
         point source effluent discharges, air pollution in nearshore
         areas, and hazardous spills on land in the coastal zone.

                   8.  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has
         authority over commercial and civil aviation matters in the
         sandtuary area and regulates such factors as minimum flight
         altitude and landing areas.

                   9.  Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) regulates the
         waterborne foreign and domestic offshore commerce of the United
         States, assures that United States international trade is open to
         all nations on fair and equitable terms, and protects against
         unauthorized, concerted activity in the waterborne commerce of
         the United States. This is accomplished by maintaining
         surveillance over steamship conferences and common carriers by
         water; assuring that only the rates on file with the Commission
         are charged; reviewing agreements between persons subject to the
         Shipping Act of 1984 and-the Shipping Act of 1916; guaranteeing
         equal treatment to shippers, carriers, and other persons subject
         to the shipping statutes; and assuring that adequate levels of
         financial responsibility are maintained for indemnification of
         passengers.

                   10. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
         (NOAA) See Department of Commerce.

                   11. National Park Service (NPS) See Department of
         Interior.

                   12. US Coast Guard (USCG) See Department of
         Transportation.

                   13. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) See
         Department of Interior.





                                       J-32










         ,IV. TRIBAL AUTHORITIES

              A.  Treaty of Neah Bay and the Treaty of Olympia (1855)

              The Stevens Treaties of 1855 include the Treaty of Neah Bay
         (January 31, 1855. 12 Stat. 939) with the Makah Indians and the
         Treaty of Olympia (July 1, 1855. 12 Stat. 971) whose signatories
         include the Quinault, Quileute and Hoh Tribes. These treaties
         secure for these coastal Indian tribes the right to fish and hunt
         in their usual and accustomed fishing grounds. The Treaty of
         Neah Bay included the guaranteed right of the Makah to hunt and
         collect whales in their usual and accustomed harvesting areas.
         The Treaties also secure access to Tribal lands for Treaty
         Tribes.

              The usual and accustomed fishing areas were delineated by
         the Boldt Decision in 1974 which concluded that indian tribes of
         Puget Sound and coastal Washington have the right to an
         opportunity to take up to 50 percent of the total number of
         harvestable salmonids, as well as the right to regulate their own
         fishers (United States v. Washington, 384 F. Supp. 312, 1974).
         All of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary waters are
         designated as Usual and Accustomed Fishing areas.

              Aboriginal and treaty-secured rights can only be abrogated
         if there is clear evidence that Congress actually considered both
         the conflict between its intended action and Indian treaty rights
         and chose to resolve the conflict by abrogating the treaty.
         Regulations which restrict the exercise of treaty-secured hunting
         and fishing rights are lawful only if they are "reasonable and
         necessary" to "prevent demonstrable harm" to a harvested species
         or stock (United States v. Washington, 384 F. Supp. 312,342, 415
         (W.D.Wash. 1974) aff1d, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975) and are the
         least restrictive alternative for achieving this purpose (United
         States v. WAshington, 384 F. Supp. at 342.

         V.   INTERNA.TIONAL AUTHORITIES

              A.  Tne U.S.-Canada Pacific Salmon InterceRtion Treaty
              (Pacific Salmon Treaty)

              The Pacific Salmon Treaty was signed on January 28, 1985 to
         provide a means to manage, conserve and rebuild stocks of the
         five species of salmon that inhabit coastal waters of Oregon,
         Washington, Alaska and Canada. The primary purpose of the Treaty
         is to equitably address the problem of "interceptions" -- that
         is, the harvest of one country's salmon by foreign fishermen.
         The Treaty requires the U.S. and Canada to prevent overfishing
         and to provide for optimum production while ensuring that each
         country receives compensation equal to the salmon originating in
         its waters. The Treaty does not affect or modify existing
         aboriginal rights established by treaty or Federal law.

                                       J-33









              The Treaty established the Pacific Salmon Commission as its
         decision-making body. Implementing the Treaty involves
         international rules, numerous parties and several competing
         interests. The Commission deals with five species of salmon,
         three major commercial gear groups, plus sport and Indian
         fishermen. In addition, the commission deals with four
         governments and various Indian tribes with a treaty right to a
         share of the harvestable fish passing their traditional fishing
         grounds. The Commission itself does not regulate the salmon
         fisheries, but provides regulatory advice and recommendations to
         the two countries. Pursuant to the Treaty, each party is
         required to conduct joint research on migratory and exploitation
         patterns and extent of interceptions. Further, the parties must
         share data on proposed enhancement programs.

