[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



                                                                              Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                                                                                  Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                                                                               December 1990





















                                                                                                   .. ..... ........                                        . ....... . ...
                                                                                            ........... . ...... .
                                                                                ...         ... ... ....
                                                                                                                 ..............
                                                                                .... .... . .        .........
                                                                                                                                                       . . . ......

                                                                                                                                          . . .... .. .....
             5E

                                                                                                                                        . ................ ...  .......................................
                                                                                                                                                                . ....... . .
                                                                                                                                         ....... .. . ......... ......
                                                                                                                                        . ............................................. .... .. . ..
                                                                                                                                         ........ .. .. ... .. . .. . . .. .
                                                                                                                                          .... . . . . .   ............      *"








                                                                                  Jean Ulock Fark
                                                                                  "0
                                                                                                    Master Plan)
                                                                                           Benton Harbor, Michigan/





                                      QH
                                      91.75
                                      M5
                                      J43
                                      1990
                                                                                                   The Troyer Group, hie.
                                                                                              Goshen & MLshawaka, Indiana






                                Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                         Benton Harbor,    Mchigan
                                              December    1990













                                    Table ofContents













                                         US DepartMent of Commerce
                                                            c ,-c- L@-"L-;TarY
                                                     ervices
                                    NOAA Cc,-.,-, stal S, i
                                           2234 SoutIl Hobson Aye
                                           Charlesta-14 SC 29405-2413



                                 This document was prepared in part through finarcial
                                 assistance provided by the Office Of
                                 Coastal Resource Management, Natior@i:
                                                                           by
                                 and Atmospheric Administration autric;iL
                                 the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.


                                          The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                       Goshen & Wshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                                  2

                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                              Benton 11wrbor, Mchigan
                                                    Decerritber 1990


                  Table of Contents                                 1
                  Credits - Project Team                            3
                  Executive Summary                                 5
                  Introduction                                      8
                  General Park Description                          10
                         Location and Region                        11
                         Surrounding Land Uses                      11
                         Demographics & Market      Information     12
                  Site Analysis and Existing Conditions             13
                         Description of the Process                 14
                         Archaeological Review                      14
                         Biological Review                          14
                         Landscape Architectural Review             15
                  Maps                                              19
                         Park Location                              20
                         Park Boundaries                            21
                         Natural Conditions                         22
                         Endangered and Threatened Species          23
                         Vehicular Circulation and Access           24
                         Jean Klock Park Master Plan                25
                  Program                                           26
                         Past Development Plans                     27
                         Potential Attractions                      27
                         Design Charette Results                    28
                         Phase 1                                    31
                         Phase 11                                   33
                         Phase 111                                  34
                         PhaseIV                                    34
                         Attendance Goals                           35
                         User Fees                                  36
                         Construction Cost   Estimates              37
                  Development Process                               39
                         Implementation Schedule                    40
                         Funding Sources                            41
                  Management Plan                                   42
                         Management Structure                       43
                         Staffing Requirements                      44
                         Operating Expenses                         45
                         Capital Improvements                       46
                         Non-Reverting Capital    Fu nd             47
                         Revenue Potential                          48
                         Maintenance Standards                      49
                         Accountability                             49
                  Public Hearing                                    50
                         Summary of Comments                        51
                  Supporting Documents                              52


                                               The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                      Decernber 1990








                                 Project Team























                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & MLshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                               4

                               Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                       Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                            December 1990



               Pro*ect Team:

               Roland Klockow, P.E., Benton Harbor City Engineer
               Gerald R. Phipps, P.E., The Troyer Group, Inc.
               David C. Brown, AIA The Troyer Group, Inc.
               Kevin J. Fry, ASLA, The Troyer Group, Inc.
               Jim F. New, Biologist, J.F. New & Associates
               William M. Cremin, Ph.D., Professor of Archaeology, Western Michigan
                           University
               John E. Peck, Ph.D., Quantach Research Associates

               Charette Participants:

               Glen Yarbrough, Parks Director, City of Benton Harbor
               Fred Sims, Commissioner, City of Benton Harbor
               Jim Howard, Planning Assistant, Southwestern Michigan Commission
               Cathie Cunningham, Coastal Management Program, Michigan Dept. of Natural
                     Resources
               Jim Ribbens, Coastal Management Program, Michigan Dept of Natural
                     Resources
               Walelign Wagaw, Grants Coordinator, Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources,
                     Recreation Division
               Gale Jackson, Environmental Consultant, J.F. New & Associates
               Tom Post, Botanist, J. F New& Associates






















                                       The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                     Goshen & MLshawaka, Indiana






                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mcbigan
                                     December 1990









                           Executivc., Summary






















                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & MLshawaka, Indiana






                                  dean Klock Park Master Plan
                                           Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                 Deceniber 1990




                 Executive Summary

                 The mission of Jean Klock Park is to serve as a place of leisure for the local
                 community. Leisure shall mean both active and passive recreation taking
                 advantage of the site's natural assets. Secondarily, in the process of
                 accomplishing this, it is hoped that the Park will attract tourists from out of town.

                 Jean Klock Park has fallen into disrepair and is currently underused.

                 An analysis of existing conditions found:

                        - An archaeological site with artifacts from the time of the birth of Christ.
                        - Facilities are vandalized and in poor condition.
                        - Two sensitive ecological environments are in good condition.
                        - There is no clear idea of who uses the Park, when they use it, and if they
                              pay.
                        - The entrance and image is depressing and foreboding.

                 The.Park represents a significant potential asset for the community:

                        - It is Benton Harbor's only lakefront property.
                         It contains more than 3000 feet of beachfront with a market value in the
                              millions of dollars.
                        - It represents both an educational and recreational resource.

                 The community has two options:
                        1 .   Find a 'way to realize the economic value of this asset. (There are
                              significant legal hurdles to be overcome.)

                        2.    Develop and utilize the recreational / educational value of the Park.














                                            The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                          Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                                     Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                              Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                     Deceniber 1990


                  Developing and utilizing the Park is to be done is phases:

                         Phase I        Physical development includes: beach enhancement, dunes
                                        restoration, upgrading facilities, security fencing, new picnic
                                        facilities, observation towers, utility and road improvements to
                                        bring the Park back to a functional state. Program
                                        improvements, major event planning, and administrative
                                        restructuring are also included in Phase 1. Phase I Total:
                                        $562,400.00.

                         Phase 11       Physical development includes: acquisition of wetland
                                        properties along the Paw Paw River, small boat launch along
                                        the Paw Paw River, an Interpretive Center at the current Jean
                                        Klock Park site, and the restoration of the railroad bridge at the
                                        confluence of the Paw Paw and St. Joseph Rivers. Phase /I
                                        Total: $ 2,284,200. 00.

                         Phase III      Physical development includes: a Conference and Retreat
                                        Center at the northernmost portion of the lakefront.
                                        Phase I// Total: $755,500.00.                                1

                         Phase IV       Physical development includes: a Great Lakes Aquarium on
                                        the current Jean Klock Park site. Phase IV Total:
                                        $3,528,900-00.

                  The success of this plan is based upon increased use of the Park by everyone.
                  Increased use will not happen magicall, . It will happen through investment, hard
                                                           Y
                  work, and positive image. Without a change in image there is little chance that this
                  dream, this plan, will ever become a reality.

















                                               The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mehigan
                                     December 1990










                                  Introduction


























                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                                                        9

                                            Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                                        Benton Haxbor, AUchigan
                                                               Decerriber 1990


                      Purpose of the Master Plan

                      The Master Plan for Jean Klock Park has been undertaken in an effort to reassess
                      existing facilities and set priorities for the future of this Park. A comprehensive
                      review of this Park's natural resources, recreational facilities, and management
                      concerns is necessary in order to address the varied issues affecting the current
                      planning needs of the Park.

                      The Master Plan is to be used for several purposes. It will serve as a basis for
                      decisions on resource management, and recreation development. The plan will
                      also serve as a guide for long-range budgeting by documenting the costs of
                      proposed improvements, new facilities, and other management needs. It will be
                      used as an information base for future i lanning and will serve as a source of
                                                                       lp
                      reference to the public.

                      Master Planninci Process

                      The following chart represents the steps involved in the master planning process:



                      INVENTORY&                 ANALY                 YNTHESIt            MASTER            IMPLEMENT
                      RESEARCH                                                               LAN            MASTER PLAN




                                   j
                      History                    Development         Objectives              Recommended
                                                 Potentials                                  Plan
                      Natural  Resources'        LimitI atlor is     __&%velopment           Cost
                                                                     0, tions                Estimates
                                                                       lp

                      Existing Facilities        Opportunities         oncepts &             Public
                                                                      FZslbillty             Review
                                                                  E_
                      Surrounding                Needs
                      Land Use



                      Park Visitor
                      Characteristics







                      The planning process provides a rational approach to decision                    making and
                                                                                               S T :ER      IMP   LEh
                                                                                    @@LAN                        T
                                                                                                         CMAS El










                      provides the format for the Master Plan document.

                                                        The Troyer Group, Enc.
                                                     Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan                            10
                                 Benton Harbor, Mehigan
                                     December 1990









                       General Park Description





















                                 The Troyer Group, Lac.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                                   Jean Klock Park. Master Plan
                                            Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                  Deceniber 1990


                 General Park Description

                 Jean Klock Park is located in southwestern lower Michigan in the City of Benton
                 Harbor. The Park property was donated to the City in 1917 by the Klock family in
                 remembrance of their daughter Jean who died before her first birthday. The Park is
                 located in Berrien County Michigan, and the Park serves both Benton Harbor and
                 St. Joseph, as well as the surrounding communities.

                 Jean Klock Park is a 76 acre property on Lake Michigan with approximately 3000
                 feet of beachfront, which makes this Park a significant community resource. There
                 are open and wooded sand dunes, and wetlands on the property at an oxbow of
                 the Paw Paw River. The dunes are in good condition and have recovered from
                 overuse in past years. This Park is unique because the wetlands and dunes
                 environments are in close proximity to each other. The property is quite valuable as
                 an outdoor classroom and laboratory because of this.

                 The Park currently has a significant image problem. This is partly due to
                 underfunding and maintenance practices that have not kept up with vandalism.
                 The image problem has resulted in underutilization, with Park attendance between
                 four and seven thousand for the entire season. For a resource of this significance,
                 attendance in the hundreds of thousands would not be unreasonable. In some
                 ways the Park appears to be abandoned.

                 Surrounding Land Uses

                 The land uses surrounding Jean'Klock Park are significant when looking at what
                 can be done, and how surrounding residents will be affected by its development.
                 There is a residential subdivision to the North called Higman Park Subdivision,
                 which is on a knoll overlooking the Park. There is also residential land use on
                 Lake Michigan at the beachfront South of the Park and South of the Water Plant. A
                 Michigan Highway #63 interchange forms the East boundary of the Park. Lake
                 Michigan forms the West boundary of the Park. An abandoned industrial property
                 formerly known as the Ausco Plant lies Southeast of the Park. This site is a
                 suspected toxic waste dump.













                                            The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                          Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                        12

                                 Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                          Benton Harbor, Wchigan
                                                Decentber 1990


                Demographics and* Market Information

                The Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area is an important recreation and
                tourism center for the State of Michigan. Berrien County ranks 1 3th of Michigan's
                83 counties in the the total dollar expenditures generated by travelers. Berrien
                County is also rated 8th of Michigan's 83 counties as a location for temporary
                residents in the state. The population in Berrien County is projected to rise by
                approximately eight percent in the nexttwenty years. The primary market for the
                Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area which includes Berrien County is
                168,000. This is the local population from which repeat use of the Park would take
                place. The secondary market, or trade area,that is influenced by this resource has
                a population of 986,800. This population comes from a large area incorporating
                seven counties: Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, Van Buren counties in Michigan;
                LaPorte, Porter, and St. Joseph counties in Indiana. It is important to note that
                tourist dollars accounted for an impact of $120,000,000 in Berrien County in 1986.
                (See Supporting Documents for entire Economic Analysis).



























                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                        Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan                             13
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                      December 1990-








                              Site A-malysis and
                           Existing Conditions



















                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                 Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                            14
                                          Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                Decerrtber 1990



                A thorough analysis of the existing environments, both natural and man-made is
                necessary to adequately program future uses and conserve and protect sensitive
                environmental areas. These significant natural resources are analyzed to uncover
                their potential for preservation, interpretation, and recreation development. These
                resources include topography, geology, soils, water, vegetation, and wildlife. Also,
                existing man-made elements are studied to identify their impact and potential as far
                as programming park usage.

                The team assembled for the site analysis and the environmental analysis included
                archaeologists, wetlands biologists, botanists, environmental consultants, and
                landscape architects. In this way, pre-historic and historic features were analyzed.
                Sensitive environmental areas and threatened and endangered species were
                identified, and man-made elements were analyzed, as well as the human impact
                on this property.

                Archaeolociical Review

                A Phase I Archaeological Records Search, which included test digging was
                conducted by Dr. William Cremin of Western Michigan University. Although the
                Jean Klock Park site has had extensive alteration of natural landforms in historic
                times, one arch aeo logically significant site was discovered. Thirty-seven artifacts
                were located in a 60 meter square area near the City Pump Station, at the base of
                a bluff near what was once the edge of -the Paw Paw River. These artifacts are
                thought to be of the Middle Woodland Period (1 OOBC- 400AD). The site has been
                identified as Jean Klock Park Site (20BE413). See Dr. Cremin's full report in
                Supporting Documents. It is anticipated that a Phase 11 Archaeological dig will be
                conducted to further establish the significance of this site.

                Biologists' Review

                The biologists' analysis of this property identified natural systems present using a
                variety of tools . The Jean Klock Park site contains a number of ecosystems: the
                beach, open graminoid sand dunes, wooded dunes, upland areas, cattail marsh,
                marsh, wetlands, and old river channels. The Parks greatest asset other than the
                beach is the fact that a dunes ecosystem'and a wetlands ecosystem are in very
                close proximity to each other. This asset makes this Park ideal for environmental
                education and an open-air laboratory and classroom. The great challenge on this
                Park property will always be protecting these sensitive environments while
                allowing for human use and controlling that use to minimize damage.









                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana
                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.





                                                                                                                 15

                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                              Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                    Decernber 1990


                  Two general areas comprising the majority of the site are particularly sensitive to
                  human impact. The sand dunes and the wetlands on this property are of a level of
                  quality that they require protection from overuse. Their importance as a resource
                  cannot be overestimated. At the same time, the possibility of significant damage by
                  overuse by humans must also be taken into account. The sand dunes in particular
                  can suffer tremendous damage if human impact is not controlled. With enough foot
                  traffic, the vegetative cover dies, and the dune is opened up to wind erosion.
                  Significant scouring and blowholes develop, and the character of the Park is
                  changed in a very short period of time. Also, there were three endangered and
                  threatened plant species encountered on the Park property: Rose-pink (Sabatia
                  angularia), Swamp Rosernallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), and the Trailing Wild
                  Bean (Strophostyles helvola).

                  It is the opinion of the biologists that human interaction with these sensitive
                  environments be controlled so that the resource is conserved and protected. At the
                   ame time, the possibility must exist for human interaction with these environments.
                  To accomplish this goal, it will be important to minimize foot traffic by providing
                  S

                  paved surfaces where possible, and elevated stairs and decks to keep foot traffic
                  up off the sand dunes, so that it will be possible for people to reach the top of the
                  dune to experience the panoramic views without damaging vegetation. Similarly,
                  for people to interact and react with the wetlands environment, it will be important to
                  construct a boardwalk of some sort that will allow people to penetrate the wetland
                  without impacting it or damaging it.

