[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]















                          AQUATIC PRESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN








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               QH                                              1992
               90.75
               T6
               C68
               1992                     DEFRRTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES














                                          COU PON BIGHT


                             AQUATIC PRESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN


                                             ADOPTED


                                         JANUARY 22, 1992












                                       VIRGINIA WETHERELL


                                          Executive Director


                               Florida Department of Natural Resources





                                    This plan was prepared by the
                              Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
                                       Division of State Lands











          Funds for this project were provided by the Department of Environmental Regulation,
          Office of Coastal Management using funds made available through the National Oceanic
          and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
          amended.






                                 Mis document wa3 printed on recycled paper.










                                            EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



               Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve is recognized as an exceptional water resource of
               the state. The submerged portions of the preserve encompasses 6,000 acres of
               seagrass meadows, hard bottom communities, mangrove wetlands and coral patch
               reefs that provide nursery and settlement habitat for a wide variety of marine
               species. In addition to marine areas, the Coupon Bight Buffer Project, under the
               Conservation and Recreational Lands program has added more than 100 acres of
               saltmarsh, pinelands, hammocks and beach/berm communities to resources of the
               preserve. Both the terrestrial and marine environments offer valuable habitat for
               more than 100 plant and animal species that are rare, threatened, endangered or
               species of special concern.

               The marine resources of the preserve include expansive hardbottom communities
               which are dominated with varying combinations of sponges, soft corals, hard coral
               and algae. In the Atlantic portion of the preserve, hardbottom substrate supports
               modest patch reefs which are dominated by massive boulder corals. The corals are
               symbiotic hosts to dinoflagellate algae which live within the tissues of the coral
               polyp. The algae photosynthesize metabolic requirements from sunlight and
               nutrients derived in part from the coral host. The coral provides protection for the
               algae and in return receives a portion of its metabolic needs from the algae in the
               form of carbon and oxygen. The coral colonies offer vertical relief and shelter for
               a rich and varied assemblage of invertebrates and fishes.

               The marine grassbeds in the preserve are prime feeding areas for many wading
               birds and a valuable nursery area for juvenile fish and invertebrates, including many
               of commercial interest. In addition to habitat, the grassbeds perform valuable
               functions by trapping suspended sediments from the water column and stabilizing
               bottom sediments. Sea grasses, like their terrestrial counterparts, and the symbiotic
               algae within the coral polyp depend 'upon sunlight for life functions. Excessive
               nutrients and/or sediments in the water column reduce available light and can
               stress benthic communities of the preserve.

               The preserve is located on the southern shoreline of Big Pine Key, the fastest
               growing community in the middle and lower Florida Keys. The Newfound Harbor
               Keys are privately owned lands that lie within the boundary of the preserve. One
               island is commercially developed, while the others are primarily used for residential
               purposes. There are also several parcels of privately owned submerged lands
               within the preserve. Acquisition of both emergent and submerged lands are seen
               as critical to the continued health of the preserve.

               The preserve lies 'downstream' of the urban and residential development on Big
               Pine Key. The island has shallow, subsurface fresh water lenses. The presence of
               these freshwater resources account for many of the unique and rare plant and
               animal species that occur here. Without them species such as the diminutive Key








                deer could not survive. Diversion, destruction and contamination of these water
                resources has been cause for alarm among resource managers and researchers.
                Extensive areas have been ditched for drainage and mosquito control. The ditches
                not only drain freshwater but introduce marine waters into areas that may have
                formerly contained freshwater pools. Destruction of wetlands, both marine and
                freshwater are associated with development in the area. Clearing and filling for
                roads, buildings and residential use have altered water flows, habitat and natural
                recharge areas. Pollution in the form of stormwater run-off and septic leachate are
                primary concerns in both freshwater and marine areas of the preserve.

                Activities within the preserve include boating, snorkeling, diving, commercial fishing,
                marine life collecting, charter sport fishing and recreational fishing for finfish and
                lobster. Impacts to resources as a result of these uses include propeller and
                grounding damage to grassbeds and corals, damage to patch reefs from careless
                or uninformed divers who stand on or touch corals, extended boat anchoring which
                shades grassbeds, fishing and marine life collecting which introduce gear and
                chemicals that impact target and non-target species. Secondary impacts are
                associated with suspension of sediments in the water column associated with boat
                operation in shallow waters, individual personalized watercraft, ultra-light aircraft and
                private planes which disrupt wildlife, and chemicals and wastes introduced into
                waters of the preserve as a result of boat operation and maintenance.

                The main objective of the resource management program for the preserve is to.
                protect natural resources for the benefit of future generations..On site management
                will be directed toward the maintenance of existing or essentially natural conditions
                and restoring damaged or degraded areas. Management activities include gathering
                data on resources and protection of existing conditions through review of proposed
                and existing projects, input into local government planning efforts, and cooperative
                efforts with the other agencies and organizations who have education, research,
                resource management and acquisition projects in the area.

                To protect natural resources and allow traditional uses, the preserve has been
                divided into several management areas. The management area designation is
                based upon the existing shoreline use and the quality of the adjacent submerged
                resources. Adjacent lands are developed with commercial and residential uses.
                Wetlands and currently vacant lands include many sensitive natural and cultural
                resource features that may degenerate or be destroyed by development.
                Acquisition of environmentally sensitive lands adjacent to the preserve is an
                additional management strategy to protect the preserve's resources.

                Most of these impacts could be prevented or minimized with improved channel
                marking, land acquisition, public education, restricted areas, and an enforcement
                presence. This management plan establishes goals and objectives to address these
                and other management issues.









                The management plan also outlines the responsibilities of various agencies and
                their subdivisions as provided for through statutory direction and other applicable
                authorities. Management of certain aspects of the preserves resources can be
                enhanced through application of these programs. Whenever possible, existing
                programs and resources will be integrated into the management of the preserve.
                The statutory management authority for public and private uses of the preserve,
                as well as specific criteria for those uses are also provided. These uses are subject
                to the approval of the Board of Trustees or their designee. Approval is normally
                predicated upon demonstration that the proposed use is environmentally sound and
                in the public interest.

                Management and protection of the aquatic preserve can be enhanced through
                research and education programs. Research is critical to determining the status of
                existing resources and to provide data for future reference and comparison.
                Environmental education programs will coordinate with and be complimentary to
                existing programs whenever possible..

                Funding and staffing levels to initiate the identified goals and objectives for resource
                management, protection, education and research are the minimum practicable for
                the identified areas. Continual monitoring of the accomplishments of this
                management plan will provide a standard for evaluating whether present budgetary
                and staffing estimates are adequate to manage and protect the preserve's
                resources for future generations.











                                     TABLE OF CHAPTER CONTENTS




           Choter                                                                Page


                  1.     INTRODUCTION                                               1



                  111.   MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
                         A. Statutory Authority                                     9
                         B. Administrative Rules
                                Governing Aquatic Preserves                         9
                         C. Relationship to Other Plans and Programs              12
                         D. Other Management Authorities                          13



                  111111. RESOURCE DESCRIPTION
                         A.  Location and Boundaries                              15
                         B.  Geology                                              15
                         C.  Physiography                                         17
                         D.  Hydrology                                            20
                         E.  Water Quality                                        22
                         F.  Climate                                              23
                         G.  Biological Communities                               23
                                1. Mangrove /Saltmarsh                            24
                                2. Marine Grassbeds                               43
                                3. Beach/Berm                                     53
                                4. Coral Patch Reefs                              61
                                5. Hardbottorn                                    78
                         H. Designated Species                                    79
                         1. Regional Land Use, Development
                                and Associated Impacts                            91
                                1. Regional Land Use and Development              91
                                2. Local Land Use and Development                 93
                                3. Associated Impacts                             99


                  IV.    -MANAGEMENT AREAS
                         A. Introduction                                         101
                         B. Management Area Classifications                      101
                         C. Minimum Criteria for Allowable Uses                  104
                         D. Management Areas
                                (Boundary, Resource Description,
                                Allowable Uses and Criteria)











                  V.     SITE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES
                         A. Management Issues and Special Needs                  125
                         B. Policy Guidelines                                    130


                  V11.   -MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN
                         A. Resource Management                                  134
                         B. Resource Protection                                  140
                         C. Research                                             148
                         D. Environmental Education                              151



                  Vill.  MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK
                         A. Federal Agencies                                     155
                         B. State Agencies                                       157
                         C. Regional Agencies                                    161
                         D. Local Governments/Agencies                           162
                         E. Other Entities                                       163



                  Vill.  STAFFING AND FISCAL NEEDS                               169



                   IX    RESOURCE     AND
                         ACTIVITY MONITORING PROGRAM                             173



                         REFERENCES                                              175












                                             LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES




                      Figure 1.       Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve Boundary               .....     5
                      Figure 2.       Florida Aquatic Preserves        .................             7
                      Figure 3.       Aquatic Preserve Resource Map           ...........         25
                      Figure 4.       Adjacent Land Use Designations          ...........         95
                      Figure 5.       Management Area Map            .................           123



                      Table   1.      Partial List of Mangrove/Saltmarsh Flora           .....    28
                      Table   2.      Partial List of Non-yascular Flora      ...........         32
                      Table   3.      Monroe County Fish Landings           ..............        36
                      Table   4.      Partial List of Mangrove/Saltmarsh Fauna             ....   36
                      Table   5.      Partial List of Marine Grassbed Fauna           .......     48
                      Table   6.      Partial List of Beach/Berm Flora        ............        55
                      Table   7.      Partial List of Beach/Berm Fauna           ..........       59
                      Table   8.      Partial List of Patch Reef Fauna       ............         72
                      Table   9.      Partial List of Protected Flora     ..............          87
                      Table   10.     Partial List of Protected Fauna       .............         89
                      Table 11.       Management Coordination Network             .....      166-167
                      Table   12.     Anticipated Two-year Budget         ..............         171










                                       LIST OF APPENDICES




                Appendix A. Administrative Codes  ...................     189
                            Chapter 18-20, F.A.C.
































          Copies of the legal description of the Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve, as well as copies
          of Chapter 253 and 258, F.S., and Chapter 18-21, FA.C., may be obtained from:


                              Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
                                   Department of Natural Resources
                                      3917 Commonwealth Blvd.
                                           Mail Station 125
                                      Tallahassee, Florida 32399











                                                    CHAPTERI


                                                 INTRODUCTION



                Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve is located in the lower half of the Florida Keys in
                Monroe County. The aquatic preserve includes approximately 6000 acres of
                submerged lands in Coupon Bight and the Atlantic Ocean in a narrow band parallel
                to the Newfound Harbor Keys south of Big Pine Key (Figure 1). There are currently
                42 aquatic preserves throughout the state (Figure 2). Coupon Bight is one of three
                that are located in the Key's. (Lignurnivitae Key Aquatic Preserve lies in the upper
                Keys and the Card Sound portion of Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve is located
                between north Key Largo and the Florida mainland.) Coupon Bight is unique within
                the state system because it encompasses living coral reef formations

                This management- plan will also address several upland habitats contained within
                the Coupon Bight Buffer Project. To date, 99 acres of transitional wetlands and
                tropical hardwood hammock uplands have been purchased by the Conservation
                and Recreational, Lands (CARL) Trust Fund. Purchase of these lands was deemed
                necessary because of their environmental sensitivity, proximity to the aquatic
                preserve and to protect several species of endangered and threatened plants and
                animals.

                The role of the Aq'uatic Preserve Program is to manage and protect the natural
                resources within the boundaries of a preserve through staff programs and
                coordination with other state and federal resource management programs. An
                integrated management plan encompassing ail the legislatively delegated resource
                management and protection laws is essential in preserving the resource values of
                the preserve. Local government will also be encouraged to incorporate this plan's
                policy directives into the local government comprehensive. plan.

                The rich mosaic of resource types within Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve and the
                Buffer area contribute to the biological diversity and productivity of marine systems
                and enhance man's enjoyment of the area. The aquatic preserve was designated
                by the Florida Legislature in 1969 to conserve and  protect these values. This plan
                is intended to be used as the primary tool for management of the preserve to attain
                these goals. It is designed to be site-specific in addressing resource management
                issues relative to lands within the preserve.

                The process of developing this management plan involved compiling an inventory
                of resource information, coordinating with other plans that have been developed for
                the area and state, and identifying resource and management issues related to
                present and future uses 'of the preserve and adjacent uplands.                Various
                management areas will be identified or delineated. Supporting goals, objectives
                and policies were developed to be consistent with statutory authority and the overall


                                                          1








                intent of the Aquatic Preserve Program for helping ensure that the resources of
                Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve will remain for future generations to enjoy. As
                additional resource information becomes available or as laws are implemented or
                revised, changes may have to be made to the plan to reflect those events.

                The Governor and Cabinet, sitting as the Board of Trustees of the Internal
                Improvement Trust Fund has been legislatively delegated statutory authority
                (Section 253.03, F.S.) to exercise proprietary control over state-owned lands and
                may assign management responsibilities for those lands to appropriate
                governmental agencies. Development and implementation of this management plan
                will be through the administrative support and the field staff of the Department of
                Natural Resources (DNR), Division of State Lands, Bureau of Submerged Lands
                and Preserves.

                More specifically, this plan is divided into chapters according to their management
                application:

                Chapter 11 cites the statutory authorities upon which this resource management
                program and plan are built.

                Chapter III provides a description of the aquatic preserve and details the physical,
                biological and cultural components of the preserve. It also contains an overview of
                regional and local land use and associated impacts.

                Chapter IV delineates the management areas within the preserve. These areas are
                defined by taking into account the quantity and the quality of the biological
                resources in conjunction with the use of the adjacent lands.

                Chapter V presents specific needs and issues that are unique to the preserve t      -hat
                are not addressed through statute or code.

                Chapter VI outlines the program's goals, objectives, and the tasks required to fulfill
                those needs within the preserve for resource management, resource protection,
                research, and environmental education.

                Chapter Vil identifies local, regional, st ate, and federal agencies, their authorities
                and programs, and how they relate and assist in protection and management of the
                preserve. It also identifies non-govern mental organizations, interest groups, and
                individuals that have interests in or may assist in management objectives.

                Chapter Vill projects future staffing and fiscal needs necessary for providing
                effective management and protection of the preserve, as well as supporting
                research and environmental education.






                                                           2









             Chapter IX outlines a monitoring program for recording and reporting resource
             changes -and establishes a tracking system for detailing the progress and
             accomplishments in resource management.













































                                                  3
















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                                                                                                                                                                                 Map Of
                                                                               FIGURE 1. Boundary Map                                            COUPON BIGHT AQUATIC PRESERVE
                                             LOCATION                                                                                                        (AQUATIC PRESERVE NO. 25)
                                                                                                 Aquatic Preserve                                                 Monroe County, Flaida
                                                                                                                                                                              Created By
                                                                                                                                                                  STATE OF FLORIDA BOARD OF
                                                                                                                                                  TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRW FUND
                                                                          0                                                                                              OCTOBER 21,1969

                                                                                                                                                                             Prepared By
                                                                                                                                                                              C.A. KNOX
                                                                                            0              .5                                                      BUREAU OF HISTORICAL AND
                                                                                                            6====4                                          ENVIRONMENTAL LAND MANAGEMENT
                                                                                                        1   "le
                                                                                                                                                                            JANUARY, 1986












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              AQUATIC PRESERVES ARE ESTABLISHED
                BY THE FLORIDA LEGISLATURE AND
                   INCLUDE ONLY STATE OWNED                                                                                          0
                 SOVEREIGNTY SUBMERGED LAND&
              THE GOVERNOR AND CABINET SITTING
                 AS TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL
                 IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND ARE                                                                                                  .0-.
                   MANAGERS OF THESE AREAS.

                 FOR MORE INFORMATION REGARDING
                    AQUATIC PRESERVES CONTACT:

              DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

              DIVISION OF STATE LANDS

                 BUREAU OF AQUAT I C PRESERVES


                     3900 COMMONWEALTH BLVD
                    TALLAHASSEE.FLORIDA 32303
                        MATED @ @CANOL &KNOX


              FIGURE 2. Florida Aquatic Preserves











                                                   CHAPTER 11


                                          MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY



               A. STATUTORY AUTHORITY


               The primary statutory authorities available to the staff for the management of
               aquatic preserves are found in Chapters 253 and 258, Florida Statute (F.S.). In
               particular, Sections 258.35-258.46 enacted in 1975 by the Florida Legislature
               represent the Florida Aquatic Preserves Act.          These statutes set forth a
               standardized management criteria for all designated aquatic preserves and
               represent the primary laws governing the use of sovereignty submerged lands.
               These authorities also clearly establish the proprietary management role of the
               Governor and Cabinet in their capacity as the Board of Trustees of the Internal
               Improvement Trust Fund. All management responsibilities assigned to the Trustees
               may be fulfilled directly by the Governor and Cabinet or indirectly via staff through
               delegations of authority, management agreements, or other legal mechanisms. All
               references to the "Board" or the "Trustees" in this plan potentially include staff in
               addition to the Governor and Cabinet themselves.


               Aquatic Preserve staff may be designated to review requests for use of state-owned
               lands and provide. comments to the Board of Trustees, via the Division of State
               Lands and Department of Natural Resources administrative staff, relevant to the
               environmental impacts of a-proposed use. The staff review is conducted within the
               confines of Section 258.42, F.S., and in conjunction with other governmental
               bodies, comments and recommendations are presented to the Board as an agenda
               item for their deliberations.



               B. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES GOVERNING AQUATIC PRESERVES

               Chapters 18-20 a    'nd 18-21, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), are two
               administrative rules directly applicable to the DNR's/Trustees' actions regarding
               uses of lands in aquatic preserves and other state-owned submerged lands.

               1. CHAPTER 18-20, F.A.C.

               Chapter 18-20, F.A.C., addresses the aquatic preserves and derives its authority
               from Sections 258.35, 258.36, 258.37 and 258.38, F.S., and is found in Appendix
               A. The intent of this rule is contained in Section 18-20.001, F.A.C., which states:

                      "(1)   All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for
                             the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of



                                                         9









                              fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing
                              where deemed appropriate by the Board and the managing agency.

                      (2)     The aquatic preserves which are described in Section 258.392, F.S.,
                              and in 18-20.002, F.A.C., were established for the purpose for being
                              preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their
                              aesthetic, biological and scientific values may        endure for the
                              enjoyment of future generations.

                      (3)     The preserves shall be administered and managed in accordance
                              with the following goals:

                              (a)    To preserve, protect, and enhance these exceptional areas of
                                    -sovereignty submerged lands by reasonable regulation of
                                     human activity within the preserves through the development
                                     and implementation of a comprehensive management
                                     program;

                              (b)    To protect and enhance the waters of the preserves so that
                                     the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational
                                     uses of those waters such as swimming, boating, and fishing;

                              (c)    To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in
                                     carrying out the intent of the Legislature in creating the
                                     preserves;

                              (d)    To use applicable federal, state, and local management
                                     programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions
                                     of the act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserves;

                              (e)    To encourage the protection, enhancement or restoration of
                                     the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves,
                                     including but not limited to the modification of existing man-
                                     made conditions toward their natural condition, and discourage
                                     activities which would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or
                                     scientific values, or the quality, or utility of a preserve, when
                                     reviewing applications, or when developing and implementing
                                     management plans for the preserve;

                              (f)    To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life forms and
                                     habitats, including but not limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard
                                     corals, submerged grasses, mud flats, estuarine, aquatic and
                                     marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine,
                                     aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and
                                     marine mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks;


                                                          10









                               (g)    To acquire additional title interests in lands wherever such
                                      acquisitions would serve to protect and enhance the biological
                                      aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves;

                               (h)    To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and geologic functions,
                                      the benefits of which accrue to the public at large."

                        (4)    Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or alter the
                               requirements or authority of other governmental agencies, including
                               counties and municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves
                               provided that such requirements or authority are not inconsistent with
                               the act and this chapter.


                2. CHAPTER 18-21, F.A.C.

                Chapter 18-21, F.A.C., controls activities conducted on state-owned submerged
                lands and is predicated upon the provisions of Sections 253.12 and 253.03, F.S.
                The stated intent of this administrative rules is:


                        "(1)   To aid in fulfilling the trust and fiduciary responsibilities of the Board
                               of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund for the
                               administration, management and disposition of sovereignty lands;

                        (2)    To insure maximum benefit and use of sovereignty lands for all the
                               citizens of Florida;

                        (3)    To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the
                               public may continue to enjoy traditional uses including but not limited
                               to, navigation,fishing, and swimming;

                        (4)    To manage and provide maximum protection for all sovereignty lands,
                               especially those important to public drinking water supply, shellfish
                               harvesting, public recreation, fish and wildlife propagation and
                               management;

                        (5)    To insure that all public and private activities on
                               sovereignty lands which generate revenues or exclude traditional
                               public uses provide just compensation for such privileges; and

                        (6)    To aid in the implementation of the State Lands Management Plan."








               Chapter 18-21.0041, F.A.C., provides more specific statements regarding multi-slip
               docking facilities in the Florida Keys Marina and Dock Siting Policies and Criteria.
               This section of the F.A.C. requires consistency and conformity with the "Principles
               for Guiding Development in the Florida Keys Area of Critical State Concern"
               designation (Chapters 27F-8,-9,-10,-11,-12,-13, and -15, F.A.C.). Insummary,
               this rule is intended to protect endangered, threatened and species of special
               concern, the Florida Reef Tract, other corals, wetland and submerged vegetation,
               and benthic communities. Additionally, this rule requires that facilities be located
               in areas with adequate tidal flushing and-adequate water depths to avoid dredging
               and other bottom disturbance. More specific criteria require a minimum depth of -
               4 feet and that depth be adequate in the mooring, turning and access channel
               areas, with greater depth requirements for those facilities intended for mooring of
               boats with drafts greater than 3 feet. Specific structure design criteria are also
               contained with Chapter 18-21, F.A.C.



               Q. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PLANS AND PROGRAMS


               As mandated in 18-20.001, 3 (a), F.A.C., this plan, as well as plans for other aquatic
               preserves have and are being developed as funding is made available. Presently,
               14 management plans have been approved by the Trustees, which cover 21 of the
               State's 42 aquatic preserves. Former plans were designed to be generic in nature,
               with policies and management guidance generally applicable to all aquatic
               preserves. However, this plan and all future plans will be more site-specific and
               contain policy guidance and directives applicable to an individual preserve. The
               former management plans were incorporated into rule in 1988. This and future
               plans will be similarly incorporated. As such, these plans carry the same authority
               as do Chapters 18-20 and 18-21, F.A.C.

               The Conceptual State Lands Management Plan, adopted on March 17, 1981, and
               amended by the Trustees on July 7, 1981 and March 15, 1983, contain specific
               policies concerning spoil islands, submerged land leases, "Outstanding Native
               Florida Landscapes", unique natural features, seagrass beds, archaeological and
               historical resources, and endangered species. These policies provide management
               direction for the Aquatic Preserve Program.

               The State Comprehensive Plan, established by Chapter 187, F.S., provides board
               policy guidance for the development of management plans for the statewide system
               of aquatic preserves, Therefore, the goals, objectives and policies set forth in this
               aquatic preserve management plan are designed to be consistent with the goals
               and policies of the State Comprehensive Plan pertaining to the water resources,
               coastal and marine resources and natural systems.





                                                         12









               The Local Government Comprehensive Planning' Act of 1975 (Section 163.3163,
               F.A.C.) (as amended by Chapter 85-55, Laws of Florida, to the Local Government
               Comprehensive Planning and Land Development Regulation Act) requires that all
               counties in Florida have a Local Government Comprehensive Plan (LGCP) by 1990.
               Monroe County government is required to provide planning for various elements
               including: housing, physical facilities, land use, conservation, and coastal zone
               protection.   This plan has been developed to be consistent with present
               conservation and coastal management elements of the local government plan and
               will endeavor to provide criteria and standards that will be used in local plan
               revision. Monroe County's LGCP was submitted in August of 1990. When the
               LGCP plan is determined to be in compliance by the Department of Community
               Affairs, applicable policy statements will be incorporated into this management plan.


               Q. OTHER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES


               Other Department of Natural Resources management authorities applicable to
               aquatic preserves include management and protection of fisheries and marine
               mammals as well as beach and shore preservation programs outlined in Chapters
               370 and 161, F.S., respectively. The Division of Beaches and Shores administers
               the Monroe County Beach Management Plan and has coastal construction
               regulatory authority pursuant to Section 161.041, F.S. Land acquisition programs
               conducted under the Environmentally Endangered Lands (EEL) authorities of
               Chapter 259, F.S., and the Conservation and Recreation Lands (CARL) program,
               authorized by Chapter 253, F.S., will enhance    management and protection of the
               natural resources within the aquatic preserves.

               Chapter 403, F.S., which is an important adjunct to Chapters 253 and 258, F.S.,
               governs, in part, the State's regulatory programs affecting water quality and
               biological resources. The Department of Environmental Regulation (DER), through
               a permitting and certification process, administers this program. Section 253.77,
               F.S., as amended by the Warren S. Henderson Wetlands Protection Act of 1984,
               requires that any person requesting use of state-owned land to have approval of
               the proposed use from the Trustees before commencing the activity.                  An
               interagency agreement between DNR and DER provides an avenue for staff
               comments on the potential environmental impacts of projects in aquatic preserves
               through the DER permitting process. Additionally, the DER has designated through
               administrative rule, a series of waterbodies as Outstanding Florida Waters (OFWs).
               The DER has adopted stringent use criteria for these OFWs. The inclusion of all
               aquatic preserve waters within this classification greatly enhances the protective
               provisions of Chapter 258, F.S.          As the designated "306" Coastal Zone
               Management Agency, the DER also provides a source of funding matched by
               federal monies for data collection and planning in various areas. Funding for this
               plan was provided, in part, from these sources.



                                                         13








                The DER's administrative rules of primary significance to the aquatic preserve
                management program are based upon the authorities contained in Chapter 403,
                F.S. Chapter 17-3, F.A.C., addresses water quality standards and establishes the
                OFW category. Chapter 17-4, F.A.C., addresses permit requirements.

                Other opportunities for environmental review and input into activities potentially
                affecting aquatic preserves are afforded by the Department of Community Affairs
                (DCA). The DCA is statutorily responsible for administering the Development of
                Regional Impact (DRI) and Area of Critical State Concern (ACSC) designation. The
                DRI program, authorized by Section 380.06, F.S., was established by the
                Legislature to provide a review and monitoring procedure for those development
                projects potentially affecting more than one county. The Governor and Cabinet
                designated the Florida Keys as an Area of Critical State Concern on April 16, 1975.
                A prime objective of the designation and regulations (or "Principles for Guiding
                Development" established for the Keys 1984) was to strengthen local land use
                management capabilities. DCA has been working with the local governments in a
                cooperative intergovernmental effort to meet this objective. DCA also has the
                authority to approve or amend the local comprehensive growth management plan
                and implement land use regulation within the ACSC.

                The Department of State's Division of Historical Resources (DHR) is legislatively
                assigned to preserve and manage Florida's archaeological and historical resources.
                DHR holds title to the cultural resources located on state-owned lands, including
                state-owned submerged lands, pursuant to Chapter 267, F.S.

                The Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (FIRS), under their public
                mandate, administers two programs directly affecting the aquatic preserve
                management program. The regulation of septic tanks is typically administered by
                the county health department. The arthropod (mosquito) control program is
                implemented through the local Mosquito Control District (MCD). Administration of
                these programs may potentially have significant impacts upon the aquatic preserve.
                Although there is no legislatively created vehicle, establishment of close working
                relationships between the aquatic preserve staff and HRS is a necessary element
                of the aquatic preserve management program.

                The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) administers permitting
                programs for the local potable water supply, stormwater discharges, and some
                dredge and fill activities. Stormwater discharges in the area of the aquatic preserve
                may potentially affect certain management objectives. Close coordination with
                SFWMD permitting review is indicated when a particular project could pose threats
                to the quality or quantity of water introduced into the preserve.

                Additional agencies and organizations that have. interests or regulatory authority
                within the aquatic preserve or the adjacent uplands are listed in Chapter Vil
                (Management Implementation Network) of this plan.


                                                         14











                                                     CHAPTER III


                                            RESOURCE DESCRIPTION



               The geology, climate, and hydrology of the Florida Keys have combined to create
               a unique environment suitable for colonization by tropical plants and animals that
               are highly specialized and limited to a relatively small geographic.area on this
               continent. Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve encompasses a variety of habitats or
               communities that support many of these species.

               Detailed information on the resources (e.g., species lists, water quality data,
               archaeological and historical site information, life histories, supporting maps, cultural
               resource information, etc.) is listed in the following sections. The resource
               information presented in this chapter is intended to be generally descriptive of major
               management functions and resources in the area of the preserve.



               A. LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES


               Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve is located in the lower half of the Florida Keys
               archipelago. Lying south of the main land mass of Big Pine Key, the preserve is
               bounded on the north and east by the extension of that land area and on the south
               by the twelve foot depth contour in the Atlantic Ocean. The western boundary runs
               from the 12 foot Atlantic contour along the 6 foot depth contour of Newfound
               Harbour Channel in a northeasterly direction to the southwestern tip of Big Pine
               Key. The privately owned Newfound Harbor Keys lie between the interior waters
               of the Bight and the Atlantic portions of the preserve. Only state-owned submerged
               lands are included within the boundary. Total area is approximately 6000 acres.

               Additionally, this management plan will address state-owned uplands acquired
               through the Conservation and Recreational Lands Coupon Bight Buffer project.
               Approximately 100 acres of mangrove/saltmarsh, pinelands and tropical hardwood
               hammock areas have been purchased to date. Acquisition is an ongoing process
               and newer purchases have not been thoroughly inventoried. Complete inventories
               and resource descriptions for the pinelands and hammocks will be developed at a
               future date. Interim management criteria, issues and objectives for these resource       s
               are presented in Chapters V and VI.


               _13. GEOLOGY

               Both the ancient and modern geology of the Florida Keys is reflective of the
               biological communities and the marine environment that have shaped and continue
               to influence the configuration of these islands and adjacent marine areas. In


                                                           15








               geological time, the area is still very young and the present time heralds further
               change as sea levels rise with the retreat of glacial ice fields.

               The present geological formations began 100,000 years ago during the Pleistocene
               Era when sea level was approximately 25 feet above present level (Hoffmeister and
               Multer, 1964). Corals and other marine organisms assimilated calcium carbonate
               from marine waters and constructed reef formations very similar to the living reefs
               of today. As the plants and animals died, their skeletal remains became part of the
               fossilized patch reefs and sea floor that were exposed as sea level receded during
               the Wisconsin glaciation period. The glacial fields bound up large volumes of the
               earth's water and sea level dropped to approximately 325 feet below present levels.
               The exposed limestone was subjected to the erosive forces of wind, rain, and
               plants and began to take on its present appearance. During the recent Holocene
               period, sea level rose to its present level and is continuing a slow rise of about two
               inches every 100 years (Hoffmeister, 1974; Wanless, 1969). More recent
               calculations by Wanless (1989) estimate that sea level in Florida may be rising at
               8-16 inches per 100 years.

               The geological formations of the Keys may be further subdivided into two distinct
               physiographic and geologic regions. The Upper Xeys (from Soldier Key to the
               eastern edge of Big Pine Key) are distinguished by the elongate dome and linear
               configurations that are the remains.of the ancient coral reefs. Elevations may rise
               15-18 feet above sea level near the center of the northern most islands. This
               porous aggregate of fossil skeletal remains is referred to as the "Key Largo
               Limestone". Many of the fossilized remains are recognizable as the progenitors
               of species that inhabit the reef today (Multer, 1977; Hoffmeister  and Multer, 1964).

               In the Lower Keys (Big Pine.Key to Key West), the Key Largo Limestone is overlain
               by the Miami Limestone, or Miami oolite. The Miami Limestone was formed in a
               high energy, shallow water environment with low silt. content and high levels of
               calcium carbonate. Spherical ooid films were cemented together in dense layers
               around a core material, usually a grain of sand (Multer, 1977).

               The geological interface of these two formations is exposed near the      Long Beach
               area at the eastern boundary of the preserve. Some areas have been obliterated
               by road building and other earth moving activities. Other areas have been exposed
               by the same activities and the construction of drainage ditches. The submerged
               portions of the interface within the Coupon Bight are difficult to distinguish, having
               been buried by layers of silt and detritus.        Small ledges and outcroppings
               encountered while mapping biological community distribution in 1985 may be an
               indicator of the submerged portions of the interface. Observations by Howard et
               al., (1970) described the Key Largo limestone as underlying the southern oneAhird
               of the Bight.




                                                         16









               Although the exposed portions of the interface are presently outside the boundary
               of the preserve, every effort should be made to encourage protection of this locally
               significant area of geological interest.

               The Miami Limestone is not as porous as the Key Largo Limestone. Acid etched
               solution features form depressions that retain freshwater. These freshwater lenses
               influence the biological communities. They support a variety of plants and animals
               that are not found in the Upper Keys and are more closely akin to communities on
               the mainland. This is especially true on Big Pine Key and No Name Key where
               pinelands and cattail CEypha) marshes are common upland features.



               C. PHYSIOGRAPHY


               Based upon biogeography and physical characteristics, the modern geologic
               environments of the preserve may be divided into four regions: emergent, lagoon,
               nearshore and patch reef. Each environment or region is significantly influenced
               by existing basement geology, as well as tidal circulation patterns and the biological
               communities that occur in each.


               1. Emergent

               Emergent lands consist of aerial rock substrate with thin mantels of fine sediments
               and fragments of the parent rock. Beach/berms are typical on the east facing
               shorelines. The Newfound Harbor Keys and -the Long Beach area exhibit pocket
               beaches and low berms perched upon the underlying rock.

               On Big Pine Key the berm is typically low and narrow. Low areas landward of the,
               berm are frequently flooded by tidal import and rain water run off. Salinas or salt
               ponds are common features where there are shallow depressions in the caprock.
               There is a subtle elevation gradient from the landward side of the berm towards the
               center of the island. The elevation progression is interrupted in several locations by
               natural and manmade features. A wide, shallow slough transects the south western
               third of the island. Elevated caprock and sediment deposits support hammock and
               pineland vegetation. Extensive areas have been ditched and excavated material
               deposited along ditch edges. Topographic alterations have influenced both natural
               sheet flow patterns and vegetation communities.

               2. Lagoon

               Coupon Bight is a shallow semi-enclosed basin approximately 2.2 miles (3.5
               kilometers) long and 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers) wide and with an average 6 foot (1.8
               meter) depth near the center. Tidal circulation in the shallow-water bay is restricted.
               by the land mass of Big Pine Key on the north and east, to a lesser extent by the
               Newfound Harbor Keys on the south, and the bay mouth bank at the western


                                                         17








                opening of the Bight. The deep sediments associated with the bay mouth bar are
                the result of hydrological transport and deposition from Newfound Harbor and Big
                Pine Channels. Turtle grass (Ihalassia testudinum) is a major influence in
                stabilizing the bank and in trapping additional sediments.

                The lagoon environment of the Bight is characterized by varying depths of
                sediments over bedrock. Exposed portions of the basement rock are colonized by
                sponges, small corals or algae. (This type of environment is referred to as
                hardbottom, hardgound or live bottom by various authors. For purposes of this
                management plan it will be referred to as hardbottom.) Areas of deeper sediments
                are colonized by marine grasses and algae. Areas of thinner sediments are
                dominated by algae, sponges or sparse colonies of grasses.

