Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve management plan adopted December 17, 1991

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

LIGNUMVITAE KEY

I RVE MANAGEMENT PLAN

QH
90.75 1991
F6
L54
1991
A

*k f,

DEPARTMENT OF NMURAL RESOURCES

LIGNUMVITAE KEY AQUATIC PRESERVE

MANAGEMENT PLAN

ADOPTED

DECEMBER 17, 1991

VIRGINIA WETHERELL

Executive Director

Florida Department of Natural Resources

This plan was prepared by the
Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
Division of State Lands

ATMOS

Funds for this management plan were provided by the Department.of
Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Management using funds
made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
,Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended. 4V)" '

This document was prin ted an recyclece paper.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve is recognized as an
exceptional water resource of the state. The preserve
encompasses 7,500 acres of seagrass meadows, deep water
channels and hard bottom communities that provide nursery and
settlement habitat for a wide variety of marine species. The
three navigable channels that traverse the preserve f rom north
to south are a transitional zone between Florida Bay and the
Atlantic Ocean. The channels are f lanked on either side by
broad seagrass flats that may be partially exposed during low
tide. The shallow water flats are prime feeding areas for many
wading birds and a valuable nursery area for juvenile fish and
invertebrates, including many of commercial interest. Hard
bottom areas exhibit soft and hard corals, marine algae and a
host of colorful invertebrates and tropical fish.

The nearby islands are remnants of ancient coral patch reefs
that emerged from the sea 10,000 years ago. The islands
support lush growths of tropical hardwood hammocks, saltmarsh,
buttonwood, and mangrove forests on their undisturbed
shorelines. The Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve was
established for the purpose of maintaining this rich mosaic of
natural resources so that their aesthetic, biological and
scientif ic value,s may endure f or the enjoyment of future
generations..

The preserve lies between the urban settlement of Islamorada
on Upper Matecumbe Key and the primarily residential community
on Lower Matecumbe Key. The Overseas Highway traverses the
center of the preserve of f ering scenic vistas of the nearby
islands and access to the preserve. The Florida Park Service
also offers boat tours to Indian Key State Historic Site and
Lignumvitae Key State Botanical Site. Shell Key State
Preserve, a mangrove island that serves as a valuable rookery
habitat is also within the preserve boundary. Other activities
within the preserve include boating, snorkeling, diving,
commercial fishing, marine life collecting, charter sport
fishing and recreational fishing for finfish and lobster.
There are f ive commercial marinas in close proximity to the
preserve. Two immediately adjacent to the preserve offer
rental boats to the public.

The main objective of the resource management program for the
preserve is to protect natural resources for the benef it of
future generations. on site management will be directed toward
the maintenance of existing or essentially natural conditions
and restoring damaged or degraded areas. Management activities
include gathering data on resources and protection of existing
conditions through review of proposed and existing projects,
input into.local government planning efforts, and cooperative
efforts with the Florida Park Service field staff.

To protect natural resources and allow traditional uses, the
preserve has been divided into several management areas. The
management area designation is based upon the existing
shoreline use and the quality of the adjacent submerged
resources. The upland areas within the preserve consist of
state-owned lands managed by the Division of Recreation and
Parks and the Department of Transportation. Lands adjacent to
the preserve are developed with commercial and residential
uses. Wetlands and currently vacant lands include many
sensitive natural and cultural resource features that may
degenerate or be destroyed by development. Acquisition of
environmentally sensitive lands adjacent to the preserve is an
additional management strategy to protect the preserve's
resources.

Primary impacts to the preserve's resources include boating
and fishing activities and poorly planned development. Major
marina facilities and private docks outside the preserve
account for the majority of recreational boats in the area.
The three navigation channels in the vicinity provide the most
convenient access between Florida Bay and the Atlantic Ocean
for several miles on either side of the Matecumbe Keys.
Boating related impacts involve prop dredging, siltation and
groundings. Most of these impacts could be prevented or
minimized with improved channel marking, land acquisition,
public education, restricted ai@easf and an enforcement
presencd. This management plan establishes goals * and
objiBctives to address these and other management issues.

The management plan also outlines the responsibilities of
various different agencies and their subdivisions as provided
for through statutory direction and other applicable
authorities. Management of certain aspects of the preserves
resources can be enhanced through application of these
programs. Whenever possible, existing programs and resources
will be integrated into the management of the preserve. The
statutory management authority for public and privates uses
of the preserve, as well as specific criteria for those uses
are also provided. These uses are subject to the approval of
the Board of Trustees or their designee. Approval is normally
predicated upon demonstration that the proposed use is
environmentally sound, and in the opinion of the Board, in the
public interest.

Management and protection of the aquatic preserve can be
enhanced through research and education programs. Research is
critical to determining the status of existing resources and
to provide a standard for future reference. Environmental
education programs will coordinate with and be complimentary
to existing programs whenever possible.

Funding and staffing levels to initiate the identified goals
and objectives for resource management, protection, education
and research are the minimum practicable for the identified
areas. Continual monitoring of the accomplishments of this
management plan will provide a standard for evaluating whether
present budgetary and staffing estimates are adequate to
manage and protect the preserve's resources for future
generations.

TABLE OF CHAPTER CONTENTS

ChaRter Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
A. Statutory Authority 9
B. Administrative Rules
Governing Aquatic Preserves 9
C. Relationship to Other Plans and Programs 12
D. Other Management Authorities 13

III. RESOURCE DESCRIPTION
A. Location and Boundaries 17
B. Geology 18
C. Physiography 19
D. Hydrology 25
E. Water Quality 25
F. Climate 26
G. Biological Communities 28
1. Mangrove . 28
2. Marine Grassbeds 45
3. Hardbottom 55
H. Designated Species 57
I. Archaeological & Historical Resources 66
J. Uses of the Preserve 67
K. Regional Land Use, Development
and Associated Impacts 70
1. Regional Land Use and Development 70
2. Local Land Use and Development 72
3. Associated Impacts 73

IV. MANAGEMENT AREAS
A. Introduction 77
B. Management Area Classifications 77
C. Minimum Criteria for Allowable Uses 79
D. Management Areas 85
(Boundary, Resource Description,
Allowable Uses and Criteria)

V. SITE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES
A. Management Issues and Special Needs 91
B. Policy Guidelines 96

VI. MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN
A. Resource Management 100
B. Resource Protection 105
C. Research ill
D. Environmental Education 114

VII. MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK
A. Federal Agencies 117
B. State Agencies 119
C. Regional Agencies 123
D. Local Governments/Agencies 124

VIII. STAFFING AND FISCAL NEEDS 129

IX. RESOURCE AND ACTIVITY MONITORING PROGRAM
A. Resource Monitoring 133@'
B. Activity Monitoring 133
C. Progress Monitoring 134

REFERENCES 135

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve Boundary .. 5

Figure 2. Florida Aquatic Preserves .................. 7

Figure 3. Holocene Sediment Facies ...... ............ 23
Figure 4. Map of Resources ........................... 29
Figure 5. Existing Land Uses ......................... 75

Figure 6. Management Areas .......................... 89

Table 1. Partial List of Mangrove Flora ............ 34

Table 2. Partial List of Non-vascular Flora ........ 35

Table 3. Monroe County Fish Landings ............... 39

Table 4. Partial List of Mangrove Fauna ............ 40

Table 5. Partial List of Marine Grassbed Fauna ..... 50

Table 6. Partial List of Protected Flora ........... 64

Table 7. Partial List of Protected Fauna ............ 65

Table 8. Management Coordination Network .......... 126

Table 9. Anticipated Two-year Budget .............. 131

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Administrative Codes
Chapter 18-20, F.A.C . ................ 147

Copies of the legal description of the Lignumvitae Key Aquatic
Preserve, as well as copies of Chapter 253 and 258, F.S. , and
Chapter 18-21, F.A.C., may be obtained from:

Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
Department of Natural Resources
3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
Mail Box 125
Tallahassee, Florida 32399

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve is located in the upper half
of the Florida Keys in Monroe County. The aquatic preserve
includes approximately 7500 acres of submerged lands lying
north and south of U.S. Highway 1 (Overseas Highway), between
Upper Maitecumbe Key (Islamorada) and Lower Matecumbe Key
(Figure 1). Lignumvitae Key is one of three that are located
in the Keys. (Coupon Bight Key Aquatic Preserve is in the
lower Keys and the Card Sound portion of Biscayne Bay Aquatic
Preserve is located between north Key Largo and the Florida
mainland.) Lignumvitae Key is unique within the state system
because it encompasses expansive marine grassbeds, bisected by
channels that exchange waters between Florida Bay and the
Atlantic Ocean. It also surrounds Lignumvitae Key State
Botanical Site and Shell Key State Preserve. The southern
boundary lies immediately north of Indian Key State Historic
Site. There are currently 42 aquatic preserves throughout the
state (Figure 2).

The role of the Aquatic Preserve Program is to manage and
protect the natural resources within the boundaries of a
preserve through staff programs and coordination with other
state and federal resource management programs. An integrated
management plan encompassing all the legislatively delegated
resource management and protection laws is essential in
preserving the resource values of the preserve. Local
government will also be encouraged to incorporate this plan's
policy guidelines into the local government comprehensive
plan.

The rich mosaic of resource types within Lignumvitae Key
Aquatic Preserve contributes to the biological diversity and
productivity of marine systems and enhances man's enjoyment of
the area. The aquatic preserve was designated by the Florida
Legislature in 1969 to conserve and protect these values.
This plan is intended to be used as the primary tool f or
management of the preserve to attain these goals. It is
designed to be site-specif ic, in addressing resource management
issues relative.to lands within the preserve.

The process of developing this management plan involved
compiling an inventory of resource information, coordinating
with other plans that have been developed f or the area and
state, and identifying resource and management issues related
to present and future uses of the preserve and adjacent
plands. Various management areas will be identified or
delineated. Supporting goals, objectives and policies were
u

developed to be consistent with statutory authority and the
overall intent of the Aquatic Preserve Program for helping

ensure that the resources of Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
will remain for future generations to enjoy. As additional
resource information becomes available or as laws are
implemented or revised, changes may have to be made to the
plan to reflect those events.

The Governor and Cabinet, sitting as the Board of Trustees of
the Internal Improvement Trust Fund has been legislatively
delegated statutory authority (Section 253.03, F.S.) to
exercise proprietary control over state-owned lands and may
assign management responsibilities for those lands to
appropriate governmental agencies. Development and
implementation of this management plan will be through the
administrative support and the field staff of the Department
of Natural Resources (DNR) , Division of State Lands, Bureau of
Submerged Lands and Preserves. Input from and cooperation with
the Division of Recreation and Parks will also play a vital
role in developing and implementing this plan.

More specifically, this plan is divided Anto chapters
according to their management application:

Chapter II cites the statutory authorities' upon which this
resource management program and plan are built.

Chapter III provides a description of the aquatic preserve and
details the physical, biological and cultural components of
the preserve. It also contains an overview of regional and
local land use and associated impacts.

Chapter IV delineates the management areas within the
preserve. These-areas are defined by taking into account the
quantity and the quality of the biological resources in
conjunction with the use of the adjacent lands

Chapter V presents specific needs and issues that are unique
to the preserve that are not addressed through statute. or
code.

Chapter VI outlines the program's goals, objectives, and the
tasks required to fulfill those needs within the preserve for
resource management, resource protection, research, and
environmental education.
. . I
Chapter VII identifies local, regional, state, and federal
agencies, their authorities and programs, and how they relate
and assist in protection and management of the preserve. It
also identifies non-governmental organizations, interest
groups, and individuals that have interests in or may assist
in management objectives.

Chapter VIII projects future staffing and fiscal needs
necessary for providing effective management and protection of
the preserve, as well as supporting research and environmental
education.

Chapter IX outlines a monitoring program for recording and
reporting resource changes and establishes a tracking system
for detailing the progress and accomplishments in resource
management.

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
!* . ..........
....... . .
-1. Boundary Map
FIGURE ......

Aquatic Preserve
..........
N :::e.: X..
DNR-DRP

Paved Road - High Type

U.S. Numbered Highway .......
C3 ... .............

0 ...... ..

. .. ........
MILES

..............
% .. ..........
...................... .
............... %
01 .... .
........... -0. %
.............

......... ... ....... X-le

.. .. ...............

................ ... ...
. ......... ..............
....... .......

o ....x-i-i-i-x...... .. ........ ... .....
..............
. ............ . . .........

.. ... .. .
SHELL
............. KEY
................

.. . .......
....................
............

.. ........ X
................. ..

P
...........
..........
:.*-*.:...:.*-*-* ...........
. ......... ....
...........
...... ............
..... .........
..... ........
. .. ..... . ..... %
..... . ........
... ..................
.. ........
....... .... .......... . ...........
. ........ .
....... ... ... . ..
..... .. ...
...... . . .
.......... .....
UPPER
LIGNUMVI
.... .......
TA
MATECUMBE
KEY
............
............. KEY

..............
.... .. .......

. ..... ..
..... .... .
..... TEATABLE
. .........
KEY
......C ........... z .......... . XV X)
... . ...........
. ...........
..........

....... ....

z
. ...... .

%
.......... ... ....... ......
........ ... ......
.... .. .... ::%-.
LOWER
MATECUMB
................ . ...
KEY INDIAN
KEY

W
7.

Sc-S HIM
Si

-ITA
AQUATIC
PRESERVES

0 11 Alm

P"mLL"
@cyo

a cc
moo..
-7
-7

.-j

AV
c. TTE
G.sm@

nAdm

AQUATIC PRESERVES ARE ESTABLISHED
BY THE FLORIDA LEGISLATURE AND
INCLUDE ONLY STATE OWNED e
SOVEREIGNTY SUBMERGED LAND&
THE GOVERNOR AND CABINET SITTING 4.1
AS TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL
IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND ARE
MANAGERS OF THESE AREAS.

FOR MORE INFORMATION REGARDING
AQUATIC PRESERVES CONTACT:

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF STATE LANDS Llr@Am
BUREAU OF A13LIATIC PRESERVES

3900 COMMONWEALTH BLVD
TALLAHASSEE,FLORIDA 32303 tv
c"ATIVIN CAROL A. KNDX

FIGURE 2. Florida Aquatic Preserves

CHAPTER 11

MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

A. STATUTORY AUTHORITY

The primary statutory authorities available to the staff for
the management of aquatic preserves are found in Chapters 253
and 258, Florida Statute (F.S'.) . In particular, Sections
-258.35-258.46 enacted in 1975 by the Florida Legislature
represent the Florida Aquatic Preserves Act. These statutes
set forth a standardized management criteria for all
designated aquatic preserves and represent the primary laws
governing the use of sovereignty submerged lands. These
authorities also clearly establish the proprietary management
role of the Governor and Cabinet in their capacity as the
Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. All
management responsibilities assigned to the Trustees may be
fulfilled directly by the Governor and Cabinet or indirectly
via staff through delegations of authority, management
agreements, or other legal mechanisms.. All references to the
"Board" or the "Trustees" in this plan potentially include
staff in addition to the Governor and Cabinet themselves.

Aquatic Preserve staf f may be designated to review requests
for use of state-owned lands and provide comments to the Board
of Trustees, via the Division of State Lands and Department of
Natural Resources administrative staff, relevant to the
environmental impacts of a proposed use. The staff review is
conducted within the confines of Section 258.42, F.S., and in
conjunction with other governmental bodies, comments -and
recommendations are presented to the Board as an agenda item
for their deliberations.

B. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES GOVERNING AQUATIC PRESERVES

Chapters 18-20 and 18-21, Florida Administrative Code
(F.A.C.), are two administrative rules directly applicable to
the DNR's/Trustees' actions regarding uses of lands in aquatic
preserves and other state-owned submerged lands.

1. CHAPTER 18-20, F.A.C.

Chapter 18-20, F.A.C., addresses the aquatic preserves and
derives its authority from Sections 258.35, 258.36, 258.37 and
258.38, F.S., and is found in Appendix 1. The intent of this
rule is contained in Section 18-20.001, F.A.C., which states:

11(j) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be
managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially
natural conditions, the propagation of fish and

wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting
and f ishing where deemed appropriate by the Board
and the managing agency.

(2) The aquatic preserves which are described in 73-534,
Laws of Florida, Sections 258.39, 258.392 and
258.393 Florida Statutes, future aquatic preserves
established pursuant to general or special acts of
the legislature, and An Rule 18-20.002, Florida
Administrative Code, were established for the
purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural
or existing condition so that their aesthetic,
biological and scientific values may endure for the
enjoyment of future generations.

(3) The preserves shall be administered and managed in
accordance with the following goals:

(a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these
exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged
lands by reasonable regulation of human
activity within the preserves through the
development and implementation of a
comprehensive management program;

(b) To protect and enhance the waters of the
preserves so that the public may continue to
enjoy the traditional recreational. uses of
those waters such as swimming, boating, and
fishing;

(c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local
agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of
the Legislature in creating the preserves;

(d) To use applicable federal, state, and local
management programs, which are compatible with
the intent and provisions of the act and these
rules, to assist in managing the preserves;

(e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or
restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or
scientific values of the preserves, including
but not limited to the modification of existing
man-made conditions toward their natural
condition, and discourage activities which
would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or
scientific values, or the quality, or utility
of a preserve, when reviewing applications, or
when developing and implementing management
plans for the preserve;

M To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous
life forms and habitats, including but not
limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard corals,
submerged grasses, mud flats, estuarine,
aquatic and marine reptiles, game and non-game
fish species, estuarine, aquatic and marine
invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine
mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks;

(g) To acquire additional title interests in lands
wherever such acquisitions would serve to
protect and enhance the biological aesthetic,
or scientific values of the preserves;

(h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and
geologic functions, the benefits of which
accrue to the public at large."

(4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or
alter the requirements or authority of other
governmental agencies, including counties and
municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves
provided that such requirements or authority are not
inconsistent with the act and this chapter.

Chapter 18-20.004, F.A.C. outlines policies, standards and
criteria for approval of projects and activities within
aquatic preserves, evaluates the public interest merits of a
project, establishes resource management criteria, standards
for docking facilities and the board's authority to enter into
management agreements with local agencies for the
administration and enforcement of standards and criteria for
single family docks.

Among other resource management directives, Chapter 18-21.004
(3), specifically states that:

(a) All proposed activities in aquatic preserves having
management plans adopted by the Board must demonstrate
consistency with the management plan.

2. CHAPTER 18-21, F*A,C*

Chapter 18-21, F.A.C., controls activities conducted on state-
owned submerged lands and is predicated upon the provisions of
Sections 253.12 and 253.03, F.S. The stated intent of this
administrative rules is:

11(l) To aid in fulfilling the trust and fiduciary
responsibilities of the Board of Trustees of the
Internal Improvement Trust Fund for the

administration, management and disposition of
sovereignty lands;

(2) To insure maximum benef it and use of sovereignty
lands for all the citizens of Florida;

(3) To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so
that the public may continue to enjoy traditional
uses including but not limited to, navigation,
fishing, and swimming;

(4) To manage and provide maximum protection for all
sovereignty lands, especially those important to
public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting,
public recreation, fish and wildlife propagation and
management;

(5) To insure that all public and private activities on
sovereignty lands which generate revenues or exclude
traditional public uses provide just compensation
for such privileges; and

.(6) To aid in the implementation of the State Lands
Management Plan."

Chapter 18-21.0041 provides more specific statements regarding
multi-slip docking facilities in the Florida Keys Marina and
Dock Siting Policies And Criteria. This section of the F.A.C.
requires consistency and conformity with the "Principles for
Guiding Development in the Florida Keys Area of Critical State
Concern" designation (Chapters 27F-8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13,
and -15, F.A.C.). In summary, this rule is intended to
protect endangered, threatened and species of special concern,
the Florida Reef Tract, other corals, wetland and submerged
vegetation, and benthic communities. Additionally, this rule
requires that facilities be located in areas with adequate
tidal flushing and adequate water depths to avoid dredging and
other bottom disturbance. More specific criteria require a
minimum depth of -4 f eet and that depth be adequate in the
mooring, turning and access channel areas, with greater depth
requirements for those facilities intended for mooring of
boats with drafts greater than 3 feet. Specific structure
design criteria are also contained in Chapter 18-21.

C. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PLANS AND PROGRAMS

As mandated in 18-20.001, 3 (a), F.A.C., this plan, as well as
plans for other aquatic preserves have and are being developed
as funding is made available. Presently, 14 management plans
have been approved by the Trustees, which cover 21 of the
State's 42 aquatic preserves. Former plans were designed to
be generic in nature, with policies and management guidance

generally applicable to all aquatic preserves. However, this
plan and all future plans will be more site-specif ic and
contain policy guidance applicable to an individual preserve.
The f ormer management plans were incorporated into rule in
1988 (18-20.004(7), F.A.C) . This and future plans will be
similarly incorporated. As such, these plans carry the same
authority as do Chapters 18-20 and 18-21, F.A.C.
The Conceptual State Lands Management Plan, adopted on March
17, 1981, and amended by the Trustees on July 7, 1981 and
March 15, 1983, contain specific policies concerning spoil
islands, submerged land leases, "Outstanding Native Florida
Landscapes", unique natural features, seagrass beds,
archaeological and historical resources, and endangered
species. These policies also provide management direction for
the Aquatic Preserve Program.

The State Comprehensive Plan, established by Chapter 1187,
F.S., provides broad policy guidance for the development of
management plans for the statewide system of aquatic
preserves. Therefore, the goals, objectives and policies set
forth in this aquatic preserve management plan are designed to
be consistent with the goals and policies of the State
Comprehensive Plan pertaining to the water resources, coastal
and marine resources and natural systems.* .

The Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975
(Section 163.3163, F.A.C..) (as amended by Chapter 85-55, Laws
of Florida, to the Local Government Comprehensive Planning and
Land Development Regulation Act) requires that all counties in
Florida have a Local Government Comprehensiv.e Plan (LGCP) by
1990. Monroe County government is required to provide
planning for various elements including: housing, physical
facilities, land use, conservation, and coastal zone
protection. This plan has been developed to be consistent
with present conservation and coastal management elements of
the local government plan and will endeavor to provide
criteria and standards that will be used in local plan
revision. Monroe County's LGCP was submitted to DCA in August
of 1990. When the LGCP plan is adopted, applicable policy
statements will be incorporated into this management plan.

D. OTHER MANAGEXENT AUTHORITIES

Other Department of Natural Resources management authorities
applicable to aquatic preserves include management and
protection of fisheries and marine mammals as well as beach
and shore preservation programs outlined in Chapters 370 and
161, F.S., respectively. Land acquisition programs conducted
under the Environmentally Endangered Lands (EEL) authorities
of Chapter 259, F.S., and the Conservation and Recreation
Lands (CARL) program, authorized by Chapter 253, F.S., will

enhance management and protection of the natural resources
adjacent to or within the aquatic preserves.

Chapter 403, F.S., which is an important adjunct to Chapters
253 and 258, F.S., governs, in part, the State's regulatory
programs affecting water quality and biological resources.
The Department of Environmental Regulation (DER), through a
permitting and certification process, administers this
program. Section 253.77, F.S. as amended by the Warren S.
Henderson Wetlands Protection Act of 1984, requires that any
person requesting use of state-owned land to have approval of
the proposed use from the Trustees before commencing the
activity. An interagency agreement between DNR and DER
provides an avenue for staff comments on the potential
environmental impacts of projects in aquatic preserves through
the DER permitting process. Additionally, the DER has
designated through administrative rule, a series of
waterbodies as Outstanding Florida Waters (OFWs) .@ The DER has
adopted stringent use criteria for these OFWs. The inclusion
of all aquatic preserve waters within this classification
greatly enhances the protective provisions of Chapter 258,
F.S. As the designated 1130611 Coastal Zone Management Agency,
the DER also provides a source of funding matched by federal
monies for data collection and. planning in various areas.
Funding for this plan was provided, in part, from these
sources.

The DER's administrative rules of primary significance to the
aquatic preserve management program are based upon the
authorities contained in Chapter 403, F.S. Chapter 17-3,
F.A.C., addresses water quality standards and establishes the
OFW category. Chapter 17-4, F.A.C. addresses permit
requirements.

Other opportunities for environmental review and input into
activities potentially affecting aquatic preserves are
afforded by the Department of Community Affairs (DCA) . The
DCA is statutorily responsible for administering the
Development of Regional Impact (DRI) and Area of Critical
State Concern (ACSC) designation. The DRI program, authorized
by Section 380.06, F.S., was established by the Legislature to
provide a review and monitoring procedure for those
development projects potentially affecting more than one
county. The Governor and Cabinet designated the Florida Keys
as an Area of Critical State Concern on April 15, 1975. A
prime objective of the designation and regulations (or
"Principles for Guiding Development" established for the Keys
in 1984) was to strengthen local land use management
capabilities. DCA has been working with the local governments
in a cooperative intergovernmental effort to meet this
objective. DCA also has the authority to approve or amend the
local comprehensive growth management plan and implement land
use regulation within the ACSC.

The Department of State's Division of Historical Resources
(DHR) is legislatively assigned to preserve and manage
Florida's archaeological and historical resources. DHR holds
title to the cultural resources located on state-owned lands,
including state-owned submerged lands, pursuant to Chapter
267, F.S.

The Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS),
under their public mandate, administers two programs directly
affecting the aquatic preserve management program. The
regulation of septic tanks is typically administered by the
county health department. The arthropod (mosquito) control
program is implemented through the local Mosquito Control
District (MCD). Administration of these programs may
potentially have significant impacts upon the aquatic
preserve. Although there is no legislatively created vehicle,
establishment of close working relationships between the.
aquatic preserve staff and HRS is a necessary element of the
aquatic preserve management program.

The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)
administers permitting programs for the local potable water
supply, stormwater discharges, and some dredge and fill
activities. Stormwater discharges in the area of the aquatic
preserve may potentially affect certain management objectives.
Close coordination with SFWMD permitting review is indicated
when a particular project could pose threats to the quality or
quantity of water introduced into the preserve.

Additional agencies and organizations that have interests or
regulatory authority within the aquatic preserve or the
adjacent uplands are listed in Chapter VII (Management
Coordination Network) of this plan.

CHAPTER III

RESOURCE DESCRIPTION

The geology, climate, and hydrology of the Florida Keys have
combined to create a unique environment suitable for
colonization by tropical plants and animals that are highly
specialized and limited to a relatively small geographic area
on this continent. Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
encompasses a variety of habitats or communities that support
many of these species.

Detailed information on the resources (e.g., species lists,
water quality data, archaeological and historical site
information, life histories, supporting maps, cultural
resource information, etc.) is listed in the following
sections. The resourte information presented in this chapter
is intended to be generally descriptive of major management
functions and resources in the area of the preserve.

A* LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve is located in the upper half
of the Florida Keys archipelago. Lying between the inhabited
islands of Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys,. the preserve is
traversed from east to west by the U. S. 1 roadway with a
series of three bridges and a causeway, referred to locally as
Indian Key Fill. Approximately four-fifths of the preserve
area lies north of the roadway. This area, encompasses
submerged lands with expansive grass 'flats', deep water
channels and two state-owned islands managed by the Division
of Recreation and Parks, Florida Park Service. Shell Key State
Preserve is a mangrove island that is managed for colonial
nesting birds and other wildlife. Lignumvitae Key State
Botanical Site is managed for botanical and historic resources
and is open to the public. To the south of the U.S. 1 roadway,
the preserve includes portions of two large grass flats and
three deep water channels. South of the boundary, lies Indian
Key State Historic Site, a small island managed by the Florida
Park Service.

It should be noted that on previous boundary maps for the
preserve, the southern boundary extended to the south of
Indian Key out to Hawk Channel. Subsequent research of the
legal description revealed that the previous boundary map was
not reflective of the legally recorded description. copies of
the original boundary maps adopted by the Governor and Cabinet
indicate that this was their intended boundary, however the
recorded legal description supersedes the maps. This issue
will be discussed further in Chapter V (Site Specific
Management Issues) of this plan. The area described and

discussed in this management plan will otherwise conf orm to
the boundaries depicted in Figure 1 and more generally
described below. The preserve encompasses approximately 7,500
acres of sovereignty submerged lands.

From the northeastern edge of the Tea Table Bridge, the
preserve boundary jogs north along the edge of Tea Table
Channel then northeast immediately north of Yellow Shark
Channel to near Little Basin on the east. The line then
extends north of Shell Key, turns west for a short distance
then runs due north again across Steamboat Channel and along
the eastern edge of Shell Key Bank to Ironwood Channel at its
northernmost limit. The boundary then turns west for a short
distance and then runs due south along the western edge of
Shell Key Bank, across Steamboat Channel to a point northwest
of Shell Key, then runs due west to a point north of
Lignumvitae Key, then runs west to the east side of Peterson
Key Bank. The line then runs due south for a short distance,
then east to the center of Lignumvitae Key Channel, following
the channel to the south of U.S. 1, then angles southeast to
Tea Table Channel, then turns again to the north to the point
of beginning at Tea Table Bridge.

That portion of the preserve north of Steamboat Channel also
lies within the boundary of Everglades National Park (ENP).
The ENP boundary includes all waters of Florida Bay north of
the Intercoastal Waterway in this vicinity and special federal
provisions apply to activities in that area.

B. GEOLOGY

Both the ancient and modern geology of the Florida Keys is
reflective of the biological communities and the marine
environment that have shaped and continue to influence the
configuration of these islands and adjacent marine areas. In
geological time, the area is still very young and the present
period heralds further change as sea levels rise with the
retreat of glacial ice fields.

The present geological formations began 100,000 years ago
during the Pleistocene Era when sea level was approximately 25
feet above present level (Hoffmeister and Multer, 1968).
Corals and other marine organisms - assimilated calcium
carbonate from marine waters and constructed reef formations
very similar to the living reefs of today. As the plants and
animals died, their skeletal remains became part of the
@fossilized patch reefs and sea floor that were exposed as sea
level receded during the Wisconsin glaciation period.

The glacial fields bound up large volumes of the earth's water
and sea level dropped to approximately 325 feet below present
levels approximately 10,000 years ago. The limestone reefs

became exposed islands. The islands were subjected to the
erosive forces of wind, rain, and plants and began to take on
their present appearance. During the recent Holocene period,
sea level rose to its present level and is continuing a slow
rise of about two inches every 100 years (Hoffmeister, 1974,
Wanless, 1969). More recent calculations by Wanless (1989)
estimate that sea level in Florida may be rising at 8-16
inches per 100 years.

The geological formations of the Keys may be. further
subdivided into two distinct physiographic and geologic
regions. The Upper Keys (from Soldier Key to the eastern edge
of Big Pine Key) are distinguished by the elongate dome and
linear configurations that are the remains of the ancient
coral reefs. This porous aggregate of fossil skeletal remains
is referred to as the Key Largo limestone. Many of the
fossilized remains are recognizable as the progenitors of
species that inhabit the reef today (Multer, 1977; Hoffmeister
and Multer, 1964). Lignumvitae Key is an excellent prototype
of the ancient domed patch reef formation. Elevations at the
center of the island are approximately 16.5 feet above sea
level.

In the Lower Keys (Big Pine Key to Key West) , the Key Largo
limestone is overlain by the Miami limestone. The Miami
limestone was formed in a high energy, shallow water
environment with low silt content and high levels of calcium
carbonate. Spherical ooid f ilms were cemented together in
dense layers around a core material, usually a grain of sand
(Multer, 1977). This geological formation is less porous than
the Key Largo limestone and shallow depressions on larger
islands may retain freshwater pools or subsurface lenses.

C. PHYSIOGRAPHY

Based upon biogeography and physical characteristics, the
modern geologic environments of the preserve may be divided
into f our regions: lagoon, transitional, emergent islands and
disturbed areas. Each environment or region is significantly
influenced by existing basement geology, as well, as tidal
circulation patterns and the biological communities that occur
in each.

1. Lagoon

The complex lagoonal systems of Florida Bay are characterized
by limestone and oolite basement rock, overlain by serpentine
chains of mud banks that encompass shallow basins. The network
of mud banks are composed of primarily calcareous sediments of
a molluscan and foraminiferan origin. Minor constituents of
quartzous sand and colloidal clays are also introduced from
remote regions via littoral drift and tidal import. Mangrove

peats are also a minor constituent of the sediment layers
(Scholl, 1966; Ginsburg, 1953).

The present configuration of these mud banks may be attributed
to several factors. Prevailing winds, irregular rises on the
bottom and converging currents may have initiated formation of
the banks over 4,000 years ago, as sea level rose and flooded
Florida Bay. Subsequent sediments continued to accumulate
aided by the stabilizing effects of marine grassbeds and
mangrove colonization. Still more sediments are deposited
during storms and stabilized-by algal mats in the supratidal
areas. Ginsburg (1953) describes the importance and the
process of algal matting in the formation of the marine
sediments.

Lignumvitae Basin is representative of this geophysical
region. Water depths in the basin average seven feet. The
sediment mantle is thin near the center of the basin and
gradually increases in depth moving toward the surrounding
banks. The basin is encompassed by calcarious mud banks on all
sides. Shell Key Bank lies to the east, an unnamed bank
between Crab and Panhandle Keys on the north, Twin Key Bank on
the northwest, Buchanon and Peterson Key Bank on the
southwest, with Lignumvitae Key and Lignumvitae Bank to the
south.

Currents and drainage patterns have carved numerous small
channels across the northern banks in a north/south
orientation. Larger channels, such as Steamboat and Ironwood
Channels, bisect Shell Key Bank in an east/west direction.
Bowlegs Cut crosses the Peterson Key Bank in a northeast to
southwest orientation on the west side of the basin. The
orientation and configuration (width and depth) of the
individual channels of the basin are due in large part to the
influence of currents and tidal movement across Lignumvitae
Bank and through the deeper channels to the south.

The biological environment of the lagoon is typically
determined by varying depths of sediments over bedrock. More
exposed portions of the basement rock are colonized by
sponges, small corals or algae. Areas of deeper sediments are
colonized by marine grasses and algae. Areas of thinner
sediments are dominated by algae and sponges with sparse
colonies of grasses.

2. Transitional

The north to south channels across Lignumvitae Bank and the
southern portion of Shell Key Bank (described collectively by
Ebanks and Bubb (1975) as the Matecumbe Keys Tidal Bank) are
major tidal passages between Florida Bay and the Atlantic
Ocean. Lignumvitae, Indian Key, Teatable, and to a lesser
extent Race and Shell Key Channels are the transitional area

between these 'different water bodies. The ebb and flood of
tidal currents cuts through the sediment layers to the
underlying bedrock in several locations. The dynamic forces of
wind, tide and currents continually shape and reshape the
configuration and depths of these channels as sediments are
eroded and redeposited. This process is readily visible east
of Indian Key where waters from Indian Key Channel are
scouring a new channel across the bank to the southwest.

The transition from Bay waters to the open waters of the
Atlantic is also evident in the sediment composition and
particle size. Finer, molluscan sediments and a greater
percentage of living mollusks on the Bay side give way to
courser coral/algal sediments and increasing density and
diversity of corals as one progresses seaward through the
channels (Multer, 1977). Figure 3 (adapted from Ebanks and
Bubb, 1975) illustrates the transition from molluscan to
coral/algal sediment facies and channel depths-in the area.

Other physical parameters, such as, salinity, turbidity levels,
temperature and chemistry also play an important role in the
biological make--@up of the transitional areas. Later
discussions of community associations will expand upon these
important effects and their relationship to the organisms that
inhabit these areas.

3. Emergent Islands

The emergent islands within the aquatic preserve boundary are
of two distinctly different geological origins. Lignumvitae
Key is an ancient patch reef composed of Key Largo limestone.
The raised, rocky platform is several feet above sea level and
supports upland plant communities similar to the larger
emergent islands of the Upper Keys. Lignumvitae Bank flanks
the southern one third of the island, This low wave energy
environment is ideal for the accumulation of additional
sediments where an extensive mangrove fringe has developed.

Interior platform elevations on Lignumvitae Key support lush
growths of tropical hardwood hammock vegetation that has laid
down organically rich top soils over the parent material.
Acids leached from the humus soil attack the porous limerock
creating solution holes and sinks. Close examination of the
exposed limerock on the north side of the island reveals
subaerially formed crusts of geologically recent origin.
Evidence suggests that the laminated crust is formed from the
dissolution of carbonate materials from the upland soils which
is then deposited by aqueous migration over the limestone
bedrock. This laminate crust gives a fairly smooth appearance
to the protrusions and cavities of the exposed limerock
creating a knobby effect (Multer and Hoffmeister, 1968). The
crust may range in color from light brown to red, while, the

underlying fossilized coral is white or pale orange-yellow in
color.

Intertidal areas near the rocky shoreline exhibit a crenalate
appearance with spherical voids and sharp projections. In this
zone the parent limestone and the subaerial crust are
subjected to the erosive forces of marine waters and
biological agents. As it is being eroded, crustose and
filamentous algae bind sediments and as they are alternately
wetted and dried, form a karst-like layer over the underlying
limestone in the intertidal zone (Ginsburg, 1953; Neuman,
1966; Robertson, 1963). Subtidal areas are typically
hardbottom strewn with rock rubble that has been eroded from
the shoreline interface.

In contrast, Shell Key is a supratidal mud bank island typical
of other Florida Bay keys. Initial sediment deposits may have
.began over a raised ridge on the lagoon floor. The present
configuration of the island is the result of the stabilizing
influence of marine grasses, algal mats and mangrove
colonization. A large supratidal pond occupies approximately
one third of the interior of the island. Tidal exchange with
open water is partially obstructed by a low storm berm.
Conversations with long-term residents.of the area, indicate
that the northwest side of the pond was open to waters of the
Bay less than 30 years ago, when the area was used as a fish
.camp (Cotheran, E., personal communication, 1983)-. Current
observations from waterward of the island reveal a substantial
mangrove fringe that completely screens the interior pond.

4. Disturbed Areas

Large scale alteration of the natural features of the marine
environment were initiated during the construction of
Flagler's railroad in the early, 1900's. As the railway
advanced south, it became apparent that a system of tressels
and causeways would be needed to traverse the expanse of
channels and banks between Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys.
Tressels were built over the channels and spur lines were
built over the banks to provide access for a large clam
dredge. Box cars with collapsible sides were then loaded with
limestone and sediments dredged from the marine bottom. The
cars were then rerouted to the main tressel and the fill was
dumped to form a causeway between the channels. Most of these
deep dredged areas lie parallel to and north of the existing
roadway between Teatable and Indian Key Channels. One area is
perpendicular to the roadway, east of Teatable Channel and
extends to Horseshoe Key, a small spoil island. Additional
fill was dredged from either side of the roadway across the
entire length of the tidal bank for later road improvements
(Cotheran, E., personal communication, 1983).D.