                  By allowing Park visitors to experience these environments, the possibility for
                  educating the public as to how sensitive these environments are, and why they are
                  worth protecting is enhanced. The resource has a better chance of being
                  preserved.

                  Landscape Architects' Review

                  Project landscape architects went to Jean Klock Park to review the man-made
                  elements, and made an assessment in response to the future usage of these
                  elements for park and recreation use.

                  Juvenile Play
                  The existing tot lot at the Park is at this time in poor condition, which does not
                  facilitate its usage. Most of the play equipment is at least partially buried in the
                  sand , making it unusable. This tot lot is located in what was once the foredune. It
                  is important for opportunities for juvenile play to take place at the Park, but
                  apparently this is not the best location for this equipment.







                                               The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                           16

                                  Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                           Benton Harbor, Mchicran
                                                 December 1990
                 Hard Surface Sports                                                      for
                 The Park has an existing tennis court which also functions as a half court
                 basketball.
                 The surface of this court is cracked and has had some settling. The playing surface
                 is not level, which makes the court unsafe for play. The settling in particular
                 increases the possibility for injury. There were no nets for either sport at this court.
                 It appears that at one time there had been fighting, but there are no fixtures present
                 at this time.

                 Water Sports
                 Water sports at Jean Klock Park appear to be limited to recreational swimming.
                 Other water sport usage was not observed. There were some boaters in the area,
                 but it was not apparent that they were using the Park to drop anchor and swim.

                 Participant Involvement
                 The activities observed mainly in site visits centered around swimming and
                 sunbathing, and some people walking C-1 dog. A number of people were observed
                 using the Park in a passive way. Many sat in their cars to watch others swimming
                 and sunbathing, or talking to each other-, or reading. No other activity was
                 observed.


                 Winter Activities
                 There is no evidence at this time of any facilities for winter activities at this Park site.
                 It is important to note that the winter climate on this site would be particularly hostile
                 with wind off the lake and lake-effect snows, making this Park difficult to use in the
                 winter time.


                 Outdoor Education
                 No formal facilities such as a nature center or educational signage is evident.
                 There are no obvious walking paths seen during site visits.

                 Unstructured Quiet Activities
                 Jean Klock Park has no apparent areas designated for unstructured quiet activities.
                 There were no facilities such as picnic tables or pavilions which might invite these
                 kinds of activities.

                 Outing, Sports, and Activities
                 Historically, large groups have used this park for family reunions and baptismal
                 services. It is important to note that there is no formal gathering space for such a
                 group to assemble.

                 Drinking Water
                 The only water fountains observed at this site occur at the bathhouse.





                                            The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                          Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                     Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                  17
                                              Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                     Deceniber 1990


                  Sanitary Facilities
                  The existing bathhouse contains restrooms for public use. This building is in need
                  of extensive repair. The roof needs repair or replacement, there are windows
                  missing, and a number of the fixtures have been damaged or destroyed. It will be
                  important in the future to maintain these facilities, and make sure repairs are made
                  immediately for this Park to be successful.

                  Showers
                  There are showers located at the bathhouse. They don't appear to be in good
                  condition. It was not known if these fixtures were operable.

                  Protection from Weather
                  There are no shelters other than the bathhouse existing in the Park. The
                  bathhouse is not large enough to accommodate a large crowd in the event of a
                  sudden storm.

                  Activity Lighting
                  Lighting for specific activities has not been observed. There is some security
                  lighting along the boulevard along the beach.

                  Safety Supervision
                  Each time the Project Team visited the Park, there was no life guard on duty, and
                  no sign posted "Swim at Your Own Risk". There is also no evidence of any sort of
                  beach patrol or park management. In -the future, safety supervision will become an
                  increasingly important issue especially when Park usage increases.

                  Facility Maintenance
                  As stated before, the bathhouse is in desperate need of repair. There does not
                  appear to be evidence of regularly scheduled maintenance. From discussions
                  with the City Parks Department it is understood that there is an underfunding
                  problem that makes this Department unable keep up with maintenance. The need
                  for maintenance is increased due to vandalism which results from a lack of security.

                  Accessibility
                  Accessibility to Jean Klock Park appears to be limited to vehicles. The Park is
                  located in such a way that pedestrian access particularly by children is not
                  necessarily safe. It is apparent that public transportation to the site is not available.

                  Communications
                  Communications equipment such as telephones are lacking in the Park. Access to
                  telephones in an emergency situation will need to be considered as the Park
                  begins to develop.






                                               The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                             Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                 18
                                              Benton H&rbor, hfichigan
                                                    Decernber 1990


                  Seating
                  A great number of the benches along the boulevard at the Park are missing backs
                  and seats. This is another area where maintenance has not taken place. Once
                  again this has been a funding issue, not necessarily a reflection on the ability of the
                  Parks Department to maintain their facilities.

                  Electrical Lines
                  The electrical lines to the security lights; along the boulevard have overhead wiring.
                  This type of wiring is extremely unsafe, because it might be possible for someone
                  to jump from the dune into the wiring, oi- fall into the wiring. It was also observed
                  that some disconnected wiring loose on the ground. All wiring should be in
                  underground conduit in public areas to minimize the possibility of injury or death.

                  Security
                  There is now no apparent way to secure this park property from the public after
                  hours. Historically, this has meant vandalism and abusive use by people who
                  enter the Park after 1 Opm and destroy benches and restroom facilities. It is
                  impossible with the current funding situation for the City of Benton Harbor to
                  continue to maintain facilities or replace items that have been destroyed if there is
                  no means to secure this property. Park security will become an increasingly
                  important issue as the number of Park users grows. Security fencing will be a first
                  step in controlling access to this park. It may become apparent later on that
                  security officers will be needed.

                  M-63 Interchange
                  This interchange, which forms the East boundary of the Park, is poorly maintained
                  and contributes to the abandoned look of the area. The pavement and the
                  guardrails are not maintained, and the mowing of the interchange is infrequent.
                  This interchange is the "front door" of the Park, and will always contribute to the
                  Park's image. The need for improved conditions in this area is clear.

                  In summary, the overall condition of this Park as far as man-made features are
                  concerned causes one to wonder if this-, Park has been abandoned for a number of
                  years. The dunes sand that has been removed from the roadway has been piled
                  along the streets far from the beach, which makes visibility a problem. The difficulty
                  in maintaining the man-made facilities also contributes to the appearance of the
                  Park being abandoned. One of the greatest concerns after reviewing this Park is
                  helping to improve the image of Jean @Jock Park in such a way that people will be
                  attracted to using this Park, and feel safe in doing that. In the same way, additional
                  facilities are needed to increase use of the Park. Things like picnic shelters, tables,
                  grills, and various elements that enhance the use of the beach in particular are
                  needed.









                                                               waka, Indiana
                                              The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mfsha



                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan                             19
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                      December 1990









                                        Maps






















                                  The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana














                                              Wisconcin                                                                 Lake Huron


                                                                                                                                            Cana
                                                         Gr n Bay



                                                                                               Michigan



                                                                             Lake                Gran       Flint
                                                            Mllwauk,ee     Michigan              Rapids      Lansing                        Lake
                                                                                                                 Detrot                     Er ie

                                                                                          Benton                          v
                                                                                          Harbor
                                                                Chi ago
                                                                                        10 So h Bend                   Toledo                Clevela
                                                                                  60 miles
                                                          Illinois            Gary                                                 Ohio
                                                                                           Ft. Wayne
                                                       Peoria                 100 Miles

                                                                                       Indiana
                                                                           0                                                 1* Columbus

                                                                                               Indianapolis



                                                                                                                 Cincinnati



                                                 St Louis


















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        . . . . . . . . . . . .










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ki.             a.:!












                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -AY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ............






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ...........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     io



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      'AN?






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ........ . . . ....



























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ...                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .........








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .. .... .....































                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ......... .








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   91 - 1,



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ...........





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                . .....         ....





















                                                                                                                                       .... ........


























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               -m-N



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       4G IV






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ...............







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  .. ................

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          op ..... ..........                     ..... .. ....

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ld
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ... ix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AM.










                                                                                                                                                                        I d.








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Zi@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        WPM




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                i:.:





































































                                                                   ........... ...

                                                                   rm


                                                   . . ........ ... .. .... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                ... . ............
                                                 m/   ..........
                                                  ....... ......

                                                                                                                    i:K








                                     . ... . .....
                    mom





















                                                                                                                                                   FMURANTI
                                                                                                                                                   :.NFER@C











                                                                                                                                       "IN









                                                                                                                                                'LOW",


                                                                                                           FORE DUSE;@
                                                                           LAKE MICHIGAN


                                                                                                                                                                             z

                                                                                                                                    U                        .FNTE






                                                                                            BEACH                                                                                       P, D
                                                                                                    C A



                                                                                                                                                                                                  T Y
                                                                                                                                   CiT,


                                                                                                                                                                                                              v.?w -
                                                                                                                                                                                                              04,:;


                                                                                                  MM
                                                                   FORZ DUME                                                                                                                DECX



                                                                                       cp-

                                                                                             -Ou


                                                                                                                                                                     A@                                  45-




                                                                                                                                                                         1-cl, )A"
                                                                                                         OPEN AREA
                                                                                                                            tp                                                                f_
                                                       (goo
                                                                                                                             P
                                                                                                                                    SE


                                                                                                                                                              cc)
                                     100
                                                                                                             u Ire,





                                                                                26

                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                     December 1990










                                     Program





















                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                                 27

                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                              Benton Uwrbor, Mchigan
                                                    DeceTrtber 1990


                  Review of Past Development Plau

                  The Planning Team has reviewed plans for Jean Klock Park that were started as far
                  back as 1935. Numerous uses have been suggested for this property. Everything
                  from re-routing the Paw Paw River to flow directly to Lake Michigan through the
                  Park, to different active recreation items like miniature golf, tennis, amphitheaters,
                  and interpretive centers. A number of the plans have not paid close attention to
                  environmental concerns, in fact some of them were relying on significant alteration
                  of the site and the reestablishment of the vegetation to stabilize the dunes after they
                  have been moved and altered. The thing that comes to mind in reviewing this park
                  property is the fact that very little of this property is developable if the sand dunes,
                  the beach and the wetlands are preserved. For that reason, a number of the past
                  uses that have been proposed are most likely inappropriate for this site. In
                  summary, a number of the former plans for the Park proposed considerable human
                  impact on the environment, and the destruction of some of the sensitive
                  environments on the site. This property, will always require a generous amount of
                  sensitivity in the use of the Park and maintaining the natural resources that are
                  available.


                  Potential Attractions

                  Part of the program for the Master Plan process was researching potential regional
                  attractions that would have a tendency to draw from the secondary market of a
                  seven county area. This part of the study was done simultaneously with the
                  environmental assessment. The team look a look at several options, including:
                  zoos, aquariums, botanic gardens, theme parks, water parks, and outdoor drama.
                  It is now the opinion of the team that a number of these uses would not be
                  appropriate at the Jean Klock Park site as it stands today. Some of these regional
                  attractions would require much larger areas than are available on this site. This
                  does not mean that these attractions are not suitable for Benton Harbor. What it
                  does mean is that if these attractions were to occur as part of Jean Klock Park, they
                  would need to be located on property now outside of Park boundaries.

                  The fundability of these regional attractions has been a concern in view of the
                  current financial status of the City of Benton Harbor. Attractions like theme parks,
                  water parks, or outdoor drama would need to be financed by a developer, with the
                  City leasing the property to the developer. In that respect, these are viable options,
                  if more property were to become available. Zoos, aquariums, and botanic gardens
                  can be combined quite easily. Financing this type of development will require a
                  partnership between business, the public, as well as the City. These regional
                  attractions require a great deal of aggressive fund raising, foundation and
                  endowment creation, corporate sponsorship, environmental group sponsorship,
                  special events, and public support in addition to gate receipts to reach a break-
                  even status. Many of these facilities operate at a deficit, and for that reason this
                  type of attraction is not recommended at this time.



                                               The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                    28

                                Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                         Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                              Deceniber 1990




                Design Charette Results

                On October 30, 1990, the Project Team along with representatives of the City of
                Benton Harbor met to discuss the mission and goal of Jean Klock Park.
                Consultants reviewed site conditions and observations, and received input from
                charette participants. Representatives from the Michigan Department of Natural
                Resources were in attendance; the Grants Division as well as members of the
                Coastal Zone Management group.

                The Mission of Jean Klock Park
                Local representatives from the community defined the mission of the Park:

                The mission of Jean Klock Park is; to serve as a place of leisure for the
                local community. Leisure shall mean both active and passive
                recreation taking advantage of the site's natural assets. Secondarily,
                in the process of accomplishing this, it is hoped that the Park will
                attract tourists from out of town.


                Brainstorm Ideas:

                There were a number of ideas brought forth in the charette, both from members of
                the community as well as the consultants present. The ideas presented were
                      varied. They are listed below in random order:
                The bathhouse and concession area need to be upgraded.
                Picnic areas should be improved.
                There should be a walking trail system -that should have a certain amount of
                      accessibility for the handicapped.
                There should be an environmental nature center that will function as an outdoor
                      classroom as well as a visitors center.
                There needs to be a maintenance facility with storage for equipment.
                There needs to enhancement of the wetlands and dunes ecology.
                The existing playground equipment needs to be relocated and improved.
                There needs to be a designated fishing area.
                There should be the possibility of a small boat launch on the Paw Paw River.
                There should be an option for a sailboat concession on the beach.
                There should be improved maintenance on the interchange.
                The Park needs a sense of arrival, a major entry gate feature to attract the public to
                      the Park.
                Vehicular access needs to be controlled within the Park so there is no damage to
                      the fragile environment.
                The foredune should be restored to control sand deposition.
                Parking spaces should be improved with pavement.
                Pedestrian access should be explored so that the handicapped have access to the
                      beach, and the environment is protected at the same time.


                                          The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                       Goshen & MLshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                        29

                                  Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                          Benton Harbor, Michigan
                                                December 1990


                 The dunes should be protected from human impact. All natural assets should be
                       protected.
                 There should be transportation for children to the beach.
                 Swimming lessons and recreation programs should be offered at the beach.
                 There should be access by bicycle or b@ walking from the City to the beach for
                      .children in particular.
                 Maintenance staff needs to be increased.
                 A security guard or patrolman will probably be needed.
                 There should be off-season activities at the Park.
                 Cross-country skiing should be an option in the wintertime.
                 Ice skating should be made available by filling & freezing one of the parking lots.
                 One of the pavilions should be winterized.
                 There should be a sense of positive attitude and positive ownership developed
                       about Jean Klock Park.
                 The Parks Department should develop a canoe concession on the Paw Paw River,
                       which is an untapped resource at this time.
                 Camping should be possible at the Park.
                 There should be an isolated area for People to beach boats so that they can dock
                       at the park without injuring swimmers.
                 There should be a structure for open-air concerts.
                 There should be a Jean Klock Triathlon.
                 The Park should host regional competitions that would link the City of Benton
                 Harbor with the Park. These require corporate sponsorships wherever appropriate.
                 Jean Klock Park should be advertised by its major events throughout the season.
                 The concessions should be money makers. Possibly lease to a concessionaire.
                 There should be a balance between the sensitive areas on the site with the people
                       who want to use those areas.
                 The archaeological site should be fully researched by a university so there is no
                       cost to the City.
                 Jean Klock Park should generate community involvement.
                 Improvements to the Park will be done in phases.
                 The first impact should be of the least cost and the easiest to accomplish.
                 There needs to be a balance between local and regional user needs.
                 There needs to be a balance between development and the maintenance required
                       to maintain that facility.