                Major sediment constituents are fragments of calcareous algae, Foraminifers, rock
                and mollusk shells.      Minor constituents of scleractinian corals, crustacean
                carapaces and echinoderm ossicles, and pellets are also present. The abundant
                coral skeletal fragments in the southern portion of the Bight are transported from
                the Atlantic nearshore to the south through the tidal passes between the New
                Found Harbor Keys. The sediment facies are generally reflective of the living biota
                that occur within the Bigh  t today. There are 55 species of Foraminifera and
                approximately 94 species of mollusks represented within the Bight (Howard et al.,
                1970; Howard and Faulk, 1968).

                3. Nearshore


                The submerged substrate seaward of the Newfound Harbor Keys slopes gradually
                from the shoreline to the edge of Hawks Channel. As in the Bight, sediment depth
                over bedrock is a major factor in determining the distribution of, community
                associations and individual organisms that shape the geophysical environment.
                The intertidal zone is typically a broad, shallow shelf of the exposed bedrock
                material with a thin veneer of sediment. The crenelate, solution pocked surface is
                the product of the soluble nature of limestone and the burrowing and boring
                organisms that inhabit the interticlal zone. Sponges, worms, crustaceans, mollusks,
                and echinoderms are major erosive agents in these areas. As it is being eroded,
                crustose and filamentous algae bind sediments and as they are alternately wetted
                and dried, form a karst-like layer over the underlying limestone in the intertidal zone
                (Ginsburg, 1953; Neuman, 1966; Robertson, 1963).

                Subtidal areas are typically colonized by hardbottom communities where. sediment
                is thin. ' Clear, shallow waters nearshore support impressive colonies of clubbed
                finger coral (Porites) and coraline algae near Cooks and Big Munson Islands. Their
                skeletal remains form a large proportion of the sediment in the passes between the
                Newfound Harbor Keys and may be deposited in the Bight during storm events and
                high tides. In deeper water, sponges, gorgonians, algae and small colonies of
                stony corals tend to dominate. This hardbottorn community is the most common


                                                          18









                association in the Atlantic portion Of the preserve. As in the Bight, the basement
                rock is dotted with shallow, sediment filled depressions that support sea grass beds
                of varying dimensions and density.

                4. Patch Reef


                Patch reefs develop on hardbottorn substrate where other environmental factors are
                favorable. These three dimensional features are elevated, solid frameworks of living
                organisms (and their skeletal remains) that are actively building the geological
                record of the future.      Major reef building organisms are the stony corals
                (Scleractinia) and coraline algae.

                In the early stages of patch reef development, the fauna is dominated by pioneering
                species such as finger corals (Porites spp.), rose coral (Manicinaqreolata) and
                golfball coral (Favia fragum). These are smaller nonreef building species. The
                corals assimilate and redistribute calcium carbonate in the form of an exoskeleton.
                Over time, these corals. live, die, erode, and recolonize the hardbottom,
                transforming it into a community dominated by coral and coral skeletal material.
                The larger reef building corals then.have a foundation for colonization. The primary
                frame builders of this stage of the reef are the starlet corals (Siderastrea sp.), star
                corals (Montastraea sp.) and the brain corals (Diploria sp.). The more massive
                corals add vertical relief and numerous micro-habitats that offer sustenance to a
                vast array of other organisms (Japp, 1984).

                Many other organisms are instrumental in the geological formation of the reef.
                Some are active bioerosive forces that bore or feed upon corals and fragment the
                exoskeleton. This sediment is thus redistributed on the reef where other physical
                and geochemical agents consolidate loose sediments and provide additional
                substrate for reef expansion (Ginsburg and Schroeder, 1973). Exported sediment
                is redistributed in other marine areas or washed ashore to form beaches and berm.
                This course carbonate "sand" or rubble is remarkably different from the quartzous
                silica of other shorelines in Florida. The fine grained silica sands of riverine systems
                make up only a small proportion of the beach sediments in the Keys.

                The growth and distribution of patch reefs is governed by several other         physical
                and biological factors. They are not arranged haphazardly but lie in areas that not
                only offer suitable substrate, but have access to the photic zone, warm water
                temperatures, nutrients from the waters of Florida Straits and protection from the
                excessive sediments, temperature and salinity fluctuations of Florida Bay
                (Hoffmeister and Multer, 1968). Given optimum local conditions a coral colony may
                grow as much as 190 inches (482.6 cm) in a thousand years (0.2 inches or .5
                cm/year) (Shinn et al., 1977).

                The amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) associated with coral reefs          is a good
                indicator of this community's importance as a geological agent. As much as 163


                                                          19









                metric tons of CaC03 can be fixed by a moderate sized reef shelf in a single year
                (Stearn et al., 1977). Primary fixing agents are the stony corals and the crustose
                coraline algae. In warmer climates growth may be triple this annual rate (Adey,
                1977). Thus, the patch reef is a significant engineer of both past and future
                geology in tropical waters.



                D. HYDROLOGY


                The present geological landforms and the hydrological regime interact to influence
                the distribution of biological communities and ongoing process of deposition and
                erosion that sculpture the appearance of the area. The islands of the Lower Keys
                are oriented on a perpendicular axis to the Upper Keys islands. The numerous
                north/south channels that separate the Lower keys allows the sediment laden
                waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida Bay to mix with the Atlantic Ocean. The
                longshore currents and eddies that circulate from the north-bound Gulf stream flow
                roughly parallel to the island shorelines in a southwesterly direction. Silt and
                sediments from the channels are transported by these currents. As current velocity-
                diminishes, sediments.fall to the bottom forming bars or filling in depressions in the
                bedrock.


                The distribution of patch reefs within the preserve is affected by the proximity of the
                two'channels east and west of the preserve boundaries and by the barrier created
                by the Newfound Harbor Keys. Turbid waters from Pine Channel are diverted to
                the southwest by Little Munson and Big Munson Islands and the bay mouth bar on
                the west side of Coupon Bight. Circulation of the waters from Coupon Bight is
                obstructed by bars that shoal the passes between the islands. The larger patch
                reefs lie in the "shadow" or sheltered area, seaward of Big Munson Island, in those
                areas where the island's land mass acts as a barrier to the turbid, cooler waters of
                Florida Bay and Coupon Bight.

                Sediment laden waters from Spanish Harbor (Bogie) Channel are propelled along
                the shoreline of the Long Beach area at the eastern side of the preserve. Fewer
                patch reefs are located in that portion of the preserve as a result of the excessive
                sediments and fluctuating salinities and temperatures. For this same reason, the
                best developed beach strand also occurs in this area. Fine sediments are sorted
                and transported, then deposited on the shoreline in the Long Beach area.

                Hydrological regime within Coupon Bight also plays a role in the distribution of
                biological communities in the lagoon. Water flow and circulation is governed almost
                entirely by the proximity to Big Pine Channel. Hydrological patterns affect the
                distribution of sediments and deposits reach maximum depth in the area of the bay-
                mouth bar at the edge of Big Pine Channel. The bar acts as. a barrier to circulation
                and a catchment for additional deposits of sediments from the channel. The bay-
                mouth bar and the shoals between the Newfound Harbor Keys restrict tidal import


                                                          20









                and export of vital nutrients and creates conditions of highly variable salinities and
                temperatures within the Bight. The more diverse biological communities occur in
                the northeastern corner of the lagoon where larger volumes of water from the
                channel are circulated. As the circulation pattern diminishes toward the eastern
                portions of the Bight, the biological communities are correspondingly less diverse
                with distance from the channel (Howard et al., 1970).

                Wind plays a secondary role in the hydrological patterns in the lagoon. The shallow
                waters are easily agitated and fine sediments are easily suspended by wind-driven
                currents. Suspended sediments inhibit photosynthetic activity by reducing light
                penetration and thus may determine the variety and density of marine flora. Water
                near the center of the lagoon is frequently turbid and marine grass beds in deeper
                portions of the Bight are usually sparse even though sediment depths are adequate
                to support them (pers. obser.). Waters along most of the leeward shorelines of the
                New Found Harbor Keys are protected from wind/currents and tend to be relatively
                clear. Grass beds in these areas are generally lush and expansive.

                Historically, Coupon Bight may have been open to additional circulation from Big
                Pine and Spanish Harbor Channels. The restricted baylet at the northeast corner
                of the Bight appears to have been open to circulation currents from Spanish Harbor
                Channel and was most probably obstructed during the construction of U.S.
                Highway 1 or during the railroad era. An existing mangrove creek was connected
                to Spanish Harbor channel at the southeast corner of the Bight. This creek has
                bean interrupted by the construction of the Long Beach and U.S, Highway 1
                roadways and a marina/campground at the channel's edge. A similar creek, or
                slough, exists near the center of the north shoreline and angles toward the
                northwest. It has been interrupted by a series of residential finger canals and
                roadways before it connects to Pine Channel.

                Little researched information is available regarding the more recent events that have
                perpetuated or altered the hydrology of the Bight. The effects that these events
                have had upon the distribution and diversity of marine organisms is therefore purely
                speculative. The gradual rise (or retreat) of sea level is yet another factor that will
                determine the future configuration of emergent lands and hydrological regime in the
                area. Additional observation and research may reveal the patterns of biological
                succession that can be anticipated.

                Tide cycles are semidiurnal, having two highs and two lows within each lunar
                period. Tidal flood enters the Bight via the channel north of the bay mouth bar and
                to a lesser extent through the passes between the Newfound Harbor Keys.
                Velocity gradually diminishes traveling eastward and is barely perceptible in the
                constricted baylets. Tidal ebb typically moves in the reverse direction (Howard et
                al., 1970). Tidal range is approximately 2 feet with higher and lower tides
                experienced during full and new moon phases. Low elevations of adjacent
                wetlands contributes to frequent flooding during these events.


                                                          21











                E. WATER QUALITY


                The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (DER) has designated waters
                of the preserve as Outstanding Florida Waters (OFW) (17-3.041, F.A.C.). As such,
                these waters are to be afforded the highest protection possible. To qualify for this
                designation, water quality must be maintained within the established standards. All
                activities that may potentially alter these standards are evaluated accordingly.

                Water quality data is limited in the area of the preserve. DER maintains a
                monitoring station west of Newfound Harbor Channel, outside the preserve
                boundary. Data from this station is generally reflective of ambient conditions since
                1982. A summary of conditions for both ambient and impacted stations was
                published in "Report to the Environmental Regulation Commission on the Proposed
                Designation of the Florida Keys as an Outstanding Florida Water" (DER, 1984). A
                short term study by Newfound Harbor Marine Institute (Unpublished, 1987) provides
                limited data on water quality.

                Other water quality research centered on the effects of septic tank effluent on
                ground and surface waters in the Big Pine Key area. This study has determined that
                septic effluent increases contamination in ground waters during the dry (winter)
                season and that horizontal subsurface transport introduces these effluents to
                contiguous (marine) surface waters during the wet (summer) period. Nutrient
                loading of surface waters-is also indicated with the use of aerobic treatment units
                with shallow injection wells. The non-saline wastewater effluent is buoyant and rises
                within the rock strata to mix with surface waters. Continued increases in land use
                density and use of on-site sewage disposal systems (OSDS) are predicted to
                increase nutrient contamination of marine waters. (Lapointe, 1989).

                Recently published studies edited by Kenworthy and Haunert (1991) document the
                relationship between water transparency and seagrass survival. Photosynthetic
                efficiency is impaired by lowered light levels. Nutrients encourage micro and macro
                algal blooms which increases chlorophyll levels in the water column and stimulate
                epiphytic growth on leaves. Suspended sediments and "colored" water (from
                dissolved organic material, such as tannic acid) also reduce li   ght levels.

                Highly publicized reports on the decline of marine grass beds in the eastern portion
                of the Coupon Bight attribute the loss to water pollution from upland development
                (Estrin, 1988). However, Howard et al., (1970) described this area as having
                Igenerally sparse' marine grasses and algae as early as 1967. Howard further
                points out that 'the primary factor in biotic distribution (in the Bight) is the type of
                substrate present.' Extreme temperatures and highly variable salinities would also
                tend to inhibit grasses in this area.





                                                          22











                F. CLIMATE


                The nearly tropical climate is characterized by mild, dry winters and warm, humid
                summers. Prevailing trade winds from the east and southeast are occasionally
                interrupted by winter cold fronts that move over the area from the north or
                northwest in the winter and infrequent tropical storms and depressions in the
                summer months (Warzeski, 1976). The average rainfall at Key West is 39.8 inches
                per year with large peaks occurring in June and September (NOAA, 1965, 1979).
                Rainfall increases from Key West to the Upper Keys by about five inches per year.
                Summer thunderstorms and the occasional tropical storm provide the bulk of the
                rainfall, with mino r amounts associated with the winter cold fronts.

                Annual average air temperature (measured at Key West) is 77.5 degrees Fahrenheit
                (F). Seasonal mean highs of 84.7 degrees F occur in July and August. Mean lows
                of 69.0 degrees F occur during December and January (NOAA, 1965, 1979).
                Ambient temperatures are a direct influence of the Gulf Stream (Jordan, 1973).
                Neither frost nor freeze have been recorded for the area. As with most maritime
                climates, average humidity is typically high.

                The tropical storms and hurricanes that visit this area deserve more than a casual
                mention. They tend to have major effects on the biology and natural features of a
                large area and on the activities of the human populations that visit and inhabit those
                areas. The- long term benefits and defici;ts to the natural environment are poorly
                understood. Ball et al., (1967) and Craighead and Gilbert (1962) reported extensive
                biological and geological rearrangement and destruction of the coastal zone in
                South Florida and the Keys after the passage of Hurricane Donna in 1960. The
                greatest destruction or erosion of shorelines occurred where shoreline vegetation
                or shallow wate  r marine grassbeds had been previously damaged or destroyed.
                Recovery of these areas was hindered by these alterations, as erosion often
                continued after the initial onslaught of the storm (Multer, 1977).

                It is necessary to understand a hurricane's potential as a destructive agent and to
                be prepared for its occurrence. It is also necessary to plan development that will
                minimize destruction of natural communities. Although these natural communities
                may be severely damaged by hurricanes, the corals, grass beds and mangroves
                provide a natural buffer that can reduce the severity of impacts on coastal areas.
                They demonstrate a capacity to recover when functional integrity has not been
                undermined by manmade alterations to biological and geological features.



                G. BIOLOGICAL COMMUN           ITIES


                This section will discuss some of the plant and animal associations within the
                preserve. Individual species are grouped in representative community types based
                upon dominance or absence of certain floral and faunal constituents. General


                                                          23








               descriptions and species lists are intended to be reflective of the community being
               discussed under each subheading. The listing of a species in one community does
               not limit its occurrence to only that community. Each community association is
               presented separately, but in reality they display an infinite variety of mixed and
               interdependent associations. Major community associations in the preserve are
               mangrove/saltmarsh, coastal beach or berm, marine grassbeds, hardbottorn and
               patch reefs. Figure 3 illustrates the submerged resources of the preserve.

               Subtle differences in geology, topography, microclimate and other physical
               parameters may determine the initial dominance of a particular association in an
               area, or the particular area may be modified by the existing biota and thus evolve
               or succeed into an entirely different association. The natural components of the
               environment are never static and usually progress in an orderly sequence of
               change from one sere to the next. Each succeeding sere is generally more
               complex and diverse than the previous association. Those communities that have
               reached a climax or balanced condition are usually most productive in terms of
               biomass and species diversity.

               Catastrophic events, such as hurricanes and man-made alteration of natural
               features disrupt orderly progression and may set back the sere to an earlier stage
               that is less productive. Many of the man-made disturbances will be discussed in
               the text. These changes not only inhibit or reverse succession but may replace
               -entire associations with other less productive environments.           The affected
               environment or community is not the only one to be diminished. All marine
               systems are interrelated and thus changes to one association will directly or
               indirectly affect a number of other related and interdependent associations. The
               importance of marine productivity has been expounded upon since ancient times
               yetonly recently has modern man begun to appreciate the intricate and vital role
               that these communities play in the larger ecological profile of our region and our
               planet.

               1. Mangrove/Saltmarsh

               Mangrove/saltmarsh communities contribute substantially to the health and
               productivity of marine systems in the preserve. Shoreline stabilization, storm
               protection, filtration and stabilization of sediments, nutrient cycling and habitat
               diversity are only a few of the many functions that this
               community performs. It is composed of two diverse groups of salt tolerant plants.
                                 .-                                                                              I
               The saltmarsh vegetation is represented by a large group of herbaceous and
               woody plants that lie landward of the fringing mangroves. Members of this plant
               community are often included in what is referred to as the "buttonwood" or
               "transition zone". It is distinguished by an open canopy of buttonwood (Conocapus
               erectus) trees and low growing species that are tolerant of periodic tidal inundation
               and extreme fluctuations in salinity., Plants in this community may also be


                                                         24







                                      0o
                                                                                                                                        BIG Pf

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      BIG MANGROVE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                KEY
                                                                                               -6'
                                                                 LITTLE
                                                            TORCH KEY
                                                                                                                                                                                  ........... .
                                                                                                                                                                                  .............
                                                                                                                                                                                  .. .. ....
                                                                                                                                               T
                                                                                                                                                   . . . . .. . . . . . . .




                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SPANISH HARBOR
                                                                                                                                                    ' wl
                  RAMROD
                      KEY
                                                        09
                                                      9416
                                                                                                                                  OUPON

                                         0
                                                                                                                        21
                                     0


                                                                                                          -@j                                                           . . . . . . .. . . . .
                                                                                                                                                                                       N
                                                                                       "S
                                                                                      0
                                                                                    RL
                                                                                   0


                                                        0



                                                                                                                                                                   . ........



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -12
                                                                                                                                                                                            ...... .... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -18
                                                                                                                                                                                      . mi,
                                                             !A
                                                                                                                                  #kESERVE
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Patch reef/
                                                                                                   "QQ-. K
                                                                                                                                                                                                             Coral heads
                                                                                                                                                                                     HANNEL
                                                                                                                                                                          HAWK


                                                                                                                                                                           FIGURE 3. Resource Map
                                                                      ... ...........
                                                         -MQN' 6'

                                                                                                                                                                 Beach/Berm                             Patch reef Coral heads


                                                                                                                                                                 Saltmarsh                              Mixed hard bottom
                                                                                       Patch reef/
                                                                                                                                                 A





























                                                                                       Coral heads                                                                                                      (includes: sponges, porites,
                                            -18,                                                                                                                 Seagross                               coralline algae, and
                                                       0                     .5                                                                                                                         gorgonians)
                                                                                                                                                                 Mangroves
                                                                          1  Mile









               intermixed with mangroves and beach/berm communities and form a rich mosaic
               of vegetative types. A partial list of the mangrove/saltmarsh plants is presented in
               Table 1. Endangered and threatened species are noted.

               Mangroves are a pan-tropical group, occurring on seventy-five percent of the
               world's tropical coastline (McGill, 1959). Of the 72 species recognized by Chapman
               (1976), only three species occur in Florida. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)
               and white mangrove (Languncularia racemosa) grow along low energy shorelines
               from the Florida Keys to near Cedar Key on the west coast (Rehm, 1976) and north
               to Ponce de Leon Inlet on the east coast (Teas, 1977). Black mangrove (Avicennia
               germinans) extends farther north on the east coast to near 30 degrees north
               latitude and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana and Texas (McMillan, 1971). These
               tropical trees are sensitive to fluctuating temperatures and prolonged periods of
               cold or frost (Davis, 1940). Prolonged temperatures below 66 degrees F may be
               lethal or cause stunted growth forms (Waisel, 1972). Accordingly, the largest
               mangrove forests (90% according to estimates by the Coastal Coordinating
               Council, 1974) are located in the more southern areas of the state, primarily in Lee,
               Collier, Dade, and Monroe Counties. Monroe County encompasses approximately
               234,000 acres (95,000 ha.) of mangroves, the majority lying within the boundaries
               of Everglades National Park and the small islands in Florida Bay.

               Of the six mangrove forest types described by Lugo and Snedaker (1974), only the
               fringing forest and the scrub (or dwarf mangrove) forest are well represented in the
               preserve. The fringing mangroves occur along the intertidal shoreline surrounding
               the emergent islands and are especially abundant on the leeward sides of these
               islands that are protected from prevailing easterly winds and waves. The scrub or
               "dwarf" mangrove forests occur in many of the constricted baylets on the eastern
               shoreline of Coupon Bight and within the impounded wetlands to the north of the
               Bight.

               Local distribution of mangroves is affected by several physical parameters. Wave
               energy and substrate are probably most significant within the preserve. Fringing
               mangrove forests reach optimum development on low energy shorelines with fine
               sediments. Fine sediments deposited in shallow depressions in the caprock
               provide sufficient depth for propagules to become rooted. Other areas lack
               sufficient sediment depths or are buffeted by waves or swift currents that would
               bury seedlings or sweep them away. This type of environment is especially
               prevalent along the Atlantic shoreline of the Newfound Harbor Keys. Although all
               three mangrove species are present, the mangrove fringe is usually not wide and
               may only occupy the extreme seaward, edge of the shoreline. Constant wave
               energy scours the rocky intertidal zone and longshore currents deposit course
               calcarious sand fragments that form a beach/berm along the more exposed
               shorelines. This shifting substrate offers few opportunities for mangrove propagules
               to become established and those that survive are continually threatened with being
               submerged by additional sand or swept away by storm waves.


                                                        27











                                                         TABLE 1


                          A PARTIAL LIST OF THE MANG ROVE/SALTMARSH FLORA


                Beach orach                                   Atriplex arenaria
                Black mangrove                                Avicinnia germinans
                Saltbush                                      Baccharis sp.
                Saltwort                                      Batis maritima
                Sea oxeye daisy                               Borrichia spp.
                Saffron plum                                  Bumelia celestrina
                Gray nicker                                   Caesalpinia crista
                Seven-year apple                              Casasia clusifolia
                Saltgrass                                     Distichlis spicata
                Seagrape                                      Coccoloba uvifera
                Buttonwood                                    Conocarpus erectus
                Geiger                                        Cordia sebetena                (E)
                Clamshell orchid                              Encyclia cochleata             (T)
                Butterfly orchid                              Engyclia tamgensis             (T)
                Seaside gentian                               Eustoma exaltatum
                Sedge                                         Fimbrisjylis castanea
                Wild cotton                                   Gossypium hirsutum             (E)
                Seaside heliotrope                            Heloiotropium curassavicurn
                Seaside hibiscus                              Hibiscus tillaceus
                Manchineel                                    Hippomane mancinella
                Keys spider lily                              Hymenocallis latifolia         (T)
                White mangrove                                Lanouncularia racernosa
                Herbaceus sea lavender                        Limonium carolinianum
                Christmas berry                               Lycium carolinianum
                Sealavender                                   Mallotonia -anaphalodes        (E)
                                                              =Tournefortia gnaphalodes
                Wild dilly                                    -Manilkara bahamensis
                Gutta percha mayten                           Ma)denus philanthoides
                Poisonwood                                    Metol2ium toxiferum
                Key grass                                     Monanthochloe littoralis
                Prickly pear cactus                           Opuntia stricta                (T)
                Knot grass                                    Paspalum distichurn
                Purslanes                                     Portulaca spp.
                Red mangrove                                  Rhizophora mangle
                Rouge berry                                   Rivina humilis
                Glasswort                                     Salicornia spp.
                Sea purslane                                  Sesuvium partulacastrum
                Virginia dropweed                             Sporobolus virginicus
                Sea blight                                    Suaeda linearis
                Bay cedar                                     Suriana maritima               (E)


                                                              28









                Mahoe                                      Thespesia populnea
                Air plants                                 Tillandsia spp.               N


                   All except T. usnroides are endangered (E), threatened (T), or commercially
                exploited (C).)



                Recent loss of several white and black mangroves on the Atlantic side of the Long
                Beach area may be directly attributed to storm surge associated with minor
                hurricanes (Kate and Elaina) that passed near the Keys in 1985. Close examination
                of affected trees revealed that sediments were eroded and large portions of the root
                systems of these trees were exposed as a result. Leaves withered and died within
                four to six weeks after the storms and were still attached to the trees months after
                the event. In some cases only portions of the trees exhibited extreme signs of
                necrosis. Those individuals that suffered only partial excavation of the root systems
                showed signs of resprouting or retention of landward portions of the canopy one
                year after the storms. Survivability of these individuals is precarious, as they may
                be further stressed by desiccating forces (sun and wind) or toppled by winds.

                Tidal regime in coastal areas also plays an important part in mangrove dominance
                of the shoreline. The advance and retreat of marine waters facilitates import of
                necessary nutrients into the community and exports organic carbons and other
                compounds to marine systems. Tides are also instrumental in dispersing the
                buoyant seeds and propagules.

                Ambient marine salinities benefit mangroves in several ways. Competition from less
                tolerant terrestrial plants is minimized and soil salinities are moderated by daily
                flushing. Unlike their terrestrial counterparts mangroves have evolved mechanisms
                to exclude or excrete salt from plant tissues. The red mangrove can exclude salt
                at the root surface (Scholander, 1968). Black and white mangroves secrete salt
                through modified glands on the leaf or trunk and by storing salt in succulent leaves
                and fruit that fall from the tree. Most halophytic plants are believed to use these
                mechanisms or a combination of them to dispose of excess salt (Teas, 1979).

                Excessive soil or water salinity, however, can stress mangroves. Salinities above
                65 parts per thousand (ppt) can kill red mangroves (Cintorn et al., 1978). Salinities
                at or above 80 ppt may stunt white and black mangroves, especially in combination
                with high water temperatures (Lugo and Zucca, 1977). Impounded mangroves are
                frequently subjected to this type of stress. As normal tidal circulation is interrupted,
                water temperatures may exceed 100 degrees F and evaporation increases salinity
                to debilitating levels. Highly fluctuating temperatures and salinities combined with
                low sediment deposition, and low"nutrient import create an extremely inhospitable
                environment. The result is a dwarfed or scrub mangrove forest (after Lugo and


                                                           29








               Snedaker, 1974). All three species may be represented but are seldom more that
               5 feet tall.    They are often referred to (locally) as "spider" mangroves.
               Impoundment may be the result of natural topographic features (e.g., coastal
               berms) or caused by ditching and other manmade alterations to drainage patterns.
               Dwarfed mangroves occur over extensive areas of the wetlands adjoining the east
               and north shorelines of Coupon Bight.

               Excessive temperatures and salinities (greater than 100 ppt) are also thought to be
               responsible for the relatively barren salt ponds or salinas that persist in many areas
               (Teas, 1979). Although these hypersaline areas may be inhospitable for most
               vascular plants, they perform other functions and should not necessarily be
               considered wasteland. They serve as valuable repositories for storm water runoff
               and sediments. These shallow water environments also support a broad range of
               algae that serve as a food source and provide cover for an equally diverse faunal
               community. Large numbers of larval fish species, gastropods, and crustaceans
               utilize this environment and are in turn valuable food reserves for many of the
               wading birds when other feeding areas may be flooded during high tides or
               inaccessible during periods of unfavorable winter weather (Sprunt, pers. com.)

               The mangrove/saltmarsh association is a major component of the preserves
               resources, both in distribution and ecological value. This community is the most
               common interface between the upland and the marine environment. As such it
               contributes to the diversity and productivity of the larger ecological units. Major
               contributions from this community involve the complex and often poorly understood
               detrital food webs that are an integral part of tropical and temperate marine
               systems. Nutrients from both marine and terrestrial sources are assimilated and
               recycled in the vegetative tissues of the mangroves and everpresent root and mud
               algae.   Primary productivity is difficult to partition because all levels of the
               community have not been thoroughly researched. It is, however, a widely accepted
               hypothesis that the organic carbons exported by mangrove systems are a major
               source of energy for many biologically and economically important species of
               invertebrates and fishes.

               Carbon and other nutrients from terrestrial sources (Carter et al., 1973), rainfall
               (Lugo et al., 1980), and from marine sources are assimilated and recycled in the
               form of plant material that is fed upon by a host of arboreal, epiphytic, infaunal, and
               pelagic life forms. Energy pathways may originate from several different sources
               within the community. Sea grasses and benthic algae are trapped and broken
               down into particulate matter that is used by large numbers of consumers (Brook,
               1975). Senepsed mangrove leaves are attacked by fungi (Fell et al., 1975) and
               bacteria (Casagrande and Given, 1975) that colonize the leaf surface. As the leaf
               surface is fragmented, plant starches and proteins are broken down or converted
               to other compounds that are more easily consumed and assimilated by other
               microscopic life forms that break down the plant material to even smaller fragments.
               As more surface area is actually made available, the biotic community expands,


                                                         30









                thus increasing the net available energy. As these smaller, protein rich particles are
                consumed, the resulting energy is passed on to higher order consumers (Odum,
                1971; Odum and Heald, 1972; Odum and Heald, 1975; and Odum et al., 1982).

                Epiphytic and benthic algae that live on and near the mangrove roots also
                contribute substantially to the energy transfer to higher trophic levels. Rehm (1974)
                recorded 74 species of red, brown, green and blue-green algae associated with
                mangrove areas. This abundant resource is actively grazed by numerous faunal
                species on site or may die to become part of the detrital food web. The net
                primary production of prop root epiphytes and mud'algae may equal emergent leaf
                production in some areas (Lugo et al., 1975).

                The contributions of plankton to local marine energy budgets are difficult to
                evaluate. This dynamic group is subject to abrupt changes in density depending
                upon season, currents and nutrient levels. Although quantitive research has not
                been done specifically for mangrove estuaries, the importance of planktonic food
                chains has been well documented for other regions and it may be assumed that
                there are large numbers of invertebrate grazers that benefit from this community
                component.     The abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton within the
                immediate area of mangroves would indicate that this energy source is important
                to many larval food webs (Odum, 1970). Table 2 contains a partial list of non-
                vascular plants and phytoplankton of the mangrove/saltmarsh association.

                Faunal components of the mangrove/saltmarsh community are as diverse as the
                floral counterpart. This community provides food, cover, spawning, nesting and
                resting habitat for many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and
                invertebrates. Many species are dependent upon this community during all or part
                of their life cycle. This interdependency may be critical for several endangered and
                threatened species that will be discussed in subsequent sections.

                Animal life that graze directly upon arboreal leaf material include large numbers of
                insects including the olethrautid moth (EcdZologha sp.) and beetles (principally,
                Poecilips rhizophorae) (Onuf et al., 1977). Simberloff and Wilson (1969) list 200
                species of insects that are assoicated with mangrove communities. The mangrove.
                tree crab (Aratus pisonii) is also a primary consumer of mangrove leaves (Beever
                et al., 1979). Other invertebrate fauna of the emergent mangrove/saltmarsh include
                large numbers of gastropods.        The snails (Littorina sp., Cerithidea sp. and
                Melampus sp.), isopods (Ligea spp.), and fiddler crabs CLLca spp.) are especially
                plentiful (Odum et al., 1982). These invertebrates are in turn a staple to many
                species of birds.







                                                         31










                                                     TABLE 2


              A PARTIAL LIST OF THE NON-VASCULAR MANG ROVE/SALTMARS H FLORA


                FUNGI
                      Genera                              Location                    Reference


                      Nigrospora                          Leaf                        Fell, et
                      Phyllostica                          if                         al., 1975,
                      Pestalotica                          If                         1980
                      Phytophora                                                        11
                      Drechslera                                                        If
                      Gloeosporium                         If
                      Lulworthia


                ALGAE
                      Monostroma                          High water                  Taylor,
                      Rhizoclonium                        mark on red                 1960
                                                          and black mangrove

                      Bostrychia                          Just below high
                      Catenella                           water mark on red
                      Caloglossa                          prop roots

                      Acanthorphora                       Submerged on                Almodovar
                      Caulerpa                            red prop roots              and Biebl
                      Hypnea                                                          1962
                      Laurencia
                      Spyrida
                      Valonia
                      Wrangelia
                      Centroceras                                                       If
                      Dasya                                                           Taylor,
                      Dictyota                                 If                     1960
                      Halimeda
                      Murrayella
                      Polysiphonia
                      Wurdemaniia
                      Boodleopsis                         Mud near roots
                      Cladophoropsis                            it                      It
                      Enteromorpha
                      Vaucheria






                                                          32











               PHYTOPLANKTON


                      Chaetocerus                          Water  column                Mattox,
                      Thalassothrix                                                     1949
                      Nitzschia                                                         Wood, 1965
                      Skeletonema                                                       Walsh, 1965
                      Rhizosolenis                                                      Bacon,1970
                      Disploneis                           Benthic                      Wood, 1965
                      Mastogloia                           sediments
                      Pluerosigma
                      Peridinium                           Water column                 Odum et al.,
                                                                                        1982
                      Gymnodinium

               (From Odum'et al., 1982)


               The striking avifauna are often the most noticeable in the mangrove/saltmarsh
               association. Many species depend upon the community for feeding, nesting and
               resting sites. Large wading birds, such as the egrets, ibis, spoonbill, herons and
               the open-water piscivorous birds, such as the osprey and pelican are especially
               dependent upon mangrove areas. Others are only occasional or seasonal visitors.
               Odum et al., (1982) list 181 species that may be expected to use the mangrove
               community.

               Other macrofauna that utilize the mangrove/saltmarsh include a number of
               terrestrial and aquatic reptiles, amphibians and mammals. Among the marine
               turtles, only the Atlantic loggerhead (Caretta caretta caretta) is relatively 6ommon
               in the preserve. This species may use mangroves as nursery areas (Odum et al.,
               1982). The Atlantic hawksbill (Eretmochelvs imbricata) and the Atlantic green turtle
               (Chelonia mydas) are known to feed upon mangrove roots and leaves (Ernst and
               Barbour, 1972; Carr and Goin, 1955) and may occasionally frequent mangrove
               areas in the preserve. The Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) is an occasional
               visitor to shallow coastal areas of south Florida (Carr and Goin, 1955). Green
               turtles were once plentiful in the Keys and were an important commercial fishery
               until populations were nearly extirpated from overharvesting and egg collecting.
               Recent efforts to reintroduce this species may prove beneficial.

               Other reptiles include several species of snakes and anoles, a turtle, a terrapin, and
               two crocodilians. Of the snakes, only one, the mangrove water snake (Nerodia
               fasciata compressicauda) is entirely dependent upon mangrove /saltmarsh areas.
               The others are transitory in habit and may utilize a variety of environments, as do
               the turtle and terrapin. The American alligator (Alligato mississippiensis) is primarily
               an inhabitant of freshwater areas but may venture into mangrove areas more
               frequently than past observations would indicate, especially during periods of


                                                          33








               commonly associated with the mangrove fringed shorelines adjoining deeper
               waters, such as natural creeks, canals, barrow pits or basins. It is a rare visitor in
               the preserve.

               Amphibians are generally not well represented due to the plausity of freshwater
               areas that are usually necessary for reproduction. Those listed are suitably
               adapted to reproducing during the brief rainy period and may utilize brackish water
               pools for this purpose. The giant toad  '(Rufo marinus) and the Cuban treefrog (Liyla
               septentrionalis) are introduced species that have expanded their ranges
               considerably in the last several decades (King and Krakauer, 1966; King and
               Krakauer, 1968; and Krakauer, 1970).

