Managaha Island Marine Park management plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Managaha Island
MARINE PARK

MANAGEMENT PLAN

June,1985

MANAGAHA ISLAND

MARINE PARK

MANAGEMENT PLAN

june 1985

QH
91.75
M37
M36
1985

US Department of Comm e
NOAA Coastal Services Center Library
2234 South Hobson Avenue
Charleston, SC 29405-2413
Managaha Island Marine Park
Management Plan

propexty of CSC Library

Prepared for
Coastal Resources management office
CNMI

Prepared by
Pacific Basin Environmental Consultanh Inc.

June1985

MANAGAHA ISLAND MARINE PARK
MANAGEMENT PLAN

Prepared for

Coastal Resource Management Office, CNMI

COASTAL ZONE
INFORNIATION CENTER

INN,

Prepared by

Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc.

June 1985

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

List of Figures
List of Tables

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . .
A. General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
B. Purpose and Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
C. Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
A. Saipan General Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Groundwater Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
B. Location of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 16
C. Park Parameters . . . . . . . o o . . . . o . . . . . . . . . 18
D. Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . o . . . o . . . . 18
1. Outstanding Natural Feature Zone (A) . . . . . . o o 18
2. Natural Environment Zone (B) . . . . . . . . . . o . 21
3. Conservation Zone (C) . . . . o o . . . . . . . o . 22

III. Resources 24
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1. Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
a. Beach Strand Vegetation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 25
b. Inland Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 26
c. Introduced Vegetation . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 27
2. Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B. Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Carolinian Grave Site on Managaha . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Traditional Fishing and Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C. Historical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 29
1. Underwater Historic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
a. American Airplane . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 30
b. Small Pontoon . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 33
c. Unidentified Japanese Aircraf t . . . . . .. . . . . . 35
d . Barge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . ... . . . . . 39
e . Fishing Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . 40
f. Landing Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 42
g. Unidentified Japanese Airplane . . . . . 11 . . . . . 42

PAGE

2. Historic Properties on or near Managaha Island . . . . . 44
a. Coastal Defense Guns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
b. Japanese Bunkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
c. Anti Aircraft Guns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
d. Landing Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
e. Barge or Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
f. Barge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
D. Existing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
E. Access . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

IV. Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A. Orientation Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
B. Managaha Island Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
C. Underwater Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

V. Impacts on the Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A. Human Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1. Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2. Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B. Natural Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1. Tropical Storms and Typhoons ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2. Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go
C. Most Used Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

VI. Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
A. Management Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
B. Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
1. Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3. Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . o . . . . 97
5. Activities Permitted . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . 98
6. Activities Prohibited o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7. Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o - - o . . o - 100
8o Permit Procedures and Criteria . . . . . . . . o - - 100
9. Other Permits . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10. Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o - - o - 101
C. Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 102
1. General Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . 102
2. Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3. Staff . . . . . . . . 104
4. Policy Guidelines for Visitor an i er Use . . . . 105
5. Emergency Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6. Enforcement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 107
7. Violations and Fines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
D. Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
1. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 109
2. Cultural and Historical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . 109
E. Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
1. Management Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PAGE

3. Development of Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4. Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * : * * * . . . 114
6. Annual Operating and maintenance Expenses . . . . . . 114
-7. Land Aquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

References

Appendices
A. Legislation: An Act Proclaiming the Managaha
Island Marine Park in the CNMI
B. Memorandum of Understanding
C. Table 1. Checklist of terrestrial flora identified
along the nature trail and elsewhere on
Managaha Island.
Table 2. Checklist of corals by station, Managaha
Island Marine Park Underwater Trail
Table 3. Checklist of fish species observed in the
vicinity of the proposed underwater trail
at Managaha Island

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. General Location Map of Saipan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2. Map of Saipan showing Project Area Location . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Aerial Photograph of Managaha Island with Inner (I) and
Outer (II) Underwater Trail Area marked . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4. Approximate location of Underwater Trial in proximity to
Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5. Hydrographic Chart of Park Boundaries with Specific use
Zones Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6. (A and B) The PBY-SA Catalina twin-engine seaplane, the
possible identity of the airplane wreckage . . . . . . . . . . . 31

7. Wing section from an American airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

8. Same airplane wing viewed from the opposite direction as
in Figure 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

9. Unidentified pontoon of unknown origin or use . . . . . . . . . . 34

10. Same pontoon identified in Figure 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

11. (A, B, and C) Photographs and schematic of the Aichi E13A1
"Jake" seaplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

12. Upsidedown airplane of Japanese origin, commonly referred to
as the "Upsidedown Zero" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

13. View of the same plane identified in Figure 12 . . . . . . . . . 37

14. View of the same plane in Figure 13 from the tail section
which is missing or buried under the sand . . . . . . . . . . . 38

15. Coal barge or temporary pier located just underwater near
Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

16. Another view of the same barge or temporary pier identified
in Figure 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

PAGE

17. Upsidedown single engine Japanese airplane possibly used for
reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

18. View. of the same airplane identified in Figure 17 . . . . . . . 43

19. One of the 15 cm coastal defense guns on Managaha Island . . . 46

20. One of two smaller Japanese bunkers located on the northern
part of Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

21. One of the two anti aircraft guns located in shallow water on
the southeastern coast of Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . 47

22. Barge or pontoon pier located on the beach and partly sub-
merged on the east side of Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . 47

23. A large rusting hulk, probably the remains of a barge near
the main pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

24. Managaha Island Marine Park Orientation Center . . . . . . . . 53

25. Managaha Island Nature Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

26. Example of underwater site marker system . . . . . . . . . . 59

27. Detailed map of the Underwater Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

28-48 Photos of the Underwater Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-85

49. Flow diagram of CNMI Marine Parks Advisory Board . . . . . . . 103

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES PAGE

1. Checklist of terrestrial flora identified along the
Nature Trail and elsewhere on Managaha Island . . . . . . Appendix C

2. Checklist of corals by station, Managaha Island Marine
Park Underwater Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C

3. Checklist of fish species observed in the vicinity of the
proposed Underwater Trail at Managaha Island . . . . . . Appendix C

INTRODUCTION

A. General Concept

Marine parks were conceived in the early 1900's as a means to

protect unique marine habitats, particularly coral reefs., The idea of

national parks to protect resources in the sea has developed slowly.

However, with the increasing popularity of swimming, diving, fishing

and coral and shell collecting there is an urgency and necessity to

protect marine life, particularly unique and pristine areas near to large

population bases. Like their counterparts on land, marine parks are

usually a great tourist attraction. In this light, there must be a

careful balance between areas reserved for tourists and areas estab-

lished as sanctuaries where scientific studies can be carried out.

Just like there are areas of great beauty on larid, the sea also

contains areas of unusual beauty. Quite possibly these areas are even

more unique and important to mankind. Even the idea of preserving

unique terrestrial sites has been slow to develop. YellOWstone, the

world's first national park, in the modern sense, was not established

until 1872. It was not until 1935 that a marine site was included within

the Jurisidiction of the U.S. National Park Service. This was the Fort

Jefferson National Monument at Dry Tortugas, 65 miles (offshore) west

of Key West, Florida. The park was established for the marine forti-

fication, not as a marine park. However, since only 87 of the monu-

ments 47,125 acres (2.2 percent) is on fastland, and since excellent

coral reef exist in the area, most of the monument can be viewed as the

world's first marine park. These reefs were not protected initially nor

was the diverse marine life living within it. Over time greater protec-

tion has been given to the marine environment in this area.

It is not difficult to understand why marine parks have developed
so slowly. Only in the last few decades through the use of snorkeling
and SCUBA gear has man enjoyed the sea for recreation on a large

scale. Man has always been closer to the ocean than the stars, but

paradoxically, mans' understanding of space is more advanced than

understanding of the ocean. This is obvious by mans' ventures into

space which far exceed his exploration of the seas in imagination,

technology and expenditure of funds. It was not until the 1940's when

Jacques Cousteau developed SCUBA that man was able to spend any

length of time observing the underwater environment.

Because of a general lack of information regarding the oceans there

is a feeling that the resources of the oceans are so immense as to be.

virtu ally inexhaustable. This is not true and scientists know that

mans unregulated harvesting in the seas has depleted certain food

sources and has endangered stocks of other fish and sea food sources.

Another unfortunate general attitude is to regard the oceans as a

convenient dumping place for our waste. The saying goes "Dilution is

the solution to pollution," though not a particularly popular phrase

today. This attitude has been common along the coastline environment.

Inland, where the problem is more acute from dumping waste into small

rivers and lakes, the results have been devastating. The most toxic of

these wastes come from large manufacturing plants that use water for

cooling machinery or industrial wastes dumped directly to the water

source. These wastes can be chemicals that completely alter the water

chemistry or other wastes, like plastic and metal beverage containers

that resist deterioration for extended periods of time and accumulate on

beaches and coral reefs. Although it is not seen by most people, a

beverage container or plastic bottle is as offensive, if not more so, in

the undersea environment than it is on land.

Gradually, public indignation regarding pollution (terrestrial or

marine) -is increasing. A healthy feeling for preservation and conser-

vation is replacing this wanton exploitation of our environment. One

significant manifestation of this movement is the marine park. Through

the establishment of marine parks, unique undersea areas, selected

coral reefs and other important resources can be protected for the

enjoyment of all.

The concept of marine parks is for the protection, conservation

and future preservation of unique and/or pristine marine environments.

Protection in this manner has been enthusiastically received by many

nations in recent years, including underdeveloped countries.

In 1962 Seattle hosted the First World Conference on National Parks

where numerous countries met to create marine parks or reserves. The

key recommendation of this conference stated:

"Whereas it is recognized that the oceans and their teaming
life are subject to the dangers of human interference and
destruction of the land, that the sea and land are ecologically
interdependent and indivisible, that population pressures will
cause man to turn increasingly to the sea, and especially to the
underwater scene, for recreation and spiritual refreshment and
that the preservation of the unspoiled marine habitat is
urgently needed for ethical and esthetic reasons,, for the pro-
tection of rare species, for the replenishment of stock and
valuable food species and for the provision of undisturbed areas
for scientific research."

Since this conference, numerous marine parks have been established

worldwide, particularly in the tropics but not exclusively so.

What is a marine park and does it have to be mostly ocean to

qualify for such status? A marine park is any park that includes part

of the sea, regardless of land area. To some, the word "park" conveys

the principle objectives of recreation. To others, it means primarily a
reserve. However, the two need not be incompatible. Visitors at a
park can enjoy wild flowers without picking them or watch birds instead
of shooting them. Similarly, coral reefs can be merely observed or
photographed and fishes watched and not speared. Large marine parks

can be divided into zones. Recreation can take place in some areas and

complete protection or conservation with minimal disturbance in other

areas depending on the particular park.

B. Purpose and Need

The proposed Managaha Island Marine Park represents a great

opportunity for the development, protection and conservation of a truly

unique site. Situated in the Saipan Lagoon near the barrier reef in

relatively shallow water are coral reefs with a.diversity of marine life.

Numerous Japanese tourists visit Managaha Island daily and the use of

this island by local residents is popular. The island itself has both

historical and cultural value including gun placements and bunkers from

World War II and an ancient Carolinian burial site. In the waters sur-

rounding Managaha Island can be found. numerous war related artifacts,

wrecked ships and airplanes, barges and an assortment of war related

debris. The coral reef surrounding Managaha Island has been used

traditionally for subsistence fishing and gathering. SCUBA and skin

diving groups frequent the waters around Managaha Island as do other

water enthusiasts like windsurfers, sailors and waterskiers.

Because of the intensive pressure placed on the natural, cultural

and historical resources on and surrounding Managaha Island, pro-

tection at some level should be initiated. The inclusion and prompt

development of the area as a Marine Park will help provide the pro-

tection these resources deserve,

C. Goals and Objectives

The- primary objective of this management plan is to designate a

uniquely beautiful site presently utilized by the majority of tourists and

residents who visit or 'live on Saipan. The goal is to protect unique

resources found within the park and preserve them for future genera-

tions. Because of the increasing use of Managaha Island catering to

tourists and the general public, and the threat of coral reef predators,

time is of essence in protecting this resource.

Development of this marine park will represent the first designation

of this concept in the Western Pacific. It is anticipated that this park

will set a precedent for similar parks in this Region of the Pacific.

SITE

A. Saipan General Environment

1. Geography

The Mariana Islands constitutes a chain of 17 islands which

extend approximately 440 miles along a north-south axis. Total

land area of the Marianas chain is approximately 400 square miles.
Saipan (13 miles long and 3.5 miles wide), the second largest of the

chain, occupied approximately 47 square miles (21,811 acres)

(Figure 1).

Saipan (Figure 2) is located in the Western Pacific Ocean at

about 150121 North Latitude and 1450371 East Longitude. The

nearest islands are Tinian and Aguijan, which are three and 20

miles respectively to the south-southwest. Guam (three times

larger than Saipan) lies about 120 miles south-southeast of Saipan.

2. Geology

The Mariana Islands are peaks of a submerged volcanic mountain

range, uplifted by tectonic forces resulting from the subsidence of

the Pacific Basin. The slight curvature of the island arc, as well

as the geomorphology of the islands indicates that, geologically, the

Mariana Islands are young, probably dating from the Eocene Period

(approximately 40 million years ago).

Geologically, the islands fall into two archs, a younger one of

small purely volcanic islands extending from Anatahan to the north

and an older, more complex group consisting of Saipan and the

islands to the south. The northern islands retain their initial

volcanic form. Saipan and the southern islands are volcanic at

their base and coral-capped, evidence of more prolonged evolution.

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Figure 1. General Location Map of Saipan.
IND

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Marpi Pt

San Roque

PROJECT_@OCATION
Managaha Island
Tanapag Tanapag
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Figure 2. Map of Saipan Showing Project Area Location.

Barrier reefs tend to deveIop on the more gentle western slopes,

while fringing reefs closely hug the eastern shores. The eastern

coastlines are generally rocky and cliff-bound and are characterized

by wave-cut notches, sea caves, abrasion benches and detached

segments of the former shore.

3. Topography

Despite Saipan's relatively small size, it is considered to be

more complex geomorphically than neighboring islands. The domi-

nant topographic feature is the axial upland (hills) ' extending

through three-forths of Saipan. It consists of northern and

southern terraced limestone uplands with a maximum elevation of

1,555 feet at Mount Tagpochau.

4. Soils

Three major soil groups exist on Saipan: soils on limestone,

soils on volcanic. rocks and soils on elevated beach deposits.

Limestone underlies approximately 83 percent of the island.

Volcanic rocks and elevated beach deposits represent approximately

ten and seven percent respectively.

Eighty percent of the island is covered by soils generally less

than 30 inches deep. It is felt that the shallow soils result from

continuous natural erosion that appears to be occurring at about

the same rate the soils are being formed.

5. Climate

The climate of the Marianas is tropical marine, reflecting the

nearness to the equator and the influence of warm surrounding

waters. Wind and rainfall are the most variable elements.

Humidity, temperature and barometric pressure remain fairly cons-

tant throughout the year except when large tropical storms

approach.

Climatically, the year falls into two seasons, with very little

temperature variation. but pronounced rainfall differences. Average

temperature for Saipan is 81.50 F. Extreme minimum and maximum

temperatures of 680F and 890F have been recorded.

The period of heaviest rainfall occurs from July through

October. The ratio between the dryest and wettest months of the

year is approximately one to five. Annual rainfall extremes re-

corded range from 59.8 inches to 115.1 inches over a 19 year

period, averaging approximately 83 inches annually. Relative

humidity averages 83 percent.

The outstanding characteristic of the wind regime on Saipan are

the tradewinds with an average annual velocity of 10.5 miles per

hour (mph). Tradewinds are pronounced and persistent during the

period from January through May, when the winds blow from the

northeast and east-northeast more than 90 percent of the time.

Wind direction is far more variable during the period from July

through October with dead calms during the months of July and

August.

Two principal kinds of storms contribute markedly to the cli-

matic character of Saipan: small scale storms, consisting of

thunderstorms and squalls and large systems of tropical dis-

turbances, storms and typhoons. The small-scale disturbances may

dominate an area of only a few square miles. Tropical storms are

closed pressure systems about which the air moves counterclockwise

(in the northern hemisphere) with wind speeds of '33 to 65 knots

(38 to 74.9 mph). Typhoons are similar to tropical storms but are

accompa.nied by winds in excess of 65 knots. These larger cyclonic

typhoon storm systems may dominate an area as large as 300,000

square miles and may persist for a week or more. Major tropical

cyclonic disturbances of these kinds occur in the Saipan area.