                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                 dean Klock Park Master Plan                                           30
                                          Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                December 1990


                Funding Brainstorm Ideas:


                Yearly passes sold to the local community, and there should be a charge per car to
                       enter the Park.
                Future Trust Fund monies will be directly tied to the approved 5-year master plan.
                There should be a recreation bond program developed.
                The Parks Department must cultivate park patrons and corporate sponsors for
                       improvements and special programs.
                The City should seek fishing access grants for access on the Paw Paw River. It
                       was discovered that the Paw Paw is a high quality river, and a significant
                       resource to the community.
                Round up utility bills for the Parks Department.
                If the Park appears to be going under financially, then the Park should be turned
                       over to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources or another similar
                       entity. The consequence of this would cause Benton Harbor to lose all
                       eligibility for grant monies permanently.
                If the Park appears to be going under financially, sell the property to a developer.
                       The funds would go to the City oil Benton Harbor. The property is quite
                       valuable with 3000+ feet of frontage on Lake Michigan. This option does
                       have some snags--the current contract with MDNR does specify that the
                       property would be permanently a part of Michigan's recreational resource.
                       This scenario would require serious negotiations with MDNR.
                The Park needs to reach the break-even point within 36 months of implementation
                       of the current grant or the City will not be able to carry the Park.





















                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                         Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana



                                      Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                    31
                                                Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                      Decen-iber 1990


                  Phase I Physical Development

                  The Phase I physical development for Jean Klock Park includes the restoration of
                  the dunes, security fencing around the Park, repairing and upgrading the
                  bathhouse, building a gatehouse, building some observation towers, creating
                  picnic shelters with tables and grills, utility improvements, Grand Boulevard road
                  improvements, and beach improvements. It was the feeling of the consultants from
                  the Michigan Department of Natural Resources that the quality of the beach at Jean
                  Klock Park should be a stand alone attraction for this property, and that this basic
                  grant should restore this Park to a viable condition. Once attendance is up where
                  it should be for this type of facility, which could go as high as 250,000 to 350,000
                  per season, user fees should be collected to offset expenses.

                  For this initial phase, there has been nothing suggested in the way of a park office,
                  or a maintainence facility. There should be space made available nearby, possibly
                  at the Water Plant. If this idea is not viable, similar facilities should be secured
                  nearby.

                  Phase I development will begin to do many things for the Park. From the onset, the
                  Park can be used as an outdoor classroom for the local school systems to explain
                  to children how these sensitive environments in the dunes and the wetlands work:
                  how the sand moves, how plants stabilize the dunes, how aquatic plants filter the
                  water. Children can learn the benefits of these ecosystems and realize that they
                  are surrounded by examples of these ecosystems. In doing so, an educated
                  public will be prepared to preserve and enhance the special resources here at the
                  Jean Klock Park site.

                  In continuation of current services, the Park is a logical place to offer swimming
                  lessons. They should be well staffed with life guards and people who are qualified
                  to teach. This is an important program in every community, and especially one like
                  Benton Harbor with two rivers and a Great Lake within the city limits. It is also
                  possible for sailing lessons to be made available through a concessionaire, using
                  small craft rentals suitable for novices. There are fishing opportunities at the Park
                  in the old river channel at the eastern edge of the Park. Picnicking is another
                  activity that will be enhanced by the new facilities. It is necessary to increase the
                  opportunity and the quality of that experience in the Park. Sunbathing will continue
                  to be popular on the beach, and elsewhere in the Park as well.
                  This activity needs to controlled as to where this activity takes place within the Park
                  so that the dunes environment is not damaged. The sunbathing also opens doors
                  to selling sunbathing products at the concession stand. Food concessions will be
                  available once again. It is suggested for financial viability that initially at least the
                  food concessions should be handled as in theatres--a premium price for some of
                  these concessions to generate operating funds.





                                                The Troyex Group, Inc.
                                              Goshen & Mb3hawaka, Indiana



                                  Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                           32*
                                           Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                Decerriber 1990


                Event planning will take on new significance as this Park is redeveloped. There is
                an image problem at Jean Klock Park now that needs to be overcome and a
                positive image enhanced. Major events like a Triathlon or Music in the Park will
                draw people to the Park who may not otherwise come, and help them realize that
                things are new and different, and that Jean Klock Park is a safe and fun place to go.
                The end result is that the general feeling about the Park is greatly enhanced, and
                this will boost attendance, and will increase financial viability. The citizens of
                Benton Harbor will benefit from the feeling of good will, and the spin-off economic
                benefits of tourism.

                Administrative Restructuring

                As Jean Klock Park is redeveloped and resurrected from its current condition, a
                number of administrative groups should be created to enhance this activity and
                revive this Park. The Jean Klock Park Foundation, Inc. needs to be created as a
                funding source for capital improvements and a permanent maintainence
                endowment. It is suggested that the core of this new foundation body be composed
                of key members of other local foundations. The importance of this new foundation
                cannot be overestimated for the long-term future of this Park.

                At the grass-roots level, Friends of Jean Klock Park should be developed. This
                group would be made up of local people who desire to have a share in Park
                improvements and particularly in program enhancement.     Local citizens purchase
                memberships for the group. In turn, they receive a Park pass for the season, and
                newsletters, and other schedules and publications.. They feel they have some
                ownership in Jean Klock Park and in what is going on in the Park, and they
                become very proactive supporters of the Parks system.

                The user fees collected, as well as the profits collected from concessions and
                leases to concessionaires should be dedicated for operation and improvement of
                the Park.. The suggestion is a non-reverting capital fund that allows an
                accumulation of funds for major purchases and major capital improvements. This
                is not intended to cripple the City in collecting fees that might end up in the City
                General Fund, but helps create less burden on the City in the long run because the
                capital funds needed by the Park are generated by the Park. The Park has a better
                chance of becoming financially viable, as these funds are poured back into the
                physical plant.










                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                        Goshen & Mi-shawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                            3*3

                                   Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                            Benton Harbor. Bfichioan
                                                  Deceniber 1990


                 The State of Michigan also allows the creation of a Jean Klock Park Commission
                 which would become a governing body for the Park. This governing entity would
                 be a free-standing body not attached in any way to any municipality, county, or
                 state recreation organization. It will be important at some point in the future for the
                 Park to be 'an autonomous entity that promotes the City of Benton Harbor without
                 being a burden to the City. This governing body would also coordinate any land
                 acquisition, major development in the future as well, and would also be backed by
                 the Jean Klock Park Foundation, Inc. and Friends of Jean Klock Park. This
                 Commission would set Park standards as to how the property would be
                 maintained, control hiring and firing, coordinate development, and also create the
                 opportunity for regionalization of area recreational resources.

                 Regionalization of recreational resources is clearly a trend of the future.
                 Consolidation of recreational resources in a particular region allows for more cost
                 effective management and elimination of duplication of services. A Conservancy
                 Commission as a governing body might fill this function quite nicely. A fair amount
                 of negotiation among existing recreational entities will be necessary to come to a
                 consensus of regional recreational need and response to growth in the region.

                 Phase 11 Development

                 Phase 11 development includes a number of elements that go out beyond current
                 property boundaries of Jean Klock Park.. At this stage of development, a
                 Conservancy District should be created that would acquire wetland properties
                 along the Paw Paw River just East of the current property. The Paw Paw River is a
                 high quality waterway. It is undeveloped due to extensive marsh areas lining both
                 sides of the Paw Paw for miles. This river has a very high potential for recreational
                 use, particularly for fishermen. These wetland areas along the Paw Paw are not
                 developable, as the wetlands are federally protected. In addition to the acquisition
                 of some of these wetlands, it is possible to develop a canoe concession and boat
                 launch on an old right-of-way East of the interchange on M-63. This would greatly
                 enhance access to this waterway, and increase the recreation base for the Park
                 system. Access to the Paw Paw has been very limited due to the presence of
                 extensive wetlands, and also because of a railroad bridge that is still in use with
                 only 53 inches of clearance. This railroad bridge was once engineered to rotate for
                 boating access, and the restoration of the mechanism is an essential part of this
                 phase. The water-based recreation potential within the city limits of Benton Harbor
                 cannot be overestimated. There should also be coordinated efforts with the
                 Michigan Department of Natural Resources and various fishing clubs in seeing that
                 the Paw Paw is stocked with game fish. This will allow for fishing contests, which
                 will draw from the larger secondary market.







                                            The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                          Goshen & MtShawaka, Indiana






                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                              Benton Haxbor, Mchigan
                                                    Decerriber 1990


                  Also part of Phase 11 physical developrnent of the current Jean Klock Park property
                  is the construction of the Interpretive Center. At the onset, a strong theme will be
                  defined for the facility. This building will allow for education and provide meeting
                  space for other groups, such as corporate seminars, clubs, etc. This will allow for
                  increased Park usage, and will enhance the Park's image from a public relations
                  standpoint. This facility will become increasingly important for environmental
                  education for area school children.

                  The funding for the Interpretive Centerat Jean Klock Park will most likely come
                  from a combination of private funds, corporate sponsorships, the general public,
                  and grant monies from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. This is an
                  effort that will require a great deal of coordination, which should be done by the
                  Jean Klock Park Foundation, Inc.

                  Phase III Development

                  Phase III development for Jean Klock Park includes construction of a Conference
                  and Retreat Center on the site of the old Higman Park Dance Hall at the extreme
                  northernmost point of the property. This portion of the property is owned by the City
                  of Benton Harbor, but was not part of the original gift of the Klock family. This
                  facility will expand upon the mission and goal of the Interpretive Center as far as
                  providing quality gathering space for various types of groups. This facility is
                  envisioned to provide overnight accommodations and meals for groups, along with
                  flexible meeting room@.

                  The funding of this facility may take two routes. As with the Interpretive Center, this
                  facility may be funded by a combination of public, private, and state funds. The
                  other possibility for funding this facility will be for the City to lease the land to a
                  developer with restrictive covenants on use and architecture. This option will
                  require further study for an implementation plan that is advantageous to the City.

                  Phase IV Development (Optionaa

                  Phase IV development for Jean Klock Park entails construction of a Great Lakes
                  Aquarium on the fill area at the wetlands on the original property. This facility is
                  envisioned to greatly enhance the interpretive and educational aspects of
                  programs in place by this time. This one of a kind facility will draw heavily from the
                  secondary market, pulling tourists from a large regional area. The facility will
                  feature Great Lakes ecosystems in a unique, state-of-the-art format adjacent to the
                  wetlands ecosystems found at the Park. This phase of development assumes a
                  very successful Jean Klock Park prior to this point, significant public support, and
                  access to funding outside the community. This phase is very long-range, and will
                  require a well-run park system, and a well-seasoned and active Jean Klock Park
                  Foundation. Generally this type of facility requires continued subsidies for a portion
                  of operating expenditures. This phase of development will be quite expensive; its
                  estimated cost in 1990 dollars is close to $3,500,000, approximately 68% of the
                  total development costs projected for this park.

                                              The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                            Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                            35

                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                            Benton Haxbor, Mchigan
                                                  Decerriber 1990


                 Attendance Goals:.

                 As mentioned before, the current attendance at Jean Klock Park is far below the
                 average for similar parks in other parts of southwestern lower Michigan. The
                 current attendance is between 4,000 and 7,000 annually. The following park
                 systems in southwestern lower Michigan that keep attendance statistics show the
                 range of the number of park visitors in proportion to the amount of beachfront
                 available.   This information is useful in roughly predicting possible attendance
                 figures for a renovated Jean Klock Park. The other factor that is a determinant in
                 the number of beach users is the amount of parking available. The range of figures
                 are illustrated in the chart below:

                        Park System                       Attendance                 beachfront (feet)
                 City of Holland                    1,528,606                        1600
                 Warren Dunes (State)               1,047,631                        3500
                 Van Buren County                     389,952                        2927
                 City of Saugatuck                     40,909                        11,880
                 City of Bridgman                      60,000                           900
                 Ottawa County                        137,964                           N/A
                 Jean Klock Park                         71,000                      3,300


                 The maximum number of people that this park property could handle is
                 somewhere in the neighborhood of 350,000 people in a year. It will take a great
                 deal of time for attendance to come anywhere near that level. It would be
                 completely reasonable to expect 100,0130 to 150,000 within three years of
                 implementation of this Master Plan. Below is a chart illustrating desired attendance
                 growth:            35.0000      POSSIBLE ATTENDANCE GROWTH

                                    300000


                                    250000


                                    200000


                                    '
                                    50000                            j


                                    100000


                                    50000


                                       0
                                       a i.                              94
                 The anticipated attendance growth shown     is dependent on the completion of
                 Phase I development, and the aggressive promotion of the Park.







                                          Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana
                                             The Troyer Group, Inc.





                                                                                                             36

                                   Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                             Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                   Decernber 1990


                 User Fees:

                 User fees should be charged for use of Jean Klock Park after Phase I
                 improvements. User fees will generate revenues for a non-reverting capital fund,
                 as well as operating expenses and a long-range maintenance endowment. It is
                 suggested that there be a parking fee for every car entering the Park: $1.00 for
                 local cars, $2.00 for Michigan residents and $3.00 for out-of-state vehicles. Fees
                 should be collected seven days a week from May 15th to September 15th for at
                 least the first few years. There needs to be a strong accountability system for Park
                 employees who collect funds from the public to insure uniformity of services
                 provided, and maximum collection. Food should be sold for profit as done in movie
                 theaters, for instance.
                 Other concessions may be leased to concessionaires with lease fee and
                 percentage of gross sales coming back to the Park. Other possible concessions for
                 the Park would include: small sailboats, souvenirs, cabanas, umbrellas, tanning
                 products and canoes.

                 Another source of user fees will be picnic shelter rentals for groups. Depending
                 upon the size of the shelter, a fee of $75.00 to $100.00 per shelter may be collected
                 for special gatherings. These rentals should be reserved in advance with a non-
                 refundable deposit of $25.00 to hold the date. As Park usage increases, it may be
                 possible to rent the shelters more thanonce a day.

                 As Phase I improvements are completed, it is important that this Park is operated
                 like a responsible business with tight controls on how money is collected, handled,
                 and spent with little room for abuses or mishandling of funds. A very high level of
                 accountability will have to be achieved for all employees who are handling monies.
                 The future of Jean Klock Park is very much dependent upon the prudent handling
                 of funds. Any abuses in the collection or reporting of user fee collections will
                 jeopardize Benton Harbor's ability to keep this Park financially viable, which will in
                 turn permanently damage the relationship between the City and the Michigan
                 Department of Natural Resources and exempt the City from future use of state
                 funds.
















                                             The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                           Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana






                                                                                                                                                                                      37

                                                           Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                                                            Benton Harbor, Michigan
                                                                                     December 1990


                             Construction Cost Estimates:,


                             The chart belo           w includes all constructed items shown on the Master Plan, and a
                             tentative schedule for implementation. The schedule shows items in a possible
                             sequence that shows the number of dollars needed for capital improvements
                             corresponding with growing attendance. These figures are in 1990 dollars, and an
                             inflation factor will need to be computed when the actual construction is
                             implemented.