              B.   The 1979 Protocol to the Halibut Convention of 1953

              The International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC),
         formerly the International Fisheries Commission (IFC), was
         established in 1923 by a Convention between Canada and the United
         States for the preservation of the Pacific halibut fishery of the
         North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. The Commission's
         authority was gradually expanded and revised by successive
         Conventions: namely the 1930, 1937, and 1953 Conventions. The
         1953 Convention.was amended by the Protocol of 1979. In the
         spring of 1982, the United States passed the necessary
         legislation to give effect to the 1979 protocol and to repeal the
         previous enabling legislation; the amended Northern Pacific
         Halibut Act of 1937.
              The Halibut Convention requires that the Commission allocate
         halibut between U.S. and Canadian fisheries, but in not explicit
         on domestic allocation. The Commission assumed limited
         allocative responsibility, but made allocative decisions only.
         after consulting with representatives of the national
         governments. In 1987, the U.S. National oceanic and Atmospheric
         Administration determined that regional fishery management
         councils should undertake allocating halibut among various
         domestic user groups.
              The Commissions jurisdiction is divided into statistical
         areas or units delineated by lines spaced 60 nautical miles
         apart. The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary lies in
         subarea 2A. Allocation recommendations for area 2A are made   to
         the Secretary of Commerce by the Pacific Fishery Management
         Council (PFMC) for treaty Indian fisheries and non-treaty sport
         -and commercial fisheries. Representatives of the tribes, the
         states of Washington and Oregon, the U.S. government, and the
         IPHC participate in work groups to develop recommendations to   the
         council. council recommendations pass through the IPHC for
         approval. (Trumble, Robert et. al. 1991. "Evaluation of Pacific
         Halibut Management for Regulatory Area 2A).11 Scientific Report
         No. 74. International Pacific Halibut Commission, Seattle
         Washington).

                                        J-34









              C.   Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS)

              The Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS) is
         a maritime traffic control program jointly managed and operated
         by the United States and Canada in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and
         San Juan Island areas. The system is designed to enhance safe
         and expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings
         and collisions, and to minimize risk of property damage and
         pollution to the marine environment. It is operated by the US
         Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard. Vessel Traffic
         Management Centers of the CVTMS monitor ship movements using
         radar and radio equipment and issue directions and warnings to
         control and supervise traffic.
              The CVTMS area is divided into zones, each of which is
         administered solely by the United States or Canada. The
         appropriate Vessel Traffic Management Center administers, within
         its zone, the regulations issued by both nations. Each set of
         regulations applies only to the waters over which the issuing
         nation has jurisdiction and each nation will enforce only its own
         set of regulations. The United States regulations (33 CFR
         161.200-.266) apply in the CVTMS area to 1) each vessel of 30
         meters or more in length and 2) each vessel that is engaged in
         towing alongside or astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more
         vessels or objects, other than fishing gear (where the combined
         length of the vessel and tow exceeds 44 meters, or the vessel or
         tow individually exceeds 19 meters). Participation with CVTMS is
         mandatory for most vessels.
              A critical component of the system is the joint designation
         by US and Canadian authorities of a vessel traffic separation
         scheme to route inbound and outbound traffic. The vessel traffic
         lanes are printed on both US and Canadian navigational charts.
         The Vessel Traffic Management Centers can thus issue instructions
         to keep traffic within the appropriate lanes and reduce
         congestion and the risk of collision.
              The CVTMS - through its use of regulation, vessel
         surveillance, traffic control, and separation lanes - has been
         quite successful in averting collisions and groundings. It also
         contributes valuable assistance during emergency and search-and-
         rescue operations.
