Although they have occurred in all months of the year, they are

far more frequent during the rainy season (July - October).

6. Groundwater Resources

The limestone terrain covering 90 percent of Saipan is open to

vertical infiltration of rain water to aquifers which slowly drain to

the sea. Overland drainage in these areas (rivers and streams) is

nonexistant.

The fresh groundwater of Saipan commonly has 'been classified

as either basal, which occurs in the form of a thin lens of fresh

water floating on sea water in buoyant equilibrium near sea level,

or high level, which saturates aquifers having relatively imper-

meable bottoms lying above sea level. A third type called parabasal

is transitional between the first two and may occur, although it has

not yet been discovered. This water is hydraulically continuous

with basal water but rests on an impermeable bottom that rises

above sea level.

7. Flora

The vegetation on Saipan has been so disturbed by human

occupation, particularly through the domination of four successive

foreign cultures and destruction during World War II, that the

floristic pattern is neither simple nor stable. It is, however, in a

state of rapid change. In all probability, the greater part of the
island was originally forested, mostly with the typical mixed forest

found on limestone in the Marianas. Some of the mixed forest can

still be f-ou-nd near the top of Mount Tagpochau, on and around the

base of Laderan Banedero and on cliffs along Kagman.

Relatively few plant species are unique to the Mariana Islands

including Saipan. The basic flora of Saipan was probably originally

introduced by overwater means or possibly by airborne transport

during major tropical cyclonic disturbances (typhoons) that peri-

odically ravage the Caroline and Mariana Islands. Hitchhikers on

birds, bats, insects, or 'drifters' associated with floating logs or

debris are also likely modes of introduction.

Introductions by aboriginal man were also significant. Present

vegetation includes at least 30 species of crop plants that are in all

probability of pre-European aboriginal introduction. Among the

latter are the familiar bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), banana (Musa

sapientum), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis), mango (Mangifera

indica) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum).

During Japanese tenure in the Mariana Islands, most level land

on Saipan was seeded for sugarcane. Sugarcane growing was not

resumed after the war, and the cane fields have been gradually

invaded by different woodly plants formi ng uneven mixed thickets

with the cane persisting in a few place. There is no record of
what original vegetation existed before the war, although some of it

must have been primary or secondary mixed forest. Since the

island at one time supported a large Chamorro population, most of

the forest on level land was secondary growth on abandoned fields

and dwelling sites. Such growth was probably dominated by

Hibiscus and Melochia, with blankets of Operculina ventricosa.

Much of the land previously in sugarcane has become infested

with -pure stands of tangantangan (Leucaena leucocephala). This

species was introduced after the war to help revegetation. it

grows quickly and is very difficult to eliminate.

Many areas of level, sloping ground have been covered, either

since the war or during Japanese times, by pure or mixed stands of

Formosan Koa (Acacia confusa), and other areas by Ironwood

(Casuarina equisetifolia). The first was said to have been planted

by the Japanese for charcoal. Both of these species are similar to

tangantangan in that they tend to exclude undergrowth.

8. Fauna

Terrestrial fauna is rather limited in the Mariana Islands. The

only native mammals are two species of bats. One of these, the

'fanihi' or fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus), has historically been and

is still a popular local delicacy. The fruit bat nests in trees

during the day and, at dusk, flies over well-established routes to

feed on papaya, guava, soursop and sweetsop. Unrestricted

hunting and reduction of its habitat have nearly eliminated the fruit

bat on Saipan until recently. Federal laws protect the fruitbat as

an endangered species. The second bat, Emballonura semi-caudata,

is an uncommon, small, insectivorous cave-dwelling bat found through-

out the Marianas.

The Marianas Deer (or Sambar Deer), Cervus unicolor

mariannus, is an introduced species originally brought to Saipan

and Rota from the Philippines between 1771 and .1774. Heavy

hunting. pressure has brought it near to extinction on Saipan,
However, it is likely that small populations still exist in the more

remote, isolated areas of the island.

Rats and mice were inadvertently introduced by early ship
visits. The common Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and mouse
(Mus musculus) have long been pests to all the Mariana Islands.

Two other rats may also be present on Saipan: the roof rat
(Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). The

Oriental musk shrew (Suncus murinus), accidentally introduced to

Guam in the early 1950's, has since spread to Saipan (Owen, 1974).

Several (wild) dogs and cats are also found on most of the

islands, the latter often constituting a problem by preying on

chickens and other small farm animals.

The monitor lizard (Varanus indicus) is the largest terrestrial

reptile in the Mariana Islands, occasionally reaching lengths of up

to six feet. The blue-tailed skink (Emoia cyanura), the golden-

brown skink (Emoia sp.), New World chameleons and several species

of geckos constitute the remainder of the known lizard fauna.

Typhlops braminus is the only terrestrial snake in the

Marianas. It is a small, blind, nonpoisonous, burrowing snake that

resembles an earthworm. The West Indian or marine toad (Bufo

marinus) was introduced by the Japanese to control slugs and

insects and is found in large numbers throughout the Marianas.

Today, 191 kinds of birds, belonging to 41 families and 103

genera, are known to exist in Micronesia. The avian fauna of the

Mariana Islands is influenced by the Japanese-Marianas flyway.

From breeding grounds in Asia, the Aleutians and Alaska, certain

migratory birds (especially waterfowl) follow the Asiatic coast or

adjacent island chains to the Japanese archipelago. From Japan,

some birds fly through the Bonin and Volcano Islands to the

Marianas and other islands to the southeast.

The Golden Honeyeater (Cleptornis marchei) is a species ende-

mic to the islands of Saipan and Agiguan. The Marianas Mallard

(Anas oustaleti) and Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) are endemic to the

islands of Saipan and Tinian.

The Marianas Mallard is one of the very rare birds of the world

with a range that once extended only from Guam to Saipan. This

nondescript patterned duck is, and probably always has been, rare

in the Mariana Islands since it is restricted to freshwater marshes

and swamps, neither of which are extensive habitats here. The

last stronghold for this bird is believed to be Lake Susupe on

Saipan and Lake Hagoi on Tinian. On July 10, 1977, the Depart-

ment of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, officially

declared the Marianas Mallard to be an endangered species under

the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Continued hunting pressure and

destruction of marshland habitat by draining or filling could easily

force the duck into extinction. The last confirmed sightings of a

Marianas Mallard on Saipan occured in February and March 1979

(Tenorio, 1979).

The Nightingale Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia) is listed

as endangered throughout its range, which includes the southern

Mariana Islands. It no longer exists on Guam. This species is

restricted to cane thickets and adjacent areas in and near fresh and

brackish water marshes. The Lake Susupe area provides suitable

habitat for this species, and it still exists in significant numbers

here as well as in numerous other forested areas on Saipan.

B. Location of Park

Prelifninary work for the development of conservation areas and

underwater parks for Saipan was conducted in 1982 by personnel from

the Coastal Resources Management Office (CRMO) and the Department of

Natural Resources (DNR), Division of Fish and Wildlife. Several sites

were surveyed. Considerable effort was given to choosing locations

that were accessible, close to shore, on public lands, easily developed

and in relatively safe proximity in regards to wave action, currents and

water depth. High priority for siting underwater parks was finding a

location with a well developed reef, good live coral coverage, abundant

fish and associated marine life.

Saipan has a rather extensive lagoon and barrier reef along the

entire length of the west side of the island. Although there are

several potential sites for an underwater park, one stands out in terms

of coral reef development, abundance of marine life, moderate water

depth, access and existing tourist use. The recommended site includes

Managaha Island and the underwater area surrounding the Island in-

cluding numerous patch reefs and a section of the barrier reef. Re-

sources include a few WWII historic properties including several air-

planes, small shipwrecks, bunkers, guns and an ancient Carolinian
burial site. The majority of the park (all major features) can be seen

:tn Figure 3. Actual park boundaries and use zones are dipicted in

Figure 5.
Within the park boundaries, it is proposed that an underwater trail
be developed. This trail would be located in the diverse shallow patch

. . . . . . . . . . .
r
N40

."\ d
aw

low

41P
41
*40 av

Al*

FIGURE 3 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF MANAGAHA ISLAND WITH INNER
AND OUTER (11) UNDERWATER TRAIL AREAS MARKED.

reefs just offshore of the beach along the northwest corner of Managaha
Island (Figure 4). This trail would be marked by buoys to lead snor-

kelers and divers along the trail and would have underwater markers to

provide information and identification of the marine life. Significant

historic properties within the park (terrestrial and marine) would also

be located, buoyed and identified for protection and visitor observation.

C. Park Parameters

Depending upon the final designs for the underwater park and

trail, the size of the park's conservation area (Zone C), natural envi-

ronmental zone (Zone B) and the underwater nature trail (Zone A) may

be altered. Based upon numerous dives and underwater towing

throughout the entire area, PBEC is recommending boundaries as

illustrated in Figure 5. The southeast boundary of the conservation

area includes the diverse patch reef which is awash at low tide. In

close proximity to this reef is a large airplane wing, fuselage, pontoon

and an intact upside down Japanese airplane. Some of the best

developed patch reefs are found within this Conservation Zone and it

also encompasses a section of the barrier reef out to the 10 fathom (60

ft.) contour. The top of the barrier reef and the northern boundary

of the main channel form a natural southwestern boundary.

The approximate size of the entire proposed park is 2.6 kml or 1.0

mi2 (640 acres). This represents approximately 5 percent of the total

Saipan Lagoon area.

D. Zoning

1. Outstanding Natural Feature Zone (A)

This zone encompasses coral reefs and features of unusual

intrinsic value that led to the establishment of the Managaha Island

Wreck

Wreckp

%%%

it MANAGAHA ISLAND

Wreck
@',Sandy Beach.,/ Wreck

Underwater Trail 100 4, pier

aC)

4=k

C:x,

OW 40 dp

40&

FIGURE 4 LOCATION OF UNDERWATER TRAIL IN PROXIMITY TO MANAGAHA
ISLAND.

. .............

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LEGEND
28 16 /20 ijIi 26 30 25 29 25
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05, 22 22 OUTSTANDING NATUR
29.? 3r 4,,, L 1.4,, 22 - -as 28 36 27
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GIL - - - - - - - -25 "B" NATURAL ENVIRONME
0 Lights in h
33
Figure 5. Managaha Island marine Park. 110 -------C CONSERVATION ZONE
Source: Hydrographic Chart -A 31) 29 31 28 " *
15 E) Hilstorical/Cultural S

Marine Park (see section IV. C. for details). The Managaha Island

Marine Park encompasses one particularly outstanding natural

feature zone in the diverse coral reef designated for the

Under-water Trail. This zone will be managed to protect the unique

aquatic resources and to provide for public appreciation and

enjoyment to the extent that natural resources are not impaired.

There will be no taking of any marine life or other artifacts in

areas designated as Outstanding Natural Features (Zone A). This

zone is very rich in marine life with patch reefs supporting

luxurious coral growth. The approximate size of the Underwater

Trail is 73,000 ml (18 acres) although underwater markers for

individi.ial scenic stations will be clustered in a smaller area. The

location for the Underwater Nature Trail (Zone A) was chosen for

easy entry and exit either from the beach on Managaha Island or by

boat (Figure 5). This Underwater Trail represents approximately

2.8 percent of the total park area, a very small portion where all

fishing and collecting would be prohibited.

2. Natural Environment Zone (B)

Land and water in this zone will be managed to allow for envi-

ronmentally compatible physical structures, work and recreational

activities (Figure 5). Existing physical structures on Managaha

Island include shelters, shop, restaurant/bar, showers and toilets

which are limited to low profile and aesthetically pleasing styles.

No structures should be placed in the water permanently. For the

most part, recreational activities involve swimming, diving, wind

surfing, sailing, motor boating and other low profile and low

density activities. The entire island of Managaha including the

immediate nearshore environment is included in this zone. This

management zone has traditionally been the most active portion of

the park and will continue to receive the most use within the park
both on- -land and in the water. This plan proposes that strict

compliance with CRMO regulations regarding development in this

zone be followed.

3. Conservation Zone (C)

Land and water areas in this zone possess particular value as a

natural wildlife habitat and should be protected for the sake of the

resource, the park and/or for future scientific research. These

zones will be managed to perpetuate and improve their ecological

value and natural resources with limited human intrusion.

However, controlled subsistence harvesting is not contrary to the

intent of a conservation zone and is allowed in other similar areas

and preserves elsewhere.

In this park most of the water surrounding the island of

Managaha is designated for conservation purposes (Figure 5).

Fishing, harvesting, gathering and collecting in this zone will be

permitted for subsistence purposes only and limits regarding

species, bag limits and seasonality may be imposed as regulatory

controls. To exclude subsistence taking of all marine life would

likely be met with strong opposition by the public, particularly the
Carolinian community and residents of Tanapag who consider the

reefs around Managaha Island as their traditional fishing grounds.

This management plan contains tht basic information upon which
numerous policy decisions can be made. The aid of natural re-
sources mapso assessment of marine and terrestrial wildlife. present

level of development and resource assessment provides a clearer

picture of the park now and what it can become. This document

represents the first detailed resource assessment for this portion of

the -Saipan Lagoon.

III. RESOURCES

A. Natural Resources

1. Managaha Island

--The Division of Fish and Wildlife reported that Managaha Island

was once a nesting site for a species of Sherwater (Puffinus sp.).

During several visits to Managaha Island no shorebirds were

observed. Only a few forms of wildlife exist on the island that

would be of interest to a park user or for incorporation into a

nature trail. One common bird, however, is frequently seen on the

island. The White Fairy Tern (Gygis alba) frequents the island

and nests in the tall ironwood trees (Casuarina equisetifolia). The

only other species observed besides the White Tern was the Golden

Plover (Pluvialis dominica). Although not observed, the following

species of birds are expected to visit or inhabit Managaha Island:

Mongolian Dotteral (Charadrius mongolus); Reef Egret or Heron

(Egretta sacra); Cardinal Honeyeater (Myzomela, cardinalis); Golden

Honeyeater (Cleptornis marchei); Common Sandpiper (Actitis

hypoleucos); Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata);

Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus); Brown Noddy Tern
(Anous stolidus); and the Ruddy Turnstone (.Arenaria interpres).

Other animals that occur on Managaha Island include the Anole

or Chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus),

Blue-tailed Skink (Emoia cyanura), Brown Skink (Emoia sp.), Musk

Shrew (Suncus murinus) and Rat, (Rattus sp.). The rats have

been a problem on the island for many years and have discouraged

local residents and visitors alike from picnicking or camping

overnight. One cause of the high rat population has been open

dumps and generally unsanitary conditions on Managaha. However,

Pacific Development Inc. (PDI), the current MPLC lease-holder, has

recently filled in these dumps and now transports garbage off the

island, The Marianas Visitors Bureau (MVP) also cleans up trash

on the island. Hopefully the problem has been alleviated.

Evidently, PDI has also imported a few cats to help control the

rodent population. While this might seem to be a logical thing to

do, introducing cats to the island will eventually serve to decimate

the bird population. Cats are notorious bird predators and they

should be removed from the island as soon as possible. Rats could

be effectively controlled using traps and perhaps poison bait in

selected locations. With the clean-up of Managaha Island and the

tremendous amount of planting of various trees, flowers and orna-

mentals it is possible that the bird life will increase.

Natural resources on Managaha Island are limited primarily to

vegetation, most of which has been introduced from Saipan and that

which has been recently planted as part of a clean-up and beautifi-

cation program. Terrestrial flora on Managaha Island is quite

varied with numerous species including medicinal plants and a

number of introduced ornamentals, Table 1 is a checklist of plants

found on the island and along the nature trail. Vegetation on the

island can be divided into two distinct zones: beach. strand and

inland. Although somewhat similar, these zones are distinct with

some introduced species in each.

a. Beach Strand Vegetation

Beach strand vegetation is usually defined as those plants

most often found growing in the immediate vicinity of the sea.