-n A A'
43 33 34 38 67 66 36 62 64
0 T S.L.
M N ... ........... ..

............. .. .... -.10
0

DIP SECTION
(D
(D 73 77 78 65 74 69 36 37 61 60
Q) T T T T T T S.L.
(D
. .... . ....... .

"n
Q
0 SEAWARD STRIKE SECTION
F C C,
40 41 42 45 47 68 38 39 57 58 53 49 48
T T T T T 7 T T T T T S.L.

LEEWARD STRIKE SECTION

0 1 S@W 3000
C, FEET
`E TRAVE FISE
LOCATIONS A
0;
CORALGAL-LIME MUD FACIES

LIME MUD-MOLLUSCAN FACIES

LIME MUD-FORAMINIFERAL FACIES

PEAT FACIES

KEY LARGO LIMESTONE
C
A'
LOW11 R MAY ECUMVIE KI! y w CORE LOCATION
T

Holocene Sediment Facies
(from Eubanks and Bubb, 1975)

D. HYDROLOGY

The present geological landforms and the hydrological regime
interact to influence the distribution of biological
communities and the ongoing processes of deposition and
erosion that sculpture the appearance of the area. The slope
of the continental shelf to the depths of the Florida Straits
created a gradient for the drainage of run-off from the
uplands during earlier periods of lower sea level. These
drowned rivers or stream beds are now marine channels. Silt
and sediments are transported by tidal ebb and flood through
the main channels. As current velocity diminishes, sediments
fall to the bottom forming bars or filling in depressions in
the bedrock. Obstructions to tidal f low and/or storm surge
alter these normal patterns and may cause rechannel ization.
Tidal direction, stage and cycle are instrumental in the
movement and deposition of both waters and sediments.

The channels facilitate mixing of the less saline waters of
Florida Bay with the Atlantic Ocean and conversely, the more
thermally stable waters of the Atlantic moderate temperature
extremes in the immediate vicinity of the preserve.

Wind plays a secondary role in the hydrological patterns in
the lagoonal basins. The shallow waters are easily agitated
and fine sediments are easily suspended by wind-driven
currents, especially during winter cold fronts that pass over
the area. Flood tides entering the basin may be pushed back by
strong winds and 'pile up' in the channels or along the
shorelines of adjacent islands. Out going tides may be
propelled in a similar fashion and push additional waters out
.of the basin and leave the adjacent banks completely exposed
during low tide. Seasonal low tides will have a similar
effect.

Tide cycles are semidiurnal, having two highs and two lows
within each lunar period. Average tidal range is approximately
1.8 feet, with slightly higher and lower levels during full
moon.

Freshwater resources were historically recorded for the area
of Lower Matecumbe Key as early as 1775. Gauld (in Jutro,
1975) reported five natural wells "constantly full of
excellent water". Since these 'wells' were "about four feet
deep", they may have been large solution holes or sinks. These
natural features typically retain water throughout the rainy
season but may dry up completely during the winter dry season.

E. WATER QUALITY

The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation has
designated waters of the preserve as Outstanding Florida

Waters (OFW) (17-3.041, F.A.C.). As such, these waters are to
be afforded the highest protection possible. To qualify for
this designation, water quality must be maintained within the
established standards. All activities that may potentially
alter these standards are evaluated accordingly.

Water quality data is limited in the area of the preserve. A
summary of conditions for both ambient and impacted stations
was published in the "Report to the Environmental Regulation
Commission on the Proposed Designation of the Florida Keys as
an Outstanding Florida Water" (DER, 1984). Initial sampling
from one station in the preserve and one near Teatable Key
indicates that chemistry, temperature, clarity and nutrient
content were quite similar at both the inshore and off shore
locations during that sampling period.

other water quality research in the Keys has centered on the
effects of septic tank effluent on ground and surface waters
in the Big Pine Key area. This study has determined that
septic effluent increases contamination in ground waters
during the dry (winter) season and that horizontal subsurface
transport introduces these effluents to contiguous (marine)
surface waters during the wet (summer) period. Nutrient
loading of surface waters is also indicated with the use of
aerobic treatment units with shallow injection wells. The
non-saline wastewater effluent is buoyant and rises within the
rock strata to mix with surface waters. continued increases
in land use density and use of on-site sewage disposal systems
(OSDS) are predicted to increase nutrient contamination of
marine waters (Lapointe, 1989). Similar research and water
quality monitoring are needed for the preserve area.

F. CLIMATE

The nearly tropical climate is characterized by mild, dry
winters and warm, humid summers. Prevailing trade winds from
the east and southeast are frequently interrupted by winter
cold fronts that move over the area from the northern
quadrants from December until March. Infrequent tropical
storms and depressions in the summer months may also shift
wind directions (Warzeski, 1976). The-average rainfall (at
Key West) is 39.8 inches per year with large peaks occurring
in June and September (NOAA, 1965, 1979). Slightly higher
amounts fall in the Upper Keys, due to the closer proximity of
the mainland land mass. Average annual rainfall may vary
considerably from year to year and. from one location to
another. Summer thunderstorms and the occasional tropical
storm provide the bulk of the rainfall, with minor amounts
associated with.the winter cold fronts.

Annual average air temperature (measured at Key West) is 77.5
degrees Fahrenheit (F). Seasonal mean highs of 84.7 degrees

F occur in July and August. Mean lows of 69. 0 degrees F occur
during December and January (NOAA, 1965, 1979). Ambient
temperatures are a direct influence of the Gulf Stream
(Jordan, 1973). Neither frost nor freeze have been recorded
for the area. As with most maritime climates, average
humidity is typically high.

The tropical storms and hurricanes that visit this area
deserve more than a casual mention. They tend to have major
ef fects on the biology and natural features of a large area
and on the activities of the human populations that visit and
inhabit those areas. The long term benefits and deficits to
the natural environment are poorly understood. Ball et al.,
(1967) and Craighead and Gilbert (1962) reported extensive
biological and geological rearrangement and destructio 'n of the
coastal zone in South Florida and the Keys after the passage
of Hurricane Donna in 1960. The greatest destruction or
erosion of shorelines occurred where shoreline vegetation or
shallow water marine grassbeds had been previously damaged or
destroyed. Recovery of these areas was hindered by these
alterations, as erosion often continued after the initial
onslaught of the storm (Multer, 1977).

It is necessary to understand a hurricane I s potential as a
dynamic agent and to be prepared f or its occurrence. It is
also necessary to plan development that will minimize
destruction of natural coastal communities. Although natural
communities may be severely altered by hurricanes, the coral
reef s, marine grassbeds and mangroves provide a natural buf f er
that can reduce the severity of impacts on coastal areas.
They demonstrate a capacity to recover when functional
integrity has not been undermined by manmade alterations to
biological and geological features.

Some of the devastation to portions of Upper and Lower
Matecumbe Key during the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane is
attributed to the poor design of Flagler's railroad between
the two islands. Newspaper reports from that era postulate the
theory that the length of the two islands created a barrier to
the 15 foot storm surge that made landfall before the storm.
The large expanses of filled causeway between the two islands
further restricted the only 'safety valve' for the passage of
storm waters. The fill created a dam that backed storm waters
even higher along both shorelines until it overwashed portions
of both islands causing great loss of life and property. Large
sections of Flagler's Overseas Railroad were also lost, never
to be rebuilt.

G. BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

This section will discuss some of the plant and animal
associations within the preserve. Individual species are
grouped in representative community types based upon dominance
or absence of certain floral and faunal constituents. General
descriptions and species lists are intended to be reflective
of the community being discussed under each subheading. The
listing of a species in one community does not limit its
occurrence to only that community. Each community association
is presented separately, but in - reality they display an
infinite variety of mixed and interdependent associations.
Major community associations in the preserve are mangroves,
marine grassbeds and hardbottom. Figure 4 represents the
relative distribution of these resources in the preserve. The
tropical hardwood hammock resources of Lignumvitae Key State
Botanical Site will not be discussed in the plan, as
descriptions and management of those resources are provided by
the Division of Recreation and Parks, Florida Park Service.

Subtle differences in geology, topography, microclimate and
other physical parameters may determine the initial dominance
of a particular 'association in.an area, or the particular area
may be modified by the existing biota and thus evolve or
succeed into an entirely different association. The natural
components of the environment are never static and usually
progress in an orderly sequence of change from one sere to the
next. Each succeeding sere is generally more complex and
diverse than the previous association. Those communities that
have reached a climax or balanced condition are usually most
productive in terms of biomass and species diversity.

Catastrophic events, such as hurricanes and man-made
alteration of natural features disrupt orderly progression and
may set back the sere to an earlier stage that is less
productive. Many of the man-made disturbances will be
discussed in the text. These changes not only inhibit or
reverse succession but may replace entire associations with
other less productive environments. The affected environment
or community is not the only one to be diminished. All marine
systems are interrelated and thus changes to one association
will directly or indirectly affect a number of other related
and interdependent associations. The importance of marine
productivity has been expounded upon since ancient times yet
only recently has modern man begun to appreciate the intricate
and vital role that these communities play in the larger
ecological profile of our region and our planet.

1. Mangrove

Mangrove communities contribute substantially to the health
and productivity of marine systems in the preserve, although
much of this community association lies outside the preserve

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
FIGURE 4. Map of Resources

4b.
Seagrass - sparse

Seagrass - dense

Hard Bottom

Mixed - hard bottoM & sand
silt, sparse seagrasses

mangrove/Saltmarsh
0
DNR-DRP
MILES

-V 7-z-
0

X\
j
7Z \\\\\ \\ " \\\\\N 0
S L

0,0C.\ 9S
\,Via 7.
17!@@ 77:7=-

UPPER
LIGNUMVITA
MATECUMBE
KEY

TEATABLE
KEY

LOWER
MATECUMB
KEY INDIAN
KE
_K-75
L

boundary. Shoreline stabilization, storm protection,
filtration and stabilization of sediments, nutrient cycling
and habitat diversity are only a f ew of the many functions
that this community performs.

Mangroves are a pan-tropical group, occurring on seventy-five
percent of the world's tropical coastline (McGill, 1959). Of
the 72 species recognized by Chapman (1976), only three
species occur in Florida. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)
and white mangrove (Languncularia racemosa) grow along low
energy shorelines from the Florida Keys to near Cedar Key on
the west coast (Rehm, 1976) and north to Ponce de Leon Inlet
on the east coast (Teas, 1977) . Black mangrove (Avicennia
germinans) extends farther north on the east coast to near 30
degrees north latitude and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana
and Texas (McMillan, 1971). These tropical trees are
sensitive to fluctuating temperatures and prolonged periods of
cold or frost (Davis, 1940). Prolonged temperatures below 66
degrees F may be lethal or cause stunted growth forms (Waisel,
1972). Accordingly, the largest mangrove forests (90%
according to estimates by the Coastal Coordinating Council,
1974) are located in the more southern areas of the state,
primarily in Lee, Collier, Dade, and Monroe Counties. Monroe
County encompasses approximately 234,000 acres (95,000 ha.) of
mangroves, the majority lying within the boundaries of
Everglades National Park and the small islands in Florida Bay.

Of the six mangrove forest types described by Lugo and
Snedaker (1974), only the fringing forest and overwash forest
are well represented in the area of the preserve. Fringing
mangroves occur along the intertidal shoreline surrounding the
southern half of Lignumvitae Key and extensive areas of the
bayside shorelines of Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys. A
narrow, disjunct fringe is also present along the filled areas
of the U.S. I roadway.

The mangroves of, Shell Key may be considered an overwash
forest type. This low island may be partially overwashed
during high tides or completely averwashed during storm
events. This situation affords flushing of the accumulated
detritus and export to marine systems on a regular basis. The
island serves as a'major bird rookery. Additional nutrients,
in the f orm of avian f eces would also be exported during
overwash periods.

Local distribution of mangroves is affected by several
physical parameters. Wave energy and substrate are probably
most signif icant within the area of the preserve. Mangrove
forests reach optimum development on low energy shorelines
with adequate sediment depths. This environment is typical in
the more protected areas of Florida Bay and along the Bayside
shoreline of the two Matecumbe Keys. Other areas lack
sufficient sediment depths or are buffeted by waves or swift

currents that would bury seedlings or sweep them away. This
type of environment is especially prevalent along the Atlantic
shoreline of Indian Key. The north shoreline of Lignumvitae
Key, although usually protected from prevailing wind and
waves, is a rocky outcrop that offers few areas with adequate
soil depths for mangroves to become rooted.

Tidal regime in coastal areas also plays an important part in
mangrove dominance of the shoreline. The advance and retreat
of marine waters facilitates import of necessary nutrients
into the community and exports organic carbons and other
compounds-to marine systems. Tides are also instrumental in
dispersing the buoyant seeds and propagules.

Ambient marine salinities benefit mangroves in several ways.
Competition from less tolerant terrestrial plants is minimized
and soil salinities are moderated by daily flushing. Unlike
their terrestrial counterparts mangroves have evolved
mechanisms to exclude or excrete salt from plant tissues. The
red mangrove can exclude salt at the root surface (Scholander,
1968). Black and white mangroves secrete salt through
modified glands on the leaf or trunk and by storing salt in
succulent leaves and fruit that fall from the tree. Most
halophytic plants are believed to use these mechanisms or a
combination of them to dispose of excess salt (Teas, 1979).

Excessive soil or water salinity, however, can stress
mangroves. Salinities above 65 parts per thousand (ppt) can
kill red mangroves (Cintron et al., 1978). Salinities at or
above 80 ppt may stunt white and black mangroves, especially
in combination with high water temperatures (Lugo and Zucca,
1977). Impounded mangroves are frequently subjected.to this
type of stress. As normal tidal circulation is interrupted,
water temperatures may exceed 100 degrees F and evaporation
increases salinity to debilitating levels. Highly fluctuating
temperatures and salinities combined with low sediment
deposition, and low nutrient import create an extremely
inhospitable environment. Impoundment may be the result of
natural topographic features (e.g., coastal berms) or caused
by ditching and other ma'nmade alterations to drainage
patterns.

Excessive temperatures and salinities (greater than 100 ppt)
are also thought to be responsible for the relatively barren
salt ponds or salinas that persist in many areas (Teas, 1979).
Although these hypersaline areas may be inhospitable for most
vascular plants, they perform other functions and should not
necessarily be considered wasteland. They serve as valuable
repositories for storm water runoff and sediments. These
shallow water environments also support a broad range of algae
that serve as a food source and provide cover for an equally
diverse faunal community. Large numbers of larval fish
species, gastropods, and crustaceans utilize this environment

and are in turn valuable food reserves for many of the wading
birds when other f eeding areas may be flooded during high
tides or inaccessible during periods of unfavorable winter
weather (Sprunt, personal communication, 1988). The small
lagoon on Shell Key exemplifies the condition and use of the
salinas.

The mangrove association is a major compliment to the
preserves resources, both in distribution and ecological
value. This community is the most common natural interface
between the upland and the marine environment in Florida Bay.
major contributions from this community involve the complex
and often poorly understood detrital food webs that are an
integral part of tropical and temperate marine systems.
Nutrients from both marine and terrestrial sources are
assimilated and recycled in the vegetative. tissues of the
mangroves and everpresent root and mud algae. Primary
productivity is'difficult to partition because all levels of
the community have not been thoroughly researched. It is,
however, a widely accepted hypothesis that the organic carbons
exported by mangrove systems are a major source of energy for
many biologically and economically important species of
invertebrates and fishes.

Carbon and other nutrients from terrestrial sources (Carter et
al., 1973), rainfall (Lugo et al., 1980), and from marine
sources are assimilated and recycled in the form of plant
material that is fed upon by a host of arboreal, epiphytic,
infaunal, and pelagic life forms. Energy pathways may
originate from several different sources within the community.
Seagrasses and benthic algae are trapped and broken down into
particulate matter that is used by large numbers of consumers
(Brook, 1975). Senecsed mangrove leaves are attacked by fungi
(Fell et al., 1975) and bacteria (Casagrande and Given, 1975)
that colonize the leaf surface. As the leaf surface is
fragmented, plant starches and proteins are broken down or
converted to other compounds that are more easily consumed and
assimilated by other microscopic life forms that break down
the plantmaterial to even smaller fragments. As more surface
area is actually made available, the biotic community expands,
thus increasing the net available energy. As these smaller,
protein rich particles are consumed, the resulting energy is
passed on to higher order consumers (Odum, 1970 and 1971; Odum
and Heald, 1972; Odum and Heald, 1975; and Odum et al., 1982).

Epiphytic and benthic algae that live on and near the mangrove
roots also contribute substantially to the energy transfer to
higher trophic levels. Rehm (1974) recorded 74 species of
red, brown, green and blue-green algae associated with
mangrove areas. This abundant resource is actively grazed by
numerous faunal species on site or may die to become part of
the detrital food web. The net primary production of prop- -

root epiphytes and mud algae may equal emergent leaf
production in some areas (Lugo et al., 1975).

The contributions of plankton to local marine energy budgets
are difficult to evaluate. This dynamic group is subject to
abrupt changes in density depending upon season, currents and
nutrient levels. Although quantitive research has not been
done specifically for mangrove estuaries, the importance of
planktonic food chains has been well documented for other
regions and it may be assumed that there are large numbers of
invertebrate grazers that benefit from this community
component. The abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton
within the immediate area of mangroves would indicate that
this energy source is important to many larval food webs
(Odum, 1970). Table 2 contains a partial list of non-vascular
plants and Phytoplankton of the mangrove association.

TA13LE 1

A PARTIAL LIST OF THE MANGROVE FLORA

Black mangrove Avicinnia germinans
Saltwort Batis maritima
Sea oxeye daisy Borrichia spp.
Saltgrass Distichlis spicata
Barbed-wire cactus Cereus Rentag6nus
Buttonwood Conocarpu8 erectus
Clamshell orchid Encyclia cochleata
Butterfly orchid Encyclia tamRensis
Sedge Fimbristylis castanea
Seaside heliotrope Heloiotropium
curassavicum
White mangrove Languncularia racemosa
Herbaceus sea lavender Limonium carolinianum
Christmas berry Lyciu carolinianum
Gutta percha mayten Maytenus phllanthoides
Poisonwood Metopium toxiferum
Key grass Monanthochloe littoralis
Prickly pear cactus Opuntia stricta
Knot grass Paspalum distichum
Purslanes Portulaca spp.
Red mangrove Rhizophora ma ngle
Rouge berry Riving humilis
Glasswort Salicornia spp.
Sea purslane Sesuvium Dortulacastrum
Virginia dropweed Sporobolus virginicus
Sea blight Suaeda linearis
Bay cedar Suriana maritima
Air plants Tillandsia spp.

TABLE 2

A PARTIAL LIST OF THE NON-VASCULAR MANGROVE FLORA

FUNGI Genera Location Reference

Nigrospora Leaf Fell, et
Phyllostica of al, 1975,
Pestalotica go 1980
Phytophora- of to
Drechslera go if
Gloeosporium go it
Lulworthia

ALGAIt

Monostroma High water Taylor,
Rhizoclonium mark on red 1960
.and black mangrove

Bostrychia Just below high
Catenella water mark on red
Caloglossa prop roots

Acanthorphora Submerged on Almodovar
Caulerpa red prop roots and Biebl
Hypnea of 1962
Laurencia if if
Spyrida of it I
Valonia If it
Wrangelia It if
.Centroceras it it
Dasya it - Taylor,
Dictyota 1960
Halimeda
Murrayella
Polysiphonia
Wurdemaniia
Boodleopsis Mud near roots Taylor, 1960
Cladophoropsis it
Enteromorpha of
Vaucheria

PHYTOPLANKTON

Chaetocerus Water column Mattox,
Thalassothrix 1949
Nitzschia Wood, 1965
Skeletonema Walsh, 1965
Rhizosolenis Bacon, 1970

Disploneis Benthic Wood, 1965
Mastogloia sediments 11
Pluerosigma 11 of
Peridinium Water column Odum. et al.,
1982
Gymnodinium of

(From Odum et al., 1982)

Faunal components of the mangrove community are as diverse as
the floral counterpart. This community provides food, cover,
spawning, nesting and resting habitat f or many species of
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.
Many species are dependent upon this community during all of
their life cycle. This interdependency may be critical f or
several endangered and threatened species that will be
discussed in subsequent sections.

Animal life that graze directly upon arboreal leaf material
include large numbers of insects including the olethrautid
moth (Ecdytolopha sp.) and beetles (principally, Poecilips
rhizophorae) (Onuf et al., 1977). Simberloff and Wilson (1969)
list 200 species of insects that are associated with mangrove
communities. The mangrove tree crab (Aratus Disonii) is also
a primary consumer of mangrove leaves (Beever et al., 1979).
Other invertebrate fauna of the emergent mangrove/ saltmarsh
include large numbers of gastropods. The snails (Littorina
sp., Cerithidea sp. and Melampus sp.), isopods (Ligea spp.),
and fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) are especially plentiful on the
forest floor (Odum et al., 1982). These invertebrates are in
turn a staple food for many species of birds.

The striking avifauna is often the -most noticeable in the
mangrove association. many species depend upon the community
for feeding, nesting and resting sites. Large wading birds,
such as the egrets, ibis, spoonbill, herons and the open-water
piscivorous birds, such as the osprey and pelican are
especially dependent upon mangrove areas for both food sources
and resting or nesting habitat. Others are only occasional or
seasonal visitors. Odum et al., (1982) list 181 species that
may be expected to use the mangrove community.

Other macrofauna that utilize mangroves include a number of
terrestrial and aquatic reptiles, amphibians and mammals.
Among the marine turtles, only the Atlantic loggerhead
(Caretta caretta caretta) is relatively common in the
preserve. This species may-use mangroves as nursery areas
(Odum et al., 1982). The Atlantic hawksbill (Eretmochelys
imbricata) and the Atlantic green turtle (Chelonia mydas) are
known to feed upon mangrove roots and leaves (Ernst and
Barbour, 1972; Carr and Goin, 1955) and may occasionally
frequent mangrove edges in the preserve area. The Atlantic

ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) is an occasional visitor to
shallow coastal areas of south Florida (Carr and Goin, 1955).
Green turtles were once plentiful in the Keys and were an
important commercial fishery until populations were nearly
extirpated from overharvesting and egg collecting. Current
research is investigating the high incidence and cause of
fibropapilloma in green sea turtles. These often debilitating
tumors form primarily on soft tissues in grotesque clusters.
Large growths can interfere with locomotion and feeding.

other reptiles include several species of snakes and anoles,
and- the Mangrove terrapin. Of the snakes, only one, the
mangrove water snake (Nerodia fasciata compressicauda) is
entirely dependent upon mangrove areas. The others are
transitory in habit and may utilize a variety of environments.

Amphibians are generally not well represented due to the
shortage of freshwater areas that are usually necessary for
reproduction. Those listed are suitably adapted to
reproducing during the brief rainy period and may utilize
brackish water pools for this purpose. The giant toad (Bufo
marinus) and the Cuban treefrog (Hyla septentrionalis) are
introduced species that have expanded their ranges
considerably in the last several decades (King and Krakauer,
1966; King and Krakauer, 1968; and Krakauer, 1970).

The more common mammals of the mangrove include the Virginia
opossum (Didelphis. virginiana) and the Raccoon (Procyon
lotor) . The opossum is generally confined to small populations
in close proximity to human habitations on the adjacent
inhabited Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys. Recent signs of
range expansion in other areas of the Keys may also be
duplicated on islands in the preserve. The raccoon is now
reported on Shell Key where it may present an imminent threat
to the future of the wading bird nesting colony on the island
(Wells, personal communication, 1990). The marsupial and the
raccoon are extremely versatile omnivores and are known to
forage in mangrove habitats (Layne, 1974).

The mar sh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustis paludicola) and several
rodents, both naturally occurring and introduced species may
also frequent mangrove areas.

The Eastern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was
introduced on Lignumvitae Key and still persists. Signs of the
deer have been observed in the mangrove saltmarsh areas and it
is believed that there are 3 deer still on the island (P.
Wells, pers. comm. 1990). The deer use a variety of habitats
and the mangrove fringe offers excellent cover for foraging.

The marine life of the mangrove association is by far the most
diverse group of organisms in this association. Detritus and
plankton are primary food sources for a large number of

invertebrate fauna that attach themselves to prop roots, live
in adjacent muds, or swim in the water. Courtney (1975), Tabb
et al., (1962), and Odum and Heald (1972) reported extensive
lists of invertebrates that are associated with mangroves.

The prop root complex is also important to many species of
fish. Ample food and close proximity to cover that offers
protection from predators is essential for large numbers of
juvenile and adult fish. Many complete their life cycle
within the mangrove community. Others are dependent upon
mangroves during juvenile stages and migrate to grassbeds
and/or coral reefs when mature. Still others are
opportunistic vagabonds that utilize a variety of habitats and
may be only seasonally or locally abundant. The proximity of
other habitat types greatly increases the overlap of species
from the other communities.

Many species of invertebrates and fishes that utilize the
mangrove are important to the region's recreational and
commercial fisheries. Important species of commercial
fisheries include; pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), stone crab
(Menippe mercenaria), spiny lobster (Panulirus argus),'jacks
(family Caranigadae) , grunts (family Pomadasyidae) , grouper
(Eginevelus spp.), seabass (family Serranidae), snapper
(Lutlanus spp.), mullet (family Mugilidae), red drum
(Sciaenoys ocellata) F ladyf ish (Elops saurus) , spotted sea
trout (Cynoscion nebulsus), and menhaden,, (Brevoortia
patronus). Jewfish (Ep nepel@s itaiara) were once important to
local fisheries but overharvesting and poorly understood
reproductive potential have required protected status for this
species.

The above species represent a major portion of the annual
seafood landings in Monroe County and are an integral part of
the local economy, Finfish from the above-groups represented
an estimated $ 5,541,086 of the landings value for the county
in 1989. Shrimp, spiny lobster and stone crabs represented an
estimated $ 30,454,687 of the total value of all species
taken. Total landings for all species represented
approximately 38 million dollars to the local economy (FDNR,
1989). These figures reflect commercial dockside landing
prices and do not include income derived from local support
facilities (fuel, repair, dockage, tackle, etc.). Table 3
provides commercial data for finfish, crustaceans and sponges
landed at local docks in 1989.

Many of the commercial species are also important to local
recreational fisherman. Additionally, tarpon (Megalops
'atlanti6a), snook (Centropomus undecimalis), barracuda
(Sphyraena barracuda) and bonefish (Albula vulpes) are avidly
pursued by local enthusiasts as well as thousands of annual
visitors. Unfortunately, statistics are not currently
available for recreational landings and income. Although the

pounds landed would not approach the commercial statistics,
conservative estimates would indicate that local income from
hook and line enthusiasts is probably in excess of 50 million
dollars a year. once again, the total value of support
services cannot be separated from local income statistics.

The statistics themselves do not and cannot reflect the many
values of this important resource. They cannot, for example,
assign a dollar figure to the aesthetic and ecological values
associated with mangrove habitats. Nor can they relate the
cost or efficiency of the intricate transfer of energy from
one organism to the other. They can, however, provide some
rudimentary knowledge of the importance of this habitat to the
many species that enrich our culinary pleasure and our local
economy. They also reaffirm man's close association with and
dependency on the vital marine food web that emanates from
mangrove and saltmarsh estuaries.

TABLE 3

MONROE COUNTY 1989 FISHERIES LANDINGS

Category Pounds Estimated
Value

------- --------- ---------
Finfish 8,148,656 5,541,086

Stone crabs 1,617,860 8,202,550

Spiny lobster 5,535,309 16,827,339

Pink shrimp 2,885,531 5,424,798

Bait shrimp 45,051 158,129

Sponges 298,550 5,424,798

Totals 18,530,957 37,739,202

* Values are estimated using the average price per pound paid
statewide.

FDNR/Marine Fisheries Information Service (1989)

Table 4 includes a partial list of the major invertebrate
groups and the vertebrate fauna of the mangrove association.
For additional information on specific species, the reader is
directed to the noted references. Odum et al. (1982) provide
comprehensive lists of habitat types and diet preferences for
fish and birds from published literature.

TABLE 4

PARTIAL LIST OF THE MANGROVE FAUNA

INVERTEBRATES

Zooplankton
This extensive group includes single-celled protozoans and the
larvae and eggs of the invertebrates and fish listed below.

Jellyfish (Scyphozoa)
Upside-down jellyfish Cassiopeia xamachana
Marine worms (Annelida)
Armandia agilis
Cirratulus sp.
Lumbrineries maculata
Mollusks
Blackhorn snail Batillaria minima
Ladderhorn snail Cerithidea scalariformis
Periwinkle Littorina spp.
Saltmarsh snail Melampus coffeus
Bleeding tooth Nerita spp.
Predatory snail Pisania tincta

Crustaceans (may comprise 70% of zooplankton)
Barnacle Chthamalus.stellatus
Lithortrya dorsalis
Copepod Acartia spp.
Searoach Ligia spp.
Wood borer Sphaerom. terebans
Pistol shrimp Alipheus spp-
Pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum
Shore shrimp Palaemonetes spp.
Cleaning shrimp Periclimenes spp.
Shrimp - Syfialpheus fritzmuelleri
Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus
Hermit crab Pagurus spp.
Hermit crab Clibanarius sp.
Blue crab Callinectes sapidus
Crab Cycloqrapsus sp.
Shore crab Pachygrapsus spp.
Mangrove tree crab Aratus visonni
Marsh crab Sesarma sp.
Fiddler crab Uca spp.
Stone crab Menippe mercenaria

Holothurians
Sea cucumber Holothuria floridana

(References: odum et al., 1982)
See Simberloff, 1976; Simberloff and Wilson, 1969 for comprehensive
list of insects-

VERTEBRATES

Fishes .

Nurse shark Ginglymostoma curratum
Blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus
Lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris
Bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo
Smalltooth sawfish Pristis Pectinata
Guitarfish Rhinobatos letiginosus
Lesser electric ray Narcine brasiliensis
Southern stingray Dasvatis american
Yellow ray Urolophus jamaicensis
Spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari
Ladyfish Elops saurus
Tarpon Megalops atlantica
Bonefish Albula vulpes
Scaled sardine Harengula Pensacolae
Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinu
Bigeye anchovy Anchoa lamprotaenia
Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli
Inshore lizardfish Synodus foetens
Sea catfish Aruis felis
Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta
Skilletfish Gobiesox strumosus
Shortnose batfish Ogcocephalus nagutus
Key brotula Oqilbia cavorum
Halfbeak Hyporhamphus unifasciatus
Redfin needle fish Strongylura notata
Timucu . Strongylura timucu
Houndfish Tylosurus crocodulus
Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus
Rainwater killifish Lucania Parva
Rivulus, Rivulus marmoratus
Mosquitofish- Gambusia affinis
Mangrove mosquitofish Bamvusia rhizophorae
Sailfin molly Poecilia lativinna
Reef silverside Allanetta harringtonensis
Rough silverside Membras marinica
Tidewater siverside Menidia beryllina
Lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus
Dwarf seahorse Hippocampus zosterae
Pipefish Syngnathys spp.
Snook Centorpomus undecimalis
Black seabass Centropristis striata
Sand perch Diplectrum formosum
Jewfish Evinephelus itaiara
Red grouper EvineDhelus morio
Nassua grouper ERinephelus Striatus
Barred hamlet Hypolectrus Ruella
Gag Mycteroperca microlepis
Bronze cardinalfish Astrapogon alutus
Conchfish Astrapogon stellatus

Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix
Cobia Rachycentron canadum
Whitefin sharksucker Echeneis neucratoides
Blue runner Caranx crysos
Jack crevalle Caranx hippos
Bar jack Caranx ruber
Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus
Leatherjacket Oligoglites saurus
Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus
Permit Trachinotus falcatus
Lookdown Selene vomer
Mutton snapper Lutjanus apodus
Schoolmaster Lutianus apodus
Gray snapper Lutianus griseus
Dog snapper Lutlanus jgcu
Lane snapper Lutjanus synagris
Striped mojarra Diapterus plumieri
Mojarras Eucinostomus spp.
Grunts Haemulon spp.
Pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera
Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephlus
Sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis
Grass porgy Calamus arctifrons
Saucereye porgy Calamus calamus
Pinfish Lagadon rhomboides
Blue croaker Bairdiella batabana
Silver perch Bairdiella chrysura
Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus
Southern kingfish Menticirrhus americanus
.Gulf kingfish Menticirrhus littoralis
Atlantic croaker Micropogon undulatus
Black drum Pogonias cromis
Red drum Sciaenoys ocellata
High hat Eguetus acuminatus
Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber
Sergeant major Abudefduf saxatillis
Slippery dick Halichoeres bivittatus
Parrotfishes sparisoma spp.
Mullet Mugil spp.
Great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda
Mottled jawfish Opistognathus maxillosus
Bluethroat pikeblenny Chaenopsis ocellata
Marbled blenny Paraclinus marmoratus
Banded blenny Paraclinus fasciatus
Blackbelly blenny Stathmonotus hemphilli
Florida blenny Chasmodes saburrae
Seaweed blenny Blennuis marmoreus
Spotted dragonet Callionymus pauciradiatus
Gobys Gobionellus spp.
Gobiosoma spp.
Lophogogius sp.
Microqobius spp.
Spanish Mackerel Scomberomorusmaculatus

King Mackerel Scomeromorus cavalla
Barfish Scorpaena brasiliensis
Plumed scorpionfish Scorpaena grandicornis
Searobins Prionotus spp.
Eyed flounder Bothus ocellatus
Spotted whiff Citharichthys macrops
Fringed flounder Etropus crossotus
Gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta
Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostiama
Dusky flounder Syacium papillosum
Lined sole Achirus lineatus
Scrawled sole Trinectes inscriptus
Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus
Blackcheek tonguefish Symphurus plagiusa
Orange filefish Aluterus schoepfi
Fringed filefish Monacanthus ciliatus
Planehead filefish Monacanthus hispidus
Gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus
Queen triggerfish Balistes vetula
Scrawled cowfish Lactophrys cruadracornis
Trunkfish Lactor)hrys triqueter
Puffers Sphoeroides spp.
Burrfish Chilomycterus spp.

(List modified from Odum et al., 1982)
* = Locally important species of commercial, sport and bait
fisheries.

Amphibians and Reptiles
Giant toad Bufo marinus
Southern toad Bufo terrestris
Treefrog Hyla sguirella
Cuban treefrog Hyla septentrionalis

Mangrove terrapin Malaclemys terrepin
rhizophorarum
Keys mud turtle Kinosternon baurii baurii
Atlantic loggerhead Caretta caretta caretta
Atlantic green turtle Chelonia mydas mydas
Atlantic hawksbill Eretmo@-helys imbricata
imbricata
Atlantic ridley Lepidochelys kempii
American anole Anolis carolinensis
Cuban anole Anolis sagrei
Southern black racer Columber constrictor
Red ratsnake Elaphe guttata guttata
Mangrove water snake Nerodia fasciata
compressicauda
Rough green snake Opheodrys aestivus carinatus

(References: Carr and Goin, 1955; Duellman and Schwartz, 1958;
Ernst and Barbour, 1972; Paulson, 1968; Lazell, 1989)

Birds Great egret Casmerodius albus
Snowyegret Egretta thula
Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis
Great white heron Ardea herodia occidentalis
Great blue heron Ardea herodias
Little blue heron Egretta caerulea
Reddish egret Egretta rufescens
Louisiana heron Egretta tricolor
Green heron Butorides striatus
Black-crowned night heron Nvcticorax nvcticorax
Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea
white ibis Eudocimus albus
Roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja
Semiplamated plover Charadrius semipalmatus
Black-bellied plover Pluvialis squatarola
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres
Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia
Solitary sandpiper Tringa solitaria
Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleucas
Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
Dunlin Calidris alpina
Western sandpiper Calidris mauri
Least sandpiper Calidris minutilla
Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla
Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griseus
Black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis
Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
Blue-winged teal Anas crecca carolinensis
Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator
Herring gull Larus argentatus
Laughing gull Larus atricilla
Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis
Least tern Sterna albifrons
Royal tern Sterna maxima
Belted kingfisher Megacervie alcyon
Magnificent friqatebird Fregata magnificens
Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus
Osprey Pandion haliaetus
American kestrel Falco sparverius
White-crowned pigeon Eolumba leucocephala
Mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor
Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus
Gray kingbird Tyrannus domincensis
Great crested flycatcher Myriarchus crinitus
Eastern phoebe Savornis Phoebe
Mockingbird Mimus R0lVql0tt0s
Catbird Dumetella carolinensis
Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum
White-eyed vireo Vireo griseus
Black-whiskered vireo 717reo altiloguus

Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus
Black-and-white-warbler Mniotilta varia
Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica
Yellow warbler Dendroica Petechia
Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata
Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor
Palm warbler Dendroica Palmarum
Yellowthroat Geothlypus trichas
American redstart Setophaaa ruticilla
Northern parula Parula americana
Red-winged blackbird Agelajus phoeniceus
Boat-tailed grackle Ouiscalus major
Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis

(References: Robertson and Kushlan, 1974; Sprunt, 1954; Bent,
1932)

Mammals

Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana
Raccoon Procyon lotor
White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus
Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus Palustris paludicola
Key cotton rat SiqModon hispidus exsputus
Black rat Rattus rattus
Key Largo woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli
Key Largo cottonmouse Peromyscus gossypinus
allapaticola

(References: Layne, 1974; Humphrey and Barbour, 1979; Spitzer and
Lazell, 1978; Lazell, 1984)

2. Marine Grassbeds

Marine gras sbeds are the most important feature in the aquatic
resources of the preserve. Seagrasses stabilize sediments,
baffle wave energy, cycle nutrients, and provide substrate for
a complex floral and faunal community. Abundant food and
cover make this an important resource for invertebrates and a
nursery area for many fish species. However, biological
productivity is not limited to the area of distribution.
marine energy cycling is enhanced as detrital material and
nursery species are dispersed to other areas. Species from
geographically and physiologically isolated habitats, such as,
the patch reef and the mangrove communities also forage in the
seagrass community. Thus marine grassbeds function as an
interface between other communities and enrich the ecological
diversity and productivity of all marine systems.

Dominant marine grasses in the preserve are turtle grass
(Thalassia testudium), Manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme),
and Cuban shoalweed (Halodule wrightii). Shoalweed is

typically a pioneer species that colonizes disturbed sites and
areas where water depth (too shallow or too deep) or substrate
is less favorable for turtle grass. Turtle grass is a climax
species (Phillips, 1960), and as such is usually considered to
be the primary producer in this community. Turtle grass
meadows are most expansive where sediments are deepest over
the bedrock. Manatee grass and several species of Halophila
may also be present within the turtle grass beds.