               The mammals of the mangrove/saltmarsh include a number of subspecies that are
               unique to the Lower Keys. Like the reptiles, they utilize a broad range of habitat
               types. All, except the silver rice rat (O!yzomys argentatus) and the Virginia
               opossum (Didelghis.@d@@, are frequent visitors to the mangrove/saltmarsh
               areas. The rice rat may utilize saltmarsh areas that adjoin fresh or brackish
               marshes (Spitzer-Goodyear, pers. com.). The opossum is generally confined to
               small populations in close proximity to human habitations. Recent signs of range
               expansion in other areas of the Keys may also be duplicated on Big Pine Key, as
               urban populations expand. This marsupial and the raccoon are extremely versatile
               omnivores and are known to forage in mangrove/saltmarsh habitats (Layne, 1974).

               The Key deer (Od   ocoileus virainianus clavium) is a frequent visitor to the preserve
               mangrove/saltmarsh. The deer use a variety of habitats and the mangrove fringe
               offers excellent cover for foraging and a corridor for movement between the
               Newfound Harbor Keys and Big Pine Key. Fresh water ponds located in the
               Cactus Hammock in the Long Beach area are readily accessible and deer sightings
               are common throughout the year.

               The marine life of the mangrove/saltmarsh is by far the most diverse group of
               organisms in this association. Detritus and plankton are primary food sources for
               a large number of invertebrate fauna that attach themselves to prop roots, live in
               adjacent muds, or swim in the water. Courtney (1975), Tabb et al., (1962), and
               Odum and Heald (1972) reported extensive lists of invertebrates that are associated
               with mangroves.

               The prop root complex is also important to many species of fish. Ample food and
               close proximity to cover that offers protection from predators is essential for large
               numbers of juvenile and adult fish. Many complete their life cycle within the
               mangrove community. Others are dependent upon mangroves during juvenile
               stages and migrate to grassbeds and/or coral reefs when mature. Still others are
               opportunistic vagabonds that utilize a variety of habitats and may be only
               seasonally or locally abundant. The proximity of other habitat types greatly
               increases the overlap of species from the other communities.


                                                         34









               Many species of invertebrates and fishes that utilize the mangrove/saltmarsh are
               important to local recreational and commercial fisheries. Important species of local
               commercial fisheries include; pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), stone crab
               (Menipge mercenaria , spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), jacks (family Caranigadae),
               grunts (family Pomadasyidae), grouper (Dpinepelus spp.), seabass (family
               Serranidae), snapper (Luteanus spp.), mullet (family Mugilidae), red drum
               (Sciaengps .2cellata), ladyfish (Elops Laurus), spotted sea trout (Cynoscion
               nebulsus), and menhaden (Brevoorti patronus).

               These species represent a major portion of the annual seafood landings in Monroe
               County and are an integral part of the local economy. Finfish from the above
               groups represented an estimated $5,541,086 of the landings value for the county
               in - 1989. Shrimp, spiny lobster and stone crabs represented $30,454,687. Total
               landings for all species represented approximately 38 million dollars to the local
               economy (FDNR, 1989). These figures reflect commercial dockside landing prices
               and do not include income derived from local support facilities (fuel, repair,
               dockage, tackle, etc.). Table 3 provides Monroe County commercial landing
               statistics data for finfish, crustaceans and sponges landed at local docks in 1989.

               Many of the commercial species are also important to local recreational fisherman.
               Additionally, tarpon (Megalops atlantica), snook (Centropomus undecimalis),
               barracuda (Sghyraena barracuda) and bonefish (Albula vulpes) are avidly pursued
               by local enthusiasts, as well as thousands of annual visitors. Unfortunately,
               statistics are not currently available for recreational landings and income. Although
               the pounds landed would not approach the commercial statistics, conservative
               estimates would indicate that local income from hook and line enthusiasts is
               probably in excess of 50 million dollars a year. Once again, the total value of
               support services cannot be separated from local income statistics.

               The statistics themselves do not and cannot reflect the many values of this
               important resource. They cannot, for example, assign a dollar figure to the
               aesthetic and ecological values associated with mangrove/saltmarsh habitats. Nor
               can they relate the cost or efficiency of the intricate transfer of energy from one
               organism to the other. They can, however, provide some rudimentary knowledge
               of the importance of this habitat to the many species that enrich our culinary
               pleasure and our local economy. They also reaffirm man's close association with
               and dependency on the vital marine food web that emanates from mangrove and
               saltmarsh estuaries.


               Table 4 includes a partial list of the major invertebrate groups and the vertebrate
               fauna of the mangrove/saltmarsh association.         For additional information on
               specific species, the reader is directed to the noted references. Odum et al., (1982)
               provide comprehensive lists of habitat types and diet preferences for fish and birds
               from published literature.



                                                        35










                                                    TABLE 3


                               MONROE COUNTY FISHERIES LANDINGS 1989



               Category                                 Pounds                       Estimated
                                                                                     Value ($) *                I

               ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Finfish                                 8,148,656                        5,541,086

               Stone crabs                             1,617,860                        8,202,550

               Spiny lobster                           5,535,309                        16,827,339

               Pink shrimp                             2,885,531                        5,424,798

               Bait shrimp                                 45,051                          148,129

               Sponges                                    298,550                       5,424,798

               * Values are estimated us     ing the average price per pound paid statewide.
               (FDNR/MFIS, 1989)





                                                    TABLE 4


                         PARTIAL LIST OF THE MANG ROVE/SALTMARS H FAUNA



               INVERTEBRATES


               Zooplankton
               This extensive group includes single-celled protozoans and the larvae and eggs of
               the invertebrates and fish listed below.


               Jellyfish (Scyphozoa)
                      Unside-down jellyfish                      Cassiopeia xamachana

               Marine worms (Annelida)
                                                                 Armandia.gg@
                                                                 Cirratulus sp.
                                                                 Lumbrineries maculata



                                                        36











               Molluscs
                      Blackhorn snail                            Batillaria minima
                      Ladderhorn snail                           Cerithidea scalariformis
                      Periwinkle                                 Littorina spp.
                      Saltmarsh snail                            Melampus coffeus
                      Bleeding tooth                             Nerita spp.
                      Predatory snail                            Pisania tincta

               Crustaceans (may comprise 70% of zooplankton)
                      Barnacle                                   Chthamalus stellatus
                                                                 LithortUa dorsalis
                      Copepod                                    Acartia spp.
                      Searoach                                   !!& spp-
                      Wood borer                                 Sphaerom terebans
                      Pistol shrimp                              Alpheus spp.
                      Pink shrimp                                Penaeus duorarum
                      Shore shrimp                               Palaemonetes spp.
                      Cleaning shrimp                            Periclimenes spp.
                      Shrimp                                     Synalpheus fritzmuelleri
                      Spiny Lobster                              Panulirus arOus
                      Hermit crab                                Paclurus spp.
                      Hermit crab                                Clibanarius sp.
                      Blue crab                                  Callinectes sapidus
                      Crab                                       Cyclograpsus sp.
                      Shore crab                                 Pachygrapsus spp.
                      Mangrove tree crab                         Aratus pisonni
                      Marsh crab                                 Sesarma sp.
                      Fiddler crab                               Uca spp.
                      Stone crab                                 Menippe mercenaria

               Holothurians
                      Sea cucumber                               Holothuria floridana


               (References: Odum et al., 1982)
               See Simberloff, 1976; Simberloff and Wilson, 1969 for comprehensive list of insects



               VERTEBRATES


               Fishes


                      Nurse shark                                Ginglymostoma curraturn
                      Blacktip shark                             Carcharhinus limbatus
                      Lemon shark                                Neclaprion brevirostris
                      Bonnethead                                 Sphyrna tiburo


                                                        37








                         Smalltooth sawfish                              Pristis gectinata
                         Guitarfish                                      Rhinobatos letiginosus
                         Lesser electric ray                             Narcine brasiliensis
                         Southern stingray                               Dasyatis american
                         Yellow ray                                      Urolophus eamaicensis                                I
                         Spotted eagle ray                               Aetobatus narinari
                         Ladyfish                                        Elops saurus
                         Tarpon                                          Megalops atlantica
                         Bonefish                                        Albula vulpes
                         Scaled sardine                                  Harenaula pensacolae
                         Atlantic thread herring                         Opisthonema ocilinum
                         Bigeye anchovy                                  Anchoa lamgrotaenia
                         Bay anchovy                                     Anchoa mitchilli
                         Inshore lizardfish                              Synodus foetens
                         Sea catfish                                     Aruis felis
                         Gulf toadfish                                   Opsanus beta
                         Skilleffish                                     Gobiesox strumosus
                         Shortnose batfish                               Ocicocephalus nasutus
                         Key brotula                                     Ogilbia cayorum
                         Halfbeak                                        Hyporhamphus unifasciatus
                         Redfin needle fish                              Stronqylura notata
                         Timucu                                          Stronqylura timucu
                         Houndfish                                       jylosurus crocodulus
                         Sheepshead minnow                               Cyprinodon variegatus
                         .Rainwater killifish                            Lucania parva
                         Rivulus                                         Rivulus marmoratus
                         Mosquitofish                                    Gambusia affinis
                         Mangrove mosquitofish                           Bamvusia rhizophorae
                         Sailfin molly                                   Poecilia latipinna
                         Reef silverside                                 Allanetta harringtonensis
                         Rough silverside                                Membras marinica
                         Tidewater siverside                             Menidia beEyllina
                         Lined seahorse                                  Hippocampus erec'tus
                         Dwarf seahorse                                  Hippocampus zosterae
                         Pipefish                                        Syngnathys spp.
                         Snook                                           Centorpomus undecimalis
                         Black seabass                                   Centropristis striata
                         Sand perch                                      Diplectrum formosum
                         Jewfish                                         Epinephelus itaiara
                         Red grouper                                     Epinephelus morio
                         Nassua grouper                                  Ep@inephelus Striatus
                         Barred hamlet                                   Hypolectrus puella
                         Gag                                             Mycteroperca microlepis
                         Bronze cardinalfish                             Astrapogon alutus
                         Conchfish                                       Astragoclon stellatus


                                                               38









                           Bluefish                                      Pomatomus saltatrix
                           Cobiba                                      		Rachycentron canadum                           Whitefin sharksucker                          Echen
                           Blue runner                                   Caranx crysos
                           Jack crevalle                                 Caranx hippos
                           Bar jack                                      Caranx ruber
                           Atlantic bumper                               Chloroscombrus chrysururs
                           Leather jacket                             Oligoplites sarus
                           Florida pompano                               Trachinotus carolinus
                           Permit                                        Trachinotus  falcatus
                           Lockdown                                   Selene vomer 
                           Mutton snapper                                Lutjanus apodus							
                           Schoolmaster                                 anus a odus
                           Gray snapper                                  Lutianu griseus
                           Dog snapper                                   Orthopristis chrysoptera
                           Lane snapper                                  Archosargus probatocephlus 
                                                                                   
                           Striped mojarra                               Diapteru plumieri
                           Mojarras                                      Eucinostomus spp.
                           Grunts                                        Jgemulon spp.
                           Pigfish                                       Orthopristis chusoptera
                           Sheepshead                                    Archosarclqus probatocephius                           Sea bream  
                           Grass porgy                                  archosargus rhomboidalis
                           saucereye porgy                           
                           Pinfish                                       Lagadon rhomboides
                           Blue croaker                                  Bairdiella batabana
                           Silver perch                                  Bairdiella chrysura
                           Spotted seatrout                              Cynoscion nebulosus
                                                                         
                           Southern kingfish                             menticirrhus americanus
                           Gulf kingfish                                menticirrhus littoralis
                           Atlantic croaker                              Micropogon undulatus
                           Black drum                                    Pogonias cromis
                           Red drum                                      Sci aenogs ocellata
                           High hat                                      Equetus cumiatus
                           Atlantic spadefish                           chaetodipeterus faber
                          Sergeant major                                Abudefduf bivittatus
                           Slippery dick                                 Halichoeres 
                           Parrotfishes                                  Sparisoma spp.
                           Mullet                                        Mugil spp.
                           Great barracuda                               Sphyraena barracuda
                           Mottled jawfish                               Opistognathus maxillosus
                           Bluethroat pikelenny                          Chaenopsis ocellata
                          Marbled blenny                                Paraclinus marmoratus
                           Banded blenny                                 Paraclinus fasciatus
                           Bqlackbelly blenny                             Stathmonotus hemphilli


                                                               39








                        Florida blenny                                Chasmodes saburrae
                        Seaweed blenny                                Blennuis marmoreus
                        Spotted dragonet                              Callionymus pauciradiatus
                        Gobys                                         Gobionellus spp.
                                                                      Gobiosoma spp.
                                                                      Lophogogius sp.
                                                                      Microgobius spp.
                        Spanish Mackerel                              Scomberomorus maculatus
                        King Mackerel                                 Scomeromorus cavalla
                        Barfish                                       Scorpaena brasiliensis
                        Plumed scorpionfish                           Scorpaena grandicornis
                        Searobins                                     Prionotus spp.
                        Eyed flounder                                 Bothus ocellatus
                        Spotted whiff                                 Citharichthys macrops
                        Fringed flounder                              Etrgpus crossotus
                        Gulf flounder                                 Paralichthys albigutta
                        Southern flounder                             Paralichthys lethostigma
                        Dusky flounder                                Syacium papillosum
                        Lined sole                                    Achirus lineatus
                        Scrawled sole                                 Trinectes inscriptus
                        Hogchoker                                     Trinectes maculatus
                        Blackcheek tonguefish                         Symphurus plagiusa
                        Orange filefish                               Aluterus schq@pfi
                        Fringed filefish                              Monacanthus ciliatus
                        Planehead filefish                            Monacanthus hispidus
                        Gray triggerfish                              Balistes capriscus
                        Queen triggerfish                             Balistes vetula
                        Scrawled cowfish                              LactophEys quadracornis
                        Trunkfish                                     LactophUs trigueter
                        Puffers                                       Sphoeroides spp.
                        Burrfish                                      Chilomycterus spp.

                      Locally important species of commercial,        sport and bait fisheries. (Modified
                from Odum et al., 1982)

                Amphibians and Reptiles

                        American alligator                            Alligator mississippiensis
                        American crocodile                            Crocodylus acutus
                        Keys mud turtle                               Kinosternon baurii baurii
                        Mangrove terrapin                             Malaclemys terrepin
                                                                         rhizophorarum
                        Atlantic loggerhead                           Caretta caretta caretta
                        Atlantic green turtle                         Chelonia mydas mydas
                        Atlantic hawksbill                            Eretmochelys imbricata
                                                                         imbricata


                                                             40









                        Atlantic ridley                               Lepidochelys kempii
                        American anole                                Anolis carolinensis
                        Cuban anole                                   Anolis saarei
                        Southern black    racer                       Columber constrictor haasti
                        Big Pine Key ringneck                         Diadophis punctatus acricus
                        Eastern indigo snake                          Drymarchon corais couperi
                        Rat snake                                     Elaghe auttata guttata
                        Mangrove water snake                          Nerodia fasciata.
                                                                      compressicauda
                        Florida brown snake                           Storeria dekayi
                        Florida ribbon snake                          Thamnophis sauritus sackeni
                        Giant toad                                    Bufo marinus
                        Southern toad                                 Bufo terrestris
                        Treefrog                                      ï¿½jy1a sauirella
                        Cuban treefrog                                Byla septentrionalis

                (References: Carr and Goin, 1955;           Duellman and Schwartz, 1958; Ernst and
                Barbour, 1972; Paulson, 1966)



                Birds


                        Great egret                                   Casmerodius albus
                        Snowy egret                                   Egretta thula
                        Cattle egret                                  Bubulcus ibis
                        Great white heron                             Ardea herodia occidentalis
                        Great blue heron                              Ardea herodias
                        Reddish egret                                 Dichromanassa rufescens
                        Louisiana heron                               Hydranassa tricolor
                        Little blue heron                             Florida caerulea
                        Green heron                                   Butorides striatus
                        Black-crowned night heron                     Nycticorax nycticorax
                        Yellow-crowned night heron                    Nyctanassa violacea
                        White ibis                                    Eudocimus albus
                        Roseate spoonbill                             AjaiagLaLa
                        Semiplamated plover                           Charadrius sernipalmatus
                        Black-bellied plover                          Pluvialis sauatarola
                        Ruddy turnstone                               Arenaria interpres
                        Spotted sandpiper                             Actitis macularia
                        Solitary sandpiper                            Tringa solitaria
                        Greater yellowlegs                            Tringa melanoleucas
                        Lesser yellowlegs                             Tringa flavipes
                        Dunlin                                        Calidris a!j;@na
                        Least sandpiper                               Calidris minutilla
                        Sernipalmated sandpiper                       Calidris gusilla


                                                             41








                       Western sandpiper                             Calidris mauri
                       Short-billed dowitcher                        Limnodromus ariseus
                       Black-necked stilt                            Himantopus mexicanus
                       Brown pelican                                 Pelecanus occidentalis
                       Double-crested cormorant                      Phalacrocorax auritus
                       Mallard                                       Anas plgtyrhynchos
                       Blue-winged teal                              Anas crecca carolinensis
                       Red-breasted merganser                        Merqus serrator
                       Ring-billed gull                              Larus delawarensis'
                       Laughing gull                                 Larus atricilla
                       Least tern                                    Sterna albifrons
                       Royal tern                                    Thalasseus maxima
                       Belted kingfisher                             Meaace[yle alcyon
                       Magnificent frigatebird                       Fregata maanificens
                       Red-shouldered hawk                           Buteo lineatus
                       Osprey                                        Pandion haliaetus
                       American kestrel                              Falco sl2arverius
                       White-crowned pigeon                          Columba leucocephala
                       Mangrove cuckoo                               Cocgyzus minor
                       Red-bellied woodpecker                        Melanerpes carolinus
                       Gray kingbird                                 jyrannus domincensis
                       Great crested flycatcher                      Myriarchus crinitus
                       Eastern phoebe                                S@yornis phoebe
                       Mockingbird                                   Mimus polyalottos
                       Catbird                                       Dumetella carolinensis
                       Brown thrasher                                Toxostoma rufum
                       White-eyed vireo                              Vireo ariseus
                       Black-whiskered vireo                         Vireo altiloquus
                       Red-eyed vireo                                Vireo olivaceus
                       Black-and-white-warbler                       Mniotilta varia
                       Yellow-throated warbler                       Dendroica dominica
                       Yellow warbler                                Dendroica petechia
                       Yellow-rump'ed warbler                        Dendrocia coronata
                       Prairie warbler                               Dendroica discolor
                       Palm warbler                                  Dendroica palmarum
                       Yellowthroat                                  Geothlypus trichas
                       American redstart                             Setophaga ruticilla
                       Northern parula                               Parula americana
                       Red-winged blackbird                          Agelaius phoeniceus
                       Boat-tailed grackle                           Quiscalus majo
                       Cardinal                                      Cardinalis cardinalis


                (References: Robertson and Kushlan, 1974; Sprunt, 1954; Bent, 1932)




                                                           42











               Mammals


                       Virginia opossum                            Dide42bLis virginiana             +
                       Keys marsh rabbit                           Sylyilagus palustris hefneri
                       Silver rice rat                             O!yzomys argentatus               +
                       Key cotton rat                              Sigmodon hispidus exsputus
                       Black rat                                   Rattus rattus
                       Raccoon                                     Procyon lotor auspicautus
                       Key deer                                    Odocoileus virainianus clavium

               (References: Layne, 1974; Humphrey and Barbour, 1979; Spitzer and Lazell, 1978;
               Lazell, 1984)

               + = Species not currently recorded in preserve but available habitat and proximity
               of known populations suggest presence.



               2. Marine Grassbeds


               Marine grassbeds are a major feature in the aquatic resources of the preserve.
               Seagrasses stabilize sediments, baffle wave energy, cycle nutrients, and provide
               substrate for a complex floral and faunal community. Abundant food and cover
               make this an important resource for. invertebrates and a nursery area for many fish
               species. However, biological productivity i    ,s not limited to the area of distribution.
               Marine energy cycling is enhanced as detrital material and nursery species are
               dispersed to other areas. Species from geographically and physiologically isolated
               habitats, such as, the patch reef and the mangrove communities also forage in the
               seagrass community. Thus, marine grassbeds function as an interface between
               other communities and enrich the ecological diversity and productivity of ail marine
               systems.

               Dominant marine grasses in the preserve are turtle grass (Ihalassia testudium) and
               Cuban shoalweed (Halodule wrightii). Shoalweed is typically a pioneer species that
               colonizes disturbed sites and areas where water depth (too shallow or too deep)
               or substrate is less favorable for turtle grass. Turtle grass is a climax species
               (Phillips, 1960), and as such is usually considered to be the primary producer in
               this community. Turtle grass meadows are most expansive where sediments are
               deepest over the bedrock. Manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) and several
               species of Halophila may also be present within the turtle grass beds.

               Seagrasses are flowering plants that have evolved to a totally aquatic existence.
               They have adapted physiological and chemical mechanisms that facilitate
               photosynthesis, growth, maintenance and reproduction while completely
               submerged. Unlike their terrestrial counterparts seagrasses lack stomata on the
               leaf surfaces, thus gases are slowly diffused through the leaf tissue. Oxygen is


                                                          43








                stored in interstitial cell spaces and passed to root structures and rhizomes when
                needed (Zieman and Wetzel, 1980). The release of gaseous bubbles from leaf
                surfaces is often the source of the faint popping sounds heard when grass flats are
                exposed at low tide. Stored gases also make the leaf blade buoyant, keeping it
                vertical to the substrate and allow a much larger surface area to be exposed to
                solar radiation.


                Certain plant nutrients are derived from the sediments, while others are taken from
                the water column. Nitrogen fixation can occur in the rhizomes, on the leaf surface
                and in some cases may be transferred between the leaf surface and epiphytes on
                the leaf (Harlin, 1971). Nitrogen and carbons are also derived from the particulate
                organic matter from dead plant material, and animal excretion. This highly efficient
                use of relatively limited nutrients and sunlight are the basis for a level of productivity
                often compared to the coral reefs and mangroves.

                The study of seagrass reproduction has evolved primarily as a means to restore or
                mitigate those areas that have been adversely impacted by man's activities or
                natural disturbances.       Marine grasses may reproduce both sexually and
                vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction originates from the root or rhizome of the
                plant. Vegetative starts (plug or turion) are usually preferred for transplanting as
                they become established more quickly and survive longer. However, relative cost
                of this type of restoration may be prohibitive for large areas. Cost ranged from
                $27,000 to 86,500/ha to reveoetate one area in the Upper Keys (Lewis et al. '1981).
                This technique has also caused much controversy, as many scientists and
                environmentalists have questioned the possibly negative impacts to donor (source)
                areas. Donor areas are slow to recolonize and large scale removal may cause a
                more serious disturbance than it is intended to remedy.

                Sexual reproduction in marine grasses is less clearly understood. Orpurt and Boral
                (1964) observed flowering turtle grass in the Keys during April and fruiting until
                September.      Seed production and seedling survival, however, may vary
                considerably from year to year. Lewis (1980) while monitoring a revegetation
                project near Craig Key, reported a "prodigious" seed crop in the intertidal area of
                Lower Matecumbe Key during 1979. Previous observations by Moffler (from Lewis,
                1980) indicated little fruiting occurred in 1975 and Phillips reported large numbers
                of seedlings in the same area in 1960. Periods of high seed production certainly
                offer the opportunity to harvest and propagate seedlings for revegetation of
                disturbed areas but cost may again be prohibitive. Thorhaug and Austin (1976)
                reported costs of $42,000-$280,000/ha (depending on desired plant cover) for
                collection, propagation, planting and overhead for restoration efforts. Survival rates
                for transplanted seedlings are also very low, less than 30% (Zieman, 1982).

                Marine grassbed distribution is influenced by physical and chemical factors similar
                to those described for mangroves. Temperatures and salinities are usually well
                within the tolerance limits of the species listed. Optimum temperatures (68-86


                                                           44









                degrees F) and salinities (24 ppt to 35 ppt) for turtle grass (Phillips, 1960), occur
                throughout the aquatic preserve waters with the exception of the constricted baylets
                on the eastern portion of Coupon Bight. These shallow waters are often subjected
                to extreme fluctuations of salinity during extended periods of drought and during
                the rainy season. They are also subject to more abrupt temperature changes than
                normally observed in deeper waters and therefore are usually devoid of grasses.

                The three most important parameters determining grassbed distribution in the
                preserve are light intensity, current velocity, and sediment depth. Like their
                emergent counterparts, marine plants must have access to sunlight to carry on the
                photosynthetic process. Unlike terrestrial plants, the water column lies between the
                source and recipient. Water depth and clarity affect the amount of sunlight that
                reaches the leaf surface. In this area water depth is less important than water
                darity. Shading from docks and turbidity in the water column inhibit photic zone
                access. High turbidity and water velocity in and near channels inhibit sea grass
                colonization. Access channel and prop dredging are also sources of excessive
                turbidity. These impacts are usually localized and not normally of a duration or
                intensity to cause extensive light reduction but have other, more severe,
                consequences.

                Variations in temperature, salinity, turbidity, and sediment deposition are closely
                related to current patterns in the preserve. Tidal currents and topographic relief
                influence the rate of accretion (or erosion) of sediment deposits. Sediment depth
                and stability are instrumental in the establishment and distribution of marine
                grassbeds. Areas with low current velocities and adequate sediment depths are
                more readily colonized. This often accounts for the "patchy" distribution of lush
                turtle grass in the preserve. Turtle grass requires sediment depths from 3 inches,
                (Scoffin, 1970) to 20 inches (Zieman, 1972) for optimum growth. These conditions
                are exemplified in the sheltered waters leeward of the Newfound Harbor Keys, on
                the eastern half of the bay-mouth bank in Coupon Bight, and in the natural
                depressions in the sea floor. In profile, these colonized depressions often appear
                as "domes". As the plants entrap additional sediments, the depression fills and
                appears elevated as more sediments are added. Areas with thin sediments may
                be more readily colonized, by the less selective shoalweed or species from the
                hardbottom community.

                In addition to the previously noted marine grasses, several species of algae are
                also commonly found in this community.           Benthic algae include Halimeda,
                Penicillus, Caulerpa, Rhipocephalus, and Udotea species. These calcareous algae
                are instrumental in producing o  .rganic carbons and calcium carbonate that are
                incorporated into the sediments (Zieman, 1982). Benthic algae are also early
                colonizers of fine sediments and their rhizoid holdfasts may stabilize these
                sediments so that seagrasses may become established on otherwise unoccupied
                areas (Williams, 1981).     Drift algae, primarily Laurencia, is also a common
                component of the grassbeds.


                                                         45








               Seagrass leaves provide substrate for a wide range of epiphytic algae. Some 66
               species have been recorded to utilize seagrasses for attachment (Ballantine and
               Humm, 1975). While access to the photic zone is enhanced by this arrangement,
               the encrusting of the leaf surface may effectively reduce photosynthesis in the host
               plant (Sand-Jensen, 1977). The overall loss of photosynthetic production may be
               off-set by the increased habitat for marine fauna and a corresponding increase in
               animal and plant protein.

               The faunal constituents of the marine grassbeds range from the microscopic
               zooplankton that drift with the currents, epiphytic biota that live upon the grasses
               and the pelagic invertebrates, fishes and mammals that utilize these areas. Trophic
               structure presents ample food for a variety of specialized feeders. Herbivores that
               feed directly upon the algae or seagrasses include a wide variety of invertebrates.
               Most notable are the crabs, queen conch, and sea urchins. Vertebrate herbivores
               include the green, loggerhead, and hawksbill turtles, and a wide variety of fishes.
               Zieman (1982) lists 63 species that utilize seagrass in their diet. Many of these
               species also consume varying amounts of detritus and epifauna as they forage.

               Detrital feeders make up a large percentage of the grassbed fauna and may well
               represent the primary pathway of energy transfer to higher tropic levels (Zieman,
               1982). This group is composed of many small organisms that feed upon the
               decomposing plant and animal material in the vicinity of the grassbeds. Corals,
               sponges, tube worms and shrimp filter detritus and plankton from the water
               column. Others glean material from the sediments and leaf surfaces. Exported
               detritus becomes available to an even wider range of consumers in more remote
               areas. Carr and Adams (1973) found detrital feeders to be a major food source for
               at least one feeding stage in 15 of 21 juvenile marine fishes studied. Commercially
               important detrital feeders include the pink shrimp (Penaeua duorarum), spiny
               lobster (Panuli rus araus), and mullet (Mugil curema).

               Higher order consumers include the myriads of fishes usually associated with
               grassbeds, as well as many that are more commonly associated with coral reefs
               and mangrove areas. Some spend early development stages in the shelter of the
               sea grasses and move to other habitats when mature. Still others, by alternating
               periods of diurnal and nocturnal activity, may utilize grassbeds for foraging at night
               and seek shelter in mangroves or coral reefs during the day. This partitioning of
               time and resources serves to eliminate competition between similar species and
               affords a much greater number of niches in the ecological structure of the
               community. Fishes of recreational and commercial interest include most of those
               from the annotated list for the mangrove/saltmarsh in Table 4.

               Marine grassbeds are heavily utilized by several bird species. The abundant marine
               .fauna of this community are the staple food for most of these birds (Kushlan, 1978).
               Heron, egrets, and spoonbills exploit fish, crustaceans and other marine organisms



                                                         46









                in shallow water grassbeds and upon exposed grass flats during low tides. Open
                water piscivorous birds include the cormorant, osprey, pelican, and gulls.

                Mammals that utilize marine grassbeds include the manatee and the bottle-nosed
                dolphin. The manatee, although not formerly recorded as a resident species in the
                preserve, may well frequent the area on occasion and is well known for its
                predilection for aquatic plant life. It is assumed that the abundant seagrasses
                would provide a welcome repast for this nomad. Bottle-nosed dolphin are
                occasional visitors of the aquatic preserve and undoubtedly take quantities of
                schooling fish as opportunity permits. Consult Table 5 for a list of animal species
                commonly associated with the marine grassbed community.

                Major impacts to the marine grassbed community in Coupon Bight Aquatic
                Preserve are associated with human activities. Direct removal of grassbeds by
                prop scouring and channel dredging are most noticeable. Although the single prop
                scar may be comparatively insignificant, the cumulative impact from repeated
                 caring, which is evident on the bay-mouth bank in Coupon Bight, is of concern.
                Zieman (1976) estimated recovery for these areas may take from 2-5 years and the
                S

                natural recovery process may be further inhibited by rechanneling and increased
                erosion.


                Dredging (and the spoiling of material) permanently eliminates grassbeds in most
                cases. Almost continual turbulence'from prop wash and erosion of channels
                inhibits re-colonization efforts. More stringent regulations on dredging "access-
                channels" have generally been effective in reducing this type of activity. However,
                intentional "prop dredging" (using boat propeller wash to cut a channel) has been
                observed and will most probably continue to be a sporadic activity.

                The cumulative effect of docking facilities must also be considered. Docks interrupt
                light penetration and "shade out" vegetation. As with prop scaring, the individual
                site may be insignificant but is compounded when the total area influenced (by all
                facilities) is tabulated. The loss in primary productivity must then be multiplied by
                the "dock life" to comprehend the possible net loss in biological productivity over
                several years or decades.

                The effects of septic effluent and upland run-off in marine communities is often
                difficult to detect given the highly variable physical and chemical parameters of both
                the effluent and the community being studied.              But recent technological
                improvements and additional research (and monitoring) have scientifically validated
                the general assumption that all nearshore environments are subjected to
                measurable amounts of pollution from these sources when in close proximity to
                poorly planned development. As previously noted in the water quality section of this
                chapter, excessive nutrients encourage algal blooms that reduce light in the water
                column and encourage epiphytic growth on seagrass blades. Sediments and
                suspended solids intercept available light. Lowered light levels inhibit photosynthesis


                                                          47








               and plant vitality declines. Available energy is directed to maintenance of tissues.
               As a result, primary productivity is halted, reproduction is limited or nonexistent and
               the community as a whole degenerates (Kenworthy and Haunert, 1991).

               Additional research is needed to evaluate impacts from reduced light levels
               attributed to sedimentation and nutrients, prop dredging and scouring, and dock
               shading. Further research and experimentation are to be encouraged in hopes of
               discovering more successful and cost efficient. methods of replanting and
               encouraging expansion of marine grassbeds. However, the preferable alternative
               to costly and often futile restoration is to protect this dynamic and productive
               resource from further damage. To achieve that goal, preservation and protection
               of marine grassbed communities shall be a priority in the designation of
               management areas and the management procedure and policies in Chapters IV
               and V of this plan.



                                                      TABLE5


                               A PARTIAL LIST OF MARINE GRASSBED FAUNA



               INVERTEBRATES


               Corals
               Golfball coral                                      Favia fragum
               Rose coral                                          Manicinia areolata
               Finger corals                                       Porites spp.
               Starlet corals                                      Siderastrea spp.


               Sponges
               Variable sponge                                     Anthosiamella varians
               Chichen liver sponge                                Chondrilla nucula
                                                                   Chondrosia collectrix
               Boring sponges                                      Cliona spp.
               Vase sponges                                        Ircinia fasciculata
                                                                   Ircinia campan
               Loggerhead sponge                                   Spheciospongia vesparium
               Fire sponge                                         Tedania igoiq

               Anemones
               Pale anemone                                        Aiptasia pallida
               Ringed anemone                                      Bartholomea annulata
               Giant anemone                                       Condylactis aigantea
               Sun anemone                                         Stoichactis helianthus



                                                          48







                  Annelids                                             Ammatrypane fimbriata
                  Lugworm                                              Arenicola cristata
                                                                        eurythoe sp.
                  Green bristle worm                                   
                                                                       Hermodice caruculata
                                                                       Eunice longicerrata
                                                                       lysidice sp.
                                                                       Nereis sp.
                  Tube worm                                            phascolion sp.
                  Sipunculoidea family                                 Onuphis magna
                                                                       Terebellides stroemi
                  Molluscs
                        Gastropods
                            Sea slug                                   aplysis dactylomela
                                                                       Astrea sp.
                                                                       Bittium varium
                                                                       caecurn sp.
                            Cerith                                     cardita floridana
                            Slipper                                    Cerithium sp.
                                                                       crepidula sp.
                            Tulip                                      cymatum sp.
                                                                       fasiolaria tulipa
                                                                       Mitrella Lunata
                                                                       Modulus modulus
                            Horse conch                                pluroploca gigantea 
                                                                       Rissoina sp.
                            Queen conch                                
                                                                       strombus gigas
                                                                       Tegula sp.
                                                                       tridachia sp.
                            Caribbean vase                             Vasum sp.
                Pelecypods
                            Cockle                                     Americardia sp.
                            Ark                                        Anadara. sp.
                            Venus                                      Antigona sp.                                                        
                                                                       Atrina sp.
                            Barred venus                               Cardita floridana
                            Tiger lucine                               Chione cancellata
                            Cockle                                     codakia orbicularis
                            Lucine                                     Laevicarduim laevigatum
                                                                       Lucina pennsyLvanica
                            Radiant tellin                             tellina radiata



                                                           49








                       Cephalopods
                          Briar's octopus                         Octgpus briareus
                       Amphipods                                  Cymadus compta
                                                                  Gammarus mucronatus
                                                                  Melita nitida
                                                                  Grandidierella sp.

               Crustaceans
                       Shrimp and lobster
                          Snapping shrimp                         Alpheus normanni
                                                                  Hyppol)de pleuracantha
                                                                  Latreutus focorum
                          Shore shrimp                            Palaemonetes spp.
                          Spiny lobster                           Penulirus araus
                          Pink shrimp                             Penaeus duorarum
                          Cleaning shrimp                         Periclimenes spp.
                                                                  Thorfloridanus
                                                                  Tozeuma- sp.