                                        J-35










         APPENRIX K:    MEMORAMUM OF UNDERSTAMING BETWEEN ASSISTANT
                        ADMINISTRATOR FOR FISHERIES AND ASSISTANT
                        ADMINISTRATOR FOR OCEAN SZRVICES AND COASTAL ZONE
                        MRNAGEMENT CONCERNING THE NATIONAL MARINE
                        SANCTUARY PROGRAM









         Memorandum of Understanding between Assistant Administrator for
         Fisheries and Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services au4
         Coastal Zone Xanagement Concerning tho National Marine SauctuaKy
         Proar


















                          Memorandum of Understanding


                                     between



                     Assistant Administrator for Fisheries



                                      and


                Assistant Administrator for Ocean services and
                            Coastal Zone Management


               Concerning the National Marine Sanctuary Program




                                 January 1992















      William W. Fox, Jr.                    John J. Carey
      Assistant Administrator for            Assistant Administrator
        Fisheries                              for Ocean Services and
                                               Coastal Zone Management















                                     AN AGREEMENT






          INTRODUCTION

          The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the National
          Ocean Service (NOS) play important roles in the conservation of
          the Nation's living marine resources. The National Marine
          Sanctuary Program (NMSP) , administered by the Sanctuaries and
          Reserves Division (SRD) of NOS, seeks to identify and conserve
          areas of the marine environment of special national significance
          due to their resource or human-use values through coordinated
          management, research, and monitoring of these areas. NMFS
          conducts research on living marine resources and their habitats,
          seeks to protect marine habitats, and manages fisheries in
          federal waters in collaboration with eight Regional Fishery
          Management Councils ("Councils").

          NMFS and NOS hereby agree to a process by which they can
          collaborate in achieving the goals and objectives of Title III
          of the Marine Protection,, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) ,
          the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA),
          the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Endangered species
          Act (ESA), and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA).


          A.     NOS ROLE

          In order to facilitate NMFS assistancel  NOS agrees to do the
          following in administering the National Marine Sanctuary
          Program:
            1)   Notify and provide NMFS with the opportunity to comment
                 and/or concur at the following stages of the sanctuary
                 designation process:

                 a)   review of the Site Evaluation List (SEL)
                 b)   selection of sites for elevation to Active
                      Candidate status;
                 C)   development of draft and final environmental impact
                      statements and management plans, particularly with
                      respect to the following elements of these
                      documents:

                      i)   consideration of present and potential
                           activities affecting sanctuary resources;
                      ii) evaluation of the adequacy of existing








                             management authorities;
                        iii) evaluation of the manageability of the area and
                             enforceability of managment measures;
                        iv)  assessment of the negative impact of management
                             restrictions;
                        V)   preparation of the resource assessment report;
                        vi)  estimation of enforcement costs.

           2)     Cooperate  with NMFS in the consideration of fishing
                  regulations in proposed national marine sanctuaries by
                  doing the following:

                  a)    Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate
                        status, consult with NMFS regarding the living
                        marine resources, management measures, and living
                        marine resource issues in the sanctuary study area;
                  b)    Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status,
                        request NMFS assistance in briefing the relevant
                        Fishery Management Council(s) regarding the site and
                        the need for fishing regulations at the earliest
                        opportunity and on a continuing basis as required;
                  C)    Request NMFS participation in discussions regarding
                        living marine resource and habitat issues with the
                        site and request that NMFS secure the participation
                        of appropriate representation by the relevant
                        Fishery Management Council (s) ;
                  d)    Provide a reasonable opportunity for comment and
                        seek NMFS concurrence in recommendations to the
                        Secretary regarding findings, determinations, and
                        preparation of regulations as described in 16 U.S.C.
                        1434(a) (5).

           3)     Cooperate with NMFS in the consideration of management
                  measures for species protected by the MMPA and/or
                  the ESA ("protected species") in proposed national marine
                  sanctuaries by doing the following:

                  a)    Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate
                        status, consult with NMFS regarding protected
                        species, existing management measures, and protected
                        species issues in the sanctuary study area;
                  b)    Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status,
                        seek NMFS concurrence in proposing sanctuary
                        management measures for protected species;
                  C)    Request NMFS participation in discussions on
                        protected species and habitat issues in the site;
                  d)    Provide a reasonable opportunity for comment and
                        seek concurrence from NMFS on Secretarial
                        decisions to list activities as subject to
                        sanctuary regulation that may also be subject
                        to regulation under the PIMPA and/or ESA. NOS
                        will cooperate and seek concurrence from NMFS in
                        the preparation of any regulations pertaining to

                                          2










                       such activities.