                                                                                         PHASE             I            PHASE          II        PHASE III       PHASE IV
                                 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS               TOTAL COST           1991            1992           1993          1994          1995              2010
                             AQUARIUM                                  $3,500,000                                                                                      $3,500,000
                             BATHHOUSE IMPROVEMENTS                        $19,400          $19,400
                             BEACH GROOMING EQUIPMENT                     $27,000                        $27,000
                             BEACHIMPROVEIVIENTS                          $12,000-         $12,000  _
                             BENCHES                                      $30,000          $10,000                        $10,000                        $10,000
                             BOARDWALK                                    $14,000                                                            $14,000
                             BUOYS & FLOATING LANE MARKERS                  $6,700          $3,700                                           $3,000
                             CONCESSIONS EQUIPMENT                          $3,000          $1,000           $500             $500             $500          $500
                             CONFERENCE CENTER                          $385,000.                                                                        $385.000
                             DUNES RESTORATION                          $110,000                00       $10,000          $10,000            $10,000     $10,000           $10,000
                             EQUIPMENT BARN                               $30,000                        $30,000
                             GRAND BOULEVARD IMPROVEMENTS                 $15,000          $15,000
                             GRILLS                                       $14,000           $7,000                                           $7,000
                             INTERPRETIVE CENTER                            90,000                                                           $90,000
                             LAND ACQUISITION--PAW PAW                 $1,000,000                                       $1,000,000
                             LIGHTING STANDARDS                           $92,500          $18,500       $18,500          $18,500            $18,500     $18,500
                             LOADER AND DUMP                              $40,000                                                            $40.000
                             OBSERVATION TOWER                          $120,000           $60,000                        $60,000
                             OFFICES                                       $22,500                                         $22,500
                             PAVING PARKING LOTS                        $120,000         $120, 00
                             PEDESTRIAN PATHS (BITUMINOUS)                $23,800           $8,800          $8,000           $7,000
                             PICKUP TRUCK                                 $22,000                                                            $22,000
                             PICNIC SHELTERS                            $110,000           $30,000       $20,000          $20,000            $40,000
                             PICNIC TABLES                                $45,000          $20,000                        $10,000            $15,000
                             PLAYGROUND STRUCTURE                           $5,600                         $5.600
                             PORTABLE BANDSHELL                           $18,500                                                            $18,500
                             PORTABLE BLEACHERS                           $15,600                                                            $15,600
                             PORTABLESTAGE                                $12,000                                                            $12,000
                             PROFESSIONAL FEES                            $45,000          $45,100
                             PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM                          $1,200                          $1,200
                             RAILROAD BRIDGE IMPROVEMENTS              $1,000,000                                                        $1,000,000
                             SEALING PARKING LOTS                         $42,300                                         $14,100                        $14,100           $14,100
                             SECURITY FENCING                             $65,000          $65,000
                             SIGNAGE                                        $6,500          $4,500        $2,000
                             STRIPING PARKING LOTS                          $2,400                                             $800                           $800             $800
                             SWEEPER ATTACHMENT-TRACTOR                     $4,500                         $4,500
                             TRASH RECEPTACLES                           $13,500           $8,500         $2,500                           $2,500
                             TREES                                       $24,000           $4,000         $4,000          $4,000         $4,000          $4,000           $4,000
                             UTILITY IMPROVEMENTS                          $50,000          $50,000                                                              
                             TOTALS:                                  $7,158,000         $562,400        $133,800        $1,177,400       $1,312,600      $442,900       $3,528,900
                                                                                          
                                                                                           


                                                                                               
                                                                                  











                                                                            The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                                                        Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana
 




                                                                                                       38

                                 Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                          Benton Haibor, Mehigan
                                                December 1990


                The following bar chart illustrates the cash flow for constructed items as shown in
                the chart on the previous page:




                                         CAPITAL EXPENDITURES BY PHASE

                $4,000,000
                $3,500,000                                                           $3,528,9 00

                $3,000,000
                $2,500,000                        $2,490,000

                $2,000,000

                $1,500,000

                $1,000,000
                                 $669,200
                   $500,000                                         $442,900

                          $0
                                  PHASE I          PHASE 11         PHASE III         PHASE IV






















                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                  39

                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Hax-bor, Mchigan
                                      December 1990









                           Development Process






















                                  The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mlshawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                                                                                               40

                                                         Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                                                        Benton Harbor, Michigan
                                                                                  Decerriber 1990




                            Implementation Schedule

                            The following chart illustrates a tentative construction schedule. Capital
                            Improvements are sequenced to correspond with increased Park use. Although
                            specific years are shown on this chart, each group of improvements could be
                            implemented on a much longer schedule. This chart is intended to illustrate an
                            aggressive development program. Individual items on the chart are ones
                            illustrated on the Master Plan, which maximize the use of the current Jean Klock
                            Park site.


                                                                                  PHASE              I           PHASE               11       PHASE III      PHASE IV
                            CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS              TOTAL COST           1991           1992           1993            1994            1995          2010
                        AOUARIUM                                $3.500,0 0                                                                                    $3,500,000
                        BATHHOUSE IMPROVEMENTS                      $19,400         $19,400
                        BEACH GROOMING EQUIPMENT                    $27,000                       $27,000
                        BEACH IMPROVEMENTS                          $12,000         $12,000
                        BENCHES                                     $30,000         $10,000                        $10,000                       $10,000
                        BOARDWALK                                   $14,000                                                          $14,000
                        BUOYS & FLOATING LANE MARKERS                $6,700           $3,700_                                        $3,000
                        CONCESSIONS EQUIPMENT                        $3,000           $1,000-          $500            $500            $500          $500
                        CONFERENCE CENTER                         $385,000                                                                      $385,000
                        DUNES RESTORATION                         $110,000          $60,000       $10,000          $10,000           $10,000     $10,000          $10.000
                        EOUIPMENT BARN                              $30,000                       $30,000
                        GRAND BOULEVARD IMPROVEMENTS                $15,000         $15,000
                        GRILLS                                      $14,000           $7,000_                                        $7,000
                        INTERPRETIVE CENTER                         $90,000                                                          $90,000
                        LAND ACQUISITION-PAW PAW                 $1,000,000                                     $1,000,000
                        LIGHTING STANDARDS                          $92,500         $18,500.      $18,500          $18,500           $18,500     $18,500
                        LOADER AND DUMP                             $40,000                                                          $40,000
                        OBSERVATION TOWER                         $121,0011         $10,000-                       $60,000
                        OFFICES                                     $22,500                                        $22,500
                        PAVING PARKING LOTS                       $120,000          $120,00
                        PEDESTRIAN PATHS (BITUMINOUS)               $23,800           $8,800         $8,000          $7,000
                        PICKUP TRUCK                                $22,000                                                          $22,000
                        PICNIC SHELTERS                           $110,000          $30,000_      $20,000          $20,000           $40,000
                        PICNIC TABLES                               $45,000         $20,000                        $10,000           $15,000
                        PLAYGROUND STRUCTURE                         $5,600                          $5,600
                        PORTABLE BANDSHELL                          $18,500                                                          $18,500
                        PORTABLEBLEACHERS                           $15,600                                                          $15,600
                        PORTABLESTAGE                               $12,000                                                          $12,000
                        PROFESSIONAL FEES                           $45,000         $45,000
                        PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM                        $1,200                          $1,200
                        RAILROAD BRIDGE IMPROVEMENTS             $1,000,000                                                      $1,000,000
                        SEALING PARKING LOTS                        $42,300                                        $14,100                       $14,100          $14,100
                        SECURITY FENCING                            $65,000         $65.00 1
                        SIGNAGE                                      $6,600           $4.500         $2,000
                        STRIPING PARKING LOTS                        $2,400                                            $800                          $800            $800
                        SWEEPER ATTACHMENT-TRACTOR                   $4,500                          $4,500
                        TRASH RECEPTACLES                           $13,500           $8,50)         $2,500                  1       $2,500
                        TREES                                       $24,000  _        $4,000  1      $4000           $4,000  1       $4,000        $4,000          $4,000
                        UTILITY IMPROVEMENTS                        $50,000         $50,ooo   (           . I                I
                        TOTALS:                                  $7,158,000        $562,400      $133,800       $1,177,400      $1,312,600     $442,900       $3,528,900









                                                                         The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                                                     Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                 Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                           41
                                          Benton Himbor, Pffichigan
                                                December 1990



                Funding     ources:

                There are a number of options available to a parks system for securing funds for
                capital development projects. Public support for the projects is an essential first
                step. Nearly all grant programs require local matching funds, which are often the
                most difficult portion of a grant package! to assemble. The exploration for new
                funding sources will always require consistent effort. Some major capital
                improvement projects may benefit from a professional fundraiser, although few
                parks development projects would justify this expense.

                Below is a checklist of possible funding sources:

                       Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Recreation Division
                             Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund
                             Michigan Coastal Zone Management
                       Michigan Department of Commerce
                       Soil Conservation Service
                       Local Foundations
                       Corporate Sponsorships
                       Community Development Block Grants
                      'Community Economic Development Corporation
                       Conservation Groups
                             Sierra Club
                             Audobon Society
                       Sportfishing Clubs
                       Recreation Bonds
                       Millage
                       Private Donations
                       City of Benton Harbor General Fund
                       User Fees
                       Jean Klock Park Foundation, Inc.
                       The Friends of Jean Klock Park
                       Round up Utility Bills for Parks
                       In-Kind Services, (for the local matching funds)
                       Community Service Clubs











                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                           Jean Klock Park Master Plan                            42
                                  Benton Harbor, bUchigan
                                      DeceTnber 1990









                              Management Plan






















                                  The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                   Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                               43
                                             Benton Hwtor, Wchigan
                                                   Decern.ber 1990


                 Management Structure

                 The City of Benton Harbor has a number of management options available to
                 make Jean Klock Park successful onceagain. The refurbishing of the Park sets a
                 new milestone in the Park's history, and administrative restructuring can easily take
                 place at the same time and be well received by the public. The following
                 management options exist:

                        1 .    Maintain the current system. Jean Klock Park would be operated and
                               maintained by the City Parks and Recreation Department, and
                               overseen by the Parks Director.

                        2.     Create the Jean Klock Park Foundation, Inc. as a not-for-profit entity.
                               The Foundation could function as operator of the Park, removing the
                               burden from the City. This group would function as an interim step
                               until a permanent governing body could be created. The primary
                               function of the Foundation would be raising funds for capital
                               improvements and the creation of a maintenance endowment, but it
                               might temporarily function as operator of the Park.

                        3.     Create the Jean Klock Park Commission as a legal entity for the
                               purpose of the management of the Park. This group would relieve the
                               City of management responsibilities and control hiring, firing,
                               adm'inistrative tasks, construction administration, fee control and
                               programming of activities. This entity has the greatest potential for
                               responding to regionalization of the area parks systems.

                        4.     Approach another recreation management group (County or State) to
                               manage the Jean Klock Park site. The City of Benton Harbor would
                               still own the property.

                        5.     Release the property to the Michigan Department of Natural
                               Resources.















                                             The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                           Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                                                                                       44
                                                      Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                                                       Benton Hw,-bor, Michigan
                                                                              Decem.ber 1990


                           Staffing Requirements

                           The following chart illustrates a probable staffing scenario with salaries projected
                           for the first five years. As Park attendance increases dramatically, additional
                           maintenance staff may be required. Note that in year three.a Naturalist is added.
                           This position is optional. Due to budget constraints, the staffing shown in the first
                           year may have to be modified. User fees and concession sales will be a driving
                           factor in staffing increases, and both are totally dependent on increased
                           attendance. Salaried employees show a 5% pay increase yearly.


                                                                           F-PHASE               I          PHASE             11         PHASE III
                                      STAFF                TIME    #STAFF       1991           1992           1993           1994           1995
                           PARK SUPERINTENDENT             FULL        1                $0 -$27.500           $30-000        $32.500        $34,000
                           MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR          FULL        1        $18,000-       $19,000        $20,000        $21,000        $22,000
                           MAINTENANCE LABORER             FULL        2                $0,    $14,000        $28,000        $30,000        $32,000
                           GATEATTENDANT                   PART        3           $6,048        $6,344        $6,720        $11,760        $12,348
                           SENIOR LIFE GUARD               PART        1   1            $0       $6,720        $7,056         $7,409          $7,780
                           LIFE GUARD                      PART        6           $8,467_     $11,290        $14,112        $16,670        $19,604
                           NATURALIST                      FULL        1                $ L           $0             $0      $19,500        $20,475
                           CLERICALWORKER                  PART        -1               $0 -. $5,200           $5,460         .$5,733         $6,019
                           CONCESSIONS WORKER              PART        3              -1              $0       $5,645         $5,927          $6,223
                           ISECURITY                       FULL        2           $8,00         $9,000       $16,500        $24,500        $29,400
                                                      SUBTOTAL                  $40,515        $99,054        $133,493       $174,999       $189,849
                                                      X BENEFITS                   X 27%.         X 2 7%         X 27*/6'       X 2 7%         X 271%
                           TOTAL SALARY EXPENDITURES:                           $51,454       $125,799       $169,536       $222,249       $241,108




























                                                                       The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                                                  Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                                Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                                       45
                                                            Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                                    Decerrtber 1990



                        Operating Expenses

                        The chart below shows basic operating expenses projected for five years. These
                        items are anticipated to be needed every year. A dramatic increase in the number
                        of park users will create the need to modify these figures. This is an area where
                        cost containment is essential, and must be balanced with high maintenance
                        standards. New programs at the Park will alter the items listed. Operating
                        expenses need to be analyzed annually.


                                                             PHASE             I          PHASE            I I        PHASE III
                           ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS           -1991            '1992         1993           1994          1-995
                         PHCNE                                    $750          $900         $1,080          1,296        $1,555
                         OFFICE SUPPLIES                          $750          $900         $1,080        $1,296         $1,555
                         GASOLINE & OIL                         $1,850         $2,220        $2,664        $3,197         $3,836
                         PAINT                                    $350          $420           $504          $605           $726
                         CONCESSIONS EQUIPMENT                    $350          $420           $504          $605           $726
                         HAND TOOLS                               $150          $180           $216          $259           $311
                         TRASH BAGS                               $560          $672           $806          $968         $1,161
                         TRASH SERVICE                          $3,000         $3,600        $4,320        $5,184  ,      $6,221
                         WINTERIZE BUILDINGS                      $300          $360           $432          $518           $622
                         LIGHT BULBS                              $250          $300           $360          $432           $518
                         FLOWERS                                  $200          $240           $288          $346           $415
                         SIGNAGE REPLACEMENT                      $350          $420           $504          $605           $726
                         EXCELSIOR MATTING                      $1,500         $1,800        $2,160        $2,592         $3,110
                         MARRAM GRASS                             1 000        $1,200        $1,440        $1,728           2,074
                         SNOWFENCE                                $250          $300           $360          $432           $518
                         CLEANING SUPPLIES                        $650          $780           $936        $1,123         $1,348
                         EDUCATION SUPPUES                      $1,500         $1,800        $2,160        $2,592         $3,110
                         PUBLICITY                              $2,500         $3,000        $3,600        $4,320         $5,184
                         PAMPHLETS                              $1,500         $1,800        $2,160        $2,592         $3,110
                         PARKING STICKERS                         $300          $360           $432          $518           $622
                         WINDOW REPLACEMENT                       $150          $180           $216          $259           $311
                         ELECTRICITY                            $1,800         $2,160        $2,592        $3,110           3,732
                         HEATING                                  $800          $960         $1,152        $1,382         $1,659
                         VEHICLE MAINTENANCE                    $1,000         $1,200        $1,440        $1,728           2,074
                         FXrURE REPLACEMENT                       $600          $720           $864        $1,037         $1 244
                         TREES                                    $500          $600           $720          $864           1 037
                                              SUBTOTAL- $22,910              $27,492        $32,990        $39,588      -$47,506














                                                             The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana




                                                      Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                                                    46
                                                                     Benton Harbor, Michigan
                                                                             December 1990


                           Capital Improvements

                           The chart below shows all Capital Improvements for Jean Klock Park as illustrated
                           on the Master Plan, as well as a projected time frame for implementation. These
                           items can be juggled according to what monies are available.