                       Crabs
                          Box crab                                Calagga sp.
                          Blue crab                               Callinectus sp.
                          Striped hermit crab                     Clibanarius sp.
                          Bar-eyed hermit crab                    Dardanus sp.
                                                                  Glyptoxanthus sp.
                          Spider crab                             Libinia sp.
                          Decorator crab                          Macrocoeloma sp.
                          Spider crab                             MicrophUs sp.
                          Spider crabs                            Mithrax spp
                          Hermit crabs                            Pagurus spp.
                          Giant hermit crab                       Petrochirus sp.
                                                                  Pilumnus sp.
                          Pitho crab                              Pithos sp.

                       Mantis shrimp
                          False squilla                           Pseudosguilla sp.




               Echinoderms
                       Starfish
                          Thorny starfishes                       Echinaster spp.
                          Cushion starfish                        Oreaster reticulata



                                                         50










                           Sea urchins
                              Long-spined sea urchin                         Diadema antillarium
                                                                             Echinometria sp.
                              Varigated urchin                               Wechinus variegatus
                              Sea biscuit                                    Tripneustes ventricosus

                           Holothurians
                              Sea cucumber                                   Actinopyga agassizi
                              Florida sea cucumber                           Holothura floridana




                  (From Bock, 1971 and Zieman, 1982)                   Species of commercial interest

                   Fishes  Nurse shark                                       Ginglymostoma curraturn
                           Lemon shark                                       Negeprion brevirostris
                           Bonnethead                                        Sphyrna tiburo
                           Smalltooth sawfish                                Pristis pectinata
                           Southern stingrayf                                Dasyatis americana
                           Ladyfish                                          Elops saurus
                           Tarpon                                            Megalops atlantica
                           Bonefish                                          Albula vWpes
                           Scaled sardine                                    Harengula pensacolae
                           Atlantic thread   herring                         Opisthonema o-glinum
                           Anchovies                                         Anchoa spp.
                           Inshore lizardfish                                Synodus foetens
                           Sea catfish                                       Arius felis
                           Gulf toadfish                                     Opsanus beta
                           Skilletfish                                       Gobiesox strumosus
                           Hardhead halfbeak                                 Chridorus atherinoides
                           Needlefishe                                       Hyporhamphus unfasciatus
                           Goldsp  'otted killifish                          Flordichthys carpio
                           Rainwater killifish                               Lucania parva
                           Sheepshead minnow                                 Cyprinodon variegatus
                           Rivulus                                           Rivulus marmoratus
                           Sailfin molly                                     Poecilia latipinna
                           Reef silverside                                   Allanetta harringonenesis
                           Hardhead silverside                               Atherinomorus stipes
                           Dwarf seahorses                                   Hippocampus zosterae
                           Dusky pipefish                                    Syngnathus floridae
                           Fringed pipefish                                  Micrognathus crinigerus


                                                                   51








                        Snook                                        Centropomus undecimalis
                        Gag                                          Mycterol2erca microlep@is
                        Jewfish                                      Epinephalus ita6ara
                        Cobia                                        Rachycentron canadum
                        Jacks                                        Caranx spp.
                        Permit                                       Trachinotus falcatus
                        Florida pompano                              Trachinotus carolinus
                        Leatherjacket                                Oligoplites zaurus
                        Lookdown                                     Selene vomer
                        Snappers                                     Lut*anus spp.
                        Silver blenny                                Eucinostomus gula
                        Grunts                                       Haemulon spp.
                        Pigfish                                      Orthopristis chNsoptera
                        Porgies                                      Archosaraus spp.
                        Pinfish                                      Lagodon rhomboides
                        Red drum                                     Sciaenops ocellata
                        Silver perch                                 Bairdiella ch[ysura
                        Spotted seatrout                             Cynoscion nibulosu
                        Southern kingfish                            Menticirrhus americanus
                        Atlantic spadefish                           Chaetodipterus faber
                        Sergeant major                               Abudefduf saxatilis
                        Slippery dick                                Halichoeres bivittatus
                        Hogfish                                      Lachnolaimus maximus
                        Parrotfishes                                 Scarus spp.
                                                                     Sparisoma spp.
                        Mullet                                       MUMI spp.
                        Barracuda                                    Sphyraena barracuda
                        Blennies                                     Paraclinus spp.
                                                                     Chaenopsis spp.
                                                                     Blennius sp.
                        Dragonet                                     Callionymus l2arciradiatus
                        Gobies                                       Bathygobius sp.
                                                                     Gobiosoma spp.
                                                                     Microgobius spp.
                        Scorpionfishes                               Scorpaena spp.
                        Searobin                                     Prionotus spp.
                        Lined sole                                   Achirus lineatus
                        Tonguefish                                   Symphurus plagiusa
                        Filefish                                     Monocanthus ciliatus
                        Cowfish                                      Lactophrys guadricornis
                        Trunkfish                                    Lactoph[ys trigonus
                        Southern puffer                              Sphoeroides nephalus
                        Burfish                                      Chilomycterus schoepfi

                (Adapted from Zieman,      1982)
                     Important sport, commercial and bait species

                                                            52










               Reptiles

                      Green sea turtle                            Chelonia  mydas
                      Loggerhead sea turtle                       Caretta carretta carretta
                      American crocodile                          Crocodylus acutus

               Birds
                      Roseate spoonbill                           A LaLa kaLa
                      Great blue heron                            Ardea herrodias
                      Great white heron                           Ardea herrodias occidentalis
                      Great egret                                 Casmerodius albus
                      Little blue heron                           Egretta caerulea
                      Reddish egret                               Earetta rufescens
                      Louisiana heron                             Hydranassa tricolor
                      Bald eagle                                  Halieaeetus leucocephalus
                      Red-breasted merganser                      Merais serrator
                      Osprey                                      Pandion haliaetus
                      Brown pelican                               Pelecanus occidentalis
                      Double-crested cormorant                    Phalacrocorax auritus


               Mammals


                      Bottle-nosed dolphin                        Tursions truncatus
                      Manatee                                     Trichechus manatus latriostris



               (From Kushlan, 1976, 1978)


               3. Beach/Berm

               The beach and berm community of the preserve exhi       bits several major differences
               when compared to other coastal areas of Florida. Classic strand beach and dune
               formation is a dynamic process of deposition and erosion of fine-grained silica
               sands that are transported by riverine systems and littoral drift along much of the
               Florida coastline. Beaches generally tend to have a broad sloping profile with one
               or several dune lines landward of the beach face. Width of the beach and height
               and arrangement of dunes are typically reflective of the wave energy and direction
               exerted upon the shoreline. Substantial changes in topography are usually evident
               from season to season as winter storms erode the beach and gentler wave action
               deposits sands during summer.           Prevailing winds are also instrumental in
               transporting and depositing sand that adds to or subtracts from the dune
               formations (Bascom, 1964).



                                                         53








               Substrate and depositional environment are quite different along the shorelines of
               the preserve. Topography of the sea floor and the island themselves are typically
               outcroppings of limestone rock. The interticlal zone is often a broad rock ledge that
               parallels the shoreline. Nearshore patch reefs and the gradually sloping bottom
               tend to dissipate wave energy and those wave crests reaching shore are reduced
               to gentle eddies throughout most of the year. This low energy environment is not
               conducive to expansive beach development, as much of the suspended sediments
               are dropped well off-shore. Finer sediments and organic materials that are washed
               near shore are deposited in shallow depressions in the caprock and often support
               colonies of mangroves or marine grassbeds.

               Also noticeably lacking are the fine-grained sands so typical of classic beach and
               dune strands. Major component material of the beach and berm areas in the
               preserve are the fragmented remains of corals, cast-off shells, and calcareous
               algae. The larger, angular fragments are sorted by wave action and deposited on
               the beach crest or berm during storm events. The relative size and weight of the
               fragments inhibits extensive dune formation because they are less subject to
               erosion or deposition by winds. The berm areas are almost solely the result of
               storm events that have repeatedly deposited these fragments in parallel ridges
               along the shoreline. These ridges are more accurately referred to as coastal
               berms. The. height and width of many of the berms are testimony to the frequency
               and severity of some of those storms. Although the geophysical nature of the dune
               and berm are different, they perform much the same function in the natural
               environment. They dissipate wave energy during storms and act as a barrier to
               protect communities that lie landward of the beach.

               The most extensive beach development is along the          Atlantic shoreline of the
               Newfound Harbor Keys and Long Beach.. The beach face is relatively narrow along
               most of the shoreline but reaches optimum development on the 'Long Beach,
               Cooks, and Big Munson-Island shorelines. Lower energy shorelines are colonized
               by mangroves. Berm development is much more common and varies in width and
               height dependent upon the exposure of the shoreline. The southerly shorelines of
               the Newfound Harbor Keys have well developed berms that are in excess of 50 feet
               wide and 2 to 4 feet in height over much of their length. The berm gradually
               becomes lower and terminates in mangroves on the leeward shoreline. The
               comparatively low profile would be breached during a moderate storm surge. The
               berm constitutes the only available "uplands" on these islands and has been
               developed for residential use on Long Beach and Cooks Island.

               Lower, narrower berms are located along the northern shoreline of Coupon Bight.
               Prevailing winds and currents are instrumental in forming these coastal ridges that
               barely extend above the tide line. They are frequently inundated and are usually
               colonized by mangroves and saltmarsh vegetation.




                                                        54








               Plant communities of the beach and berms are influenced by the proximity to tidal
               influence. Plants near the beach face and low berms are subjected to intense sun
               and wind, high salinity tidal wash, and a shifting substrate.           Physiological
               adaptations to prevent moisture loss from salt, sun, and winds are evident in the
               succulent, shortened leaves of sea purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum), saltwort
               (Elatis Maritima), and glasswort (Salicornia sp.). Other plant species possess
               thickened or involute leaves, surface hairs, or spines that slow moisture loss and
               inhibit grazing. Low, vertically spreading growth habits offer optimum leaf surface
               for photosynthesis and a low profile to damaging winds. Extensive horizontal and
               vertical root systems of the grasses (Distichlis sp., Spartina sp., and Panicum sp.)
               intercept available moisture and nutrients in this and environment to stabilize and
               enrich the soil for additional plant colonizers. Black and white mangroves are also
               frequently encountered in this zone.

               Portions of the berm above the reach of normal tides support a variety of
               herbaceous and woody plants including black mangrove and many of the salfmarsh
               species. Highest portions of the berm are vegetated with coastal plants, as well as
               many from the tropical hardwood hammock community. Many of the plant species
               of this community are rare, endangered, threatened or species of special concern
               because of development pressure on this resource. (See section on Endangered
               and Threatened Species.) Plants of the beach and berm community are listed on
               Table 6.



                                                    TABLE 6

                               A PARTIAL LIST OF THE BEACH/BERM FLORA


               Chaff flower                                      Alternanthera maritima
               Beach orach                                       Artiplex arenaria
               Saltmarsh aster                                   Aster tenuifolius
               Black mangrove                                    Avicennia germinans
               Saltbush                                          Baccharis sp.
               Saltwort                                          Batis maritima
               Sea oxeye daisy                                   Borrichia sp.
               Saffron plum                                      Bumelia celestrina
               Gumbolimbo                                        Bursera simaruba
               Gray nicker                                       Caesalpinia crista
               Jamaica caper                                     Capparis cynophyllopora
               Limber caper                                      Capparis fl.exuosa
               Goatweed                                          Capraria biflora
               Seven-year apple                                  Casasia clusifolia
               Sandspur                                          Cenchrus incertus
               Barbed-wire cactus                                Cerus pentagonus


                                                        55








                Marine ivy                                               Cissus trifolata
                Spurges                                                  Chamaesyce spp.
                Snowberry                                                Chioccoca alba
                Pigeon plum                                              Coccoloba diversifolia
                Sea grape                                                Coccoloba uvifera
                Silver thatch palm                                       Coccothrinax argentata
                Buttonwood                                               Conocarpus erecta
                Geiger                                                   Cordia sebestena
                White stopper                                            Euaenia axillaris
                Spanish stopper                                          Eugenia foetida
                Blue mistflower                                          Eupatorium incarnatum
                Garber's spurge                                          Euphorbia garberi
                Seaside gentian                                          Eustoma exaltaturn
                Wild cotton                                              Gossypium hirsutum
                Blolly                                                   Guapira discolor
                Seaside hibiscus                                         Hibiscus tiliaceos
                Seaside heliotrope                                       Heliotropium carassavicurn
                Wild hibiscus                                            Hibiscus pilosus
                Manchineel                                               Hippomane mancinella
                Keys spider lily                                         Hymenocallis latifolia
                Railroad vine                                            lpomoea pes-caprae
                Joewood                                                  Jacguinia keyensis
                Bahama morning glory                                     Jaguemontia pentantha
                Black ironwood                                           Krugiodendron ferrum
                White mangrove                                           Languncularia racemosa
                Wild sage                                                Lantana involuctata
                Beach bamboo                                             Lasiacis divaricata
                Herbaceus sea lavender                                   Limonium carolinianum
                Christmasberry                                           Lycium carolinianum
                Wild dilly                                               Manilkara bahamensis
                Gutta-percha mayten                                      MaAenus phyllanthoides
                Poisonwood                                               Metopium toxiferum
                Key grass                                                Monanthochloe littoralis
                Prickly pear cactus                                      Opuntia stricta
                Corkystemmed passionflower                               -Passiflora suberosa
                Joint grass                                              Paspalum vaginatum
                Beach carpet                                             Philoxerus vermicularis
                Blackbead                                                Pithecellobium keyense
                Cat's claw                                               Pithecellobium unquis-cati
                Purslane                                                 Portulaca oleracea
                Indigoberry                                              Randia aculeata
                Darling plum                                             Reynosia septentrionalis
                Rougeberry                                               Rivinia humilis
                Glassworts                                               Salicornia spp.



                                                               56









                Scaevola                                            Scaevola plumieri
                                                                    (= Mallotonia cinaphalodes)
                Sea purslane                                        Sesuvium l2ortulacastrum
                Teaweed                                             Sida rhombifolia
                Bahama nightshade                                   Solanurn bahamense
                Pricle-of-Big-Pine                                  Strumfia maritima
                Sea blight                                          Suaeda linearis,
                Bay cedar                                           Suriana maritima
                Mahoe                                               Thesl2esea populnea
                Keys thatch palm                                    Thrinax morrisii
                Spanish moss                                        Tillandsia usenoides
                Pearlbery                                           Vallesia antillana
                Hog plum                                            Ximenia americana
                Wild lime                                           ZanthoL(ylum fagra


                (Source: Author's botanical field notes.)



                The plant communities of the beach/berm area play a major role in stabilizing the
                shoreline and offering a first line defense to waves and winds during storms
                (Sensabaugh, 1975). They dissipate wave energies and protect upland plant
                communities and property'from the adverse effects of winds and salt spray.
                Alteration of the berm or the plant communities may subject the shoreline to
                erosion and will subject less tolerant plant species to the desiccating influence of
                wind and salt spary. Removal of the plant community may also prepare the soil for
                invasive exotic plants that offer little value in stabilizing shorelines or as wildlife
                habitat (Mazzotti e't al., 1981).

                Exotic plant intrusion is fairly localized with Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia)
                and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terbinthifolius occurring on distrubed sites.
                Latherleaf (Colubrina asiatica), an invasive, exotic vine, has also become well
                established. Disturbance from land clearing or tropical storms may aid the
                proliferation of these undesirable plants.

                Animal life of the beach and berm community represents a wide array of arboreal,
                terrestrial, and aquatic fauna. Infauna of the sand/shell beach include numerous
                species of invertebrates. Marine worms, crabs, snails and clams are periodically
                inundated by tides that provide detritus and plankton from the sea. These
                creatures are in turn fed upon by a host of wading and probing birds. Numerous
                insects and crabs also forage the grass wrack along the shoreline.





                                                           57









                The avifauna is a mixture of seasonal. and resident species of various habits. The
                wading and shore birds include many of those associated with the
                mangrove/saltmarsh communtiy. Passerine species incude the many migrant
                visitors, as well as the vireos, flycatchers, warblers, cardinal, and grackles that are
                year round residents. The white-crowned pigeon (a threatened species) is also a
                frequent visitor to the beach and berm community where it feeds upon the fruit of
                poisonwood, snowberry, and other native plants. Aerial searching birds would
                include the red-shouldered hawk, kestrel, night hawk, and others that are
                opportunistic and make use of any suitable area.

                Reptiles include the American and Cuban anoles, and several threatened sub-
                species of snakes and possibly the Keys mud turtle. The American crocodile is
                also potentially a visitor of the berm areas within the Bight. These areas would offer
                loafing beaches for the shy crocodile as they are well away from human habitation.
                Those berms with vegetative cover and marl soils are also potential nesting sites
                for the crocodile.


                The Atlantic loggerhead turtle is a confirmed visitor to the Atlantic beach and berm
                areas. This threatened species is known to nest here and efforts to collect data on
                the number of nests and hatching success in now underway. Hopefully future data
                and observation may also establish the presence/absence of other endangered sea
                turtles, including the Atlantic green turtle, which historically may.have nested here.
                The introduced Australian pine has the potential to be a diredt threat to turtle nests.
                Moisture-seekihg roots invade nest cavities and enmesh the turtle eggs. Upon
                hatching, the newborn turtles may not be able to extricate themselves from the root
                It net" and may perish inside the nest. The relative lack of pristine beaches in the
                Keys requires that the remaining areas be left in a natural condition and free of
                exotic plants so -that the sea turtles may continue to nest here.

                Mammals of the beach and berm community include several species of herbivorous
                rodents and the marsh rabbit (Silvilagus palustris Lefneri) that feed upon leaves,
                fruit, and seeds and seek out nest sites in the dense foliage (Lazell, 1984). The
                silver rice rat Qyzomys argentatus), an endangered spcies, has not been
                positively confirmed for this area but studies indicate that proximity of suitable
                habitat to the beach and berm may make this area attractive to the species for
                occasional foraging (Spitzer-Goodyear, per. comm.).

                The nocturnal ramblings of the raccoon and opossum also include foraging on the
                beaches and berms. The possibility of a easily obtained meal usually awaits in the
                seagrass wrack on the shoreline where fruit, crustaceans, molluscs, and other
                tidbits need only be uncovered. The largest native mammal of the lower Keys is
                also primarily nocturnal or crepuscular in habit. The tiny Key deer (also an
                endangered species) forages over a wide range of habitat types. The mangrove
                areas in the preserve are heavily utilized by the deer and recent observations
                indicate that the berm areas are also a favored area for bedding and foraging. The


                                                          58









               berm in the Long Beach area also serves as a dry corridor between the Newfound
               Harbor Keys and mainland portion of Big Pine Key. Numerous deer trails and signs
               of foraging are evident over much of the berm throughout the year (pers. obser.).

               A partial list of beach and berm fauna is provided in Table 7.




                                                     TABLE 7


                               A PARTIAL LIST OF THE BEACH/BERM FAUNA



               INVERTEBRATES


                       Snails                                     Batillaria sp.
                                                                  Littorina sp.
                                                                  Nerita sp.
                       Marine Worms                               Nereis sp.
                                                                  Lum ineris sp.
                       Land crab                                  Cardisoma guauhumi
                       Hermit crab                                Coenobita clypeatus
                       Mole crab                                  Emerita Talpoida
                       Ghost crab                                 Ocypode quadratet
                       Clam                                       Anomalocardia sp.
                       Numerous insects



               VERTEBRATES


               Reptiles and Amphibians

                       Florida Keys mole skink                    Eumeces e. egreaius
                       Five-lined skink                           Eumeces inexpectatus
                       Ashy gecko                                 SphaerodaMius cinereus
                       Reef gecko                                 Sohaeroda=lus n. notatus
                       American anole                             Anolis carolinensis
                       Cuban anole                                Anolos saarei steonecieri
                       Mangrove water snake                       Natrix fasciata compressicauda
                       Rough green snake                          Opheod!ys aestivus
                       Eastern indigo snake                       D[ymarchon corals coupari
                       .Red rat snake                             Elaphe auttata guttata
                       Keys mud turtle                            Kinosternon b. bauri
                       Atlantic loggerhead turtle                 Carretta carretta carretta
                       American crocodile                         Crocodylus acutus


                                                         59








                        Green tree frog                                 hyla cinerea
                        Squirrel tree frog                              Eyla squirella
                        Cuban tree frog                                 hyla sel2tentrionalis
                        Southern toad                                   Bufo terrestris
                        Giant toad                                      Bufo marinus
                        Narrow-mouthed toad                             Gastroph[yne carolinensis

                 Birds


                        Great blue heron                                Ardea herodia
                        Great white heron                               Ardea herodias occidentalis
                        Little blue heron                               Egretta caerulea
                        Great egret                                     Casmerodius albus
                        Turkey vulture                                  Cathartes aura
                        Red-shouldered hawk                             Buteo lineatus
                        Americ@n kestrel                                Falco sDarverius
                        Sernipalmated plover                            Charadrius semigalmatus
                        Piping plover                                   Charadrius melodus
                        Wilson's plover                                 Charadrius wilsonia
                        Black-bellied plover                            Pluvialis sguatarola
                        Ruddy turnstone                                 Arenaria interpes
                        Willet                                          Catogtrophorus semipalmatus
                        Least sandpiper                                 Calidris minutilla
                        Dowitchers                                      Limnodromus sp.
                        Sernipalmated sandpiper                         Calidris pusilla
                        Sanderling                                      Calidris alba
                        Herring gull                                    Larus araentatus
                        Ring-billed gull                                Larus delawarensis
                        Laughing gull                                   Larus atricilla
                        Foster's tern                                   Sterna fosteri
                        Least te rn                                     Sterna albifrons
                        Royal tern                                      Sterna maxima
                        Sandwich tern                                   Sterna sandvicensis
                        Black skimmer                                   Rynchops EjW
                        White-crowned pigeon                            Columba leucocephala
                        Ground dove                                     Columbina gasserina
                        Mangrove cuckoo                                 Coccyzus minor
                        Belted kingfisher                               Megace[yle alcyon
                        Gray knigbird                                   jyrannus domincensis
                        Brown thrasher                                  Toxostoma rufum
                        Blue-gray gnatcatcher                           PiligOtil-a caerulea
                        Black-whiskered vireo                           Vireo altiloauus
                        Yellow-rumped warbler                           Dendroica coronata
                        Prairie warbler                                 Dendroica discolor
                        Palm warbler                                    Dendroica palmarum


                                                              60









                       Common yellowthroat                          Geothlypis trichas
                       House sparrow                                Passer domesticus
                       Red-winged blackbird                         Agelaius ohoeniceus
                       Common gackle                                Quiscalus quiscula
                       Cardinal                                     Cardinalis cardinalis


                Mammals


                       Oppossurn                                    Dildelphis marsupialis
                       Raccoon                                      Progyon lotor
                       Marsh rabbit                                 Sylvilagus palustris hefneri
                       Hispid cotton rat                            Siamodon hispidus
                       Key deer                                     Odocoileus virainianus clavium


                (From: Schomer and Drew, 1982; Lazell, 1984; and field observations.)



                4. Coral Patch Reef


                There are reef-like buildups as far north as Georgia on the Atlantic coast, but three
                dimensional, living, coral reefs are restricted to the tropical waters of the Florida
                Keys in North America.

                Narrow tolerances in such factors as substrate, light, temperature and sediment
                limit distribution within the broader geographic zone, as well as within a local area.
                Corals develop best where bare limestone sea floor is in close proximity to the Gulf
                Stream that provides nutrients and stable temperatures. The bare limestone
                provides a point of attachment for the early colonizers. As the pioneers die, their
                skeletal remains furnish new ground for additional colonization. This process of
                building up and tearing down keeps the community in a constant state of change
                and imparts a distinctive character to the geological profile of the area.

                The Florida Reef Tract parallels the Florida Keys island chain and reaches optimum
                development in the deeper waters, seaward of Hawk's Channel and landward of
                the Straits of Florida. The Florida Keys archipeligo lies between the large lagoonal
                system of Florida Bay and the oceanic waters of the Atlantic and Gulf Stream. The
                configuration of the island chain significantly influences the configuration of the reefs
                (Ginsburg and Shinn, 1964). The reef tract is actually a narrow band of disjunct
                reefs with many horizontal gaps in the linear configuration. The gaps or breaks in
                the reef correspond with the creeks, cuts or passes between the islands of the
                Keys that act much like river deltas. These tidal passes facilitate mixing of the
                waters of Florida Bay with oceanic currents.




                                                           61








               Florida Bay is a shallow receiving basin for run-off from the mainland. Water
               temperatures and salinities are extremely variable and suspended sediments are
               fine and easily transported. Outgoing tides carry these waters out to the reef tract.
               Where tidal channels cross the Keys and the line of the reef, there is a gap in the
               reef because reef building corals cannot tolerate the excessive sediments and
               fluctuating temperatures and salinites.

               Japp (1984) divides the reefs into four types, based upon physical habitats and
               community structure patterns. The seaward most community is the bank reef. This
               community receives the most beneficial nutrients, displays the most diverse
               associations, and exhibits the most highly developed super-structure. Many of the
               massive, reef building corals in this community do not occur in the other community
               types. They thrive in the deep, clear waters and can withstand the wave surge that
               constantly washes the seaward edge of the formation. The seaward spur and
               groove configuration and the abundance of elkhorn corals (Acropora palmata) are
               distinctive (Shinn, 1963; Shinn et al., 1981). Looe Key Reef is a good example of
               the bank reef formation and exhibits well developed spur and groove formations.

               The transitional reef is, as the name implies, between development from- patch reef
               to bank reef. This community has fauna from both the bank reef and the patch reef
               or may also resemble well developed hardground in some areas. The transitional
               reef often exhibits a tendency to spur and groove formation and may in time or
               under more favorable conditions (higher sea level) develop into the more diverse
               bank reef. This type of formation also occurs on artificial -substrate, such as sunken
               ships or other debris used to construct artificial reefs (Japp, 1984).

               Patch reefs are smaller, isolated versions of the bank reef. These domed or
               horseshoe-shaped mounds usually lie landward of the main reef and seaward of
               Hawk's Channel in the area commonly referred to as the "reef flat" (Marszelak,
               1982). This community assumes many variations in size, dominant species, and
               degree of diversity. Patch reef development in nearshore waters (landward of
               Hawk's Channel) is known to occur in only a few locations in the Keys.

               The patch reefs in the preserve are in depths from 6 to 12 feet (2 to 4 meters)
               scattered along a more or less parallel axis to the Newfound Harbor Keys. The two
               largest are located within .6 mile (1 km.) of Big Munson Island shoreline near the
               western boundary of the preserve. A large cluster of smaller patches is located due
               south of Cooks and Hopkins Islands. Other, even smaller, more isolated patches
               may consist of only one or two large coral heads (colonies) surrounded by
               gorgonians and sponges. Most are typically ringed by sand and rubble halos that
               are created -by the foraging activities of fish and sea urchins. These unique patch
               reefs lie in the "shadow" of the Newfound Harbor Keys and are thus protected from
               the sediments and variable temperatures and salinities of Big Pine Channel and
               Coupon Bight.



                                                         62









                Species diversity and density generally increase in proportion to the size of the
                patch reef. Larger patches provide more niches for invertebrates and fishes. Large
                heads of star coral (Montastrea annularis, M. cavernosa) starlet corals (Siderastrea
                spp.) and to a lesser extent, the brain coral (Diplori labyrinthiformis) provide
                crevices and vertical relief that may rise to within a few inches of the surface.
                Encrusting corals, algae, soft corals and sponges colonize interstitial spaces.

                The presence of a large coral head inside Coupon Bight is a unique occurrence.
                This colony is approximately 2 feet high and 3-4 feet wide. The deep cleft near the
                center divides it almost in half. Several fish species and a few small gorgonians
                and sponges (and in one observation, a small loggerhead sea turtle) make up the
                entire community. If the existence of the nearshore patch reef community on the
                Atlantic can be described as marginal (Japp, 1984), this small community may well
                be described as extraordinary. The lagoon environment is subjected to extreme
                variations in temperature, salinity and turbidity that presumably would inhibit large,
                hard coral formation, yet this colony survives and has expanded under the most
                adverse conditions. The origin of this colony is a subject of much speculation.

                The fourth type of coral community is the live bottom or hardground (referred to in
                this plan as hardbottom). This association is dominated by scattered colonies of
                corals, gorgonians, sponges, and algae that colonize exposed portions of the
                limestone bedrock or reef rubble. Hardbottom communities are extremely diverse
                in distribution and numbers of organisms within a given area. They may contain
                reef-buildling species but other environmental conditions (substrate, water depth,
                sediment loads, currents, etc.) do not favor more extensive patch reef development
                at the present time. As environmental or biological conditions change, portions of
                the hardbottom could evolve to patch reefs or be displaced by marine grassbeds.
                Grassbeds are frequently dispersed throughout this community on substrates with
                deeper sediments. (Although generally included in the coral reef communities, the
                hardground community is a major component of the preserve's resources and is
                discussed in a separate section of this chapter.)

                The major structural and biological foundations of the patch reef community are the
                colonial corals that separate calcium carbonate from sea water and construct a
                stony skeleton. Corals are members of the phylum Cnidaria which includes such
                organisms as jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydrozoans. Two classes of Cnidaria
                are principal colonial forms associated with or responsible for producing reefs, the
                Hydrozoa and the Anthozoa. The Hydrozoa are represented by the fire corals or
                stinging corals. The Anthozoa contain two subclasses, the Octocorallia, the soft
                corals (e.g. whipcorals, sea feathers and sea fans) and the Zoantharia. Within the
                Zoantharia subclass is the order Scleractinia, containing the true stony corals (brain
                coral, star coral, etc.) (Barnes, 1974). The characteristics common to each
                subclass are the capability to secrete a calcareous skeleton and functional
                autotrophy (self-production).



                                                          63








               The Scleractinia are the reef builders. Although many colonies are only several
               inches in diameter, larger forms may reach dimensions of up to 8 feet, often
               referred to as coral 'heads'. The living coral tissue inhabits only the external
               surface of the head. The individual polyp secretes a cup or calice that provides
               shape and protection for the individual. As the colony grows, the calices of
               members of the same species join and the colony assumes a distinctive
               configuration and coloring. Thus the particular species is often easily identifiable
               by the visual appearance of the colony as a whole. Some appear relatively smooth
               and spherical, such as the starlet coral (Siderastrea siderea), and others may be
               grooved, such as the brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis , or still others may form
               finger-like projections, such as the finger corals (Porites spp.).

               Over many generations, stony corals have laid down massive limestone skeletons
               and sediments that add relief to the sea floor and may rise to within a few feet or
               even inches of the water's surface. Major reef building species of the patch reef
               community within the preserve are star coral (Montastraea annularis), cavernous
               star coral (M. cavernosa), starlet coral and the brain corals. Table 8 provides a
               partial list of faunal species of the patch reefs.

               Coral tissues are host to dinoflagellate zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) that live
               symbiotically within each coral polyp. Zooxanthellae, like other plants are capable
               of producing their own food. Using solar energy, they build protein, carbohydrates
               and other complex compounds from carbon dioxide, nitrates, and phosphates
               obtained from the surrounding sea water and the host. The algae provide self-
               sustaining nourishment and contribute to the oxygen requirements of the coral host.
               The corals capture plankton and other mobile fauna with their tentacles and their
               metabolic waste products provide some of the basic structural compounds for the
               algae in return. If environmental influences (heat, cold, disease, pollution, etc.) are
               adverse, the coral polyps may expel the zooanthellae and the coral colony will die.
               This symbiotic relationship is only one of many that occur in the patch reef
               community.

               Other fauna include the "soft" corals or gorgonians.                The sea whips
               (Pseudopteroaoraia acerosa), sea fingers (Briareum asbestinum), and sea fans
               (Gorgonia flabellum are only a few that colonize reef rubble and are a major
               element of the hardbottorn area that often adjoins the patch reef community. Each
               of these individual colonies supports a characteristic flora and fauna of their own.
               Grazing often eliminates these (and other) species closest to the reef and creates
               the "halo" of bare rubble and course sediment that encircles a patch reef. The
               sediment and reef rubble is eventually cemented by physical and biological agents
               and becomes    suitable substrate for reef expansion (Ogden et al., 1973).

               Infaunal organisms that inhabit the patch reef include boring and burrowing
               sponges (Cliona sp.), gephyrid worms, urchins (Centrechinus and Echinometra
               spp.), and numerous bivalves, barnacles and crabs. The@corals provide some of


                                                         64









               these organisms with substrate for attachment and access to nutrients. Several
               species of invertebrates and fishes feed directly upon coral polyps and are a major
               component of the biologically erosive forces that tear down the the reef as it is
               being built. Still others, such as the encrusting corals, play important roles in
               consolidating reef rubble and sediments for colonization by other organisms.

               The macrofauna of the reef are more colorful and diverse than in any other marine
               environment. The coral formations provide protection and shelter for small shrimp,
               crabs, fish, and several species of lobster, including (Panulirus ar-aus), the spiny
               lobster of commercial interest. The larger predators of the reef include the often
               spectacularly colored schools of fishes that prey upon invertebrates and smaller
               individuals of their own kind. The most frequently observed larger predators on the
               reef include the barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) and moray eel (Gymnothorax
               spp.). The nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), primarily a scavenger, is a
               common shark of the shallow water patch reefs and is seldom a threat to man,
               unless stepped upon or harassed.

               Many of the larger predators are important species for local fisheries. The groupers
               (Epinephelus spp. and Mycteroperca spp.), snappers (Lutianus spp. and Ocyurus
               chUsurus), grunts (Haemulon spp.) and jacks (Caranx spp.) account for a large
               percentage of the commercial finfish landings in'the county. Spiny lobster is also
               a prime target and the harvest averages 4-5 million pounds a year (NMFS, 1981,
               1985, 1986). Ballyhoo (Hemiramphus brasiliensis), a small omnivorous species, is
               also an economically important bait fish that inhabits coral reef areas.

               Trophic levels and dependency upon other communities may be highly specialized.
               Zooplankton is an important energy source for larval stages of most of the reef
               species and a primary food source for several adult species. The adult anchovies,
               herrings, silversides, cardinalfish, chromis, and others are schooling species that
               feed upon zooplankton. Other fish species of the coral reefs depend upon marine
               grassbeds for feeding during juvenile life stages. The grassbeds also provide cover
               for the fry and fingerlings. As they become larger and can no longer hide in the
               grass, they seek refuge and feed from the relative safety of the reef. Conversely,
               many adults of a species utilize the reef for temporary refuge and feed almost
               exclusively in the grassbeds. The nocturnal foraging of the grunts and snappers
               is a good example of this type of energy partitioning. These fish rest on the reef
               during the day and feed in the grassbeds at night. These species and others
               facilitate the dispersal of energy from one community to another in the form of
               standing biomass and imported nutrients in feces that are dropped over the patch
               reef (Zieman, 1982).