With few exceptions, plants growing on the strand can be found

elsewhere on the island, however, not as a dominant form. For

the most part the nature trail meanders along the beach strand

usually within 10 meters of the waters edge. On occasion the

trail winds inland (southern area) and also exits onto the beach

(west coast). For this resource beach strand vegetation repre-

sent that which is found along the nature trails. Because the

island is surrounded by a sandy beach, plants with runners

like the Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae) and the

Beach Sunflower (Wedelia biflora) can be found. The soft

tolerant shrub Phemphis acidula is found on the upper part of

the beach. Occasionally one can find the small tree

Messerschmidia argentia right along the nature trail along with

the Australian Pine (Ironwood) tree (Casurina equisetifolia).

Other plants found in the beach strand community include

Scaevola taccada, Cocos nucifera (coconut), the Spider Lilly

(Hymenocallis littorolis), Poinsittia (Poinsettia plucherriwa) and

the common Tangan-tangan tree (Leucaena leucocephala). A

few grasses and weeds like the Begger's Itch (Bidens pilosa)

and False Verbena (Stachytarpheta indica) are found throughout

the strand community.

b. Inland Vegetation

Although not separated by more than a few meters, most of

the plants found inland are not found on the strand. For the

most part these plants are larger forms like the Banyan tree

(Ficus prolixa), Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus sp.), the Soursop

tree (Annona muricata) and Thespesia populnea.

Some of those plants found along the strand are also found

inland such as Scaevola taccada, Coconut trees and Ironwood

trees. One dominant plant, the parasitic climbing vine Cascuta

(Campestris) sp. covers a large percent of the low shrubs like

Scaevola taccada in the interior of Managaha Island. This vine

sucks the life juices of the host plant and eventually kills it.

If not controlled it can become a serious pest to other plants.

c. Introduced Vegetation

With the recent influx of tourists to Managaha Island and

the development of support facilities has come the planting of

ornamentals to beautify the island. Planting, for the most

part, has been limited to those areas where tourists spend most

of their time along the west coast usually near the main beach

and nearby buildings. However, some decorative planting has

been done along the nature trail, in the vicinity of individual

pala-palas and near the Carolinian Burial Site.

Introduced species include a variety of Crotons, Spider Lilly,

Poinsettia, Plumeria, Bougainvillea, Tapioca, Hibiscus, and

dwarf Coconut trees. Most of these either do or could exist

naturally like Coconut, Plumeria, Spiderlilly, Poinsettia and

Hibiscus. This additional vegetation does not pose a threat to

endemic species and adds beauty to otherwise barren areas of

the island, particularly after construction of the facilities.

2. Marine Resources

The marine resources of the Managaha Island Marine Park

represents some of the most diverse coral reefs and fish fauna

found anywhere within the Saipan Lagoon. Reef flats, patch reefs,

the barrier reef, sand flats, rubble zones and sandy beaches are
all found within the confines of the park. Very few studies have

been done -which describe or evaluate the marine resources near

Managa ha Island.

A complete survey was conducted over several days during
November 1984 and January and February 1985 to assess the corals,

fishes and conspicuous macroinvert eb rates at 11 stations within the

underwater trail. Photography and limited collections were done at

each station to aid in species identification and ocurance. A total

of 31 species of corals and 107 species of fishes were observed.

Section IV. C. of this report gives a detailed account of the marine

life found at these stations. A complete listing of corals and fishes

by station is presented in Table 2 and Table 3 (Appendix).

B. Cultural Resources

1. Carolinian Grave Site on Managaha

The first recorded event of historic significance on the island

of Managaha was the arrival of Chief Aghurub and his small group

of Yapese immigrants sometime around 1815 (approximately 31 years-

after the Spanish removed all Chamorros from Saipan). These

Carolinians occupied Managaha Island for many years, however,

Chief Aghurub died in 1819. He was buried on Managaha Island

(exact location unknown) and a monument commemorating his life

and journey to the Northern Marinans has been erected (Refer to

'Figure 25 for location of the Monument). The island of Managaha is

considered sacred by the Carolinians because of Chief Aghurub's

burial site. Culturally, the island is also special and sacred

because "Firowrowall is performed here, the traditional practice of

burning clothes and other personal possessions of the deceased.

2. Traditional Fishing and Gathering

Ma-nagaha Island and the surrounding water support numerous

resources used daily by local residents. The coral reef sur-

rounding the island supports a variety of marine life which has

been harvested traditionally by the Chamorro and Carolinian popu-

lations. Everyday fishermen can be seen using numerous fishing

techniques to catch the desired species. This is the site where the

largest fish was speared during the 1984 Santa Remedio spearfishing

tournament.

The island itself supports at least 28 species of medicinal plants

still used by local residents. These plants were thought to be nur-

tured by the Carolinian Chief Aghurub possibly even brought to

Managaha from his distant Yap island. Local Carolinian residents

are aware of medicinal plants on Managaha. However, they are re-

luctant to harvest them because of the sacred nature of the island

and prefer to harvest them elsewhere on Saipan.

C. Historical Resources

The underwater areas of Tanapag Harbor and the Saipan Lagoon

contain numerous historical properties. The majority of these are

related to military activities conducted by the Japanese and American

forces prior to, during and immediately after World War II. The

recently completed "Underwater Survey of Tanapag Lagoon for Historic

Propertiesn (PBEC, 1985) located and described 18 properties including

aircraft, ships, barges, landing craft and miscellaneous objects. Eight

of the properties described in this report are located within the

boundaries of the proposed Managaha Island Marine Park. None exist

within the boundaries of the proposed Underwater Trail. These

underwater relics as well as some historic properties near Managaha

Island are discussed below.

1. Underwater Historic Properties

The following underwater properties are located within the

boundaries of the Managaha Island Marine Park (Figure 5).

a. American Airplane

The wing section and other small pieces of what appear to

be the remains of an American airplane are located on both

sides of an awash patch reef situated approximately 595 m (650

yards) southsoutheast of Managaha Island (Figures 6, 7, and

8). The larger wing section, engines and miscellaneous

wreckage are located in 15 ft of water approximately 50 m (165

ft) northeast of this patch reef, while a piece of fuselage and a

tail section are located in 25 feet of water about 76 m (250 ft)

south of the patch reef.

The wing measures approximately 25 m (82 ft) long and is

in fairly good shape. The airplane was powered by two

engines. Each time the wing was inspected, there were three

to five sharks res ting underneath it. Caution should be

exercised as most of the sharks were whitetip reef sharks.

It is believed that all the pieces of wreckage around the
patch reef are from the same plane as they are oriented in a

line across the reef into the normal northeast winds. The pilot

may have tried to ditch the plane in shallow water near the

reef.

CONSOLIDATED PBY-5A CATALINA
Nation:USA; manufacturer., Consolidated Aircraft Corp; type:
reconnaissance; year 1941; engine: two Pratt & Whitney
R-1830-82 Twin Wasp 14-cylinder radial air-cooled, 1,20onp
each; %vingsparr., 104 It (31.70 m); length: 63 ft 10 in (19.45 m);
height: 20 ft 2 in (6.14 m); weight: 35.420 lb (16.066 kg) (loaded);
maximum speed: 175 mph (281 km/h) at 7,000 ft (2,135 m); ceil-
ing: 18,100 it (5,520 m);range: 2,350 miles (3.780 km);armamel7t.,
5 machine guns; 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of bombs; crew: 7-9

Consolidated PBY.5A Catalina

Figure 6 A and B. The PBY-5A Catalina twin-engine seaplane, the
possible identity of the airplane wreckage.

. .. . ....
.. .. . . ...
. ... . . .
. .... . ....

Figure 7. Wing section from an American airplane. The airplane is
upright with sections of the plane scattered about the area
as far as 200 yards away on the other side of an exposed
coral patch reef.

....... ...

7 IF.-

Figure 8. Same airplane wing viewed from the opposite direction as in
Figure 7.

No positive identification has been made for 'this property

although local dive guide Ben Concepcion reports that a radio

and other electronic instruments on board have American

makings. It was on this evidence that the wreck was

tentatively identified.

A former Navy pilot who crashed off Managaha Island

.believes that the wreck of his airplane is visited by the

glassbottom boat tours. The aircraft alleged to be at this

location is an OS2U Kingfisher, however the remains do not

seem to be those of a single-engine plane. One source feels

the wreckage might be a PBY-5A Catalina based on overall

construction and existence of a radio cable attached to the wing

(Denfeld, pers. comm.). At this point a definite identification

is not possible and further research is needed to provide

enough data to properly identify this property.

Although this airplane is scattered over a large area, the

wing section is very shallow and impressive to view. Its close

proximity to Managaha Island and the fact that it may be the

only American airplane known to exist in the Saipan Lagoon are

strong factors to give it historical significance and include it as

a part of the underwater park.

b. Small Pontoon

A small aluminum pontoon is located in 6 m (20 ft) of water

approximately 100 m (325 ft) northeast of the exposed patch

reef not far from the airplane wing just described (Figures 9

and 10). It is flat-bottomed, pointed at the front and approxi-

mately 3 m (10 ft) long. It may be a part of the American

V I

4:7,

OF, W@ "

Figure 9. Unidentified pontoon of unknown origin or use. Possibly
could have been part of a seaplane.

..... .. ...
. . .. .. .. . ..
gp-

'IPW t5.

Figure 10. Same pontoon identified in Figure 9. Note flat bottom and
sharply pointed bow.

airplane or one of the pontoons from a seaplane. A hook on

the front may have been used for lifting, towing or as a tie-

down point. One source believes it could be the outer edge

-pontoon of an observation plane such as an OS2U, Kingfisher.

This property could easily be moved closer to the airplane

or into shallow water if desired. It could also be moved to the

underwater trail as an attraction for snorkelers.

c. Unidentified Japanese Aircraft

This unidentified Japanese airplane rests upsidedown in

approximately 6 m (20 ft) of water approximately 365 m (400

yds) due south of the eastern edge of Managaha Island and

nearly 275 m (300 yds) westnorthwest of the exposed coral

patch reef (Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14). The plane is in very

good condition with the exception of the tail section which is

either missing or completely buried in the sand. This wreck is

mistakenly referred to locally as the "upsidedown zero" and is

one of the stops made by all the glassbottom boat tours to

Managaha Island.

This plane has a wingspan of approximately 46 feet (14 m)

and is approximately 36 feet (11 m) long. It was powered by a

single radial engine with a 3-bladed propeller. A pontoon-like

object rests just forward of the wing. There is no landing

gear present, only the partial remains of wheel or pontoon

supports. On the underside of the plane, near the center of

the wing, is a small sliding door with gears, which may

represent the remains of a camera housing, but which is more

likely a weapon release mechanism.

-Oak

An Aichi E I 3A I Navy Type 0 Reconnaissance Seaplane Model 11. (S. Tanaket.)

Crew boarding an Aichi El 3A 1. (S. Tanaka.)

0 5 lot'.
AICHI C13AI

C
Figure 11 A, B, and C. Photographs and schematic of the Aichi EBA1
"Jake" seaplane

Figure 12. Upsidedown airplane of Japanese origin, commonly referred
to as the "upsidedown Zero" . However it is 'likely a small
seaplane used for reconnaissance known as the "Jake"
(Aichi El3Al)

... .. . ....

40P

P.Iii

P..
AL
A

Figure 13. View of the same plane identified in Figure 12 from the
starboard wing tip. Note that the tail section is missing or
buried in the sand.

. ...........

1. @M-

Figure 14. View of the same plane identified in Figure 13 from the tail
section which is missing or buried under the sand. The
object in front of the wing in the upper right portion of
the photo is believed to be one of the two float pontoons.

-1 . ..... .,40

lie

POP-

Figure 15. Coal barge or temporary pier located just underwater near
Managaha Island.

Because this plane is resting upsidedown, positive iden-

tification has not been possible. However, based on the dimen-

sions of this wreck, it is likely an Aichi E13A1 reconnaissance

seaplane, referred to by the Allies as a "Jake" or an Aichi

D3A1 divebomber, code named "Val." Both aircraft were pro-

duced in large numbers by Japan during World War II and were

known to have been assigned to units operating in the Central

Pacific. These two aircraft are very similar in size and general

features which makes positive identification difficult. The

leading edge shape of the wing is a distinctive feature of the

Val. However, one difference between the airplanes is that the

E13AI Jake has a propeller shaft cover while the Val does not.

This feature, the pontoon-like structure and a couple of

comparrison points suggests this airplane is a "Jake" (Denfeld,

pers. comm.). If the sliding door had been used for radar

equipment the aircraft might be the naval radar model EDAM.

This airplane is in good condition and should be incor-

porated as part of the marine park. A recommendation to try

and turn the airplane over has been made. However, this

would not only prove to be very difficult but would very likely

result in damage to the property. In addition to its value as

an underwater exhibit, the aircraft possesses research poten-

tial, and it is likely that detailed study would reveal the plane's

identity as well as information relating to its sinking.

d. Barge

A large, badly deteriorated barge is located at the edge of

the reef near the southeast tip of Managaha Island approxi-

mately 229 m (250 yds) from shore (Figures 15 and 16).

Water depth here varies from 2 to 4 m (6-12 ft) with portions

of the wreck exposed at low tide. Although no positive

identification was made, it is presumed to be of Japanese origin

and may have been used as a cargo barge or as a temporary

dock or mooring. Another source suggests that this property

might be a U. S. Coal Barge.

The barge is in bad shape with only one forw ard section

partly intact. Most of the lighter metal has rusted away

leaving only heavier beams and ribs. It is encrusted with

corals and other marine life and serves as an artificial reef

attracting numerous species of fish. This property is of no

particular historical significance, however it is an attraction to

snorkelers due to its closeness to shore and shallow depth. In

addition, a fairly large number of fish are attracted to the

structure making it ideal for viewing and underwater photo-

graphy.

e. Fishing Boat

A small steel hull boat, possibly a fishing boat or small

cargo vessel, is located on the inside of the barrier reef ap-

proximately 870 m (950 yds) westsouthwest of Managaha Island.
The boat is in poor shape and sits in approximately 4.5 m (15

ft) of water.

The steam engine, boiler and other parts of the vessel are

intact but it is impossible to determine its size or shape. Coal,

presumably to fire the steam engine, is scattered on the bottom

................

F770

VIP

77%,

Figure 16. Another view of the same barge or temporary pier identified
in Figure 15. , Mooring cleats can be seen in the
foreground.

in the vicinity. No identification has been made on this pro-

perty.

f. Landing Craft

The- -remains of what appear to be two separate landing

craft are located in 4.5 m (15 ft) of water on the lagoon side of

the barrier reef approximately 1097 m (1,200 yds) west-

southwest of Managaha Island. The vessels are in poor condi-

tion and it appears that they were blown apart when sunk.

g. Unidentified Japanese Airplane

A small, single engine airplane is located just inside the

barrier reef near the north edge of the main channel entrance

to Tanapag Harbor (Figures 17 and 18). The plane rests

upsidedown in approximately 3 m (10 ft) of water. The air-

plane is in poor shape with only the wing and a small section of

the fuselage remaining. It is heavily covered with corals and

other encrusting forms and therefore quite difficult to discern

from the surrounding reef. Two landing gear supports stick

upwards and nearly reach the surface at low tide.

The wing measures approximately 15 m (50 ft) long and is

2.5 m (8 ft) wide at the fuselage. The engine and propeller

are missing. The plane is likely a one-man reconnaissance

plane or perhaps a small dive bomber or fighter. No armament

is visible on the wings, and the wingspan is too long for it to

be a "Zero". With so little of the plane intact and covered by

corals a positive identification is difficult.

This airplane remnant is in shallow, clear water and could

be included as an attraction in the marine park. As the reef is

low

AqW

Figure 17. Upsidedown single engine Japanese airplane possibly used
for reconnaissance. Note landing gear standing upright
and extensive coral growth in the vicinity.

.. .......

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Iwo
7",
IT t

Figure 18. View of the same airplane identified in Figure 17.

very shallow here, glass bottom boats would not be able to view

this plane. However, snorkelers could easily explore it and see

extensive live coral and fish.

2. Historic Properties on or near Managaha Island

The Japanese constructed a concrete pier, buildings, bunkers
and gun emplacements on Managaha Island as it is strategically
located close to the Tanapag Harbor channel entrance. Any vessels

entering the Harbor and northern Lagoon via the main channel,

would be easy prey for these guns.