                                                                                 PHASE            I          PHASE               I I     PHASE III     PHASE IV
                               CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS           TOTA COST           1991          1992          1993      1    1994          1995          2010
                           AQUARIUM                              $3,500,000                                                                             $3,500,000
                           BATHHOUSE IMPROVEMENTS                    $19,400       $19,400
                           BEACH GROOMING EQUIPMENT                  $27,000                    $27,000
                           BEACH IMPROVEMENTS                        $12,000       $12,000
                           BENCHES                                   $30,000       $10,000                      $10,000                    $10,000
                           BOARDWALK                                 $14.000                                                     $14,000
                           BUOYS & FLOATING LANE MARKERS             $6,700         $3,700                                       $3,000
                           CONCESSIONS EQUIPMENT                     $3,000         $1,000          $500           $500            $500        $500
                           CONFERENCE CENTER                       $385,000                                                                 $385,000
                           DUNES RESTORATION                      $110,000         $60,000      $10,000         $10,000          $10,000   $10,000          $10,000
                           EQUIPMENT BARN                            $30,000                    $30,000
                           GRAND BOULEVARD IMPROVEMENTS              $15,000       $15,000
                           GRILLS                                    $14,000        $7,000                                       $7,000
                           INTERPRETIVE CENTER                       $90,000                                                     $90,000
                           LAND ACQUISITION--PAW PAW             $1,000,000                                  $1,000,000
                           LIGHTING STANDARDS                        $92,500       $18,500       $18,500         $18,500          $18,500   $18,500
                           LOADER AND DUMP                           $40,000                                                     $40,000
                           OBSERVATION TOWER                      $120,000         $60,000                      $60,000
                           OFRCES                                    $22,500                                    $22,500
                           PAVING PARKING LOTS                    $120,000         $120,000
                           PEDESTRIAN PATHS (BITUMINOUS,             $23,800       $8,800        $8,000          $7,000
                           PICKUP TRUCK                              $22,000                                                     $22,000
                           PICNIC SHELTERS                        $110,000         $30,000      $20,000         $20,000          $40,000
                           PICNIC TABLES                             $45,000       $20,000                      $10,000          $15,000
                           PLAYGROUND STRUCTURE                    $5,600                       $5,600
                           PORTABLE BANDSHELL                        $18,500                                                     $18,500
                           PORTABLE BLEACHERS                        $15,600                                                     $15,600
                           PORTABLESTAGE                             $12,000                                                     $12,000
                           PROFESSIONAL FEES                         $45,000       $45,000
                           PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM                     $1,200                       $1,200
                           RAILROAD BRIDGE IMPROVEMENTS          $1,000,000                                                  $1,000,000
                           SEALING PARKING LOTS                      $42,300                                    $14,100                    $14,100          $14,100
                           SECURITY FENCING                          $65,000       $65,000
                           SIGNAGE                                   $6,500         $4,500        $2,000
                           STRIPING PARKING LOTS                     $2,400                                         $800                       $800            $800
                           SWEEPER ATTACHMENT-TRACTOR                $4,500                       $4,500
                           TRASH RECEPTACLES                         $13,500           $8,500       $2,500                         $2500
                           TREES                                     $24,000        $4,000        $4,000          $4,000           $4,000        $4,000                   $4,000
                           UTILITY IMPROVEMENTS                      $50,000       $50,000               
                           TOTALS:                               $7,158,000       $562,400     $133,800      $1,177,400     $1,312,600    $442,900      $3,528,900
                                                       



























                                                                     The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                                                 Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana
 


                                                    Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                                                  47
                                                                  Benton Harbor, Wchigan
                                                                            Deceniber 1990



                          Non-Reverting Capital Fund

                          In order to keep Jean Klock Park viable, a non-reverting capital fund must be
                          created. Monies generated at the Park need to be reinvested in the Park. Funds
                          reverting back to the City General Fund will for the most part be lost for future .
                          development. This Fund is necessary for matching funds for grants programs for
                          capital projects. It is also suggested that 10% of this fund be permanently
                          conserved as a maintenance endowment in perpetuity to keep the Park from
                          falling into disrepair.

                          Expenditures Summary

                          The chart below summarizes projected Capital Improvements, Salaries, and
                          Operating Costs for a five year period. This is a possible scenario, and will
                          require modification once implemented., It is intended to be a tool for visualizing
                          the scope of the Master Plan if compressed into a five year period.



                           FIVE YEAR SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES:
                                                            PHASE               I            PHASE               I I         PHASE III
                                      ITEM                   1991            1992            1993              1994             1995
                           CAPITAL EXPENDITURES             $562,400        $133,80)        $1,177,400       $1,312,600         $442,900
                           STAFF SALARIES                    $51,454        $125,79 i        $169,536          $222,249         $241,108
                           OPERATING EXPENSES           1    $22,910         $27,49?            $32,990          $39.588   1     $47,506
                                  GRANTS)                   1$500,000),               $0   ($1,000,000).    ($1,000,00O)l                $0
                                              TOTALS:      $136,764         $287,091         $379,926          $574,437        $731,514




                           ESTIMATED # VISITORS                 42,000          84,0)0          168,000           252,000        336,000
                           AVERAGE #VISITORS/DA)                    280             560           1,120              1,680          2,240
                           (PER 150 DAY SEASON)
                           COST PER VISITOR                     M26             $3.42             $2.26             $2.28           $2.18
                           (FOR ALL PROGRAMS)
                           SALARIES + OPERATING              $74,364        $153,291         $202,526          $261,837         $288,614
                           COST PER VISITOR                     $1.77           $1.82             $1.21             $1.04           $0.86
                           (SALARIES + OPERATING)
                           % LOCAL USERS                             40               130              20                15
                           NO. LOCAL USERS                      16,80-0-        25.200            33,600           37,800         37,800
                           LOCAL PARKING FEE            1      $6,720 1      $10,08!            $13,440                20        $15,120
                           TOURIST PARKING FEE          1    $30,240         $70,560         $161 280          $257,040         $358,848
                           TOTAL PARKING FEES           1    $36,960         $80,640         $174,720          $272,160         $373,968
                           PARKING FEEMSITOR                    $0.88           $0 q6             $1.04             $1.08           $1.1









                                                                    The Troyer Group, luc.
                                                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                                       Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                                    48
                                                 Benton Hexbor, Mchigan
                                                       Decerriber 1990


                    Revenue Potential


                    The chart above illustrates the revenues needed for Jean Klock Park to reach a
                    break-even stage. The estimated number of visitors has been plugged into the
                    summary of expenditures in order to calculate the cost per visitor at various stages
                    of development. Also, the cost per visitor has been calculated with capital
                    improvements removed for costs for purely operations. Parking fees have been
                    calculated as well. It appears that the break-even point for Jean Klock Park will be
                    met when attendance reaches 150,000 to 175,000 people in a season, and figures
                    assume concessions profits with parking fees would generate these funds.


                    The bar chart below further illustrates the Summary of Expenditures:


                                           'FIVE YEAR SUMMARY GRAPH

                    5         506 1$241,108
                                            $442,900
                              588
                                $222.249                                                  $1.312,600

                               69,536
                                                                                 _$1,177,4oo


                               .799
                              133,800


                    1
                                             @$562,400

                    $0        $200,000 $400,000  $600,000  $800,000  $1,000,000 $1,200,000 $1,400,000
                               CAPITAL EXPENDITURES El STAFF SALARIES 01 OPERATING EXPENSES
                              3
                              4



                              9
                              7



                              5



                              329
                              0



                              8
                              476




                              3
                              9
                              3



                              32 .990
                              90
                              $1 6'
                              $1


                              27492
                              9
                              $1
                              $125.7j'
                              5
                              $133,
                              @q10
                    22 @910
                              $1,5
                              $51,454


























                                                 The Tro3rer Group, Inc.
                                               Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                                    49

                                 dean Klock Park Master Plan
                                         Benton Harbor, Afichigan
                                               Decen-iber 1990


                Maintenance Standards

                A Maintenance Standards Manual for parks employees needs to be prepared and
                followed. In the future, maintenance standards must be much higher, and repairs
                must be made immediately for Jean Klock Park to be successful. The creation of a
                maintenance endowment should aid considerably in providing adequate funding
                for maintenance.

                Accountability

                For the Park to be successful, the park management must build accountability into
                the management scheme. Anyone who handles money needs to be accountable
                for the handling or mishandling of those funds. Leaving room for abuses will
                jeopardize the future of the Park. Financially resurrecting the Park is a difficult task
                to begin with, but abuses may prevent -the Park from being viable within the 36
                month time period allowed by the City.




























                                          The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                        Goshen & M"ishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                so
                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                     December 1990--







                               Public Hearing





















                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                               Goshen & Mtshawaka, Indiana



                                  Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                            51
                                           Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                                Deceniber 1990



                 On December 17, 1990, the Jean Klock. Park Master Plan was presented to the
                 public. The current Master Plan for the property was well received by the public.
                 The general feeling by the public was that they were anxious for any positive action
                 at the Park to happen. Two concerns were voiced repeatedly:

                       1 .    Security. How will access to the Park be controlled after hours? Will
                              there be security guards after hours? (There will be security fencing
                              to secure the Park after hours, and a part-time independent security
                              guard has been budgeted.)

                       2.     Gentrification. Will the improvements to Jean Klock Park result in user
                              fees that will prevent poorer local people from using the Park? (The
                              Mission of Jean Klock Park, as described by residents of the
                              community, was to first serve the local population. That is sue has
                              been at the core of the master planning process from the beginning.)




























                                           The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                         Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana



                              Jean Klock Park Master Plan                                  52
                                     Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                          Deceniber 1990









                            Supporting Documents


                                INDEX:

                                Economic Analysis;
                                Archaeological Survey Report
                                Biologist's Vegetation Inventory

























                                      The Troyer Group, hic.
                                    Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                           Jean Klock Park Master Plan
                                 Benton Harbor, Mehigan
                                      December 1990










                                 Economic Analysis



























                                  The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana





                                                                                  54






















                                 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS


                            JEAN KLOCK PARK MASTER PLAN






                                                                         By:

                                                       John E. Peck, Ph.D.
                                              Quantach Research Associates

                                                         September 26, 1990





                                                                                 55






                                 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS


                            JEAN KLOCK PARK MASTER PLAN



              1. Introduction.   Jean Klock Park is located along the Lake

         Michican shoreline in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Benton Harbor and

         its sister city, St. Joseph, are the principal cities of Berrien

         County, which also marks the boundaries of the Benton Harbor

         Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The area's non-profit

         Community Economic Development-Corporation (CEDC) comprises a

         ggeographic region consisting of seven separate but closely

         interrelated communities: the cities of Benton Harbor and St.

         Joseph; charter townships of Benton and St. Joseph; and,

         -,townships of Hagar, Lincoln an,d Royalton.

             Jean Klock Park is one of a number of public recreation

         areas along the CEDC's 20 miles of lakefront -- the area's

         distincuishina recreational asset. The purpose of this section

         of the Jean Klock Park Master Plan. is to report on available

         demographic and economic data for the project market area, and to

         determine the market potential for revenue producing attractions.

              2. Demographic/Economic Data for the Project Market Area.

                   a. Population. As is rioted in Table 1, the 1990

         preliminary census results.show a count for the CEDC service area

         and for Berrien County of 68,342 and 158,732, respectively.

         Applicable governmental units, like the majority of others

         throughout the midwestern states have appealed the count on the

         contention that numerous residents were omitted. If, following

         the appeal, the preliminary count should prove accurate, these

         decreases would represent 8.8 and 7.3 percent declines from the




                                                                                                    56











                Table 1.
                POPULATION STATISTICS

                                      1960      1970      1980      1990*     2000*     2010*

                CEDC Service Area 67,911       74,436    74,919    75,078   78,929    85,305
                Berrien County     149,865 163,940 171,276 168,979         175,952    182,596
                CEDC as a %
                   of County             45%       45%       44%       44%       45%       47%

                *Projections
                Source: "Factbook", The Southwestern Michican Commission

                Note: The 1990 preliminary count: came in
                         as 68,342; 158,732; and, 4.3%. This
                         count is being appealed On the basis
                                       0
                         that it is considered low.



          .1980 census. On the other hand, if following the appeal, it

          would be determined that the earlier projections were accurate,

          there would be growth from 1980 of 0.2 percent for the CEDC-and a
          marginal decrease of 1.3 percent for 'Berrien County. It               is also

          important to note that demographers have projected significant

          increases for both areas in the 20,00 and 2010 censuses -- 5.1 and

          8.1 percent for the CEDC, and 4.1 and 3.8 percent for Berrien

          County,

                Population trends by age group are provided in Table 2.

          Decreases in the youngest age category (18-24) were offset by



                Table 2.
                POPULATION HISTORY BY AGE-GROUP

                Berrien Cty.      1982      1984      1986      1988
                Ag'es 18-24        11.6%     10.9%     10.4%       9.7%
                Ages 25-34         16.1%     16.4%     16.4%      16.5%
                Ages 35-49         17.0%     17.9%     18.9%      19.9%
                Ages 50+           26.1%     26.0%     26.0%      26.0%


                Source:   "Sales and Marketing Management", various issues 1983-89.





                                                                                                     57






          increases among persons aged 35 through 49. The other two

          categories were relatively constant during the reporting period,

          which is a pattern similar to that found in comparable State of

          Michigan and U.S. population statistics. The overall effect of

          these trends is an increasing median age of the population
          throughout the nation, although it is noted in Table 3 that @he




                 Table 3.
                 MEDIAN AGE OF POPULATION

                                     1982      1984      1986      1988

                 Berrien County      30.7      31.3      31.9      32.3
                 Benton Harbor          21     22.4         23     23.4


                 Source:   "Sales and Marketina Management", various issues 1983-89.





          median age of a resident of Benton Harbor, 23.4 years, is nine

          years lower than that, 32.5 years, found in the County as a

          whole.


                       b.   Households. As of 1988, there were 63,000

          households in     Berrien County. This represents 1.8 percent of the

          state's total     of 4,423,100. As will be noted in Table 4, the



                 Table 4.
                 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS (000)

                                     1982      1984      1986      1988

                 Berrien County      62.2      60.6      61.2      63.0
                 Benton Harbor         4.6       4.7       4.7       4.7


                 Source:   "Sales and Marketing Management", various issues 1983-89




                                                                                                           58






            1988 count continued a reversal from the decline reported in

            1984. The City of Benton Harbor consists of 4,700 households, a

            figure that has been constant in the six year period reported.