               The productivity of coral reefs has been compared to that of tropical rain forests
               and considered by some to be the most productive ecosystem on earth (Sournia,
               1977). Although qualitative research for south Florida reefs has not been extensive
               enough to be conclusive, some interesting comparisons seem to reinforce this


                                                        65








               supposition. The annual overall productivity of a small reef in the Pacific was
               estimated to be 846 grams dry weight per square meter (g dry wt/m2) with a net
               gain of 2 g Carbon/m2 per day (Odum and Odum, 1955). In comparison, red
               mangrove leaf biomass averages between 700 and 800 g/m2 (Odurn and Heald,
               1975) and leaf biomass of turtle grass on Florida's east coast may average 125-800
               g dry wt/m2 (Zieman 1975; from Japp, 1984)

               The primary productivity of each of these different environments is further enhanced
               when in close proximity to each other. The transfer of nutrients between organisms
               is often quicker and with less opportunity for loss of energy in the transfer from one
               level to another. The snapper may rest during the day and forage the grassbeds
               in relative safety during the night. The grouper and moray need not expend large
               amounts of energy to pursue and capture prey. They lie in wait in safety and
               concealment for the unwary meal. Many of the reef species need not ambulate at
               all. They need only to extend their tentacles to capture sustenance. Thus, the net
               effect of coral reef ecology is to provide a highly diverse and efficient energy
               resource within a relatively compact area.

               Plants of the patch reef are almost exclusively represented by the coraline algae.
               Small mounds of coral rubble or bare skeleton provide attachment for Hamimeda,
               Rhizocephalus, Udotia and Caulerpa species. A large group of filamentous and
               boring algae are also present but less conspicuous than the fleshier, upright forms
               (Humm and Wicks, 1980).            Densely consolidated substrate, grazing, and
               competition with sedentary faunal organisms generally limits the abundance of floral
               species.

               These small patch reefs are subject to stress from several sources. Extreme or
               extended drops in atmospheric temperatures during winter cold fronts quickly cools
               shallow waters and as surf temperature falls, -some die-off of corals and other
               species is usually evident. Inversely, warming of nearshore waters is evident during
               late summer and early fall. Coupled with low tides and calm waters, upper portions
               of coral heads may be severely stressed. Sediments from adjacent areas may also
               blanket the reefs during heavy storm activity. Heavy sediment loads can literally
               smother the coral community.

               Environmental changes that favor proliferation of one species of organism may well
               signify the doom of others. Phytoplankton blooms (red tides) may cause heavy fi.1sh
               mortality. Black band disease and coral 'bleaching' are now prevalent phenomena
               in the Keys' reef and investigative studies have only begun to determine the causes
               and possible remedies for these maladies. The patch reefs in Coupon Bight
               Aquatic Preserve are existing in marginal conditions and excessive pressures from
               human activities may be the deciding factor in their survival.





                                                         66









                Cultural and Historic Significance of Coral Reefs

                Modern technology has placed this once mysterious world within the reach of          a
                population that can experience first hand it's profound beauty and biological
                richness. However, these same conveniences have placed additional stress on an
                extremely sensitive ecosystem that exists at the northern most limits of it's range.
                The activities of man are potentially the most destructive to the reefs. Many have
                been destroyed and others are precariously balanced between survival and
                extinction. Overuse, overharvesting, carelessness and ignorance of the physical
                and biological requirements of the system are the major causes of decline of the
                reefs in many areas. Both direct and external impacts are of imminent concern to
                those who manage for and benefit from this bountiful resource. Hopefully, through
                education and protective measures this rare and sensitive resource may be
                preserved for the enjoyment and enrichment of many generations to come.

                The coral reef communities of the Florida Keys are truly a unique resource for
                several reasons. They have played a very important part in the biological,
                geological, historic and cultural makeup of this small geographic area and they
                represent the Keys' most valuable economic and natural resources. Culturally, this
                intricate assemblage of invertebrates and fishes represents many things to many
                people. It has been a dreaded navigational hazard to mariners, and object of
                artistic and scientific interest and a bountiful provider of sustenance to many
                cultures, both ancient and modern.

                The early native Indians and Bahamian fisherman exploited the abundant fish and
                turtles and salvaged the cargos of unfortunate sailing ships that were dashed upon
                the treacherous reefs. The somewhat sketchy but colorful exploits of the pirates
                who plundered the treasure laden ships of the Spanish fleets were also to become
                an indelible page in the Keys' history. Later, the descendants of these enterprising
                sailors and the immigrants from the Bahamas and Cuba were to become
                permanent colonizers of this chain of islands. The ever present threat to navigation,
                the tropical growing climate and the rich bounty of the sea were the mainstay of a
                culture devoted to ship salvage ("wreckers"), citrus and pineapple plantations, and
                the sponge, turtle and fishing industries. (Carter, 1976) (Eyster, 1987)

                The 1900's brought many changes to both the culture and their utilization of the
                areas natural resources. A chain of lighthouses on the reef edge guided vessels
                on a safer course. Blight and more productive ports in Cuba soon usurped the
                agricultural markets and declining numbers of turtles and sponging grounds
                eliminated those industries as sources of subsistence. Motorized vessels and
                improved fishing methods were to become the basis for an ever expanding fishery.
                Flagler's railroad and a developing tourist industry on the mainland soon lured
                hundreds and then thousands to the tranquil splendor of the Keys. The railroad
                was eventually replaced with a roadway and bridges after the Labor Day Hurricane
                of 1935. The Overseas Highway would accommodate ever increasing numbers of


                                                         67









               tourists and fisherman.      Coupled with the tropical climate and year round
               abundance, both the commercial and sport fisheries flourished (Martin, 1949; Dean,
               1982).

               In the last half of this century, improved snorkel and scuba equipment has added
               an even more exciting dimension to the local tourist industry. A short, comfortable
               boat ride will deposit visitors in the clear, warm waters to observe the natural
               wonders of the reef first hand. The awe inspiring formations and animated fish are
               even accessible to many others who are less adventuresome and may prefer the
               experience of observing from the comfort of one of the many glass-bottomed boats
               that make several daily trips to the reef tract. Commercial dive operations, tour
               boats, and other tourist accommodations cater to several million visitors a year. The
               dive industry contributes substantially to the local economy and employs a
               substantial number of the local and seasonal residents. Whether it be snorkeling,
               photography, diving, fishing or academic study, the visitor is almost always assured
               of a most unique and rewarding experience.

               The Keys have been recognized as a major sport fishing destination* for nearly a
               century. Income from the sport (recreational) fishery is a major contributor the local
               economy, including guide services, charter boats, bait, fuel, food, ice and taxidermy
               services that are procured from local businesses. This income is generally lumped
               with the tourist industry data and it is therefore difficult to assign a dollar amount
               to these services. The most recent estimates by the National Marine Fisheries
               Service suggests that a minimum of 146 million dollars was spent on sports fishing
               in 1986-87 (NMFS, 1988).

               The commercial fishery is probably the third most important industry in the county.
               Commercial harvest.of lobster and finfish alone represented nearly $13,000,000 to
               Monroe County in 1989 (FDNR, 1989). Boat yards, fuel, ice, transportation and
               processing facilities are accessory industries that employ additional workers who
               are indirectly dependent upon the fishery.

               Commercial tropical fish c ollecting and sponging are currently expanding industries.
               There are approximately 60 firms in south Florida that are involved in the aquarium
               marine life industry and it is predicted to expand by 10-15% each year (Young,
               1989; Wheaton, 1989). Harvest and income from commercial sponging fluctuates
               drastically. From 1962 to 1979 landings were reduced by almost half (40,000
               pounds to 21,000 pounds, respectively) (Stevely et al., 1978). In 1984 approximately
               23,017 pounds of sponges were. landed with an estimated value of $228,844
               (NMFS, 1984). In 1989 there were 298,550 pounds of sponges landed in Monroe
               County. The estimated value for that year was $ 5,424,798 (FDNR, 1989).

               'Live rocks' (or reef rock, mat rock, etc.) are fragments of limestone with the living
               organisms attached. These 'mini environments' support algae, soft and hard
               corals, a ï¿½ well. as, many of the epifaunal and infaunal species associated with the


                                                         68









               coral reef and hardbottom communities. One firm in Monroe County estimated that
               their annual export of 'live rock' was 80,000 pounds per year (Young, 1989). Live
               rock harvesting is currently banned in state waters but is still conducted in federal
               waters outside protected areas.

               Impacts Associated with Resource Use

               The financial interests of both the fisheries and tourist industries are inextricably
               linked to the presence and products of the reef tract. Yet many residents,
               scientists, fisherman, divers, and environmentalists have expressed concern for the
               past and present pressures and stresses exerted upon this unique environment.
               Some reefs have been reduced to mounds of inanimate rubble by the activities of
               treasure salvers and negligent or accidental vessel grounding. Still others have
               been impoverished by coral and tropical fish collecting, overuse, over fishing, and
               the indiscriminate destruction of corals by careless or uniformed divers and
               snorkelers who stand on, touch or break coral formations that have taken decades
               to form.


               Careless boat operation in shallow water and damages from misplaced boat
               anchors are a major concern in many of the more popular areas (Davis, 1977).
               Pleasure boat registrations for Dade County doubled in the period between 1964
               and 1978. Registrations for Monroe County quadrupled during the same time
               period and that pattern is likely to continue as the regional population increases
               (Mathis et a(., 1979). Currently'(1989-.1990), Monroe County has registered 19,053
               boats and Dade County has registered 49,360 boats (FDNR, 1990). Many of those
               registered in Dade County are used in the Keys. New arrivals or part-time residents
               may be first time boat owners and most are ill equipped for navigation in the
               shallow waters and around the barely submerged reefs. Without major efforts to
               educate the boating public, improved navigational aids, and additional mooring
               buoys, damage from boat groundings and anchoring in the coral will undoubtedly
               increase in proportion to the number of boats utilizing an area.

               Fishing methods and equipment also impact reefs. Lobster trap placement and
               retrieval methods account for considerable damage to corals. Traps may be
               placed on corals or so near the patch reefs that buoy lines are entangled and chaff
               coral heads with wave movement. Wave surge from tropical storms and hurricanes
               transports traps and they are often dragged into coral formations when placed in
               close proximity to the seaward side of the reefs. This type of damage was typical
               in the preserve after the passage of a minor storm (Kate) in November, 1985.
               Mechanized trap pullers are also a problem. Traps being retrieved may be dragged
               along the bottom and corals may be broken and large heads completely
               overturned. This type of damage is unfortunately, quite common. Chaffed, broken,
               or overturned colonies are subject to disease, predation and displacement by other
               organisms.



                                                        69








                Hook and line fishing impacts include terminal tackle (hooks, wire leader and lead
                weights) and monofilament line that become entangled in hard and soft corals.
                Chaffing damage is similar to that caused by trap lines. This method of fishing is
                limited in selectivity and undersized or unwanted fish are subjected to varying
                amounts of trauma before release. Discarded or lost fishing nets are also found
                entangled in the reefs, mangroves and on beaches. Monofilament and nets also
                present often lethal hazards to marine turtles, mammals and wading birds.

                Spearfishing is more selective than hook and line or net fishing. The target species
                are typically the large predators such as the snappers and groupers. The reduction
                of large predators typically encourages population peaks of smaller prey species.
                Increased numbers of one size class and reduction of another, whether temporary
                or permanent, skews natural balances between organisms in the compact patch
                reef community. Larger predators (other than barracuda) are conspicuously absent
                on the larger reefs in the preserve.

                The use of chemicals for fishing has often had catastrophic results on local coral
                populations. Chemicals may only temporarily interrupt local fauna or leave more
                permanent voids when employed on a regular basis, as was customary with
                sodium hypochlorite and other chemicals in the Indio-Pacific regions. The use of
                these chemicals may result in a high mortality of sessile invertebrates or cause the
                coral polyp to expel the symbiotic zooxanthellae (Johannes, 1975). Quinaldine may
                induce similar reactions if used improperly. This chemical is employed by local
                tropical marine life collectors. The state does require a special activities license for
                its use.


                Although state law (F.S. 370.110) prohibits the taking of hard corals (Millepora spp.
                and the Scleractinia) and a few species of sea fans (Gorcionia ventalina and G.
                flabellum) from State waters, many of the octocorals (gorgonians), tropical fish,
                molluscs, crustaceans, anemones, and other invertebrates are less stringently
                regulated. Daily commercial and recreational (non-commercial) bag limits have been
                established for butterflyfishes and angelfishes. Gorgonians (other than those noted
                above) are subject to unlimited commercial harvest until federal waters are closed.
                Recreational collectors may harvest up to 20 individual tropical fishes and
                invertebrates, with no more than 5 angelfishes, nor more than 6 gorgonian colonies,
                and one gallon of any species of marine plants. Commercial bag limits for angelfish
                allow 75 per person or 150 per boat, whichever is less. Commercial harvest is
                limited to 75 butterflyfish (Chapter 46-42, F.S.).

                There are no commercial limits specified for the remaining fish and invertebrates.
                Unspecified numbers of gorgonians, other invertebrates and tropical fish may be
                harvested with a restricted species endorsement on the state's salt water products
                license. Although permits are required for these activities, monitoring and regulating
                collectors is difficult, if not impossible, given the broad geographic extent of the
                State's marine waters. Intensive collecting of a single species may eliminate that


                                                          70









        OCLC: 26478745                Rec stat:      n
        Entered:      19920825         Replaced:     19950607         Used:      19921223
     S  Type: a          Sib  LvL: m            Source:   d           Lang:   eng
        Repr:            Enc  LvL: I            Conf pub: 0           Ctry:   flu
        I ndx:0          Mod  rec:              Govt pub: s           Cont:   b
        Desc: a          Int  LvL:              Festschr: 0           1 L Lus:b
                         F/B:       0           Dat tp:   S           Dates:  1992,       %
     $    1 040       FBA Ic FBA %
     S    2 043       n-us-fL %
     $    3 092       574.9759 12 20 %

     $
          4 090       lb %
     S    5 049       NOW %
     $    6 245   00  Coupon  Bight aquatic preserve management plan lb adopted January
     22,  1992 /  prepared by the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves, Division of
     State  Lands. %
     S    7 260       [Tallahassee] : lb Dept. of NaturaL Resources, Ic [19921. %
     $    8 300       198 p. : lb maps ; Ic 28 cm. %
     $    9 504       includes bibliographical references (175-188). %
     S  10  651   0   Coupon Bight (Fla.) %
     $  11  650   0   Submerged Lands Iz Florida. %
     $  12  650   0   Aquatic resources Iz Florida Iz Coupon Bight. %
     $  13  650   0   Marine parks and preserves Iz Florida Iz Coupon Bight Ix
     Management.  %
     $ 14 710     1   Florida. lb Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves. %









                species from a small patch reef. The ecological repercussions are problematic but
                each organism fills a particular biological niche and mass alteration of community
                structure would affect other organisms that interact with the target species (e.g.
                predator/prey, parasitic, symbiotic, and mutualistic relationships).

                The more obvious disturbances are not the only threat to underwater resources.
                As thousands of new residents and tourists come to south Florida and the Keys,
                so does new construction of homes, resorts, roads, marinas, and facilities for
                disposal of the tons of solid and liquid wastes of an expanding population. Upland
                run-off contains heavy metals, petroleum, pesticides and other chemicals that
                pollute nearshore waters and are dispersed to the reef either by waves and
                currents or through the food chain. Heavy metal (mercury, zinc, lead, and cobalt)
                concentrations in sediments and corals have been reported off southeast Florida
                by Manker (1975). Evidence from studies on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons
                (PHCs) has determined that these substances are detrimental to corals and that
                massive or chronic concentrations would also be harmful to other organisms (Japp,
                1984). Long term, low level concentrations of PHCs have been correlated to low
                reproductive -success in corals (Loya and Rinckevich, 1980). Other chemicals may
                be quickly diluted and dispersed, therefore more difficult to detect and the long-
                term effects more difficult to predict.

                Septic effluent is also transported well away      from the point of origin and this
                customary method of sewage disposal has caused much controversy and concern
                for the health of the reefs. The porous limestones of the Keys do not retain the
                effluent long enough for adequate decomposition to occur (Bight et al., 1981).
                Tidal activity, currents, and wind easily transport seepage from surface water
                drainage and contaminated sediments to nearshore and offshore areas. Likewise,
                the deep and shallow well injection of inadequately treated sewage has proliferated
                without sufficient knowledge of the particular geological features of the injection site
                (Lapointe, 1989). Deep strata test boring has been primarily limited to the mainland
                of Florida and little testing has been done in the Keys. Information on the vertical
                and lateral movement of injected materials and the final disposition of these
                substances and their mutant byproducts is speculative without further research.

                Liveaboard vessels and other boats contribute additional sources of sewage effluent
                and chemicals. Most pleasure boats do not have marine toilets or holding tanks.
                Anchorages and open water areas attract more seasonal and permanent live
                aboard boaters each year. In the absence of enforceable ordinances, holding
                facilities and sewage pumpout stations, most of the waste is pumped or dumped
                overboard. Chemicals associated with boat operation and maintenance include
                bottom paints, cleaners, sewage treatment chemicals, carbon monoxide, and
                hydrocarbons.

                The geologic strata, tidal regime, currents, thermal stratification, chemistry and
                marine flora and fauna all interact with human occupation of the coastal zone. The


                                                          71








                 ultimate effect upon the biological resources are at best poorly understood and
                 long-term research and monitoring will reveal the foresight or folly of present
                 activities, trends and attitudes towards the protection and conservation of the coral
                 reefs and the productivity of all marine systems. The true value of this unique
                 resource cannot be fully appreciated by its many benefactors without some
                 knowledge of the delicate balances and natural processes and relationships that
                 .exist within this community association. Neither can the long term survival of the
                 reefs, as we know them, be guaranteed without adequate research to determine
                 the point at which the system can realistically recover from natural catastrophe and
                 the cumulative impacts of man.




                                                           TABLE 8


                                   A PARTIAL LIST OF THE PATCH REEF FAUNA



                 VERTEBRATES


                 Mammals


                         Atlantic bottle-nosed                          Tursiops truncatus
                         dolphin


                 Reptiles

                         Atlantic ridley turtle                         Lepidochelys kempi
                         Atlantic hawksbill turtle                      Eretmochelys imbricata
                         Loggerhead turtle                              Caretta caretta caretta
                         Green turtle                                   Chelonia mydas


                 Fishes


                         Ocean surgeon                                  Acanthurus bahianus
                         Doctorfish                                     Achirurgus sp.
                         Blue tang                                      Achirurgus coeruleus
                         Barred cardinalfish                            Apocion binotatus
                         Flamefish                                      Apogon maculatus
                         Belted cardinalfish                            Apogon townsendi
                         Trumpetfish                                    Aulostomus maculatus
                         Orangespotted filefish                         Cantherhines pullus
                         Slender filefish                               Monacanthsu tucked



                                                              72









                       Bar jack                                   Caranx ruber
                       Queen angelfish                            Holacanthus ciliaris
                       Gray angelfish                             Pomacanthus arcuatus
                       Roughhead blenny                           Acanthemblemaria aspera
                       Wrasse blenny                              Hemiemblemaria simulus
                       Neon goby                                  Gobiosoma oceanops
                       Bridled goby                               Co[yphopterus alaucofraenum
                       Masked goby                                Co_Whopterus personatus
                       Goldspot goby                              Gnatholepis thompsoni
                       Hovering goby                              loglossus helenae
                       Herrings                                   Clupeidea
                       Bermuda chub                               L<yphosus sectatrix
                       Spanish hogfish                            Bodianus rufus
                       Slippery dick                              Halichoeres bivittatus
                       Yellowhead wrasse                          Halichoeres aranoti
                       Hogfish                                    Lachnolaimus maximus
                       Clown wrasse                               Halighoeres maculipinna
                       Puddingwife                                Halichoeres radiatus
                       Bluehead wrasse                            Thalassoma bifasciatum
                       Schoolmaster snapper                       Lutlanus apodus
                       Mutton snapper                             Lutianus anelis
                       Gray snapper                               Lut*anus griseus
                       Yellowtail snapper                         Ocyurus chrysurus
                       Spotted goatfish                           Pseudupeneus maculatus
                       Glassy sweeper                             Pempheris schomburoki
                       Sergeant major                             Abudefduf saxatilis
                       Yellowtail damselfish                      Microspathodon chrysurus
                       Dusky damselfish                           Pomacentrus fuscus
                       Beaurgregory                               Pomacentrus leucosticuts
                       Bicolor damselfish                         Pomacentrus parititus
                       Threespot damselfish                       Pomacentrus planifrons
                       Cocoa damselfish                           Pomacentrus variabilis
                       Porkfish                                   Anisotremus virginicus
                       Tomtate                                    Haemulon aurolineatum
                       Caesar grunt                               Haemulon carbonarium
                       Smallmouth grunt                           Haemulon Ch!ysargyreum
                       French grunt                               Haemulon flavolineatum
                       Spanish grunt                              Haemulon macrostomum
                       White grunt                                Haemulon plumieri
                       Bluestriped grunt                          Haemulon sciurus
                       Midnight parrotfish                        Scarus coelestinus
                       Blue parrotfish                            Scarus coeruleus
                       Striped parrotfish                         Scarus croicensis
                       Rainbow parrotfish                         Sca, rus guacamaia
                       Queen parrotfish                           Scarus vetula


                                                         73








                        Redband parrotfish                          Sparisoma aurofrenaturn
                        Redtail parrotfish                          Sparisoma ch[ysogterum
                        Redfin parrotfish                           Sparisoma rubripinne
                        Bucktooth parrotfish                        Sparisoma radians
                        Spotlight parrotfish                        Sparisoma viride
                        Cubbyu                                      Eguetus umbrosus
                        Reef croaker                                Odontoscion dentex
                        Barred hamlet                               Hypoglectrus puella
                        Butter hamlet                               Hypoplectrus unicolor
                        Graysby                                     Epinephelus cruetatus
                        Red grouper                                 Epinephelus morio
                        Nassau grouper                              Epineghelus atriatus
                        Black grouper                               Mycteroperca bonaci
                        Harlequin bass                              Serranus tiarinus
                        Sucereye porgy                              Calamus calamus.
                        Jolthead porgy                              Calamus baionado
                        Great barracuda                             Sghyraena barracuda
                        Sharpnose puffer                            Canthigaster rostrata


                INVERTEBRATES


                Porifera (Sponges)
                        Variable sponge                             Anthosiamella varians
                        Tube spong                                  Callyspongia vaginalis
                        Chickenliver sponge                         Chondrilla nucula
                                                                    Chondrosia collectrix
                                                                    Cinachyra cavernosa
                        Boring sponge                               Cliona spp.
                        Heavenly sponge                             Geodia gibberosa
                        Finger sponges                              Haliclona spp.
                        Vase sponges                                Ircinia spp.
                                                                    Neopetrosia longlevi
                        Loggerhead sponge                           Spheciosphongis vesparia
                                                                    Spongia graminea
                        Fire sponge                                 Tedania j"
                                                                    Tetbya sp.
                        Candle sponge                               Verongia lonaissima

                Cnidaria
                        Hydrozoa
                           Encrusting stinging coral                Millepora alcicornis

                        Scyphozoa
                           Won Jelly fish                           Aurelia aurita


                                                           74









                        Stinging jellyfish                             Da=lometra guinguecirrha
                        Comb jellyfish                                 Mnemiogsis spp.
                        Portugeuse man-of-war                          Physalia physalis
                                                                       Sertularia inflata
                        By the wind sailor                             Velella velella



                 Anthozoa
                 Octocorallia (soft corals)
                        Corky seafingers                               Briareurn asbestinum
                        Eunicea                                        Eunicea kniahti
                                                                       Eunicea succinea
                        Venus seafan                                   Gorcionia flabellum
                        Common seafan                                  Gorgonia ventalina
                        Sea rods                                       Plexaura flexuosa
                                                                       Plexaurella dichototoma
                                                                       Plexaurella fusifera
                                                                       Plexaurella nutans
                                                                       Pseudoplexaura flagellosa
                                                                       Pseudoplexaura porasa
                        Purple sea plume                               Pseudopterogorgia acerosa
                        Slimy sea plume                                Pseudopterogorciia americana
                        Angular sea whip                               Pterogorgia anceps



                 Hexacorallia
                        Actiniarians (Sea anemones)                    Bartholomea annulata
                                                                       Bundosoma cavernata
                                                                       Condylactis gigantea

                 Madreporarians (Stony corals)
                        Sheet (lettuce) coral                          Agaricia spp.
                        Ivory tube coral                               Cladocora arbuscula
                        Knobby brain coral                             Digloria clivosa
                        Grooved brain coral                            Diploria labyrinth iform is
                        Smooth brain coral                             Diploria strigosa
                        Flower coral                                   Eusmilia spp.
                        Golfball coral                                 Favia fragum
                        Rose coral                                     Manicina areolata
                        Mountainous     star coral                     Montastraea annularis
                        Cavernous star coral                           Montastraea cavernosa
                        Large flower coral                             Mussa anoulosa
                        Ivory bush coral                               Oculina diffusa
                        Mustardhill coral                              Porites asteroides
                        Finger coral                                   Porites furcata


                                                              75








                         Clubbed finger coral                           Porites porites
                         Rough starlet coral                            Siderastrea radians
                         Smooth starlet coral                           Siderastrea siderea



                 Annelids
                                                                        Arabella sp.
                         Tube worm                                      Cistenides sp.
                                                                        Eunice spp.
                         Green bristle worm                             Hermodice carunculata
                                                                        Loimia sp.
                         Banded feather dusters                         Sabella spp.



                 Molluscs
                                                                        Adoria sp.
                         Cerith                                         Cerithium spp.
                         White ark                                      Barbatia sp.
                         Chiton                                         Chiton sp.
                         Scallop                                        Chlamys spp.
                         Triton                                         Cymatium spp.
                         Cowrie                                         Cypraea spp.
                         Spiny lima                                     Lima lima
                         Burrowing   mussel                             Lithophaga spp.
                         Miter shell                                    Mitra spp.
                         Tulip mussel                                   Modiolus amercanus
                         Murex                                          Murex spp.
                         Joubin's octopus                               Octgpus 6oubini
                         Octopus                                        Octupus vulaaris
                         Pectin                                         Pectin sp.
                         Pearl oyster                                   Pinctada radiata
                         Pin shell                                      Pinna carnea
                         Reef squid                                     Sepioteuthis sepioidea
                         Slender chiton                                 Stenoplax floridana
                         Queen conch                                    Strombus gigas
                         Fighting conch                                 Strombus pugilis
                         Hawk wing                                      Strobus raninus
                         Speckled tellin                                Tellina listed


                 Arthropods
                         Barnacles                                      Balanus spp.
                                                                        Lepas spp.
                         Snapping shrimp                                Algheus spp.
                         Cleaning shrimp                                Lysmata intermedia--


                                                              76








                       Spiny lobster                                Panulirus argus
                       Pink shrimp                                  Penaeus sp.
                       Pederson's cleaning shrimp                   Periclimenes pedersoni
                       Slipper lobster                              Spyllarides nodifer
                       Squilla                                      Squilla sp.
                       Banded coral shrimp                          Stenopus hisgidus
                       Snapping shrimp                              Synall2heus spp.
                       Star-eyed hermit crab                        Dardanus venosus
                       Sponge crab                                  Dromidia sp.
                       Blue crab                                    Callinectes sapidus
                       Stone crab                                   Menipge mercenaria
                       Spider crab                                  Mithrax sp.
                       Hermit crabs                                 Pacluristes spp-
                       Hermit crabs                                 Pagurus spp.
                       Swimming crabs                               Portunus spp.
                       Decorator crab                               Stenocionol2s.furcata
                       Arrow crab                                   Stenorhynchus seticornis



                Echinoderms
                       Agassiz's sea cucumber                       Actinopyga agassizi
                       Furry sea cucumber                           Astichogus multifidus
                       Basket starfish                              Astrol2hZon muricaturn
                       Sea star                                     Astrogecten spp.
                       Sea biscuit                                  Clygeaster rosaceus
                       Long-spined sea urchin                       Diadema antillarum
                       Boring urchins                               Echinometra spp.
                       Slate-pencil urchin                          Eucidaris tribuloides
                       Sea cucumber                                 Holothuria floridana
                       Brittle star                                 Ophiocoma echinata
                                                                    Ophioderma sp.
                       Bahama starfish                              Oreaster reticulatus


                Chordata (Tunicates)                                Ascidea sp.
                                                                    Didemnum amethysteum
                                                                    Slyela sp.
                                                                    Sympleama sp.



                (O.Persko, 1973; Opresko, et. al., 1976; Schmall and Tilmant, 1980; Kissling IN
                Multer, 1977; Voss, 1976; Jaap, 1984; Voss, 1982 and Kaplan, 1982)



                                                           77











                5. Hardboftom


                This community    association is referred to as live bottom (Jaap, 1984) or hard
                bottom (Voss, 1982; Marzalak et al., 1977; and others). It is generally included as
                a subcategory of the coral reef habitats, as described by these authors, but will be
                treated as a separate community association within this plan and in the resource
                maps, as it is a major constituent of the aquatic preserve's resources. Large
                portions of the Atlantic sea floor and smaller portions of the lagoon bottom are
                representative of this community association. Marine brassbeds, sand, and mud
                bars are usually intermixed with the hard bottom, occupying shallow depressions
                in the limestone. Distribution of macrofauna is generally scattered in random
                patterns and is never as compact or diverse as are grassbeds or coral reefs.
                Never the less, this community association supports a diverse invertebrate and
                vertebrate fauna and is a valuable nursery area for many sport and commercial fish
                species (Jaap, 1984).

                The flora and fauna of this association are highly variable and contain many species
                of the patch reef association but are not three dimensional reef building
                communities. Species composition is usually dominated by algae and invertebrate
                species such as soft corals, sponges, and small stony corals. The algal species
                are well represented by the calcareous greens, Acetabularia, Batoghor , Halimeda,
                and Udotea spp. These species are instrumental in binding sediments and the
                formation of calcareous sands that are the byproducts of their skeletal remains.
                They are also a food source for herbivorous fish and invertebrates. The brown
                Sargassurn is also common and supports a relatively complex microcommunity
                within it's delicate leaves and nodules.

                The soft corals (octocorals or gorgonians) are often visually dominant. The most
                common species are the sea whips (Pterogorgia spp.), sea fan Gorgonia ventalina),
                sea rods (Plexaura spp.), and the sea plumes (Pseudopteroaorclia spp.). Stony
                corals found in the live bottom communities include clubbed finger coral (Porites
                porites), porous coral LP. asteroides), starlet coral (Siderastrea radians), rose coral
                (Manicina areolata), lobed star coral (Solenastrea hyades), and smooth star coral
                LS. bournoni). These species vary from a few inches to a foot in height. Colonies
                of clubbed finger corals may cover several square meters in the clear, shallow
                waters near shore and their skeletal remains are a large constituent of the "sand"
                beach and the bars between the Newfound Harbor Keys.

                The sponges are also well represented in the hardbottom community. Dominance
                of this group in areas of the lagoon prompted Lineback (1968) to refer to those
                areas as the "sandy bottom-sponge community". The most prevalent species are
                the chicken liver sponge (Chondrillanucula), vase sponge (Irciniagj@a@na), cake
                sponge Q. etherea), stinking sponge (L felix), the little blue heavenly sponge
                (Dysidea etherea), the large loggerhead sponge (Spheciosponaia vesparia), and
                the tube sponges (Aplysina cauliformis and Callispongia spp.). Both sponges and


                                                          78









               octocorals are host or prey to a wide variety of organisms that live on or in their
               framework. Both groups glean sustenance from the surrounding water and in doing
               so act as filtering mechanisms to remove minute particles and nutrients from the
               water.


               Motile fauna of the hardbottom include many invertebrates and fishes of both the
               patch reef and seagrass communities. This area provides microhabitats for many
               juvenile fishes as well as infaunal organisms that tunnel the shallow sediments.
               Marine turtles are also quite frequently observed feeding or resting in these areas.
               The hawksbill turtle, is especially fond of sponges which may comprise as much as
               95 percent of it's diet (Weiss, 1988).

               Marked zonation of the hardbottom communities is evident between the open
               ocean ;and lagoon environments. The Atlantic bottom community exhibits large
               beds of porites corals near the shorelines of Big Munson and Cooks Island and
               along the western end of Long Beach. Gorgonians and sargassum are abundant
               in deeper water. Within the Bight, sponges are more prevalent and hard corals and
               gorgonians are less common, except near the channel opening on the west.
               Howard, et a[. (1970) suggests that. distribution and abundance of species is
               predicated by tidal flow and depth of sediments. The reader is referred to previous
               sections on coral reefs and marine grassbeds for additional information and species
               lists.



               H. DESIGNATED SPECIES


               The many resource types within the preserve support a rich and varied population
               of plants and animals. Previous sections have enumerated the many material and
               aesthetic values accrued to man in conserving and protecting these resources.
               This section will discuss the often critical importance of these resources to other
               species of plants and animals that are endangered or threatened with extinction
               throughout part or all of their geographic range.            In most cases, their
               endangerment is the direct result of man's exploitation of the natural resources of
               an area. Excessive harvesting, collecting, land clearing, construction, dredging,
               treasure salvage, ditching, the use of pesticides, and the introduction of exotic
               plants and animals have contributed to the decline of many of these species and
               will continue to stress recovery capabilities for most of them.

               It shall be a major objective of this plan's management policy to identify, map, and
               protect the endangered and threatened species habitat within the preserve
               boundary and provide input in decisions that would affect known habitat of these
               species on adjacent lands aryd in marine areas. To the maximum extent possible
               (where biologically and economically feasible), disturbed habitats will be restored
               to benefit endangered and threatened species. Educational programs for the
               general public, organizations, -and governmental agencies shall be prepared and


                                                        79








               disseminated in hopes of informing and enlisting support for the conservation and
               protection of vital habitats.

               The small islands in and adjacent to the preserve are host to a large number of
               endangered and threatened plant species. Most are tropical species of West Indies
               origin and one is endemic to the lower Keys. A preponderance of the listed
               species occur within the mangrove/saltmarsh and beach/berm communities. The
               numbers and degree of endangerment may well reflect the stress imposed by
               development in these areas. Equally devastating pressure is exerted by plant
               collectors and poachers whose primary objectives are the epiphytic orchids
               (Engyclia spp.), air plants (jillandsia spp.), cacti (Cereus spp., Opuntia spp.), and
               palms (Ihrinax and Coccothrinax spp.). Entire areas may be stripped of these
               plants.. Displace m-ent by exotic (introduced) plants is also a problem where soils
               have been disturbed.


               The often maligned manchineel (Hippomane mancinella), a threatened species, has
               been totally eliminated from much of its former range in the upper Keys and in
               many areas of the lower Keys. The often exaggerated toxic properties of this once
               abundant tree were reason enough         to exclude it from inhabited areas.. Several
               large specimens still survive in the more remote wetland areas of Big Pine Key.
               Other less threatening or less conspicuous plants include the endangered geiger
               tree (Cordia sebestena), wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ), sea lavender
               (Mallotonia anaphalodes) and bay cedar (Suriana Maritima). Garber's spurge
               (Chamaesyce garberi syn. Euphorbia_qgrben) is presently classfied as endangered
               on the state list and its occurence is limited to four known locations, one of which
               is near the preserve boundary on the north.

               A second large group of endangered and threatened plant            s are found in the
               pineland communities of the lower Keys. One endangered species, the Big Pine
               Partridge Pea (Cassia keyensis), is endemic to the lower Keys pinelands. Other
               endangered and threatened plants from this community include the ferns
               (Acrostichum spp., Anemia sp., Pteris sp., Ophioalossum sp., and Vittaria sp.), and
               the silver palm (Coccothrinax argentata). Plant poaching, filling of freshwater
               wetlands, and land clearing are primary threats in these areas. Exclusion of fire in
               the "fire dependent" community may also be deleterious to many of the understory
               plant species. As more development occurs within a pineland, fire is excluded to
               protect property. The result is often negative for the community as a whole and
               may eliminate endangered and threatened species as the community succeeds to
               a hardwood sere (Gunderson et al., 1983).