Seagrasses are flowering plants that have evolved to a totally
aquatic existence. They have adapted physiological and
chemical mechanisms that facilitate photosynthesis, growth,
maintenance and reproduction while completely submerged.
Unlike their terrestrial counterparts seagrasses lack stomata
on the leaf surfaces, thus gases are slowly diffused through
the leaf tissue. oxygen is stored in interstitial cell spaces
and passed to root structures and rhizomes when needed. Stored
gases provide buoyancy to the leaf blade, keeping it vertical
to the substrate and allowing a much larger surface area to be
exposed to solar radiation. (Zieman and Wetzel, 1980). The
release of gaseous bubbles from leaf surfaces is often the
source of the faint popping sounds heard when grass flats-are
exposed at low tide.

Certain plant nutrients are derived from the sediments, while
others are taken from the water column. Nitrogen fixation can
occur in the rhizomes, on the leaf surface and in some cases
may be transferred between the leaf surfa6e and epiphytes on
the leaf (Harlin, 1971). Nitrogeri and carbons are also
derived from the particulate organic matter from dead plant
material and animal excretion. This highly efficient use of
relatively limited nutrients and sunlight are the basis for a
level of productivity often compared to the coral reefs and
mangroves.

The study of seagrass reproduction has evolved primarily as a
means to restore or mitigate those areas that have been
adversely impacted by man's activities or natural
disturbances. Marine grasses may reproduce both sexually and
vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction originates from the
root or rhizome of the plant. Vegetative starts (plug or
turion) are usually preferred for transplanting as they become
established more quickly and survive longer. However,
relative cost of this type of restoration may be prohibitive
for large areas. Cost ranged from $27,000 to 86,500/ha to
revegetate one area in the Upper Keys (Lewis et al., 1981).
This technique has also caused much controversy, as many
scientists and environmentalists have questioned the possibly
negative impacts to donor (source) areas. Donor areas are
slow to recolonize and large scale removal may cause a more
serious disturbance than it is intended to remedy.

Sexual reproduction in marine grasses is less clearly
understood. orpurt and Boral (1964) observed flowering turtle
grass in the Keys during April and fruiting until September.
Seed production and seedling survival, however, may vary
considerably f rom year to year. Lewis and Phillips (1980)
while monitoring a revegetation project near Craig Key,
reported a "prodigious" seed crop in the intertidal area of
Lower Matecumbe Key during 1979. Previous observations by
Moffler (from Lewis and Phillips, 1980) indicated little
fruiting occurred in 1975 and Phillips reported large numbers
of seedlings in the same area in 1960. Periods of high seed
production certainly offer the opportunity to harvest and
propagate seedlings for revegetation of disturbed areas but
cost may again be prohibitive. Thorhaug and Austin (1976)
reported costs of $42,000-$280,000/ha (depending on desired
plant cover) for collection, propagation, planting and
overhead for restoration efforts. Survival rates for
transplanted seedlings are also very low, less than 30%
(Zieman, 1982). -

Marine grassbed distribution is influenced by physical and
chemical factors similar to those described for mangroves.
Temperatures and salinities are usually well within the
tolerance limits of the species listed. Optimum temperatures
(68-86 degrees F) and salinities (24 ppt to 35 ppt) for turtle
grass (Phillips, 1960), occur throughout the aquatic preserve
waters.

The three most important parameters determining grassbed
distribution in the preserve are photic zone access, current
velocity, and substrate. Like their emergent counterparts,
marine plants must have access to sunlight to carry on the
photosynthetic process. Unlike terrestrial plants, the water
column lies between the source and recipient. Water depth and
clarity affect the amount of sunlight that reaches the leaf
surface. Shading from docks and bridges and turbidity in the
water column inhibit photic zone access. Propeller (prop) wash
or dredging is also a source of excessive turbidity. Prop
dredging is usually localized and not normally of a duration
or intensity to cause extensive light reduction but has other
more severe consequences that will be discussed later.

Current velocities in larger channels continually erode and
redeposit sediments at sporadic intervals and may scour
sediments to bedrock in some locations. These dynamic
processes are not conducive to seagrass colonization. Prop
wash or prop dredging in shallow channels or 'wheel channels
or ditches' may also inhibit seagrasses even when sediment
depths are adequate for colonization.

Turtle grass require s sediment depths from 3 inches (Scoffin,
1970) to 20 inches (Zieman, 1972) for optimum growth. These
conditions are exemplified in the expansive tidal banks or

'flats' in the preserve. Estimated depths for these sand/mud
banks are f rom, several inches to more than 5 f eet in areas
adjacent to the channels and dredged areas. Shallow
depressions in typically hardbottom communities and shallow
channels also support lush colonies of turtle grass
(Unpublished field notes, 1985).

In addition to the previously noted marine grasses, several
species of algae are also commonly found in this community.
Benthic algae include Halimeda. Penicillus, Caulerpa,
Rhipocephalus, and Udotea species. These calcareous algae are
instrumental in producing organic carbons and calcium
carbonate that are incorporated into the sediments (Zieman,
1982). Benthic algae are also early colonizers of fine
sediments and their rhizoid holdfasts may stabilize these
sediments so that seagrasses may become established on
otherwise unoccupied areas (Williams, 1981). Drift@ algae,
primarily Laurencia, is also a common component of the
grassbeds.

Seagrass leaves provide substrate for a wide range of
epiphytic algae. Some 66 species have been recorded to
utilize seagrasses for attachment (Ballantine and Humm, 1975).
While access to the photic zone is enhanced by this
arrangement, the encrusting of the leaf surface may
effectively reduce photosynthesis in the host plant (Sand-
Jensen, 1977). The overall loss of photosynthetic production
may be off-set by the increased habitat for marine fauna and
a corresponding increase in animal and plant protein.

The fauna 1 constituents of the marine grassbeds range from the
microscopic zooplankton that drift with the currents,
epiphytic biota that live upon the grasses and the pelagic
invertebrates, fishes and mammals that utilize these areas.
Trophic structure presents ample food for a variety of
specialized feeders. Herbivores that feed directly upon the
algae or seagrasses include a wide variety of invertebrates.
Most notable are the crabs, queen conch, and sea urchins.
Vertebrate herbivores include the green, loggerhead, and
hawksbill turtlesf and a wide variety of fishes. Zieman
(1982) lists 63 species that utilize seagrass in their diet.
Many of these species also consume varying amounts of detritus
and epifauna as they forage.

Detrital -feeders make up a large percentage of the grassbed
fauna and may well represent the primary pathway of energy
transfer to higher tropic levels (Zieman, 1982). This group
is composed of many small organisms that feed upon the
decomposing plant and animal material in the vicinity of the
grassbeds. ' Corals, sponges, tube worms and shrimp filter
detritus and plankton from the water column. others glean
material from the sediments and leaf surfaces. Exported
detritus becomes available to an even wider range of consumers

in more remote areas. Carr and Adams (1973) found detrital
feeders to be a major food source for at least one feeding
stage in 15 of 21 juvenile marine fishes studied.
Commercially important detrital feeders include the pink
shrimp (Penaeua duorarum), spiny lobster (Panulirus argus),
and mullet (Mugil curema)-

Higher order consumers include the myriads of fishes usually
associated with grassbeds, as well as many that are more
commonly associated with coral reef s and mangrove areas. Some
spend early development stages in the shelter of the sea
grasses and move to other habitats when mature. Still others,
by alternating periods of diurnal and nocturnal activity, may
utilize grassbeds for foraging at night and seek shelter in
mangroves or coral reefs during the day. This partitioning of
time and resources serves to eliminate competition between
similar species and affords a much greater number of niches in
the ecological structure of the community. Fishes of
recreational and commercial interest include most of those
from the annotated list for the mangroves in Table 4.

Marine grassbeds are heavily utilized by several bird species.
The abundant marine fauna of this community are the staple
food for most of these birds (Kushlan, 1978). Heron, egrets,
and spoonbills exploit fish, crustaceans and other marine
organisms in shallow water grassbeds and upon exposed grass
flats during low tides. open water pisciVorous birds include
the cormorant,"osprey, pelican, and gulls.

Mammals that utilize marine grassbeds include the manatee and
the bottle-nosed dolphin. The manatee, although not formerly
recorded as a resident species in the preserve, may well
frequent the area on. occasion and is well known for its
predilection for aquatic plant life. It is assumed that the
abundant seagrasses would provide a welcome repast for this
nomad. Bottle-nosed dolphin are occasional visitors of the
aquatic preserve and undoubtedly take quantities of schooling
fish as opportunity permits. Consult Table 5 for a list of
animal species commonly associated with the marine grassbed
community.

Major impacts to the marine grassbed community in Lignumvitae
Key Aquatic Preserve are associated with human activities.
Direct removal of grassbeds by prop scouring and dredging are
most noticeable. Although the single prop scar may be
comparatively insignificant, the cumulative impact from
repeated scaring, which is evident on the tidal banks is of
eminent concern. Zieman (1976) estimated recovery for these
areas may take from 2-5 years and the natural recovery
process may be further inhibited by rechanneling and increased
erosion.

Dredging (and the spoiling of material) permanently eliminates
grassbeds in most cases. The U.S. 1 roadway in the preserve
was constructed with dredged fill. It is anticipated that
future repairs and improvements will potentially affect
adjacent grassbeds. These activities are integral to the
safety and welfare of the general public and thus must be
considered in the public interest.

Docks interrupt light penetration and "shade out" vegetation.
Since submerged lands of the preserve do not abut private
riparian lands docks are not a major impact to resources of
the preserve. @he existing docks at Lignumvitae Key and Indian
Key Fill are to facilitate access to public lands.

The effects of septic effluent and upland run-off in marine
communities is often difficult to detect given the highly
variable physical and chemical parameters of both the effluent
and the community being studied. But recent and future
technological improvements and additional research (and
monitoring) may well scientifically validate the general
assumption that all nearshore environments are subjected to
measurable amounts of pollution from these sources when in
close proximity to poorly planned development. Remedial and
corrective actions will be time consuming and will require
coordination with the appropriate agencies to insure that
continued urbanization does not undermine the functional
integrity of marine resources.

The value of marine grassbeds cannot be evaluated by any
monetary formula presently available. In the opening
paragraphs of this section, the comparatively high cost (and
relatively low success) of restoring or mitigating damaged
grassbeds were discussed; Further research and
experimentation are to be encouraged in hopes of discovering
more successful and cost efficient methods of replanting and
encouraging expansion of marine grassbeds. However, the
preferable alternative to costly and often futile restoration
is to protect this dynamic and productive resource from
further damage. To achieve that goal, preservation and
protection of marine grassbed communities shall be a priority
in the designation of management areas and the management
procedure and policies in Chapters IV and V of this plan.

TABLE 5

A PARTIAL LIST OF MARINE GRASSBED FAUNA

INVERTEBRATES

Corals
Golfball coral Favia fraau
Rose coral Manicinia areolata

Small finger coral Porites furcata

Sponges
Variable sponge Anthosicmella varians
Chicken liver sponge Chondrilla nucula
Chondrosia collectrix
Boring sponges Cliona spp.
Vase sponges Ircinia campana
Ircinia fasciculata
Ircinia strobilina
Loggerhead sponge Spheciospongia vesRariu
Fire sponge Tedania ignis

Anemones
Pale anemone Aiptasia Dallida
Ringed anemone Bartholomea annulata
Giant anemone Condylactis gigantea
Sun anemone Stdichactis helianthus

Annelids
Ammatrypane fimbriata
Lugworm Arenicola cristata
Eurythoe sp
Green bristle worm Hermodice caruculata
Eunice longicerrata
Lysidice sp.
Nereis sp.
Phascolion sp.
Tube worm Onuphis magna
Sthenelais sp.
Terebellides stroemi

Mollusks
Gastropods
Anachis sp.
Sea slug Aplysis dactylomela
Astrea sp.
Bittium varium
Caecum sp.
Cardita floridana
Cerith Cerithium sp.
Slipper CreRidula sp.
Cymatum sp.
Tulip Fasiolaria tulipa
Mitrella lunata
Horse conch Modulus modulus
PlurORloca gigantea
Rissoina,sp.
Queen conch Strombus gigas
Tegula sp.
Tridachia sp.
Caribbean vase Vasum sp.

Pelecypods
Cockle Americardia sp.
Arks Anadara sp.
Venus Antigona sp.
Atrina sp.
Cardita floridana
Barred venus Chione cancellata
Tiger lucine Codakia orbicularis
Cockle Laevicarduim laevigatum
Lucine Lucina Pennsylvanica
Radiant tellin Tellina radiata

Amphipods
Cvmadus compta
Gammarus mucronatus
Melita nitida
Grandidierella sp.
Cephalopods
Octopus briareus
C rustaceans
shrimp and lobster
Snapping shrimp Alpheus normanni
Hyppolyte pleuracantha
Latreutus focorum.
Shore shrimp Palaemonetes spp.
Spiny lobster Penulirug argus
Pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum
Cleaning shrimp Periclimenes spp.
Thor floridanus
Tozeuma sp.

Crabs
Box crab Calappa sp.
Blue crabs Callinectus sp.
Stiped hermit'crab- Clibanarius sp.
Bar-eyed hermit crab Dardanus sp.
Glyptoxanthus sp-
Spider crab Libinia sp.
Decorator crab Macrocoeloma sp.
Spider crab microphrys sp.
Spider crabs Mithrax spp.
Hermit crabs Paggrus spp.
Giant hermit crab Petrochirus sp.
Pilumnus sp.
Pitho crab Pithos sp.

Mantis shrimp
False squilla Pseudosguilla ciliata

Echinoderms
Starfish
Thorny starfishes Echinaster spp.
Cushion starfish Oreaster reticulata

Sea urchins
Long-spined black urchin Diadema antillarium
Echinometria sp.
Varigated urchin Lytechinus variegatus
Sea egg Tripneustes ventricosus
Sea biscuit Clypeaster rosaceus

Holothurians
Sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi
Florida sea cucumber Holothura floridana

(From Bock, 1971 and Zieman, 1982)
* = Species of commercial interest

VERTEBRATES

Fishes
Nurse shark Ginglymostoma curratum
Lemon shark Negeprion brevirostris
Bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo
Smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata
Southern stingrayf Dasyatis americana
Ladyfish Elops saurus
Tarpon Megalops atlantica
Bonefish Albula vulpes
Scaled sardine ii-areniula pensacolae
Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum
Anchovies Anchoa spp.
Inshore lizardfish Synodus foetens
Sea catfish Arius felis
Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta
Skilletfish Gobiesox strumosus
-Hardhead halfbeak Chridorus atherinoides
Needlefish Hyporhamphus unfasciatus
Goldspotted killifish Flordichthys carpio
Rainwater killifish Lucania parva
Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus
Rivulus Rivulus marmoratus
Sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna
Reef silverside Allanetta harringonenesis
Hardhead silverside Atherinomorus stipes
Dwarf seahorses Hippocampus zosterae
Dusky pipefish Syngnathus floridae
Fringed pipefish Micrognathus crinigerus
Snook Centropomus undecimalis
Gag Mycteroperca microlepis
Jewfish Eninephalus itajara
Cobia Rachycentron canadum
Jacks Caranx spp.
Permit Trachinotus falcatus
Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus

Leatherjacket Oligoplites zaurus
Lookdown Selene vomer
Snappers Lutianus spp.
Silver blenny Eucinostomus gula
Grunts Haemulon spp.
Pigfish orthopristis chrysoptera
Porgies Archosaraus spp.
Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides
Red drum Sciaenops ocellata
Silver perch Bairdiella chrysura
Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nibulosu
Southern kingfish Menticirrhus americanus
Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber
Sergeant major Abudefduf saxatilis
Slippery dick Halichoeres bivittatus
Hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus
Parrotfishes Scarus spp.
Sparisoma spp.
Mullet Muqil spp.
Barracuda Sphyraena barracuda
Blennies Paraclinus spp.
Chaenopsis spp.
Blennius sp.
Dragonet Callionvmus parciradiatus
Gobies Bathygobius sp.
Gobiosoma spp.
Microqobius spp.
Scorpionfishes Scorpaena ' spp.
Searobin Prionotus, spp.
Lined sole Achirus lineatus
Tonguefish Symphurus Rlagiusa
Filefish Monocanthus ciliatus
Cowfish Lactophrys quadricornis
Trunkfish Lactophrys trigonus
Southern puffer Sphoeroides nephalus
Burfish Chilomycterus schoepfi

(Adapted from Zieman, 1982)
= Important sport, commercial and bait species

Reptiles

Green sea turtle Chelonia. mvdas
Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta carretta carretta
American crocodile Crocodylus acutus

Birds

Roseate spoonbill Ajaia alala
Great blue heron Ardea herrodias
Great white heron Ardea occidentalis
Great egret Casmerodius albus
Little blue heron Florida caerulea

Reddish egret Dichromanassa rufescens
Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor
Bald eagle Halieaeetus leucocephalus
Red-breasted merganser Mergis serrator
osprey Pandion haliaetus
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis
Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus

Mammals

Bottle-nosed dolphin TursiORs truncatus
West Indian or Florida Trichechus manatus latirostris
manatee

(From Kushlan, 1976, 1978)

3. Hardbottom

This community association is referred to as live bottom
(Jaap, 1984) or hard bottom (Voss, 1982; Marzalak et al.,
1977; Marzalak, 1982: and others). It is generally included
as a subcategory of the coral reef habitats, as described by
these authors. Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve does not
encompass coral reef habitats but does exhibit suitable
substrate and many of the species described by these authors,
and thus will be treated as a separate community association
within this plan and in the resource maps. Portions of the
Atlantic sea floor, channel bottoms and lagoonal basin are
representative of this community association. Artificial
hardbottom substrate is also provided by rock rubble and
concrete associated with the bridges and abutments of U.S. 1.
Marine grassbeds, sand, and mud bars are usually intermixed
with the naturally occurring hard bottom communities.
Distribution of macrofauna is generally scattered in random
patterns and is never as compact or diverse as are grassbeds
or coral reefs. Never the less, this community association
supports a diverse invertebrate and vertebrate fauna and is a
valuable nursery area for many .sport and commercial fish
s
pecies (Jaap, 1984).

The flora and fauna of this association are highly variable
and may contain species of the patch reef, mangrove and
seagrass associations but species composition is usually
dominated by algae and invertebrate species such as soft
corals, sponges, and small stony corals. The algal species
are well represented by the calcareous greens, Acetabularia,
Batophora, Halimeda, and Udotea spp. These species are
instrumental in binding sediments and the formation of
calcareous sands that are the byproducts of their skeletal
remains. They are also a food source for herbivorous fish and
invertebrates. The brown Sargassum supports a relatively

complex microcommunity within it's delicate leaves and
nodules.

The soft corals (octocorals or gorgonians), such as sea whips
(Pterogorgia spp. ) , sea fan Gorgonia ventalina) , sea rods
(Plexaura spp.), and the sea plumes (Pseudopterogorgia spp.)
are more common in the Atlantic portion of the preserve.
Stony corals found in the live bottom communities include
clubbed finger coral (Porites porites) , porous coral (1!.
asteroides), starlet coral (Siderastrea radians), rose coral
(Manicina areolata) , lobed star coral (Solenastrea hyades) , I
and smooth star coral (a. bournoni). These species vary from
a few inches to a foot in height. Colonies of finger corals
may cover several square meters in the clear, shallow waters
near protected banks.

The sponges are well represented in the hardbottom community.
Dominance of this group in areas of the lagoonal basin is
typical where sediments are thin or basement rock is exposed.
The delicate holdfast is attached to the bare rock. The most
prevalent species are the chicken liver sponge (Chondrilla
nucula) , vase sponge (Ircinia campana) , cake sponge (1.
etherea) , stinking sponge (I. felix) , the little blue heavenly
sponge (Dysidea etherea), the large loggerhead sponge
(Spheciospongia vesparia), and the tube sponges (Aplysina
cauliformis and Callispongia spp.). Both sponges and
octocorals are host or@ prey to a wide variety of organisms
that live on or in their framework. Both groups glean
sustenance from the surrounding water and in doing so act as
filtering mechanisms to remove minute particles and nutrients
from the water.

Lesser numbers of the sheepswool (Hippiospongia lachne),
yellow sponge (Spongia barbara), and keys grass sponge
(Spongia graminea) are found mixed in both hardbottom and
marine grassbeds. Sparse numbers of these once common sponges
may be due to harvesting pressure. There were 298,550 pounds
of sponges harvested in Monroe County in 1989 (FDNR, 1989).
This represents an increase of 275,533 pounds over 1984
figures (NMFS/SEFC, 1986).

Motile fauna of the hardbottom. include many invertebrates and
fishes of mangrove and seagrass communities. This area
provides microhabitats for many juvenile fishes as well as
infaunal organisms that tunnel the shallow sediments. Marine
turtles are also quite frequently observed feeding or resting
in these areas. The hawksbill turtle is especially fond of
sponges which may comprise as much as 95 percent of it's diet
(Meylan, 1988).

The reader is referred to previous sections on mangroves and
marine grassbeds for additional information and species lists.

H. DESIGNATED SPECIES

The many resource types within the preserve support a rich and
varied population of plants and animals. Previous sections
have enumerated the many material and aesthetic values accrued
to man in conserving and protecting these resources. This
section will discuss the often critical importance of these
resources to other species of plants and animals that are
endangered or threatened with extinction throughout part or
all of their geographic range. In most cases, their
endangerment is the direct result of man's exploitation of the
natural resources of an area. Excessive harvesting,
collecting, landclearing, construction, dredging, treasure
salvage, ditching, the use of pesticides, and the introduction
of exotic plants and animals have contributed to the decline
of many of these species and will continue to stress recovery
capabilities for most of them.

It shall be a major objective of this plan's management policy
to identify, map, and protect the endangered and threatened
species habitat within the preserve boundary and provide input
in decisions that would affect known habitat of these species
on adjacent lands and in marine areas. To the maximum extent
possible (where biologically and economically feasible),
disturbed habitats will be restored to benefit endangered and
threatened species., Educational programs for the general
public, organizations, and governmental agencies shall be
prepared and disseminated in hopes of informing and enliiting
support for the conservation and protection of vital habitats.

The small islands in and adjacent to the preserve are host to
a large number of endangered and threatened plant species.
Most are tropical species of West Indies origin. A
preponderance of the listed species occur within the mangrove,
saltmarsh and tropical hardwood hammock communities. The
numbers and degree of endangerment may well reflect the stress
imposed by development on Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys, as
well as other areas of the Keys. Equally devastating pressure
is exerted by plant collectors and poachers whose primary
objectives are the epiphytic orchids (Encyclia spp.) , air
plants (Tillandsia spp.), cacti (Cereus spp., Opuntia spp.),
and palms (Thrinax spp.). Entire areas may be stripped of
these plants. Displacement by exotic (introduced) plants is
also a problem where soils have been disturbed.

The often maligned manchineel .(Hippomane mancinella), a
threatened species, has been totally eliminated from much of
its former range in the Upper Keys. The often exaggerated
toxic properties of this once abundant tree were reason enough
to exclude it from inhabited areas. Several specimens still
survive in the more remote wetland areas of Upper Matecumbe
Key. Other less threatening or less conspicuous plants include

the endangered geiger tree (Cordia sebestena ' wild cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum), and bay cedar (Suriana maritima).

Endangered and threatened hardwood hammock species, or small
coloni'es of these species are generally dispersed randomly
throughout a hammock. This 'clumping' is often overlooked by
those who clear land for development. This practice may
eliminate an individual or an entire colony of an already
limited species. The endangered Lignumvitae trees (Guaiacum
sanctum), for which the island and preserve were named, have
all but disappeared in the wild on the Upper Keys.

(The reader is referred to the Florida Park Service at
Lignumvitae Key State Botanical site for additional
information on tropical hardwood hammock species.)

Table 6 provides a partial species list of plants considered
to be endangered or threatened by 1) Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services, the official State list
(Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act, Florida
Statutes, Section 581.185, 1978) ; 2) rare (R) , endangered (E) ,
threatened (T), and species of special concern (SSC) from the
Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals
(FCREPA) list: and 3) Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida
series (P.C.H. Pritchard, ed.). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is currently rev iewing several of these plants for
federal listing.

The plant communities within and adjacent to the preserve are
host to an equally diverse number of endangered and threatened
animals. These areas provide food, cover, and nesting habitat
for a broad range of resident animals and are equally
important to several transitory species. Table 7 . lists
species that could be expected to utilize various habitats
within or adjacent to the preserve.

The threatened Eastern indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) will
utilize a variety of habitats including mangroves and
saltmarsh areas (Weaver, 1978 (a)J. Loss of suitable habitat
is probably the single most important influence on their
survival. Public education may be beneficial in erasing the
age old prejudice towards snakes in general. These snakes are
non-poisonous and are beneficial to man, in that they feed
upon insects and rodents that are considered vermin. Yet most
of them are systematically eliminated from the environs of man
out of fear or ignorance and the introduction of domestic
pets. If this species still exists in the area of the
preserve, it would most probably be on Lower Matecumbe Key.

The Key mud turtle (Kinosternon bauri bauri) utilizes fresh
and brackish wetlands for feeding, resting and raising their
young. The endangered mud turtle is an elusive creature that
is often difficult to find even in its known habitat. Bottoms

of ponds and solution holes are often carpeted with thick
layers of mud and leaf litter that offer excellent cover for
this small turtle (Weaver, 1978 (b)). During periods of
drought the turtle may burrow into crevices or tunnel under
rocks to conserve body moisture and await the rains that
replenish the pond (Dunson, 1981).

The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) would most probably
be an infrequent visitor in the preserve. However, sitings in
the Upper Keys have become more common and the crocodile may
traverse large expanses of open water (Moler, personal
communication, 1987).

The avifauna of the area represents the largest group of
listed species. All except two species on Table 7 are
dependent upon wetlands for their survival. The Little blue
heron (Egretta caerulea) , Snowy egret (Egretta thula) , Reddish
egret (Egretta rufescens) , Tricolored (or Louisiana) heron
(Egretta tricolor) , and the Roseate spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja)
are currently listed as species of special concern. These
colonial nesters were easy prey for the plume hunters of the
early part of the century. Entire rookeries were annihilated
as plume hunters killed the adult birds in breeding plumage
and left chicks to die -or f ed them to their hogs. As the
demand for plumes declined, the real estate boom began in
south Florida. Thousands of acres of wetlands were drained
for agriculture and residential development. Depleted
breeding stocks and ever vanishing habitat brought these
species and others to the brink of extinction. Loss of
habitat, water management practices on the mainland, and the
introduction of pesticides into the food web may still imperil
the survival of many.

The modest colony on Shell Key accommodates breeding pairs of
Snowy egrets'. Brown pelicans, Great blue, Great white and
Little blue herons, Roseate spoonbills and White ibis. other
wading birds may also be observed there.

The Southeastern snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus
tenuirostris) is a summer visitor to our shorelines and
shallow-water wetlands but does not nest here (Wofenden,
.1978). This species has been decimated by excessive hunting
and destruction of habitat in many of the Caribbean countries.
It is currently listed as a threatened species (Arendt et al.,
1979; Wiley, 1979).

The White-crowned pigeon (Columba leucocephala), a threatened
species, is also hunted for sport and food in many of the
Caribbean countries. Excessive hunting pressures, egg
collecting and removal of tropical hardwood forests have
seriously depleted resident populations in at least two
countries. Cooperative agreements, closed seasons and
complete protection in several areas have slowed the decline

of this species. Resident populations in the Keys are
protected from hunting but efforts must continue to stem the
loss of tropical hardwood trees that the pigeon depends on f or
food. Poisonwood (Metopiu toxiferum) is a favored food
during the fruiting period. As the name implies, this tree
has certain toxic properties that irritate sensitive human
skin (and may cause more severe complications for
hypersensitive persons) and it is frequently eradicated from
human environs. Other less objectionable hammock trees and
shrubs, such as, Pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia),
Snowberry (Chiococca alba), stoppers (Eucrenia spp.), Wild
coffee (Psychotria nervosa) and wild figs (Ficus spp.) are
also staple foods. However, few of these plant species are
given explicit protection under local landclearing ordinances
(personal observations) . The pigeon feeds in the hammocks and
nests in the more remote mangroves. It is shy and sensitiye
to human habitation or disturbance in both areas (Robertson
and Kushlan, 1978; Sprunt, personal communication).

The endangered Peregrin falcon (Falco Deregrinus) is a winter
visitor to the Keys. Pesticides in the food chain were
.instrumental in the decline of this raptor. Elimination of
certain insecticides and reintroduction of the peregrin are
proving successful in reestablishing this species in the
former range. Perched upon utility wires or hovering over
open areas, it can overtake and capture other birds in
midflight. It may be encountered in variety of habitats from
September to May (Snyder, 1978).

open-water piscivorous birds include the endangered Bald eagle
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and the threatened Eastern brown
pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis). The eagle
population has suffered a 50% decline over the last 30 years.
Florida populations have dropped from 1,000 to less that 350
breeding pairs (Robertson, 1978). Eagles have been
documented for the preserve area.

The Eastern brown pelican has suffered a similar f ate on a
national level. A massive die-off in Texas and Louisiana
during the 1960's prompted 'the federal government to list the
pelican as an endangered species until 1984. It appears that
local populations have remained fairly stable and the pelican
has been deleted from the endangered category and it is now
considered to be a species of special concern in Florida.
There are 19 breeding colonies of brown pelicans in the Keys.
This represents 38% of the Florida population (Schreiber,
1978). The pelican prefers more remote mangrove areas for
nesting and will often join other colonial species.

The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) , which is not currently listed,
may well reach threatened status if present populations
continue to decline. The locally limiting factors are thought
to be availability of suitable nesting habitat and adequate

f ood during the nesting season. The osprey is tolerant of
human occupation but like the eagle, prefers large, dead trees'
that rise above the surrounding canopy for nesting.
Hurricanes and landclearing have removed many of these
suitable trees and the osprey has opted for nesting on utility
poles and elevated platforms. Artificial nesting platforms
have been successful in attracting breeding pairs in the
vicinity of the preserve.

Continued protection of mangrove rookeries and the
mangrove/detritus food chain are vital for the eagle, pelican,
osprey and the many wading birds that depend upon fish and
marine invertebrates for food.

Qualitative information on marine fishes and invertebrates are
conspicuously absent from the literature. Of those listed,
only the Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) has been
extensively studied. This species is a prized sport and food
fish and much controversy currently rages regarding the
reasons for it's decline and the appropriate measures for
ensuring a return to former abundance. Pesticides spraying
(EPA, 1981), habitat destruction and overharvesting are the
primary concerns. Egg and larval stages of most marine
species are adversely affected by insecticides. Removal of
larger fish, through uncontrolled commercial or sport fishing,
depletes brood stock. The effects of both. were quickly
evident. Destruction of mangroves and marine grassbeds are
additional stresses that have negatively affected the snook
statewide.

Discontinued spraying for mosquitos over aquatic preserves and
federal refuge and park lands may have Ialready contributed to
higher hatch success for snook. The long term data will
undoubtedly prove this policy beneficial. Closing certain
areas to commercial net boats and imposing closed seasons and
strict size limits for both commercial and sport fisheries may
also reverse the previous trend. Current reports from
professional guides and sportfisherman indicate that this is
the case and that more f ish are being taken in the Keys.
Those over or under the size and over the bag limits should be
returned to the water, uninjured.

This and other listed fish species are adversely affected by
modification or loss of habitat. Alteration of mangroves and
marine grassbeds eliminates habitat and often creates
turbidity that smothers eggs and clogs gills. Preservation of
these and other species requires that disturbances in marine
wetlands be kept to a minimum and that these areas be
protected from upland drainage that introduces silt and
pollution into nearshore habitats.

The marine turtles have suffered depredation similar to t 'hat
described for the wading birds. The Atlantic green turtle

(Chelonia mydas mydas) was once a mainstay to Keys fisherman.
Shortly after the turn of the century, most of these turtles
had been eliminated from local waters. Overharvesting and egg
collecting, and entanglement in other parts of the Caribbean
and Gulf of Mexico have continued to stress survival for all
marine turtles. Suitable habitat f or nesting does not exist in
the preserve but all three species may be encountered in the
area, the Loggerhead (Caretta caretta caretta) being the most
common.

The endangered West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus
latirostris) is an occasional visitor to the preserve area.
Individual animals or small groups are often reported to
appear in marinas and residential boat basins or canals during
the winter months and occasionally during summer. Cool water
temperatures farther north may prompt this migration out of
the usual winter range. Well meant offerings of food and
fresh water will often entice the manatee to linger in these.
areas for longer periods. This practice should be strongly
discouraged, as it increases the manatee's exposure to danger
from boats. Although there are no designated "manatee areas",
boaters should be cautious and reduce speed when manatees are
in an area. Heavy penalties are imposed for harassing or
negligently injuring or killing this highly endangered
species.

The endangered Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli)
and Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossyDinus'
allapaticola) were introduced to Lignumvitae Key from north
Key Largo when populations on the later island were threatened
by impending development. It was felt that since Lignumvitae
was protected from urban development that the introduced
stocks would preserve the gene pool of the rodents. The
woodrat has survived on the island but recent trapping efforts
did not produce any cotton milde (Wells, pers. comm., 1990).
Additional surveys are needed to confirm presence/absence of
the cotton mouse. State acquisition of critical habitat on
north Key Largo will hopefully insure their continued
survival. Both rodents use a variety of habitats with a
preference for tropical hardwood hammocks for feeding and
nesting.

Although state law (F.S. 370.110) prohibits the taking of hard
corals (Millepora spp. and the Scleractinia) and a few species
of sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum) from State
waters, many of the octocorals (gorgonians) , tropical fish,
mollusks, crustaceans, anemones, and other invertebrates are
less stringently regulated. Permits are required for these
activities but monitoring and regulating collectors is
difficult, if not impossible, given the broad geographic
extent of the State's marine waters. Local collecting is
still conducted by both professional and amateur aquarists,

often with little regard for non-target species when pursuing
specimens.

overharvesting is also a potential problem. Intensive
collecting of a single species may eliminate that species from
an area. The ecological repercussions are problematic but each
organism fills a particular biological niche and mass
alteration of community structure would affect other organisms
that interact with the target species (e.g. predator/prey,
parasitic, symbiotic, and mutualistic relationships).

The concern for an individual endangered species may prompt a
concerted effort for preservation and has proved successful in
a limited number of cases. The Peregrin falcon and the
Alligator are such examples. Other efforts have proved only
marginally successful. The Florida manatee has benef itted from
designated sanctuaries and captive breeding efforts but the
steady growth of recreational power boats still imperils this
slow moving siren throughout-much of it's already diminished
range. The most recent population estimate indicates that
there may be less than 1,500 individuals statewide.

The onslaught of human populations and development leave
little hope for many of these animals. Designated refuges and
preserves, stringent laws and a "conservation ethic" are
possibly all that separate them from extinction.

TABLE 6

FLORAL SPECIES OF THE LIGNUMVITAE KEY AQUATIC PRESERVE AREA
THAT ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED, THREATENED
OR COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED

Scientific Name Common Name Status

FDA USFWS
Acrostichmu danaeifolium Giant leather fern T
cereus gracilis Prickly apple cactus E UR
Cereus pentagonus Barbed-wire cactus T
ChrysORhyll olivaeforme Satinleaf E
Cocos nucifera Coconut palm T
Cordia sebestena Geiger tree E
Encyclia boothiana Dollar orchid E UR
Encyclia cochleata Clamshell orchid T
Encyclia tampensis Butterfly orchid T
Gossypium hirsutum Wild cotton E
Guaiacum sanctum Lignumvitate E
Hippomane mancinella Manchineel _T
Hymenocallis latifolia Spider lily UR
Jacauinia keyensis Joewood T
Limonium carolinianum Narrow-leaved sea UR
var.anaustatum lavender
Opuntia compressa Prickly pear cactus T
Opuntia stricta Prickly pear cactus T
Suriana maritima Bay cedar E
Swietenia mahogani West Indian mahogany T
Thrinax floridana Florida thatch palm C
Thrinax microcaMa Brittle thatch palm C
Tillandsia balbisiana Reflexed wild pine T,
Tillandsia circinata Twisted air plant T
(= T.Paucifolia)
Tillandsia fasciculata Wild pine or Air plant C
Tillandsia flexuosa Banded wild pine T
Tillandsia setacea Needle-leaved air plant T
Vanilla barbellata Wormvine orchid E

Note:
FDA==Florida Department of Agriculture and consumer services
(list published in Preservation of Native Flora of Florida
Act, Section 581.185-187, Florida Statutes).
E = Endangered
T = Threatened
C = Commercially Exploited

USFWS==United States Fish and Wildlife Service (list published in
List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, 50
DFR 17.11-12).
E Endangered
UR Under review for federal listing

TABLE 7

FAUNAL SPECIES OF THE LIGNUMVITAE KEY AQUATIC PRESERVE
AREA THAT ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED# THREATENED, OR
OF SPECIAL CONCERN

Scientific Name Common Name Status

FGFWFC USFWS
Centropomus undecimalis Common snook SSC
Rivulus marmoratus Rivulus SSC
Starksia starcki Key Blenny SSC

Caretta caretta caretta Atlantic loggerhead
turtle T T
Chelonia mydas mydas Atlantic green turtle E E
Crocodylus acutus American crocodile E E
Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback turtle E E
Drymachon corais couperi Eastern indigo snake T T
Eretmochelys i. imbricata Atlantic hawksbill
turtle E E
Eumeces egregius egregius Florida Keys mole skink SSC UR
Kinosternon bauri bauri Key mud turtle E UR
Lipidochelys kempi Atlantic ridley turtle E E

Ajaja ajaja . Roseate spoonbill SSC
Columba leucocephala White-crowned pigeon T UR
Egretta caerulea Little biue heron SSC
Egretta rufescens Reddish egret SSC UR
Earetta thula Snowy egret SSC
Egretta tricolor Louisiana or Tricolor
heron SSC
Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon E T
Falco sRarverius Paulus Southeastern Kestrel T UR
Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle T E
Pelecanus occidentalis Brown pelican SSC

Neotoma floridana smalli Key Largo wood rat E E
Peromyscus gossyRinus Key Largo cotton mouse E E
allipaticola
Trichechus m. latirostris West Indian manatee E E

Note:
FGFWFC==Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
(list published in Section 39-27.03-05, Florida
Administrative Code) E = Endangered, T = Threatened,
SSC = Species of Special Concern

USFWS===United States Fish and Wildlife Service (list published
in-List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants,
50 CFR 17.11-12) E = Endangered, T = Threatened,
UR = Under review for federal listing

I. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES

The early native Indians and Bahamian fisherman exploited the
abundant fish and turtles and salvaged the cargos of
unfortunate sailing ships that were dashed upon the
treacherous reefs offshore. The somewhat sketchy but colorful
exploits of the pirates who plundered the treasure laden ships
of the Spanish f leets were also to become an indelible page in
the Keys' history. Later, the descendants of these
enterprising sailors and the immigrants from the Bahamas and
Cuba were to become permanent colonizers of this chain of
islands. The ever present threat to navigation, the tropical
growing climate and the rich bounty of the sea were the
mainstay of a culture devoted to ship salvage (or "wreckers") ,
citrus and pineapple plantations, and the sponge, turtle and
fishing industries (Carter, 1976) (Eyster, 1987).