                         C. Income. Estimates of "effective buying income"

            (EBI) by state, county and major cities are published annually by

            Sales and Marketing Management magazine. Effective buying income

            is analocous to disposable income, that is, personal income less

            personal tax and nontax payments. Table 5 shows adjusted EBI for

            Berrien County amounting to $1.981 billion. Adjustment was made




                  Table 5.
                  EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME - BERRIEN COUNTY (Billions)

                  1982       1984       1986            1,988    1988
                                                      Unadj.     Adjusted

                  $1.511      $1.699    $1.893      [$1.7851     $1.981


                  Source:     "Sales and Marketing Manacement", various issues 1983-89.
                                                    0       0

                  Note:    S&MM magazine revised EBI calculation
                           bv an average of 111% becinninc with 1988
                           f2.,ures.   1988 Adjusted adds    11% over un-
                           adjusted  1988 for comparison     purposes.



            to account for a chance in methodology that averaged an 11

            percent reduction from the previously used method. The

            adjustment was made in this report to permit comparison with

            estimates of prior years.

                  Table 6 provides estimates of median household EBI for

            Berrien County and the City of Benton Harbor. These estimates

            indicate that median household income increased in current dollar

            terms by 10.5 and.12.6 p        ercent, respectively. The Consumer Price




                                                                                                                                                                                59




                                                                                                                                                              5





                              Table 6.
                              MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME

                                                             1982               1984             1986                1988            1988
                                                                                                                  Unadj. Adjusted

                              Berrien county 21,743                           25,100           23,557           [21,631] 24,033
                              Benton Harbor 12,704                            14,959           14,101           [12,886] 14,304


                              Source:           "Sales and Marketing Management", various issue-s 1983-89.

                              Note:          S&MM maaazine revised EBI calculation
                                                         0
                                             by an average of 11%. beginning with 1983
                                                                                                    0
                                             f ioures .         1988 Adjusted adds 11'. over un-
                                             adj"usted 1988 for comparison purposes.



                   Index for the nation as a whole rose 23.1 percent during the
                                                                                                                                          0

                   same period. Table 7 provides a breakdown of househol.d EBI by

                   various income categories exceeding $10,000.




                              Table 7.
                              PERCENT HOUSEHOLDS BY EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME

                              Berrien Co. ($000)                          1982             1984             1986              1988

                              10-ig.9                                  25.5%            22.7%            23.6%             24.7%
                              20-34.9                                  3 2 . 6          29.9%            27.6%.            28.4/7.
                              35-49.9                                  15 . 7 /%        20.1%            17 . 3 '1'07      15 . 5 %'
                              50+                                        5 .91/0,       10.. 6 %         12.3%               9 .6-/-07


                              Source:          "Sales. and Marketing                    Manaaement", various issues 1983-89.



                                        d. Trade Area Demographics. The Community Economic

                   Development Corporation has identified its trade area as

                   encompassing Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, and Van Buren counties in

                   Michigan, and LaPorte, Porter, and St. Joseph counties in

                   bordering Indiana. Table 8 provides a summary,of trade area




                                                                                                      60












                 Table 8.
                 TRADE AREA DEMOGRAPHICS - 1988
                                                                  No           Medi"an
                                      Population    Median   Households     Household
                                         (000)         Ace       (000)         EBI

                 MICHIGAN COUNTIES
                 Berrien                     167.9      32.5         63.0       $21,651
                 Cass                          50.1     33.3         18.5       $23,/-38
                 Kala@nazoo                  221.1      30.4         83.5       $27,354
                 Van Buren                     71.0     32.6         26.0       $18,622

                 INDIANA COUNTIES
                 LaPorte                     107.0      32.7         37.5       $23,391
                 Porter                      128.2      30.0         44.0       $30,050
                 St. Joseph                  241.5      32.8         90.6        213, 641


                 Source:   "Sales and Marketinc,   Mariaoement", 1989.




          demographics wherein 1988 population, median age, number of

          households, and median household E13I are listed by trade area

          counties.


                 Table 9 provides five year projections (1988-1993) of

          populati  on, total retail sales, and total effective buying income

          for the seven county trade area. For comparative purposes,

          population is projected to increase in all of Michigan's

          metropolitan counties over the 5 year period on average by 0.1

          percent, and by 4.6 percent for the U.S. as a whole. Total

          retail sales are projected to increase by 48.3 and 50.6 percent,

          respectively, in each of these larger geographical areas, and

          total EBI is expected to rise by 47.7 percent in the metropolitan

          counties of the state and by 51.4 percent ac            ross the nation..

                       e. Employment and Compensation. It can be observed in



















        Table 9.
        TRADE AREA MARKET POTENTIAL       1988 AND 1993 PROJECTIONS

                                       Population                 Total Retail Sales                     Total EBI
                                         (000)                           ($000)                           ($000)
                                1988      1993    % Chg.       1988       1993    % Chg.        1988       1993    % Chg.
        MICHIGAN COUNTIES
        Berrien              167.9      164.9       -1.8     914.5     1,297.3     41.9    1,785.1     2,585.1      44.8
        Cass                   50.1       50.4      0.5      115.5      170.6      47.7        548.2      811.9     48.1
        Kalamazoo            222.1      226.5       2.0     1,648.6    2,474.0     50.1    2,969.8     4,469.0      50.5
        Van Buren              71.0       71.4      0.5      269.5      398.1      47.7        626.5      927.9     48.1

        INDIANA COUNTIES
        LaPorte              107.0      107.6       0.6      590.1      876.9      48.6    1,080.0     1,621.1      50.1
        Porter               128.2      131.5       2.6      588.9      894.8      52.0    1,528.4     2,340.6      53.1
        St. Joseph           241.5      239.2       -1.0    1,748.7    2,585.0     47.8    2,737.6     4,041.1      47.6

        Source:   "Sales and Marketing Management",     1989
        Note: In computing projected values, average increases state-wide
                were applied to Cass, Van Buren, and LaPorte counties. Others
                are county-specific estimates.












                                                                                                                          0)




                                                                                                                  62






           Table 10 that through the first six months of 1990, there was an
                                      C@

           average of 78,100 persons in the Benton Harbor MSA labor force.

           Of these, 72,000 were employed and 6,100 were unemployed. The




                   Table 10.
                   LABOR MARKET TREND - BENTON HAR30R MSA

                                             1982       i9841        !986      1988      _1990*

                   Civ. Labor Force      71,300       71,600     73,000    79,000     73,100
                   Employment            60,000       62,800     68,200    73,600     72,000
                   Unempioyment           1l':;00      81800      6,800 '7   5,400      6,100
                                             1 . 1 -7               9.0-
                   Unemp. Rate                         12 . 3                  6.8%       7.8,-7.


                   *Averace throuah     June 1990.

                   Source:    Michican Employment Security Commission




           number of persons employed represented a decrease of 2.2 percent

           from the comparable 1988 monthly average. (The 1989 average also

           dropped from 1988 by          seven-tenths of a percentage point).                 These

           decreases can be attributed principally to softness in the U.S.

           economy over the past twelve months -- particularly in the


                   Table 11.
                   PERCENT EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY GROUP
                   Benton Harbor MSA, July 1990

                                                              Employees       % of Total

                   Manufacturina                                  20,800             30.8%
                   Services                                       15,500             23.0%
                   Retail Trede                                   12,500             18.3%
                   Government                                     8,400              12.4%
                   Wholesale Trade                                2,900               4.3'.
                   Finance, Insurance & Real Estate               2,800               4 . 1 %
                   Trans., Comm., & Utilities                     2,100               4.0%
                   Construction                                   1,900               2.8'/*'


                   Source:   Michigan Employment Security         Commission





                                                                                                       63






          manufacturing sector. The trend in Berrien County had been

          substantially upward as is demonstrated by a 22.7 percent gain in

          employment in the 1982-1988 period.

                 Table 11 provides a July 1990 breakdown by number of

          employees and percent of total for two-digit Standard Industrial

          Code (SIC) classifications in the Benton Harbor MSA. Unlike many

          of the area's neighboring counties in Michigan and Indiana,
          Berrien County has managed to re@ain more than 30 percent of its

          workforce in manufacturing, where export income creation is

          typically highest. Export income is a critical factor in the

          economic development of a region. It can be observed in Table 12

          that the number of workers in manufacturina has also increased

              rising 19.3 percent from 1983 to 1987.




                 Table 12.
                 TREND - PRIVATE EXPLOYMENT BY SECTOR
                 Benton Harbor MSA

                                                                       7. Chg.
                                            1983       1985      1987 1983-87

                 Acriculture                 128       141        129       0.8%
                 IM In i R g,                 81       118        156     92.64"
                 Construction             1,018     1,389     1,504       47.7%
                 Manufacturina            18,255    19,741    21,782      19.3%
                 Transportation           1,439     1,460     1,585       10.1%
                 Wholesale Trade          2,272     2,516     2,771       22.0%
                 Retail Trade             9,036     9,943     11,092      22.8%.
                 Fin., Ins., & R.E.       1,997     2,227     2,484       24.4%
                 Services                 11,264 - 13,183     14,047      14.7%


                 Source:   "County Business Patterns",     1983-87




                 Table 13 provides a breakdown of annual payroll dollars in

          1987   by two-digit SIC. Again the predominance of manufacturing





                                                                                                                        64






             is evident. Some 30 percent of the employed                        labor force
             accounts for the'flow of more than 50 percent of the area'-s


                     Table 13.
                     PAYROLL BY INDUSTRY GROUP
                     Berrien County - 1987

                                                             Annual ($000)

                     Manu;acturin,,                                 351,801
                     Serv-ices                                      175,945
                     Retail Trade                                   108,073
                     Wholesale Trade                                 77,078
                     Fin., Ins., and R.E.                            49,618
                     Trans-j. and other Public        Util.          49, 196
                     Contract Construction                           33,371
                     Mininc                                           3,082
                     Aa. Serv., Forestry, and         Fish.           1,431
                      0
                     Unclassified Establishments                      1 402


                                  Total                           1,051,017


                     Source:     "County Business Patterns", 1987


             payroll dollars. Average hourly earning in various Berrien

             County manufacturing industries are compared in Table 14 with


                     Table 14.
                     AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING


                                                              Michigan             Berrien    Cty.
                                                            1987        1988       1987        1988

                     Total Manufacturin,@                 $12.97     $13.43      $9.87        S9.95
                     Total Durable Goods                  13.53       14.06      10.06        10.23
                     Primarv Metals                       12.97       13.86        9.55       10.38
                     Fabricated Metal Products            12.83       10.23      10.44        11.05
                     Machinery - except Elect.            13.10       13.42      11.25        11.13
                     Ele. & Electronic Eqpt.              11 .29      11.81        9.45        9.26
                     Transportation Equipment             15.17       15.98      12.16        11.72
                     Total Nondurable Goods               10.94       11.16        9.39        8.89
                     Food and Kindred Products            10.77       10.88        7.28        6.87
                     Paper and Allied Products            12.4.5      12.67      12.32-       12.13
                     Printina & Publishin-                10 ; 4.2    10.47      10.97        10.58


                     Note:    Figures based on annual averages.




                                                                                  65







         those same industries in the State of Michigan; and, 1988 data

         are compared with 1987. It will be observed that 1 of the 11

         state-wide rates listed dropped from 1987 to 1988, while 8 of 11

         dropped in Berrien County. It might also be noted that Berrien

         County earnings in manufacturing tend to be lower than in

         Michioan as a whole, however, they are 55 percent higher than
              0                                              0

         would typically be found in office related occupations like

         bookkeepina ($7.17) and secretarial work ($6.98).

              3. Market Potential for Revenue Producing Attractions.

         Plans for specific revenue producing attractions that would be a

         part of theJean Klock Park renovation have not as yet been

         definitized, however, it is possible to reach cert ain conclusions

         regarding revenue producing potential and the economic impact of

         recreational activities.


                   a. Market Potential. One can view the market


         potential of revenue producing activities in the Park from the

         standpoint of various user classifications.

                        1) The resident Market. The local market

         consists of local residents of the Benton Harbor MSA, or Berrien

         County. The primary market is the! area identified as the

         Community Economic Development Corporation service area. Tables

         I through 7 provide detail with respect to the local and primary

         markets' population, numbers of households, and income. These

         tables are complemented by Tables 10 through 14, which provide

         economic information on employment. and compensation of the

         resident market area's working population.  The secondary market




                                                                                 66







        has been identified by the area's economic development arm as

           prising a seven county (4 in Michigan, 3 in Indiana) trade
        com      0                           0

        area. Tables 8 and 9 provide detail with respect to the

        secondary market's population, median age, numbers of households,

        income, and retail sales.

                       2) The Visitor Market. It is predictable that

        certain revenue producing attractions, like golf courses,

        marinas, lodges, nature displays and museums, etc., would attract

        visitors to the area, as well as provide activities for persons

        who were visitina the area for other reasons. This is

        particularly true in light of the fact that Berrien-County ranks

        13th amona Michioan's 83 counties in terms of total dollar

        expenditures generated by travellers. The typical Michigan

        visitor is married, with a family, having education beyond high

        school, a homeowner, with income exceeding $30,000, and

        travellina from Great Lakes countr,. A study by the

        International Association of Convention and Visitor Bureaus

        indicates that the average daily expenditure of visitors was $114

        in 1989. It might also be noted that Berrien County ranks 8th as

        a location of temporary residences in the state. A very large

        portion of the revenue generated from these temporary residents

        would be export income for the local community.

                  b. Economic Impact of V:isitor Expenditure. Aside from

        producing revenues directly from visitors to the community,

        revenue producina attractions would also provide a significant

        flow of indirect income to support the further economic




                                                                                                     67







           development of the     area. The visitor segment of the market,

           through visitor expenditures, draws income from outside the

           region -- export income -- that ultimately expands both local

           income and job opportunities through a multiplier or ripple

           effect. In 1988, a previous study was updated for the Michigan

           Travel Bureau by the U.S. Travel Data Center, wherein the

           economic impact of travel on each of Michigan's counties was

           computed. The Travel Economic Impact Model (TEIM) was utilized

           to provide estimates of total direct and multiplied impacts.

           Table 15 summarizes these impacts as they relate to Berrien

           County. Again, the county ranks 13th among the state's 83

           'counties in terms of travel impact.




                 Table 15.
                 IMPACT OF TRAVEL ON BERRIEN COUNTY               Cho.
                                                1983     1986 1983-86


                 Total Travel
                   Expenditures (000)         84,115    97,187    15.5%

                 Travel Generated
                   Payroll (000)              15,134    17,621    16.4%

                 Travel Generated
                   Employment (Jobs)           1,702     1,852      8.8%

                 State Tax
                   Receipts (000)              3,533     4,362    23.5%'

                 Local Tax
                   Receipts (000)                744       833    12.01.


                 Source: "The Economic Impact of Travel on Michigan
                           Counties", Michigan Travel Bureau, 1988.





                                                                                 68







             4. Conclusion. Demographics and economic data clearly

        indicate that the Berrien County region encompasses a substantial

        market area. The assignment of the designation Benton Harbor

        Metropolitan Statistical Area is support, in itself, for that

        contention. In measures of effective buying income and total

        population, Sales and Marketing Matagement magazine ranks the

        area 211th and 213th, respectively, among 319 Metro Market areas

        that are tracked across the U.S.