           4)     In implementing sanctuary management plans, NOS will do
                  the following:

                  a)   Cooperate with NMFS in the preparation of emergency
                       response and contingency plans for national marine
                       sanctuaries as these plans affect living marine
                       resources and habitats of particular concern to
                       species managed under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA;
                  b)   Cooperate with NMFS in the evaluation of management
                       measures in existing national marine sanctuaries in
                       relation to the management of living marine
                       resources under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA;
                  C)   Cooperate with NMFS regarding amendments to the
                       lists of species under the ESA;
                  d)   Review applications for permits issued under the
                       MMPA or ESA for activities that may also be subject
                       to prohibitions in national marine sanctuaries;
                  e)   Grant, condition, or deny permission for proposed
                       activities in national marine sanctuaries under the
                       MPRSA in coordination with NMFS denial,
                       conditioning, or granting of requested permits under
                       the authority of the MMPA or ESA.

          5)      NMFS concurrence or disagreement with NOS recommendations
                  to the Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere
                  described in A (2) (d) and A (3) (d) shall be noted in
                  corresponding memoranda by the Assistant Administrator
                  for Fisheries.

          6)      The NOS transmittal memorandum shall attach any NMFS
                  concurrence or disagreement provided in accordance with
                  section 5 above. NOS shall indicate on the transmittal
                  memorandum a) the amount of time afforded to NMFS for
                  review and response, and b) where disagreement is
                  indicated, reference to an attached statement of the
                  reasons therefor as provided by NMFS.
          7)      NOS will cooperate with NMFS in insuring that recovery
                  plans for species listed under the Endangered Species
                  Act. conservation plans under the Marine Mammal
                  Protection Act, fishery management plans, and sanctuary
                  management plans are mutually supportive to the greatest
                  extent possible.








                                         3










            B.     NMFS ROLE

            In carrying out its role, NMFS agrees to do the following:-

            1)     Cooperate with and provide information and
                   recommendations to NOS at the stages of the sanctuary
                   designation process identified in item A(l).
            2)     Cooperate with NOS in the consideration of fishing
                   regulations in proposed national marine sanctuaries by
                   doing the following:

                   a)   Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate
                        status, provide NOS with information regarding  the
                        living marine resources, managment measures, and
                        living marine resource issues in the sanctuary study
                        area;
                   b)   Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status,
                        assist NOS in briefing the relevant Fishery
                        Management Council(s) regarding the site and the
                        need for fishing regulations at the earliest
                        opportunity and on a continuing basis as required;
                   C)   Participate in discussions regarding living marine
                        resource and habitat issues with the site;
                  d)    Consult with NOS on its recommendations to the
                        Secretary regarding findings, determinations, and
                        preparation of regulations as described in 16 U.S.C.
                        1434(a)(5).

           3)     Cooperate with NOS in the consideration of management
                  measures f or species protected by the ESA and/or MMPA
                   ("protected species") occurring in proposed sanctuary
                  sites by doing the following:

                  a)    Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate
                        status, provide NOS with information regarding the
                        protected species, existing management measures, and
                        protected species issues in the sanctuary study
                        area;
                  b)    Participate in discussions with NOS regarding
                        protected species and habitat issues with the site;
                  C)    If the Secretary decides to list as subject to
                        sanctuary regulation activities that may be subject
                        to regulation under the MMPA and/or ESA, dooperate
                        with NOS in the preparation of any regulations
                        pertaining to such activities.
           4)     In assisting NOS in the implementation of sanctuary
                  management plans, NMFS shall do the following:
                 a)     Cooperate with Nos in the preparation of emergency
                        response and contingency plans for national marine

                                           4








                       sanctuaries as these plans affect living marine
                       resources and habit'ats of particular concern to
                       species managed under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA;
                  b)   Cooperate with NOS in the evaluation of management
                       measures in existing national marine sanctuaries in
                       relation to the management of living marine
                       resources under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA;
                  C)   Consult with NOS regarding amendments to the lists
                       of species under the ESA;
                  d)   Provide NOS with copies of applications for permits
                       issued under the ESA and MMPA for activities that
                       may occur in national marine sanctuaries;
                  e)   Issue, condition, or deny requested permits under
                       the authority of the ESA or MMPA in coordination
                       w
                        ith NOS denial, conditioning or granting permission
                        i
                       for proposed activities in national marine
                       sanctuaries under the MPRSA.

          5)      In cooperation with NOS, periodically brief the relevant
                  Fishery Management Councils regarding the national marine
                  sanctuary program.




































                                          5        U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1 993-qMSSSM41 00


















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