To the south of Indian Key in 18 feet of water lies the San
Pedro wreck that sank in 1733. A fleet of Spanish merchant and
military ships had sailed from Havana in route to Europe
heavily laden with trade goods and precious metals. A
hurricane scattered the fleet and all but one were sank. The
wreck site was rediscovered in the 19601s. Most of the
artifacts and treasure were plundered prior to this time. On
April 2, 1989, the San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Site
was established by the Florida Department of State for
interpretation of Florida's rich maritime history.

Indian Key, the small island to the south of the preserve
boundary, has been occupied by various cultures from pre-
historic times. During the 1830's this 10 acre island served
as the county seat for Dade County and was a prosperous
wrecking village. Jacob Housman, the owner and developer of
the island, gained some notoriety for his wrecking exploits
and treatment of the native Indians in the area. Dr. Henry
Perrine was also a prominent resident on the island. Dr.
Perrine gathered and cultivated tropical food and fiber
plants from around the world in hopes of developing products
for local markets. The sisal plants (Agave spp.) that Perrine
introduced still persist on the island today.

In 1840, the island was attacked by a band of 100 Indians. Dr.
Perrine was killed in the attack and all the buildings and
supplies on the island were pillaged or burned. Housman had
escaped prior to the attack but died the following year in a
wrecking accident. The island was sold and has not been
inhabited since the 1930s. The state purchased the island in
.1970. The remaining streets and foundations have been
reclaimed from the prolific vegetation and the island is open
to the public for tours conducted by Florida Park Service
personnel. The Indian Key Festival is held in the spring and
attracts thousands of visitors during the two day event. Other

historic memorials and/or events are also held on the island
each year.

The Spanish are believed to have been the first post-Columbian
visitors to Lignumvitae Key in the early 1700's. Later,
Bahamian fishermen and wreckers probably visited the island
but no permanent settlement was established there, even during
Housman and Perrine's time. Exposure to prevailing sea breezes
that drove away the swarms of mosquitos most probably favored
Indian Key f or settlement. The island has been occupied by
various owners since the early 1900's, most notable of these
were the Matheson f amily of Miami during the early part of
this century. Their home and the surrounding grounds are
maintained as they were during that time period. Guided tours
of both the cultural and natural history of the island are
conducted by the Florida Park Service.

The twentieth century brought many changes to both the culture
and utilization of the areas natural resources. A chain of
lighthouses on the reef edge guided vessels on a safer course.
Blight and more productive ports in Cuba usurped the
agricultural markets and declining numbers of turtles and
sponging grounds eliminated those industries as sources of
subsistence. Motorized vessels and improved fishing methods
were to become the basis for an ever expanding fishery.
Flagler's railroad and a developing tourist industry on the
mainland soon lured hundreds and then thousands to the
tranquil splendor of the Keys. The railroad was eventually
replaced with a roadway and bridges after the Labor Day
@urricane of 1935. The Overseas Highway would accommodate ever
increasing numbers of sightseers and fisherman. Coupled with
the tropical climate and year round abundance, both the
commercial and sport fisheries flourished (Martin, 1949; Dean,
1982).

J. USES OF THE PRESERVE

In the last half of this century, improved snorkel and scuba
equipment has added an exciting dimension to the local tourist
industry. A short, comfortable boat ride will deposit
visitors in the clear, warm waters to observe the natural
wonders of the marine environment first hand. Commercial dive
operations, tour boats, and other tourist accommodations cater
to several million visitors a year. The dive industry
contributes substantially to the local economy and employs a
substantial number of the local and seasonal residents.

Pleasure boat registrations for Dade County doubled in the
period between 1964 and 1978. Registrations for Monroe County
quadrupled during the same time period (Mathis et al., 1979).
Currently (1989-1990) Dade County residents have registered
49,360 vessels and Monroe has registered 19,053 (FDNR, 1990).

Many of the boats registered in Dade County are used in Monroe
County waters. This pattern is. expected to continue as
regional population increases.

Numerous hotels, motels and private residences offer dockage
in the vicinity of the aquatic preserve. Additionally, there
are 5 commercial marinas on the western end of Upper
Matecumbe. Four of these are on the bayside of the island.
Ingress and egress to these marinas are through areas with
extremely shallow waters, expansive banks and marine
grassbeds. Traf f ic f rom these marinas and the Intercoastal
Waterway access the Atlantic Ocean via Teatable and Indian Key
Channels in the preserve. The other marina on Upper Matecumbe
is located on the Atlantic side of the island with a privately
maintained channel to deeper waters. one commercial marina on
the northeast tip of Lower Matecumbe is located immediately
adjacent to the aquatic preserve boundary and their vessels
must traverse waters of the preserve to access Florida Bay or
the Atlantic Ocean. This marina and two on Upper Matecumbe
offer rental boats to the general public.

Personal individual watercraft (jet skis, jet boats, water
taxis) have increased in popularity throughout Florida and
have recently become more frequently observed in the preserve.
Most enter the preserve from the U.S. 1 road shoulder or from
nearby marinas. They are extremely portable (up to 6 per
trailer) and convenient to launch from a sloped shoreline or
skid board, without the need for a boat ramp.

Income from sport (recreational) fishing is a major
contributor the local economy. Guide services, charter boats,
boat rentals, bait, fuel, food, ice and taxidermy services are
procured from local businesses. This income is generally
lumped with the tourist industry data and it is therefore
difficult to assign a dollar amount to these services.
Conservative estimates for 1986-87 indicated that more than
145 million dollars were spent by recreational fishermen in
the Keys (NMFS, 1988).

The commercial fishery is probably the third most important
industry in the county4 Commercial harvest of lobster, stone
crab, shrimp and finfish represented an estimated $36,000,000
to Monroe County in 1989 (FDNR, 1990). Boat yards, fuel, ice,
transportation and processing facilities are accessory
industries that employ additional workers who are indirectly
dependent upon the fishery.

Commercial harvesting of tropical fish, invertebrates and
sponges are also expanding industries. Current data for the
local tropical marine life fishery are not available but the
popularity of display aquariums and the proliferation of shops
and-businesses dedicated to procurement and shipping has
increased considerably. There are approximately 60 firms in

south Florida that are involved in the marine life harvesting
industry and it is predicted to expand by 10-15% each year
(Young, 1989) .

The harvesting of 'live rock', although currently banned in
state waters, has been a thriving industry in the Keys for the
past decade. 'Live rock' (or reef rock, mat rock, etc.) are
fragments of limestone with the living organisms attached that
are highly prized by the aquarium trade. These 'mini
environments' support algae, soft and hard corals, as well as,
many of the epifaunal and infaunal species associated with the
coral reef and hardbottom communities. The live rock is
typically harvested in shallow waters. one firm in Monroe
County estimated that their annual export of 'live rock' was
80,000 pounds per year (Young, 1989). There is currently a
total ban on live rock harvesting in state waters. Live rock
from federal waters is still landed in the county. The long-
term impacts to local resources was a primary concern in
imposing the ban in state waters (Wheaton, 1989).

Aquaculture offers. an alternative to harvesting 'wild'
products from the natural environment. Culturing live rock is
being explored by a few of the those in the industry, as well
as by other scientists. Algae and reef fishes are being
successfully cultured in tanks and abandoned barrow pits in
@he Keys. The success of culturing Pacific reef tropical fish
is a case in point for further exploration of this
alternative.

Commercial sponge harvesting has seen a resurgence throughout
southern Florida in the last few years. Stevely, et al.,
(1978) reported that the sponge harvest for Monroe County in
1976 was approximately 5,000 pounds. Figures from NMFS for
1984 indicate that more than 23,000 pounds were harvested in
Monroe County. Landings value of the 1984 catch is estimated
at $228,844 (NMFS, 1986). Recent data indicate that more than
298,000 pounds with an estimated value of $ 1,585,300 were
landed in Monroe County in 1989 (FDNR, 1990). Small flotillas
of skiffs and a 'mother boat' ply both the bay and ocean
nearshore waters. Spongers must hook sponges from the boat
rather than having divers clip the sponges. The hook or rake
must have a 5 inch tooth spread to prevent taking of smaller
sponges (Chapter 370.17, F.S.). Harvested species include;
Sheepswool sponge (Hippiospongia lachne), Yellow sponge
(Spongia barbara) and grass sponge (Spongia graminea).

Impacts Associated with Resource Use

The financial interests of both the fisheries and tourist
industries are inextricably linked to the presence and
products of the marine environment. Yet many scientists,
fisherman, divers, and environmentalists have expressed
concern for the past and present pressures and stresses

exerted upon this unique environment. Some areas have been
seriously damaged from negligent or accidental vessel
groundings. Still others have been impoverished by
overharvesting, coral and tropical fish collecting and
spearfishing.

Careless boat operation in shallow water is a major source of
damage to the preserve's resources. Many new arrivals and
visitors to the area are novice operators or new boat owners
and most are ill equipped for navigation in the shallow waters
around the barely submerged grassbeds. Without major efforts
to educate the boating public and improved navigational aids,
damage from boat groundings and prop dredging will undoubtedly
increase in proportion to the number of boats utilizing the
area.

Personal individual watercraft have been observed to impact
the feeding activities of wading birds and are disruptive to
nesting activities. Operation on shallow banks can damage or
destroy seedling mangroves and may damage marine grassbeds.
Irresponsible operation is also hazardous to other boaters,
swimmers, divers, and snorkelers in the preserve.

These and other impacts to preserve's resources will be
discussed further in Chapters V and VI.

K. REGIONAL LAND USE, DEVELOPMENT AND ASSO CIATED IMPACTS

1. Regional Land Use and Development

The south Florida region may be interpreted to include a
variety of locations or features depending upon: political
subdivision, county lines, geological formations, climate,
watershed or any number of other natural or artificial
boundaries. For purposes of this discussion, the south
Florida region will include Monroe, Dade, Broward, Palm Beach,
Hendry, Glades, Charlotte, Lee, Collier and the southern
portion of Martin counties. This delineation is based upon
their proximity to the Aquatic Preserve. All counties except
Glades and Hendry, which are principally agricultural lands,
are coastal areas with substantial population densities. All
are within a five hour driving time of the preserve.

As an ecological unit the south Florida region is often
characterized as the Kissimmee-Okeechobee, Everglades-Florida
Bay-Coral Reef system. Water quality, accumulation, aquifer
recharge, retention, dispersal and use are the common elements
that unit this region. Water needs of agricultural and urban
development must be balanced with the need to maintain or
restore quality, quantity and periodicity of water flow to the
larger environmental complex and for aquifer recharge.
Pollution, depletion, flooding, drought, salt water intrusion,

alteration or loss of environmentally sensitive wetlands, and
priority of use are ongoing issues that must be addressed by
the public and various management entities.

Potable water f or the Florida Keys is provided by pipeline
from well fields in the Biscayne Aquifer in south Dade.County.
overland water flow moves south from the Kissimmee River
basin, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades to enter Florida Bay
and eventually waters of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic
Ocean. Because these systems are interconnected, the impacts
to one part of the system will eventually impact all of the
system, depending upon severity and/or duration. The aquatic
preserve lies 'down stream' of this complex system in the
Coral Reef zone. It is linked to the larger region both
environmentally and economically.

The Keys have historically been a haven for respite from the
heavily developed urban areasalong the east coast of Florida
and the northeastern states. From the early days of Flagler's
railroad to the present, a large proportion of the visitors to
Keys are from the neighboring counties to the north. Many are
seasonal visitors-or part time residents. Interstate road
system and international airports connect the islands with the
region and the world.

U.S. Highway 1 links the Florida Keys with the mainland of
Florida with a series of 43 bridges and several causeways.
This is the only arterial roadway into or out of the Keys.
Miami International Airport is, approximately 80 miles
northeast via U.S. 1 and the Florida Turnpike. Marathon
Airport on Key Vaca and Key West International offer local
commuter service to Miami and several other cities in the
region.

From earliest recorded history, the Keys have been an
important maritime area. European trade routes and Caribbean
basin traffic have linked the islands with the rest of the
world. Ports in Miami and Key West continue that tradition.
They are major points of cultural and economic exchange.
Cruise ships and tour boats provide additional access for the
millions of tourists who visit the area annually.

Fisheries were probably one of the primary enticements to the
early explorers and settlers.of the Keys. Sponges, turtles,
finfish, conch, shrimp, and spiny lobster supported many
families and entire villages in some areas. All but the now
protected turtles and queen conch are still a mainstay to the
local commercial fisheries. Although this industry employees
a relatively small proportion' of the population, it is
probably the third most important industry in the Keys.
Economies are also stimulated by the facilities and services
related to recreational and commercial fishing.

Geographically. and historically, the region has been a
strategic location for national security interests. The U.S.
Navy, Coast Guard and Air Force staf f and maintain several
facilities throughout the Keys. Local populations and
economies are affected by the presence of these facilities.
Many of the retired staff have remained as. residents after
service.

The combination af climate, clear clean waters, coral reefs,
abundant fish and wildlife and accessibility are the main
attractions to both visitors and residents of the Florida
Keys. The Keys are the most popular diving destination in the
region and state and possibly, the continent. Millions of
visitors generate billions of dollars to the local economies
of the Keys and the region. Dive shops, schools, boats,
lodging, apparel, restaurants, marinas, car rentals, airlines,
photography and sundry other shops and businesses are geared
to the needs and services for this industry.

2. Local Land Use and Development

A major portion of the land area adjacent to Lignumvitae Key
Aquatic Preserve is undeveloped or is developed with low
density commercial and residential use. Commercial development
has proliferated along the U.S. 1 corridor through the center
of Upper Matecumbe. Residential development is typically
relegated to the side streets. Most of the commercial,.
development is composed of hotel/motels, marinas and other
resident and visitor services. Lower Matecumbe is devoted to
primarily residential use with a single motel and marina
adjacent to the preserve.

It should be noted that most development is serviced by septic
tanks rather than central sewage in the Lignumvitae Key
vicinity. Several commercial- facilities have secondary
treatment plants. Some new development is being required to
install secondary treatment plants which incorporate boreholes
for injection of effluents.

For purposes of this management plan, immediately adjacent
uplands will be limited to four categories based upon type and
intensity of existing use. These designations do not reflect
any particular zoning or planning area districts as applied by
Monroe County government. Residential will include properties
and facilities developed with multi-family and single family
homes. Commercial uses are typically hotel/motel, restaurants
and marinas. Public lands include the U.S.1 right-of-way
(including adjoining utility easements) and those facilities
or areas administered or managed by the Florida Park Service.
The Undeveloped areas category will include those lands that
are primarily mangrove wetlands and adjacent sovereignty
submerged lands. Figure 5 illustrates the various land use
categories adjoining or adjacent to the preserve.

3. Associated Impacts

on a regional level, impacts to the preserve may be evaluated
both from the economic and environmental perspectives.
Visitors and part time residents contribute substantially to
the local economy and tax base. Monies distributed for goods
and services support existing businesses and foster new
development of businesses and residences. The natural
resource and aesthetic values of the preserve are more
difficult to define but are none the less important to -the
local economy.

Environmentally, the inf lux of visitors and new residents.
place added potential for increasing use and development that
directly affect the aquatic preserve. Increased use by
boaters, fisherman, and snorkelers may stress certain
resources of the preserve and-in some cases will require new
or revised evaluations of the compatibility of these
activities with the long term conservation of biological and
aesthetic values for which the preserve was established.
Maintenance of water quality, listed species habitat, viable
fisheries, healthy benthic communities and a quality
recreational experience may be adversely affected by excessive
numbers or types of activities in the relatively small area of
the preserve. At the minimum, a system of monitoring the
types and intensity of use must be established to anticipate
some of these impacts.

Commercial and residential development also impacts the
quality and utility of the preserve. Excessive or poorly
planned development may negatively impact water quality,
vegetation, listed species, and the biological and aesthetic
qualities for which the preserve was established. As thousands
of new residents and tourists come to south Florida and the
Keys, so does new construction of homes, resorts, roads,
marinas, and facilities for disposal of the tons of solid and
liquid wastes of an expanding population. Upland run-of f
contains heavy metals, petroleum, pesticides and other
chemicals that pollute nearshore waters and are dispersed to
other areas either by waves and currents or through the food
chain. Heavy metal (mercury, zinc, lead, and cobalt)
concentrations in sediments and corals have been reported off
southeast Florida byManker (1975). Evidence from studies on
the effects of petroleum hyrocarbons has determined that these
substances are detrimental to corals and that massive or
chronic concentrations would also be harmful to other
organisms (Japp, 1984). Other chemicals may be quickly
diluted and dispersed, therefore more difficult to detect and
the long-term effects more difficult to predict.

Septic effluent is also transported well away from the point
of origin and this customary method of sewage disposal has
caused much controversy and concern for the health of

nearshore marine environments and the reef tract. The porous
limestones of the Keys do not retain the effluent long enough'
for adequate decomposition to occur (Bight et al., 1981).
Tidal activity, currents, and wind easily transport seepage
from surface water drainage and contaminated sediments to
nearshore and offshore areas. Likewisef the deep and shallow
well injection of inadequately treated sewage has proliferated
without sufficient knowledge of the particular geological
features of the injection site (Lapointe, 1989). Deep strata
test boring has been primarily limited to the -mainland of
Florida and little testing has been done in the Keys.
Information on the vertical and lateral movement of injected
materials and the final disposition of these substances and
their mutant byproducts is speculative without further
research.

The geologic strata, tidal regime, currents, thermal
stratification, chemistry and marine flora and fauna all
interact with human occupation of the coastal zone. The
ultimate effect upon the biological resources are at best
poorly understood and long-term research and monitoring will
reveal the foresight or folly of present activities, trends
and attitudes towards the protection and conservation of water
quality and the productivity of all marine systems. The true
value,of this unique resource cannot be fully appreciated by
its many benefactors without some knowledge of the delicate
balances and natural processes, and relationships that exist
within and between various community associations. Neither
can the long term survival of marine systems, as we know them,
be guaranteed without adequate research to determine the point
at which the system can realistically recover from natural
catastrophe and the cumulative impacts of man.

As control of regional or local populations, economies, and
politics are beyond the scope of this management plan,
monitoring of activities and active participation in local
planning efforts are seen as one avenue of addressing these
concerns. However, many of the existing and anticipated
impacts to the preserve's resources will be addressed by the
legislated statutes and rules and within the following
chapters of the plan.

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
FIGURE 5. Existing Land Uses
M Commercial

Public Lands

Residential
FTR Undeveloped

DNR-DRP
0

MILES

P, -,eo-00,

0Llo@-

IER
&kqNAMV, TA
L MATECUMBE
KEY

TEATABLE
KEY
z Z

LOWER
MATECUMB
KEY INDIAN VIA
K E Y

CHAPTER IV

MANAGEMENT AREAS

A. INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the plan divides Lignumvitae Key Aquatic
Preserve into separate management areas and establishes the
general or special rule criteria for allowable uses associated
with each management area. Since the statute and rule
specifically addresses docks, marinas, shoreline stabilization
and dredging, the primary focus of allowable uses will be
directed toward structures and construction activities. Non-
structural activities are addressed in Chapter V under
management issues and policy guidelines.

The intent of establishing management areas is four-fold: 1)
to provide a better understanding of the general and special
criteria designed to preserve and protect biological resources
and habitat through the management of activities and structure
design, 2) to identify the types of allowable uses on state-
owned lands within a preserve, 3) to provide both the Bureau
of Submerged Lands and Preserves' staff and other agencies a
continuity of direction in the management of the preserve, and
4) to provide local planners with a guide for land use
decisions.

Section B of this chapter will establish management area
categories based upon upland land use and relative values of
adjacent aquatic preserve resources. Section C delineates
minimum criteria for allowable uses. in the preserve, as
established by statute and rule.Section D delineates each
management area as to boundaries, description of resources and
allowable uses, specific criteria and the rationale for each
designation.

B. MANAGEMENT AREA CLASSIFICATIONS

The management areas are determined by identifying and
delineating relatively homogenous areas of (1) adjacent upland
, and 2) natural resources in the aquatic preserve. The
upland use classifications acknowledge the local government's
uses

decision as to how a specific upland area can be used or
developed. By necessity, the classification of management
areas in this system is broader than county zoning or planning
areas (e.g., Commercial (C) compared to the Monroe County
Urban Commercial (UC) and Suburban Commercial (SC) Planning
Districts). The land use categories employed in this
management plan are intended to group similar uses relative to
the types of structures and activities that may be associated
with each and to establish the types of uses and activities

that may be authorized on state-owned submerged lands within
the preserve. Specific land uses to be incorporated in the
classification of management areas include:

Commercial (C): This broad category represents state-
owned lands adjacent to lands designated for these uses
in the local Land Use Plan. It is also intended to
incorporate structures or facilities on or over state-
owned lands whose use involves the charging of f ees or
generation of revenue. Exceptions to this are federal,
state or county owned properties that may charge a
nominal fee, these facilities are considered a public
use. Examples of Commercial uses are marinas that charge
fees, business concerns, such as, dive shops, guide
services, boat rentals, industry, and private educational
facilities, that depend heavily on their direct access to
the aquatic preserve in order to function, and
establishments such as hotel/motels and restaurants, that
use their direct access to the aquatic preserve as an
economic enhancement. The structures associated with
this category are many and diverse, including docks,
marinas, ship stores, fishing piers, boat ramps, mooring
buoys, utilities and pilings. No structures associated
with this type of use are located within the preserve
boundary. However, uses associated with existing
Commercial facilities access and impact resources of the
preserve.

Public Lands (PL) This category includes aquatic
preserve areas adjacent or adjoining: facilities owned
and/or operated by state, federal or local agencies for
use by the general public at no charge or for a minimal
fee; and public services, such as roadways and utilities.
Certain lands within this category may have restricted or
limited access depending upon season and/or management
objectives and existing resources. Examples are
identified rookeries, critical habitat of endangered
species, controlled research areas, and areas being
restored.

The natural resources portion of the classification system is
established by evaluating the quality of a particular
submerged or emergent resource within the preserve. Resources
will be identified either as a Primary Resource Protection
Area (PRPA) or a Secondary Resource Protection Area (SRPA).
The methodology used to determine this resource value shall be
consistent with the latest methodology approved by the Bureau
of Submerged Lands and Preserves. Discrepancies in Management
Area Maps and actual resources on a site will be decided by
onsite surveys and evaluation by preserve staff.

The Primary Resource Protection Areas are those areas
recognized as having the greatest value to the overall

biological integrity and diversity of the pre serve. They are
assigned a value of still. A PRPA essentially combines Resource
Protection Areas 1 and 2, as defined in Sections 18-
20.003(31), and 18-20.003(32), F.A.C. Resource attributes
which determine a PRPA include:

1. non-exotic and non-invasive aquatic/wetland vegetation
(e.g., marine grasses, attached algae, mangroves, marsh
vegetation) that covers more than 1% of the surveyed
area;

2. unvegetated soft-bottom communities (i.e., infaunal
invertebrates) with a Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index
greater than 1.00;

3. hard-bottom communities (e.g., corals, soft corals,
sponges, algal beds) that have a frequency greater than
5% within the survey area;

4. species designated as endangered, threatened, or of
special concern (as contained in the most recent updates
of the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission and
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) that occupy or use
the area for habitat (e.g., feeding, breeding, refuge or
nesting); and

,,5. nesting or feeding sites for solitary or colonial birds.

State-owned submerged lands that are characterized by thei
absence of the above resource attributes will be identified as
a Secondary Resource Protection Area (SRPA) and assigned a
.resource value of 99211. A SRPA is a Resource Protection Area 3,
as,defined by Section 18-20.003(33), F.A.C.

As stated previously, resource values are to be incorporated
into the classification of management areas. For instance, if
an area within the preserve is determined to be a Primary
Resource Protection Area with a value of 1 and the adjacent
upland is classified as Public Lands, then this management
area would be classified as PL/1.

Co MINIMUM CRITERIA FOR ALLOWABLE USES

Chapter 18-20, F.A.C., provides the minimum standards with
regard to the utilization of state-owned submerged lands
within an aquatic preserve. The minimum standards for each
allowable use are detailed below.

All Dock Structures: Section 18-20.004(5)(a), F.A.C., states
that all docking facilities within an aquatic preserve shall
meet the following standards and criteria:

1. no dock shall extend waterward of the mean or ordinary
high water line more than 500 feet or 20% of the width of
the waterbody at that particular location, whichever is
less;

2. areas of significant biological, scientific, historic,
and/or aesthetic value require special management
considerations. Modifications to docks in these areas may
be more restrictive and shall be determined on a case-by-
case basis;

3. the number, lengths, drafts, and types of vessels allowed
to utilize the proposed facility may be stipulated;

4. where local governments have more stringent standards and
criteria for docking facilities, the more stringent
standards for the protection and enhancement of the
aquatic preserve shall prevail;

Boundaries of the preserve do not adjoin any upland property
that is currently zoned for single-family or multi-family use.
Therefore, the criteria for single-family and multi-family
docks, as outlined in Sections 18-20.004(5)(b) and (c),
F.A.C., respectively, are not included within this plan but
may be consulted in Appendix A.

Commercial-Industrial Docking Facilities and Marinas: Section
18-20.004(5)(d), F.A.C., states that commercial, industrial,
and other revenue generating/income related' docking
f acilities, as def ined by Section 18-20.003 (10) , F.A. C. , shall
conform to the following specific design criteria and
standards:

1 docking facilities shall only be located in or near areas
with good circulation, flushing, and adequate water
depths;

2. docking facilities shall not be located in Resource
Protection Areas 1 and 2 (= PRPA); however, main access
piers may be allowed to pass through Resource Protection
Area 1 or 2 that are located along the shoreline to reach
an acceptable Resource Protection Area 3 (=SRPA),
provided that such crossing will generate minimal
environmental impact;

3. the siting of docking facilities shall take into account
the access of boat traffic to avoid marine seagrass beds
or other aquatic resources in the surrounding area;

4. the siting of new facilities within the preserve shall be
secondary to the expansion of existing facilities when
such expansion is consistent with other standards;

5. the location of new facilities and expansion of existing
facilities shall consider the use of upland dry storage
as an alternative to multiple wet slip docking;

6. marina siting will be coordinated with local governments
to ensure consistency with local plans and ordinances;

7. marinas shall not be sited within state designated
manatee sanctuaries;

8. in any areas with known manatee concentrations, manatee
warning/notice and/or speed limit signs shall be erected
at the marina and/or ingress and egress channels,
according to Florida Marine Patrol specifications.

Exceptions to the standards and criteria f or any dockIng
facility may be considered, but only upon demonstration that
such exceptions are necessary to ensure reasonable riparian
ingress and egress. The following special criteria and
standards are also applicable for use of state-owned submerged
lands in the Keys.

Florida Keys marina and Dock, Sitings Criteria: Section 18-
21.0041(l) establishes general policies and specific criteria
for applications for leases, easements or consent to use
sovereignty submerged lands in Monroe County for multi-slip
docking facilities. Section 18-21.9941(l)(a) provides that
special attention and consideration shall be given to the
following:

1. the proximity to and potential adverse impacts on any
rare, threatened or endangered species, or species of
special concern, or their habitat, or on any portion of
the entire Florida Reef Tract and other corals;

2. eliminating any adverse impacts on wetland or submerged
vegetation or benthic communities; and

3. requiring adequate tidal flushing and/or circulation; and

4. maintaining or enhancing water quality at levels within
or above State water quality standards; and

5 requiring adequate water depths to avoid dredging and
other bottom disturbance; and

6. requiring consistency and conformity with local
government land use plans, zoning and other land use or
development regulations; and

7. requiring consistency and conformity with Chapters 27F-8,
27F-9, 27F-10, 27F-11, 27F-12, 27F-13, and 27F-15,

F *A.C., as amended, "Principles for Guiding Development
in the Florida Keys Area of Critical State Concern."

Section 18-21.0041(l)(b)

1. provides f or a moratorium on all leases in the upper Keys
until such time as rules are adopted for a Keys-wide
aquatic preserve or until the Monroe County Comprehensive
Plan with marina sitings policy is adopted, whichever
occurs first.

Section 18-21.0041(l)(b) further requires that:

2. no docking facilities shall be approved which require
either dredging or filling to provide access by canal,
channel, road, or any other means, except for'maintenance
dredging of existing canals, basins, or channels,
providing such maintenance does not exceed currently
acceptable water depths;

3. docking facilities shall only be approved in locations
having adequate water depths in the boat mooring, turning
basin, access , channels and other such areas to
accommodate the proposed boat use;

a. a minimum depth of -4 feet MLW shall be required;

b. greater depths for those facilities designed for or
capable of accommodating boats having greater than a 3
f oot draft, so that a minimum of one f oot of clearance is
provided between the deepest draft of a vessel and the
bottom;

c. depth requirements shall also apply to the area
between the proposed facility and any natural or other
navigation channel, inlet or deep water. Where necessary,
marking of navigational channels may be required. At the
Board's discretion, the conditions of the lease may
stipulate the number, lengths, drafts and types of
vessels to be moored in a facility.

4. Requirements for the size of the dock:

a. no. dock shall be shall exceed 500 feet in length,
unless the Board determines that it is not contrary to
the public interest;

b. no dock shall preempt more than 20% of the affected
waterbody;

c. a dock intended for the use of a private residence,
which is not subject to obtaining a lease, shall not
exceed 4 feet in width, terminal platform shall not

exceed 160 square feet, the width of which shall not
exceed 8 feet;

5. Special conditions for new or expanded docking facilities
for 10 or more boats require that water quality standards
be maintained, monitored, and that violations of same are
to be corrected and establishes penalties for failure to
do so;

6. New or expanded docking facilities will identify ways to
improve, mitigate or restore adverse environmental
impacts caused by previous activities and encourages
marina development to locate in already developed or
disturbed areas;

7. Docking facilities for 10 or more boats shall be required
to have a lease;

8. All applicants will be required to provide documentation
to show that there is an economic demand for the number
of boat slips requested, if the number is not consistent
with the Department's Projections of Marina Needs for
Monroe County;

9. multi-slip docking facilities shall not be considered for
approval if located over a benthic community, except main
access docks that may cross benthic communities to*reach
acceptable areas. This 'shall not preclude applications
for consent of use for the purpose of using the minimum
amount to obtain reasonable ingress and egress; and

10. the Board may grant special considerations to the
approval of leases or other consent to use state lands
for projects which are approved by the Department of
Community Affairs which are for the purpose of furthering
the commercial fishing village or commercial fishing
enterprise zone concept.

Lease or Transfer of Lands: Section 18-20.004(l)(b), F.A.C..
states that there shall be no further lease or transfer of
sovereignty lands within an aquatic preserve unless such
transaction is in the public interest. Section 18-20.004(2),
F.A.C., specifically defines the public interest test (see
Appendix A for a copy of Chapter 18-20, F.A.C.). Section 18-
20.004(l)(e), F.A.C., states that a lease, easement, or
consent of use may be authorized for only the following
activities: (1) a public navigation project; (2) maintenance
of an existing navigation channel; (3) installation or
maintenance of approved navigational aids; (4) creation or
maintenance of a commercial/industrial dock, pier, or marina;
(5) creation or maintenance of private docks; (6) minimum
dredging of navigation channels attendant to docking

facilities; (7) creation or maintenance of oil and gas
transportation facilities; (9) creation, maintenance,.
replacement, or expansion of facilities required for the
provision of public utilities; and (10) other activities which
are a public necessity or which are necessary to enhance the
quality or utility of the preserve and which are consistent
with the Florida Aquatic Preserves Act (Sections 258.35 and
258.46, F.S.). Section 18-20.004(l)(f), F.A.C., states that
structures to be built in, on, or over sovereignty lands are
limited to those necessary to conduct water-dependent
activities.

Utility Basements: Section 18-20.004(3)(c), F.A.C., states
that utility cables, pipes, and other such structures shall be
constructed and located in a manner that will cause minimal
disturbance to submerged resources (e.g., seagrass beds,
corals) and do not interfere with traditional uses. It will be
policy to place additional utilities within designated
corridors or existing easements unless no other reasonable
alternative exists.

Spoil Disiposal: Section 18-20.004(3)(d). F.A.C., states that
spoil disposal within an aquatic preserve shall be strongly
discouraged and may be approved only where the applicant has
demonstrated that there is no other reasonable alternative and
that the spoiling activity may be beneficial to, or at a
minimum, not harmful to the quality or utility of the
preserve. It will be the policy to prohibit spoil disposal
onto a PRPA within the aquatic preserve.

Boardwalks: Boardwalks shall be limited to the riparian
upland, with the exception of sovereignty submerged lands
adjacent to public lands, in which case they shall meet the
minimum design criteria for single family docks and be
constructed in such a manner as to allow maximum light
penetration, natural flow of waters and have hand rails to
prevent pedestrian access to traversed wetlands. Boat docking
or mooring within 500 feet of a boardwalk is prohibited and
"Docking Prohibited" signs will be displayed on the waterward
face(s) of the structure. The only exception to the 4 feet
width shall be to accommodate public access for documented
handicapped use. If a public boardwalk is intended for
handicapped use, it will be allowed to have 3 feet wide by 6
feet long by-pass(es) at 300 feet interval(s) on one or the
other side of the main four feet wide walkway.

RAaRs: Boat ramps will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Factors to be evaluated will include: (1) the extent of
alteration or elimination of natural resources or habitat
(e.g., seagrasses, shoreline vegetation, ne 'sting areas), and
(2) accessibility to the ramp from water and land routes
(e.g., adequate water depths over sovereignty submerged

lands). In no event shall dredging or filling of sovereignty
lands in a PRPA be authorized.

Additional criteria for the repair, replacement, and expansion
of existing structures are provided for in Chapter 18-21,
F.A.C. Replacement and expansion of structures must comply
with the minimum criteria provided for in Chapter 18-20,
F.A.C.

Criteria more restrictive than those listed in Chapter 18-20,
F.A.C., will.be used if the biological and physical conditions
of an area warrant it. As an example, docks may be limited in
size to protect seagrasses and corals. Areas requiring more
stringent criteria will be referred to as special management
areas and such areas will be labeled with the additional
letter "all on resouirce maps. Again, as an example, if
management area PL/l requires more restrictive criteria, then
this special management area would be classified as PL/la.

D. MANAGEMENT AREAS

In this section, each management area is delineated with
boundaries, descriptions, and allowable uses. Specific
criteria and supporting rationale for each special management
area is also provided. Final determination of allowable uses
will be made by the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
staff on a case-by-case basis. Figure 6 is a map of the
management areas within the preserve. The purpose of providing
this map is to give some general guidance and an understanding
of where the management areas lie within the preserve.

Some of the management areas reflect specific upland uses in
association with differing boundaries. As an example, two or
more upland parcels may have a similar use, yet the adjoining
submerged lands may have different resource types, and thus
have a different designated use. Other management areas may
have a' specific activity occurring within that is not
reflective of the overall upland use.

It should be noted that the following described boundaries
include only state-owned submerged lands. Privately held
submerged lands and privately owned riparian uplands are
excluded from the boundaries, as provided for in Section 18-
21.0041(3). Likewise, those submerged lands north of the
Intercoastal Waterway and contained within the boundaries of
Everglades National Park are specifically excluded from the
established management areas and criteria for state-owned
submerged lands. All activities, structures and uses within
the park boundary are dictated at the discretion of the
National Park Service.

MANAGEMENT AREA PLZI a
(public lands/primary resource protection area)
special management area

Boundaries: The Public Lands (Primary Resource Protection Area
with specific criteria) management area includes all
sovereignty submerged lands within the Lignumvitae Key Aquatic
Preserve not previously conveyed or leased to the Division of
Recreation and Parks, Florida Department of Transportation,
Everglades National Park, private entities or as described for
PL/2 and C/1 below.

Description: The area is characterized by fringing mangroves,
mangrove islands, hardbottom and marine grassbed associations.
The shallow grassbeds and mangrove areas provide feeding and
refuge habitat for wading and diving birds. State owned lands
adjoining the area exhibit salt marsh, mangrove, buttonwood,
and tropical hardwood hammock associations and are habitat for
endangered, threatened, and species of special concern.

Present development adjoining or within the area includes the
U.S. roadway and associated structures, the docks at
Lignumvitae Key, and navigational markers. Existing county
land use classification on Upper Matecumbe Key (that adjoins
the management area) is Native Area and consists of a wide,
undisturbed mangrove fringe. Water depths are typically
shallow near shore.

Allowable Uses: Public docks; utility easements; navigation
aids; highway maintenance/improvements; boardwalks; boat
ramps, preserve signage and normal repair and maintenance of
existing state facilities.

specific Criteria: The dock shall be the minimum size for safe
loading and off loading of passengers and mooring of the
attendant vessel (s) . Trimming or removal of fringing mangroves
shall be limited to the minimum required for the access pier
of the dock or boardwalk to reach open water. Handrails and/or
signage may be required to discourage docking at the access
pier or other portions of the dock or boardwalk that traverse
waters of less than -4 feet MLW.

Off shore structures will be limited to navigational aids that
may be established in the vicinity of the channels to
discourage boat groundings and prop dredging and/or approved
signs or buoys to mark the boundaries of the preserve, to mark
research areas, to display environmental education messages or
to identify limited or restricted access areas.

Rationale: The dock criteria are designed to limit impacts to
important marine resources, such as mangroves, corals and
marine grasses. Minimum depths are necessary to prevent
scouring of bottom features and to prevent excessive

suspension of sediments by prop wash. Public access elevated
board walks are preferable to use-of foot trails that compact
soils, create erosion channels and destroy vegetation in
wetland areas. Heights and widths of boardwalks are intended
to reduce shading and to eliminate obstructions to natural
water flow.

MANAGEMENT AREA PL12
(public land/secondary resource protection area)

Boundary: This Public Lands (within Secondary Resource
Protection Area) management area includes all sovereignty
submerged lands parallel and north of the U.S. 1 roadway
between Teatable and Lignumvitae Channels to a distance of 300
feet from the roadway edge.