After the invasion of Saipan by U.S. forces in June of 1944

considerable time and effort was expended in locating small pockets

of Japanese soldiers scattered in the numerous. caves and remote

areas of the island. American forces were aware that Maniagassa

Island, as it was referred to then, was fortified and still occupied

by a small group of Japanese. The occupation forces termed it a

nuisance and a threat to American shipping (Crowl, 1960).

On July 13, 1944, the 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines conducted an

amphibious landing and assault on the island. The mission was

taken very seriously and was proceeded by careful reconnaissance

and an aerial bombardment. Several LVT's were used to transport

the marines to the island. A total of 29 Japanese soldiers were

found to be occupying Managaha. Fifteen were taken prisoner and

the remainder killed during the battle. Only one U.S. Marine was

wounded (Hoffman, 1950).

A number of historic or cultural properties can be found on

Managaha Island (Figure 25). The majority of these properties are

related to war activities. Following is a list of the most important.

a. Coastal Defense Guns

Two large (15 cm) coastal defense guns are located on the

west coast of the island near the concrete pier. One of these

ig situated in a bombed-out concrete shell probably used for

protection and munitions storage. The second, only 20 m (65

ft) away, is pad mounted out in the open (Figure 19). Both

are aimed toward the harbor entrance obviously used for

protection of Tanapag Harbor during the war.

b. Japanese Bunkers

One large and two smaller Japanese bunkers can be found

along the northern coast of the island (Figure 20). These

bunkers are mostly above ground and covered with sand and

vegetation camouflaging them extremely well. The smaller

bunkers are in close proximity to two anti-aircraft guns located

just offshore in the shallow cove at the southeastern corner of

the island (Figures 20 and 21). These guns were probably on

fast land located nearby the bunkers, the bunkers providing

shelter for gun operation or for ammunition storage. The

largest bunker was most likely used for personnel protection

during active shelling by American forces. This bunker has

ventilation pipes and at least two entry/exit points.

c. Anti Aircraft Guns

Two anti-aircraft guns are located in shallow water in a

small cove along the southeast coast of the island. One gun

still has its barrels pointing skyward (Figure 21). The second

has toppled over with its barrels either broken off or pointing

into the sand.

ifti, A,

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Figure 19. One of the 15 cm coastal defense guns on Managaha Island.

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Figure 20. One of the two smaller Japanese bunkers located on the
northern point of Managaha Island.

Figure 21. One of the two anti-aircraft guns located in shallow water
on the southeastern coast of Managaha Island.

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MA"

Figure 22. Barge or pontoon pier located on the beach and partly
submerged on the east side of Managaha Island.

d. Landing Craft

A small landing craft (M-Boat), possibly American, lies par-

tially exposed. in shallow water just south of the concrete pier.

TWis M-Boat has twin engines and rudder posts.

e. Barge or Pier

Remains of an old barge or pier (possibly a temporary

pontoon structure) is located on the beach and in shallow water

on the easternmost tip of Managaha Island (Figure 22). No

positive identification of the structure has been made and it is

in very poor shape. It is likely of WWII origin and suspected

to be an American pontoon pier. It is possible that this struc-

ture was placed here to further protect the small adjacent cove.

This cove has a natural protection barrier on the other side.

Because it is located on the island, tourists often use it to

photograph from. This poses serious safet y problems since it

is badly deteriorated. The property should be posted with

warning signs indicating that it is dangerous and individuals

should not climb on it.

f. Barge

A large rusting hulk, probably the remains of a barge or
pontoon, can be found at the base of the main pier on the west

coast (Figure 23). This wreck is unidentifiable but most likely

of Japanese origin used during war activities to haul equipment.

D. Existing Facilities
Facilities on Managaha Island have been recently upgraded (1984)
by PDI, a private concessionaire with local interests in hotel and tour
operations. The original Japanese pier which was in disrepair and

Ot 94%
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Figure 23. A large rusting hulk, probably the remains of a barge or
pontoon near the main pier.

dangerous was partially repaired and a solar-powered light was installed

on a pole at the end to add night lighting and reduce its potential as a

navigation hazard.

A well-built, attractive L-shaped pavillion has been constructed

opposite the main beach and swimming area at Managaha Island. This

structure provides sheltered seating at picnic style tables, a bar,

barbeque facilities, restrooms and showers, office, small gift shop and

limited rental facilities. Four smaller pavillions are located at other

sites around the island.

Other facilities include a volleyball court, a buoyed swimming area,

snorkeling and rental of scuba diving equipment, windsurfers, and

beach mat/floats and food and drink concessions. Due to some recent

drowning incidents, properly trained lifeguards are now on duty

whenever tour groups are present on the island. Water skiing, diving

and sightseeing tours by boat are also available at Managaha. Plans

have been recently approved by the CNMI government to permit a

para-sailing operation on the north side of the island.

E. Access

Access to and from Managaha Island via large glass-bottom boats is

provided on a regular basis three times daily at 9 a.m., 1 and 4 p.m.

from Smiling Cove Marina in Garapan. These trips are provided by PDI

for a nominal fee. Numerous smaller, faster boats are available upon

request by PDI and other private boat owners at the Smiling Cove

Marina. Numerous private motor boats and sailboats bring visitors to

Managaha Island usually on weekends and holidays. The large

glass-bottom boats tie up alongside the pier. Smaller boats anchor in

shallow water and some of these prefer to pull their boats up on the

beach. All boats should moor in shallow water rather than pulling them

up on the beach. Mooring areas should be identified for the protection

of the boats and nearly swimmers snorkelers and divers.

IV. INTERPRETATION

A. Orientation Center

Interpretive displays and programs at the Managaha Island
Orientation Center should allow the first-time visitor to quickly as-
certain what the island and marine environment have to offer. The

visitor can then decide which activities and attractions he or she wishes

to participate in or observe and plan their limited time on the island

eff ectively.

A large map/display board showing the island, location of facilities,

historic and cultural sites, nature trail, swimming area and underwater

trail should be strategically located so that visitors can quickly and

easily orient themselves (Figure 24). This display map should be

located near the pier in a small kiosk to protect it from the elements or

in a conspicuous location within the pavillion /orientation center complex.

All wordage must be bilingual and whenever possible photographs,

drawings and symbols should be used to excite the visitor and make

interpretation of what the park has to offer as simple as possible. A

small printed map or pamphlet should be available to visitors that

depicts locations of all the facilities and sights. This handout could

also include a brief description of the park rules and regulations and a

brief overview of the underwater trail.

Depending upon the budget available for the orientation center, an

audio-visual presentation of some kind could be produced. This could

range from an automated slide/sound show to a videotape production.

The presentation should be short, from 10-15 minutes in length, and

would present the visitor with an impressive introduction to the park
concept, nature trail, historic/ cultural resources, underwater trail and 10

Interpretive Display Concept

4 PSa fA

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PYL

Figure 24. Marine Park Interpretive Display. Two-sided, free
standing plexiglass display framed in wood with matt
liner between plexiglass sheets. The panels are 3'x6'
and detatchable with handles for easy transporting
between display sites. Text will be in English and
Japanese.

marine life. The sound track/tape would need to be bilingual or there
could be English and Japanese versions. Copies of the production

could be used by the Marianas Visitors Bureau or loaned via the mail to

tour operators, dive clubs, travel groups and other organizations as a

form of advertising.

The audio-visual presentation could be continuously running, shown

at regularly scheduled times or timed to the arrival of tour boats. The

operator could be a park employee or someone hired by a major tour

operator or concessionaire. The production could also be shown at the

airport in the baggage arrival area or other appropriate places where

arriving tourists could view it. This would attract those visitors who

are not part of a package tour to Managaha to visit the island on their

own.

B. Managaha island Trail

A nature trail should be established on Managaha Island (Figure
25). The trail should be self-directing and easy to follow and should

wind through various types of vegetation and include the Carolinian

grave site, Japanese guns and bunkers and other historic sites. Simple

signs (bilingual) and arrows would guide and inform the visitor. Signs

identifying a site or type of tree should be engraved in aluminum or

laminated plastic. Vegetation identification plaques should be displayed

on a pedistal near the base of the tree or attached to the top of a

stake that will elevate the plaque approximately 1 m 0 ft) from the

ground. The scientific name, common name, local names(s) and a brief

description or a few facts should be included.
0

PIER WRECKAGE
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Managaha Island Nature Trail PIER

The following are suggested sites- that should be included in the

Managaha Island Trail including types of vegetation, natural features

and historic and cultural resources.

Seven -separate sites have been identified on Managaha Island for
inclusion in the nature trail (Figure 25). Sites chosen were based on

the following criteria: historical or cultural significance, aesthetic

-beauty and proximity to existing trail.

Site 1. Located in close proximity to the central pavillion are two, large
Japanese 15 cm (6 in) coastal defense guns. One of these is

situated inside a large concrete bunker probably used to store

ammunition. The second gun is pad mounted just north of the

first. Both guns are aimed toward the harbor entrance

obviously used to protect the harbor from e nemy intrusion.

Site 2. Located on the eastern side of Managaha Island is a large

Japanese bunker probably used for supply storage and troop

protection. This bunker is situated inland of the nature trail

on a slight rise and difficult to see since it is covered with low

vegetation and large trees. In the vicinity is a small field of

Spiderlilly plants and a young stand of Ironwood trees. The

setting is quite unique offering a splendid view of the northern

end of Saipan Lagoon and the Marpi area of Saipan.

Site 3. A small Japanese bunker is located at this site on the southwest

corner of the island. The bunker sits back in the brush inland

from the nature trail and is barely visible. Behind the bunker

is a small stand of large Banyan trees and a few Breadfruit

trees. Ironwood trees can be found scattered about on the

point toward the beach. Ofi the sandy point extending into the

water is the ruins of a 53 m long (175 ft) metal structure.

Most likely his was used as a temporary wharf or pier.

Looking out into the small bay at this point one can see the

remains of old concrete and metal pipes probably used as ocean

outfalls during the Japanese occupation. The small cove

protected at both ends may have been dredged and used for

small boat landings.

Site 4. Another small Japanese bunker can be found at the southern tip

of the island. This bunker, unlike the rest, is situated on the

beach side of the nature trail on a slight rise. Medium size

Ironwood trees are growing on top of the structure obscuring it

from view. Two anti-aircraft guns, (one with twin barrels

pointing skyward) can be seen in shallow water within the small

protected cove. Jutting out into the water toward the east and

continuing along the western coast of the island is an uplifted

edge of consolidated sand deposits. A walk out on this struc-

ture brings one closer to small reef fish and other unique

marine life like starfish and an occasional juvenile octopus.

Site 5. This site is the burial site of an ancient Carolinian leader,

Chief Aghurub, who led his people from the western Carolines

to the Marianas in the raid-1700's. His grave site near a large

Banyan tree area is considered sacred to local Carolinians. The

site is aesthetically beautiful with natural Banyan and Ironwood

trees scattered about. In addition, many ornamentals have

been planted in the area. These include Plumeria, Spider Lilly,

Papaya and a variety of Crotons.

Site 6. This site is the location of large Banyan trees with numerous

trailing vines. These trees are believed to be the source of

legendary taotaomonas, the spirits that dwell within them.

Site 7. Located just to the south of the pier in shallow water near the

beach is the ruin of a small landing craft (M-Boat). With
snorkel gear one can see twin engines and rudder posts,

superstructure and bow ramp.

C. Underwater Trail

Interpretation of the underwater trail off the west side of Managaha

Island will primarily be through the use of underwater plaques and a

waterproof guide that will be carried by the snorkeler/ scuba diver

along the trail. The underwater guide will be a two-sided, plasticized

"slate" keyed to each of the underwater stations. Brief wordage will

describe the major or unusual features of each station and will possibly

include drawings or photographs. A simple visual key could be used to

identify major families or species of fish and coral.

The underwater markers will be cast concrete bases to which an

engraved plastic or glass plaque will be attached (Figure 26). The

upper surface will be at an angle (300 - 450) to the bottom which will

reduce the amount of sand and silt that would otherwise tend to

accumulate on a flat, level surface. Algae and other marine organisms

tend to grow rapidly on objects in shallow water where light penetration

is good, so frequent cleaning of these plaques will be necessary.

Smaller plaques or arrow markers could be used between stations to

direct swimmers to the next stop. To further orient the visitor, sur-

face buoys will be placed at or near stations to mark the major attrac-

tions. These buoys should be highly visible and lettered to enable a

low

Figure 26. Example of an underwater marker system for the marine trail.

person in the water to quickly oridnt himself or locate his position on
the trail by referring to the waterproof guide. Larger - resting buoys
with lines or handles should be placed at the beginning, middle and end

of both trails (Figure 27).

The patch reefs which encompass the trail naturally separate into

two underwater trails, an inner trail close to the island (I), and an

outer trail (II) separated from the inner trail by a deeper 4.5 m (15 ft)

sand channel (Figure 27). Novice snorkelers or weaker swimmers

should use the inner trail as much less swimming is required to explore

it. Both trails will begin at their north ends so that the visitors will

be moving along the trail with the current and not fighting it.

Water movement in the area is from the northeast but because

Managaha Island blocks direct lagoon currents the water tends to move

more north-south (Figure 27). Strongest current velocity in the area

is 3-4 knots, occuring along the shore and across shallow sand flats,

and alsi tends to pulse in chan nels between coral formations. Currents

of this nature prevail during the months of October - April (dry

season). During the remainder of the year (wet season) current

velocity drops to 0.5-1 knot with higher velocities during storms and

high winds. A 3-4 knot current is difficult to swim against even for an

experienced swimmer. Therefore, some form of protection (safety line)

should be available during periods of strong currents. The inner trail

could be "connected" to the beach area by attaching lines with floats to

both the beginning and end buoys and running them to shore. A

safety line could also connect the inner and outer trails but all boat

traffic would have to be kept out of the channel area between the trails

if this were done. For the safety of all trail users two additional rest

Managaha Island

ba rge

san y top%%%,
beach Pier

@loo

9
Cl

Tlk@A I L
14 QP7
13 LEGEND

REST BUOY

UUTER
TRAIL A GUIDE BUOY
0 STATION BUOY

CURRENT DIRECTION
Is

SCALE - 1:2,000

Figure 27. DETAILED MAP OF THE UNDERWATER TRAIL. Source: 1976
Ortho Photo.

buoys should be positioned on existing patch reefs downstream (south)

of each trail system.

The inner trail begins approximately 120 m (395 ft) from the beach

on Managaha Island and ends approximately 200 m (656 ft) from the

beach. The total length of the trail (from station to station) is about

220 m (722 ft) .

The outer trail begins approximately 130 m (426 ft) west of the

inner trail or 250 m (820 ft) from the beach. The total length of the

outer trail from station to station is 230 m (755 ft). The inner trail

contains a total of seven stations while the outer trail has ten stations.

The following is a station by station description of both under-

water trails. Specific information as to species of fishes and corals

.found at each station is given in Tables 2 and 3 (Appendix). For

purposes of this report the station numbers are those used in the field

survey and are not necessarily in numerical order. When the trail is

marked with the plaques stations should be numbered from north to

south beginning with the inner trail. Refer to Figure 27 for location of

each station. Depths in this section are given in feet only because of

shallowness. However, distances are still given in meters and feet.

1. Inner Trail.

a. Station 9 is located on a shallow patch reef (4-10 ft deep)

and contains a large, impressive patch of soft coral

(Sarcophyton sp., Figure 28). The underwater plaque at

station 9 should definitely point out the soft coral patch.

Under most conditions, the swim from the beach is rather

short and not too taxing even for a beginner. During

periods of increased waves and current, however, a safety

ii or,

Figure 28. Station 9 showing the extensive are of soft corals.

4, 'f,

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Figure 29. Station 14 on the inner trail.

line with floats could be easily installed from the beach to

this patch reef. Visitors could then simply pull themselves
along this line to a rest buoy at the beginning of the trail.
Fish tisually present here include several colorful wrasses,

surgeonfish, damselfish and goatfish.

Fish are numerous here and it is a good location for

photography and fish feeding. -The cobalt blue starfish

Linckia laevigata and the sea cucumber Holothuria atra are

also usually observed here.