               Endangered and threatened hardwood hammock species, or small colonies of
               these species are generally dispersed randomly throughout a hammock. This
               $clumping' is often overlooked by those who clear land for development. The
               generally small building lots are usually cleared of all vegetation to provide a buiding



                                                          80









                 site and yard area. This practice may eliminate an individual or an entire colony of
                 an already limited species.

                 Table 9 provides a partial species list of plants considered to be endangered or
                 threatened by 1) Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the
                 official State list (Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act, Florida Statutes, Section
                 581.185, 1978); 2) Rare (R), endangered (E), threatened M, and species of special
                 concern (SSC) from the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and
                 Animals (FCREPA) list: and 3) Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida series (P.C.H.
                 Pritchard, ed.). One cactus on the list, (Cereus LoUinii) is currently designated as
                 endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and 16 plants from the list are
                 under review for federal listing.

                 The plant communities within and adjacent to the preserve are host to an equally
                 diverse number of endangered and threatened animals. These areas provide food,
                 cover, and nesting habitat for a broad range of resident animals and are equally
                 important to several transitory species. Table 10 lists all species that could be
                 expected to utilize various habitats within the preserve.

                 The endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virc               clavium) is known to utilize many
                                                               vnianus           I
                 habitat types during daily or seasonal movements but is limited to only a few of the
                 lower Keys islands, Big Pine having the largest population. They are excellent
                 swimmers and are known to traverse open water between islands (Silvy, 1975).
                 Klimstra et al., (1980) estimated mid-1970's population to have been approximately
                 350-400 animals. The Key Deer. National Wildlife Refuge esitmates current
                 populations to be 250-300 animals (Holle, 1987). The deer travel over great
                 distances to procure water and forage and disperse over a wider range during rut
                 and fawning seasons. Loss of habitat and high annual mortalities from road kills,
                 fence intanglement, free roaming dogs and drowning are major impediments to the
                 deer's survival. Most of these factors are directly the result of human occupation
                 of the area and will most probably be compounded as more of Big Pine Key is
                 developed. Conservation and management of this species cannot be accomplished
                 without close coordination and cooperation with local government planning and
                 other resource management plans.

                 The crepuscular or nocturnal Key Vaca raccoon (Procyon lotor auspicatus), a
                 threatened, endemic subspecies, is also an excellent swimmer and utilizes a broad
                 range of habitats for foraging.        Other than road kills, this species has few
                 confrontations with man and may in fact benefit from man's occupation of an area.
                 Cultivated fruit and garbage are perfectly acceptable in their diet.

                 Originally rec orded from the island of Key Vaca (Marathon) where urban
                 development has displaced much of its former habitat, the raccoon has expanded
                 its range to other islands near Big Pine Key. The Key Vaca raccoon is not currently
                 documented for the preserve area but close proximity to known habitat (No Name


                                                             81.








               Key) and the raccoon's amphibious skills would indicate the extremely high
               probability of eventually encountering this nomad (Lazel, 1984).

               The endemic and endangered Silver rice rat (O[yzmoys arentatus) utilizes
               freshwater and marine wetland areas for foraging, cover, and nesting (Spitzer and
               Lazell, 1978). A common saltmarsh plant C@atix maritima) is a known food plant
               and an indicator of preferred habitat when in close proximity to freshwater (Spitzer,
               1983). The rice rat has not been formerly recorded within the preserve.. However,
               the afea has not been extensively trapped to confirm presence/absence and
               available habitat would justify further population studies for this rodent (Spitzer-
               Goodyear,   pers. com.)

               Other species that are dependent upon freshwater wetlands and upland habitats
               include several species of reptiles. The threatened Big Pine Key ringneck snake
               (Diadophis gunctatuslaeniata) and Florida brown snake (Storeria dekayi victa) are
               endemics that are especially dependent upon freshwater wetlands within the
               adjacent hammocks and pinelands (Paulson, 1968 and Weaver, 1978a). A
               threatened subspecies, the Florida ribbon snake (Ihamnophis sauritusgacker-fi) and
               the threatened Eastern indigo Qymarchon corais gguperi) utilize a variety of
               habitats including mangroves and saltmarsh areas (Weaver, 1978 (a)). The Red rat
               snake (Elaphe guttata guttata) is listed as a species of special concern in the lower
               Keys. Loss of suitable habitat is probably the single most important influence on
               their survival. - Public education may be beneficial in erasing the age old predjudice
               towards snakes in general. All of these snakes are non-poisonous and all are
               beneficial to man, in that they feed upon insects and rodents that are considered
               vermin. Yet most of them are systematically eliminated from the environs of man
               out of fear or ignorance and the introduction of domestic pets.

               The Key mud turtle (Kinosternon bauri bauri and the American alligator (Alligator
               mississippitnsis) utilize fresh and brackish wetlands for feeding, resting and raising
               their young. The endangered mud turtle is an elusive creature that is often difficult
               to find even in its known habitat. Bottoms of ponds and solution holes are often
               carpeted with thick layers of mud and leaf litter that offer excellent cover for this
               small turtle (Weaver, 1978 (b)). During periods of drought the turtle may burrow
               into crevaces or tunnel under rocks to conserve body moisture and await the rains
               that replenish the pond (Dunson, 1981). The Alligator, once threatened with
               extinction has been successfully bred and reared in captivity. The success of
               alligator farming has reduced the pressure on wild populations and the state now
               considers the wild alligator as a species of special concern.

               The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is an infrequent visitor in Coupon
               Bight. Reported sightings are usually a case of mistaken identity (Alligator) but
               several reports (one with photographs) are reliable. The proximity of several other
               individuals on Bahia Honda Key and sporadic reports of an individual near Key
               West would seem to indicate that certain crocodiles are nomadic and may cover


                                                         82









               great distances and frequent certain areas on a regular basis. The crocodile
               usually shuns areas of human occupation and boat traffic (Moler, per. com.) and
               may well find the shallow water bays and channels of the Bight a a welcome haven
               from these disturbances.


               Although no amphibian species are presently listed, it is anticipated that future
               research and study of local freshwater areas may reveal morphologically or
               physiologically unique species. The introduction of exotic species, such as the
               Giant marine toad (Rufo marinus) and the Cuban treefrog (Uyla septentrionalis) may
               possibly pose a threat to the smaller native species but the alteration of wetland
               environments is a much greater threat (Krakauer, 1970).

               The avifauna of the area represents the largest group of listed species. All except
               two species on Table 10 are dependent upon wetlands for their survival. The Little
               blue heron (Egrettagaerulea), Snowy egret (Egretta !hula), Reddish egret (Egretta
               rufescens), Tricolored (or Louisiana) heron (Egretta tricolor), and the Roseate
               spoonbill (&aLa Aaja) are currently listed as species of special concern. These
               colonial nesters were easy prey for the plume hunters of the early part of the
               century. Entire rookeries were annihilated as plume hunters killed the adult birds
               in breeding plumage and left chicks to die or fed them to their hogs. As the
               demand for plumes declined, the real estate boom began in south' Florida.
               Thousands of acres of wetlands were drained for agriculture and residential
               development. Depleted breeding stocks and ever vanishing habitat brought these
               species and others to the brink of extinction. Loss of habitat, water management
               practices on the mainland, and the introduction of pesticides into the food web may
               still imperal the survival of many.

               The Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) and Least ern (Sterna antillarum) are known to
               nest in the area and both are now listed as threatened species. The roseate
               population consists of approximately 250-300 nesting pairs and they nest almost
               exclusively in the lower Keys (Robertson, 1978). Both terns favor unveoetated
               beaches, berms and spoil islands for nesting. Unfortunately, spoil islands and
               beaches are usually prime targets for development or other alteration.
               Development activities and ground nesting are seldom compatible. The decision
               to remove dredge spoil to restore historic water flow must also be weighed against
               the possible disruption of nesting habitat.

               The Southeastern snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris) is a summer
               visitor to our beaches and shallow-water wetlands but does not nest here
               (Wofenden, 1978). This threatened species has suffered decimation in many of the
               Caribbean countries. Excessive hunting pressures and destruction of habitat are
               instrumental in population declines (Arendt et al., 1979; Wiley,1979).

               The White-crowned pigeon, threatened species, is also hunted for sport and food
               in many of the Caribbean countries. Excessive hunting pressures, egg collecting


                                                        83








               and removal of tropical hardwood forests have seriously depleted resident
               populations in at least two countries. Cooperative agreements, closed seasons and
               complete protection in several areas have slowed the decline of this species.
               Resident populations in the Keys are protected from hunting but efforts must
               continue to stem the loss of tropical hardwood trees that the pigeon depends on
               for food. Poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum) is a favored food during the fruiting
               period. As the name implies, this tree has certian toxic properties that irritate
               sensitive human skin (and may cause more severe complications for hypersensitive
               persons) and it is frequently eradicated from human environs. Other less
               objectionable hammock trees and shrubs, such as, Pigeon plum (Coccoloba
               diversifolia), Snowberry (Chiococca alba), stoppers (Eucienia spp.)-, Wild coffee
               (Psychotria nervosa and wild figs (Ficus spp.) are also staple foods. However, few
               of these plant species are given explicit protection under local landclearing
               ordinances. The pigeon feeds in the hammocks and nests in the more remote
               mangroves. It is shy and sensitive to human habitation or disturbance in both
               areas' (Robertson and Kushlan, 1978; Sprunt, per. com.).

               The endangered Peregrin falcon (Falco perearinus) is a winter visitor to the Keys.
               Pesticides in the food. chain were instrumental in the decline of this raptor.
               Elimination of certain insecticides and reintroduction of the peregrin are proving
               successful in reestablishing this species in the former range. 'Perched upon utility
               wires or hovering over open areas, it can overtake and capture other birds in
               midflight. It may be encountered in variety of habitats from September to May
               (Snyder, 1978).

               Open-water piscivorous birds include the endangered Bald eagle (Haliaeetus
               leucocgpLalus) and the threatened Eastern brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis
               carolinensis). The eagle population has suffered a 50% decline over the last 30
               years. Florida populations have dropped from 1,000 to less that 350 breeding
               pairs. Currently, only 2-4 pairs are thought to nest between Key Vaca and the
               Marquesas (Robertson, 1978). Eagles do not presently nest in the preserve but
               suitable feeding habitat may attract an occassional visitor.

               The Eastern brown pelican has suffered a similar fate on a national level. A
               massive die-off in Texas and Louisiana during the 1960's prompted the federal
               government to list the pelican as an endangered species until 1984. It appears that
               local populations have remained fairly stable and the pelican has been deleted from
               the endangered category and it is now considered to be a species of special
               concern in Florida. There are 19 breeding colonies of brown pelicans in the Keys.
               This represents 38% of the Florida population (Schreiber, 1978). The pelican
               prefers more remote mangrove areas for nesting and will often join other colonial
               species.

               The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), which is not currently listed, may well reach
               threatened status if present populations continue to decline. The locally limiting


                                                        84









                factors are thought to be availability of suitable nesting habitat and adequate food
                during the nesting season. The osprey is tolerant of human occupation but like the
                eagle, prefers large, dead trees that rise above the surrounding canopy for nesting.
                Hurricanes and landclearing have removed many of these suitable trees and the
                osprey has opted for nesting on utility poles and elevated platforms. The possible
                addition of artificial nesting platforms is being investigated as a means to encourage
                more osprey nesting.      Continued protection of mangrove rookeries and the
                mangrove/detritus food chain are vital for the eagle, pelican, osprey and the many
                wading birds that depend upon fish and marine invertebrates for food.

                Qualitative information on marine fishes and invertebrates are conspicuously absent
                from the literature. Of those listed, only the Common snook (Centropomus
                undecimalis has been extensively studied. This species is a prized. sport and food
                fish and much controversy currently rages regarding the reasons for it's decline and
                the appropriate measures for ensuring a return to former abundance. Pesticides
                spraying (EPA, 1981), habitat destruction and overharvesting are the primary
                concerns. Egg and larval stages of most marine species are adversely affected by
                insecticides. Removal of larger fish, through uncontrolled commercial or sport
                fishing, depletes brood stock.       The effects of both were quickly evident.
                Destruction of mangroves and marine grassbeds are additional stresses that have
                negatively affected the snook statewide.

                Discontinued spraying for mosquitos over aquatic preserves and federal refuges
                may have already contributed to higher hatch success for snook. The long term
                data will undoubtedly prove this policy beneficial.       Closing certain areas to
                commercial net boats and imposing closed seasons and strict size limits for both
                commercial and sport fisheries may also reverse the previous trend. Current
                reports from professional guides and sportfisherman indicate that this is the case
                and that more fish are being taken in the Keys. Those over or under the size and
                over the bag limits should be returned to the water, uninjured.

                The threatened Key silverside (Menidia conchorum is an endemic of shallow open
                bays in the Big Pine Key and Cudjoe Key area. It was formerly reported near Key
                West but this population is thought to have been extirpated. This small (adults up
                to 2 inches long) fish  is primarily a marine species but will tolerate freshwater
                (Gilbert, 1978). This and other listed fish species are adversely. affected by
                modification or loss of habitat. Alteration of mangroves and marine grassbeds
                eliminates habitat and often creates turbidity that smothers eggs and clogs gills.
                Preservation of these   and other species requires that disturbances in marine
                wetlands be kept to a   minimum and that these areas be protected from upland
                drainage that introduces silt and pollution into nearshore habitats.

                The marine turtles have suffered depredation similar to that described for the
                wading birds. The Atlantic green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas) was once a
                mainstay to Keys fisherman. Shortly after the turn of the century, most of these


                                                         85









                turtles had been eliminated from local waters. Overharvesting and egg collecting
                in other parts of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico have continued to stress survival
                for all marine turtles. With the exception of the Atlantic loggerhead (Caretta caretta
                .ggretta) and the Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata), those listed would
                be considered as rare or occasional visitors to the preserve area. The endangered
                hawksbill may be observed occassionally in coral reef and hardbottorn areas and
                the threatened loggerhead is a frequent visitor to the preserve.

                Loss or modification of suitable nesting beaches and nest predation are major
                concerns in the local management of loggerhead turtles. Present efforts to locate
                and document turtle nesting sites within the preserve are proving successful. Nests
                that are not threatened by tidal inundation, vehicular traffic, poaching, or predation
                are left to their fate. Those nests that are in danger of being destroyed are
                relocated to an in-ground hatchery at Sombrero Beach by properly permitted
                individuals. Upon hatching, the turtles are released at or near their point of origin.
                The local Save-a-Turtle program and similar programs throughout the state have
                been highly successful in returning large numbers of hatchlings to the sea, in hopes
                that the survivors may return to our beaches in the future. The cooperation and
                vigilance of local citizens has contributed significantly to this effort.

                The endangered West Indian manatee (Irichechus manatus latirostris) is an
                occasional visitor to the preserve area. Individual animals or small groups are often
                reported to appear in residential boat basins and canals during the winter months
                and occasionally during summer. Cool water temperatures farther north may
                prompt this migration out of the usual winter range. Well meant offerings of food
                and fresh water will often entice the manatee to linger in these areas for longer
                periods.   This practice should be strongly discouraged, as it increases the
                manatee's exposure to danger from boats. Although there are no designated
                11manatee areas", boaters should be cautious and reduce speed when manatees
                are in an area. Heavy penalties are imposed for harassing or negligently injuring
                or killing this highly endangered species.

                Invertebrates that warrant special    status include several terrestrial and marine
                species. The four insects listed are currently under       review for federal listing.
                Marine invertebrates of special interest include several species of corals. These
                species (as well as those from the deep-water reefs) have been subjected to
                collecting and habitat destruction in many areas of the    Keys. The corals are the
                structural components of the reef and as such are vital to its survival. The
                labrynthes of the reef offer food and cover to a large variety of interesting and
                biologically significant species. The corals themselves are subject to many forms
                of disease and injury or necrosis from a variety of external forces but man's
                influence may be most instrumental in the decline or damage to corals in some
                areas.







                                                          86









                The concern for an individual endangered species may prompt a concerted effort
                for preservation and has proved successful in a limited number of cases. The
                Peregrin falcon and the Alligator are such examples. Other efforts have proved only
                marginally successful. The Florida manatee has benefitted from designated
                sanctuaries and captive breeding efforts but the steady growth of recreational
                power boats still imperils this slow moving siren throughout much of it's limited
                range. The most recent population estimate indicates that there may be less than
                1,500 individuals statewide.

                Other wildlife species have not faired so well. The Florida panther and the Key deer
                are thought to have once lived side by side in the Keys. The panther has been
                extirpated from the islands and much of Florida. The deer now numbers less than
                300 individuals and many are skeptical about its continued survival in the path of
                development. Much the same skepticism exists regarding the endemic species
                discussed, as well as the American crocodile and the Bald eagle. The onslaught
                of human populations and development leave little hope for many of these animals.
                Designated refuges and preserves, stringent laws and a "conservation ethic" are
                possibly all that seperate them from extinction. Designated animal species of the
                preserve area are presented in Table 10 .



                                                         TABLE9


                  FLORAL SPECIES OF THE COUPON BIGHT AQUATIC PRESERVE AREA
                          THAT ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED, THREATENED
                                          OR COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED



                Scientific Name                       Common Name                              Status
                                                                                             FDA USFWS


                Acacia choriophylla                   Tamarindillo                           E
                Acrostichurn aurem                    Golden leather fern                    E
                Acrostichmu danaeifolium              Giant leather fern                     T
                Anemia adiantifolia                   Pine fern                              T
                ArgZhamnia blodgettii                 Blodgett's wild mercury                        UR
                .Aristida floridana                   Florida three-awned grass              E       UR
                Campyleneurum phyllitidua             Strap fern                             T
                Cassia keyensis                       Big Pine partridge pea                 E       UR
                Catesbaea parviflora                  Small-flowered lilythorn               E
                Cereus gracilis                       Prickly apple cactus                   E       UR
                Cereus pentagonus                     Dildoe cactus                          T
                Cereus robinii                        Tree cactus                            E       E
                Chamaesyce garberi
                                                      Garber's spurge                        E       T
                    Euphorbia garberi)


                                                             87








                Ch[ysophyllum olivaeforme              Satinleaf                                E
                Clusea rosea                           Balsam apple                             E
                Coccothrinax araentata                 Silver palm                              C
                Cocos nucifera                         Coconut palm                             T
                Cordia sebestena                       Geiger tree                              E
                Cupania glabra.                        Cupania                                  E
                Engyclia boothiana                     Dollar orchid                            E        UR
                Engyclia cochleata                     Clamshell orchid                         T
                Encyclia tampensis                     Butterfly orchid                         T
                Ernodia littoralis                     Beach creeper                            T
                Euphorbia l2orteriana                  Keys hairy-podded                                 UR
                var.keyensis                           spurge
                Gossypium hirsutum                     Wild cotton                              E
                Hippoman mancinella                    Manchineel                               T
                Hymenocallis latifolia                 Spider lily                                       UR
                Jacquinia keyensis                     Joewood                                  T
                Limonium carolinianum                  Narrow-leaved sea                                 UR
                var.anoustatum                         lavender
                Linum arencila                         Sand flax                                E        UR
                Mallotonia anaphalodes                 Sealavender                              E
                    Tournefortia c
                                    inal2halod
                Melanthera parvifolia                  Small-leaved melanthera                           UR
                Ophioglossum      palmaturn            Hand fern                                E        UR
                Opuntia compressa                      Prickly pear cactus                      T
                Opuntia cubensis                       Prickly pear cactus                      T
                Opuntia spinosissima                   Semaphore cactus                         T        UR
                Opuntia stricta                        Prickly pear cactus                      T
                Ppuntia tricantha                      Three-spined prickly pear                         UR

                Phyllanthus pentaphyllus               Florida five-petaled                              UR
                                                       leaf flower
                Salvia blodgetti                       Blodgett's sage                                   UR
                Scaevola plumieri                      Scaevola or Inkberry                     T
                Strumpfia maritima                     Pride-of- Big- Pine                      E
                Suriana maritima                       Bay cedar                                E
                Swietenia mahoaani                     West Indian mahogany                     T
                Thrinax floridana                      Florida thatch palm                      C
                Thrinax microcarpa                     Brittle thatch palm                      C
                Tillandsia balbisiana                  Reflexed wild pine                       T
                Tillandsia circinata                   Twisted air plant                        T
                (= Tpag;@ifofia)
                Tillandsia fasciculata                 Wild pine or Air plant                   C
                Tillandsia flexuosa                    Banded wild pine                         T
                Tillandsia setacea                     Needle-leaved air plant                  T
                Tillandsia utriculata                  Giant air plant                          C


                                                               88









                 Tillandsia valenzuelana               Soft-leaved wild pine                   T
                 Traoia saxicola                       Florida Keys noseburn                           UR
                 Vanilla barbellata                    Wormvine orchid                         E
                 Vittaria lineata                      Shoestring fern                         T



                 Note:
                 FDA        Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (list published
                            in Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act, Section 581.185-187,
                            Florida Statutes).
                 E =        Endangered
                 T =        Threatened
                 C =        Commercially Exploited

                 USFWS=United States Fish and Wildlife Service (list published in List of
                            Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, 50 DFR 17.11-12).
                 E          Endangered
                 UR         Under review for federal listing



                                                         TABLE 10


                       FAUNAL SPECIES OF THE COUPON BIGHT AQUATIC PRESERVE
                     AREA THAT ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR
                                                OF SPECIAL CONCERN



                 Scientific Name                       Common Name                             Status
                 INVERTEBRATES                                                        FGFWFC 'USFWS

                 Diploria clivosa                      Knobby brain coral
                 Diploria labyrinth iformis            Grooved brain coral
                 Diploria strigosa                     Smooth brain coral
                 Montastrea annularis                  Small star coral
                 Montastrea cavernosa                  Large star coral
                 Siderastrea siderea                   Starlet coral


                 Ataenius superficialis                Big Pine Key Ataenius
                                                         beetle                                          UR
                 Belocephalus micanopy                 Big Pine Key Conehead
                                                         katydid                                         UR
                 Belocephalus sleighti                 Keys short-winged conehead
                                                         katydid                                         UR
                 Cycloptilum irregularis               Keys scaly cricket                                UR


                                                              89










                  FISH


                  Centropomus undecimalis                  Common snook                           SSC
                  Menidia conchorum                        Key silverside                         T
                  Rivulus marmoratus                       Rivulus                                SSC
                  Starksia, starcki                        Key Blenny                             SSC

                  REPTILES


                  Alligator mississippiensi                American alligator                     SSC
                  Caretta caretta caretta                 Atlantic loggerhead
                                                             turtle                               T            T
                  Chelonia mydas mydas                     Atlantic green turtle                  E            E
                  Crocodylus acutus                        American crocodile                     E            E
                  Dermochelys coriacea                     Leatherback turtle                     E            E
                  Diadophis punctatus acricus              Big Pine Key ringneck
                                                             snake                                T            UR
                  drymachon corais couperi                  Eastern indigo snake                   T            T
                  Elaphe guttata guttata                   Red rat snake                          SSC
                  Eretmochelys i. imbricata                Atlantic hawksbill
                                                             turtle                               E            E
                  Eumeces egregius egregius                Florida Keys mole skink                SSC          UR
                  Kinosternon bauri bauri                  Key mud turtle                         E            UR
                  Lipidochelys kempi                      Atlantic ridley turtle                 E            E
                  Thamnophis sauritus sackeni             Florida ribbon snake                   T

                  BIRDS


                  ajaja ajaja                               Roseate spoonbill                     SSC
                  Charadrius alexandrinus                  Southeastern snowy plover              T            UR
                  Columba leucocephala                     White-crowned pigeon                   T
                  Uregaretta caerulea                       Little blue heron                      SSC
                  Egaretta rufescens                        Reddish egret                          SSC          UR
                  Egaretta thula                            Snowy egret                            SSC
                  Egaretta tricolor                         Louisiana or Tricolor
                                                             heron                                SSC
                  Falco peregrinus                         Peregrine falcon                       E            T
                  Falco sparverius paulus                  Southeastern Kestrel                   T            UR
                  Haliaeetus leucocephalus                 Bald eagle                             T            E
                  Pelecanus occidentalis                   Brown pelican                          SSC
                  Sterna antillarum                        Least tern                             T
                  Sterna dougalii                         Roseate tern                           T







                                                                  90











                MAMMALS


                Odocoileus virginianus clavium       Deer                               E           E
                O[yzomys argentatus                  Silver rice rat                    E           UR
                Procyon lotor ausl2icatus.           Key Vaca raccoon                   T           UR
                Sylvilaclus palustris hefneri        Keys rabbit                        E           E
                Trichechus manatus latirostris       Indian manatee                     E           E




                Notes:


                FGFWFC = Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (list                 published in
                               Section 39-27.03-05, F.A.C.)
                E          =   Endangered
                T          =   Threatened
                SSC        =   Species of Special Concern

                USFWS      =   United States Fish and Wildlife Service (list published in List           of
                               Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, 50 CFR 17.11-12).
                E          =   Endangered
                T          =   Threatened
                UR         =   Under review for federal listing.
                           =   Rare and Endan-gered Biota of Florida. P.C. H. Prichard, Series Editor.
                               Vo. 1-6. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 1978. (Species
                               listed are Threatened.)





                1. REGIONAL LAND USE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS


                1. Regional Land Use and Development

                The south Florida region may be interpreted to include a variety of locations or
                features depending upon: political subdivision, county lines, geological formations,
                climate, watershed or any number of other natural or artificial boundaries. For
                purposes of this discussion, the south Florida region will include Monroe, Dade,
                Broward, Palm Beach, Hendry, Glades, Charlotte, Lee, Collier and the southern
                portion of Martin counties. This delineation is based upon their proximity to the
                aquatic preserve. All counties except Glades and Hendry, which are principally
                agricultural lands, are coastal areas with substantial population densities. All are
                within a five hour driving time of the preserve.




                                                            91








               As an ecological unit the south Florida region is often characterized as the
               Kissi rn mee-Okeecho bee, Everg lades- Florida Bay-Coral Reef system. Water quality,
               accumulation, aquifer recharge, retention, dispersal and use are the common
               elements that unite this region. Water needs of agricultural and urban development
               must be balanced with the need to maintain or restore quality, quantity and
               periodicity of water flow to the larger environmental complex and for aquifer
               recharge. Pollution, depletion, flooding, drought, salt water intrusion, alteration or
               loss of environmentally sensitive wetlands, and priority of use are ongoing issues
               that must be addressed by the public and various management entities.

               Potable water for  the Florida Keys is provided by pipeline   from well fields that tap
               the Biscayne Aquifer in south Dade County. Overland water flow moves south from
               the Kissimmee River basin, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades to enter Florida
               Bay and eventually waters of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Ocean. Because
               these systems -are interconnected, the impacts to one part of the system will
               eventually impact all of the system, depending upon severity and/or duration. The
               aquatic preserve lies 'down stream' of this complex system in the Coral Reef zone.
               It is linked to the larger region both environmentally and economically.

               The Keys have historically been a haven for respite from the heavily developed
               urban areas along the east coast of Florida and the northeastern states. From the
               early days of Flagler's railroad to the present, a large proportion of the visitors to
               Keys are from the neighboring counties to the north. Many are seasonal visitors
               or part time residents. Interstate road system and international airports connect the
               islands with the region and the world.

               U.S. Highway 1 links Key West with the other islands and the mainland of Florida
               with a series of 43 bridges-and several causeways. This is the only arterial
               roadway into or out of the Keys. Key West International Airport lies 30 miles
               southwest of the preserve. Miami International Airport is approximately 130 miles
               northeast via U.S. 1 and the Florida Turnpike. Marathon Airport on Key Vaca offers
               local commuter service to Key West, Miami and several other cities in the region.

               From earliest recorded history, the Keys have been an important maritime area.
               European trade routes and Caribbean basin traffic have linked the islands with the
               rest of the world. Ports in Miami and Key West continue that tradition. They are
               major points of cultural and economic exchange. Cruise ships and tours provide
               additional access for the millions of tourists who visit the area annually. .                        I
               Fisheries were probably one of the primary enticements to the early explorers and
               settlers of the Keys. Sponges, turtles, finfish, conch and spiny lobster supported
               many families and entire villages in some areas. All but protected turtles and queen
               conch are still a mainstay to the local commercial fisheries. Although this industry
               employees a relatively small proportion of the population, it is probably the third
               most important industry in the Keys. Economies are also stimulated by the facilities


                                                         92









                and services related to recreational fishing and accommodations for participants
                from throughout the region.

                Geographically   and historically, the region has been a strategic location for national
                security interests. The U.S. Navy, Coast Guard and Air Force staff and maintain
                several facilities throughout the Keys. Local populations and economies are
                affected by the presence of these facilities. Many of the retired staff have remained
                as residents after service.


                The combination of climate, clear clean waters, coral reefs, abundant fish and
                wildlife -and accessibility are the main attractions to both visitors and residents of the
                Florida Keys. The Keys are the most popular diving destination in the region and
                state and possibly, the continent. Millions of visitors generate billions of dollars to
                the local economies of the Keys and the region. Dive shops, schools, boats,
                lodging, apparel, restaurants, marinas, car rentals, airlines, photography and sundry
                other shops and businesses are geared to the needs and services for this industry.

                2. Local Land Use and Development

                A major portion of the land area adjacent to Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve is
                undeveloped or is developed with low density commercial and residential use
                (Figure 4). Such is not the case for most of Big Pine Key. Intense commercial land.
                use and development has proliferated along the US 1 corridor through the cehter
                of the island. Big Pine is also the fastest growing residential area in the lower Keys.
                Population on Big Pine/Bahia Honda increased from 806 in 1970 to 2,377 residents
                in 1980 (194.9%) (Monroe County, 1984). The 1990 census is predicted to witness
                a similar increase for the last decade.


                (Note: Bahia Honda Key is now entirely under management by the Florida Park
                Service. Residents on the island include only minimal park staff).

                Population growth has placed pressure upon natural resources, infrastructure and
                services. Destruction of Key deer habitat and the freshwater resources of the island
                are of paramount concern. To provide compatible use with conservation of species
                and their habitats, Monroe County designated the Big Pine Key area as an area of
                Critical County Concern in 1986. This designation provides for a Focal Point Plan
                to be prepared to address these issues.* In 1989 this planning process began.
                Limited progress has been made to date (Monroe County, 1990).

                It should also be noted that most development is serviced by septic tanks rather
                than central sewage in the Coupon Bight vicinity. Only one commercial facility has
                a secondary treatment plant. Some new development in wetlands is being required
                to install secondary treatment plants which incorporate boreholes for injection of
                effluents.




                                                            93








                The land area south of US 1 and north of Coupon Bight is typically developed with
                residential, institutional, commercial and limited industrial uses. The Long Beach
                area and the Newfound Harbor Keys south of the Bight are principally low density
                residential or undeveloped.

                For purposes of this management plan, adjoining uplands will be limited to four
                categories based upon type and intensity of use. These designations do not reflect
                any particular zoning or planning area districts as applied by Monroe County
                government. Low density residential will include properties and facilities intended
                for private single family use. Institutional use applies to those areas that are
                primarily used by private entities engaged in education, research, religious or civic
                activities. Commercial and industrial uses will be treated as Commercial/ Industrial
                as intensity of use is similar. The Undeveloped areas category will include those
                lands that are mangrove and transitional wetlands, mangrove islands and pinelands
                or hammocks that are publicly owned. It will also include privately owned lands that
                are deemed unsuitable for development because of environmental sensitivity or lack
                of facilities improvements.

                (a) Low Densi!y Residential: Four improved (access roads a            nd utilities in place)
                subdivisions lie north of the Bight and south of the US 1 roadway. They contain
                approximately 400 lots intended for single family use. Cahill Pines and Palms was
                developed by dredging six dead end canals in the area of the mangrove slough at
                the western shoreline of the island. Half of the main access canal and the western
                most canal connect to the waters of Pine Channel. Those in the east are plugged
                canals with no access to open water. Buildout on the 199 lots is approximately
                60% at this time. Water quality in the canal systems is anticipated to be generally
                poor due to poor design, restricted circulation, septic leachate and hydrogen sulfide
                generated from mangrove muck sediments in the area.

                Piney Point subdivision extends to the southwestern tip of the island. As with Cahill,
                most of this area was developed from dredged spoil material. Development is
                almost exclusively limited to the shoreline of Pine Channel with several short dead
                end canals perpendicular to the shoreline and west of Big Pine Avenue. Several
                lots east of this roadway have been developed with homes. All of the properties
                in this area have been targeted for purchase under the Coupon Bight Buffer Project
                (CARL). Twenty lots and two large parcels have been purchased to date. Ten
                privately owned, undeveloped residential lots adjoin the northern shoreline of the
                Bight. Negotiations for these properties is ongoing.

                Pine Key Yacht Club Estates does not, as the name implies, abut open water. This
                183 lot subdivision was platted in upland habitats with only the southern portion
                adjoining the saltmarsh buttonwood and impounded mangrove slough.
                Improvements are minimal, with the few developed sites primarily restricted to the
                northern one-fourth of the subdivision, closest to US 1.




                                                             94






                      0(3
                                                                                N Myt


                                     LITTLE
                                  TORCH KEY




           RAMROD
             KEY
                                0q
                                                                      COUPON BIGHT
                                                           0A
                      @O


                                                                                                  ....     ... ....
                                                                         AQUATIC


                                              0


                                                                                                  PIC"
                                                                                             VAG
                                               gb 0@1

                                                                        PRESERVE
                                                      COOKS ISLAND
                                                                                                   CHANNEL
                                                                                              HAWX
                   MUNSON                                                         1-o
                   ISLAND
                             BIG MUNSON                    13OU0                               FIGURE 4. Existj%
                                ISLAND                        d""-o
                                                   P,,Serve
                                  ooooo                                                       Undeveloped
                            '01o
                                                                                              PubliC Lands
                         -18'
                              0            .5


                                          1Mile









               Improvements and development in       'the Kinercha subdivision is similar to the Yacht
               Club, with most residences clustered near the US 1 roadway. Dirt roads that are
               heavily overgrown provide access to the saltmarsh and mangrove wetlands to the
               south. Illegal building, land clearing, dumping, poaching, camping, wild fires and
               other activities are evident in these areas because of accessibility and remoteness.

               Two 'paper' subdivisions are also within this area. Tropical Park and Silas Knowles,
               each with 240 lots were platted with little regard for access or natural features and
               landforms. Both lie partially within the extensive area of saltmarsh and mangrove
               wetlands adjoining Coupon Bight.         Random dirt trails and mosquito ditches
               crisscross the wetlands in these areas. They have also been targeted for purchase
               by the CARL program.

               Low density residential development south of the Bight is concentrated in Long
               Beach Estates and on Cooks and Hopkins Islands. Long Beach Estates is divided
               into five sections, A-E. The only naturally occurring 'uplands' in this area consists
               of the low, narrow coastal berm that parallels the Atlantic Ocean in Sections A-C.
               Access is provided by Long Beach Road that effectively separates the berm from
               the mangrove wetlands of the Bight. Section A contains 50 lots, 50% of which are
               platted on undeveloped, privately owned submerged lands. The remaining lots are
               approximately 75% built out. Section B contains 47 lots. One third are platted on
               privately held submerged lands. - Buildout is near 50% on the remaining lots.
               Section D is a 9 acre parcel bf private, undivided and undeveloped submerged
               land. Section E contains 111 platted, undeveloped lots on privately -owned
               submerged lands. A 3500 foot access channel, turning basin and dead end canal
               have been dredged from privately owned submerged lands to provide access to
               Coupon Bight. Depths on either side of the channel are 1-3 feet. Depths in the
               channel range from 6 to 10 feet. Depths in the basin and canal are much deeper.
               Dredged material was most probably used to fill the mangrove wetlands that once
               existed in this area.