Description: Submerged lands have been dredged and filled over
much of this area. The two natural channels traverse the
preserve in this location. This area adjoins the boat basin,
landing and staging areas for the Park Service tour boat and
a make-shift boat ramp and parking area. The west end of the
boat basin was originally used as a designated ramp but poor
design and subsequent filling-in has preempted use of this
area. Poor orientation and flushing capabilities create a
catchment for nutrient rich detrital sediments that are
anaerobic in the western one-third of.the basin. The eastern
portion exhibits a mix of unconsolidated rock rubble and
marine grassbeds. Other areas along the shoreline exhibit a
mix of patchy grassbeds, hardbottom, rock rubble and sand/mud
bars.

Currents in the 'vicinity of the three channels may exceed 5
knots during flood and ebb tides, making these hazardous areas
for small boats, swimmers and divers.

Allowable uses: Public docks; boat ramps; utility easements;
highway maintenance/improvements; normal repairs and
maintenance of existing state facilities; approved preserve
and state park signage; and navigational aids.

specific criteria: The existing aerial utility lines shall be
maintained in a safe condition to prevent accident or injury
to the public and resources of the preserve. Any application
to replace or substantially repair all or portions of the line
or poles shall be evaluated by the anticipated impacts to
marine grassbeds. In no event shall dredging be authorized to
access, repair or replace the line. Tug, barge or other
equipment to access or operate in the area shall be of a draft
that does not substantially disturb or prop dredge the bottom.
Applications for such work shall be required to contain a
description of the types, draft and numbers of vessels or

equipment to be used and a detailed plan and time f rame f or
restoring and replanting*areas that may be damaged.

Rationale: The line and poles traverse extremely shallow
waters adjacent to lush grassbeds. Conventional marine
construction equipment could inflict serious damage to marine
grassbeds in the area.

MANAGEMENT AREA CZ1 a
(commercial/primary resource protection area)
special management area

Boundary: The Commercial (within a Primary Resource
Protection Area with specific criteria) management area will
include all sovereignty submerged 1 'ands within the preserve
adjacent to the southeast shoreline of Lower Matecumbe Key
south of the U.S. 1 right-of-way, except for privately held.
submerged lands.

Description: Adjoining uplands are composed of saltmarsh,
buttonwood, beach/berm and disturbed vegetation. Submerged
lands are typically hardbottom, marine grassbeds and mud/sand
flats. Water depth is less than three f eet on high tide
except in Lignumvitae Channel. This area provides access to
waters of the Atlantic and Florida Bay. The two adjoining
parcels of privately held submerged lands are similar in depth*
and biological components and have a privately maintained
channel that accesses the preserve boundary in Lignumvitae
Channel.

Allowable Use: Highway maintenance/improvements; and
navigational aids.

Specific Criteria: Activities in this management area will be
limited to improvements or repairs to U.S.1 right-of-way and
navigational aids. No new dredging or filling will be
authorized on submerged lands in the preserve, except in
connection with highway projects.

Rationale: Present use adjoining this area is for a motel and
related amenities, including a boat basin and privately
maintained channel. The channel was dredged on privately held
submerged lands and accesses the boundary of the preserve at
Lignumvitae Channel. The present access is considered to be
adequate for riparian use.

Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
FIGURE 6. Management Areas

PL/la

PL/2

C/10

Evergilades
National Park

DNR-DRP 0

MILES

........... ............ ......

....... ....

.... ...........
0

...........
.................................. ..
..........

............ ... ....
....... ..........................

. .........
P@@4000000000000
................. . ..........
...............
. ..........
........ HELL .... .....
................
0 P,
KEY . ......
. ....... .... ..........
... .........
J%Z

... .......
...........
... .......
....... ............
.......... ....
..........
...... . .. ........
- - ---------
................................. . ....
....................

......... .................... ...... ..... . ... .......
.......... .......
. ..... ........ . ..
....................
-:-:- ..........
......... ... ...... .. ................ ..
......................... .. ........ . .............
..................... . ......... I...............
. ................ . .........
............... ..........
.............
..........................

.............. ........ ...
......................
.. .. ......... .
...................
........ ........
.......... .. .. .... ............. ... ...... .. . .* ...... ... ...
............. .... ........ . . ....... .. ...
. ............ ..................... ........ ...
................
.................... .. ................... .... ....
......... UPPER
......... ......
..... ------- ...........
................
.......... .... ....... ..... MATECUMBE
... @:@:@':-'LIGNUMVITA .....
.. . ... ............
::: ...... ............................ KEY
KEY

......... .. ...................
. ............ .............................
.. ......... ..................

TEATABLE
...........
............
. ..........................
........ KEY
. ............................
...... .. ...
.... ..... ..
........... ....
..........
.......... ..
. ...........
........... ..
..... ..............

............

LOWER

............. .
MATECUMB
KEY WN 61-A N
KEY

CHAPTER V

SITE SPECIFIC KANAGEMENT ISSUES

The f irst part of this chapter deals with management issues
involving specific activities, as opposed to permitted
structures, that directly affect the biological integrity of
the Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve. The issues that are
specific to this area include, but are not limited to:
conflicting uses, increasing watercraft traffic, damage to
marine resources, the protection of designated species and
their habitat, the protection of bird feeding and resting
areas, research needs, acquisition of environmentally
sensitive lands, boundary extension, and enforcement. Other
issues may arise as future use intensifies and these will be
identified as they develop. ,

The second part 'of this chapter establishes policy guidelines
for these issues. These policy guidelines are intended to
provide additional management direction and supplement those
set forth by Chapter 258, F.S., Chapters 18-20 and 18-21,
F.A.C., and Chapter IV of this plan.

A. MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND SPECIAL NEEDS

1*.' CONFLICTING USES

To some extent many of the issues identified in this section
are directly related to uses that may fulfill one individual
or groups needs but are in conflict with another's activities
(or safety) and/or the legislative intent for establishing the
preserve. Activities that compromise or damage resources may
not always seem significant unless cumulative impacts are
taken into account. 'Any of the following activities should be
evaluated for the long-term cumulative impacts.

Vessel mooring for extended periods shades submerged grasses
and may create hazards to navigation. Liveaboard vessels
often compound impacts with wastes and sewage that are
introduced to surrounding waters, whether intentional or
accidental. Boat operation and anchorage in shallow water
disturbs bottom communities and resuspends sediments that
affect light penetration to vegetation and coral. Anchoring in
grassbeds causes damage when anchors are dragged across the
bottom. (Policy Guidelines 1 and 11)

Both commercial and amateur collectors remove tropical fish
and marine invertebrates from the preserve. Chapter 46-42.001,
F.A.C., states that recreational collectors may take up to 25
individuals from the restricted species lists per day (fish,
invertebrates and algae). Commercial collectors are generally

licensed and have established daily bag and size limits for
some (but not all) fishes and invertebrates and four species
of algae. Commercial harvest limits may exceed recreational
limits for angelfish (75 per person/150 per boat/per day) and
butterflyfish (75 per vessel/per day). There are no limits on
commercial collecting of gorgonians (except Gorgonia ventalina
and Gorgonia flabellum, which are totally protected) , until
the Himits in federal waters have been met. There are 7 or 8
commercial collectors working either seasonally or annually in
the preserve. The number of amateur collectors is unknown.

Uncontrolled or excessive collecting pressure on tropical
fishes and other marine life may seriously alter species, age
and size class distribution in the preserve. Selective removal
of the 'aquarium size' fish and invertebrates alters food webs
and ecological partitioning in various communities. Diversity
and the long term stability of these environments may be
compromised. Collectors also detract from others' enjoyment of
the area by removing many of the more colorful fish and
invertebrates. Most of the collectors have been observed near
the bridges and thus may create navigational and safety
hazards for other preserve visitors. (Policy Guidelines 1, 6
and 16)

2. INCREASED AIR AND WATER CRAFT USE

The use of aircraft in and over the preserve area has given
rise to heated outrage by many of local fishermen and
residents and is extremely disruptive to bird life. The
northern most portion of Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
(within the boundary of Everglades National Park) is federally
restricted air space. There is no locally specified air port
district which allows this type of activity, nor is there a
designated federal landing area in the vicinity. The use of
commercial or private seaplanes and ultra light air craft are
not compatible with the traditional uses 'recognized for the
preserve. Nor are these uses compatible with the resource
management goals outlined in Chapter VI of this plan. (Policy
Guideline 12 and 16)

Logically, the numbers and types of watercraft within any
given body of water must be compatible with the available
space and existing water depths. Most boat traffic utilizes
the channels in the preserve for access to the Atlantic Ocean
and Florida Bay and thus are only passing through the area. As
previously noted, a large number of sport fisherman also
frequent the grass flats in the preserve. As populations
increase, so do the numbers and types of watercraft in the
preserve. increased pressure on limited resources and space
invariably generates conflicts with other visitors and public
safety.

Increasing use of the areas adjoining U.S. 1 for swimming and
snorkeling is a paramount concern. Boaters use the parallel
channels between Upper and Lower Matecumbe to circumnavigate
the large grassbeds and to access deeper waters in Indian Key
Channel. South of U.S. 1, the channel is narrow and shallow.
This area attracts many swimmers and snorklers. The boaters
may also use the channel to the north of the highway. To
alleviate the potential danger to swimmers and snorklers, the
area between Lignumvitae Channel and Indian Key Channels needs
to be designated as an idle speed zone and all swimmers and
snorklers should be required to display a divers down
flag.(Policy Guideline 15 and 16)

Additionally, one must consider the purposes for designating
the preserve; to manage primarily for the maintenance of
essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and
wildlife and public recreation. Preservation of natural
conditions is critical to maintaining fish and wildlife
habitats. If preserve visitors are to experience safe areas
for swimming and snorkeling, quiet areas for fishing and
wildlife observation, some regulation of boating traffic is
essential. (Policy Guidelines 1, 2, 4, 8, 15 and 16)

3. PROTECTION OF DESIGNATED SPECIES AND THEIR HABITAT

The Florida Keys are host to a variety of marine life@and
other species that have been designated as endangered,
threatened or species of special concern. Designated animal
species are not sedentary but traverse and utilize a wide
variety of habitats. Many designated species are frequent
visitors to or 'residents' of the Lignumvitae Key Aquatic
Preserve.

Listed Bird Species: Colonial wading and diving birds nest in
close proximity to the preserve and use the area extensively
for feeding and resting. The shallow grassbeds, mangroves and
-saltmarsh buttonwood areas are especially attractive to them.
Destruction of grassbeds and mangroves, boat traffic in
shallow waters and vehicular traffic in the saltmarsh
buttonwood areas disrupts or destroys vital habitat and
inhibits expansion of nesting areas. Ground nesting birds are
equally subject to disturbance from foot and vehicular
traffic.

Other Listed Wildlife Species:. As new species are listed or
as more information becomes available about the life histories
and habitat needs 'of presently listed species, certain
activities and management policies may need to be established
or revised to reflect these changes. For the present, all
state owned lands will be maintained in their 'essentially
natural condition,' as listed species' affinity for these
types of areas has been demonstrated.

Listed Plant Species: To the greatest extent possible, state
owned lands within the preserve should be protected from land
cl,earing, mangrove trimming and topographic alterations that
would negatively impact habitats for these plants.
Collecting, vehicular and foot traffic, altered water flow and
herbicides represent serious impacts to the plants themselves
and the habitat required for their survival. Restoration of
historic plant communities and eradication of invasive exotic
plants would also enhance habitat for these species and
wildlife. (Policy Guidelines 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 and
16)

4. DAMAGE TO SUBMERGED RESOURCES

Damage may be due to natural events, such as hurricanes or
disease but is most often the direct result of man's
activities in or adjacent to the preserve. Tropical storms
may erode or bury grassbeds, alter channels and blanket corals
and hardbottom communities with sediments. These are natural
cyclic events that have occurred for thousands of years. As
previously -noted, the capabilities for recovery of these
communities may be inhibited by the activities of,man.

Inexperienced boaters and careless boat operation in shallow
waters are responsible for extensive propeller scouring or
dredging of marine grassbeds in the preserve. Bottom scouring
removes valuable habitat, resuspends sediments creating
turbidity plumes that blanket adjacent grassbeds and
hardbottom. areas. These prop scars are slow to revegetate and
may be subject to additional erosion on channel edges. (Policy
Guidelines 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 15)

5. RESEARCH NEEDS

Current research being conducted will hopefully provide a
better understanding of the origins, processes, extent and
severity of mortality of marine grassbeds in Florida Bay.
Since this phenomena (and others) are a regional concern, and
since the grassbed communities are habitat for a broad range
of commercially and biologically significant species, all
efforts to identify affected areas and garner funding support
for research are considered a major priority.

Sediment and water quality research and monitoring are also a
priority. Nutrients, metals, pesticides, and other organic
compounds associated with septic and sewage treatment, farming
activities on the mainland and run-off from poorly planned
development are potential sources of pollution. Knowledge of
the sources, concentrations and long term effects of
pollutants that enter waters and sediments of the preserve are
needed. (Policy Guideline 7)

6. ACQUISITION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE LANDS

Extensive areas of saltmarsh and mangrove wetlands lies to the
east and west of the preserve. A large parcel on Lower
Matecumbe has been purchased by the state and the submerged
portions of that tract should be included within the preserve
or otherwise managed to prohibit prop dredging of the narrow,
shallow channel that parallels this shoreline. Persistent
scouring in this area resuspends sediments and damages marine
grassbeds and fringing mangroves. Poor visibility and
dangerous passing conditions in this channel have caused some
boaters to prop dredge a second channel across the shallow
flat to the north. Development of the presently vacant lands
in this area would serve to exacerbate boating related
impacts. (Policy Guidelines 3, 9 and 16)

7. BOUNDARY EXTENSION

Large corals, significant hardbottom and grassbeds lie seaward
of the present Atlantic boundary. These areas are in waters
f rom -4 to -18 f oot depths and include the San Pedro wreck
site and waters around Indian Key. As discussed in earlier
sections of this plan, the original boundary map of the
preserve would have included most of this area and it is
believed that this was the intent of the Governor and Cabinet
in designating the preserve. (Policy Guideline 10)

8. DEVELOP A MOSQUITO CONTROL PLAN

Past and present mosquito control activities have and will
continue to impact resources within the aquatic preserve.
Aerial or ground application of insecticides and carrier
substances may introduce toxic substances into waters of the
preserve. Coordination and cooperation with the local
mosquito control district to develop a mutually acceptable
management plan is imperative to protect human health and
welfare and the aquatic resources of the preserve. (Policy
Guideline 13)

9. DEVELOP AN ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT

The Florida Park Service (Division of Recreation and Parks)
has on-site law enforcement certified staff to protect and
enforce laws applicable to the administration of park lands.
However, jurisdictional boundaries for their authority do not
include water areas of the preserve. Present activities are
limited to observation and reporting violations and damages to
the aquatic preserve staff and Florida Marine Patrol. Since
many of the violations are resource related and are of a
misdemeanor nature, observation by the arresting officer is

required. Therefore, infractions of marine fisheries, diving,
spearf ishing and boating laws are often not cited, even though
observed. Cooperative management of the area cannot be
effective unless laws and rules can be enforced. (Policy
Guideline 14)

10. PUBLIC SAFETY

High speed boating through the channel that parallels . the
south side of U.S. 1 between Lignumvitae and Indian Key
Channels has resulted in a near f atal accident when a snorkler
was run down. Boaters have the option of using the channel to
the north of the roadway or circumnavigating the grass f lat to
the north or south. Swimming and snorkeling should not to be
encouraged to the north of the roadway because of deeper
waters, the existing boat ramp and heavier boating traffic.
Vessel mooring in the previous area obstructs safe passage by
other vessels and represents a hazard to swimmers and
snorklers. Since boating and swimming activities are
considered traditional uses of the preserve, some compromise
must be made in this area. Limiting boat traf f ic to idle speed
in the south channel would not preclude use but would increase
safety for swimmers and snorklers. Conversely, all swimmers
and snorklers should be required to display divers flags to
alert boaters to their activity. (Policy Guideline 15)

B. POLICY GUIDELINES

This section of the plan contains a number of management
policies guidelines that address the site specific management
issues identified as being particular to Lignumvitae Key
Aquatic Preserve. Adoption of these policy guidelines will
provide specific direction for managing those issues not
addressed directly by statute or rule. The major policy
guidelines for these issues include:

1. Promote recognition and appreciation of the fact that
marine grassbeds provide essential habitat and food
sources for a variety of organisms essential to the
biological integrity of the preserve. This biological
integrity translates into significant economic value to
this region, especially in terms of recreation, tourism
and fisheries.

2. Reduce the impacts to marine grassbeds f rom. prop dredging
and grounding damage by establishing a uniform system of
channel marking in the preserve.

3. Promote the acquisition of privately owned mangrove
wetlands, submerged lands and uplands adjacent to and in
close proximity of the preserve in order to enhance the

available habitat for endangered, threatened and species
of special concern.

4. Protect valuable feeding and resting areas for birds and
other wildlife by prohibiting jet skis and (motor) boat
operation in shallow waters, through supporting
appropriate rule changes or encouraging local ordinances.

5. Protect all biological resources by providing public
information displays, brochures and other programs to
increase awareness of the preserves resources.

6. Monitor and protect the biological diversity and
ecological balance of the hardbottom and marine grassbed
communities by seeking legislation that would require all
collectors of ornamental, aquarium marine life species
(including those regulated by Chapter 46-42, F.A.C.) to
provide detailed-species and quarterly landings data for
all species harvested in the preserve to the Division of
State Lands Field Office.

7. identify specific research needs and actively seek
support on a Division level for research funding.

8. Promote the protection of marine and upland resources by
disseminating literature and conducting environmental
education activities, both on and off site.

9. Promote acquisition of privately held, environmentally
sensitive lands to protect upland and marine resources,
and to maintain scenic vistas and aesthetic qualities of
the preserve.

10. Support extension of the Atlantic preserve boundary to
the -18 foot contour to protect larger corals, hardbottom
and marine grassbeds.

11. Protect water quality, aesthetic values and benthic
communities by seeking appropriate legislation to
prohibit liveaboard vessels and restrict transient
mooring in the preserve.

12. Reduce impacts to feeding and nesting birds, as well as
aesthetic appreciation of the preserve by seeking
appropriate federal, local and/or state code, statute or
rule changes to prohibit commercial and private aircraft
from flying less than 500 feet over or landing in the
preserve.

13. Reduce or eliminate adverse impacts to biological
resources of the preserve by coordination and cooperation
with Monroe County Mosquito Control District and the
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services to

develop a mutually acceptable arthropod control
management plan for the preserve area, pursuant to
Chapter 388.411, F.S.

14, Pursue formulation of a management agreement that would
authorize on-site Division of Recreation and Parks staff
to enforce relevant laws regarding marine pollution,
fisheries violations, trespass and the destruction of
natural features.

15. Reduce potential conflicts between user groups and
protect public safety by establishing an idle speed zone
between Lignumvitae and Indian Key Channels, south of
U.S. 1 and prohibit mooring in that area.

16. Encourage activities within the preserve which are
compatible with the purposes of protecting biological
diversity and productivity. Examples would be the use of
non-motorized shallow draft watercraft, such as canoes
and kayaks, and activities such as photography and nature
study.

CHAPTER VI

MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

The purpose of this chapter is to establish guidelines that
allow for the sound management and protection of the aquatic
preserves natural resources for the benefit of future
generations (Section 258.35, F.S.)

Before an effective program can be designed to manage and
protect natural resources, one must complete an inventory of
the resources, establish what their functions are, decide the
importance of these functions, and where these resources are
located. Additional efforts will consist of identifying those
activities or parameters that affect these resources, either
positively or negatively. This information will form the
foundation from which action will be initiated to manage and
protect these resources. The management strategies for an
aquatic preserve program must consist of a variety of
components such as resource management, resource protection,
research, and environmental education.

In general, the role of the program in management of the
aquatic preserve includes: 1) providing information on the
ecological functions and economic importance of resources
within the preserve, 2) overseeing those activities that
affect the natural resources, 3) ensuring that accurate
biological and physical information is considered in
permitting and planning decisions, 4) ensuring that all
statutes and rules regarding the preserve's natural resources
are complied with and that violations of these provisions are
investigated and corrected by appropriate enforcement
agencies, 5) conducting on site surveys for specific
activities, 6) coordinating with other resource management and
enforcement agencies, 7) educating the public on the inherent
values associated with natural resources, 8) conducting or
cooperating with a comprehensive management program that can
be periodically updated to reflect the dynamics of natural
systems and the changing needs of man and the resources. To
achieve those ends this section of the plan establishes goals
and identifies the supportive objectives and develops tasks to
accomplish those goals.

For all of the following goals, objectives and tasks, the
Department of Natural Resources will, when appropriate and
practical, participate with other agencies and organizations
dedicated to protecting the local resources. In order to
avoid duplication of effort the Department will initiate
programs only when they do not overlap or compete with
programs operated by other governmental agencies or non-prof it
corporations.

A. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The overall goals of resource management within aquatic
preserves are: 1) conducting and maintaining resource
inventories, 2) assessing the impact of human activities on
the resources, 3) establishing habitat restoration programs,
and 4) cooperating with other agencies in assessing, improving
and/or maintaining conditions that are conducive to preserving
the resources and water quality.

GOAL A.l: CONDUCT.AND MAINTAIN RESOURCE INVENTORIES

Obiective A.1.1: To conduct and maintain a resource inventory of
submerged resources for the aquatic preserve.

Task A. 1. 1. 1: Conduct an inventory of marine grassbeds, algal
beds, coral banks, and hardbottom. areas by using LANDSAT
imagery, aerial photography, and groundtruthing efforts every
three years, or more often if warranted.

Task A.1.1.2: The data base generated from these inventories
will be used to create and maintain biological resource maps
that will be consulted when assessing a proposed activity or
evaluating potential impacts from manmade or natural events.

Task A.1.1.3: All additional sources of data such as marine
life landings statistics, marine mammal strandings, die-offs,
or other unusual events will be recorded.

Task A.1.1.4: These inventories will be available to public
agencies involved in resource management and land planning.

Oblective A.1.2: To conduct and maintain a resource inventory of
emergent vegetation and habitats for the preserve lands.

Task A.1.2.1: Conduct and maintain an inventory of mangroves
and buttonwood/saltmarsh, other shoreline vegetation and
associated organisms in and adjacent to the preserve by using
LANDSAT imagery aerial photography and groundtruthing efforts
every three years, or more often if necessary.
Task A.1.2.2: The database generated from these inventories
will be used to create and maintain biological resource maps
that will be consulted when assessing a proposed activity or
evaluating potential impacts from manmade or natural events.

Task A.1.2.3: These inventories will be available to public
agencies involved in resource management and land planning.

Obiective A.1.3: Conduct and maintain inventories of designated
species and their habitats for the preserve.

100

Task A. 1. 3. 1: Conduct and maintain inventories of designated
species and their habitats by using data from existing
literature, managing agencies, f ield observations and current
research studies every three years, or more often if deemed
necessary.

Task A. 1. 3. 2: Coordinate with appropriate management and
enforcement agencies to ensure that preserve management
decisions and public actions or activities are compatible with
the viability and management of a species or habitat.

Ob! ective A. 1. 4: To conduct and maintain inventories of wading and
diving birds and their habitats in the preserve.

Task A.1.4.1: Conduct and maintain inventories of coastal
waterfowl and migratory bird species that feed, nest, roost
and loaf in the preserve and adjacent areas by using existing
literature, bird counts, field observations, and current
research studies every three years, or more often if deemed
necessary.

Task A.1.4.2: Coordinate with appropriate management,
enforcement and research agencies to ensure that preserve
management decisions and public actions or activities are
compatible with the viability and management of a species or
habitat.

Task A. 1. 4. 3: Coordinate with public or conservation agencies
that may be conducting similar inventories of species,
populations., life histories, migration patterns and habitat
needs where mutual benefits in knowledge and management
objectives are to be gained.

GOAL A.2: ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES/ CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Oblective A.2.1: To inventory and assess the effects of structures
and human activities on the natural resources of the preserve.

Task A. 2. 1. 1: Survey and inventory structures in the preserve
every three years or more often if necessary. This survey
shall contain at a minimum:

a) types of structures (dock, pier, seawall, rip-rap, piling,
mooring buoy, utility pole, etc.);

b) design of structures (width, length, height above MHW,
square footage of access pier and terminal platform, number
of pilings, number and size of finger piers, construction
material (wood, boulder or concrete), deck spacing, material
treatment (pressure and/or chemical treated), type of
anchorage for buoys or pilings, etc.);

101

c) the water depth at the terminus of the structure and/or
relation to MHW line for shoreline stabilization;

d) number of boats using a structure;

e) functional condition of the structure;
f) any accessory facilities and ancillary uses associated with
the structure;

g) the structure's use category (e.g., single family,
commercial, etc.);

h) an inventory of the biological resources within the
preempted area and within 25 feet of the structure or
activity;

i) the distance, depth and width of the primary access
channel;

j) a survey of all dredged areas including:
1) the location, length, width, and depth of the dredged
area;
2) depth of profiles of the surrounding area;
3) traditional use of the area;
4) biological resources in the dredged and surrounding
area;
5) whether the dredged area is a private or public
project;
6) review of information on pre-existing resource
conditions;
7) potential alternatives to alleviate the need for
maintenance dredging (shoreline stabilization, wave
baffles, etc.); and
8) whether channel markers may be needed to direct traffic
away from adjacent submerged resources.

k) a survey of all shoreline stabilization projects,
including:
1) location and total length of riparian shoreline;
2) length of the shoreline stabilization;
3) design of project;
4) review of existing and pre-existing biological
resources in the vicinity of the structure;
5) whether the project is effective in stabilizing the
shoreline; and
6) whether toe rip-rap or mangrove plantings may improve
upon the effectiveness of the structure.

1) a determination as to whether the structure or activity
complies with the applicable statute or rule and with leasel
easement or consent of use conditions, where appropriate;

102

Task A.2.1.2.: Survey and inventory human activities within
the preserve annually. This inventory will include at the
minimum:

a) numbers of individuals or groups involved in activities by
category (consumptive/nonconsumptive; water dependent/non-
water dependent, commercial/ recreational, etc.) from weekly
patrol logs, reports, or expanded visitor surveys and
monitoring;

b) illegal, unsafe or ecologically disruptive activities; and

c) activities that require additional monitoring to evaluate
intensity or trends in use of the preserve or its resources.

Oblective A.2.2: To assess cumulative impacts of structures and
activities on the resources of the preserve.

Task A.2.2.1: All activities and structures will be surveyed
as outlined in Task A.2.1.1 and appropriate files kept and
updated every three years to establish net loss or gain of
resources as related to structures and construction
activities. Files shall contain at the minimum:

a) size, configuration and preempted area of the structure and
related use;

b) a survey of the biological resources within the preempted
area and within 50 feet of the preempted area;

c) condition and extent of those resources as related to
previous, surveys (grassbeds expanding or declining, prop
scouring, establishment of different type of community, etc.);

d) whether existing use is consistent with the type of use or
activity authorized.

Task A.2.2.2: Survey major access and use areas for impacts to
natural resources associated with human activities. This file
shall contain but is not limited to the following information:

a) assessments of areas or resources damaged by visitors or
transient traffic in the preserve (erosion, pollution,
destruction of vegetation@ interruption of wildlife habitat
or behavior, vessel groundings, prop dredging, turbidity,
trash dumping, etc.);

b) illegal or unauthorized activities that require assistance
from other agencies or enforcement authorities to resolve;

c) management alternatives to alleviate impact; and

d) recommendations for management.

103

GOAL A.3: HABITAT RESTORATION

Ob! ective A. 3. 1: Restore or enhance suitable habitats or resources
where feasible.

Task A. 3. 1. 1: Using resource inventories generated f rom A. 1.
identify those resource areas that have been or are being
negatively impacted by external influences. These influences
may include, but are not limited to; prop scars, spoil banks,
dredged areas, boat grounding areas, clearings, dumping,
mosquito ditches, erosion, abandoned traps or vessels, exotic
vegetation, and roads.

Task A.3.1.2: Prioritize potential restoration areas
according to severity of impact to the immediate resources and
to the overall functional integrity of the preserve.

Task A.3.1.3: Develop procedures and guidelines for
addressing the priority areas for restoration, such as exotic
plant removal, beach clean-up, removal or planting of spoil
banks, revegetating grassbed or mangrove areas, enhancing
listed species habitats, removal of derelict vessels and
abandoned traps, filling in mosquito ditches, reestablishing
historic water flows, etc.

Task A. 3.1.4: Investigate and contact other agencies, groupst
institutions, and individuals who may be available to provide
scientific, logistic, financial, enforcement, manpower or
other support in accomplishing the habitat restoration or
enhancement.

-Task A.3.1.5: Monitor and review progress on restoration
projects.

a) Monitor restoration procedures while in progress and
restored areas on at least an annual basis.

b) Maintain accurate records of the project including but not
limited to:
1) type of project;
2) anticipated results;
3) benefits to the resource;
4) location, date, parties involved, duration of project;
5) completion date;
6) monitoring schedule;
7) results or changes observed;
8) additional maintenance or monitoring required;
9) estimated cost of project in time and funding;
10) an assessment of the success of the * project or an
explanation of why anticipated results were not achieved;
11) recommendations as to how the project could or should
be improved upon; and

104

12) if the procedure could or should be used f or future or
similar projects.

GOAL A.4.: RESTORE, ENHANCE OR MAINTAIN WATER QUALITY

Oblective A.4.1.: Coordinate with appropriate agencies to improve
and/or maintain water quality in the preserve.

Task A.4.1.1: Acquire, maintain and review all records of
water quality data for the preserve area.

Task A.4.1.2: Coordinate with regulatory and management
agencies in identifying and managing areas within the preserve
that may be contributing to sedimentation or other undesirable
impacts to waters of the preserve (mosquito ditches,
compaction of soils and channelization of run-off from roads,
previous land clearing, etc.).

Task A.4.1.3: Report suspected or identified instances of
violations to appropriate regulatory and enforcement agencies.

B. RESOURCE PROTECTION

In order to maintain the biological, integrity of the aquatic
preserve, it is imperative to protect the resources that comprise
the system. In most cases, it is not feasible, nor is it
desirable, to provide protection for individual species that are a
part of the various habitats that make up the preserve. Therefore,
the goals of resource protection outlined in this element will be
directed toward protecting the habitats that are vital to the
survival of the species and in conjunction with other habitat types
are the functional basis of biological integrity and stability
within 'the preserve. These goals include: 1) protection of
submerged resources (patch reefs, coral banks and heads, grassbeds
and hardbottom habitats) , 2) protection of emergent vegetation
(mangroves, saltmarsh/butt 'onwood, beach/berm and tropical hardwood
hammock habitats), and 3) protection of designated species
habitats.

GOAL B.1.: PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED RESOURCES

Ob! ective B. 1. 1. : Minimize potential damage to submerged resources
through the review of applications for use of state-owned lands in
the aquatic preserve.

Task B.1.1.1.: Develop a written description of a
scientifically based, standardized method to inventory the
minimum, this method will contain the following information:

a) The area to be surveyed will be described:
1) as a polygon, and'

105

2) 'it will include a buffer zone surrounding the project
of sufficient size to include a majority of the
potentially affected area.

b) How the survey is to be performed:
1) The submerged bottom, including:
i. a description of all communities/habitats,
ii. a description of the bottom type,
iii. depth profiles,
iv. tidal amplitude and stage,
V. a physical description of the surrounding
waterbody,
vi. adjacent and adjoining uses, and
vii. distance to navigation channels:
2) The shoreline, including:
i. a description of the vegetation,
ii. a description of the shoreline type,
iii.. a description of existing structures,
iv. a description of adjoining and adjacent uses,
V. presence/ absence of listed animal species or
their-habitat or whether known to occur in the area;
and
vi. presence/ absence of other wildlife or their
signs.

c) A definition of a Primary Resource Protection Area (PRPA) .
This definition will be used to determine if significant
resources or habitats exist within the area of expected
impact. A PRPA will include, but is not limited to:
1) Marine grassbeds,
2) algal beds,
3) mangroves,
4) hardbottom. communities,
5) coral banks or heads,
6) saltmarsh/buttonwood associations,
7) listed species or their habitat, and
8) nesting sites for solitary or colonial birds.

Task B.1.1.2.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR
staff to process field staff comments to applications for use
in a timely manner.

Task B.1.1.3.: Coordinate, when possible, with other
appropriate agencies that have regulatory authority for
these projects.

Oblective B.1.2.: Ensure that projects and activities that have
.been built or are occurring have been authorized.

Task B.1.2.1.: Report activities that do not appear to have
been authorized to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

106

Task B.1.2.2.: Coordinate and cooperate, when possible, with
other appropriate agencies that have regulatory or enforcement
authority for these projects or activities.

Task B.1.2.3.: Maintain records of reports and subsequent
actions taken by regulatory and enforcement agencies. At a
minimum, these records will contain:

1) Date, location first observed and observers name;
2) Date reported to appropriate agency, agency name, and
reporters name;
3) Action taken by agency; and
4) Resolution of report, if known.

Obiective B.1.3.: Ensure that projects and activities are in
compliance with the authorization granted.

Task B.1.3.1.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR
staff to receive copies of all letters of consent, easement
agreements, lease agreements, and other forms of,
authorization.

Task B.1.3.2.: Report variations from the authorized
conditions to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

Task B.1.3.3.: Coordinate and cooperate, when possible, with
other appropriate agencies that have regulatory or enforcement
authority for these projects or activities.

Objective B.1.4.: Ensure that projects and activities do not
degrade submerged resources of the preserve.

Task B.1.4.1.: Seek authorizations to establish no motorized
vessels or personal watercraft zones in areas of shallow
water.

Task B.1.4.2.: Require that all dredge projects in and
adjacent to the preserve use current turbidity control
practices.

Task B. 1. 4. 3.: Inventory and report all abandoned vessels and
traps to the Florida Marine Patrol and encourage removal in a
timely manner.

Task B. 1. 4.4.: Encourage or require the establishment of
channel markers, where appropriate, to protect marine
grassbeds and corals from boating damage.

Task B.I.4.5.: Seek appropriate legislation and rule changes
to prohibit (as opposed to ban) the harvesting of live rock in
the preserve.

107

Task B. 1. 4. 6.: Using available data f rom resource inventories,
research and landings statistics, monitor the effects of
commercial and amateur marine life collecting on target
populations within the preserve.

Task B.1.4.7.: Should biological inventories or research
indicate declines in formerly abundant marine life species,
seek appropriate legislation and rule changes for immediate
closure or substantial restrictions on marine life collecting
in the preserve until a management. and/or recovery plan is
developed for the depleted species.

Task B.1.4.8.: Promote public acquisition of privately held
submerged lands, mangroves and Uplands within and
adjacent to the preserve.

GOAL B.2.: PROTECTION OF EMERGENT VEGETATION AND HABITATS

Ob! ective B. 2. 1.: Minimize potential damage to emergent vegetation
through the review of all applications for use of state-owned land
in the preserve.

Task B. 2. 1. 1.: Field staff will develop a written format
describing a scientifically based, standardized method to
inventory the emergent vegetation and characteristics of a
project site and it shall include, at a minimum, the following
information:
a) Description of the area to be surveyed:
1) legal description of the subject property;
2) as a polygon; and
3) with a buffer zone surrounding the project of
sufficient size so as to include a majority* of the
potentially affected area.

b) Detailing how the survey is to be performed:
1) a description of the vegetation with notations as
listed plant species within the project site and buffer
zone;
2) a description of geological features or formations,
including the following, if beach/berm is present:
i. length and width of beach/berm on riparian
shoreline;
ii. approximate height of the ridge crest; and
iii. distance from MHW to the ridge crest:
3) a description of existing structures or uses;
4) a description of adjoining or adjacent uses;
5) presence/absence of listed animal species, their
habitat, or whether known to occur on the site;
6) presence/ absence of other wildlife species or their
sign.

108

Task B.2.1.2.: Coordinate with other DNR staff in order to
process surveys and related comments in a timely manner.

Task B. 2. 1. 3. :Coordinate with other appropriate agencies
that have regulatory authority for these projects.

Task B.2.1.4.: Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible,
with other agencies or conservation organizations that have
specific management objectives, research projects or other
interests in the area of a project, or that may own lands
adjacent to the project site, including but not limited to:

a) Division of Recreation and Parks (Park Service)
b) U.S. Department of the Interior (Everglades N.P.)
c) Florida Department of State (DHARM);
d) Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
e) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
f) National Audubon Society;
g) Trust for Public Lands; and
h) The Nature Conservancy.

Oblective B.2.2.: Ensure that structures and activities that have
been built or are occurring have been authorized.
Task B.2-.-2-.*l.: Report activities that do not appear to have
been authorized to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

Task B.2.2.2.: Coordinate and cooperate, whenever feasible
and appropriate, with other agencies that have regulatory or
enforcement authority for the project or activity.

Obiective B.2.3.: Ensure that structures and activities that have
been authorized are in compliance with the conditions of the
authorization.

Task B.2.3.1.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR
staff to receive copies of all letters of consent, easement
agreements, lease agreements and other authorizations for the
use of state lands.

Task B.2.3.2..: Report variations from the authorized
conditions to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

Task B.2.3.3.: Coordinate and cooperate, when feasible and
appropriate with other agencies that have regulatory or
enforcement authority for these projects or activities.

GOAL B.3.: PROTECT LISTED SPECIES AND THEIR HABITAT

Objective B.3.1.: Determine which portions of the aquatic preserve
serve as habitat for listed species.

109

Task B.3.1.1.: Assimilate a working library of relevant
literature and information on listed species expected to occur
in the preserve.

Task B.3.1.2.: Coordinate with the Florida Game and Fresh
Water Fish Commission, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the
Audubon Society, and any other relevant group or agency to
determine which listed species use what portion of the aquatic
preserve for various aspects of their life cycle.

Task B.3.1.3.: Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible,
with appropriate agencies and groups to conduct monitoring,
inventories, habitat evaluations or other activities that
relate to the status or distribution of listed species or
their habitat.

Task B.3.1.4.: During the course of routine field work and
patrols, preserve staff will observe and record, whenever
practical, sightings, locations, activity and other
information relevant to a listed species.

Task B.3.1.5.: Report all manatee sightings to the Marathon
office of the Division of Marine Resources.

Oblective B.3.2.-: Protect all listed species of plants and
animals.

Task B.3.2.1.: Be familiar with listed species,
identification, status and relevant laws pertaining to listed
species.

Task B.3.2.2.: Report, without delay, any incidence of
harassment, poaching, killing, taking or other unlawful
activity, including unleashed dogs and artificial feeding
stations, to the appropriate enforcement agencies.