From this first station the observer then swims towards

the outer reef (WSW) approximately 40 - 50 m (135-165 ft)

to Station 14. This swim is over a sandy, coral rubble

bottom where sea cucumbers and fishes such as goatfish,

emperors and wrasses can usually be observed. The swim

is perpendicular to the current and not difficult.

b. Station 14 is located at the edge of a large patch reef.

Depth here varies from 6-12 ft. Species of branching and

massive corals and a reef structure containing many holes

and crevices attract a large variety of fish (Figure 29).

Squirrelfish, moorish idols and false moorish idols or ban-

nerfish (Heniochus) are common in crevices and under coral

overhangs. Teardrop butterflyfish (.Chaetodon

unimaculatus), yellow tangs (Zebrasoma flavescens), goat-

fish, several wrasses including the bird wrasse (Gomphosus

varius) and the black and white stripe damselfish

(Dascyllus aruanus) are common here. The underwater

plaque at station 14 should identify the fish that are almost

always found under coral overhangs and in holes (banner-

fish, morrish idols and squirrelfish).

From Station 14 the visitor has a short and leisurely

swim along the north edge of the patch reef westward to

Station 13. The distance is approximately 30 meters ( 100

ft) and there is usually little if any current in this area.

c. Station 13 is a large, single Porites lutea coral head ap-

proximately eight feet in diameter (Figure 30). It rests on

a sand bottom (in 10 ft of water) but is adjacent to the

northwest edge of patch reef "B". For many park visitors,

especially those that have never seen a coral reef, a large

coral head like this is very impressive. There is also good

coral development on the nearby reef where the orange

sponge stands out. Fishes in the area include some butter-

flyfish, goatfish and yellow tangs. The under-water marker

here should feature the large blue Porites head.

The swim to Station 12 is easy and with the current,

passing over a shallow patch reef. Swimming distance is

approximately 40 ra (130 ft) and many corals and fishes can

be seerf along the way.

d. Station 12 is located on the northeast corner of a large

patch reef and varies from 3-9 ft deep. A rest float is

located at this station. There is brain coral (Platygyra

daedalea), Porites heads, blue coral (Helig2ora) and the

only patch of staghorn coral (Acropora formosa) found in

either trail (Figures 31 and 32). The reef structure pro-

vides good relief and crevices and there are a lot of fish

A10-

Figure 30. The large Porjtes lutea head at Station 13.

Ow
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Figure 31. Brain corals (Platygyra daedalea) at Station 12.

4,0

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Figure 32. Staghorn coral (Acropora formosa), several species of
wrasses, yellow i-a-ngs and the bannerfish (Heniochus
chrysostomis) at Station 12.

-We

AND,&

Figure 33. Large aggregations of the blue-lined snapper (Lut]*anus
kasmira) and th yellow-spot emperor bream (Gnathodentex
a-u"Fe"Mineatus) at Station 10.

here. Common species include teardrop butterflyfish,

saddleback butterflyfish (Chaetodon ephippium), the blue

damselfish (Chromis), several wrasses and bannerfish. The

plaque- at this station should point out the brain corals and

the staghorn Acropora thicket. The fragile nature of the

Acropora should be stressed on the plaque.

Leaving this station the visitor swims approximately 50

m (165 ft) across one of the deepest areas of the trail, a

sandy bottom channel that runs through the center of the

inner trail. Depths here approach 20 ft and the current is

generally strong along the bottom as the water funnels

through this channel. However, the diver is swimming

either perpendicular or at an angle to the prevailing cur-

rent.

e. Station 10 is located at an indentation in the largest patch

reef in the inner trail. To the west, this spot slopes from

within three ft of the surface to a depth of 15 ft where it

merges with the sand channel. This station contains the

greatest numbers of fish and some are frequently observed

in schools. The most common fish here include the blue-

lined snapper (Lutjanus kasmira), monacle bream (Scolopsis

cancellatus), yellow-spot emperor bream (Gnathodentex

aureolineatus), goatfish, and several species of wrasses

(Figure 33). Coral development is also good here with

species of Acropora, Pocillopora and Stylophora being the

most common. An underwater marker here should point out

41,

... ....... .

Figure 34. Station 17 on the inner, trail.

7---7 7

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Figure 35. Station 11 showing the large Porites rus (left) and Porites
lutea coral heads. The bTu-e---JaE-selfish are CIr Kromii
caerulea.

the schooling fish (snapper and breams) which* seem to

always be in this location.

Because of the rich coral development and large

numbers of schooling fish, this station is one of the best

locations for underwater photography. It is deep enough to

be an interesting spot for scuba divers also. Due to the

large fish population, this is also a potential location for a

feeding station. When fish are fed by guides and visitors

on a regular basis they become somewhat tame and come in

very close to the divers. The more aggressive wrasses will

take food such as hotdogs or fish right out of a person's

hand.

The swim to the next station (17) is across the channel

a short distance (25 m or 82 ft) to a small patch reef.

f. Station 17 is located on a small patch reef opposite Station

10 (Figure 34). Depth here ranges from approximately 4-10

ft. There is only moderate coral development with mostly

Acropora palifera and small forms, however, it was the only

station where Galaxia fascicularis was observed. Fishes

here include wrasses, breams, butterflyfish, moorish idols

and small parrotfish. This station is more of an inter-

mediary stop on the way to Station 11 than a unique site.

The coral Galaxia could be pointed out on a plaque or a

directional arrow could be used here directing the visitor to

the next station.

The swim to the last station is the longest one in the

trail covering some 50 m (165 ft). The visitor will be

swimming mostly over a sandy bottom that varies from

approximately 10-15 feet deep. The entire distance however

is with the current and one can simply drift leisurely along

to reach the last station.

g. Station 11 is the final site for the inner trail. A rest float

is located here which can be used as a waiting point until

the group is ready to return to shore. It consists of a

rather high coral patch reef whichlrises from some 15 feet

to approximately four feet from the surface (Figure 35). A

very large Porites lutea head with a crevice or cave

through it attracts fish such as squirrelfish, soldierfish and

trumpetfish (Aulostomus chinensis) to its protective habitat

(Figure 36). Other corals such as Porites rus, Pavona,

Montipora and Pocillopora are also found here. Surgeon-

fish, damselfish and several species of wrasses and butter-

flyfish are also common. The underwater marker here

should label this station as the end of the trail. It could

also point out the large Porites head and cave with the

associated trumpetfish and/or squirrelfish which are very

likely to be consistently observed here.

The swim back to the beach after viewing the inner

trail should be towards the eastern portion of the swimming

area and not back towards the point of the beach where the

visitor entered the water. This is to reduce the effect of

the current and make the return swim safer and more

enjoyable. The total distance to the beach is approximately

250 m (820 ft), and passing over several patch reefs

Figure 36. The small cave underneath the large Porites head at Station
11. Squirrelfish, bannerfish and tr-u-m-p-e-7tish (Aulostomus
chinensis) are frequently seen here.

iW@
St

Figure 37. The very large head of Porites rus at the beginning of the
outer trail (Station 1).

offering the diver additional glimpses of colorful corals,

reef fish and other marine life.

When conditions are windy and rough and the current

is strong, trail users could be transported back to shore

by boat. As an alternative, a safety line with floats could

be stretched from Station 11 to shore allowing the visitors

to pull themselves along while still viewing the reefs. As

an added safety feature an additional safety/rest float

should be installed downcurrent from Station 11 in case

anyone were to drift beyond the station and not able to

swim back against the current.

2. Outer Trail

To reach the start of the outer trail a visitor would need to

swim approximately 250 m (820 ft) from the beach (Figure 27). The

path would take the diver over parts of the inner trail as well as

across a deeper, sandy bottom channel which boats sometimes use.

Rest stops could be achieved by using the rest buoys at Station 9

and/or Station 12 along the inner trail. Proper and adequate use

of buoys and warning signs and a 3 mph speed limit for boaters

would help to minimize the potential risk of someone being hit by a

boat in the channel. It is not feasible to completely close to area

to boats as the channel is necessary for navigation purposes.

Transporting divers to the beginning station by boat is a

safer option for less experienced swimmers and eliminates the

danger of crossing the boat channel. This method could also be

used to return the trail users to shore at the end of their dive.

Swimming distance back to the beach is approximately 320 m (350

yds), with a rest stop possible at Station 11 on the inner trail on

the way back.

a. Station 1 is primarily a large, 8-foot diameter Porites rus

head which sits in approximately 12 feet of water at the

southern tip of patch reef nFII (Figure 37). Other corals

are present nearby including the solitary razor coral Fungia

fungites. Numerous individuals can be seen in the depres-

sions along the top (4-5 feet deep) of the patch reef just

behind the Porites head (Figure 38). There is only sparse

fish fauna here including some wrasses, surgeonfish and

the blue Chromis. The underwater plaque for this station

should point out the Porites head and razor coral.

Getting to the next station is a short 20 m (66 ft) swim

across a sandy bottom in the direction of the current.

b. Station 2 is a very small coral area surrounded by a sand

bottom approximately 10 ft deep. The attraction here are

the three small clumps of the branching coral Acropora

palifera (Figure 39). Within its protective branches lives

the black and white damselfish Dascyllus aruanus, where it

feeds on algae, zooplanktoon and small invertebrates.

Between the coral colonies shading provided by a mostly

dead rock/reef overhang lures a few bannerfish. The

marker here should point out the relationship between the

damselfish and coral.

Station 3 can be found just a few feet west along the

edge of the patch reef.

V, Figure 38. The solitary razor
coral ungi es
(Fungia f 't
'.4 found on the reef top
717 and in depressions at
Station 1.

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Figure 39. Colonies of Acropora palifera and the associated
damselfishes Dasc-ylru-s-aruan-u-s---a-t-'@tation 2.

c. Station 3 is located on the northern edge of the large patch
reef "G". Besides some good coral cover including

Acropora palifera, Goniastrea and Lobophyllia and quite a

few ft�h, the main attractions at Station 3 are two anenomes

nestled in the holes and depressions on top of the patch

reef (Figure 40). Water depth here is only 2-3 ft and one

needs to hang onto the reef in order to observe the tomato

anenomefish Amphiprion melanopus. The underwater plaque

here should point out the symbiotic relationship that exists

between the anenome and the fish. The marker should be

placed in front of the area with the anenomes but on the

.front of the reef with an indicator arrow as the shallow

depth of the reef top makes it a very unsafe location.

Placing the marker on top of the reef would make it both

difficult to read and vulnerable to wave assault.

Just a few meters to the west of Stations 2 and 3 is

Station 15. The water here is usually quite clear and there

is generally little or no current present.

d. Station 15 is a depression and nook in the patch reef and

as such has good coral development and a healthy fish

population. Water depth here is approximately 5-6 feet.

Several species of wrasses, the trumpetfish, yellow tangs,

moorish idols and a few species of butterflyfish including
the spot-banded butterflyfish (Chaetodon punctatofasciatus)

can be observed here (Figure 41). The small and very
attractive long-nosed filefish (Oxymonacanthus longirostris)

is normally observed swimming in pairs as it feeds on coral

7
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Figure 40. The anenome is barely visible in the center of the photo.

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jolt,

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Figure 41. Station 15 with branching corals and a brain coral. A
spotbanded butterflyfish (Chaetodon punctatofasciatus) is in
the foreground.

polyps. Acropora palifera, common at this site, appears to

be one of the filefish's favorite foods. Also found at this

site are some brain corals (Lobophyllia and Platygyra) and

other branching and encrusting forms. The marker at this

station could point out one of the common corals or one or

two species of fish.

From Station 15 one swims south across the shallow top

of the reef and across a small depression for 30-40 m

(100-130 ft) to a nook on the south edge of the patch reef.

This is an easy swim with the current and takes the diver

over some nice corals where many fish can also be seen.

e. Station 4 is a very large bed of soft coral (Sarcophyton

.sp.) lying along the southern edge of the patch reef in

approximately 4-6 feet of water(Figure 42). Few fish are

found here but wrasses and surgeonfish can usually be

seen swimming in the area. The blue damselfish Chromis

caerulea is common along the periphery of the soft corals.

The main attraction here is the extensive bed of soft corals

and the plaque should highlight these. However, infor-

mation here should be different from that at Station 9.

Reaching the next station (15) involves a very brief

swim of some 20 m (66 ft) south to a solitary coral mound

sitting on a sandy bottom.

f. Station 5 is a large, solitary patch reef with massive heads
of Porites lutea, some finger-like soft coral (Sinularia sp.)

and orange sponges (Figure 43). This is one of the deeper

marked sites ranging in depth from approximately 10-15

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Figure 42. The large patch of soft coral (Sarcophyton sp.) at Station
4.

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Figure 43. Large Porites lutea heads, fingerlike soft coral (Sinularia.
sp. , r@e-armar-k-e-r7 and orange sponge (backgro-u-n-dT at
Station 5.

feet. Fishes observed here include hawkfish (,Paracirrhites
forsteri), wrasses, moorish idols and grouper (Epinephelus
merra). Due to its depth, this station does not necessarily

need an underwater marker and it is recommended that a

rest buoy be placed here. Information about this station

could be given on the waterproof slates carried by the

snorkelers.

To get to Station 16 the observer can either swim

directly to it across a sand and silt bottom expanse or work

his way along the southern edge of the very large patch

reef "G". The distance to the station is approximately 60 m

(197 ft) but the swim is an easy one with the current.

Prior to reaching Station 16 a wheel from a landing craft

can be observed on the southwestern edge of patch reef

"G" just across from the station.

g. Station 16 is located along the northern side of a sloping

patch reef with very good live coral coverage and a lot of

fish. Depth here varies from approximately 4-10 feet.

This station and Station 10 on the inner trail have the

greatest fish populations and species diversity of all the

stations. With several species of corals and fishes the

underwater plaque here could point out any number of

interesting things. Some of the common fishes observed

here include the yellow tang, moorish idol, parrotfish,

goatfish, bannerfish and several species of wrasses and

surgeonfish (Figure 44). A spotted moray eel (Lycodontis

meleagris) was consistently observed in a cluster of the

4W- W:

Figure 44. Lush coral growth at Station 16. Fishes include yellow
tangs (Zebrasoma flavescens), parrotfish, goatfish,
bannerfish and the surgeonfi-s-hAcanthurus glaucopareius.

.. ........ .
........ .

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Figure 45. Upper portion of Station 6 with several species of wrasses
and surgeonfishes. A spotted moray eel makes his home in
this location.

branching coral Acropora palifera during several visits to

this site over a two-month period. Corals common at this

location include A. palifera, Fungia, Goniastrea, Pocillopora

eydouxi and Stylophora.

Due to the large and diverse fish population and live

coral coverage, this location is one of the best for fish

watching and underwater photography. It is an ideal spot

for a fish feeding station as well.

The swim to Station 6 takes the diver south along the

edge of the patch reef to the point closest to the barrier

reef. The swim is an easy one covering approximately 20 m

(66 ft).

h. Station 6 is located a short distance from Station 16 on the

southwestern tip of patch reef "I". The top of the reef

here is 4-5 feet deep with the bottom approximately 15 feet

deep. As at Station 16, this site also has numerous fish

including teardrop butterflyfish, yellow tangs, wrasses and

blue ChromiE (Figure 45). A small cave near the bottom

provides shelter for squirrelfish and bannerfish. Near the

marker float another spotted moray eel (Lycodontis

meleagris) has made his home in reef holes. Moray eels do

move around although he was observed on most visits to

this station. The marker plaque could notify the visitor to

look around the area (including Station 16) for the moray.

Tour guides often impress visitors by hand-feeding raw fish

or hotdogs to eels but this should not be suggested to the

snorkelers.

To reach the next station the visitor swims across a

patch of silt and sand approximately 15 feet deep to the tip

of the last patch reef on the trail. The swim is easy

covering a distance of approximately 30 m (100 ft).

Station 7 is located on the extreme southwestern tip of the

last patch reef in the outer trail. Depth here ranges from

approximately 6-15 feet. Coral growth is good here with

the blue coral Heliopora, soft coral, Pocillopora and Porites

rus being the most common. The Porites rus here assumes

a plate-like growth form with a light yellow growing edge

(Figure 46). A cave at the base of the patch reef provides

sanctuary for several squirrelfish, moorish idols, wrasses

and other fishes. An interesting brown sponge is also

located here (Figure 47). The plaque here should point out

the plate-like Porites rus coral, sponges and perhaps the

squirrelfish as these are all found in the cave and overhang

area.