             It is also true that the county is a an important recreation

        and tourism center. It is the 13th largest contributing county

        to Michigan's total travel expenditures. And, while the area's

        manufacturing base, from which good export income is derived,

        remains significant -- it provides jobs for some 30 percent of

        the county's working population -- the further development of the

        county's recreational assets is prudent.. The potential of

        attracting visitors from counties other than Berrien in the

        seven-county trade area as well as from further outlying

        localities, like Chicago and Grand Rapids, is considered to be

        great.

             Depending upon the breadth of revenue producing attractions,

        the anticipated revenue flow could be expected to be quite large.

        The recreation and tourism industry is, like manufacturing but

        unlike many other service industries  a major provider of export

        income, since-a high proportion of industry revenues flow from

        outside the region. As a result, the availability of export

        income, with an increasing proportion derived from the recreation




                                                                                 69








        and tourism industry, becomes a decisive f'actor in the further

        economic development of the region and, therefore, to the

        economic well-being of the community as a whole.



                          dean Klock Park Master Plan                            70
                                 Benton Harbor, Mchigan
                                     December 1990










                          Archaeol        d Surva. Report



























                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana




                                                                                  71



                               A Report oF Research
                             Undertaken an SehalF oF:



                              City oF Senton Harbor,
                                  Michigan 4SO22
                           Attention: Mr. Roland Klockow
                                   City Engineer

                                        and

                                 The Troyer Group
                                415 Lincolr,way East
                               Mishawaka, IN   46544
                           Attention: Mr. Gerald Phipps





                                                                                72










          INTRODUCTION:


              Upon receipt of authorization From the City OF Benton Harbor

          (dated 17 Sep SO) and The Troyer Group (dated 20 Sep SO) For a

          Phase I archaeological survey OF Jean Klock Park in Benton Harbor,

          Michigan, the authors and their associates initiated a literature,

          documents, and site File search and on 24 Sep conducted on-site

          evaluation of the property in question to determine if landscape

          alteration associated with the Mast er Plan for the park would

          adversely impact potentially significant archaeological resources.

          There follows a report of our program of research, together with

       .-.recommendations derived from our findings.


          PROJECT PERSONNEL:


               Principal Investigator   Dr. William M. Cremin, Professor of

                                        Anthropology, WMU and Owner, W... M.

                                        Cremin Consulting

               Project Supervisor       Mr. Gregory    Walz, M.A. Candidate

                                        in Anthropology, WMU

               Field Assistants         Mr. Daniel Goatley, Graduate Student

                                        in Anthropology, WMU

                                        Mr. Lewis Wisser, M.A. Candidate in

                                        Anthropology, WMU



          DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA:

               Jean Klock Park occupies some 90 acres (36.4 ha) in the NW 1/4

          OF Section 13, Benton Township (West Part)-, City OF Benton Harbor,

          Michigan (Fig. 1). It-extends From  the lake shoreline on the west

          to the interchange of Red Arrow Highway on,.the east. In the late


















                      MICHIG
                           %/4            Project area
                            AN
                                                                                                                                     678

                   OUADRA14GLE LOCATION                                                              J                   L   12    ,o
                                                                                                         p Park
                              MOMMOMM                                                            RockyGa
                   F i g.1

                                          kilometer                                                                                        r
                                                                                   Higman Parl(.,


               7!

                A

                                                                                                                  33,
                                                            BENTON HARBOR



                                                                        BEcroN
                                                                          TWP..41
                                                                                                                           590
                                                                                                            13



                                                                                                                                   vNI

                                                                                                                                  W
                                                                                                                                        V.
                                                                                                                                   TO




                                                                                               d
                                                                                                         1@89


                                                    tp

                                                      P

                                                                                                 C
                                                                                                                            L1911

                                                                          ?w
                                     IV


                                      0





                                                                                         74




          ISSO's, the channel of the Paw Paw River was Filled to permit

          construction of this interchange, and the river was diverted to

          its present course which lies to the east and parallels the high-

          way as it Flows toward the St. Joseph River to the south.

               The northern boundary of the project area conforms to the base

          of the bluff on which the residential neighborhood of Highman Park

          is situated. This bluff rises to an elevation of 192 m above sea

          level,  or 15 m above the highest elevation (177 m ASL) recorded

          for the-project near the base of the bluff.

                On the south  the project is bounded by a road that provides

          access to the beach area south of' the park limits.

                Upon the arrival of the survey team it was immediately apparent

          that  a significant amount of landscape alteration-had occurred over

          the years, both in the large expanse of marsh occ.upying the eastern

          portion of the project where the Paw Paw River had formerly flowed

          and an the dunes that separate the strip of beachfront from the

          remainder of the study area.      The! beachFrant has been developed as

          a recreational area with a bathhouse, play areas, and parking lots,

          as well as a sidewalk running parallel to the beach and lake shore-

          line.   It appeared that the area lying north of the bathhouse had

          been most impacted by road     construction and dune    alteration   over

          the years. To the south of this structure, natural foredunes were

          carefully walked and visually inspected For evidence of cultural

          material, with nothing being observed. Here, surveyors noted that

          remnants of natural plant communities still existed, with mature

          poplars, smaller maples, and a dense undergrowth of grape vines,

          greenbriar, and numerous herbaceous species being present.           Behind

          the Foredunes,   however, the topography suggested that much of the

          area had been leveled and scraped. This is especially true For





                                                                                  75



          the City of Benton Harbor water facility and its surrounding park-

          ing lot occupying the extreme southwest portion of the project


          area.


              East of the dunes and scraped areas, and separated From them

          by a road, lies the extensive marsh that Flanked the Former Paw

          Paw River channel.  This area initially appeared to be relativel  y

          untouched by recent landscape alteration, but our program of shovel

          testing soon revealed otherwise. Much of what appeared to be marsh

          near the southern limits of the project area was found to constitute

          a fill consisting of Foundry taillngs, bricks, and cinders.

               The slopes of the bluff that define- the northern limits of our

          study area were found to be heavily wooded with climax species long

          common to the region.  Mature tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipiFera),

          red oaks, and maples formed the canopy, while the understory was

          comprised of smaller elms, maples, and poplars.

               Finally, it is perhaps noteworthy that an old map of the area

          provided by the clients showsa "hairpin-shaped!' feature extending

          From the old channel in a northwesterly direction through the marsh

          and below the bluff (Fig. 2).   We wondered whether this might repre-

          sent a former meander bend in the river long since cut off from the

          channel occupied by the river prior to construction of the inter-

          change.  However, while it was shown an the map, we were unable to

          observe this Feature when on-site. Our curios    ity was satisfied

          when a lifelong resident of the city, Mr. R.J. Burkhalz, informed

          us that a canal had been excavated early in the century to bring

          river traffic to a commercial enterprise formerly located at the

          northeast corner of the project.area.










                                                                                                                                                                        Project boundary
                                      Fig. 2
                                                                                                                                                                        Paved road
                                                                                                    Ale                                                                 Structure
                                                                                                                                            A
                                                                                                                                                                        Shovel test
                                                                                                                                                                        Former channel
                                                   100
                                               meter5_m                                                                                                                 Canal                                             2


                                                                                  AW

                                                                                                47               graded
                                                                                                                        &                                               V



                                                                                                                                            pugo
                                                                   AW                                            f illed                            ,e



                                                          As
                                                                                                                                 J*e
                                                        AIW
                                                      ,w                                                                       A                                        2"-:-%        20BE41
                                                                       / 71A
                                              4@

                                                 AW
                                                                                                                                                       to
                                           AV
                                                                                                                                                  2

                                        Alf
                                      AV                   A


                                                                      M
                                                              b
                                                                                                                 foundry
                                                                                                                 tailing
                                                         0
                                                                                                                    f ill



                                                                                                                                                      1;0;00



                                                                                             JF:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    011

                                                              ,0
                                                               '0.
                                                            ,P
                                                                                                                                                                                           f





                                                                                     77




          ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ANO RESOURCES IN THE AREA:

               A review of the literature and documents (Carney 1976;

          Cummingham 1961, IS67; Ellis 1880; Moulds 1963; Fender-1915; and
          Tucker 1942) and examination of the @tate site Files strongly sug-

          gest an absence of archaeological sites and/or archaeological

          activity an the part of the professional community in the Paw Paw

          River Valley of Berrien County. While the nearby St. Joseph River

          Valley experienced a long history of human occupation and has been

          a "hotbed" of activity For those interested in both the prehistory

          and early history  of southwest Michigan, our review has produ*ced

          only a single reference relevant to cur program cF@research.

          According to Fender (1915:31), a Potawatomi village was located

          on the Paw Paw Flats near the conFluence of this river and the St.


          Joseph a short distance below the project area in    the period cF_

          initial Eurcamerican settlement. Perhaps the apparent abse     nce of

          historic period Indian settlements of    any consequence along this

          stream, when compared to the near-by St. Joseph River, reflects on

          the "tortuous" course of this river, with its low banks and very

          marshy adjacent land (Ellis 1880:187).

               The state site Files (Barbara Mead, personal communication)

          reference*six (6) sites in the general area, the closest of which

          is loosely located in Section 14 to the southwest of the project

          area. This site, 20SES8, designates a prehistoric village located

          by Hinsdale in his Archaeological Atlas of Michigan (1931). A

          second Hinsdale listing, 20SE65, is recorded as an 18th century

          cemetery, but is located on the south side of the St. Joseph River
          very near to the favored location for*LaSalle's Fort Miami (20SE213)

          in 1679 (Cummingham 1961; Ellis 1880). A third Hinsdale site,

          20BESS, is also located in close proximity to the old French Fort,





                                                                                         78

  sidentiFied as being prehistoric in age.        Also purportedly

  ted on the south bank of the St. Joseph River a short distance
   Is mouth was a 17th century French mission (20SE215).          How-
     am unaware of any primary so@rces (documents) that Firmly

  )lish the presence of a mission to the Miami in this part of
  ,at ey at such an early date.
  Finally, the site Files record 20SE144 at the mouth of the Paw
  litr.   We noted earlier that a historic Patawatomi villag      Ie was
  atid here during the period of establishment of Benton Harbor.
  ./er, when visited in 1948 by a University of Michigan survey
  /,jall that was noted was an extensive surface scatter of pre-
  oric cultural debris.    At least this observation, together with
  @Djviously cited historic reference, serves to establish s,ome
  ilian  interest in this river.     And perhaps this interest at
  t  n part reflects an the natural resource availability that we
  alociate with the extensive marshes that     .Formerly flanked the
  tuous" course  of the Paw Paw River!
  EJFIELO PROCEDURES:

     though it was originally anticipated that two field days

  d be required to perform a systematic and 'intensive survey of
  p1ject area, the condition in which we Found this 90 acre
  e@enabled surveyors to complete their task in one long day.
  e  procedures employed consisted of visual inspection of the
  nI surface in those areaswherebeach and dunes prevailed and
  ther areas where vegetative cover afforded a good look at the
  @nIsurface for evidence of cultural debris.       Many of the areas
  eling recent disturbance were initially probed to verify that
  !e rigorous shovel testing was unnecessary.       When all is said





                                                                                   79




           and done, only three areas of limited spatial extent were determined

           to require shovel testing on the basis of extensive recent disturbance

           elsewhere in the study area.

                Shovel testing along parallel transacts was conducted along the

           base of the bluff forming the northern limits of the study area. On

           the western end of this area, three lines of survey 15 m apart were

           tested by means of placing probes well into the underlying subsoil

           at 15 m intervals. These transacts were continued, with Some

           deviation to compensate for roadways, to the northeastern corner of

           the project near a pumping station which occupies a high bank aver-

           looking the wetlands dominating @he central portion of the study


           area.


                In addition to the shovel -testing performed-in the northeastern

           and northwestern corners below -the bluff,  surveyors also initiated

           shovel testing along transacts in the south-central portion of the

           project at-ea. Here, the program of shovel testing was terminated

           when surveyors determined that the entire area. between two paved

           roads and south of the extant  marsh had been Filled with foundry

           tailings and other debris of recent origin.    Figure 2 shows the

           approximate locations of 70 shovel tests excavated on this occasion.



           RESULTS OF THE SURVEY PROGRAM:

                While the bulk of the project area has been significantly dis-

           turbed so as to preclude recovery of archaeological material, the

           survey team did record the presence of one prehistoric site.    Our

           discovery of the Jean Klock Park site (20SE413) was facilitated by

           Mr. Burkholz, who was curious as to our activities and came down

           from his house an the bluff top to visit with us. He informed

           surveyors that at some time in the past his daughter had collected




                                                                                  80




          Itarrowheads" From a location very near to the pumping station that

          sits an the bank above the wetlands in the northeastern corner of

          the project area (Fig. 2).   He Further informed the survey team

          that workmen had long ago recovered and removed from this location

          a partial human skeleton and that local historian, Wilbur Cunningham,

          had reported it to be the site of an Indian camp and associated

          cemetery.  Unfortunately, the Source of any report by Cunningham is


          unknown to us.


               Upon the team's arrival at the location in question, now well

          maintained in lawn and part.ially fenced to limit access to the

          pumping station, visual inspection of the bank at the edge of the

          wetlands commenced.   This bank, strongly sloping and rising between

          2-2.5 m above the marsh, revealed a total of 32 pieces of lithic

          debitage, weighing 30.5 g, and a single rim-sherd.    The following
          cherts comprise'the debitage: Lambrix -7; Wyandotte   -3; Oeerlick

          Creek -3; Surlington -2; Flint Ridge -1; Onondaga -1; and un-

          identified -15. In addition to the pieces of debitage collected

          From the bank, two of 10 shovel tests in the grassed.area back from

          the edge of the wetlands produced Four more lithic items, including

          two specimens of Deerlick Creek, one of Lambrix, and a piece of an

          unidentified chert. In aggregate, the lithic assemblage examined

          by Dan Goatley and reported herein comprises 36 excellent specimens

          weighing 50.5 9.

               The single rimsherd collected from the bank was clearly associ-

          ated with the lithic material. It is approximately 6 mm thick and

          has a dark, grit-tempered paste. Or. Elizabeth Garland of Western

          Michigan University believes that this specimen is consistent with

          Middle Woodland period ceramics known from southwest Michigan

          (Garland, personal communication), and furthermore fits the temporal




                                                                                      81



           placement suggested by the one diagnostic implement that Mr. Surkholz

           was able to produce from his daughter's collection From this site.

           The biFace he showed us is a thin, well-made corner-notched point

           that Falls within the Snyders Cluster (Justice 1987).      The point

           was made an an unidentified greyish-white chert and exhibits use

           wear bilaterally on the distal end.

                In summary, all of the above noted items were recovered from
           a limited area no more than perhaps 400 m   2 in.area and primarily

           from the bank immediately above the marsh.     Shovel tests i n th e

           grassed area revealed little subsurface disturbance, with the humus

           layer varying from 27 cm deep near the fence around the pumping

           station to less than 5 cm a mere 10 m From the fence.       However, it

           is possible that some topsoil has   been taken from.the area as a

           result of establishment of the facility or subsequent maintenance

           of the surrounding area.    Only additional examination will reveal

           the extent to which archaeological context in preserved at 20BE413.



           19ECOMMENOATIONS:


                Having performed a systematic and intensive examination of the

           entire parcel, we are convinced that developments associated with

           the Master Plan For Jean Klock Park will have no impact on potentially

           significant archaeological resources over an area comprising perhaps

           SS.9% of the entire project.    However, we must recommend that should

           development plans include the immediate area that we have herein

           identified as the Jean Klock Park site (20SE413), additional study

           of this resource should be considered prior to any landscape alter-

           ation.  In this case a program of limited test excavation should'

           serve to delimit site area and, more importantly, make it possible

           t. determine if archaeological context in the form of midden deposits






                                                                                           82



           and/or subsurface cultural features is preserved.