               The Atlantic side of Cooks Island was platted with 20 parcels intended for single
               family development.       Some of those parcels have been resubdivided and
               approximately 7 are developed with residences. As with Long Beach, construction
               is limited to the coastal berm. The north shoreline adjoining the Bight is unplatted,
               privately owned mangroves. A single dirt road provides access between the
               parcels. Electricity is available through an aerial transmission line that extends from
               Long Beach to Little Munson Island over the waters of Coupon Bight. However,
               no service is presently provided to Cooks Island residents because the
               transmission line is privately owned by interests on Little Munson Island (City
               Electric, pers. com.). Potable water is provided via individual rain water cisterns or
               brought to the island via boat. Sewage is handled with cesspools, outdoor privy
               and make-shift septic tanks. Private single family docks provide access to Atlantic
               waters of the preserve.



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               Hopkins Island is developed with one residence and a small interior boat basin..
               Water and sewage are provided by the same means as on Cooks Island. Access
               to the waters of the Bight and the Atlantic are afforded by a mangrove-concealed
               canal and a 'wheel channel' between Hopkins and Cooks Islands. The 'wheel
               channel' is also used by residents of Cooks Island to gain access to Coupon Bight.
               No additional development is anticipated on this island because of its small size.

               (b) Institutional Use: Areas north of Coupon Bight and south of US 1 include a
               marine institute, a church and cemetery.          The institute is located on the
               southwestern tip of Big Pine Key. It is a private educational facility that offers
               various terms and courses of study for children and adults. Facilities include
               administrative and dormitory buildings, classrooms, cafeteria and a marina. Most
               activities are water oriented and outdoor classrooms are conducted at the marina
               and in adjacent waters, including those of the preserve. This facility also hosts
               visiting research scientists and intern staff from various colleges and universities.

               The church and cemetery are adjoining properties near the northeast corner of the
               Bight. The cemetery is not, as the name implies, used for in-ground burials, as
               geology and parcel size are not suitable for this activity. A modest crematorium is
               located on the property. Ash is consigned to clients for dispersal or stored in vaults
               on the site.' The church is also of modest proportions with typical buildings, parking
               and open space.

               Big Munson Island is maintained by the Boy Scouts of America who operate a
               primitive adventure camp on the property. There are no permanent improvements
               on the island, nor is any future development planned (S.Wampler, pers. comm.,
               1990)

               (c) Commercial ZI ndustrial: Industrial activity is confined to the north side of the
               Bight. A large barrow pit operation is conducted on 34.87 acres that adjoin the
               northeastern corner on the US 1 roadway. Two low, narrow berms separate the
               actual pit and related slurry from the preserve waters. The pit size doubled
               between 1979 and 1982 and covered approximately 10.5 acres. By 1989 the
               dredged area covered approximately 17.2,acres of former wetlands. Further
               development of the pit is limited by the proximity of US 1 roadway and the church
               to the east and north. Expansion into the wetlands west of the pit is prohibited by
               DER permits.

               A small industrial park lies one quarter mile west of the barrow pit on Industrial
               Boulevard. Activities and facilities include a automotive junk yard, concrete batch
               plant, construction supply and storage yard and an animal control impoundment
               and cremation furnace. This area also accommodates small commercial shops and
               offices. Total area is approximately 10 acres, about half of which occupies former
               wetlands or adjoins existing wetlands near the Bight.



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                Commercial development is principally limited to the US 1 corridor with some
                expansion to the south toward the Bight. Activities and facilities are principally
                tourist and resident support retail sales, accommodations, restaurants and offices.

                South of the Bight there are two commercial resort facilities. A fishing lodge and
                 ampground is located at the eastern end of Big Pine Key with a mix of permanent
                mobile home sites, campsites and motel rooms. A dead end canal and turning
                C

                basin offer access to Florida Bay or the Atlantic via Bogie (Spanish Harbor)
                Channel. This facility is just outside the preserve boundary but many guests
                frequent the area.

                Little Munson Island was originally developed as a small private fishing camp,
                known locally as Sheriff's Island. It was recently sold and has been redeveloped
                as a resort with accommodations, restaurant and multiple docking facilities. Guests
                are transported to the island from Little Torch Key. Cisterns and transport provide
                potable water. Electricity is provided by a privately owned aerial transmission line
                that traverses Coupon Bight from Long Beach. No additional development is
                anticipated on the island.

                (d) Undeveloped Lands:      I The remaining portions of those lands surrounding
                Coupon Bight and on the Newfound Harbor Keys may be considered as
                undeveloped lands. Minor encroachments include vehicle and foot paths, illegal
                dumping, mosquito ditches, mosquito spraying , small barrow pits and an
                abandoned oil drilling platform. The majority of those lands still in private ownership
                are identified for purchase though the CARL fund. Publicly owned lands include
                those already purchased under the Buffer Zone project, F.D.O.T. right-of-way and
                federal lands in the Cactus Hammock and adjacent areas along US 1.

                Purchase of additional undeveloped lands has been identified as necessary to: 1)
                protect sensitive wetlands that are vital to the health and productivity of the aquatic
                preserve; 2) protect valuable and very limited habitat for endangered and
                threatened species and; 3) maintain the aesthetic qualities of one of the more
                pristine areas in the lower Keys. To this end, purchased lands will be maintained
                in or restored to their natural condition, where feasible. Any future development of
                these lands should be limited to that necessary to provide logistic support for the
                on-site management of the resources. Other use of and access to these lands
                should be limited to Department supervised environmental education and research.

                3. Associated Impacts

                On a regional level, impacts to the preserve may be evaluated both from the
                economic and environmental perspectives.           Visitors and part time residents
                contribute substantially to the local economy and tax base. Monies distributed for
                goods and services support existing businesses and foster new development of
                businesses and residences. The natural resource and aesthetic values of the



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               preserve are more difficult to define but are none the less important to the local
               economy.

               Environmentally, the influx of visitors and new residents place added potential for
               increasing use and development that directly affect the aquatic preserve. Increased
               use by boaters, fisherman, divers and snorkelers may stress certain resources of
               the preserve and in some cases will require new or revised evaluations of the
               compatibility of these activities with the long term conservation of biological and
               aesthetic values for which the preserve was established. Maintenance of water
               quality, listed species habitat, viable fisheries, healthy benthic communities and a
               quality recreational experience may be adversely affected by excessive numbers or
               types of activities in the relatively small area of the preserve. At the minimum, a
               system of monitoring the types and intensity of use must be established to
               anticipate some of these impacts.

               Commercial and residential development also impacts the quality and utility of the
               preserve. Excessive or poorly planned development may negatively impact water
               quality, vegetation, listed species, and the biological and aesthetic qualities for
               which the preserve was established. Monitoring of these activities and active.
               participation in, local planning efforts are seen as one avenue of addressing these
               concerns.


               As analysis of regional or local populations, economies, planning and politics are
               beyond the scope of this management plan, many of these existing and anticipated
               impacts to the preserve will be addressed by the legislated statutes and rules and
               within the following chapters of the plan.






















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                                                     CHAPTERIV


                                               MANAGEMENT AREAS



                A. INTRODUCTION


                This chapter of the plan divides Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve into separate
                management areas and establishes the general or special rule criteria for allowable
                uses associated with each management area. Since the statues and rules
                specifically addresses docks, marinas, shoreline stabilization and dredging, the
                primary focus of allowable uses will be directed toward structures and construction
                activities. Non-structural activities are addressed in Chapter V under management
                issues and policy guidelines.

                The intent of establishing management areas is four-fold: 1) to provide a better
                understanding of the general and special criteria designed to preserve and protect
                biological resources and habitat through the management of structure activities and
                design, 2) to identify the types of allowable uses on state-owned lands within a
                preserve, 3) to provide both the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves' staff
                and other agencies a continuity of direction in the management of the preserve,
                and 4) to provide local planners with a guide for land use decisions.

                Section B of this chapterwill establish management area categories based upon
                upland land use and relative values of adjacent aquatic preserve resources. Section
                C delineates minimum criteria for allowable uses in the preserve, as established by
                statute and rule. Section D delineates each management area as to boundaries,
                description of resources and allowable uses, specific criteria and the rationale for
                each designation. It should be emphasized that the management ar         .eas and criteria
                pertain to only state-owned submerged lands. Privately held submerged lands
                are not included within the boundaries or description, nor are they subject to the
                limitations as described for aquatic preserve lands. The upland land use is
                described to reflect the existing use of the adjoining lands at the writing of this plan.
                These descriptions do not reflect, condone, approve or otherwise represent local
                planning regulations, zoning or future land use designation.



                B. MANAGEMENT AREA CLASSIFICATIONS


                The management areas are determined by identifying and delineating relatively
                homogenous areas of (1) adjacent upland uses, and 2) natural resources in the
                aquatic preserve. The upland use classifications acknowledge the local
                government's decision as to how a specific upland area can be used or developed.
                By necessity, the classification of management areas in this system is broader than
                county zoning or planning areas (e.g., Commercial/Industrial (CI) compared to the


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                Monroe County Urban Commercial (UC) and Suburban Commercial Planning
                Districts). The land use categories employed in this management plan are intended
                to group similar uses relative to the types of structures and activities that may be
                associated with each and to establish the types of uses and activities that may be
                authorized on state-owned submerged lands within the preserve. Thus a portion of
                the aquatic preserve that is adjacent to an upland area characterized by detached
                single-family residences in an improved subdivision would be identified as Single-
                family or SF prefix. Specific land uses to be incorporated in the classification of
                management areas include:

                       Single-Family Use (5a. This category is defined by state-owned lands
                       adjacent to lands designated by the local government Land Use Plan as
                       single family residential. Use of the aquatic preserve is solely for private,
                       recreational activities. This category will not include family fisheries
                       operations that are conducted upon a residential property. Fishing is
                       considered a revenue generating activity and will be considered a
                       commercial use.

                       Multi-Family Use (MF): This category    represents state-owned lands adjacent
                       to uplands designated in the local Land Use Plan as multi-family residential.
                       This designation may include preserve lands adjacent to a group of single
                       family property owners, as in the.case of a homeowners' association, that
                       may share common areas and amenities for the mutual benefit of the group.

                       Commercial-Industrial-InstitutionaI Use (Cll):, This broad category represents
                       state-owned lands adjacent to lands designated for these uses in the local
                       Land Use Plan. It is also intended to incorporate structures or facilities on or
                       over state-owned lands whose use involves the charging of fees or
                       generation of revenue. Exceptions to this are federal, state or county owned
                       properties that may charge a nominal fee, these facilities are considered a
                       public use. Examples of CII uses are marinas that charge fees, business
                       concerns, such as, dive shops, guide services, boat rentals, industry, and
                       private educational facilities, that depend heavily on their direct access to the
                       aquatic preserve in order to function, and establishments such as
                       hotel/motels and restaurants, that use their direct access to the aquatic
                       preserve as an economic enhancement. The structures associated with this
                       category are many and diverse, including docks, marinas, ship stores,
                       fishing piers, boat ramps, mooring buoys, utilities and pilings.

                       Single-family-Commercial Fishery Use (SF-CEh This category may include
                       structures associated with commercial fishing, lobstering or crabbing, even
                       though these activities may be conducted from a residence. A facility in the
                       SF-CF category will be considered a commercial use and will be required to
                       obtain a submerged lands lease pursuant to Chapter 18-21.005(l)(b).



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                      Public Lands Use (PL): This category includes aquatic preserve areas
                      adjacent or adjoining: facilities owned and/or operated by state, federal or
                      local agencies for use by the general public at no charge or for a minimal
                      fee; public services, such as roadways and utilities; and open waters beyond
                      500 feet from riparian shorelines or 100 feet from privately owned
                      submerged lands. Certain lands within this category may have restricted or
                      limited access depending upon season and/or management objectives and
                      existing resources. Examples are identified rookeries, critical habitat of
                      endangered species, patch reefs, controlled research areas, and areas being
                      restored.


               The natural resources portion of the classification system is established by
               evaluating the quality of a particular submerged or emergent resource within the
               preserve. Resources will be identified either as a Primary Resource Protection
               Area (PRPA) or a Secondary Resource Protection Area (SRPA). The
               methodology used to determine this resource value shall be consistent with the
               latest methodology approved by the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves.
               Discrepancies in Management Area Maps and actual resources on a site will be
               decided by onsite surveys and evaluation by preserve staff.

               The Primary Resource Protection Areas are those areas recognized as having
               the greatest value to the overall biological integrity and diversity of the preserve.
               They are assigned a value of 1 ". A PRPA essentially combines Resource Protection
               Areas 1 and 2, as defined in Sections 18-20.003(31), and 18-20.003(32), F.A.C.
               Resource attributes which determine a PRPA include:

               1 .    non-exotic and non-invasive aquatic/wetland vegetation (e.g., marine and,
                      freshwater grasses, attached algae, mangroves, marsh vegetation) that
                      covers more than 1% of the surveyed area;

               2.     harvested bivalves (e.g., hard clams and oysters) with a clam frequency of
                      20% or greater within the survey area or oyster bars with a total surface area
                      greater than five square meters;

               3.     unvegetated soft-bottom communities (i.e., infaunal invertebrates) with a
                      Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index greater than 1.00;

               4.     hard-bottom communities (e.g., corals, soft corals, sponges, algal beds) that
                      have a frequency greater than 5% within the survey area;

               5.     species designated as endangered, threatened, or of special concern (as
                      contained in the most recent updates of the Florida Game and Fresh Water
                      Fish Commission and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) that occupy or use
                      the area for habitat (e.g., feeding, breeding, refuge or nesting); and



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               6.     nesting sites for solitary or colonial birds.


               State-owned lands that are characterized by the absence of the above resource
               attributes will be identified as a Secondary Resource Protection Area (SRPA)
               and assigned a resource value of "2". A SRPA is a Resource Protection Area 3, as
               define by Section 18-20.003(33), F.A.C.

               As stated previously, resource values are to be incorporated into the classification
               of management areas. For instance, if an area within the preserve is determined to
               be a Primary Resource Protection Area with a value of 1 and the adjacent uplands
               is zoned as single-family (SF), then this management area would be classified as
               SF/1.
                   I



               Q. MINIMUM CRITERIA FOR ALLOWABLE USES


               Chapter 18-20, F.A.C., provides the minimum standards with regard to the utilization
               of state-owned submerged lands within an aquatic preserve. The minimum
               standards for each allowable use are detailed below.



               All Dock Structures: Section 18-20.004(5)(a), F.A.C., states that all docking
               facilities within an aquatic preserve shall meet the following standards and criteria:

               1 .    no dock shall extend waterward of the mean or ordinary high water line
                      more than 500 feet or 20% of the width of the waterbody at that particular
                      location, whichever is less;

               2.     areas of significant biological, scientific, historic, and/or aesthetic value
                      require special management considerations. Modifications to docks in these
                      areas may be more restrictive and shall be determined on a case-by-case
                      basis;

               3.     the number, lengths, drafts, and types of vessels allowed to utilize the
                      proposed facility may be stipulated;

               4.     where local governments have more stringent standards and criteria for
                      docking facilities, the more stringent standards for the protection and
                      enhancement of the aquatic preserve shall prevail;







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               Private Residential Single Docks: Section 18-20.004(5))(b), F.A.C., states that
               private residential single docks,as defined by Section 18-20.003(23), F.A.C., shall
               conform to the following specific design standards and criteria:

               1.     any main access pier shall be limited to a maximum width of four feet;

               2.     must be designed and constructed to ensure maximum light penetration;

               3.     terminal platform must access a minimum of -4 feet depth at MLW;

               4.     when the water depth is -4 feet MLW at an existing bulkhead, the maximum
                      dock length from the bulkhead shall be 25 feet, subject to modifications
                      accommodating shoreline vegetation overhang;

               5.     wave break devices shall be designed to allow for maximum water circulation
                      and built in such a manner as to be part of the dock structure;

               6.     the maximum size of the terminal platform shall be 160 square feet;

               7.     dredging to obtain navigable water depths is strongly discouraged.


               Private Residential Multi-Slip Docks: Section 18-20.004(5)(c), F.A.C., states that
               private residential multi-slip docks, as defined by Section 18-20.003(24), F.A.C.,
               shall conform to the following design standards and criteria:

               1 .    the area of sovereignty submerged land preempted by the docking facility
                      shall not exceed the square footage amounting to ten times the riparian
                      waterfront footage of the affected waterbody of the applicant, or the square
                      footage attendant to providing a single dock in accordance with the criteria
                      for private residential single docks, whichever is greater. A conservation
                      easement or other such restriction acceptable to the Board must be placed
                      on the riparian shoreline, used for the calculation of the 10:1 threshold, to
                      conserve and protect shoreline resources and subordinate/waive any further
                      riparian rights of ingress and egress for additional docking facilities;

               2.     docking facilities and access channels shall be prohibited in Resource
                      Protection Areas 1 and 2 (= PRPA), except as allowed pursuant to Section
                      258.42(3)(e)l, F.S., while dredging in Resource Protection Area 3 (= SRPA)
                      shall be strongly discouraged;

               3.     water depths adjacent to and within the proposed mooring area shall have
                      a,minimurn clearance of one foot between the deepest draft of the vessel
                      and the submerged bottom at MLW;



                                                        105








               4.      main access piers and connecting walks shall not exceed six feet in width;

               5.      terminal platforms shall not exceed eight feet in width;

               6.      finger piers shall not exceed three feet in width and 25 feet in length;

               7.      pilings may be utilized as required to provide adequate mooring capabilities;

               8.      specific provisions of Section 18-20.004(5)(d), F.A.C., for commercial,
                       industrial, and other revenue generating/income related docking facilities
                       shall also apply to private residential multi-slip docks.


               Commercial-Industrial Docking Facilities and Marinas: Section 18-20.004(5)(d),
               F.A.C., states that commercial, industrial, and other revenue generating/income
               related docking facilities, as defined by Section 18-20.003(10), F.A.C., shall conform
               to the following specific design criteria and standards:

               1 .     docking facilities shall only be located in or near areas with good circulation,
                       flushing, and adequate water depths;

               2.      docking facilities shall not be located in Resource Protection Areas. 1 and 2
                       (= PRPA); however, main access piers may be allowed to pass through
                       Resource Protection Area 1 or 2 that are located along the shoreline to
                       reach an acceptable Resource Protection Area 3 (=SRPA), provided that
                       such crossing will generate minimal environmental impact;

               3.      the siting of docking facilities shall take into account the access of boat
                       traffic to avoid marine seagrass beds or other aquatic resources in the
                       surrounding area;

               4.      the siting of new facilities within the preserve shall be secondary to the
                       expansion of existing facilities when such expansion is consistent with other
                       standards;

               5.      the location of new facilities and expansion of existing facilities shall consider
                       the use of upland dry storage as an alternative to multiple wet slip docking;

               6.      marina siting will be coordinated with local governments to ensure
                       consistency with local plans and ordinances;

               7.      marinas shall not be sited within state designated manatee sanctuaries;





                                                          106









               8.     in any areas with known manatee concentrations, manatee warning/notice
                      and/or speed limit signs shall be erected at the marina and/or ingress and
                      egress channels, according to Florida Marine Patrol specifications.

               Exceptions to the standards and criteria for any docking facility may be considered,
               but only upon demonstration that such exceptions are necessary to ensure
               reasonable riparian ingress and egress. The following special criteria and standards
               are also applicable for use of state-owned submerged lands in the Florida Keys.


               Florida Keys Marina and Dock Sitings Criteria: Section 18-21.0041 (1) establishes
               general policies and specific criteria for applications for leases, easements or
               consent to use sovereignty submerged lands in Monroe County for multi-slip
               docking facilities. Section 18-21.9941 (1)(a) provides that special attention and
               consideration shall be given to the following:                                    4

               1 .    the proximity to and potential adverse impacts on any rare, threatened or
                      endangered species, or species of special concern, or their habitat, or on
                      any portion of the entire Florida Reef Tract and other corals;

               2.     eliminating any adverse impacts on wetland or submerged vegetation or
                      benthic communities; and

               3.     requiring adequate tidal flushing and/or circulation; and

               4.     maintaining or enhancing water quality at levels within or above State water
                      quality standards; and

               5.     requiring adequate water depths to avoid dredging and other bottom
                      disturbance; and

               6.     requiring consistency and conformity with local government land use plans,
                      zoning and other land use or development regulations; and

               7.     requiring consistency and conformity with Chapters 27F-8, 27F-9, 27F-10,
                      27F-11, 27F-12, 2717-13, and 27F-15, F.A.C., as amended, "Principles for
                      Guiding Development in the Florida Keys Area of Critical State Concern."


               Section 18-21.0041(l)(b) 1. provides for a moratorium on all leases in the upper
               Keys until such time as rules are adopted for a Keys-wide aquatic preserve or until
               the Monroe County Comprehensive Plan with marina sitings policy is adopted,
               whichever occurs first.






                                                       107









               Section 18-21.0041 (1) (b) further requires that:

               2.      no docking facilities shall be approved which require either dredging or filling
                       to provide access by canal, channel, road, or any other means, except for
                       maintenance dredging of existing canals, basins, or channels, providing such
                       maintenance does not exceed currently acceptable water depths;

               3.      docking facilities shall only be approved in locations having adequate water
                       depths in the boat mooring, turning basin, access channels and other such
                       areas to accommodate the proposed boat use;

                       a. a minimum depth of -4 feet MLW shall be required;

                       b. greater depths for those facilities designed for or capable of
                       accommodating boats having greater than a 3 foot draft, so t1lat a minimum
                       of one foot of clearance is provided between the deepest draft of a vessel
                       and the bottom;

                       C. depth requirements shall also apply to the area between the proposed
                       facility and any natural or other navigation channel, inlet or deep water.
                       Where necessary, marking of navigational channels may be required. At the
                       Board's discretion, the conditions of the lease may stipulate the number,
                       lengths, drafts and types of vessels to be moored in a facility.

               4.      Requirements for the size of the dock:

                       a. no dock shall exceed 500 feet in length, unless the  Board determines that
                       it is not contrary to the public interest;

                       b. no dock shall preempt more than 20% of the affected waterbody;

                       c. a dock intended for the use of a private residence, which is not subject
                       to obtaining a lease, shall not exceed 4 feet in width, terminal plaff orm
                       shall not exceed 160 square feet, the width of which shall not exceed
                       8 feet;

               5.      Special conditions for new or expanded docking facilities for 10 or more
                       boats require that water quality standards be maintained, monitored, and
                       that violations of same are to be corrected and establishes penalties for
                       failure to do so;

               6.      New or expended docking facilities will identify ways to improve, mitigate or
                       restore adverse environmental impacts caused by previous activities and
                       encourages marina development to locate in already developed or disturbed
                       areas;



                                                         108









                7.      Docking facilities for 10 or more boats shall be required to have a lease;

                8.      All applicants will be required to provide documentation to show that there
                        is an economic demand for the number of boat slips requested, if the
                        number is not consistent with the Department's Projections of Marina Needs
                        for Monroe County;

                9.      multi-slip docking facilities shall not be considered for approval if located
                        over a benthic community, except main access docks that may cross
                        benthic communities to reach acceptable areas. This shall not preclude
                        applications for consent of use for the purpose of using the minimum
                        amount to obtain reasonable ingress and egress; and

                10.     the Board may grant special considerations to the approval of leases or
                        other consent to use state lands for projects which are approved by the
                        Department of Community Affairs which are for the purpose of furthering the
                        commercial fishing village or commercial fishing enterprise zone concept.


                Sale,   Lease, or Transfer of Lands: Section 18-20.004(l)(b), F.A.C., states that
                there   shall be no further sale, lease, or transfer of sovereignty lands within an
                aquatic preserve unless such transaction is in the public interest. Section 18-
                20.004(2), F.A.C., specifically defines the public interest test (see Appendix A for a
                copy of Chapter 18-20, F.A.C.). Section 18-20.004(l)(e), F.A.C., states that a lease,
                easement, or consent of use may be authorized for only the following activities: (1)
                a public navigation project; (2) maintenance of an existing navigation channel; (3)
                installation or maintenance of approved navigational aids; (4) creation or
                maintenance of a commercial/industrial dock, pier, or marina; (5) creation or
                maintenance of private docks; (6) minimum dredging of navigation channels
                attendant to docking facilities; (7) creation or maintenance of oil and gas
                transportation facilities; (9) creation, maintenance, replacement, or expansion of
                facilities required for the provision of public utilities; and (10) other activities which
                are a public necessity or which are necessary to enhance the quality or utility of the
                preserve and which are consistent with the Florida Aquatic Preserves Act (Sections
                258.35 and 258.46, F.S.). Section 18-20.004(1)(f), F.A.C., states that structures to
                be built in, on, or over sovereignty lands are limited to those necessary to conduct
                water-dependent activities.


                Utility Easements: Section 18-20.004(3)(c), F.A.G., states that utility cables, pipes,
                and other such structures shall be constructed. and located in a manner that will
                cause minimal disturbance to submerged resources (e.g., seagrass beds, corals)
                and do not interfere with traditional uses. It will be policy to-place additional utilities
                within designated corridors or existing easements unless no other reasonable
                alternative exists.



                                                            109








                Spoil Disposal: Section 18-20.004(3)(d). F.A.C., states that spoil disposal within an
                aquatic preserve shall be strongly discouraged and may be approved only where
                the applicant has demonstrated that there is no other reasonable alternative and
                that the spoiling activity may be beneficial to, or at a minimum, not harmful to the
                quality or utility of the preserve. It will be the policy to prohibit spoil disposal onto
                a PRPA within the aquatic preserve.


                Piers: Piers shall be constructed in accordance with the minimum criteria provided
                by Section 18-20.004(5)(b), F.A.C. In addition, the following conditions apply to all
                piers: (1) the entire structure will be elevated to a minimum of 5 feet above the
                MHWL, (2) hand rails will be installed around the perimeter of the structure, (3) at
                least one "Docking Prohibited" sign in English and Spanish language will be posted
                and maintained on each side of the pier, (4) no temporary or permanent mooring
                of vessels will be permitted, and (5) dredging is prohibited when associated with
                pier construction and/or maintenance.


                Ramps: Boat ramps will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. Factors to be
                evaluated will include: (1) the extent of alteration or elimination of natural resources
                or habitat (e.g., seagrasses, shoreline vegetation, nesting areas), and (2)
                accessibility to the rampfrom water and land routes (e.g., adequate water depths
                over sovereignty submerged lands). In no event shall dredging or filling of
                sovereignty lands in a PRPA be authorized.



                Additional criteria for the repair, replacement, and expansion of existing structures
                are provided for in Chapter 18-21, F.A.C. Replacement and expansion of structures
                must comply with the minimum criteria provided for in Chapter 18-20, F.A.C.

                Criteria more restrictive than those listed in Chapter 18-20, F.A.C., will be used if the
                biological and physical conditions of an area warrant it. As an example, docks may
                be limited in size to protect seagrasses and coral beds. Areas requiring more
                stringent criteria will be referred to as special management areas and such areas
                will be labeled with the additional letter "a" on resource maps. Again, as an
                example, if management area SF/1 requires more restrictive criteria, then this
                special management area would be classified as SF/1 a.









                                                           110











               Q. MANAGEMENT AREAS


               In this section, each management area is delineated with boundaries, descriptions,
               and allowable uses. Specific criteria and supporting rationale for each special
               management area is also provided. Final determination of allowable uses will be
               made by the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves staff on a case-by-case
               basis. Figure 5 is a map of all management areas within the preserve. The purpose
               of providing this map is to give some general guidance and an understanding of
               where the management areas lie within the preserve.

               Some of the management areas are subdivided to reflect specific upland uses in
               association with differing boundaries. As an example, two or more upland parcels
               may have little or no upland development, yet each parcel may have a different
               designated use. Other management areas may have a specific activity occurring
               within that is not reflective of the overall upland use. For instance, an upland parcel
               consists of a motel with a large dock that is adjacent to marine grass beds. The
               dock may have preceded the aquatic preserve designation, therefore it would be
               unreasonable   -to remove the facility. Conversely, future expansion of commercial
               activities will not be allowed to expand in the management area because of the
               presence of marine grasses.

               The Multi-family Residential Management Area (MF) is established to recognize that
               certain Monroe County Land Use Districts allow attached residential dwelling units
               as a minor conditional use (e.g., Native Area District, Sub Urban Residential, Sub
               Urban Commercial). The Single-family-Commercial Fishery (SF-CF) is also
               established to recognize certain activities that are conducted from a residence
               within the Fishing Village Districts or as grandfathered in an Improved Subdivision
               District.


               It should be noted that the following described boundaries include only state-
               owned submerged lands and uplands. Privately held submerged lands and
               riparian uplands are excluded from the boundaries, as provided for in Section 18-
               21.0041(3).


                                          MANAGEMENT AREA PL/1 a
                               (public lands/primary resource protection area)
                                            special management area

               Boundaries: This management area includes all sovereignty submerged lands within
               the Coupon Bight portion of the preserve and all submerged lands on the Atlantic
               shoreline beyond 500 feet from riparian shorelines of Long Beach Estates and the
               New Found Harbor Keys, excluding those areas described in Management Areas
               SF and CII. This management area will also include all lands acquired under the
               Coupon Bight CARL project administered by the Division of State Lands.








               Description: The lagoon area is characterized by fringing mangroves, mangrove
               islands, hardbottom and marine grassbed associations. The shallow baylets and
               mangrove areas provide feeding and refuge habitat for wading and diving birds.
               State and federally owned lands adjoining the Bight exhibit beach/berm, salt marsh,
               buttonwood, pineland and tropical hardwood hammock associations and are prime
               habitat for the endangered Key deer and other species. The Atlantic portion is
               characterized by hardbottom, marine grassbeds, sand/mud banks and coral
               formations.


               Present upland development adjoining the area north and east of the Bight (except
               Management Areas CII) is limited to abandoned mosquito ditches, dirt roads, an
               isolated residence and an abandoned drilling platform. Existing land use
               classification is Native Area and Offshore Island, both of which allow single family
               dwellings. All lands immediately adjoining the Bight are included within the
               proposed Coupon 13ight CARL project boundary. On the southwest tip of Big Pine
               Key, lots in Piney Point are zoned Improved Subdivision and 3 of the unpurchased
               lots are developed with single-family residences that do not have riparian access.
               The remaining lots adjoining the Bight are undeveloped but have access to
               improved roads and utilities.

               Other upland uses on the eastern shoreline of the Bight include state owned
               hi ghway right-of-way and private lands zoned as Native Area by local government.
               The federally owned Cactus Hammock preserve prQvides a small parking area and
               nature trails.


               A private utility easement traverses open waters of the Bight from Long Beach
               Estates to Little Munson Island., The northern shorelines of the New Found Harbor
               Keys are undeveloped (except Management Area CII) fringing mangroves with
               Native Area or Offshore Island zoning. Submerged resources in this area -are
               typically lush grassbeds.

               Allowable Uses: Private residential single docks; utility easements; mooring buoys;
               navigation aids; approved preserve signs; and boardwalks built according to the
               minimum criteria for single family docks and incorporating the specific criteria
               below.


               Specific Criteria: The access pier of a dock shall be elevated to minimum of 4 feet
               above the mean high water line (MHWL) with the terminal platform elevated to a
               height sufficient to allow safe access into and out of a moored boat; trimming or
               removal of fringing mangroves shall be limited to the minimum required for the
               access pier of the dock or boardwalk to reach open water. Handrails and/or
               signage may be required to discourage docking at the access pier or other portions
               of the dock that traverse waters of less than -4 feet MLW.






                                                       112









               Boardwalks shall be limited to the riparian upland, with the exception of sovereignty
               submerged lands adjacent to public lands, in which case they shall meet the
               minimum design criteria for single family docks and be constructed in such a
               manner as to allow maximum light penetration, natural flow of waters and have
               hand rails to prevent pedestrian access to traversed wetlands. Boat docking or
               mooring within 500 feet of a boardwalk is prohibited and "Docking Prohibited" signs
               will be displayed on the waterward face(s) of the structure. The only exception to
               the 4 feet width shall be to accommodate public access for documented
               handicapped use. If a public boardwalk is intended for handicapped use, 11 will be
               allowed to have 3 feet wide by 6 feet long by-pass(es) at 300 feet interval(s) on one
               or the other side of the main walkway.

               Off shore structures will be limited to mooring buoys and navigational aids that will
               be established in the vicinity of the patch reefs to discourage boat groundings and
               anchor damage. The design and placement of mooring buoys shall be supervised
               by appropriate field staff and all aids to navigation shall be Coast Guard approved.

               Rationale: The dock criteria are designed to limit impacts to important marine
               resources, such a mangroves, corals and marine grasses. Dock widths, heights
               and terminal platform coverage are necessary to prevent shading of these
               resources. Minimum depths are necessary to prevent scouring of bottom features
               and to prevent excessive suspension of sediments by prop wash. Public access
               elevated board walks are preferable to use of foot trails that compact soils, create
               erosion channels and destroy saltmarsh vegetation in wetland areas. Heights and
               widths of boardwalks are intended to reduce shading and to eliminate obstructions
               to Key deer and natural water flow.



                                          MANAGEMENT AREA SF11
                              (single family/primary resource protection area)

               Boundaries: This area includes those sovereignty submerged lands near the center
               shoreline of Coupon Bight on Big Pine Key, the Atlantic shoreline of the Newfound
               Harbor Keys and the platted shoreline of Long Beach Estates from the MHW line
               out to 500 feet from shore.


               Description: Submerged lands are characterized by fringing mangroves, scattered
               grass beds, coral banks, coral heads and hardbottom communities. Riparian
               shorelines are typically beach/berm and altered saltmarsh buttonwood or mangrove
               wetlands. Marine turtles frequent the beach/berm shorelines of Long Beach
               Estates and Cooks Island for nesting. This area also provides resting and foraging
               habitat for the endangered Key deer and numerous bird species.




                                                        113









               Allowable Uses: Private residential single docks; mooring buoys; approved
               preserve signs; and shoreline stabilization incorporating special provisions below.

               Shoreline Stabilization: Projects shall be limited to the use of native wetland or
               beach/berm vegetation. No new seawalls, rip rap, fencing or other structures shall
               be authorized on state-owned submerged lands and will be discouraged on riparian
               uplands. Removal of vegetation and/or alteration of shoreline contours shall be
               strictly discouraged. As with docks, existing structures will be investigated and
               encroachments upon sovereignty lands will evaluated within thd context of whether
               prior authorization and/or permits were secured and whether the structures are in
               conformance with the provision of Chapter 18-21.004(l) (Management Policies,
               Standards, and Criteria) and (2) (Resource Management) for state-owned
               submerged lands.

               Non-conformina Docks: All existing docks not presently in conformance with
               minimum criteria established in Sections 18-20.004(5) and Section 18-21.0041(b)
               .shall be investigated. Those built prior*to adoption of this plan by the Board of
               Trustees and having obtained all other valid permits, shall be designated a non-
               conforming use. Upon application to repair more than 50% or replace these non-
               conforming structures, any approved application shall reflect adherence to the
               present single family criteria or it shall be denied.