To reach the last station on the outer trail the

snorkeler merely swims around the corner of the patch reef

and follows the edge approximately 40 m (130 ft) to Station

8. There is good coral development and quite a few fish to

observe during this swim.

Station 8 marks the end of the outer trail. The coral

growth here is rather sparse but includes some nice brain

corals and Acropora palifera (Figure 48). Depth ranges

from approximately 6-8 feet. The underwater marker here

should point out one or both of the brain corals,

ez!.'

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Figure 46. Plate-like formations of the coral Porites rus next to the
cave at Station 7.

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Figure 47. One group of brown sponge in the cave at Station 7.

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4j"!

Figure 48. Large brain coral (Platy gyra daedalea) and other branching
corals (Acropora palifera) at Station 8, the end of the outer
trail.

Lobophyllia corymbosa and Platygyra daedalea. A rest float

will be located here so divers can wait for a ride to shore

or depart as a group for the swim back to the beach. The

rest float- at Station 11 on the inner trail can be used as an

intermediary stop on the way back.

V. IMPACTS ON THE RESOURCES

A. Human Impacts

Managaha Island with its surrounding reefs, pristine water and
culturaf -and historical resources is a jewel in the Pacific Ocean. Be-

cause of this, and its proximity to a large population base, the area is

already well known.

1. Visitors Use

It is estimated that 75 - 85 percent of all Saipan tourists visit

Managaha Island for a day trip which means as many as 145,000

tourists may utilize the island in 1985, estimating a 1.4% increase in

tourism over 1984 visitor arrivals. To this number must be added a

portion of local residents (estimated 21,000) who visit and revisit

the island for recreational and subsistence fishing and gathering

purposes. ' Based on conservative estimates the total number of

visitors to the Managaha Island area could reach 150,000 in 1985.

The impact of this many people and all their equipment poses a

serious threat to the fragile environment which makes the area so

unique

There are significant cultural and historical resources worth

viewing on Managaha Island and easy access is provided by a

natural trail. Most visitors walk around the island and through it

to take advantage of the natural beauty and see these sights.

People touch, step on, walk over, run through, break off, pick,

tramp over and generally damage the natural environment for the

sake of their desire to experience it. Visitor uses include beach

combing, swimming, skin and scuba diving, water skiing, wind-

surfing, fishing and collecting and gathering. Each of these uses

impacts on the environment to some degree. The current and

expected impacts are potentially serious.

Visitors should know to treat terrestrial and marine resources

with care@ -so they are not damaged. Visitors should not be allowed

to take away or damage terrestrial or marine resources from se-

lected conservation zones within park boundaries. Suffice to say,

general environmental damage occurs to all environments. as a

natural part of use, particularly when used by people in high

numbers. One thing is certain, the number of potential visitors to

Managaha Island is increasing and the potential threat to the envi-

ronment will not only continue but increase as well.

2. Development

With people comes a level of development proportional to the

number and specific use. Development associated with tourism can

be on the largest scale, witness Honolulu, Hawaii. However, it

does not have to be that way if decisions are made early regarding

use patterns. Fortunately, for Managaha Island, a relatively low-

level use pattern already exists (it can be argued that 300 - 500

visitors per day is not low-level use, and many local people feel the

numbers are too high already with an indication that it is rapidly

increasing). This is a positive step toward protecting the environ-

ment. At the present time, only day time uses are permitted and

no overnight accomodations are present on the island. The last

boats operated by PDI and other regular carriers of tourists de-

parts Managaha at approximately 4:30 p.m.

Present level of development on Managaha Island includes: a

large L-shaped open air building for office, shops, bar and grill,

barbeque pits, tables, restrooms and showers, several smaller open

air pavillions (Pala-palas) located around the island, picnic tables,

dock, walkways, gardens, and a roped off swimming area. Refer to

Figure 25 for the location of many of these facilities.

Future developement should only deal with improving existing

facilities or removing dangers and debris in the water, on the

beaches and elsewhere on the island. Constitutionally. hotels are

not allowed on Managaha Island. Efforts should be made to develop

the natural fresh water source in order to provide an adequate

supply. Proper studies can eliminate unneeded drilling and as-

sociated damage to the environment. An efficient wastewater dis-

posal system should be developed to protect the environment. Solid

waste should be controlled and carried back to Saipan for disposal.

3. Equipment

People use equipment when they work and recreate. Some of

this equipment poses serious threat to the environment. On land,

earth moving equipment, vehicles, generators and associated types

create general damage to the environment. Fortunately, this impact

has been minimal on Managaha Island. Unique to Managaha is the

heavy use of equipment in the water. Large and small boats bring

visitors to the island, pull skiers and take tourists diving to near-

by areas. Small sailboats and windsurfers sail the shallow waters

surrounding the island and pull right up on the beach. Jet skiers

zoom throughout the Saipan lagoon including the area around

Managaha Island. Motorboats spew exhaust and residue fuel into

the water and damage coral when props hit shallow reefs. Anchors

are usually thrown indiscriminatly overboard often damaging delicate

coral reef s. Motorboats should operate in established channels

90
where water is sufficiently deep. No fueling facility should be 0
allowed on Managaha Island.

B. Natural Impacts

1. Tropical Storms and Typhoons

Storms represent a natural threat to the natural environment as

well as physical structures. The threat of storms capable of major

damage is serious in the Mariana Islands. Although nothing can be

done to protect the physical environment from direct impact, much

can be done to minimize indirect impacts. Structures should be

built to withstand substantial winds and water forces (155 mph

wind). Adequate tie-downs are essential to keep equipment from

blowing away and keeping the area clear of debris that can blow

around is essential.

2. Pests

Two pests are found within the Managaha Island Marine Park.

Rats on land and the crown-of-thorns starfish in the water. Rats

are common on the island and their population is related to available

food and shelter. Both of these are abundant on the island. Off

island disposal of solid waste and garbage is essential as is extreme

cleanliness. Coupled with an extermination program, rats can be

controlled. Fumigating boats importing goods to the island is the

final step in reducing the problem of rats. I

The crown-of-thorns starfish is a pest of major concern.

Thomas F. Goreau, noted ecologist, witnessed over 90 percent coral

destruction by the starfish on the patch reefs west of Managaha

Island in 1969 (Goreau, 1969). Regrowth has been excellent

particularly in light of the 1973 starfish infestation. In only 15

years the majority of the patch reef area has been completely

restored. Howeverf the threat of destruction of the corals within

the underwater trail is very real now. Birkeland's 1983 starfish in-

festation prediction was extremely accurate and the animal is well

established along Saipan's western reef system (Birkeland, 1982).

From the south, the starfish has moved into the Lagoon through the

Tanapag Harbor Channel entrance and through depressions in the

barrier reef and is making its way north along the inside of the

barrier reef directly toward the reefs proposed for the Managaha

Marine Park Underwater Trail.

Preliminary counts estimated the starfish at 250 for the 18 acre

(73,000 M2) site. This is a significant and recent increase. Re-

moVal of obvious animals has been undertaken on three occasions by

PBEC staff. A 1984 letter from PBEC to the Coastal Resources

Management Office suggested removal of these animals is needed on

selected reefs in the vicinity of Managaha Island, specifically at the

underwater trail site and nearby reefs. This should be an on-

going process to ensure protection of the small patch reef area that

comprises the underwater trail.

It must be realized that an Acanthaster removal program, even

though it will only cover the reefs within the underwater trail and

will likely be sporatic in nature, is apt to be labor intensive and

costly. If volunteer help from a local dive club and other con-

cerned citizens is not feasible then the program will require an

undetermined amount of operational funding. Realistic cost esti-

mates need to be provided before an abatement program is decided

upon. It is suggested that Marianas Visitors Bureau funds be
utilized for such a program. The implementation and scope would
be a matter for the Advisory Board to decide.

This -starfish removal program is not designed to eliminate all

the starfish in the Saipan Lagoon or even all the animals within the

park. It is merely a protective measure to ensure healthy, viable

coral communities on the patch reefs along the underwater trail.

Although the corals do eventually regrow in a damaged area, and
often the species diversity actually increases, if the percent damage

is high enough the beauty and attraction of the underwater trail

will be seriously degraded and would likely have a negative impact

on the numbers of tourists who would visit the park.

It is now generally accepted by most contemporary biologists

that Acanthaster infestations are cyclic phenomena triggered by

periods of drought followed by heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff

from land areas (high islands). The increased nutrients that enter

the water result in a higher survival rate for the starfish which

drift about and filter feed on planktonic organisms during their

larval stage. The end result is much greater numbers of adult

starfish approximately three years following such an event.

Observations support the belief that the Acanthaster outbreaks

eventually "run their courser' and return to normal populations on

the reef s. Since Acanthaster are a natural part of Pacific coral

reefs and therefore play a role in the ecosystem as a whole, a

credible argument can be made to leave the starfish alone even if

they enter the park area. They then become a dynamic part of the

is coral reef community and as such are an "attraction. If they do
enter the park area and it becomes obvious that a substantial

quantity of corals will be lost, then perhaps the Board can vote or,

whether or not to initiate control measures within the park.

C. Most Used Areas

Presently, the most used area within the park is the southwest

beach and associated pavillion. Foot traffic is heavy between the dock

and,the pavillion where visitors check in. A roped off swimming zone

and shallow water snorkeling zone are heavily used. Once the under-

water trail is completed it will also be heavily used.

VI. MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Management Goals

The following management goals are designed to protect and pre-

serve the unique resources and delicate ecological balance found within

the boundaries of the Managaha Island Marine Park.

1. Conservation of Natural Resources

- To assure long-term perpetuation of the coral reef and

associated biota as well as native vegetation, wildlife and

other natural resources of the park and to minimize adverse

effects of human activities on these resources.

- To maintain the highest possible habitat quality for any

rare, threatened or endangered species found within the
- park. ble
To reduce the adverse impact of nuisance or undesirea

species (pests), such as Acanthaster planc

(crown -of-thorns starfish), jellyfish, rats and any others,

on native flora and fauna.

- To ensure that the aesthetic quality of the barrier and

fringing reefs is not impaired by structures or other in-

trusions.

- To ensure that the subsistence taking of selected marine

life, such as lobsters, shells, fish and others does not

adversely effect the ecological balance of the general area.

2. Preservation of Cultural and Historical Resources

To preserve and protect the park's cultural and historical
resources in a manner consistent with executive and is

legislative requirements anil the CNMI Historic Preservation

Program.

3. Acquisition of Information

- To enable efficient and effective management of the park's

natural, cultural and historical resources by gathering

needed information for scientific research and to monitor

changes. It is recommended that the DEQ's Marine

Monitoring Program incorporate the park into it's monitoring

scheme.

- To evaluate the continued effects of subsistence fishing and

shellfishing on selected areas of the park

- Evaluate sources of pollution that may be having adverse

effects on the condition of the park's ecosystem.

4. Visitor Use

To develop opportunities for day use recreational activities,

such as picnicking, sailing, waterskiing, jet skiing,

fishing, shellfishing, swimming and snorkeling in locations

and at levels where they are compatible with long-term per-

petuation of the park's terrestrial and marine resources.

5. Visitor Safety

- To promote public awareness of potential hazards associated

with boating, snorkeling and other activities and thereby

help ensure a safe, enjoyable park experience for all

visitors.

- To minimize congestion, promote sound seamanship practices

and ensure public safety in the vicinity of the underwater

trail.

To ensure that visitors are well informed on the dangerous

characteristics of certain marine animals and terrestrial

flora.

6. rxiterpretation

- To promote public understanding and appreciation of the

ecology of the barrier and fringing reef and the sensitivity

of the fragile ecosystem to the adverse effects of human

activities.

- To ensure that the techniques used for underwater inter-

pretation are effective and provide the visitor with high

quality experiences that do not adversely affect the reef

ecosystem.

- To foster public awareness of natural terrestrial and marine

flora and fauna resources in the CNMI as well as the in-

creasing importance of the park to conserve these resources

as the CNMI continues to develop.

7. Operations

- To improve efficiency of operating the park and in moni-
toring environmental conditions for the benefit of all park

visitors.

B. Managaha Island Marine Park Regulations
These regulations are taken directly from the General CNMI Marine
Parks Regulations established in the CNMI Marine Parks Management
Plan and have been slightly modified to fit the specific purposes of this
park. Sections within these regulations include:

1. Authority
2. Purpose
3. Boundaries
4. Definitions

5. Activities Permitted
6. Activities Prohibited
7. Penalties
8. Permit Procedures
9. Other Permits
10. Appeals

1. Authority

The Managaha Island Marine Park has been designated by the
Governor of the CNMI pursuant to the authority of Legislation Pro-
claiming Marine Parks in the CNMI and this marine park. The following
rules and regulations are also issued pursuant to the authority of these
Legislation.

2. Purpose

The purpose of designating the Managaha Island Marine-Park is to
protect and preserve the coral reef ecosystem and other natural
resources of selected waters in the Saipan Lagoon and to ensure the
continued availability of the area for public educational purposes and as
an ecological research and recreational resource. This area supports a
particularly rich and diverse marine biota. The area is accessible to,
and is widely used by private boaters, commercial boat operators,
recreational divers, fishermen, tourists and local residents. Con-
sequently, both present and potential levels of use may result in harm
to this area in.the absence of long-term planning, research, monitoring
and protection.

3. Boundaries

The Managaha Island Marine Park consists of an area as cribed
below. The precise boundaries are:

MARINE PARK LATITUDE LONGITUDE

Saipan Managaha Island Marine Park 150 141 0" N 1450 411 30n E
150 141 45" N 1450 421 50" E

4. Definitions

A. "Advisory Board, Marine Parks" is chaired by the CRMO with
representatives from the Department of Natural Resources, Division
of Fish and Wildlife and Parks and Recreation, Marianas Visitors
Bureau, Department of Public Safety Division of Boating Safety,
Historic Preservation Office, Division of Environmental Quality and
the CNMI Legislature.

B. "Director" means the Director of the Coastal Resources Management
Office.

C. "Chief" means Chief of the Division of Fish and Wildlife DNR.

D. -@Personn meaner any private individual, partnership, corporation, or
other entity; or any officer, employee, agent, department, agency
or instrumentality of the Federal government, or any local unit of
the government.

5. Activities Permitted

All activities except those specifically prohibited herein may be
carried on within the Managaha Island Marine Park subject to all
prohibitions, restrictions and conditions imposed by any other
authority.

6. Activities Prohibited

A. Unless permitted by the Director through the Advisory Board or as
may be necessary for the national defense or to respond to an
emergency threatening life, property or the environment, the
following activities are zrohibited within the Marine Park. All pro-
hibitions must be applied consistently with International law.

1. Removing or damaging distinctive natural features.

a. No person shall break, cut or similarly damage any coral
except as an accidental result of anchoring. Sand an-
choring is encouraged but not required. Divers and
snokelers are prohibited from handling coral or standing
on coral formations.

b. No person shall take any tropical fish or marine animal or
plant from those zones designated (A) Outstanding Natural
Features.

c. Marine life taken from zones designated as (C) Conser-
vation shall be done so for subsistence purposes only. No
commercial or sport fishing is allowed in this zone.

d. There shall be a rebuttable presumption that any items
listed in this paragraph found in the possession of a
person within the Marine Park have been collected or
removed from within the Marine Park.

2. Operation of watercraft. All watercraft shall be operated in
accordance with Federal Coast Guard rules and regulations that
would apply if there were no Marine Park. The followin g
constraints shall also be imposed.
a. No person shall place any anchor on coral within (A) zones
of the reef of the Marine Park nor allow any chain or rope
to touch the reef in a way that injures any coral in these

areas. When anchoring dive boats, the first- diver down
will inspect the anchor to ensure that it is placed away
from corals in such a way so as not to damage them. No
further diving is permitted until the anchor is placed in
accordance with these requirements. Exceptions are per-
mitted where there is danger of drifting. Anchoring in
other zones is permitted on coral reefs but should be done
so with caution so as not to damage the reef.

b. Watercraft must use mooring buoys, stations or anchoring
areas when such facilities and areas have been designated
and are available.

c. Watercraft shall not be operated in such a manner as to
strike or otherwise cause damage to the natural features of
the Marine Park.

d. All watercraft from which diving operations are being
conducted shall fly in a conspicuous manner, the red and
white "divers down" flag and/or the blue and white
international divers flag.