Task B.3.2.3.: Maintain a current list of agencies and
individuals who enforce relevant laws and those who are
permitted -or otherwise authorized to rescue, attend, hold,
rehabilitate or salvage listed species or their remains.

Task B.3.2.4.: Coordinate and cooperate with appropriate
management and enforcement agencies in identifying any
activity or project that may potentially affect a listed
species.

Obiective B.3.3.: Protect habitat of listed species.

Task B.3.3.1.: Ensure that potential impacts to listed
species habitats are identified in the review of projects or
activities. such potential impacts may include, but are not
limited to:
1) Modification or obstruction of nesting areas;

110
. - I

.2) Dock or marina siting;
3) Disruption of feeding activities; and
4) Removal of vegetation, except invasive exotics.

Task B.3.3.2.: Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible,
with appropriate management and enforcement agencies to
evaluate potential impacts to listed species as a result of a
proposed project or activity.

Task B.3.3.3.: Recommend, where appropriate, modifications to
a proposed project or activity that would eliminate or
minimize encroachment upon the habitat of listed species.

Task B.3.3.4.: Seek appropriate state statute and rule
changes and/or local ordinances to prohibit operation of
personal/individual, motor powered watercraft within listed
species habitat.
Task B.i.3.5.: Seek appropriate federal statute, state rule
and/or local ordinance changes to prohibit operators of ultra-
light, private and commercial aircraft from flying less than
500 feet over or landing in the aquatic preserve.

Task B.3.3.6.: Coordinate and cooperate with appropriate DNR
and other enforcement agencies in the investigation of
potential violations of federal, state or local laws that
impact listed species or their habitats.

Co REBEARCH

Effective management of a biological system relies almost entirely
on information as to how that system functions. Research is the
progenitor of this information. Great strides have been made in
marine grassbed and mangrove ecology, yet large gaps remain in
understanding the functions of the various components of these
systems and how they interact with one another. The goals for
research in the aquatic preserve will be directed toward primarily
applied research programs, rather than basic, or theoretical
research.

The goals of the research program are (1) to gain a better
understanding of what factors are essential to the functional,
biological integrity of the major habitats within the aquatic
preserve and (2) to gain a better understanding of the factors that
govern the continued survival and propagation of designated species
that use the v arious habitats of the preserve.

GOAL C. 1. : MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE THE FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF HABITATS

Objective C.l.l.: Determin 'e the primary factors that influence
the survival of marine grassbeds and algae.

Task C.1.1.1.: Pursue and support research directed toward
identifying physical, chemical and/or pathogenic sources of
marine grassbed damage.

Task C.1.1.2.: Pursue, at the bureau level, funding to
conduct research on the effects of dock/pier shading on the
various species of marine grasses and algae of the preserve.

Task C.1.1.3.: Pursue, review and support, where deemed
practical, research directed toward protecting or restoring
marine grassbeds.

Objective C.1.2.: Determine the primary factors that influence the
distribution, survival and productivity of mangrove habitats.

Task C.1.2.1.: Promote and support research on the physical,
chemical, and pathogenic factors that influence mangroves.

Task C.1.2.2.: Pursue funding and support research projects
directed toward restoration of artificially altered mangrove
systems.

Task C.1.2.3.: Promote and support research on the effects of
mangrove trimming.

Oblective C.1.3.: Determine the primary and 'secondary factors that
affect species of the hardbottom communities.

Task C.1.3.1.: Promote and support research that identifies
the physical, chemical and pathogenic factors that influence
invertebrate growth, recruitment and mortality in hardbottom
communities.

Task C.1.3.2.: Compile a complete inventory of the benthic
fauna in the hardbottom communities in the preserve.

Task C.1.3.3.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for
research on the effects of fish and invertebrate collecting on
the species, size range, distribution, density, and diversity
of populations in marine grassbeds and hardbottom communities.

Task C.1.3.4.: Seek,, at a Department level, funding for
research on the effects of sponge harvesting on hardbottom
communities.

Task C.1.3.5.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for
research on the effects of trap placement and retrieval
methods on the submerged resources of the preserve.

Task C.1.3.6.: Review and accept, where appropriate,
experimental, Department supervised research proposals for the
culture of sponges in the preserve.

112

Oblective C.1.4.: Monitor water quality data.

Task C.1.4.1.: Compile records of historic water quality data
for locations in or adjacent to the preserve.

Task C.1.4.2.: Seek funding for establishment of a permanent
DER sampling program in the preserve.

Task C.1.4.3.: Monitor available data for trends or marked
changes in suspended sediments, nutrients, pollutants,
salinity,- temperature, and dissolved oxygen.

Task C.1.4.4.: Report incidents of pollution and epidemic
marine life mortality to the Marathon DER office.

GOAL C.2.: SURVIVAL AND PROPAGATION OF LISTED SPECIES

Objective C.2.1.: Determine those factors or habitat requirements
that are critical to listed species survival.

Task C.2.1.1.: Maintain a data base of listed species
sightings, condition, habitat, etc.

Task C.2.1.2.: Pursue, at a Department level, funding for
research on the distribution, life histories and habitat
requirements of listed species of plants and animals.

Task C.2.1.3.: Coordinate with appropriate agencies,
organizations and universities/colleges to promote applied
research projects for listed species.

1. Review current literature for relevant information and
determine those fields and species that may benefit from
additional research.

2. Prepare a priority list for those identified research
needs that would be most beneficial to effectively manage for
listed species.

Task C.2.1.4.: Continue collecting and reporting marine
turtle and mammal- sitings, strandings and/or salvage
activities.

Task C.2.1.5.: Ensure that preserve staff are cognizant of
7-
listed species laws and procedures for dealing with reports
and handling distressed wildlife.

1. Preserve staff or volunteers who participate in strandings
and salvage activities shall be properly trained and permitted
and shall maintain accurate records and make timely reports of
all activities in the preserve.

113

Task C.2.1.6.: Encourage the propagation and utilization of
native listed plant species for revegetation and landscaping
within and adjacent to the aquatic preserve.

Task C.2.1.7.: Encourage research and monitoring of nesting
success in birds, especially with relation to frequency of
nest flushing events and the factors causing the behavior.

D. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Public awareness and involvement is potentially the most valuable
tool a resource management program may utilize. The public is
often not aware of the resources of the preserve nor of the various
impacts that human activities have upon those resources. 'The
'public' may be students, property owners, user groups (e.g.,
divers, fishing enthusiasts, boaters, etc.), special interest
groups (realtors, developers and contractors), conservation or
preservation organizations, and local, regional and state
government agencies that are involved in making planning or
regulatory decisions affecting the preserve.

The many values derived from marine habitats, including water
quality, viable fisheries, recreation and open space, attract many
visitors and residents to the preserve area. These same values may
be irreparably harmed, if the public is not environmentally
sensitive or informed. Therefore, one of the primary aims of th
aquatic preserve program will be to educate the public as to th:
importance of the resources and to enlist public support and
participation in the protection and conservation of those resources
for present and future generations to enjoy.

GOAL D.l.: PUBLIC EDUCATION TO PROMOTE WISE RESOURCE US E

Oblective D.1.1.: Coordinate and provide assistance to existing
environmental education programs at public and private schools.

Task D.1.1.1.: Notify the county school board and private
schools of the preserves programs and the availability of its
staff to assist or provide guidance for their existing
environmental educational programs.

Task D. 1. 1. 2.: Participate in the development and utilization
of the Monroe County Environmental Story teaching aids for
public and private schools in the county.

Task D.1.1.3.: Seek funding to develop an educational display
and literature for the preserve.

Task D.1.1.4.: Seek funding and staffing to establish and
conduct classroom programs and field trips in the preserve.

114

Task D. 1. 1. 5.: Encourage development of community college and
university Tevel field classes which offer a detailed course
or seminar on the preserve resources and/or ecology.

Obiective D.1.2.: Produce environmental educational literature and
materials that inform the adult public of the preserve's natural
resources and the importance of preserving and protecting those
resources.

Task D.1.2.1.: Seek funding for the development of
educational literature, materials and staffing for
presentations to:
1) Homeowners' associations;
2) Civic and church groups;
3) Special interests (realtors, consultants, developers,
contractors, fishermen, divers, utilities, etc.);
4) Boating/sport shows and special events;
5) Camping facilities and tourist resorts;
6) Marinas, tackle shops and boat ramps;
7) Agency and local government staffs;
8) Environmental educators; and
9) Conservation, preservation, conference, and research
groups.

Task D.1.2.2.: Develop media articles and presentations for
local radio, television and publications to inform the general
public of the preserve, its resources, protection needs,
programs, research findings, as well as to encourage
compatible uses within the preserve.

Task D. 1. 2. 3. :Coordinate with other resource management
agencies and, where appropriate, co-sponsor exhibits, programs
or other public contact activities.

Task D.1.2.4.: Coordinate with commercial and recreational
fishing interests in order to educate and disseminate
information regarding environmentally safe fishing methods,
the importance of habitat preservation and the positive
contributions to made at the individual level for helping to
ensure sustained yields.

Obiective D.1.3.: Pursue coordination with organizations and
agencies and, where appropriate, assist in the development of
special programs for physically and mentally challenged adults and
children.

Task D.1.3.1.: Contact appropriate agencies to determine the
need for special programs.

Task D.1.3.2.: Seek funding for development and staffing of
needed programs.

115

Oblective D.1.4.: Seek funding for development and staffing of a
permanent environmental education facility for the preserve.

Task D. 1. 4. 1.: Seek funding for development, maintenance, and
staffing for permanent displays, specimen collections, a
reference library and interpretive programs.

Oblective D.1.5.: Provide environmental education workshops to
instruct other environmental educators.

Task D.1.5.1.: Pursue development and funding for biannual
instructional workshops for environmental, science, and other
interested teachers and instructors.

Task D.1.5.2.: Encourage aquatic preserve staff and
volunteers to attend conferences and seminars to further
teaching skills and become familiar with other education
programs.

116

CELAPTER VII

MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK

This chapter presents a general overview of the various
federal, state, regional, and local agencies that regulate or
hold any interests in the management or use of Lignumvitae Key
Aquatic Preserve. The success of the aquatic preserve
management plan is dependent upon coordination with these
agencies to achieve many of the goals and objectives of
resource management and protection. A breakdown of the
specific jurisdictions is presented in Table 8.

A. FEDERAL AGENCIES

A number of federal agencies have property interests, land and
wildlife management programs! research activities,
construction activities, and regulation programs that deal
either directly or indirectly with the aquatic preserve.

In accordance with the federal consistency review process, the
Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves reviews many of the
f ederal programs and activities as to their af f ect on the
management objectives of the aquatic preserve programs. This
through the Florida' Department of
review is coordinated
Environmental Regulation's office of Coastal Management in
order to enforce the provisions of the Federal Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended.

U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service (ENP)
As noted in chapter III, . Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve
extends into the boundary of Everglades National Park north of
the ICW. Special fisheries and other regulations apply to all
lands and resources within the park. Enforcement of those
regulations are vested solely with the park. Any proposals for
use or activities within that boundary should be coordinated
with the office at Flamingo.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
The USFWS has responsibility for fish and wildlife as
authorized in the Coastal Resources Barrier Act, National
Environmental Protection Act, Migratory Bird Act, Endangered
Species Act, and Fish and Wildlife coordination Act. Locally,
their personnel administer and manage wildlife refuge and
preserved lands, review dredge and fill projects, and are
charged with the protection and recovery of endangered species
and bird rookeries.

U.S. Army Corps of Eng @neers (COE)
The COE has jurisdiction over the navigable waters of the
United States under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. A

117

revision of the Rivers and Harbors Act in 1968 extended the
COE jurisdiction, allowing them to consider impacts to the
fish and wildlife, conservation, pollution, aesthetics,
ecological and other relevant factors of a proposed project.
The COE regulatory programs were expanded in 1972 with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments, also known as
the Clean Water Act (CWA). Section 404 of this act controls
dredge and fill activities and has since been extended to
wetlands from Amendments to the CWA in 1977.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
The USGS performs surveys and research pertaining to
topography, geology, mineral and water resources of the United
States. USGS also collects and publishes water resources data.

U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The EPA has jurisdiction over surface water of the state.
Enforcement authority was given under the Clean Water Act of
1972 and broadened under the 1977 revision. In general, EPA is
responsible for pollution control and abatement, including:
air, water, noise, solid waste, toxic waste, and radiation.
Under Section 104 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended
by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
(SARA), EPA may initiate studies, clean-up, and pursue
restitution of incurred expenses for.pollution violations and
damages. Authority is divided between EPA and the U.S.-Coast
Guard *regarding the management of oil or hazardous sub'stances
d'ischarged into surface waters. They also review permits
issued by DER for the treatment, disposal and storage of
hazardous wastes.

U.S. Coast Guard (USGS)
The USGS regulates boating safety, enforces maritime law,
operates search and rescue missions, and surveillance and
interdiction of contraband importation. USGS also regulates
construction of bridges, causeways, and aerial utilities that
may pose navigation hazards and the placement and maintenance
of public navigation aids. Joint responsibility for response
to the discharge or spillage of oil or other hazardous
substances into surface waters is shared with EPA.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMF)
The NMF is under the U.S. Department of Commerce and records
commercial fish landing, enforces national fishery laws, and
protects vital fishery habitats. Under the Endangered Species
Act, this agency may also regulate activities and enforce
marine turtle and mammal protection legislation.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Under the Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal Zone
Management, NOAA administers two programs of local interest.
The National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS) program oversees the

118

management of Looe Key and Key Largo National Marine
Sanctuaries, as well a several National Marine Estuaries in
the region. A management plan is currently being developed for
the newly created Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
Scoping and planning meetings involve citizen and agency
input. NOAA in cooperation with the Department of Natural
Resources' Division of Marine Resources, Bureau of Sanctuaries
and Research Reserves and the Office of Marine Programs and
Planning will evaluate and coordinate or incorporate existing
state -management programs were mutual goal-s are to be
achieved.

NOAA also administers the Hurricane Center in Mi 'ami, which
monitors and issues bulletins on tropical weather for the
north and south Atlantic and the Caribbean Basin.

B. STATE AGENCIES

Many state agencies have property interests, land and wildlife
management programs, research activities, regulatory authority
and construction activities with the preserve. Additionally,
DNR administers programs which may affect the. resources and
watersheds of the preserve.

DeRartment of Natural Resources (DNR)
Several Divisions within the Department perform' various
functions of administration, regulation and enforcement of
laws and programs related to natural resources and/or their
use.

The Division of Marine Resources has several programs
beneficial to the management of aquatic preserves. The Marine
Research Laboratory in St. Petersburg and the Marathon Field
Office have several projects which include resource protection
area mapping, fishery habitat utilization studies, conch
reintroduction programs and spiny lobster research. The
Division is instrumental in administering manatee protection
programs and marine turtle data gathering. They also
administer a permitting program for the collection of certain
marine species and the use of certain chemicals. As previously
noted, this Division's Bureau of Sanctuaries and Research
Reserves, in conjunction with the Office of Marine Programs
and Planning will assume lead positions in coordinating with
NOAA to plan and manage the Florida Keys National Marine
Sanctuary.

The Division of Law Enforcement's Marine Patrol, whose legal
authority is granted under Chapter 370, F.S., enforces Florida
laws relating to marine -resources, fishery laws, boating
safety, vessel titling/registration, contraband interdiction,
and the protection of endangered and threatened species.

119

The Division of State Lands, under the provisions of chapters
253 and 258, F.S., performs the staff duties related to the
acquisition, administration and disposition of public lands on
behalf of and with the approval of the Governor and Cabinet,
sitting as the Board of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund.
Staff duties include review and recommendations to the Board
regarding applications for the use, sale, lease or transfers
of all state-owned lands and enforcement of the provisions for
unauthorized use of those lands. Under Chapter 18-21, F.A.C.,
the Division is charged with management of sovereignty
submerged lands and spoil islands.

Aquatic preserves were established under Chapter 258, F.S.
originally administered by the Division of Recreation and
Parks, the administration of aquatic preserves 'was transferred
to the Division of State Lands in 1988. Specific management
policy, standards and criteria for most aquatic preserves are
contained within Chapter 18-20, F.A.C.

The authority for the Conservation and Recreational Lands
program (CARL) is also derived from Chapter 253, F.S. This
program is the primary vehicle for the acquisition of private
lands that are deemed to be environmentally sensitive or that
may serve as potential lands for future recreational needs.
Recent passage of the Conservation 2000 legislation will
greatly enhance funding for targeted purchases-.

The Division of Resource Management is responsible for the
management of aquatic plants, mineral resources, oil and gas
exploration, and geologic studies. It also supervises state
Navigation Districts and the Canal Authority.

The Division of Beaches and Shores is charged with developing
inventories and management plans for beaches in Florida. The
inventory of Monroe County beaches was completed in 1990.

Department of Environmental Regulation (DER)
The DER administers programs regulating air, water, noise,
wastewater, stormwater, and hazardous waste pollution through
a permitting and certification process. Chapter 376, F.S.
directs DER to cooperate with DNR in offering consultation,
enforcement, prosecution, and technical advise in pollutant
discharge, control and removal.

Chapter 403, F.S. enumerates the DER responsibilities in the
areas of water. and air quality, facilities siting, resource
recovery and management, pollution control and wetland
permitting. This chapter serves as the authority for the
initiation of dredge and fill applications in conjunction with
COE and DNR. The Authority to regulate activities and protect
water quality granted in Chapter 403 is facilitated by the
Water Quality Standards established in Chapter 17w_-3, F.A.C.
This chapter of the administrative code sets forth specific

120

criteria for surface water classifications and permitting
criteria for those classifications. The Special Protection,
Outstanding Florida Waters (OFW) classification is assigned to
waters of the aquatic preserve and most waters of the Florida
Keys. The OFW classification affords the highest protection
for state waters.

Chapter 17, F.A.C. also contains sections governing permitting
procedure and criteria for facilities, dredge and fill
projects, stormwater discharge, and deepwater ports.

The DER Office of Coastal Management is charged with
coordinating activities related to coastal management and
reviewing federal actions for consistency with the State
Coastal Management Program. The Office of Coastal Management
also awards grants for research and management planning. .

Chapter 253.77, F.S., as amended by the Warren S. Henderson
Wetlands Protection Act of 1984, requires that any request for
the use of state-owned lands shall have prior approval-of the
Trustees. An interagency agreement between DNR and DER
provides for DNR staff comments into the DER permitting
process for identifying environmental impacts to the resources
of the aquatic preserve.

Department of Community Affairs (DCA)
DCA reviews Developments of Regional Impact (DRI), designates
Areas of Critical State Concern (ACSC), and approves
comprehensive plans. The DRI process involves major
@evelopment projects that have impacts on a larger area than
is covered by just one county and involves a regional review
from neighboring local governments and from state agencies.

The ACSC program is intended to protect the areas of the state
where development has endangered or may endanger resources of
regional or statewide significance. Under an ACSC designation,
the local governments are required to notify the DCA of any
application for a development permit. The Florida Keys portion
of Monroe County were designated as an ACSC in 1979. In 1984,
under authority granted in Chapter 380, F.S. and defined in
Administrative Rule 27F-8, the Boundary and Principles for
Guiding Development for the Florida Keys Area of Critical
State Concern were adopted to conserve and protect the
natural, environmental, historic and economic resources, and
other values of the lands and waters of the Florida Keys. The
Florida Keys ACSC designation and the Principles for Guiding
Development are intended to remain in place until such time as
Monroe County shall have developed a comprehensive growth
management plan and future development regulations as required
by Chapter 163, F.S. Such plan shall be consistent w 'ith the
State Comprehensive Plan, State Statutes, Codes and rules.
Conformance to the minimum criteria established in Chapter 9J-
5, F.A.C. is also required.

121

Monroe County is currently involved in this planning process.
Their submitted plan is currently undergoing review by DCA f or
compliance with Chapter 9J-5, F.A.C. The Coastal Management
and Conservation Elements of the future plan are the most
significant to the management goals and objectives of the
aquatic preserve. These elements should establish goals and
objectives that are consistent with those of this plan.
Cooperation and coordination in developing the plans is
critical to the successful development and implementation of
either plan.

DeRartment of Transportation (DOT)
The DOT is involved with aquatic preserves where they maintain
the U.S. 1 or Overseas Highway and the bridges and causeways
that traverse the preserve boundary. Leases or permits for the
use of state-owned rights-of-way are coordinated through the
DOT. Applications for these uses are not generally circulated
for field review. Local cooperation is vital to establish
lines of communication regarding projects that may affect the
preserve. The DOT also administers funding for environmental
restoration projects, which has in the past been available for
aquatic preserve projects.

Department of State/Division of Historical Resources (DHR)
Under Chapter 267, F.S. DHR is granted responsibility for the
preservation and management of the state's archaeological and
historical resources. This responsibility includes those
cultural resources located on state-owned lands. All
activities that may potentially affect a known or suspected
resource must be coordinated with and/or approved by the DHR.

Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS)
HRS administers numerous programs to protect public health by
overseeing functions that involve water supplies, sewage
disposal and solid waste control. Authority for these
responsibilities are found in Chapters 154, 381, and 386, F.S.
and in the 10D series of F.A.C., known as the Sanitary Code.
HRS is also responsible for mosquito control activities under
Chapter 388, F.S. and may delegate that authority to a local
mosquito controldistrict (MSD).

Mosquito control and septic tank permitting are of immediate
concern to the management of the aquatic preserve. The Monroe
County MSD administers the local program through ground and
aerial application of larvicides and adulticides. Chapter 1OD-
54, F.A.C. requires that any arthropod (mosquito) control
activities conducted by local MSDs on environmentally
sensitive public lands, such as parks, aquatic preserves and
similar properties be coordinated in advance by the
responsible mosquito control agency with. the Executive
Directory of DNR, GFC, and the regional director of the USFWS.
This chapter also establishes areas, types, rates, timing and
equipment standards for control activities.

122

HRS administers the permitting and placement of septic tanks
under Chapter 1OD-6, F.A.C. This chapter establishes standards
for onsite sewage disposal systems (OSDS) . Part II of that
chapter establishes specific standards for OSDS installation,
operation and monitoring in the Key Largo Limestone or Miami
(Oolite) rock formations.

Marine Fisheries Commission (MFC)
The MFC manages marine life by regulating the harvesting of
all marine life, except listed species. Their authority covers
gear specifications, bag limits, size limits, species that may
not be sold, protected species, closed seasons or areas,
quality control codes, special'considerations related to egg
bearing females, and the harvest and relaying of oyster and
clams. The MFC makes annual recommendations to the Governor
and Cabinet regarding marine fisheries research priorities and
changes to existing laws.

Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (GFC)
The GFC, authorized under Chapters 39.101 and 39.102, F.A.C.
implements and enforces specific regulations to protect all
wildlife and their habitats. As such, the GFC is the state
coordinator for species designated for protection in Florida.

C. REGIONAL AGENCIES
In addition to federal and state agencies, two" regional
agencies have 'functions and programs that may affect the
aquatic preserve. These organizations conduct activities that
are on a broader scale than are those of the local
governments.

South Florida Water Management District (WMD)
The WMD was established by-Chapter 61-69, Laws.of Florida, as
a public corporation for carrying out Chapter 378, F.S> and
operates under and is governed by provisions of Chapter 373,
F.S. Chapters 40D-4 and 40D-40 were adopted to ensure
continued protection of the water resources of the district
including wetlands and other natural resources. The statutes
resulted from passage of Chapter 84-79, Laws of Florida, also
known as the Warren G. Henderson Wetlands Protection of 1984.

The WMD administers permitting programs for consumptive water
use, management, storm water discharge, storage of surface
water, well drilling and operation, water level control,
regulation of artificial recharge facilities, and works of the
district. The WMD is also responsible for developing Surface
Water Improvement Management (SWIM) plans as authorized by
Chapter 87-97, Laws of Florida and Chapter 373, F.S. The SWIM
plans are designed to improve, restore and manage surface
waters.

123

South Florida Regional Planning Council (RPQ
The RPC serves as a regional planning body f or the local
government of Monroe County, as well as incorporated areas in
the Keys and other south Florida counties and municipal areas.
The RPC duties include: aid to local government planning
efforts; regional representative for the DRI process; regional
clearing house for state' and federal projects and programs;
providing information from the local governments to the state
and federal levels; assisting local governments in securing
grants in aid; and preparing and administering the Regional
Policy Plan.

The DRI review of projects which affect the preserve will be
reviewed by both the field staff and central office personnel.
DRIs for marinas, major developments, subdivisions, and
commercial or industrial developments adjacent to the preserve
and will be reviewed closely for their potential impact on the
preserve.

D.- LOCAL GOVERNMENT/AGENCIES (LGT)

Local government consists of unincorporated Monroe County and
the incorporated, areas of Key Colony Beach, Layton and the
City of Key West. The incorporated areas are governed by a
city commission and the unincorporated areas are governed by
a five member County Commission.

As previously noted, the Florida Keys portion of Monroe County
has been designated as an Area of Critical State Concern and
both incorporated and unincorporated areas are in the process
of formulating Comprehensive Growth Management Plans.

Relationship to Local Management Plans
The Florida- Keys Comprehensive Plan of 1986 (Volume II,
Analysis and Policy Element) established several Areas of
Particular Concern (APC), including Lignumvitae Key Aquatic
Preserve. specific management policies for Lignumvitae Key
include:

"a. Management and recreational usage for the State
Parks on the Keys in the aquatic preserve must be
consistent with preservation of the Aquatic
Preserve.

b. Development activity on Upper and Lower Matecumbe
Keys, including dredging and filling will be
prohibited- so as not to degrade the waters of the
Preserve."

Generic Marine Resource Areas of Particular Concern (APC)
include marine ' grassbeds, coral formations and fringing
mangroves, including associated vegetation within 50 feet of

124

the landward edge of those mangroves. Management policies
mandate that these biotic communities be preserved to the
fullest extent possible and that creation and restoration of
these communities will be encouraged whenever feasible and
necessary.

Local governments are required by the Local Government
Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Section 163.3163, F.S.),
as amended by Chapter 85-55, Laws of Florida, to the Local
Government Comprehensive Planning and -Land Development
Regulation Act (LGCP), to have a management plan with elements
relating to different governmental functions (i.e., housing,
physical facilities, conservation, land use, coastal zone
protection, etc.). Recent statutory amendments require these
plans to be updated and for counties to adopt land development
regulations and improve coastal management protection. The
coastal management element of the LGCP, along with the land
use and conservation elements, establishes long range plans
for orderly, and balanced development, with particular
attention to the identification and protection of
environmental resources in the planning area. Conformance with
the criteria, policies, and practices of a local government
comprehensive plan is required for all development within the
local government jurisdiction.

Monroe County is currently revising and formulating new goals,
objectives and policies that are intended to fulfill the
requirements for the LGCP act and the criteria of 9J-5, F.A.C.
The intent of the aquatic preserve management program, and
this plan, is to guide county efforts during the planning
process towards developing local plan criteria and standards
that will be consistent with and complementary to the
objectives of the aquatic preserve program.

125

TABLE8 MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK

LOCAL AGENCIES REGIONAL AGENCIES

LGT Local Governments (Cities, Towns, RPC Regional Pianning Council
Municipalities) ' WMD Water Management Districts
CGT County Governments FIN Florida Inland Navigation District
LDD Local Drainage Districts
MCD Mosquito Control Districts
ICD Inlet Commissions/Districts
SWC Soil and Water Conservation Districts

STATE AGENCIES FEDERAL AGENCIES

DCA Florida Department of Community Affairs CG United States Coast Guard
DER Florida Department of Environmental Regulation COE United States Army Corps of Engineers
DNR Florida Department of Natural Resources EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
GFC Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission FWS, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
DOS Florida Department of State NMF National Marine Fisheries
DOT Florida Department of Transportation GS United States Geological Survey
FMP Florida Marine Patrol
FSG Florida Sea Grant
MFC Marine Fisheries Commission
DAC Florida Departmentof Consumer and Agricultural
Services
HRS Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative
Services

Source: modified from the Indian River Lagoon Joint Reconnaissance Report, 1987

Local Regional State Federal
ix7r IcG-r JLDD MCD 1CD SWC IRPC IVNID FIN JDAC DCA DEk I DNRIGFC 11RS DOS D(yr FMP FSG IMFC CG COE EPA FWS NN4 GS
Dredge and Fill Permitting 0 0 .. .. ...
I;:-.. -
. ..... ........ .......
:.. x
Docks, Fishing fliers, Seawalls 0 0

Xx@
Marinas 0 0
Submerged Lands Management ........ ........ ....... ....
q***i*:*i i:r' ......
ed
Habitat Protection 01 61 . ...... 0 0 0 0 0 ......

]IM
Mangroves/Wetlands Protection 0 40 0 0 0 0
Seagrass Protection 0 0
"A 0 0
Habitat Restoration 0 0 0140 0 0
Mangroves/Wetlands Restoration 0 0 010
....... .. ....

..... ....
Seagrass Restoration 0 0 0
....... . ......
Resource Inventory 0 0 0 0 010
. .. .......
..... ..... . . ....
Manatees/Porpoises 0
x....,
..........
Endangered Species 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
....... ......
Shellfish/Aguaculture 0 40 0 0'
..... ........ ........
.... ...... ........
Xx
Public Awareness/Education 0 0 0 010 0 .... ........ ......
x:;"; X
Research 0 0 0 0
..... ....
Fisheries Research 0 ...... 0 Ole I
N) ... .... .
Fisheries Management 0 x. 0 0 19 9
... ........
Recreational Fishing ::5 0 0 0 0 0 0
.... ........
...... ... ...
M.
Commercial Fishing 0 0 0 0 0

q
Wildlife Management .......... 0 0

..... . ....... .......
Mosquito Impoundments 0 0 01
7
0
Ifistorical/Archeological Sites 0 0
..... ......
0 .. ...... . ...
Water Quality 0
.i J. 0 0 0
Nonpoint Source Pollution 0 0. -0: 0 010
... ........
0
Point Source Pollution 0 el 0 0
....... ....... ..........
01 0,
Oil/Chemical Spills 0 ....... ....... .0
Drainage/Freshwater Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W
Emergency Response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.. . ........ .
Upland Development 0 0 0

..... ........
Land Use Planning 0
:IX7
. . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational/Boating 101010 0
.. . ........ .. 0. . .... ........
.. ........ .
.ib
Recreational Areas 0101
Bridges and Roads :N- 0
101 L V*.: I:: F:

CHAPTER VIII

STAFFING AND FISCAL NEEDS

Historically, the Aquatic Preserves Program has been largely
dependent on federal coastal zone grant funds for its
operation, and as a result, the funding of both field
positions and central office positions has been limited.

In order for the Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserve to be
managed in accordance with the goals, objectives and policies,
set forth in this plan, adequate funding, staffing and
equipment is essential. It is anticipated that the management
and administration of the three aquatic preserves in the Keys
(Lignumvitae Key, Coupon Bight and Biscayne Bay-Card Sound
portion) could be accomplished with one field office staffed
with five full time employees. An annual review of the
accomplishments of the program relative to the tasks listed in
Chapter VI will help to determine if the initial staffing
estimate is adequate to meet the legislative intent of the
program.

A budget covering projected staff time, equipment, travel and
other expenses for this area, which would include Lignumvitae
Key Aquatic Preserve, is found in Table 9. The budget is
required to fulfill the short range needs of'the preserve as
described in this*' management plan, and to accomplish the
Department goal of on-site management for all aquatic
preserves by 1991, as expressed in th e Agency Functional Plan.

129

TABLE 9

ANTICIPATED TWO-YEAR BUDGET FOR LIGNUMVITAE KEY, COUPON BIGHT
AND THE CARD SOUND PORTION OF BISCAYNE BAY AQUATIC PRESERVES

SALARY 1ST YEAR 2ND YEAR
ES III (with benefits) $ 38,424 $ 39,577
ES II (with benefits) 33,836 34,851
ES I (with benefits) 28,224 29,071
Secretary (with benefits) 17,255 17,773
Environmental educator 22,391 23,063

Subtotal $140,130 $144,335

OPERATING CAPITAL OUTLAY
Vehicles (3 @ $12,000 each) $ 36,000
Office equipment 11,500
Computer 5,000
Education materials 2,500

Subtotal $ 55,000

OPERATING EXPENSES
Rent/Gas/Phone/Supplies $ 28,000 $ 32,000
Education supplies 1,500 1,600

Subtotal 29,500 $ 33,600

TOTAL COST $246#630 $177,935

131

CHAPTER IX

RESOURCE AND ACTIVITY MONITORING PROGRAM

To ensure that this management plan is effectively
implemented, on-site staffing is imperative. Additional
staffing will be necessary in order to institute programs
targeted at 1) monitoring changes in the natural resources, 2)
recording use activities, 3) tracking progress and
accomplishments that are directed at retaining the original
integrity and value of the preserve, and 4) preparing and
conducting environmental education activities.

A. RESOURCE MONITORING

To monitor changes in the natural resources , a geographic
information system (GIS) will be necessary. A GIS is a
computer based system that is used to capture, edit, display,
and analyze geographic information. The first GIS programs
were developed about 20 years ago to manage large collections
of natural resource and environmental information. Since
their development, they have been used in other areas, such as
utilities mapping, inventory management, and land use
planning. However, their most important application continues
to be natural resource monitoring and management.

Future use of a GIS system would include the periodic
inventory, compilation, and analysis of temporal and spatial
data concerning the present state of the natural resources
within the preserve. Historical aerial photography could be
computerized for comparison with later data to conduct a
temporal analysis of resource abundance. Detailed monitoring
of revegetation/ restoration efforts could also be computer
analyzed. The on-line access to these natural resource data
bases will facilitate informed management decisions concerning
the use and protection of lands and their resources.
Cooperation and file sharing is possible with other agencies
handling such data with identical and similar systems. Similar
environments and relationships between various resources may
be compared and analyzed to gain a more integrated approach to
protection and management.

B. ACTIVITY XONITORING

As human interaction in and around the preserve increases,
additional pressures are to be expected in the form of
recreational and development activities. Monitoring the types
of use and their compatibility, their frequency of occurrence,
as well as, proven and expected detrimental effects. on the
preserve's natural resources, will provide a foundation for
developing any additional future plan amendments and
restrictions required to protect these resources. Periodic

133

boat counts, user questionnaires and structure inventories are
various methods that may be employed to gather relevant data
on activities and user group profiles.

C. PROGRESS MONITORING

For this management plan to be effectively implemented and
evaluated, it is necessary to monitor the accomplishments and
progress on a regular basis. Sharing this information with
other units and agencies, will help develop a team approach to
problem solving and implementing management strategies.

The compilation of the monitoring program will be directed to
the central office in Tallahassee in the form of a field
office annual report. This information will then go into the
development of a state-wide status report on. the Aquatic
Preserve Management Program focusing on resource
restoration/deterioration, compatible and non-compatible use
activities, and will aid in developing more appropriate
management strategies system wide.

The field office annual report should detail the following:

1. The.state of the natural environment of the aquatic preserve.

a. Through the use of the resource inventories-and the
GIS system, document the status of biological resources
(e.g., seagrass loss or gain).

b. Identify the current number of structures/activities
either started, occurring or completed in the preserve.
These structures/activities will be categorized as
follows:
1) authorized projects,
2) unauthorized projects, and
3) projects not in compliance with the original
authorization

2. A list of accomplishments of those policies and tasks outlined
in Chapter VII.

a. Each task will be listed and the activities required to
complete that task will be detailed. If the task was not
done or not completed, an explanation will be given. If
the explanation was due to insufficient funding/staff,
then this fact will be detailed so that an update of
Chapter IX can be made.

3. Any new goals and/or objectives will be reflected in an update
of Chapter VII.

134

REFERENCES

Adey, W. 1977. Shallow Water Holocene.Bioherms of the Caribbean
Sea and West Indies. PP. Xxi-xxiv, Vol. 2 IN Proceedings:
Third International Coral Reef Symposium. University of Miami,
Miami, Fla.

Almodovar, L.R., and R. Biebl. 1962. Osmotic resistance of mangrove
algae around La Parguaera, P.R. Rev. Algol. (N.S.): 6(3):203-
208.

Arendt, W.J., T.A. Vargas Mora, and J.W. Wiley. 1979. White-
crowned Pigeon: Status kangewide and in the Dominican
Republic. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife
Agencies. 33:111-122.

Bacon, P.R. .1970. The Ecology of Caroni Swamp. special Publication,
Central,Statistical Office, Trinidad. 68 pp.

Ball, M.M., E.A. Shinn, and K.W. Stockman. 1967. The Geologic
Effects of Hurricane Donna in South Florida. Florida J. Geol.
75(5):583-597.

Ballentinel D., and H.J. Humm. 1975. Benthic Algae of the Anclote
Estuary I. Epiphytes of Seagrass Leaves. Fla. Sci.38(3):150-
162.

Barnes, R.D. 1974. Invertebrate Zoology. Third Ed. W.B. Saunder
Co., New York. 870 pp.

Beever, J.W., D. Simberloff, and L.L. King. 1979. Herbivory and
Predation by the Mangrove Tree Crab, Aratus visonii.
Oecologia 43:317-328.

Bent, A. C. 1932. Life Histories of North American. Birds. U.S. Natl.
Mus. Bul. 162 pp.

Bock, W.D. 1971. A Handbook of the Benthonic Forminifera of
Florida Bay and Adjacent Waters, IN A Symposium of Recent
South Florida Foraminifera, W.D. Bock, et al., Memoir I, Miami
Geol. Society, Miami. 245.pp.

Bright, T., W. Jaap, and C. Cashman. 1981 Ecology and Management
of Coral Reefs and Organic Banks. Pp. 53-160 IN Proceeding of
Environmental Research Needs in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S.
Dept.of Commerce, NOAA, E.R.L., Miami, Florida.

Brook, 1. 1975. Some Aspects of the Trophic Relationships Among
the Higher Consumers in a Seagrass Community (Thalassia
testudinum) in Card Sound, Florida. Dissertation. Univ. of
Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 133 pp.

135

Carr, A.W., and C.J. Goin. 1955. Reptiles, Amphibians and
Freshwater Fishes of Florida. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
341 pp.
Carr, W.E.S., and C.A. Adams. 19'73. Food Habits of Juvenile Marine
Fishes Occupying Seagrass Beds in the Estuarine Zone Near
Crystal River. Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102(3):511-540.

Carter, K.E. 1976. The Rumskudgeon: Housman, Wrecker of Indian
Key. BPK Press, Hialeah, Florida. 125 pp.