          REFERENCES CITED:


          Carney, J.T., editor
              1976 Berrien Bicentennial. Tesar Printing Company, Stevensville.

          Cunningham, W.M.
              1961   Land of Four Flags: An Early History of the St. Joseph
                     Valley. W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids.

              1967   Letter Book  of William   Burnett: Early Fur Trader in the
                     in the Land of 'Four Flags. Fort Miami Heritage Society
                     of Michigan, Inc.

          Ellis, F.
              1880   History of Berrien and Van Buren Counties, Michigan.
                     D.W. Ensign and Company, Philadelphia.

          Justice,   N.D.
              1987   Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and
                     Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

          Moulds, C.
              1963   Chips Fell in the Valley..     C. Moulds (private printing).

          Pander,  J.
              ISIS History of Benton Harbor- and Tales of Village Days. The
                     Braun Printing Company, Chicago.

          Tucker, S.J., compiler
              1942 Indian Villages of the Illinois Country. Illinois State
                     Museum, Part 1, Atlas, Volume II. Springfield.
 




                                                                                83





                                      SITE FORM




          The Jean Klock Park site (20BE413) encompasses an estimated 400 m
          in the SE corner of the NE 1/4, NE 114, SE 1/4, NW 1/4 of Section
          13, Benton Township (West Part), Berrien County, Michigan. It lies
          near the base of the bluff on the bank of a marsh Flanking the Farmer
          channel of the Paw Paw River immediately west of a City of Benton
          Harbor pumping station. The site was recorded with the help of a
          local informant who brought the survey crew to this location. A
          brief visual inspection of the sloping bank rising 2-2.5 m above
          the marsh produced cultural material,and subsequent shovel testing
          of the grassed area west of the pumping station and a short distance
          back From the edge of the bank also resulted in the recovery of
          cultural items. A Middle Woodland cultural affiliation is proposed
          on the basis of a single rimsherd collected by surveyors and a
          Snyders Cluster projectile point retrieved From the site by the
          daughter of our informant, Mr. BUrkholz.

               Inventory of Cultural Items (37 pieces)

               1-rimsherd, 6 mm thick and exhibiting a dark, grit-tempered
                 paste
               8-pieces of Lambrix chert from Oceania County, Michigan
               5-specimens from Deerlick Creek south of South Haven, Michigan
               3-Flakes of Wyandotte chert From extreme southern Indiana
               2-pieces of Burlington chert From west-central Illinois
               1-Flake of Flint Ridge chert From central Ohio
               1-specimen of Onondaga chert From New York
              16-pieces of lithic debitage From sources unknown to us, but
                 presumably representing local till material
 


                          Jean Klock Park Master Plan                            84
                                 Benton Haibor, Wchigan
                                     December 1990










                               Vegetation     Inve




























                                 The Troyer Group, Inc.
                                Goshen & Mishawaka, Indiana






                                                                                    85



                        JEAN KLOCK PARK BENTON HARBOR, MICHIGAN
                             VEGETATION INVENTORY      9/23/90

                                  J.F. NEW & ASSOCIATES




        A, BEACH


           Ammophila breviligulata            marram grass

           Artemisia caudata                  beach wormwood

           Cakile edentula                    sea rocket

           Calamovilfa longifolia             sand reed
           Cycloloma atriplicifolium         pigweed
        (a)Elymus arenaris                    lyme grass

        COMMENTS: Typical   beach Flora, no endangered or threatened species

                   were located. Includes area From the lake shoreward to

                   brick road running along beach.



        B. OPEN, GRAMINOID SAND DUNES

           Ambrosia artemisiiFolia            common ragweed
           Andropugon scoparius               little bluestem

           Artemisia caudata                  beach wormwood

           Asclepias syriaca                  milkweed
           Calamovilfa longiFolia             sand reed
        (a)Centaurea maculosa                 spotted knapweed

                    arvense                   canada thistle
        (a)Cirsium vulgare                    bull thistle
           Cornus stolonifera bailey          bailey's dogwood
        (a)Daucus carota                      wild carrot

           Euphorbia polygonifolia            seaside spurge
           Equisetum hyemale                  rough horsetail
           Frageria virginiana                wild strawberry
        (a)Elaeagnus umbellata                autumn olive
        (a)Hyperium perForatum                common St.John's wort
           Lithospermum croceum               hairy puccoon
        (a)Melilotus alba                     white sweet clover

           Monarda fistulosa                  wild bergamot
           Oenothera biennis                  evening primrose
           Panicum virgatum                   switch grass

                       (a)   alien species
 




                                                                                      86



          B. OPEN, GRAMINOID SAND DUNES (continued)

             Poa sp.                            bluegrass

             Populus deltoides                  cottonwood
          (a)Plantago lanceolata                english plantain
             Prunus virginiana                  choke cherry
             Prunus pumila                      sand cherry
             Toxicodendron                      poison ivy
             Rhus typhina                       staghorn sumac

             Salix interior                     sandbar willow

             S'alix sp.                         willow
          (a)Saponaria   ofFicinalis            bouncing bet
             Solidago altissima                 tall goldenrod
             Solidago racemosa gillmani         dune goldenrod
             Strophostyles helvola              trailing wild bean
          (a)Ulmus pumila                       chinese elm
             Vitis riparia                      wild grape
          COMMENTS: Characteristic dune Flora. Number OF weedy species
                     probably indicates prior disturbance. One rare plant
                     observed - Strophostyles (see discussion OF Endangered,
                      threatened plants).



          C. WOODED DUNE


          (a)Asparagus oFFicinalis              wild asparagus
             Celastrus scandens                 climbing bittersweet
             Cornus stolonifera baileyi         bailey's dogwood
          (a)Berberis thumbergii                japanese barberry
             Elymus canadensis                  canada wild rye
             Fraxinus sp.                       ash
          (a)Morus alba                         white mulberry
             Panicum virgutum                   switchgrass
             Parthenocissus quinquefolia        viroinia creeper
             Platanus occidentalis              american sycamore
             Prunus virginiana                  choke cherry
             Ptlea trifoliata                   waFer ash
             Quercus rubra                      red Oak
             Toxicodendron radicans             poison ivy
          (a)Saponaria officinalis              bouncing bet

             Smilax sp.                         catbrier
                        (a) = alien species
 





                                                                                          87





         C. WOODED DUNE (continued)

            Smilacina stellata                   false solomon's seal

            Solanum dulcamara                    bittersweet nightshade
            Solidago altissima                   tall goldenrod

      OOM.  Tilia americana                      basswood

         (a)Ulmus pumila                         chinese elm
         COMMENTS    Typical  species, somewhat disturbed based on the number
                     of alien species. No endangered or threatened species

                     were observed.



         0. PARKING LOTS (AREA TOWARDS FILTRATION PLANT)

            Ammophila breviligulata              marram grass
            Andropogon scoparius                 little bluestem

            Artemisia caudata                    beach wormwood

            Calamovilfa longifolia               sand reed

            Cakile edentula                      sea rocket
         (a)Centaurea maculosa                   spotted knapweed
         (a)Cichorium intybus                    wild chicory
            Coreopsis tripteris                  tall coreopsis
         (a)Daucus carota                        wild carrot
         (a)Elaeagnus umbellate                  autumn oak
            Equisetum arvense                    horsetail
            Equisetum hyemal e                  rough horsetail
            Erigeron strigosus                   fleabane
            Euphorbia polygonifolia              seaside spurge
         (a)Hypericum perforatum                 common St. John's wort
         (a)Melilotus alba                       white sweetclover

            Monarda punctata                     horse mint
            Oenothera biennis                    evening primrose
         (a)Plantago lancelota                   english plantain
            Populus deltoides                    cottonwood

            Ptelea trifoliata                    waFer ash

            Toxicadendron radicans               poison ivy
         (a)Saponaria officinalis                soapwort

                         (a)    alien species
 










        0. PARKING LOTS (continued)


           Salix exigua                       sandbar willow
        (a)Sedum sp.                          stonecrop
           Solidago altissima                 tall goldenrod
           Straphostyles helvola              trailing wild bean
        (a)Taraxacum officinale               dandelion
        (a)Trifolium pratense                 red clover
        (a)Verbascum thapsus                  mullein
           Vitis riparia                   wild grape
        (a)Xanthium strumarium                cocklebur
        (a)Yucca filamentosa                  yucca

        SMALL SEPARATE WETLAND

           Juncus effusus                     common rush

           Panicum implicatum                 panic grass

           Sabatia anularis                   rose gentian
        COMMENTS:   Two rare plants were located - Sabatia and Strophostyles
                    (see discussion under Endangered and Threatened plants)
                    This area shares many species in common with beach and
                    foredune vegetation. Presence of many weedy species points
                    to past disturbance. Would not call this area prarie,
                    though parts are open, grassy sections. Includes the

                    areas north of Jean Blvd. and south of the dunes area.



        E. UPLAND AREA (BETWEEN JEAN BLVD.& KLOCK ROAD, WEST OF MARSH)

           Andropogon scaparius               little bluestem
        (a)Centaurea maculosa                 spotted knapweed
           Calamovilfa longifolia             sand reed
        (a)Commelina communis                 common day Flower
        (a)Daucus carota                      wild carrot

           Equisetum hyemale                  scouring rush
           Fragaria virginiana                wild strawberry

           Gnaphalium obtusifolium            oldfield balsam
           Hypericum kalmianum                kalm's St. John's wort
        (a)Melilotus alba                     white sweet clover
           Monarda fistulosa                  wild bergamot
           Salix exigua                       sandbar willow
           Panicum imlicatum                  panic grass
                     (a) = alien species
 




                                                                                    89





        E. UPLAND AREA (cant inued)

        (a)Saponaria officinalis              soapwort
           Sabatia angularis                  rose gentian
           Solidago altissima                 tall goldenrod
           Rhus typhina                       staghorn sumac
        (a]Verbascum thapsus                  mullein
           Vitis riparia                      wild grape
        COMMENTS:   I would not call this a prairie. It appears to be a
                    successional community occurring on some type of fill.
                    Sabatia occurs here in the hundreds (see discussion of
                    Endangered species).


        Fa. CATTAIL MARSH (SW CORNER OF MARSH, SOUTH OF JEAN BLVD.)


        UPLAND FRINGE

           Salix exigua                       sandbar willow
           Populus deltaides                  cottonwood
           Cornus stolonifera                 red osier dogwood
           Sambuccus canadensis               elderberry
           Rhus typhina                       staghorn sumac
           Calamagrostis canadensis           blue-joint reedgrass
           Haberaria hyperborea               northern green orchid

        MARSH

     DOM. Typha angustifoli  a                narrow-leaved cattail
        COMMENTS: This cattail marsh   changes into more open marsh,
                    dominated by NuphEr or Peltandra. An area of the
                    cattail marsh is becoming dominated by Lythrum Salicaria,
                    purple loosestriFe.



        Fb. MARSH


           Alisma plantago-aquatica           broad-leaf water-plantain
           Almus rugosa                       speckled alder
           Asclepias incarnata                swamp milkweed
           Carex comosa                       bearded sedge
           Calamagrostis canadensis           blue-joint reedgrass
           Cephalanthus occidentalis          buttonbush

           Chelone glabra                     turtlehead
                             (a)  alien species


                                                                             90





        Fb. MARSH (continued)

           Decodon verticillatus              hairy swamp loosestrife
           Eupatoriadelphus maculatus         spotted joe-pye-weed
           Hibiscus moscheutos                swamp rosemallow
           Impatiens capensis                 orange jewelweed

           Juncus eFFusus                     common rush

           Juncus brachycephalus              short headed rush
           Juncus torreyi                     torrey's rush
           Lyqcopus americanus                 american bugleweed

           Lobelia cardinalis                 cardinal flower
        (a)Lythrum salicaria                  purple loosestrife
           Mimulus ringens                    monkey flower
           Nuphar advena                      yellow cow-lily
           Peltandra virginica                arrow arum
           Phragmites australis               common reed
           Pontederia cordata                 pickerel weed
           Rumex orbiculatus                  great water dock
           Scirpus lineatus                   red bulrush
           Scirpus validus                    great bulrush
           Scutellaria epilobiifolia          marsh skullcap
           Spiranthes cernua                  ladies tress orchid
           Typha anqgustifolia                 narrow-leaf cattail
           Utricularia vulqgaris               great bladderwort

           Verbena sp.                        vervain



        OR. OLD RIVER CHANNEL


           Elodea canadensis                  broad water-weed

           Myriophyllum exalbescens           spiked water milfoil
           Nymphaea tuberosa                  white water-lily
           Utricularia vulgaris               great bladderwort
           Vallisneria americana              wild celery

        COMMENTS: The cattail marsh is not very diverse. The other part of
                   the marsh is diverse and supports a good native flora.
                   However, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is present
                   and will spread unless steps are taken to control it.

                            (a)  alien species





                                                                                 91





        COMMENTS (MARSH - CATTAIL 9 OLO RIVER CHANNEL) continued:
                 A spring flows in the southwest corner of the cattail marsh
                 and Flows north and east until entering the old channel. it
                 is along this spring run that purple loosestrife is the worst.
                 Much sediment has been deposited in the cattail marsh.9 the
                 westernmost channel and is entering the more open marsh.
                 Source of this sediment is unknown and as it accumulates,

                 cattails will become more dominant.
                 One rare plant (Hibiscus moscheutos) was located scattered
                 around the edge of the more open marsh. See discussion of
                 Endangered plants.

                 Extensive marsh also occurs north and south of Klock Road.

                 Many of the species are similiar to the marsh located north
                 of M-63. One rare species (Hibiscus) was observed in the

                 south marsh.



        ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES


        One threatened species - rose-pink (Sabatia angularia) was located
        during the vegetation survey. One plant was located in a small
        wetland area southeast of the water filtration plant. Hundreds of
        this plant were located on either side of a dirt trail leading to the

        old river channel north of M-63.


        Two special concern species were found. The swamp rosemallow (Hibiscus
        moscheutos) was scattered along the fringes of the marsh located north
        of M-63, in one loop of the interchange and a few plants were located
        in the marsh south of Klock Rd. Trailing wild bean (Strophostyles helvola)
        was located in a dune situation and the edge of the north parking lot.
        A few plants were lo cated in the sand disposal area and about a dozen
        plants were located in the extreme northeast corner of the park.



        WETLANDS


        There are numerous acres of wetland located in this park. The largest
        and best quality areas are located adjacent to the old river channel.
        Various amounts of fill and channelization have effected these areas,*:*.-:





                                                                                92






       WETLANOS (continued)


       but for the most part, the vegetation is natural.

       In between the various loops and ramps of the interchange are also a

       number of wetlands, based on the vegetation observed. These are in
       varying degrees of naturalness, due to the amount of fill deposited
       during road construction.


       GENER'AL COMMENTS

       Based on this botanist's observations, it is suggested that boardwalks
       through the marsh are not advi,sable due to the soil conditions and
       possible adverse impacts. A preferable proposal would be the creation
       Of look-out point s around the periphery of the marsh. It is also noted
       that trails through the dunes need to be placed with extreme oar 8 due to
       the fragile soil conditions and possibility of sever.e erosion.














































































                                                                        3 6668 14102 2303