3. Using harmful fishing methods.

a. No person shall use, possess or place fish or lobster traps
within any zone of the designated Marine Park.

b. No person shall use or possess poles, spears, Hawaiian
slings, rubber-powered spearguns, pneumatic and spring
loaded spearguns or similar devices known as spearguns
within zones designated (A) of the Marine Park, and only
for subsistence purposes in other zones.

c. No person shall use or possess poisons, bleach, electric
charges, explosives or similar methods whatsoever within
any zones of the Marine Park.

4. Removing or damaging distinctive historical or cultural re-
sources.

a. No person shall remove, damage or tamper with any
historical or cultural resources, including cargo pertaining
to submerged wrecks.

5. Discharges.
a. No person shall deposit or discharge any materials or
substances of any kind (including those listed in 3. c.,
above) within the Marine Park.

6. Markers.

a. No person shall mark, deface or damage in any way or
displace, remove or tamper with any signs, notices, or

100

placards, whether temporary or permanent, monuments,
stakes, posts or other markers installed within the Marine
Park.

b. The prohibitions in this section are not based on any claim
of territoriality and will be applied to foreign persons and
vessels in accordance with principles of International law,
including treaties, conventions and other International
agreements to which the United States is signatory.

7. Penalties

A civil penalty of not more than $100 will be levied against any
person for each violation of any regulation and further authorizes a
proceeding in rem against any vessel and equipment used in violation of
any such regulation.

8. Permit Procedures and Criteria

A. Any person in possession of a valid permit issued by the Director
in accordance with this section may conduct the specific activity in
the Marine Park including any activity specifically prohibited if
such activity is:

1. Scientific research related

2. For educational purposes

3. For salvage or recovery operations.

B. Permit applications shall be addressed to the Marine Parks Advisory
Board. ATTN: Director CRMO, Saipan, CNMI, 96950. An
application shall include a description of all activities proposed, the
equipment, methods, and personnel (describing relevant experience)
and a timetable for completion of the proposed activity. Copies of
all other required licenses or permits shall,be attached. If a CRM
Coastal Permit is required for the proposed activity this permit
shall be obtained first.

C. When considering whether to grant a permit the Director shall
evaluate such matters in terms of:

1. Professional and financial responsibility of the applicant(s).

2. Appropriateness of the methods proposed to accomplish the
purpose(s) of the activity.

3. Extent to which the conduct of any permitted activity may
diminish or enhance the value of the Marine Park as a source
of recreational, educational or scientific value.

4. End value of the activity.

5. Other matters as deemed appropriate.

101

D. In considering any application submitted pursuant to this section,
the Director shall seek the views of the Advisory Board and may
seek and consider the views of any person or entity, within or
outside of the CNMI Government, and may hold a public hearing as
deemed appropriate.

E. The - Director may not at his/her own discretion, grant a permit
which has been applied for pursuant to this section, in whole or in
part without the majority vote of the Advisory Board. The Director
may require the submission of one or more reports regarding status
or progress of such activity. Any information obtained shall be
made available to the public.

F. Any permit granted may not be transferred without written consent
of the Advisory Board.

G. The Director through the Advisory Board may amend, suspend or
revoke a permit granted pursuant to this section, in whole or in
part, temporarily or indefinitely, if the permit holder has acted in
violation of the terms of the permit or of the applicable regulations.
Any such action shall be set forth in writing to the holder, and
shall set forth the reason(s) for the action taken. The holder may
appeal the action to the Advisory Board.

9. Other Permits

All permits, licenses and other authorizations issued pursuant to
any other authority remain valid. Any person may request an appeal
hearing from the Director if an activity is prohibited by these regula-
tions.

10. Appeals

A. Any person (the appellant) may appeal the granting, denial or
conditioning of any permit to the Advisory Board through the
Director. In order to be considered such appeal shall be in writing
and shall state previous action(s) by the Board. The appellant may
request a formal hearing before the Advisory Board on the appeal.

B. Upon receipt of an appeal authorized by this section, the Director
shall notify the applicant, if other than the appellant, and may
request such additional information and in such form as will allow
action upon the appeal. Upon receipt of sufficient information, the
Director through the Advisory Board shall decide the appeal based
upon information relative to the application on file with the
Advisory Board and any additional information. A summary record
shall be kept of any such hearing. The Director shall notify all
interested persons of the decision, and the reason(s) in writing
within 30 days unless additional time is needed for a hearing.

C. If a hearing is requested or if the Director determines one is
appropriate, he/she may grant an informal hearing before the
Advisory Board after first giving notice of the time, place and

102

subject matter. Such hearing shall normally be held no later than
15 days following publication of the notice. The appellant, the
applicant (if different) and, at the discretion of the Advisory
Board, other interested persons may appear personally or by
counsel at the hearing and submit material and present such argu-
ments determined appropriate.

D. The Director will adopt the Advisory Board's recommended decision,
in whole action by the Advisory Boards shall constitute the final
decision on the matter.

E. Any time limit prescribed in this section may be extended for a
period not to exceed 30 days by the Director for good cause, either
upon his/her own motion or upon written request from the Appellant
or Applicant stating the reason(s) therefor.

C. OPERATION

1. General Statement

Marine parks generally function to protect underwater environ-

ments while providing safe and enjoyable recreational opportunities

for visitors. They help to educate people about the ocean and its

ecosystems and provide interpretive programs of the marine envi-

ronment for everybody's enjoyment.

2. Advisory Board

The essence of efficient operation and proper management is

vested in the Advisory Board. This Board establishes policy and

determines the direction the Managaha Island Marine Park will take.

Suggested representation on the Advisory Board should include the

following agencies:

- Coastal Resource Management Office (Lead Agency)

- CNMI Legislature

- Historic Preservation Office

- Department of Natural Resources (Division of Fish and

Wildlife and Department of Parks and Recreation)

103

Division of Environmental Quality

Marianas Visitors Bureau

Department of Public Safety

Division of Boating Safety

Figure 49 represents a flow diagram of the Advisory Board and

how the different agencies interact. Each agency will be repre-

sented by one individual appointed for a term of one year except

the CRMO and Legislature. The latter two groups will have a

representative appointed for two (2) years. CRMO is the only

non-voting representative except to break a tie when an equal

number of representatives make a quorum. Appointments will be

staggered in order to provide consistancy to the Board.

CRM

PUBLIC DNR PARKS & LEGISLATURE MV
SAFETY RECREATION

F & W

Figure 49. Flow Diagram of CNMI Marine Parks Advisory Board.

Meetings will be held monthly and will be comprised of a quorum

(at least four). The CRMO will be responsible for coordinating

these meetings, establishing an agenda and deciding a convenient

time and place. Each agency, by the nature of their responsibilities

within the CNMI Government, will add input to these meetings and

carry out any projects delegated within their jurisdiction by majority

vote of the Board.

104

3. Staff

A small, well trained and effective staff will add much to the

park operation and public's enjoyment and safety. Each staf f
member should have a working knowledge of specific park features

and be able to present them to visitors in an enthusiastic and in-

teresting manner. Personnel assigned to specific areas of the marine

park need not be scuba divers. However, in the case of this park,

it would be very helpful. Park staff must be able to recognize and

evaluate unsafe practices or activities that may be damaging to the

environment and hazardous to visitors, particularly scuba divers.

Some effort should be made to select staff personnel who have

specific academic skills and interest in the underwater environment,

who are willing to continually upgrade their knowledge and who can

pass this interest and enthusiasism on to others. The use of volun-

teer groups to help patrol and work within the framework of the

marine parks system has been proven as a viable adjunct to any

interpretation program. Some fluency in the Japanese language

would be very helpful but may not be required of all staff.

One Park Ranger will be required to oversee the development

and day-to-day operations of the Managaha Island Marine Park.

Temporary appropriate staff can generally be selected from existing

positions within government ranks. This individual(s) might be

found in the following CNMI government agencies:

- Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and

Wildlife

- Coastal Resources Management Office

105

For the sake of reducing costs in start up operations an existing
government employee(s) should be utilized. A new and permanent

position of Park Ranger must be established and a qualified

individual hired as soon as possible. This individual should possess
the expertise necessary to set up various programs and get tile park

moving in the right direction. As the park grows, additional

employees can be added based on need. Individuals participating in

this program should be given special interpretive and diver training

as needed.

4. Policy Guidelines for Visitor and Diver Use

Evidence of diving qualification (SCUBA) will be requested from

divers who intend to scuba dive within the park boundaries.

Evidence shall consist of certification cards issued by a nationally

recognized instructional association, such as the National Association

of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), Young Mens Christian Association

(YMCA), Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI),

Scuba School International (SSI), National Association of Skin Diving

Schools (NASDS) or an appropriate international organization. Only

in a training class will uncertified divers be permitted to use scuba

within the park and only under supervision of a certified instructor.

Such diving will be conducted in a typical instructional manner. All

scuba diving shall be conducted in at least buddy pairs.

Refusal by staff personnel to allow a dive should be avoided

except under unusual circumstances. A person should be dissuaded

through a friendly discussion on equipment requirements and hazar-

dous conditons which could be encountered or by recommending

106

alternate diving areas (outside park boundaries) or methods (skin-
diving only) within the limits of the diver's experience skill and

equipment. Should dissuasion fail, it should be made clear that, as

in any dive, the diver assumes full responsibility for his actions.
Staff members should file a waiver of park responsibility for this

diver.

Use of a log-in/log-out system for scuba diving will provide a

record of diver's using the park system. It will also add to their

personal safety. Diving logs should list the name of the certifying

organization for each diver, level of certification, location of dive,

time of water entry, expected time of return and actual time out.

Where organized groups dive in any park area, there must be a

designated dive master who will be responsible, in charge of co-

ordinating the dive and ultimately ensure diver safety. Diving

parties will be responsible for removing all dive buoys or other

objects used during the dive.

All of the same requirements will be in effect except diver

certification for skin divers. However, each diver must know how to

swim before entering the water. Divers who plan on utilizing the

underwater trail system or designated skindives within the park

should sign a diver's log located at the Park Rangers' stand. This

information will ensure the safety of each person using the park for

diving purposes.

5. Emergency Procedures

There should be a set of emergency procedures developed for

Managaha Island Marine Park. These procedures shall be put into a

manual available on site and provide for:

- Diver Rescue

107

First Aid for minor wourfds

Transportation to a hospital for those requiring treatment

Oxygen and First Aid for emergencies

Phone numbers of emergency facilities kept readily available

and updated

6. Enforcement and Monitoring

Monitoring and enforcement are essential elements in effective

management of a marine park. Without these elements, natural,

historic and cultural resources within each park suffers some degree

of degredation. An on-going monitoring program becomes the eyes

and ears of what is really happening to the park, how it is holding

up to increased visitor pressure and natural impacts. How the nega-

tive impacts of these pressures can be mitigated is the outcome of

effective monitoring.

Monitoring of Marine Parks in the GNMI should be the respon-

sibility of the Department of Natural Resources through the Depart-

ment of Fish and Wildlife. Monitoring activities for the Managaha

Island Marine Park should be implemented as a routine part of

regular departmental monitoring activities. Findings should be

reported to the Director of the Department of Natural Resources in

writing or verbally, if the matter is urgent, but followed by a

written report within 24 hours.

The CRM Office monitors coastal resources and activities on a

regular basis. Their effort in this area could enhance other moni-

toring activities by the Department of Fish and Wildlife and even

supplement those monitoring activities on shore. The CRM and Fish

108

and Wildlife Offices should coordinate their efforts in order to avoid

duplication of effort.

Enforcement of basic park rules and regulations will be left

primarily to park personnel. Park personnel will have the responsi-

bility of enforcing park policy, maintaining order within the park

and assisting park users.

Based on operation procedures in similar parks, it is essential

that enforcement situations within the park be handled on a low-key

basis. When an incident presents itself, all effort should be made to

inform the users of park policy and the potential negative impacts

that may result from his/her actions. In no way should the user be

embarrassed or harassed by a park representative. if, after a

reasonable period of time, the user still wishes to pursue his/her

own course of action (barring serious consequences) the user should

be informed of his/her negligent conduct and that the park will not

be held responsible for his/her action. These matters should than

be written into a daily log to document them on a case by case

basis.

7. Violations and Fines

Violations of park regulations can be minimized considerably

through proper park management and monitoring activities. How-

everV violations are bound to occur since many thousands of people

will be using the facility for a variety of purposes. The vast

majority of these violations will be minor infractions that can be

handled in an informal manner through discussions with park users

in the same fashion a life guard would. However, occasions do arise

109

when such informal discussions do not bring about the desired

results. In these cases police officers should be called in to deal

with the situation. In most cases severe violators are likely to try
and escape after warning. Many times they will evade park em-

ployees and actually get away. In these cases all pertinent informa-

tion should be taken down so that it can be turned over to the

police department for further action. Warnings can be given first

offenders based on the severity of the action.

Fines will only be assesed for major violations where persons are

declared to be negligent or purposely violating existing regulations

and for repeated offenses.

D. Resource Management

1. Natural Resources

Fragile coral formations in the vicinity of each marine park can

be protected by zoning and through proper regulations to protect

them further. Rare, threatened and endangered species will con-

tinue to be protected as an intergal part of the Managaha Marine

Park. Refer to sections III-A and IV for an evaluation of natural

resources identified within the boundaries of the park.

2. Cultural and Historical Resources

Cultural and historic resources within the Managaha Marine Park

will be managed according to Management Policies of the CNMI

Historic Preservation Office and this plan. Refer to Section IV-B &

C for a complete evaluation of cultural and historical resources found

within the boundaries of this marine park.

The Managaha Marine Park was created to preserve all natural

beauty. The process of seashore dynamics and island geomorphology

110

might uncover Presently unknown cultural or historic resources.

Accordingly, the following program will be implemented to identify,
evaluate, and determine future management actions for such pre-

sently unknown cultural resources:

- Following any natural phenomena that results in significant

alteration of the present configuration of any portion of the

island, appropriate park and historic preservation personnel

will dvelop and implement a strategy to ascertain the pre-

sence or absence of cultural resources in the altered area.

- Should a cultural resource be identified, it will be recorded

and evaluated as to its integrety and significance by appro-

priate CNMI historic preservation personnel.

E. Cost Estimates

Preliminary evaluation of the Managaha Island Marine Park site was

carried out by the CNMI government in 1982. Only a brief report was

prepared and little information was organized. Fortunately, Managaha

Island including the Saipan Lagoon is the only site where more than

preliminary data exist. This entire lagoon was extensively surveyed

during recent field studies related to the Saipan Lagoon Use Management

Plan (Prepared for CRMO, 1985).

Results of this study suggest that the entire island of Managaha,

surrounding reef and selected historic wrecks nearby be included in a

marine park. The underwater trail becomes the focal point of the

Managaha Island Marine Park project.

Costs for implementing this marine park program fall into the catego-

ries of management planning, interpretation, development of facilities,

personnel, equipment and additional studies.

1. Management Planning
This management plan represents the first phase of manage-

ment planning for the development of the Managaha Island Marine

Park. It specifies the purpose, needs and goals and identifies

park boundaries. Additionally this plan identifies the resources

around which the park is being designed and is designed to

protect. Interpretative themes are discussed in terms of the

underwater trail and land based displays. Impacts on these

resources are considered in the plan. The plan also details

zoning and resource management for the park.

COST

Initial cost for consultant services $ 5,000

Additional management planning includes the following

elements -

Integrate management plan to existing policy 3,000

Implement management plan 1,500

Contract marine park illustration guide-

book project 6,500

$ 16,000

2. Interpretation

Development costs for the Managaha Island Marine Parks will

depend on the level of interpretation, infrastructure and related

f acilities. Preliminary studies have been done on the. Managaha

Island Marine Park Plan in the form of data collection and develop-

ment concepts. In-depth site specific plans have also been com-

pleted and the following development costs have been initilized for

this site.