Carter, M.R., L.A. Burus, T.R. Cavinder, K.R. Dugger, P.L. Fore,
D.B. Hicks, H.L. Re"vells, and T.W. Schmidt. 1973. Ecosystem
Analysis of the Big Cypress Swamp and Estuaries. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Region IV, Atlanta,

Casagrande, D.J. and P.H. Given. 1975. Geochemistry of Amino Acids
in Some Florida Peat Accumulations. I. Analytical Approach and
Total Amino Acid Concentration. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
38:419-434.

Chapman, V.J. 1976. Coastal Vegetation. Pergamon Press, New York.
292 pp.

Cintron, G., A.E. Lugo, D.J. Pool, and G. Morris. 1978. Mangroves
of Arid Environments in Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands.
Biotropica 10:110-12-1.

Coastal' Coordinating Council, State of Florida. 1974. Florida
Coastal Zone Management Atlas.. Coastal Coordinating Council,
Tallahassee, Fla.

Cotheran, E. 1983. Personal communication regarding dredging/
filling and other development in the Islamorada area.

Courtney, C.M. 1975. Mangrove. and Seawall Oyster Communities at
Marco Island, Florida. Bull. Am. Malacol. Union Inc. 41:29-32.

Craighead, F.C., Sr., and V.C. Gilbert. 1962. The Effects of
Hurricane Donna on the Vegetation of Southern Florida. Q.J.
Fla. Acad. Sci 25:1-28.

Davis, J.H., Jr. 1940. The Ecology and Geologic Role of Mangroves
in Florida. Carnegie Institute, Washington, -D.C. Publ. 517.
Tortugas Lab Pap. 32:303-412.

Dean, L. 1982. Reef Lights. J.B. Klay and Sons, Tampa, Florida. 134
.pp - I

Duellman, W.E., and A. Schwartz. 1958. Amphibians and Reptiles of
Southern Florida. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 3:181-324.

136

Ebanks, W.J., and Bubb, J.N. 1975. Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation
Matecumbe Keys Tidal Bank, South Florida. Jour. Sed. Pet.
45(2):422-439.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. Effects of Baytex and
Malathion on Early Life Stages of Snook, Centropomus
undecimalis. Surveillance and Analysis Division, Ecology
Branch, Athens, Georgia. 7 pp.

Ernst, C.H. and R.W. Barbour. 1972. Turtles of the United States.
University of Kentucky Press, Lexington. 299 pp.

Eysterf 1. 1987. Personnal Communication re: historic and
arcaeological sites in Florida Keys.

Fell, J.W., R.D. Cefalu, I.M. Master, and S.S. Tallman. 1975.
Microbial Activities in the Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Leaf
Detrital System. Pp. 661-679 IN G. Walsh, S. Snedaker and H.
Teas, eds. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the
Biology and Management of Mangroves. University of Florida,
Gainesville.

Fell, J.W., I.M. Master, and S.Y. Newell. 1980. Laboratory Model
of the Potential Role of Fungi (Phytophthora spp.) in the
Decomposition of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Leaf Litter.
IN K.R. Tenore and B.C. Coull, eds. Marine Benthic Dynamics.
Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia.

Florida Department of Community Affairs. 1984. Boundary and
Principles for Guiding Development in the Keys Area of
Critical State Concern. Adopted March 6, 1984. Chapter 27F-
8.26 pp.

Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. 1984. Work Plan
205(J): Keys Monitoring Study. Final Report. South Florida.
District, Marathon Branch Office. 32 pp.

Florida dame and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1984. Endangered and
Threatened Species Management and Conservation Plan, 1984
Update and Progress Report. Tallahassee, Florida. 33 pp.

Florida Game and Fresh Water Commission. 1990. Endangered and
Potentially Endangered Fauna and Flora in Florida, official
List. Tallahassee, Florida. 19 pp.

Florida Department of Natural Resources. Title and registration
section unpublished data for 1989-90 vessel registrations
Monroe and Dade County.

137

Florida Department of Natural Resources. 1989. Preliminary Annual
Landings Summary for 1989. Unpublished report by Marine
Fisheries Service. St. Petersburg, Florida. 35 pp.

Frank, N. 1985. Former Director of National Hurricane Center (NOAA)
Miami. Unpublished presentation on hurricanes. John Pennekamp
Coral Reef State Park, Key Largo, Florida.

Gilbert, C.R. 1978. Key Silverside. Pp. 1-2 IN Gilbert, C.R., ed.
Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 4, Fishes.
-University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

Ginsburg, R.N. 1953. Intertidal Erosion on the Florida Keys. Bull.
Mar. Sci. 3(l):54-69

Ginsburg, R.N., and J. Schroeder. 1973. Growth and Submarine
Fossilization of Algal Cup Reefs, Bermuda. Sedimentology
20:575-614.

Ginsburg, R.N., and E.A. Shinn. 1964. Distribution of the Reef-
building Community in Florida and the Bahamas. Bull. Mar.
Assoc. Petrol Geol. 48:527.(Abstr.)

Harlin, M.M. 1971. Translocation Between Marine Hosts and Their
Epiphytic Algae. Plant Physiol. 47(suppl.):41.

Hoffmeister, J.E., 1974. Land from the Sea. University of Miami
Press, Miami, Florida. 143 pp.

Hoffmeister, J.E., and H.G. Multer. 1964. Pleistocene Limestones
of the Florida Keys. Pp. 57-61. Guidebook for Field Trip No.
1, Geol. soc. Amer. Annual Meeting, Miami, Florida. .

Hoffmeister, J.E., and H.G. Multer. 1968. Geology and Origin of
the Florida Keys. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bul. 79:1487-1502.

.Humm, H., and S. Wicks. 1980. Introduction and Guide to the Marine
Bluegreen Algae. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 104 pp.

Jaap, W.C. 1984. The Ecology of the South Florida Coral Reefs: A
community Profile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/08. 138
pp-

Jordan, C.L. 1973. Climate. pp. 1-22. IN A Summary of the Knowledge
of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, State University Systems,
Florida. Institute of Oceangraphy IIA.

Jutro, P.R. 1975. Lignumvitae Key: The History, Natural History and
Politics of the Preservation of a Unique Area. Unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, Cornell University. 356 pp.

138

King, W., and T. Krakauer, 1966. The Exotic Herpetofauna of
Southeastern Florida. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 29:149-154.

King, W., and T. Krakauer. 1968. The Ecology of the Neotropical
Toad, Bufo marinus, in South Florida. Herptological 24:214-
221.

Krakauer, T. 1970. The Invasion of the Toads. FL. Nat. 44:12-14.

Kushlan, J.A. 1976. Wading Bird Predation in a Seasonally
Fluctuating Pond. Auk 93(3):464-476.

K-ushlan, J.A. 1978. Feeding Ecology of Wading Birds. Pp. 249-297.
IN A. Sprunt IV, J. Ogden, and S. Wicker, eds. National
Audubon Society Res. Rep. 7. New York.

Lapointe, B.E. 1989. Pollution of Ground Waters and Surface Waters
of Big Pine Key. Pp. 100-113 IN Fresh and Surface Water
Resources of Big Pine Key, Monroe County Florida. M.L.
Robertson and J.M. Young, eds. The Nature Conservancy. Key
West. 122 pp.

Layne, J.N. 1974. The Land Mammals of South Florida. Miami, Geol.
Soc. Mem. 2:386-413.

Lazell, J.D. 1984. A New Marsh Rabbit (Svvlvilaaus palustris)
from Florida's Lower Keys. J.Mamm. 65(l):26-33.

Lazell, J.D. 1989. Wildlife of the Florida Keys: A Natural History.
Island Press, Washington, D.C. 250 pp.

Lewis, R.R.. and R.C. Phillips. 1980. Occurrence of Seeds and
Seedlings of Thalassia testudinum Banks EX Konic in the
Florida Keys (USA). Aquatic Bot. 9:377-380.

Lewis, R.R., R.C. Phillips, D.J. Adamek, and J.C. Cato. 1981.
Draft Final Report on Seagrass Revegetation Studies in Monroe
County. Report by Continential Shelf Associates to the Florida
Department of Transportation. 65 pp.

Lugo, A.E., G. Evink, M.M. Brinson, A. Broce, and S.C. Snedaker.
1975. Diurnal Rates of Photosynthesis, Respiration and
Transpiration in Mangrove Forests in South Florida. Pp. 335-
350 IN F. Golley and G. Medina, eds. Tropical Ecological
Systems. Academic Press, New York.

Lugo, A.E., and S.C. Snedaker. 1974. The Ecology of Mangroves.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:39-64.

Lugo, A.E., R.R. Twilley, and C. Patterson- Zucca. 1980. The Role
of Black Mangrove Forests in the Productivity of Coastal
Ecosystems in South Florida. Report to E.P.A. Corvallis
Environmental Research Laboratory. Carvallis, Oregon. 281 pp.

139

Lugo, A.E. and C.P. Zucca. 1977. The Impact of Low Termperature
Stress on Mangrove Structure and Growth. Trop. Ecol. 18:149-
161.

Manker, J. P. 1975. Distribution and Concentration of Mercury, Lead,
Cobalt, Zinc, and Chromium in suspended Particles and Bottom
Sediments-Upper Florida Keys, Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay.
Ph.D. Thesis. Rice University, Houston, Texas. 114 pp.
Martin, S.W. 1949. Florida's Flagler. University of Georgia Press,
Athens, Georgia. 280 pp.

Marszalek, D. 1982. Florida Reef Tract Marine Habitat and
Ecosystems Maps. Published in Cooperation with the Florida
Department of Natural Resources, Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management and University of Miami, Miami,
Florida.

Marszalek, D., G. Babashoff, M.- Noel, and P. Worley. 1977. Reef
Distribution in South Florida. pp. 223-230. IN Proceedings:
Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 2. University
of Miami, Florida.

Mathis, K., J.C. Cato, R.L. Degner, P.D. Landrum, and F.J.
Prochaska. 1979. Commercial Fishing Activity and Facility
Needs in Florida: Dade and Monroe Counties. Florida
Agricultural Market Research Center, University of Florida.
'Gainesville, Florida 68 pp.

Mattox, N.T. 1949. Studies on the Biology of the Edible Oysterf
Ostrea rhizophorae Guilding. in Puerto Rico. Ecol. Monogr.
19:339-356.

McGill, J.T. 1959. Coastal Classification Maps. Pp. 1-22 IN R.J.
Russell, ed. Second Coastal Geography Conference. Coastal
Studies Instit., Louisiana State 'University, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.

McMillan, C. 1971. Environmental Factors Affecting Seedling
Establishment of the Black Mangrove on the Central Texas
Coast. Ecology 52:927-930.

Meylan. A. 1988. Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass.
Science News 133(5):70.

Moler, P . 1986. Personnal Communication regarding the American
Crocodile.

Monroe County. 1986. Florida Keys' Comprehensive Plan. Vol. I- III.

Multer, H.G. 1977. Field Guide to Some Carbonate Rock Environments-
Florida Keys and Western Bahamas. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.,
Dubuque, Iowa. 425 pp.

140

Multer, H.G., and J.E. Hoffmeister. 1968. Subaerial Laminate Crusts
of the Florida Keys. Geol. Soc. Amer.Bul. v. 79: 183-192.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1988. The Economic Value of the
Sport Fisheries of the Florida Keys. Xerox copy.

National marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) and Florida Department
of Natural Resources. 1981. Florida Landings, Annual Summary
1975, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 6916. Washington, D.C.
12 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service SEFC. 1984, 1985 & 1986.
Unpublished data Florida Fish Landings (Monroe and Dade
County). National Marine Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries
Center. Virginia Key, Florida. 6 pp.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1965. World
Weather Records 1951-1960. Vol. 1 North America. U.S.
Department of Commerce, NOAA Weather Bureau.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administraiton. 1979. World
Weather Records 1961-1970. Vol. 1 North America. U.S.
Department of Commerce, NOAA Weather Bureau.

Neumann, A.C. 1966. "Observations on Coastal Erosion in Bermuda
and Measurements of the Boring Rate of "the Sponge Cliona
lampa.11 Linnol.,,Oceanographic. 11:92-108.
Odum. W.E. 1976. Pathways of Energy Flow in a South Florida
Esturary. University of Miami Sea Grant Bull. 7. 162 pp.

Odum, W.E. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecolgy. Saunders Publ. Col,
Philadelphia, Pa. 574 pp.

Odum, W.E., and E.J. Heald. 1972. Trophic Analysis of an Estuarine
Mangrove Community. Bull. Mar. Sci. 22:671-738.

Odum, W.E., and E.J. Heald. 1975. The Detritus-Based Food Web of
an. Estuarine Mangrove Community. Pp. 265-268 IN Estuarine
Research. Academic Press, New York.

Odum, W.E., C.G. McIvor, and T.J. Smith, 111. 1982. The Mangroves
of South Florida: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Office of Biological Services. Washington, D.C.
FWS/OBS-8/24. 144 pp.

Onuf, C.P., J.M. Teal, and I. Valiela. 1977 Interactions of
Nutrients, Plant Growth and Herbivory in a Mangrove Ecosystem.
Ecology 58:514-526.

Orpurt, P.A., and L.L. Boral. 1964. The Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
of Thalassia testudinum Konig. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib.
14:296-302.

141

Paulson, D.R. 1968. Variation in Some Snakes from the Florida Keys.
Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci. 29(4):294-308. -

Phillips, R.C. 1960. observations on the Ecology and Distribution
of the Florida Sea Grasses. Prof. Pap. Ser. Fla. Board
Conserv. (2):1-72.

Rehm, A.E. 1974. A Study of the Marine Algae Epiphytic on the Prop
Roots of Rhizophora mangel L. from Tampa to Key Largo,
Florida. Dissertation. University of South Florida, Tampa.
183 pp.

Rehm, A.E. 1976. The Effects of the Wood-Boring Isopod, Sphaeroma
terebrans, on the Mangrove Communities of Florida. Environ.
Conserv. 3:47-57.

Robertson, P.B. 1963. A Survey of the Marine Rock-Boring Fauna of
Southeast. Florida Unpublished Masters Thesis. Instit. of Mar.
Sci., University of Miami.

Robertson, W.B. 1978 (a). Roseate Tern. Pp. 39-40 IN Kale, H.W. I,
ed. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 2, Birds.
University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

Robertson, W.B. 1978 (b). Southern Bald Eagle. Pp. 27-30 IN Kale,
H.W. II ed. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 2,
Birds.-University Presses of Floiida, Gainesville.

Robertson, W.B., Jr., and J.A. Kushlan. 1974. The Southern Florida
Avifauna. Miami Geol. Soc. Mem. 2:414-452.

Sand-Jensen, K. 1977. Effect of Epiphytes on Eelgrass
Photosynthesis-. Aquat. Bot. 3.55-63.

Scholander, P.F. 1968. How Mangroves Desalinate Seawater. Physiol.
Plant. 21:258-268.

Schomer, N.S., and R.D. Drew. 1982. An Ecological Characterization
of the Lower Everglades, Florida Bay and the Florida Keys.
State of Florida DER Cooperative Agreement 14-16-009-80-999.
Performed for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Biol.
Services and the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. FWS/OBS-82/58.1. 246 pp.

Scholl, D.W. 1966. Florida Bay. A Modern Site of Limestone
Formation. pp 282-288. IN The Encyclopedia of Oceanography.
R.W. Fairbridge, ed. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York.

Schreiber,. R.W. 1978. Eastern Brown Pelican. Pp. 23-25 IN Kale,
H.W. II, ed. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 2,
Birds. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

142

-Scoff in, T.P. 1970. The Trapping and Binding of Subtidal Carbonate
Sediments by Marine Vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas. J.
Sediment Petrol. 40(l):249-273.

Simberloff, D. 1976. Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: Effects
of Island Size. Ecology 57:629-648.

Simberloff, D., and E.O. Wilson. 1969. Experimental Zoogeography
of Islands: The Colonization of Empty Islands. Ecology
50:278-296.

Snyder, H. 1978. Peregrine Falcon. Pp. 7-9 IN Kale, H.W., II, ed.
Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 2, Birds.
University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

Spitzer, N.C., and J.D. Lazell, Jr. 1978. A New Rice Rat (genus
orvzomys) from Florida's Lower Keys. J.Mamm. 59(4):787-792.

Sprunt, A., Jr. 1954. Florida Birdlife. Coward-McCann, Inc., New
York. 627 pp.

Sprunt, A., Jr. 1986. Personnal communication regarding Florida
Keys birds.

Stevely, J.M., J.C. Thompson, R.E. Warner. 1978. The Biology and
Utilization of Florida's Commercial Sponges. Sea.Grant Tech.
Pap. # 8 University of Florida, Gainesville. 45 pp.

Swanton, J.R. 1979. The Indians of the Southeastern United States.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 943 pp.

Tabb, D.C., D.L. Dubrow, and R.B. Manning. 1962. The Ecology of.
Northern Florida Bay and Adjacent Estuaries. Florida Board of
Conservation. Tech. Serv. 39. 79 pp.

Taylor, W.R. 1960. Marine Algae of the Eastern Tropical and
Subtropical Coasts of the Americas. Univ. of Michigan Press,
Ann Arbor. 879 pp.

Teas, H. 1977. Ecology and Restoration of Mangrove Shorelines in
Florida. Environ. Conserv. 4:51-57.

Teas, H. 1979. Silviculture with Saline Water. Pg. 117-161 IN A.
Hollaender, ed. The Biosaline Concept. Plunum Publ. Corp.

Thorhaug, A., and B. Austin. 1976. Restoration of Seagrasses with
Economic Analysis. Environ. Conserv. 3:259-267.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants. Department of the Interior. 24 pp.

Voss, G.L. 1976. Seashore Life of Florida and the Caribbean. E.A.
Seemann Publ. Co. Inc., Miami, Fla. 168 pp.

143

Voss, G.L. 1988. Coral Reefs of Florida. Pineapple Press, Sarasota,
Florida. 80 pp.

Waisel, Y. 1972. Biology of Halophytes. Academic Press, New York.
395 pp.

Walsh, G.E. 1967. An Ecological Study of a Hawaiin Mangrove Swamp.
PP. 420-431 IN G.H. Lauff, ed. Estuaries. American Association
Advancement Science Publ. 83. Washington, D.C.

Wanless, H.R. 1969. Sediments of Biscayne Bay-Distribution and
Depositional History. Tech. Report 69-2, Inst. Mar. Sci.,
University of Miami, Florida. 260 pp. . I
Wanless, H.R. 1989. The inundation of our coastlines. Sea Frontiers
35 (5) :264-271.

Weaver, W.G. 1978a. Florida Brown Snake. Pp. 44-45, IN McDiarmid,
R.W., ed. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 3,
Reptiles and Amphibians. University Presses of. Florida,
Gainesville.

Weaver, W.G. 1978b. Keys Mud Turtle. Pp. 30-31, IN McDiarmid,
R.W., ed. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 3,
Reptiles and Amphibians. University of Florida Presses,
Gainesville.

Wells, P. 1990. Personal communication regarding fauna of Shell Key
State Preserve.

Wheaton, J.L. 1989. The Marine Life Fishery for "Live-rock":
Biological and Ecological Assessment of the Product and
Implications for Harvest. Florida Marine Research Institute.
Unpublished report. 18 pp.

Wiley, J. W. 1979. The White-crowned Pigeon in Puerto Rico: Status,
Distribution and Movements. J. Wildl. Manage. 3(2):402-413.

Williams, S.L. 1981. Caulerpa cupressoides: The Relationship of
the Uptake of Sediment Ammonium and of Algal Decomposition for
Seagrass Bed Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Maryland.

Wof enden, S.L. 1978. Snowy Plover. Pp. 8-10 IN Kale, H.W. II, ed.
Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. 2, Birds.
University Presses of Florida, Gainsville.

Wood, E.J.F. 1965. Marine Microbial Ecology. Reinhold Publ. Corp.,
New York. 243 pp.

Young, F.A. 1989. Communication to P. McVety of Florida Department
of Natural Resources regarding live rock industry in south
Florida.

144

Zieman, J.C. 1972. Origin of Circular Beds of Thalassia
(Spermatophyta:Hydrocharitaceae) in South Biscayne Bay,
Florida, and their Relationship to Mangrove Hammocks. Bull.
Mar. Sci. 22(3):559-574.

Zieman, J.C. 1975. Quantitative and Dynamic Aspects of the Ecology
of Turtle Grass, Thalassia testudinum. Pp. 541-561 IN L.E.
Cronin, ed. Estuarine Research. Vol. I Academic Press, New
York.

Zieman, J.C. 1976. The Ecological Effects of Physical Damage from
Motorboats on Turtle Grass Beds in Southern Florida. Aquat.
Bot. 2:127-139.

Zieman, J.C. 1982. The Ecology of the Seagrasses of South Florida:
A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services,.Office
of Biological Services, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-82/25. 158
Pp-

Zieman, J.C., and R.G. Wetzel. 1980. Methods and Rates of
Productivity in Seagrasses. Pp. 87-116 IN R.C. Phillips and
C.P. McRoy, eds. Handbook of Seagrass Biology. Garland STMP
Press, New York.

145

APPENDIX A (R. 3197)
V. 9, p 69220 Admin istrative Codes 1920.002

CHAPTER 1q8-20 q(c) To coordinate with federal. state. and local
FLORIDA AQUATIC PRESERVES agencies to aid in carrying Out the intent (of the
Legislature in creating the preserves;
1q9-20-001 Intent. (d) To use applicable federal, state. and qincaql
1q9-20.0q02 Boundaries and Scope or the management programs, which are compatible with
Preserves. the intent and provisions of the act and these ruqics,
18-20-003 Definitions. and to assist in managing the preserves;
18-20.004 2qManarement Policies, Standards
(c) To encourage the protection, enhancement
and Criteria. or or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or
18-20.005 Uscs, Sales, Leases, or Transfer
Interests in Lands, or Materials, scientific values of the preserves, including but not
Held by the Board. (Rcpcaled) limited to the modification of existing manqmaqde
18-20.006 Cumulative Impacts. conditions toward their natural condition, and
18-20.007 Protection of Riparian Rights. discourage activities which would degrade the
(Repealed) aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or tqhe
18-20.008 Inclusion of Lands, Title to Which quality, or utility of a preserve, when reviewing
Is Not Vested in the Board, in a applications, or when developing and implementing
Preserve. management plans for the preserves-,
1q9-20.009 Establishment or Expansion of (r) To preserve, promote. and utilize indigenous
Aquatic Preserves. life forms and habitats. including but not limited to:
18-20.01q0 Exchange of Lands. sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasscs.
18-20.011 Gifts of Lands. mangroves. sail water marshes, fresh water
18-20.012 Protection oqf Indigenous Life marshes. mud nats, estuarine. aquatic, and marine
Forms. reptiles, game and non-game fish species. estuarine,
18-20.013 Development of Resource aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine.
Inventories and Management aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and
Plans for Prcscqfvqa. mollusks;
1 2q&20.014 Enforcement. (g) TO acquire additional title interests in lands
1q8-20.015 Application Form. (Repealed) wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or
18-20.016 Coordination with Other enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values
Governmental Agencies. of the preserves; . .
(h) To maintain those beneficial hvdrologic and
18-20.017 Lake Jackson Aquatic Preservc. biologic functions, the bencqrits' of wh 'ich acc-ruc to
qLO-DrAtqY Acqle"emccq= qRiP"rqian ro-ch"s 80 Amvq@4qPi)ic w2lq-- tqhe public at Large.
L Henry rican. q5q3 2qFqLL Barqj. 247. qZSO (Mar- 19q8tq). (4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to
1q9-20.001 Intent. eliminate or alter the requirements or authority or
(q1) All sovercigntv lands within a preserve shall other governmental agencies, including countics
be managed primarily for the maintenance or and municipalities, to protect or enhance the
essentially natural conditions, the propagation oqf preserves provided that such requirements or
fish and wildlife, and public Lion, including authority are not inconsistent with the act and this
hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by chapter.
the board@ and the managing agency. Specific Auihariq@y 120-5q3. q25q8.4q3(1) 4qF.qS. qL.7w
Jmpicqmensed q25q84qJ5.25q8.36.25q8.371. qZ5qS-q39.q25q8.39.3 4qFqS,
(2) The aquatic prcserves which are described in 4qC-hapoci-8q0-q24qM Laws 4qW4qFIrwid2. Hqisicir.yq-qNew 2-qZ3-81.
7q3-534, Laws oqf Florida, Sections 258.39, q258.39 1, Amended 8-7-8q5, Farmcri,v 16Q-20.01, 4qTransierred frrorn
25q9.392 and 258-393, Florida Statutes, future 16Q.2q0.001.
aquatic preserves established pursuant to general or
special acts of the legislature, and in qRuqie 1q&-20.qDqO2 Boundaries and scope or the
1q9-20.002, Florida Administrative Code, were Prcscrvqm
established for the purpose of being preserved in an (1) These rules shall only apply to those
essentially natural or existing condition so that their sovereignty lands within a preserve, title 10 which is
aesthetic, biological and sciqenqtqiq6c values may Vested in the board, and those other lands for which
endure for qt8qhqe qeqn6qjo mqenqt or future generations. the board has an appropriate instrument in writing,
qth
(3) The preserves shall be administered and cxqcqLuted by the owner, auqthorizinz cinc4qiusiqnnqo2qf
managed in acqeq-qordanqcqc with the following goals: specific lands in an aquatic preserve pursuant to
(a) To preserve- protectq., and enhance these Section 20q(2) of Chapter 76qaq-2q534, Laws or Florida,
qcxqcqepqLiqona4qi areas of sovereignty submerged lands by 2qSqeqcLiqons 26q52q6.40(!) and 20q52q8.44q]2q(5), Florida Statutes,
rqc2sonabiqc rqe2qgqu8qla4qdon or human activity within the future aquatic preserves qesqtqabiiqshqe2qd through
4q? reserves through the development aqnd general or special acts of the legislature, and
implementation or a comprehensive management pursuant to Rule 18q6-20q-008. Florida
pqrqoqgqrqanqtq; Administrative Code. Any publicly owned and
88q& To protect and enhance the waters or the maintained navigation channel authorized by the
preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy United States 56qdqonqgrqeqss, or other public works
t2qhqe traditional recreational uses of those waters such prqo6qiqeqLql authorized by the United States Congress,
zs swimming, 8qbqnaqtinq'2qgq, and 2qfis4qhin00qC qdqesiqrqnqe8qd to qimqoqrovqe or maintain commerce and
navigation shall be deemed to be excluded from the

147

(R 31S)
1920.002 IqNqMERNAL IqMPROVEMEqNTqMUST FUND V. 9 P. 6922P

Pisins of this chapter, pursuant In Subsection 181. pages 363-366nd in the Orriil Records of
2qS8.40(2), Florida Statutes. Furthermore. all lands Fqiagqier County in Book 33, pages 131-134.
lost by avu2qWan or by artificially induced erosion 4. Toqmoka Marsh Aquatic Preserve, as
shall be deemed excluded from the provisions of this qdeqxribed in the Official qRecurqns of Flaqgqier County
chapter pursuant to Subsection 2qSq8.40(3), Florida in Book 33, pages 13q5-1q38, 2nd in the Official
Statutes. Records oqf Voiusia County in Book 1244. pages
(2) These rules do not apply to Boca Cleqga Bay. 61q5-618.
Pinellas County or Biscayne Bay Aquatic q5. Wekiva River Aquatic Preserve. as described
Preseqmqm in Section 2qSq8.q39(30). F.S.
(3) Thew rules are promulgated to clarify tqhe 6. qIvqiosquoko Laqgoi)n Aquatic Preserve. as
responsi bili tics of the board in carrying out its land described in the Official Records or Voqlusia County
management functions as those functions apply in Book 1244. pages 619-623, and in the Official
within the preserveL Implementation and Records (if Brevard County in Book 1143. pages
respeinsibilqitqy for environmental permitting of q190-q194.
activities and water quality protection within the 7. Banana River Aquatic Preserve. as described
prvscrvqa are vested in the Department of in the Official Records of qBrevard County In Book
Environmental qRcg2qWaLiOn. Since these rules are 1143. pages 195-198. less thosc lands dediunted it)
considered cumulative with other rules, a person the U. S. A. prior its the enactment of the act, until
planning an activity within the preserves should such time as the U. qS. A. no qloriger wishes it)
also consult the other applicable depaqnment rules maintain such lands for the purpose qiqor which they
(Chapter 18-21. Florida Administrative Code, fnr were dedicated, ;it which time such lands would
example) as well as the rules of the Department of reven it) the qLxwrd. and be managed as pan oqf the
Environmental Regulation. preserve.
(4) These rules shall not affect previous actions q8. Indian River - Maqla0qWr to Sebastian
of the board concerning the issuance of any Aquatic Preserve, as qdescribcd in the Ofqricial
casement or qlcasc; or any disclaimer concerning Records (Iq( qBrevarqd County in q1q14mik q1q143, pages
sovereignty lands. q18q"-202, and in the Ofqrqicial qRccurds of Indian
(q5) The intent and specific provisions cxprcssed River County in Book .q168. qImiqges 5-8.
in 1q8-20.001(c) and (qf) apply geneqmqlqlqy to all 9. Indian River - Vero Beach to Fort Pierce
existing or qfutuqm aquatic przserves within the scope Aquatic Preserve. as 'dcqwriqbeqd in the 4qOqrqricial
of this chapter. Upon completion of a resource Records of Indian River County in Book 368. pages
inventory and approval or a management plan for a 9-12. and in - the Official Records or qSL. Lucie
prescrve, pursuant to 18-20.013, the type County in Book 187, pages 1083-1086. )
designation and the resource sought to be preserved 10. Jensen qBcaLh its Jupiter Inlet Aquatic
may be readdressed by the Board. Preserve. as described in the Official Records oqf qSt.
(6) For the purpose of cqhuiqfication and Lucie County in Book 218, pages 2865-2869.
interpretation, tqhe legal description set forth as 11. North Fork, St. Lucie Aquatic Preserve, as
follows do not include any land which is expressly described in the Ofqricial Recorqds'or Martin County
recogniq=d as privately owned upland in a in Btiok 337, pages 2159-2162, and in the oqrqricqial
qpqml-qMqisting recorded mean high water line Records or SL Lucie County in Book 20 1, pages
sqatlement agreement between the board and a 1676-1679.
private owner or owncqm Provided, however, in 12. LoxahaLchec River - Lake Wnrth Creek
thaw instances wherein a settlement agreement was Aquatic Preserve, as cicscriqiieqd in the 0qOqfqricial
executed suqb2q"ucnt to the passage aql' the Florida Records of Manin County in qBot)k 320, pages
Coast.al Mapping Act, the determination oqf the 193-196, and in the Official Records or Paim Beach
mean high water line shall be in accordance with the County in Volume 1860. pares 806-809.
provisions of such acL 13. Biscayne Bay - Cape Florida to Monroe
(7) Persons interested in obtaining details of County Lincq@ Aquatic Preserve, as described in the
particular preserves should contact the Bureau of Ofqlicial Records of Dade County in Book 7055,
State Lands Management, Deqpaqnincrit of NaLUMI pages 852-856, less. however. those lands and
0qRcsourccs@ 3900 Commonwealth Blvd., waters as described in Section 258.165, F. S.,
Tallahasseeq- FL 3q2303 (teiqenqshonc 900q"88q-21-97). (Biscavnc Bay Aquatic Preserve Act of 1974), and
(a) The preserves am dqcq's6qmqi8qbqe2qd as follows: those 'lands and waters within the Biscayne
1. Fort Clinch State Park Aquatic Preserve, as National Park.
described in qt8qhqe Ofrqiciqal Records or Nassau County 14. 2qLiqznumviqtaqc Key Aquatic Preserve, as
in Book 100q8, pages 343q-346, and in Book I 11, page described in the O6qf6qrqiciqal 8qkqecqurqas qo2qr 08qN6qionmqe County
409. in 6qBqiqxqsk 502, pages 139q-1q42.
2q. Nassau River - SL 2qJqnhns River Marshes 15. 6qCoupqon Eight Aqouqaqtic Preserve, as
Aquatic Pqrqcscrvqe, as described in the Official described in the O8qr8qr4qiciqal Records qof Monqroqc County
Records or Duval 16qCqounqtv in Volume 3183q, pages in Book 502, pages 1q43-146.
547-6q552, and in the Of-q5ciqa4ql Records or Naq'ssqau 16. Cqaqtqiqc Romano - Ten 8q-houqsand Islands
County in Book 108q8q,q-pa2qgqes 232-237. Aquatic Preserve, as described in the Or8ql'iqcial
0q3. 2qfqic8qilicqer Creek Aquatic Preserve, as described Records of Collier County in Book 381, paces
in the 20qOM16q621 Records Or SL Johns County in Book 298q-301.

148

V. 9, p. 6922qQ LORMA AQU-qnC PRESERVES 1920.003
17. Rookery Bav Aquatic Preerv.as described negotiate an arrangement with any such pr
in Section q25q8-q39(31), FS. upland owner by which such land may be included
1q8. qEstern Bay Aquatic Preserveasqdeqwriqbed in in the preserve-
Section q258.39(28). Florida statute&. 33. Terra 6qCeia Aquatic Preserve. as described in
19. Pine Island Sound Aquatic Preserve, as Section 25q9.393, Florida Statute&.
described in the Official Records of Lee County in q34. Future aquatic preserves established
Book 64q8, pages 732-736. pursuant to wencral or special acts of the legislature.
20. MaLqlacha Pass Aquatic Preserve, as Specific A8q;thlwity 120.q5q3, 258-43(tq) F.qT. Lew
described in the Official Records of Lee County in Implemented qZ58.q39, 258.391. 258.39Z q238.39.3, q258.40,
Book q800. pages 725-728. 258.41. 2q58.48qZ 258.4q3. 258-44. 2q58.45 qFqS. Histror.vq_
21. 6qCaspariqlqla Sound - Charlotte Harbor New 2.qZq3-81. Amerm ed 8-7-8q5. Formerly 16Q.20.0q2.
Aquatic Preserve, as described in Section q258.39q7, Trnsqferred from )60qQ.q20.OOqZ
F.S. 18-20.003 '2qDeqrumqitqions. When used in these
=. Cape Haze Aquatic Preserve. as described in rules, the following words shall have the indicated
Section q25q8.q3'9q(29), F.S. meaning unless , the context clearly inqdqioites
23. Cockroach Bay Aquatic Preserve, as otherwise:
described in Section 25q9.391, F.S. (1) "Act" means the provisions of Section 258.35
24. St. Martins Marsh Aquatic Preserve, as through q258.46, F.S., the Florida Aquatic Preserve
described in the Official Records of Citrus County ACL
in Book 276, pages q23q9-241. ' (2) "Activity" means any project and such tither
25. Alligator Harbor Aquatic Preserve, as human action within the preserve requiring board
described in the 4qOqrqrqicial Records of Franklin approval for the use, sale, Ica or transfer (iqf
County in Volume 9q8, pages 82-85. interes in sovereignty lands or materials, or which
26. Apalachicola Bay Aquatic Preserve, as may require a license from the 0qD2q"rtment of
described in the Official 4qkecords of Gulf County in Environmental Regulation.
Book 46. pages 77-8 1. and in the Official Records of (3) -Aesthetic values" means scenic
Franklin County in Volume 9q8, pages 102-106. characteristics or amenities or the preserve in its
27. SL. Joseph Bay Aquatic Preserve, as essentially natural state or condition, and the
described in the 4qOfqlocial Records or Gulf County in maintenance thereor.
Book 46, pages 73-76. (4) "Applicant" means any person making
2q9. SL Andrews State Park Aquatic Prescryt, as application for a permit, license, conveyance oqr an
described in he Official Records oqr Baqy Coun,y in interest in state owned lands or anvother necessary
Book 3q79, pages 54q7-q550. form of governmental approval in order to perform
29. Rocky Bayou State Park AqqU2Lq;C Preserve, an activity within the preserve-
as described in the Orqricial Records of Oqkaionsa q(q5q) -Beneficial biological functions" means
County in Book 593, pages q742-745. qintcracLions between flora, fauna and phvslcal or
30. Yellow River Marsh Aquatic Preserve, as chemical attributes of the environment, which
described in the Official Records of Santa Rosa provide benefits that accruc to the public at large,
County in Book 206, pages q56q8-571. including, bqut not limited to: nutrient, pesticide and
31. Fort Pickens State Park Aquatic Preserve. as heavy metal uptakc; sediment retention; nutrient
described in the Official Records of Santa Rosa conversion to biomass; nutrient recycling and
County in Book Z2q0. pages 60-63, in the Official oxygcnatqion.
Records or qEscaqmbia County in Book 518 pages (6) "Beneficial hydrological functions" means
659-662, less the lands dedicated to the U. 0qi A. for interacLions between nora., fauna and physical
thc'csqubqlishmcnL oqf the Gulf Islands National geological or geographical attributes oqf the
Seashore prior to the enactment of the act, until such cnvironmenL, which provide benctits that accrue to
Lime as the U. S. A- no longer wishes to mainLain the public at large, inctudinqg, but not limited to:
such lands for the purpose for which they were retardation of storm water flow; storm water
dedicated, at which Lime such lands would revert to rctcnLiorL-. and water storage, and periodical release;
the board and be managed as part of the preserve. (7) -Biological values" means the preserVALion
32. For the purpose of this secLion the and promotion of indigenous life forms and habitats
boundaries or the Lake Jackson AcuaLic Preserveq, including, but not limited to: sponges, soft corals,
shall bqe the body of water in Lcon County known as hard qeDra2qiqs, submerged grasses, mangroves,
Lake Jackson in Sections 1, 6q2q. 3, 0q5q. 10, 11 and 14, saltwater marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats,
Township I North. Panqzc I West and Sections 11, marine, estuarine_ and qaquaLiC reptiles, games and
12q. 13, 14, 10q5, 21, =q. 6q22q:84q@ 26, 28q7q7q, 2Bq, 29q. 32, 33, 34, noqn-ga6qmqes fish spqe6qoqcs, marine, estuarine, and
and 35, Township 2 North. Range I West lying aquatic mammals, marine. eqSqLU2rinqt, and aquatic
below the ordinary high water line- Such lands shall invertebrates,* birds and shc8ql2ql8qrish.
include qthqe submqerqvqed bottom lands and thqe water (2q8) -Board" means the Governor and Cabinet
column upon such lands, as well as all publicly sitting as the Board qo2qf Trustees of thqe Internal
owned islands, within the boundaries of the Improvement Trust Fund.
preserve. Any privately held upland within qthqe (9) "Channel" means a trench, the bottom or
boundaries (if qt0qhqe preserve shall be deemed to be which is normally covered entirely by wqaqtC-q.q, With
excluded therefrom; provided that the Board may the upper edges or its sides normally below water.

149

OL 5/97)
1320.003 UTERNAL IMPROVEMET TRUST rND V. 9, P. 692R

(10) -Commercial, industrial and o her revenue (22) Prmcmnsnliinsrcs
qgencrating/Inenme related docks" means docking which are enveptional arcas to[ sqm-cretirniv Lend%
facilities for an activity whqich,produces income, ;Ind the Asuiciated water bootiv set designated in
through rental or any other means, or which serves Section 258.39, 258.391. and q2q5q8 q3q9q2. F.qs..
as an accessory facility to other rental, commercial including all sovereigniqv lands. title tit which is
or industrial operations. It shall include. but not he vested in the board. Ind such tither lands as the
limited to docking for. marinas, restaurants, hOICiS, ipitarri iiiavacquire oraqpprove for int-itision,and the
qmoteqis, commercial qrishinqg. shopping, Now Or ship water cqlunin 4,ver such lands, which have been set
construction, repair, and sales. aside it) be maintained in in essentially natural or
(1q1) "Department" means (he State of Florida existing condition of qindiqgentous qnomand fauna and
Department oq(Natural Resources. as admi nistraitir their supponinqg habitat ;Ind the natural scenic
for the board. qualities ;Ind amenities therettf.
(12) "Division" means the Division Oqf State (23) "Private residcritial single qdoe-qle- means I
Lands, which performs all start duties and functions (qfock which is used for private. recreational Or
residericc.
related to the administration of lands title to which leisure purposes. qfor ;I s reqgie farniqh
is. or will be, vested in the board. pursuant to section cottage or tither such single dwelling unit ;Ind which
2q53.002- F.S. is designed tit motor rut more than two Looms.
(13) -Dock" means a fixed or floating structure. (24) "Priv:itcresqicientiilniuqlti-sqlipqdcK:qL-'*ntc;ins
including moorings. used for the purpose tiqt ;I dOt-kqinqg facility which is used- qfOr private
beqnhing buoyant vessels either temporarily Or recreational (or leisure purqTooscs for M1,1q1q6-unit
indefinitely. residential dwellings which shall include but is not
(14) "Essentially natural candition" mcavis limited tit condominiums, townhouses. suqbqdivisitilis
those functions which support the continued ;Ind tither such dwellings or residential areas and
existence or encourage the restoration of the diverse which is designed to moor three Or more boats.
population of indigenous life forms and habitats it) Yacht clubs associated with residential
tqhe extent they existed prior to the siqgniqfqicini developments. whose memberships (or utilization or
development adjacent to and within the preserve. the dOt-qLinqg rqm-qaltqy requires some real property
(15) -Extreme hardship" means a signiqfqic-.int interest in the rc%qidcnii;il area, shall also be
burden, unique to the applicant and not shared by included.
property owners in the area. qSelqf-qimposetql (q2.qS) -qPuhlqic interest" means qdcrnonstrabic
circumstances caused toany degree by actions tiqt any environmental, social, and economic bencqrits which
person subsequent to the enactment q@qf the Act shall would accrue tit the public at large as 2 result (if a
not be consuucqd as an exuen c hardship. Extreme proposeqdactqion. and which would clearly exceed all
hardship under this act shall not be construed to demonstrable environmental, social. and cLonomic
include any hardship which arises in whole or in costs Of the proqrooseqd action. In determining the
part from the cqiTcqa or other federal. state or qloqmql public interest in a request for use, sale, lease, or
Iaws@ ordinances. rules or regulations. The term transfer or interest in sovereignty lands nr severance
may be inherent in public projects which are shown tit materials from sovereignty lands, the board shall
to be a public necessity. consider the ultimate project and purqIxisc to be
(16) -Fill" means maLcrqLaqls from any source, served by said use, sale, lease. or transfer oqr lands or
CqPO$qiLcqd qby any means onto sovereignty lands, materials.
either for the purpose of creating new uplands or qfor (26) -Public navigation priqoJect" means a proqjett
any other purpose, including spoiling of dredged primarily for the p4qirpse of navigation which is
materials. For the purpose of this rule. the authnrized and funded by the United States
ent of pilings or riprap shall not be Congress or by pon authorities as defined by
considered to be filling. Section 315.02(2). F.qS.
(17) -Lcasc" means a conveyance or interest in (27) "Public necessity" means the works or
Iancis, title to which is Vested in the board, granted iqn improvements required qfor the protection Of tqhe
accordance with specific terms set forth in writing. health and safety oqf the public, consistent with the
(18) "Marina" means a small craft harbor Act and these rules, for which 'no other reasonable
complex used primarily for recreation. alternative exists.
(19) -Oil and gas transportation facilities" (28) "Public utilities" means those services,
means those structures necessary for the movement provided by persons regulated by the Public Service
of oil and gas from the production site it) the Commission, or whql4q@h are 'provided by rural
consumer. cooperatives. munici0qp2liqtiqCS, qor Other governmental
(20) "Person" means individuals, minors, agencies, including cie6qcricqiqt8qy. telephone, public
pqa6qmnqcqrshi6qm corporations, joint ventures, qcqsqiqaqtqeqsq, water and wastewater services, and structures
trusts, syndicates. 2qr2qi8qduciarics, 8qtirms. and all either nqeqvqesqsqaqrqy for the provision (if these services.
q.aqLions and combinations, whether pu4qb8qiic or 4q(24q9) "Quality Of the preserve" means the dqe8qrrqeqcqe
private, including 6qlqovqeqrnmqenqtal entities. (if the biqo0qloqtqzqlqe6qml. aesthetic and sciqenti8qriqc values qo2qf thqe
(2q28q1) -Pier" means a structure in, qOn, or Over preserve nqe8qm-qsqviry 8qfqoqr prqesqe6qm and future enjoyment
sovereignty lands, which is used by the public qtqi2qt It in an essentially natural condition.
primarily for fishing, swimming, or viewing the (30) q"8qR8qmqcq)urqtq-qemanq;qigqemqenqtqu2qarqeqcqiqTqicnqtq'q- means
preserve. A pier shall not include a dock. a contractual aqvrqeqeq.mqenqt 0q@qctwcqcn qzhqe board and one

150

V. 9 p. 692-2S FLORIDA AQA7C PRESERVES 6R. 3/97)
1820.DO4

for more qWrs whh does not create an interest in water and where th use (if the wrr sovereignty
real property but mereqiv authorizes conduct of lands is an integral part oqf (he act1%,11%.
certain management activities on lands held by the qSqMqiqfqioc Authiq-ty 258.4.3q(1q) r.q5. qLssv inipqmiented
lie1p2pp q258.37, qZ8qM.4q3(1q) qFqS. Hisum-
(31) -Rcsouqmc Protection Area (6qRPA) I" - 8-7-q8q5. qFfwyneriy 16Q-20.0.7, Transierred Iqmqm
.Nrcas wAq1qtq!qn _6qtq@ouatlc Preserves which have 16Q-20.OOJ.
rqmiurrs it( the hie t qu-tqh8qrqlqild condition for 18-20.004 Management Policies, Standari:q6
2
that Area. These resources M2V include, but are not and Cqxitcria. The following management q@xilqicics.
limited to corals; marine grassqbCqdS; manqginve standards and criteria are supplemental io Chapter
swamps; salt-water marsh; oyster bars; 1q9-21, Florida Administrative qC-siqde (Sovereignty
archaeological and historical sites; endangered or Submerged Lands Management) and shall be
threatened species habitat; and. colonial water bird utifized in determining whether to approve.
nesting sites. apqp. ove with conditions or mtkqiiqfqiait lons or deny all
(q32) -qRcsourte Protection Area Atq= requests for activities tin sovereignty lands' in
within the aquatic preserves which are in transition aquatic preserves. ;
with either declining resource protection area 1 (1) GENERAL PROPRIETARY
resources or new pioneering resources within (a) In determining whether to ap1)rovc or deny
resource protection arca 3. any request the Board will evaluate cach on a
(33) *'Resource Protection Area q3" - Areas case-by-case basis and weigh any factors relevant
within the aquatic preserve that art charactcrqiq=qd under Chapter 253 and/nr 2q58.'Fqlorida Statutes.
by the absence oqf any significant natural rcsourcc Tqhe Board, acting as Trustees for all state.-owned
aq;Lributes. lands, reserves the right in appnsvc, qm(xqiifqy or reject
(34) "Riparian rights" means those rights any proposal.
incident it) lands bordering upon navigable waters, shall be no further sale. lease or
6qW Them
as recognized by the courts of this state and common transfer of sovereignty lands except when such -.q0c.
law. qlc2se or transfer is in the qpuhqlic interest (see Section
(35) "Sale" means a conveyance of` interest in 1q8-20.qOqD4q(2) Public Interest Assessment Criteria).
lands. qbv the q1xiard, qfor considervition. (c) Them shall be no Lonstruction of seawalls
(36) -qScientiqric values" means the preservation waterward qoqf the mean or ordinary hich water line,
and promotion of ceqnain qualities or features which or filling watcrward of the mean or ordinary hivqii
have stritntiqric siqgnificamcc. 'qd and
g water line except in the qmsc of public roa
(37) "Shore protection structure" means a type bridge projects where no reasonabic alicrn.3tivc
of coastal connq@uction designed to minimize the rate CqisLt
or crosion. 6qCoast.21 construction includes any work (d) Them shall, in no case, he any circtqiqginqg
or activity which is likely to have a material physical waterwarqd of the mean or ordinary hich water line
effect an existing coastal conditions or natural q@hOrc for the soic oqr primary purpose oqf'qProq;idinqg qlilql for
qP. IX C& any area landward of the mean (or ordinary high
(38) -Sovereignty lands" means those lands water line.
including, but not limited to: Lidal lands, islands, (c) A lease, casement or consent or use qmay be
sand4qbars, shallow banks, and lands waterwarqd Of authorized only for the following activities:
the ordinarv or mean highwater line, to which the 1. a public navigation project;
State (if qFlorida. acquired title on March 3, 1qq4q5, by 2. of an existing navigational maintenance
virtue oqf statehood, and of which it has not since channel;
divested its title iqmcres;L For the purposes or this 3. installation or maintenance or approved
rule sovereignty lands shall include all submerged navigational aids;
lands within the boundaries of the preserve, title to 4. creation or maintenance of a
which is held by tqhe board. commerciaql/indusLrial clock, pier or a marina;
(39) "Spoil" means matcrials dreqdzed from 5. creation or maintenance of private docks for
sovertizntv lands which are redeposited Or rqmsonaqbqic ineress and ceress oqf riDarian owners;
discarded by any means, onto either sovcrciqgnty 6. minimum dredging for navigation Lqhanneis
lands or uoiands_ attendant to docking facilities;
(40) "'transfer- means the aqcqt of the board by 7. creation or maintenance qo6qr a shore protection
which any interest in lands, including qc2qsqcmqentqsq. sqt2qmcqLurqc;
other than sale or lease. is conveyed. 2q8. installation or maintenance of oil and 2qgqas
(41) "Utility of qthqe preserve" means rqiqtrqiqcss or transportation faqc8qii2qiticqz;
the preserve for the p. went and future enjoyment of 9. creation, mainqicnqanqcqeq-q, replacement or
its 0qbq*iqo4qlqoqeical, aesthetic and scientific values, in an expansion of facilities required 2qfqor qthqe provision of
qessenqtia0qfly natural condition. public utilities; and
0q(q4q-28q) -Water dependent activity" means an 10. qOLhqer activities which are a public n
qrqt
activity which qcqan only be conducted on, in, over, or or which a necessary qiqn enhance qthqr 8qqUqa4qi4qiLV or
adJaqcqenqt to, water 'areas bemuse thqe activity utility of thqe preserve and which are consistent 'with
requires direct access qiqn qt0qhqe water body or qthqe qacqi and this chapter.
sovereignty lands for transportation, recreation, (2qf) For activities listed in paragraphs
energy production or transmission, or source of 12q8q-20.004(4ql)(c2q)4qL-0q12q0. above, thqe activity. shall be

151

(A. 3187)
1620.004 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND qV. 9 P. 692ZT

designed so that the structure r structures b 2 lwd iing and marina services (repair,
built in, on or over stiverceirrity lands are limited to pumqpouL, etc.);
structures necessary to conduct water dependent 3 improve and enhance public health. safety,
activities. welfare, and qlaw enforcement;
(g) For activities listed in paragraphs 4. improved public land manacement;
1q8-20.0q04(qiq)q(cq)7., q8.. 9. and 10. aqkxrve. it must be qS. improve and enhance puqbiqiqj navigation,
demonstrated that no other reasdqmable aqliernative 6. improve and enhance water oualitqy;
exisu which would allow the proposed activity ko be 7. enhanceqmenL/restorat ion of n aturaql habitat
constructed or undertaken outside the preserve. and functions; and
(h) 6qThe use of state-owned lands for the purpose q8. qiqmqprovcq/qpqmteci
of providing private or public rvind access to islands endangered /threatened/uniq uc species.
where such access did not prevqiamusqly exist shall be (cq) COSTS:
prohibited. The use of state-owneiqi lands for the 1. reduced /degraded water quality;
put pose of providing private or public water supply q2. reduced/deqgraded natural habitat and
to islands where such water suqpqpqly@, qdiqd not function;
previously exist shall be prohibited. 3. destruction, harm or harassment cir
(i) Except for public navqiqg2lion pro *jecis and endangered or threatened species and habitat;
maintenance dredging for existing channels and 4. preemption of public use;
basins, any areas dredeed to impripvc or te q5. increasing navigational . hazards and
navigational access shall be inctirporated into the congestion;
preempted area (if any required lease or be suqbJect to 6. reduced /degraded aesthetics, and
the payment of a negotiated private casement qfec. 7. adverse cumulative impacts.
q0) Private residential multi-slip dew-kinqg (d) EXAM PL6qES OF SPECIFIC BENEFITS:
facilities shall require a lease. 1. donatinn of land, conservation casements,
(k) Aqquaculture and beach renourishment restrictive covenants or other title interests in (or
activities which comply with the standards of this contiguous to the aquatic preserve which will
rule chapter and Chapter 1q8-21, Florida protect or enhance the aquatic preserve;
Administrative Code, may qbe approved by the 2. providing a-, - or facilities for public land
board, but only subsequent to a formal qrindinqg itq( management activities;
compatibility with the purposes or Chapter 2q58. 3. providing public access casemenu and/4)r
Florida SLaLUILCZ, and this rule chapter. facilities, such as beach access, boat ramps, etr-;
(1) Other uses of the preserve, or human activity 4. ricstoration/enhanLement of altered habitat or
within the 'preserve, although not originally natural functions, such as conversion or vcrti(.-il
contemplated, may be approveqj by the board, but bulkheads to riprap and/or vegetation for shoreline
only subsequent to a formal finding of compatibility stailoilization or rc-cstablishment of shoreline or
with the purposes or Chapter 258, Florida qSLatutes, submerged vegetation;
and t'his rule chapter. qS. improving fishery habitat through the
(2) PUBLIC INTEREST ASSESSMENT establishment of artificial reefs or other such
CRITERIA pqmqjcq=, where appropriatc;
In evaluating requests qfor the sale, lease or. 6. providing seware pumpout qfaLqiqlqitics where
transfer of interest- a balancing test will be' utilized normally not required, in particular, facilities open
to determine whether the social 'ernnnmic and/or to the qgencral public;
environmental bencists clearly exceed the costs. 7. improvements to water quality such as
(a) GENERAL BENEFIT/COST removal of toxic seqdimenqu, increased flushing and
Cp
.qj0qTrqp,qI4qA: circulation, etc.;
1. any benefits that are balanced against the q8. providing upland dry storagcasan alternative
costs of a particular proqiect. shall be related to the to wetsqlit); and
aqfTeqmed aquatic prq=rvt; 9. maq@rqitinqg navigation channeis to avoid
qZ. in evaluating the qbcnc:'its and cqmqu or each disruption of shallow water habitats.
requcst.specific consideration and qwctzht shall be (3) RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
given to the quality and nature of the specific (a) All proposed activities in aquatic preserves
aqquaLic preserve. Fraqiects in the less developed, having management plans adopted by tqi-ic Board
more pqrisqLinqe aquatic preserves such as must demonstrate that such activities are consistent
Apalachicola Bay shall be su0qb2qi6q= to a higher with the management plan.
s0quqndar8qd than thqe more dqevqe0qlqop8q;6qd urban aquatic (b) No drilling of oil, 0qg4qw or other such wells
preserves such as Boca Ciqc0qga Bay; and, shall be allowed.
3. for pqrqn8qjqt0q= in aquatic preserves with adopted 4q(qc2q) Utility cables, pipes and other such
management plans, consistency with the structures shall be constructed and i2qmqnqitqed in a
management plan will be weighed heavily when manner that will cause minimal disturbance qLqo
determining whether the pqrqo2qjqe0qz is in thqe pubiic submerged land resources such as oyster bars and
interest. submerged grass beds and do nqcq)qt interfere with
(b) BENEFIT CATEGORIES: traditional public usqcqu
1. public access (public boat ramps, bqtq)aqts8qlipsq, (d) Spoil disposal within qthqe preserves shall be
2qmc.2q)q; strongly discouraged and may be approved only

152

V. 9, p. 6922U FOMA AqQUAC LqUVS 120.004

structures shall be constructed and located in it 3. h dock will extend out from the shoreline
manner that will cause minimal disturbance to further than to a maximum depth of minus four
submerged land resources such as oyster bars and - 4q) ice% (mean low water);
subqmerqreqd grass beds and do not interfere with 4. when the water depth is minus four 4) feet
traditional public uses. (mean Jaw water) at an existing bulkhead the
(d) Spoil disposal within the preserves shall qbe maximum clock length frnm the bulkhead shall be
strongly discouraged and maqj, be approved only 2q5 q(qm, suqbqJect it, modifications acrnqmrrindatinqg
where the applicant has demonstrated that there is shoreline vegetation overhang;
no other rcasnnaqbqic alternative and that aqnqivitqy qS. wave break devices, when necessary, shall be
may be beneficial to, or at a minimum. not harmful designed to allow for maximum water circulation
to the quality and utility of the preserve. and shall be built in such a manner as to be pan or
(4) RIPARIAN RIGHTS the dock struckurc;
(a) None oqf the provisions or this rule shall be q6. terminal platform size shall be no more than
implemented in a manner that would unrcasnnaqblqy 160 square feet; and
infringe upon the traditional, common law and q7. dredging to obtain navigable water depths in
statutory riparian rights of upland riparian evinqjunctqion with private residential, single dock
property owners adjacent It, sovereignty lands. applications is strongly discouraged.
(b) The evaluation and determination of the (c) Private residential multq;-sqlip docks shall
rcasnnabqic riparian rights of ingress and cqgrrss q(or conform to the following specific dr-sign standards
private. residential mulkqi-sqlip docks shall be based and criteria:
uponthcnumberof linear feet of riparian shoreline. q1. the area toq( sovereignty. submerged land
(c) For the purposes of this rule. a private. preempted by the docking facility shall not exceed
residential. single docking facility which mects all the square qiontage amounting in ten times the
the requirements of Rule 1q9-20.0q04q(5q) shall be riparian waterfront q(nntagc of the affected
deemed to meet the public interest requirements of waterqbody of the applicant. or the square footage
Rule 19-20.0q04(ql)(b), Florida Administrative attendant to providing a single dock in accordance
0qCAide. However. the applicants for such docking with the criteria for private residential single docks,
facilities must apply for such consent and must meet whichever is greater. A conservation casement or
all of the requiremcnts and standards of this rule othcr such use restriction acceptable to the Board
chapter. must be placed an the riparian sqhorclinc, used for
(q5) STANDARDS AND CRITERIA FOR the calculation of the 10: 1 threshold. to conserve and
DOCKING FACILM0qES protect shoreline resources and subordinate/waive
(a) All docking facilities, whether for a single or any qfuriher riparian riqgq@ts or inqgrrss and egress for
qmuhi-slip residential or cq6mmercial, shall be additional docking facilities;
subject to the following standards and criteria: q2. docking facilities and access channels shall be
1. no dock shall extend waterward or the mean prnhqibited in Resource Protection Area I or 2,
or ordinary high water line more than q500 feet or 20 except as allowed pursuant to qSqMinn
percent or the width or the waterqbody at that 2q58.4q2q(3)(cq)ql., Florida Statutes, while dredging in
panicuqiar location whichever is qlequ; Resource Protection Area 3 shall be strongly
q2. certain docks qmay fall within areas of special discouraged;
or unique qimponance. T'hese areas may be nr 3. docking facilities shall only be approved in
significant biological, scientific, historic and/or qIcKatqions having adequate existing water depths in
aesthetic value and require special management the boat mooring, turning basin, access channels,
considerations. Modifications may be more and other such areas which will accommodate the
restrictive than the normally accepted criteria. Such proposed boat use in order to insure that a minimum
modific2tions shall be determined on a c2se-bqy-case of one foot clearance is provided between the deepest
analysis. and may include, but shall not be limited to draft of a vessel and the bottom at mean low watc-,
changes in location, configuration, length, width A. main access docks and connecting or cross
and height; walks shall not exceed six (6) fectin width;
3. the number, lengths, drafts and types of qS. terminal platforms shall not exceed eight (q8)
vessels allowed to utilize tht proposed facility may feet in width;
also be stipulated; and 6. finger picrs shall not exceed three (3) feet in
q4. where local governments have more stringent width. and 25 feet in length;
standards and criteria for docking facilities, qthqe 8q7. pilings 8qMqay be Utilized as required to provide
more stringent standards 8qfqor the protection and adequate mooring capabilities; and
enhancement of the aquatic preserve shall prevail. 8q8. the following provisions or Rule
(b) Private residential single docks shall 18q9q-20.04q0q40q(58q)2q(d) shall also apply to private
conform to the following specific design sqtqandar4qdq5 residential mu8qiqti-s8qlip docks.
and criteria: (d) Commercial, industrial and nqthqcr revenue
1. qan4qy main qaqr8qmqess dock shall be limited to a genqeraqtin4qg/incqa4qmqe related docking facilities shall
maximum width of four (4) feet; conform in the fqo0qhqowqin4qg specific design standards
8q2. the dock- decking design and construction will and criteria:
insure maximum light penetration, with full 1. docking facilities shall only be located in or
consideration of safety and practicality; near areas with good circulation, 8qrqiushin2qg and
adequate water depths;

153

Ot. 0138)
1-20.006 MmatNA. mRoVEmrMUST FUND qV. 9 p. 6922V

q2. docking facilities and acc channels shall be Cockroach 2qBay April 21, 19q87
prohibited in Resource Protection Area I or 2. Esquqm Bay September q6. 19q93
except as allowed pursuant to Sections Charlqootte Harbor
q2q5q8.42q(3q)q(0q01.. Florida Statutes; while dredging in (Cape Haze,
Resource Protection Area 3 shall be sircongqlqy 0qGasqpariqlqla
discouraged; Sound-Charlotte
3. the docking facilities shall not be kocaieqd in Harbor, Matqiacha
Resource Protection Area I or q2; however. main Pan and Pine Island
arrP.-C docks may be allowed to pass through Sound) May 1q9, 19q83
Resource Protection Area I or 2. that art located Indian 4qKivcr-Maqlaqbar
along the shoreline. to reach an acceptable Resource to Vcqm Beach January 21, 1986
Protection Area 3. provided that such crossing will Indi n River Lagoon
generate minimal environmental impact; q(qVq:8q! Beach to Fort
4. beginning July 1. 1986 new docking facilities Picrcc and qjenum
may obtain a lease only where the local governments Beach to Jupiter
have an adopted marina plan and/or policies Inlet) January qZ2, 1985
dealing with the siting of coinmerrial /industrial Loxahatchee
and private. residential. multi-slip docking facilities River-Lake Worth
in their local government comprehensive plan; Creek June 12, 19q84
qS. the siting of the docking facilities shall also, Nassau 6qRiver-SL
take into acccount the access of the qbnat trafqric so Johns River Marshes
awoid marine qgrassqbeds or other aquatic rcsources in and Fort Clinch
tqhe surrounding areas; State Park April q2q2, 19q86
6. the siting of new facilities within the preserve North Fork of the SL.
shall be senndarqy to the expansions or existing Lucie River May qZ2. 1984
facilities within the preserve when -such expansion SL Joseph Bay June q2, 1987
is consistent with the other standards; SL Martins Marsh September 9. q19q97
7. the location of new facilities and expansion or Tcrra C-cia April q21, 19q87
existing facilities shall consider the use of upland Wckiva River Auqguqz 25, q19q8q7
dry storage as an alternative to multiple qwet-sqlip qSpecqiqrse AuLborqity Zq58.43q(1) qFqS. qL.Aw qjqMqplaqmenteqd
docking-, 0qZq58.41. 8qZqSqS..(6q4 25q8.4q3q(qj). 2q58.44 qFqS. 4qKistor@oq@4qNew
Z
qE. marina siting will be coordinated with q10q=q1 !q2q5.8q1. qAnxweqd q6.7-85, 8qFkoronerqtr )60qQ-q20.00(.
govern .ments to insure consistency with all local 8qTraa4qdqareqd qIqmno 16Q-20.0q04, qAnoco?d4q& 9-d-0qU..
plans and ordinances; 1q8-20.00q5 2qUncr, Sales, I -scs or Transfer or
9. n%arinas shall not be sited within state qInteesqu in Land&, or 2qMatcrqials@ Held by the
designated manatee sanctuaries; and Board-
10. in any areas with known manatee qSpecUar Ausimorisy 2q38-4q3q(f) 4qFqS. qLaw Jonpctioented
concentrations, manatee waminqg/notice andq/or q2q54q1q0qZ qZq53.12. q2q38.42 FqS. Hisioryq-qNew 2-Zq5-81.
speed limit signs shall be crected at the marina RcpcaicdF_7_8q3. ForoncrJy 16Q-20.05, 0qTransferredirtorn
and/or ingrcss and egress channcis, according to 160qQ-20-005-
Florida Marine Patrol specifications. 1q8-20.006 Cumulative Impacu. In evaluating
(c) Exceptions to the standards and criterta applications for activities within the preservcs or
listed in Rule 1q8-20.004q(q5q), Florida Administrative which qmay impact the preservcs, the qd8q"rLqmcnt
Code, may be considered, but only upon recognizes that, while a particular alteration of the
demonstration qby the applicant that such exceptions
preserve may constitute a minor change, the
are necessary to insure reasonable riparian ingress cumulative cq(Teci of numerous such changes often
and egress. results in maq?ir impairments to the resources, of the
(6) MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS preserve. Therefore, the department shall evaluate'
The board may enter into manaqgemeqm
agreements with local agencies for the 2 particular site for which the activity is proposed
with the recognition that the activity may, in
administration and corn t-ce. ent of standards and qcqeqsn4qjun8qnqiqon with other activities adversely affect the
criteria for private rqcsidqenqtiqal single docks. part o2qfa complete and interrelated
(7) 6qIn addition to the policies, standards and Preserve which 2qis
system. The impact of 2 proposed activity shall be
criteria delineated in subs0q=ions (2q1) through (6),
considered in light or its cumulative impact an the
the provisions or thqe following management plans preserve's natural systemq. The depart q.mqenqt shall
apply to specific aquatic pqrqcqsqcqrqv6qm and are include aqs 2 pan Wits evaluation or an activity:
incorporated hqcrqcin by 0q;qc8qfcrqenqcqr- Where regulatory
(1) T0qhqe number and extent or similar human
criteria in 12q6q-20, F. A. C., may di2qrqlqiqer with specific qcqtqiqons within the prqe2qwrq%q-qt which have previously
policies in the management plans listed hqertinq, the I
48q2qeqnqed or are likely 10 affect qt0qhqe prqesqervqcq, whether
2qg2qmqeqrqa2ql rule criteria shall prqrvqail. considered 4qb4qy the q.department under its current
Date Adopted authority or which existed prior to or since the
04qA2qf2qli12qpqtqor Harbor September 23, 1986 cqnacqtmqc2q@qt of the Aqcqiqtq; and
Banana River September 17, 1985 (2) The similar activities within the preserve

154

(JL 9/88)
V. 9, p. 692-2W FLORMA AQUA= PRERVILS S20.012

which are currently under consideration by the aquatic preserve system. ul:iJc to confirmation by
department. and the legislature.
(3) Direct and indirect effects upon the preserve (2) T'he board qmay, after public notice and
and adjacent preserves. if applicable, which may public hearing in the county or counties in which the
reasonably be expected in result from the activity; propqmeqd expanded or new preserve is to be located,
and adopt a resolution formally setting aside such areas
(4) The extent in which the activity is consistent to be included in the system.
with management plans for the preserve, when (3) The resolution setting aside an aquatic
developed; and preserve area %hall include:
q(q5) The extent to which the activity is (a) A legal description of the area to be included.
permissible within the preserve in accordance with A map depicting the legal description shall also qbe
comprehensive plans adopted by affected local attached.
governments, pursuant to section 16q1.3161, F-qS.. (b) The designation or the type of aquatic
and other applicable plans adopted by local, state. preserve.
and federal governmental agencies; (c) A general statement oqr what is sought to be
(6) The extent in which he loss or beneficial preserved.
hqyqdroqlitaic and biologic functions would aciversely (d) A statement that the area established as a
impact the quality or utility or the preserve. and preserve shall be suqbjqjeci in the management criteria
q(q7) The extent to which mitigation measures and directives of this chapter. -
may compensate for adverse impacts. (c) A directive to develop a natural rtsiourec
spruiric Autimprity- 0qlifi.43q(tq) 1:q5. Lvov inifornornied inventory and a management plan for the area being
q238.q36' q2qU.43' q158-44 0qFS. qHisqm.-qNew q2.qzr.81. established as an aquatic preserve.
qFisrnwriy 16Q-20.06. Transferred qfriiiii )6Q-q20-1XX- (4) Within 30 days or the designation and
18-20.007 Protection of Riparian Right& establishment of an aquatic preserve. the board
qSqMifqic Authrorie), 238.43q(1) qFqS. Low inifoeqmented shall record in the public . rqds of the county or
238.tq2q3.q238.124q(g).q2q58-44 4qFqS. Hisinqfqt-0qNewq2-23-81. counties in which the preserve is located a legal
qkepeaJed S- 7-85, qForivicHy 16Q.20.07. Transferred firom description of the prcscrvc-
16Q.20.007. Spe4qdric Authority 258.4q3q(t) qFqS. qLaw qimpieniented
q2q58.41 qFqS. 0qHistory-0qNew2-2q5q41, Forrnerly)6qQ-20.09.
18-20.00q8 Inclusion of 2qUn4qk Title to Which Transfqerqmd qfrrim 166qQ-20.009.
Is Not Vested in the Board, in a Preservc. 1q9-20.010 ExcqiuinqgeorqlAniis.. The board in its
(1) Lands and water bottoms which aqm within
designated aquatic preserve boundaries, or adjacent di$q=Lqion may exchange Lands qf .or the benefit of the
thereto and which are owned by other governmental preserve, provided that:
agencies, may be included in an aquatic preserve (1) In no case shall an exchange qmsult in any
upon specific authorization for inclusion by an land or water arca being withdrawn from the
appropriate instrument in writing executed by the preserve; and
agency. (2) Exchanges shall be in the public interest and
(2) Lands and water bottoms which are within shall maintain or enhance the quality or utility of
designated aquatic preserve boundaries or adjacent the preserve.
therein. and which am in private owncqmhip, may be Specqiqlqir Autharist, q258-43(t) qFqS. qLaw Jinpiernerited
q2q58.41q(q5q), 23q8-42q(l) qFqS. Hissor-0qHem- 2.2q3-81,
included in an aquatic preserve upon specific
authorization for inclusion by an appropriate qFaqmierly 16A-20.10, Transferred from 16Q-20.010.
instrument in writing executed by the owner. 1q9-20.011 Gifu or Land& The board in its
(3) The appropriate instrument shall be either 2 discretion may accept any qFiqlts or lands or interests
dedication in perpetuity. or a lease. Such lease shall in lands within or Contiguous 10 the preserve to
contain the following conditions: maintain or enhance the quality and utility of the
(a) The term oqf the lease shall be for a minimum prescrt.
perqiad or ten years. SAmeciiie- Audqwrity, q258.430q0) qFqS. qLaw Implemented
(b) The buard shall have the power and duty to q2q38.42q(q5q) qFqS. Hisinry-New q".2q5-91, qForqmeHy
enforce the provisions of each lease agreement. q;nd 16Q.20.1t, Transferred'i".r, 16Q--'0.011.
shall additionally have the power to terminate any 1q8-20.012 Protection of Indigenous Life
lease if the termination is in the best interest of the
Forrqm 2qThe taking or Indigenous life forms for sale
aquatic Preserve system. and shall have the power to or commercial usqe is pqi-qohibiqtqedq, except that this
include such lands in any agreement for prohibition shall not extend in qthqe commercial
manqaqrqemqenqi of such lands. taking of fin fish. crusqtaqcqeqz or mollusks, except as
(c) The board shall pay no more than I I per year prohibited under applicable laws, rules or
for any such lease. regulations. Members of the public may exercise
qSqpqcqriqfqiqr Authority 00qZqSq8.q4q.q34q(18q) 0qF4qS. Law qinqtrqiqlqe0qmqi-nqiqed
238.40. q2q3q8.41 6qFqSq. Hqssqiqrq#rqv0q-2qNqrq"q- q2q-q23-q5q1q, q. Formerly their rights qtqo fish, so long as not contrary to other
q16Q-20.0q8. Tqrqaqnsqfqerqrqrd qfrqiqsm q16Q-2qUq.q(qK4q)qSq. statutory and regulatory provisions controlling such
activities.
18q-20.009 Establishment or Expansion of qSqfqx-qrq4qrq#q(q- Auqtqhqaqrqitq'qiq, 0q23q9.q43(ql) 0qF4qS. 0qLq-q-qoq- qimpqiqrmqenqiqed
A8qcuqaqt2qic Preservesq. 23q8.q43q(ql) 00qF0qS. Hqisqtqar q*qv4q-q/qVqrq-q- 0q2q-0q1q5-q8q1. 4qFqiqormqcqrqiq.qy
(1) The board may expand existing preserves or q16Qq-20.q10q2. Transferred qImm q16Q-20.0q10q2.
establish additional 0q@mas to bqe included in qthqe

155

M 9q/88)
192.017 WqTNL IMPROVMNqTMLSqT FqVND V. 9, P. 6922X

1320.013 qDekl of Resource 120.017 Lk JLo Aquatic Preserve. In
qLnvqmtorqies and Manaqrernent Plans for addition to the proq"soons of Rules 18q&q20.00q1
Preppierves. through 1q9-20.016, the following requirements
(1) The board authorizes and directs the division shall also apply to all proposed activities within the
to develop a resource inventory and management qJqAqkcqJacqkson Aquatic Preserve. If any provisions of
plan for each preserve. this Rule are in conniawith any provisions or Rules
(2) The division may Perform the work to 1q9-20.001 through 1q9-20.016 or Chapter 7q3-5-0qU.
develop the inventories and plans. or qmay enter inic, Laws of Florida, the stronger provision for the
agreements with other persons in perform the work. protection or enhancement of the aquatic preserve
In either case. alql work performed shall be subject it, shall prevail.
board approval. (1) No further sale. transfer or lease or
Speriqlqic Authority 238.438q0) F*qS. Law iqmpirwnled sovereignty lands in she preserve shall be approved
q2q5q3.03(7). 2q5J.03q(qg) 4qFqS. Hisioqn-New- 2-23@Nl. or consummated by the Board. except upon a
Affieqwletf 5- 7-8q5. qFarmeqHy 160qQ-20. 1q3, Transferrrd irinn showing of extreme hardship on the part of tqhe
16Q.20-01q3. applicant or when the board shall determine such
1q9-20.014 2qEnqforeemenL The rules shall be sale. transfer or lease to be in the public interest.
enforced as prtivided in Section 258.46. (2) No further dredging or filling of scwertqiqgntqy
Speciqror Authority 238.43(f) 4qn. Low impinwnielf lands of the preserve shall be apprcq!vcqd or tolerated
q238.46 0qFqS. Hosenryq-qSe.-q2.25-81. ForqmqMy 16Q-20.14. by the Board of Trustees except:
Transferrew qf"wn 16Q-20.014. (a) Such minimum dredging and sqFxsi ling as may
0qM-20.015 Application Form. Lie authorized qfor public navigation priq!qjects or for
SAwriqrse Authority 25q3.43(t) 4qFqS. qLsw- lop2qMe"wnerd qFreservation of the lake according to the expressed
q238-4.1 4qFqS. qIiijuarv-qSeqw 2.25-81. KcpcakqW .7.R.J. intent of Chapter 73-q5.0qU. Laws of Florida; and
Fornperiy 16Q-20.15. Transferrvif Inwip 166qQ-20.013. (q6) Such other alteration tif physqiq"l -gind4ions
as may be nctxqwary tip enhance the quality tor utility
q18q&20.016 Coordination with Other or the preserve.
Govirrisincutal Agencies. Where a Department or (3) Them shall be no drilling or wells,
Environmental Regulation permit is required for excavation for shell or minerals, and no crection or
activities on sovereignty lands the department will structures (other than docks), within the preqwrvt.
coordinate with the Department of Environmental unless such activity is associated with activity
Regulation to obtain a copy of thcqjoinL Department authorized by Chapter 73-534. qiaqws or Florida.
of Army/Florida Department or Environmental (4) The Board shall not approve the relocations
Regulation permit application and the biological or bulkhead lines within the preqwrve.
survey. 0qTqhc information contained in the joint (q5) Notwithstanding other provisions of this act,
permit application and biological assessment shall the board may. respecting lands lying within the
be considered bqy the department in preparing its Lake Jack,,, basin:
staff recommendations to the board. The board may (a) Enter into agreements for and establish lines
also consider the reports of other governmental delineating sovereignty and privately owned lands;
agencies that have related management or
(b) Enter into agreements for the exchange and
pe .. ittinqg responsibq4itics reprqding the proposed exchange sovereignty lands for privately owned
activity. lands;
-oq-iqfic Authority 0qMq3.43q(1q) FqS. 0qLv@ iqmpienensed (c) Accept gifts or land within or contiguous to
q2q5B-43qFqS-Hisror', qhiew 2-q2q5-81. qFormerY 16qQ. --Po.) 6.
qTraosqlqerred from i6Q2qoqm. the preserve.
qSIxeiror Authority q2qS0qL39q(26) 4qFqS. Law qIqmpienicased
25q8.39q(26). 238.4.3 8qn. 0qHqisiorp,q-0qNew q6-7-q95, Forqmcriy
16Q-q20.01q7, Transferred qimm 16Q.20.017.

156

3 6668 14104 0503