112

MANAGAHA ISLAND MARINE PARK COST

- Visitor orientation center (1-unit) (Graphic display
of park layout and features and photographs) $ 15,000
- Underwater trail (20 stations with identi-

fication plaques and marker buoys) 20,000

- Marker buoys and identification plaques for 10

additional sites in the park 10,000

- Signs and identification plaques for terrestrial

sites 5,000

- Interpretive literature (maps, species

identification charts, general information

handouts does not include printing costs) 5,000

- Interpretive video 15,000

Total $ 70,000

3. Development of Facilities

At the present time facility needs within the proposed park

boundaries are adequate. Pacific Development Incorporated (PDI)

currently leases from Marianas Public Land Coporation the right to

provide concession services to tourists. In order to secure this

lease arrangement PDI promised to construct certain facilities to

improve the island, provide for tourist needs better and make

tourists more comfortable. Existing facilities adequately handle the

volume of day time visitors.

An interpretation display of the park will be located within one

of the existing structures. Specific location will depend on size and

113

type of display. The site must be out of the weather and ade-

quately protected from the wind and rain. Additionally, a secure

locked up site must be provided. The storage site might only be a

small -space such as an existing storage room big enough to hold a

6x3xl ft folding screen.

The screen can be placed on a wall, set up as a room divider or

a corner display. It will be moveable and, should be shown at

various locations.

4. Personnel

The number of staff required to properly operate a marine park

depends on a number of factors such as size of park, activities and

number of daily visitors. The Managaha Island Marine Park is small

by comparison and can be managed by one individual. Furthermore,

since this park will take years to develop fully, a single individual

will be adequate in the short term. This individual might easily

handle the marine park management tasks as a routine part of on-

going CNMI government activities and become full-time as the need

arises. Selecting an individual at this time should come from within

selected agencies of the CNMI government, such as the CRMO or

Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife.

Initially, this individual might' only require 15 percent of his work

time toward the development of the marine park program.

COST

One (1) employee at 15% of average income of $7,000 $ 1,050

Diver training if needed 150

Total First year $ 1,200

Total Successive years (at amended) $ 7,000

114

5. Equipment (costs are based on January 1985 estimates)
The following equipment will be needed for the first year but
will be useable for subsequent years until replacement is required.

COST

14-foot inflatable boat $ 2,000

25 HP outboard engine 1,500

Pick-up truck 8,000

1 set scuba gear 800

Total $ 12,300

6. Annual Operation and Maintenance Expenses

Boat and motor $ 500

Pick-up truck 750

Visitor orientation center 500

Underwater park 1,000

Total $ 2,750

7. Land Acquisition

The island of Managaha is owned by the CNMI government which

eliminates the high cost of land aquisition for this park. Only an

insignificant in-house administrative cost of land transfer is involved

if needed.

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Statement and Management Plan for the Proposed Fagatele Bay National
Marine Sanctuary. Development Planning Office Terriroty of American
Samoa. 112p.

U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Sanctuary Program Division. 1983. Looe
Key National Marine Sanctuary Mangement Plan. Prepared by: James
Dobbin Asso. Inc. 58p.

U.S. Dept. of Interior /National Park Service. 1983. Buck Island Reef 0
National Monument U.S. Virgin Islands. General Management Plan,
Development Concept Plan and En7vironmental Assessment. 56p.

U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program. 1983. Project 8% Biosphere
Res-erves. Guidelines for Identification, Evaluation and Selection of
Biosphere Reserves in the U.S. 37p.

. 1974. Task Force on: Criteria and Guidelines for the
Choice and Establishment of Biosphere Reserves. Final Report. 61p.

. 1981. Interim Guidelines for Identification and Selection of
CoasTa-1B iosp here Reserves. Report No. 6. 33p.

. 1983. Man and the Biosphere Information System,
Biosphere Reserves. Prepared for UNESCO. 61p.

Veverka, J.A. and S.A. Poneleit. 1981. Interpretation as a Management
Tool for Underwater Parks. Association of Interpretive Naturalists
Journal of Interpretation. Vol. VI No. 2.

Wallis, O.L. 1971. Establishing Underwater Parks Worldwide. 36th
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference Proceedings., pp.
98 - 117.

Appendix A
0 Legislation

AN ACT PROCLAIMING
THE MANAGAHA ISLAND MARINE PARK
IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE
NORTHERN MARIANAS

Date

Establishing the Managaha Island Marine Park in the CNMI of the United
States of America.

Whereas: Saipan island is situated in the Commonwealth of the Northern
Marianas (CNMI) in the Western Pacific at Latitude 150 121 0011
and Longitude 1450 431 00" E. This island was ceded to the
United States Government by Japan in a mandate at the end of
WWII.

Whereas: All property acquired by the United States at the end of WWII
by mandate not reserved by the United States for public pur-
poses was placed under control of the Marianas Public Land
Corporation with legal title remaining with the CNMI
Government.

Whereas: Not all offshore exposed and submerged lands, including
Managaha Island, have been reserved by the CNMI or United
States Governments for specific purposes.

Whereas: The island of Managaha and its adjoining shores, rocks and
undersea coral reef formations possess some of the finest marine
habitats in the CNMI.

Whereas: This land and related features are of great scientific
interest and educational value to students of the sea, tourists
and local residents.

Whereas: This unique natural area and the rare marine life which is
dependent upon it is subject to the constant threat of com-
mercial exploitation and destruction by natural and unnatural
elements.

Whereas: The Coastal Resources Managment Office, impressed by the high
caliber and scientific -importance of Managaha Island and as-
sociated coral reefs, has urged their prompt protection to pre-
vent further degredation.

Whereas: The Governor of the CNMI under authority vested in him by
the Legislature wishes to protect the following marine habitat as

a marine park for the protection of natural historic and cultural
resources for scientific endeavors and other purposes so all
people may enjoy them forever.

1. Saipan: Managaha Island Marine Park
Lat. 150 141 011 N and 150 141 45n N
Long. 1450 411 30" E and 1450 421 3011 E

Whereas: It is in the public interest to preserve this area of
outstanding scientific, aesthetic and educational importance for
the benefit and enjoyment of all people.

Now, therefore, I , Governor of the CNMI under
and by virtue of the authority vesteT-mr--me do proclaim that, subject to
valid existing rights, there is hereby reserved and set apart the Managaha
Island site as a Marine Park within the CNMI.

Warning is expressly given to all unauthorized persons not to appropriate,
injure, destroy, deface, or remove any feature of this Marine Park and not
to locate or settle upon any of the lands reserved for this Park by this Act.

The Coastal Resources Management Office through the Marine Parks Advisory
Board shall oversee the supervision, management and control of these Marine
Parks.

In withness whereof I have unto set my hand and caused the seal of the
CNMI to be affixed.

Done at the village of this day of
in the year of our Lord

Governor

Appendix B
0 MemIorandum of Understanding

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

To: Directors
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Fish and Wildlife
Division of Parks and Recreation
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Public Safety
Historic Preservation Office
Marianas Visitors Bureau
CNMI Legislature

From: Director
Coastal Resources Management Office

Subject: Establishment of Marine Parks Advisory Board

It is understood in this memorandum that an Advisory Board is established
for the proper managment of marine parks in the CNMI. The board win
consist of one representative from each of the seven (7) aformentioned
agencies and chaired by a non-voting representative from the CRMO, voting
only to break a tie. Appointments to the Advisory Board will be for one (1)
year except for the CRMO and Legislature which are appointed for two (2)
years for the sake of Board continuity.

Meetings will be held monthly on a regular schedule established by the
CRMO. A quorum of four (4) representatives excluding the CRMO constitute
a legal meeting. Special meetings can be called at the descretion of any
board member by contacting the CRMO. All representative agencies will
assume responsibilities vested in them by majority vote of the board.

Signed Date
Director CRMO

Signed Date
Director DNR

Signed Date
Chief F&W

Signed Date
Chief P&R
Signed Chief DEQ Date

Signed Director Public Safety Date 0

Signed Date
Director MVB

Signed Date
Legislature

Appendix C
0 TABLES

Table 1. Checklist of Terrestrial Flora identified along the Natural Trail and
elsewhere on Managaha Island. Plant Type: (T) Tree, (Sh) Shrub
(S) Sedge, (B) Bush, (F) Fern, (V) Vine, (W) Weed, (G) Grass,
(H) Herb, (M) Medicinal Plant.

Scientific Name Common Name Chamorro Name Plant Type Trail

Acrostichum aureum Fern Langayao (F) x
Annona muzxcata Soursop Laguanaha (T) x
Artocarpus sp. Breadfruit Lemai (T)
Bidens i osa Beggar's-Tick (W) x
nvi ea sp. Bougainvillea Putitainobo (Sh)

Carica 2a aya Papaya Papaya (T) x
a
c
ca
at
Zascut@ mpestris) sp. Parasitic Vine Dodder (V) x
Cassyffia filiformis Mayages (V) (M)
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago (T) (M) x
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyog (T) x

Colubrina asiatica Gasoso (Sh) (M) x
Corda Fo_ -r-Ja -ta Niyoron (T) (M)
Cyperus K@I_Iingia Cyperus Chaguan Lemae (S) (M)
prolixt, Banyan Nunu (T) (M)
Guettara-a!pLciosa Panao (T) (M)

hernandia n- mphaeifolia Nonak (T) (M) x
Hibiscus tiJiaceus Hibiscus Pago (B) (M) x
Hymenocallis littoralis Cpiderlilly Lirio (H) (M) x
Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach Morning- Alalag-Tasi (V) (M) x
Glory
Jatropha integerrima Rose-flowered Tuba-Tuba (Sh)
Leucaena insularum var. Tangan-tangan (T) x
guamense

Leucaena leucocephala Tangan-tangan (T) x
Messerschmidia argenha Hunig (T) (M)
M o r i n d a-c-1 -tr- 5-To ii-a Indian Mulberry Lada (Sh) (M)
Neisos]2erma o]2]2ositifolia Fagot (T) (M)
Pam-dal 9 Pandanus Kafu (T) (M)

Passiflora foetida ver. Love-in-a-mist Kinahulo' Atdao (V) (M) x
hispida
PempU-sacidula Nigas (Sh) (M)
Pipturus argenteus Amahatyan (T) (M)
Pitheoell-bium Mce Kamachile (T) (M)
PTu-meria obtusa Plumeria Frangipani (T) x
Poinsettia P-lucherriwa Poinsettia (Sh)
Sesuvium portulacastrum Seaside purs- Chara (H) (M)
lane

Table 1 continued

Scientific Name Common Name Chamorro Name Plant Type Trail

Scaevola taccada Nanaso (Sh) (M)
Sophora- tomentosa (Sh) (M)
Stachytarpheta indica False Verbena (W)
Termina!lia catappa Tropical
Almond Talisai (T) (M) x
Thespesia populhea Banalo (T) (M)
Wedelia biflora Beach Sunflower (V) (M) x

Total Species: 39

Table 2. Checklist of corals by station, Managaha Island Marine Park Underwater Trail.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1

Acropora aspera x x x

A. f'ormosa x

A. 2alifera x x x x x x x x x x

Acrhelia horrescens x

Favia matthaii x

F. stelligera x

Fungia fungites x

F. scutaria x

Galaxia fascicularis

Goniastrea edwardsi x x x x x x

Heliopora. coerulea x x x

Leptoseris explanata x

Lobophyllia. corymbosa x x x x x x

Montipora hoffmeisteri x

M. verrucosa x x x

M. sp. 5 x x x

Pavona varians x x 3

P. sp. 2 x x

E!@@r@a daedalea x x

Table 2 continued.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

P - Rin! x x

Pocillopora damicornis x x x

P. elegans x

P. eydoux x x x x x x x x x

P. setchelli x

Porites annae x

P. lutea x x x

P. rus x x x x

Seriatopera hystrix x x

Stylophora mordax x x x x

(Sof t Corals)

Sarcophyton sp. x x

Sinularia sp. x

Total Specieg: 31

0 0

Table 3. dhecklist of fish species observed in the vicinity of the proposed Underwater T
Managaha Island by station.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 R 9 10 11 12 13 1

Carcharhinidae (Sharks)
Triaenodon ob--sus x

Muraenidae (Moray Eels)
Lycodontis meleagris x

Synodontidae (Lizardfish)
Saurida gracilis x x x

Holocentridae (Squirrelfish)
Adioryx diadema x x
Flammeo, sammara x x x 3
Flammeo opercularis x x
Myripristis murdjan x x

Aulostomidae (Trumpetfish)
Aulostomus chinensis x x x 31

Fistulariidae (Coronetfish)
Fistularia commersonii x

Syngnathidae (Pipefish)
Corythqichthys sp. x x

Apogonidae (Cardinalfish)
Apogon novemf asciatus x
Apogon sp. x
Cheilodipterus
q nquelineatus

Serranidae (Groupers)
Epinephelus merra x
CephalophiTh@--sp. x

Lutjanidae (Snappers)
Lutj'anus fulvus x
L
W-
. asmira x x

Table 3 cont.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Lethrinidae (Emperors)
Gnathodentex aureo-
lineatus x x x
Lethrinus harak x
L. ramak x
feffir-inus sp. x

Nemipteridae (Breams)
Scolop is cancellatus x

Mullidae (Goatfish)
Mulloidichthys flavo-
lineatus x x x x x
M. vanicolensis x
Parupeneus
barberinus x x
P pleurostigma x
P: trifasciatus x x

Cirrhitidae (Hawkfish)
Paracirrhites arcatus x
P. orsteri x x x

Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfish)
Chaetodon auriga x x x x
C-.bennetti x x x
C. -ci-t r-i-n-e-ffu s
c x x x x
E lunula x x
C. ornatissimus x x
C . punctatofasciatus x x
G. reticulatus
C. trifasciatus x x x
C. ulietensis x x x x
C. -u n-i-m-a-c-uTa t u s x x
ffeniochus hr sostomus x x x x
Megaprotodon trifas-
cialis x x

0 0

Table 3 cont.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Pomacanthidae (Angelfish)
Centropyge flavissimus x
Pomacanthus imperator x

Fomacentridae (Damselfish)
Abudefduf sexfasciatusx x x x
Amphiprion melanopus x x x
Chromis atripectoralis
C. caerulea x x x x x x x
T * marganti er
15ascyllus aruanus x x x x
Plectroglyphidoclon dickii x x
P jo nstomanus x
F: lachrymatus x
Pomocentrus pavo x x x x
P. vaiuli
Steestes albifasciatus x x
S. fasciolatus x
9. nigricans x x

Labridae (Wrasses)
Anampes twisti x
Cheilinus chlorurus x
C. oxycephalus x
C. trilobatus x
Ch inermis x x x x
C. g ai ar d x x x
-Epibulus insidiator x
Gomphosus varius x x x x
Halichoeres centriquadrus x
H. hortulanus x x
H. margaritaceus
H marginatus x
H: trimaculatus x x x x x x x
Labroides dimidiatus x x x
S t e t Fo-j u-Ti s -b -a -nTa -n-
en@ls- x

Table 3 continued.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 D

Thalassoma fuscum
T. harXw-icke x x x x x x
T. Tu-tescens x x x x
T
* quinguevittata x x x
Xyrichtys taeniourus

Scaridae (Parrotfish)
Calotomus spinidens
Scarus cfilJr`oUo-n x
S. ghobban x
psittacus x
;ordidus x x
juveniFe -scarids x x x x

Acanthuridae (Surgeonfish)
Acanthurus glaucopareius x
A. Fin-eatus x
X. mata x x x x x x
nigricans
-A. , * x
A. nigrofuscus x
X. olivaceous x
W. triostegus x x x
Cteno-cEaetus striatus x x
1-rosiris
Naso brev" x
N. Titeratus x
9. -unicornis x
-Zebraso-m-a-Mavescens x x x x x x x x
Z. vehferu@i--- x

Zanclidae (Moorish Idols)
Zanclus cornutus x x x x x x

Siganidae (Rabbitfish)
Siganus argenteus
S. punctatus
S. spinus x x x

Table 3 continued.

SPECIES STATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Blenniidae (Blennies)
Salarias fasciatus x

Gobidae (Gobies)
Valenciennea strigata x

Balistidae (Triggerfish)
Rhinecanthus aculeatus x x x x

Monacanthidae (Filefish)
Cantherines par alis
Oxymonaranthus "longirostris x x

Tetraodontidae (Puffers)
Arothron nigropunctatus x x
Canthigaster solandri x x

Total Number Families 27
Total Number Species 107

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