               Those structures erected after adoption of this plan and not in compliance with
               these criteria, or other structures undertaken without benefit of permit or
               authorization, or authorized structures not in conformance to approved design and
               placement shall be deemed not in compliance with single family criteria and shall
               be cited as a violation of Chapter 18-21.0041 (Florida Keys Marina and Dock Siting
               Policies and Criteria) and the provisions of this management plan. Such structures
               deemed to be in violation shall be brought into compliance within 120 days of
               adoption of this plan. and/or after proper notice to the riparian owner.

               Rationale:   Dock criteria are established to provide optimum protection of
               submerged resources and still provide riparian access to waters of the preserve.
               Preservation of native shoreline vegetation and topography are essential to the
               conservation of several endangered and threatened wildlife and plant species and
               to provide some degree of protection from wind and waves associated with tropical
               storms.















                                                        114










                                            MANAGEMENT AREA MF/l a
                              (multi-family area/primary resource protection area)

                Boundary: This management area is tentatively established to accommodate
                facilities for the exclusive use of riparian property owners within the SF/1 and/or
                PL/ 1 a management areas should multi-family use be approved for riparian uplands
                adjoining the preserve. This management area may include a dock for a group of
                single-family homeowners, such as a homeowners association, which may wish to
                construct a dock for the mutual benefit of the participating riparian property owners.
                The designation of this management area does not encourage a greater density
                or intensity of land use but is intended to discourage the proliferation of single-
                family docks and would therefore ameliorate the cumulative impact of these
                structures on certain valuable resources. Inclusion of any or all riparian property
                owners, not currently having a dock is encouraged. There are currently no
                specifically des ignated areas in the preserve. Applications for multi-family docks will
                be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

                Descrigtion: Locations for private residential multi-slip docks would typically be in
                Primary Resource Protection Areas adjoining riparian lands in the Native Area, Sub
                Urban Residential and Sub Urban Commercial Land Use Districts, as currently
                defined by Monroe County. A proposed facility would be for the private recreational
                use of affected riparian owners.

                Allowable U$es: private residential multi-slip docks (restricted); approved preserve
                signs

                Specific Criteria: Applications for MF/1a shall adhere to the minimum criteria
                established for private residential multi-slip docks in Section 18-20 (5) (c) 1 -8 and the
                more stringent criteria for the Florida Keys in Section 18-21.0041 (1) (a) and (b).
                Fueling facilities, covered structures, commercial use (including family fisheries), fish
                cleaning tables, non-water dependent- activities and live aboard vessels shall be
                strictly prohibited.

                Additionally, facilities designed for more than 10 vessels shall be required to obtain
                a submerged lands lease. Conditions to a lease may include, but are not limited to:
                1) installation and maintenance of navigational aids, where deemed necessary to
                avoid patch reefs, large coral heads and grassbeds; 2) installation and maintenance
                of appropriate signage informing the owners of the importance of the natural
                resources of the aquatic preserve; and 3) specific design criteria for access piers
                to reduce impacts to shoreline vegetation, topography and endangered/threatened
                species and their habitats.

                Rationale: The restrictive criteria are intended to reduce impacts to shallow water
                habitats while providing riparian access to waters of the preserve. Several patch
                reefs and numerous large coral heads lie within one half mile of the Atlantic


                                                           115









               shorelines of Long Beach Estates and the New Found Harbor Keys. A single multi-
               slip dock and navigational aids marking access to safe waters would significantly
               reduce impacts in these areas. A proliferation of single docks on each lot would
               disrupt the foraging and resting activities of the Key deer and wading birds, as well
               as, the nesting activities of marine turtles. Numerous individual docks would also
               negatively impact marine grassbeds, corals, and shoreline vegetation.



                                          MANAGEMENT AREA C11111a
                                      (commercial-industrial-institutional/
                                       primary resource protection area)
                                            special management area

               Bounda[)L. This management area will include all sovereignty submerged lands
               adjoining the U.S. 1 right-of-way and barrow pit at the northeast corner of Coupon
               Bight from the MHWL to 200 feet from shore.

               Description: Adjoining     uplands are composed of saltmarsh, buttonwood,
               beach/berm and impounded mangroves. Submerged lands are shallow baylets with
               fringing mangroves, marine grassbeds, hardbottorn and mud/sand flats. Water
               depth is less than two feet on high tide. This area provides a valuable corridor for
               movement for the endangered Key deer from the north to south on Big Pine Key
               and hosts a multitude of resident and migratory bird species.

               Allowable Use:      Right-of-way improvements; approved preserve signs; utility
               easement (limited)

               Specific Criteria: Activities in this management area will be limited to the following:
               1) improvements or repairs to U.S.1 right-of-way and existing public utilities; 2)
               restoration of lands acquired by the CARL program to their natural topography and
               condition; 3) applied research directed specifically towards restoration of these
               habitats or the preservation of endangered or threatened species; 4) protection of
               wading bird nesting and feeding areas; 5) conservation of listed plant species; 6)
               limited access for Department supervised public environmental education; and 7)
               approved preserve signs and minimal public facilities to conduct these activities.

               Ration ale: All undeveloped lands within this management area are part of the
               proposed CARL Buffer Project and are primarily jurisdictional wetlands. South or
               west expansion of the barrow pit into wetlands is prohibited by FDER permit.
               Existing uses and activities are negatively impacting wildlife, vegetation, topography,
               rates of water flow and the quality of water entering the Bight. These activities are
               not water dependent and can be conducted outside the aquatic preserve.
               Submerged lands are shallow baylets with fringing and dwarf mangroves, not
               suitable for navigation or docks.


                                                         116









                                        SUB-MANAGEMENT AREA C1111a
                                       (commercial-industrial-institutional/
                                        primary resource protection area)
                                             special management area

                Bounda[y: This management area encompasses a narrow easement for the existing
                aerial electrical transmission lines that traverses lands of the preserve from the
                western end of Long Beach Estates to Little Munson Island. This overhead line is
                privately maintained by the resort facility on Munson Island.

                Descrigtion: The submerged resources in the area are primarily lush marine
                grassbeds. The aerial line presents a visual encroachment on the aesthetic
                resources of the preserve. It also presents a potential hazard to public safety,
                navigation and bird life.

                Allowable Use: Commercial Utility Easement (Limited)

                Specific Criteria: The existing aerial line shall be maintained in safe condition to
                prevent accident or injury to the public and resources of the preserve. Any
                application to replace or substantially repair all or portions of the line or poles shall
                be evaluated by the anticipated impacts to marine grassbeds. In no event shall
                dredging be authorized to access, repair or replace the line. Tug, barge or other
                equipment to access or operate in the area shall be of a draft that does not
                substantially disturb or prop dredge the bottom. Applications for such work shall
                be required to contain a description of the types, draft and numbers of vessels or
                equipment to be used and a detailed plan and time frame for restoring and
                replanting areas that may be damaged. Owners will be encouraged to seek an
                alternate means of supplying electricity to the island. Expansion or upgrading of
                the facility (involving more or larger poles or supplying service to other properties)
                will be discouraged.

                Rationale:   The line and poles traverse extremely shallow waters with lush
                grassbeds and narrow passes between Long Beach and all of the Newfound
                Harbor Keys. Conventional marine construction equipment could inflict serious
                damage to marine grassbeds in the area. The overhead lines are depicted as a
                navigational hazard on charts for the area. Passes are too shallow for sailboat
                (fixed keel) traffic but small sailboats do anchor leeward of the islands. Winds and
                waves associated with major storms could knock down poles or bring down
                portions of the power line into waters of the preserve creating hazards to navigation
                and public safety.







                                                          117








                                           MANAGEMENT AREA ClyLa
                                       (commercial-industrial-institutional/
                                       secondary resource protection area)
                                             special management area

                BoundgU: Those submerged lands included within Sovereignty Submerged Lands
                Lease No. 441230285 and the intervening area between the two parcels to a
                distance of 300 feet from the MHWL of the north shoreline of Little Munson Island
                (a.k.a. Sheriff's Island, Munson, and Little Palm Island). Additionally, those
                submerged lands from the MHWL to 50 feet from shore on the southern shoreline
                of said island for a distance of 1000 linear feet as an approved modification to the
                abovelease.


                Description: This management area is established to recognize the existing
                commercial use on Little Munson Island, consisting of a small hotel/motel,
                restaurant, two'private docks, 800 feet +/- perimeter dock, boat basin, rip rap
                shoreline and amenities associated with a resort operation. Anticipated uses of the
                existing facilities on sovereign lands include private dockage for guests and
                employees of the facility, commercial tours, fishing, snorkeling, swimming, diving
                and other water dependent activities associated with the docks.

                The specific boundary includes all state owned submerged lands currently under
                lease for the in water structures. The area between the two docks on the north
                shoreline is included within the management area since submerged resources are
                relatively sparse as a result of past use and the exposed nature of the shoreline.
                Natural resources within this boundary include scattered mangroves, scattered
                grassbeds, hardbottom and mud/sand banks. The remaining submerged lands
                adjoining the island and this management area are in Management Area PL/1 a and
                shall be managed accordingly.

                Allowable Uses: Commercial-industrial Docks (limited)

                Specific Criteria: Existing facilities and use shall be confined to the leased area and
                management area boundary. No expansion or new facilities will be authorized and
                all conditions of the existing lease shall be honored. No live aboards and no fueling
                facilities are authorized. Boats greater than 26 feet in length are strictly prohibited
                on the south perimeter dock and all boats moored at either of the three docks are
                required to maintain at least one foot clearance between the deepest draft of the
                vessel and the bottom, as provided by Chapter 18-21.0041 (1)(b)3(a). All portions
                of docks  'over waters less than - 4 feet MLW shall have hand rails or signage to
                discourage boat mooring in those areas.

                Seaplanes, individual internal combustion water craft (jet ski, jet boat, etc.) and ultra
                light air craft are not considered traditional uses within the preserve and typically
                encroach upon other management areas and other traditional uses. Therefore,



                                                         .118









                 rentals or use of sea planes or ultra light air craft from the managern       ent area will
                 be expressly discouraged. Jet skis and jet boats are expressly prohibited.

                 All commercial activities, other than the water dependent activities listed ab    ove must
                 be contained on the riparian uplands.             Concerts, conventions, exhibitions,
                 competitions (races, contests, games, etc.), tournaments, entertainments,
                 advertising, and other events or activities that would generate boat density beyond
                 the mooring capacity of the existing dock facilities are discouraged and shall be
                 conducted outside the aquatic preserve.

                 Rationale: The island and immediate vicinity have. been traditionally used as a small
                 private fish camp. Areas immediately adjoining the island have been severely
                 impacted by past dredging, boating and erosion. The area south of the island is
                 an expansive, shallow and productive marine grassbed. The area to the east of the
                 island is composed of fringing mangroves and lush grassbeds. The area to the
                 west and north provides access to'deeper waters in New Found Harbor (Pine)
                 Channel and a dredged access channel.

                 Restrictions and prohibitions of certain aircraft and watercraft are deemed
                 necessary to preserve the biological and aesthetic qualitie      's of the preserve. Boats
                 with greater than 3 feet draft disturb bottom features, suspend sediments with prop
                 wash and are imminently more inclined to prop dredge marine grassbeds in the
                 vicinity of the island. Sea planes, jet boats, jet skis and ultra light aircraft are
                 disruptive to feeding and resting activities of wading and diving birds that frequent
                 shallow waters in the preserve. Operation'of sea planes and individual water craft
                 in shallow water also disturbs marine grassbeds and young mangroves and is most
                 often in direct conflict with other traditional activities such as fishing, swimming, and
                 snorkeling. Ultra light aircraft similarity disturb bird life and disrupt feeding activities.
                 of certain types of fish thereby encroaching upon feeding success of the birds and
                 interfering with recreational fishing activities. Key deer are    -easily panicked by low
                 flying aircraft and all aircraft over both the Key Deer Refuge and the Great White
                 Heron Refuge are restricted to 500 feet altitude by federal law. The aesthetic
                 enjoyment and privacy of other preserve visitors and residents of the area are also
                 encroached upon.

                 Restrictions and prohibitions of certain commercial activities is deemed appropriate
                 for several reasons. The listed activities are of a nature that would invite broad
                 public participation, thereby generating excessive boat traffic in the vicinity, creating
                 potential hazards to navigation and disrupting or interfering with other traditional
                 uses and the marine resources of the preserve. These activities are either not
                 water dependent or could be as effectively conducted outside the aquatic preserve.






                                                             119










                                            MANAGEMENT AREA SF-CF
                                      (single family-commercial fishery area)

                Bound@N: No designated Fishing Village Land Use Districts presently adjoin the
                aquatic preserve. This management area is tentatively established to accommodate
                existing or future designations of single family fisheries enterprises that are
                conducted from a residence that may involve use of a dock on or over state-owned
                submerged lands.

                Description: This management area may potentially include several locations in
                Management Area SF/la or PL/la that exhibit marine grassbeds, mangroves,
                beach/berm and hardbottom habitats. It shalf apply to any future proposed use
                and to existing uses where the riparian owner has properly filed for grandfathering
                with Monroe County and/or where a riparian owner holds an occupational license
                to conduct such activities on said property. Existing and proposed facilities will be
                reviewed on a case by case basis to evaluate impacts to state-owned submerged
                lands.


                This management area designation shall not apply to privately held submerged
                lands where such activities are conducted, except by negotiated agreement with the
                Board of Trustees and the affected owner (Chapter 258.40(l), F.S.). However,
                fishing facilities, vessels and structures on privately owned submerged lands shall
                not encroach upon, damage resources of or preempt use of state owned
                submerged lands in the preserve.

                Allowable Use: Private Residential Single Docks, Commercial-industrial Docks
                (Limited)

                Specific Criteria: All existing and proposed docks on state-owned submerged lands
                within the management area conducting fisheries operations shall conform to the
                single family dock design criteria previously established. Additionally, riparian
                owners having docks in this management area or in other management areas that
                are not presently under lease shall make application for a lease within 120 days of
                adoption of this plan and after appropriate notice by the Division to affected owner.

                Those docks that do not presently conform to the single family criteria shall be
                assessed according to the compliance/ conformance criteria set forth for
                Commercial/Industrial -docks. Those docks found to be not in compliance and/or
                those found to be in violation of authorized permits or lease shall be brought into
                compliance as outlined for Management Area SF/1 within one year of adoption of
                this plan and after approp  riate notification of affected owner.

                The following criteria shall also apply to these facilities and activities: 1) liveaboard
                vessels, fueling facilities- and/or fuel storage are expressly prohibited; 2) dipping or
                storage of traps shall be confined to riparian uplands with appropriate buffers to


                                                          120









                contain run-off on site; 3) there shall be a minimum of 1 foot clearance between the
                deepest draft of vessel(s) and the bottom at MLW; and 4) in-water holding pens or
                trap storage, mechanical loading of traps and/or mechanical off loading of catch
                in not authorized.


                Rationale: Residential family fisheries are recognized as a traditional land use in
                residential subdivisions where grandfathered by Monroe County "and in the
                Commercial Fishing Village District. All revenue generating/income related activities
                on state-owned submerged lands are required by rule Chapter 18-21.005(l)(b) to
                lease preempted lands. The single family dock criteria is intended to provide
                riparian access while providing maximum protection of marine resources within the
                preserve.













































                                                        121






                          0@3                                                                  BIG PINE KEY

                                                                                                                                                     BIG MANGROVE
                                                                                                                                                            KEY
                                             LITTLE
                                                                                                                          fife.
                                          TORCH KEY

                                                                                               -all I I I I I I I I I I rl.*-,



                                                                                                                               ift;                  SPANISH HARBOR
            RAMROD
               KEY
                                       O'R
                                                                    m...                COW T811ORT.

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                                                                    .dr







                                                           4@L
                                                         %0
      LA.)
                                                                                                                                                ..A


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                                                                                                                                                              -12.



                                                                                                                              COONEL

                                                                                                                FIGURE 5. Management Areas
                                               S                             60
                                                                                                                          PL/10   Public Lands/PrImary
                                                                                                                                  Resource Protection Area
                                                                                                                                  Special Management Area
                                                                                                                ME=
               12'.1 "-                                                                                                   SF/1    Single-Family/PrImary
                                                                                                                                  Resource Protection Area
                               -18'                                                                                       CII/la Commerclai-indusifial-instituflonal/
                                      0                .5                                                                         Primary Resource Protection Area
                                                        I                                                                         Special Management Area
                                                     1 Mile                                                               CII/2a Commercial-industdal-instituflonal/
                                                                                                                                  Secondary Resource Protection Area
                                                                                                                                  Special Management Area
                                                                                                                          Private Lands




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                                                     CHAPTER V


                                     SITE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES



                The first part of this chapter deals with management issues involving specific
                activities, as opposed to permitted structures, that -directly affect the biological
                integrity of the Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve. The issues that are specific to this
                area include, but are not limited to: conflicting uses, increasing air and watercraft
                traffic, the protection of designated species and their habitat, the protection of bird
                feeding and resting areas, research needs, damage to marine resources,
                acquisition of environmentally sensitive lands, and boundary extension. Other
                issues may arise as future use intensifies and these will be identified as they
                develop.

                The  second part of this chapter establishes policy guidelines for these issues.
                These policy guidelines are intended to provide additional management direction
                and supplement those set forth by Chapter 258, F.S., Chapters 18-20 and 18-21,
                F.A.C., or Chapter IV of this plan.


                A. MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND SPECIAL NEEDS



                1. CONFLICTING USES


                To some extent many of the issues identified in this section are directly related to
                uses that may fulfill one in.dividual or groups needs but are in conflict with another's
                activities (or safety) and/or the legislative intent for establishing the preserve.
                Activities that compromise or damage resources may not always seem significant
                unless cumulative impacts are taken into account. Any of the following activities
                should be evaluated for the long-term cumulative impacts.

                Vessel mooring for extended periods shades submerged grasses and may create
                hazards to navigation. Prevailing easterly winds and weak tidal currents within the
                Bight tend to hold anchored boats in the same orientation for extended periods of
                time, especially during the summer months. Extended periods of shading reduces
                photosynthetic activity in benthic vegetation. Liveaboard vessels and other boats
                often compound impacts with chemicals, wastes and sewage that are introduced
                to surrounding waters, whether intentional or accidental. Boat operation and
                anchorage in shallow water disturbs bottom communities and resuspends
                sediments that affect light penetration to vegetation and coral. (Policy Guidelines 1,
                2, 10, & 13.)




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                Anchoring on or near coral formations causes considerable damage from anchors
                and anchor lines that break or chaff corals. Boat groundings on the shallow reefs
                are frequent. Poor navigational skills and visability are major causes of groundings.
                Divers (scuba and snorkel) can and do damage corals and other marine life. The
                inexperienced and uninformed touch and stand on formations, inflicting wounds and
                opening a colony to infection or predation. (Policy Guidelines 6, 10 and 12.)

                Spear fishing and marine life collecting are believed to have seriously altered
                species, age and size class distribution on the patch reefs in the preserve.
                Removal of large predatory fish encourages a proliferation of grazing omnivores
                that feed on algae, as well as corals. Removal of the 'aquarium size' fish and
                invertebrates alters food webs and ecological partitioning on the patch reef.
                Diversity and the long term stability of these environments may be compromised.
                Lobster trap retrieval methods inflict similar damage when traps are dragged over
                the bottom or are set too close to coral formations and lines become entangled.
                Hook and line fishing introduces fishing tackle that also becomes entangled in
                corals and gorgonians. (Policy Guidelines 7, 8 & 10.)


                2. INCREASED AIR AND WATER CRAFT USE


                The past use of seaplanes in the preserve has given rise to heated outrage by
                many of local fishermen and residents -and is extremely disruptive to bird life and
                the Key deer. The north half of Coupon Bight (southern boundary of the Great
                White Heron National Wildlife Refuge) is federally restricted air space. There is no
                locally specified air port district which allows this type of activity, nor is there a
                designated federal landing area in the vicinity. The use of commercial or private
                seaplanes an.d ultra light air craft are not compatible with the traditional uses
                recognized for the preserve. Nor are these uses compatible with the resource
                management goals outlined in Chapter VI of this plan. (Policy Guideline 14.)

                Logically, the numbers and types of watercraft within any given body of water must
                be compatible with the available space and existing water depths. Additionally, one
                must consider the purposes for designating the preserve; to manage primarily for
                the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife
                and public recreation. As populations increase so do the numbers and types of
                watercraft in the preserve. Increased pressure on limited resources and space
                invariably generates conflicts with other visitors and the intent of the preserves
                management philosophy for the natural resources.               Preservation of natural
                conditions is critical to maintaining fish and wildlife habitats. If preserve visitors are
                to experience safe areas for swimming and snorkeling, quiet areas for fishing and
                wildlife observation, some regulation of boating traffic is essential. (Policy Guidelines
                2, 4, 6, 10 & 13.)




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                3. PROTECTION OF DESIGNATED SPECIES AND THEIR HABITAT


                The Great White Heron and the Key Deer Refuges were federally established to
                provide minimum habitat for these two designated species. Designated animal
                species are not sedentary but traverse and utilize a wide variety of habitats, many
                of which are not included within the refuge boundaries.             These and other
                designated species are frequent visitors to or 'residents' of Coupon Bight Aquatic
                Preserve. (Policy Guidelines 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, & 15.)

                Key Deer: Habitat and corridors for movement from the New Found Harbor Keys
                and the Cactus Hammock Preserve to the main deer population on Big Pine Key
                must be maintained and protected to the greatest extent possible. To that end, all
                activities in the preserve will be reviewed within the provisions of the Key Deer
                Recovery Plan and will be subject to recommendations from the Key Deer Refuge
                Management Plan. Proposals to rehabilitate disturbed wetlands will also evaluate
                such activities as to how they would positively or negatively impact the deer. For
                example, backfilling abandoned mosquito ditches may reduce mortality of young
                deer that fall or are chased into the ditches and drown. Conversely, some of the
                ditches may retain fresh water that is vital for the deer during the winter dry season.

                Listed Bird Species: Colonial wading and diving birds nest in close proximity to the
                preserve and use the area extensively for feeding and resting. The shallow baylets,
                mangroves and saltmarsh buttonwood areas are especially attractive to them.
                Destruction of grass beds and mangroves, boat traffic in shallow waters and
                vehicular traffic in the saltmarsh buttonwood areas disrupts or destroys vital habitat
                and inhibits expansion of nesting areas. Ground nesting birds are equally subject
                to disturbance from foot and vehicular traffic.


                Marine Turtles: The limited beach/berm habitats in the preserve are the only
                suitable nesting areas for these globally depleted reptiles. Roads, buildings and
                other structures eliminate much of this needed area. Beach lighting during the
                nesting season disorients hatchlings and may contribute significantly to mortality
                when young turtles crawl onto roadways instead of towards the water. Exotic
                plants and mechanical beach 'cleaning' may also damage nests or discourage
                nesting crawls.    Entanglement with nets, traps, buoy lines and fishing lines,
                ingested plastics, poaching (eggs or turtles), and wounds from boat propellers are
                also serious problems.

                Other Listed Wildlife Species:      As additional species are listed or as more
                information becomes available about the life histories and habitat needs of presently
                listed species, certain activities and management policies may need to be
                established or revised to reflect these changes. For the present, all state owned
                lands will be maintained in their 'essentially natural condition,' as listed species'
                affinity for these types of areas has been demonstrated.



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               Listed Plant Species: To the greatest extent possible, state owned lands within the
               preserve should be protected from land clearing, mangrove trimming and
               topographic alterations that would negatively impact habitats for these plants.
               Collecting, vehicular and foot traffic, altered water flow and herbicides represent
               serious impacts to the plants themselves and the habitat required for their survival.
               Pineland communities that would benefit from ecological burning should be
               identified and appropriate measures taken to institute a fire regime when deemed
               necessary. Restoration of historic plant communities and eradication of invasive
               exotic plants would also enhance habitat for these species and wildlife.


               4.     DAMAGE TO SUBMERGED RESOURCES


               Damage may be due to natural events, such as hurricanes or disease but is most
               often the direct result of man's activities in or adjacent to the preserve. Tropical
               storms may erode or bury grass beds, topple coral formations or blanket them with
               sediments. These are natural cyclic events that have occurred for thousands of
               years but as previously noted, the capabilities for recovery of these communities
               may be inhibited by the activities of man.

               Poorly planned development and placement of docks or other structures impact
               submerged resources by increasing run-off, shading benthic vegetation and
               encouraging utilization of Shallow water areas for boating. Inexperienced boaters
               and careless boat operation in shallow waters are responsible for propeller scouring
               or dredging of marine grass beds and.damage to corals. Less visible is the
               damage caused by careless divers and snorkelers, degraded water quality, and the
               alteration of community structure from collecting fish and invertebrates.( Policy
               Guidelines 1, 4, 5, 7, & 10.)



               5.     RESEARCH NEEDS


               Current research will hopefully provide a better understanding of the origins,
               processes, extent and severity of black band disease on coral reefs and the
               extensive mortality of marine grassbeds in Florida Bay. Since both of these
               phenomena (and others) are a regional concern, and since the coral and grassbed
               communities are habitat for a broad range of commercially and biologically
               significant species, all efforts to identify affected areas and garner funding support
               for research are considered a major priority.

               Water quality research and monitoring are also a priority. The shallow, semi-
               enclosed configuration of Coupon Bight is not conducive to good flushing or tidal
               exchange. Knowledge of the sources, concentrations and long term effects of
               pollutants that enter waters of the preserve are needed. Chronic or episodic



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               release of polluted water into the Bight could devastat      e the lagoon. (Policy
               Guideline 9.)


               6.     ACQUISITION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE LANDS


               An extensive area of saltmarsh, buttonwood and mangrove wetlands lies to the
               north of the Bight. This area also contains pinelands, berms and tropical hardwood
               hammocks that are under pressure for future development. As noted in Chapter 111,
               most of this area has been targeted for purchase under the CARL program.
               Several mangrove islands and several tracts of privately held submerged lands
               should also be included within this program.           These areas are presently
               undeveloped and only minor alterations of natural features has occurred. The
               islands are potential colonial nesting bird habitats. The submerged land areas are
               in effect 'out holdings' within the boundary of the preserve. Present Monroe land
               use regulations provide for a broad range of activities within the Off Shore Island
               and Native Area Districts. These uses and activities are not compatible with the
               intent or the management objectives of the aquatic Preserve. (Policy Guidelines 3
               & 11.)



               7.     BOUNDARY EXTENSION


               Large coral heads and significant hardbottom and grassbeds lie seaward of the
               present Atlantic boundary. These areas are in waters from -12 to -18 foot depths.
               Extension of the boundary to -15 foot contour would create a buffer zone adjacent
               to the patch reefs. Marking of the boundary at this point would alert boaters to the
               submerged reefs before they are too near to avoid thern.( Policy Guideline 12.)


               8.     DEVELOP ARTHROPOD CONTROL PLAN


               Past and present mosquito control activities have and will continue to impact
               resources within the aquatic preserve. Ditching and drainage have severely altered
               natural water flow, vegetation and habitat quality in the preserve. Aerial or ground
               application of insecticides and carrier substances for aerial mosquito control may
               introduce toxic substances into waters of the preserve.           Coordination and
               cooperation with the local mosquito control district to develop a mutually acceptable
               management plan is imperative to protect human health and welfare and the
               aquatic resources of the preserve. (Policy Guideline 15.)







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                B. POLICY GUIDELINES

                This section of the plan contains a number of management policies that address
                the issues identified as being particular to Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve.
                Adoption of these policy guidelines will provide specific direction for managing
                those issues not addressed directly by statute or rule. The major policy guidelines
                for these issues include:


                1.     Promote recognition of the fact that marine grassbeds and corals provide
                       valuable habitat and food sources for a variety of organisms essential to the
                       biological integrity of the preserve. This biological integrity translates into
                       significant economic value to this region, especially in terms of recreation,
                       tourism and fisheries.


                2.     Reduce the impacts of marine grassbed prop dredging and coral damage
                       by establishing no (motor) boating zones by seeking appropriate rule
                       changes and/or in combination with local government ordinances, and by -
                       establishing navigation aids where needed.

                3.     Promote the acquisition of privately owned mangrove wetlands and
                       submerged lands to enhance the available habitat for endangered,
                       threatened and species of special concern and to maintain scenic vistas and
                       aesthetic qualities of the preserve.

                4.     Protect valuable feeding and resting areas for birdlife and Key deer by
                       prohibiting jet skis and (motor) boat operation in shallow waters, by seeking
                       appropriate rule changes.

                5.     Protect all biological resources by prohibiting fueling facilities and fuel
                       storage in the preserve, by seeking appropriate rule changes.

                6.     Protect coral patch reefs from boat anchor damage and overuse by
                       establishing a mooring buoy system on larger patch reefs.

                7.     Protect the biological diversity and ecological balance of the patch reefs,
                       hardbottom and marine grassbed communities by seeking legislation that
                       would prohibit or substantially      regulate collecting of algae, fish and
                       invertebrates in the preserve.

                8.     Establish non-consumptive use zones on the larger patch reefs of the
                       preserve. These management zones would be closed to consumptive uses
                       such as, spearfishing, hook and line fishing, lobstering, and marine life
                       collecting.




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               9.     Identify specific research needs and actively seek support on a Division level
                      for research funding.

               10.    Promote the protection of marine and upland resources by disseminating
                      literature and conducting environmental education activities, both on and off
                      site.


               11.    Promote acquisition of privately held, environmentally sensitive lands to
                      protect upland and marine resources.

               12.    Support extension of the Atlantic preserve boundary to the -15 foot contour
                      to protect large coral formations and provide a buffer zone to the patch
                      reefs.


               13.    Protect water quality, aesthetic values and benthic communities by seeking
                      appropriate legislation to prohibit or restrict extended mooring in the Coupon
                      Bight portion of the preserve.

               14.    Reduce impacts to Key deer, feeding and nesting birds and aesthetic
                      appreciation of the preserve by seeking appropriate federal and state code,
                      statute or rule changes to prohibit commercial and private aircraft from flying
                      less than 500 feet over or landing in the preserve.

               15.    Reduce or eliminate adverse-impacts to biological resources of the preserve
                      by coordination and booperation with Monroe County Mosquito Control
                      District and the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services to develop
                      a mutually acceptable arthropod control management plan for the preserve
                      area, pursuant to Chapter 388.411, F.S.



















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                                                  CHAPTER V1


                                        MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN



               The purpose of this chapter is to establish guidelines that allow for the sound
               management and protection of the aquatic preserves natural resources for the
               benefit of future generations (Section 258.35, F.S.)

               Before an effective program can be designed to manage'and protect natural
               resources, one must complete an inventory of the resources, establish what their
               functions are, decide the importance of these functions, and where these resources
               are located.    Additional efforts will consist of identifying those activities or
               parameters that affect these resources, either positively or negatively.          This
               information will form the foundation from which action will be initiated to manage
               and protect these resources. The management strategies for an aquatic preserve
               program must consist of a variety of components such as resource management,
               resource protection, research, and environmental education.

               In general, the role of the program in management of the aquatic preserve includes:
               1) providing information on the ecological functions and economic importance of
               resources within the preserve, 2) overseeing those activities that affect the natural
               resources, 3) ensuring that accurate biological and physical information is
               considered in permitting and planning decisions, 4) ensuring that all statutes and
               rules regarding the preserve's natural resources are complied with and that
               violations of these provisions are investigated and corrected by appropriate
               enforcement agencies, 5) conducting on site surveys for specific activities, 6)
               coordinating with other resource management and enforcement agencies, 7)
               educating the public on the inherent values associated with natural resources, 8)
               conducting or cooperating with a comprehensive management program that can
               be periodically updated to reflect the dynamics of natural systems and the changing
               needs of man and the resources. To achieve those ends this section of the plan
               establishes goals and identifies the supportive objectives and develops policy
               statements and tasks to accomplish those goals.

               For all of the following goals, objectives and tasks, the Department of Natural
               Resources will, when appropriate and practical, participate with other agencies and
               organizations dedicated to protecting the local resources. In order to avoid
               duplication of effort the Department will initiate programs only when they do not
               overlap or compete with programs operated by other governmental agencies or
               non-profit corporations.






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               A. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


               The overall goals of resource management within aquatic preserves are: 1)
               conducting and maintaining resource inventories, 2) assessing the impact of human
               activities on the resources, 3) establishing habitat restoration programs, and 4)
               cooperating with other agencies in assessing, improving and/or maintaining
               conditions that are conducive to preserving the resources and water quality.


               GOAL A.1: CONDUCT AND MAINTAIN RESOURCE INVENTORIES



               Objective A.1.1: To conduct and maintain a resource inventory of submerged
               resources for the aquatic preserve. .

                      Task A.1.1.1: Conduct an inventory of marine grassbeds, algal beds, coral
                      banks, patch reefs and hardbottom areas by using LANDSAT imagery, aerial
                      photography, and groundtruthing efforts every three years.

                      Task A.1.1.2: The data base generated from these inventories will be used
                      to create and maintain biological resource maps that will be consulted when
                      assessing a proposed activity or evaluating potential impacts from manmade
                      or natural events not otherwise anticipated.

                      Task A. 1. 1.3: These inventories will be available to public agencies involved
                      in resource management and land planning.


               Ob2ective A.1.2: To conduct and maintain a resource inventory of emergent
               vegetation and habitats for the preserve lands.

                      lask A.1.2.1:      Conduct and maintain an inventory of mangroves,
                      buttonwood/saltmarsh, beach/berm, pinelands, hammocks, and other
                      shoreline vegetation in and adjacent to the preserve by using LANDSAT
                      imagery, aerial photography and groundtruthing efforts every three years or
                      more often if deemed necessary.

                      Task A.1.2.2: The database generated from these inventories will be used
                      to create and maintain biological resource maps that will be consulted when
                      assessing a proposed activity or evaluating potential impacts from manmade
                      or natural events not otherwise anticipated.

                      Task A. 1.2.3: These inventories will be available to public agencies involved
                      in resource management and land planning.



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                Ob'ective A. 1.3: Conduct and maintain inventories of designated species and their
                habitats for the preserve.

                        Task A.1.3.1: Conduct and maintain inventories of designated species and
                        their habitats by using data from existing literature, managing agencies, field
                        observations and current research studies every three years or more
                        often if deemed necessary.

                        Task A.1.3.2: Coordinate with appropriate management and enforcement
                        agencies to ensure that preserve management decisions and public actions
                        or activities are compatible with the viability and management of a species
                        or habitat.



                Ob'ective A.1.4: To conduct and maintain inventories of wading and diving birds
                and their habitats in the preserve.

                        Task A.1.4.1: Conduct and maintain inventories of coastal waterfowl and
                        -migratory bird species that feed, nest, roost and loaf in the preserve and
                        adjacent areas by using existing literature, bird counts, field observations,
                        and current research studies every three years, or more often if deemed
                        necessary.

                        Task A.1.4.2: Coordinate with approp(iate management, enforcement and
                        research agencies to ensure that preserve management decisions and
                        public actions or activities are compatible with the viability and management
                        of a species or habitat.

                        Task A. 1.4.3: Coordinate with public or conservation agencies that may be
                        conducting similar inventories of species, populations, life histories, migration
                        patterns and habitat needs where mutual benefits in knowledge and
                        management objectives are to be gained.


                GOAL A.2: ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES/CUMULATIVE
                IMPACTS



                Obiective A.2.1: To inventory and assess the effects of human activities on the
                natural resources of the preserve.

                        Task A.2.1.1: Survey and inventory structures and construction activities in
                        the preserve every three years, or more often if deemed necessary. This
                        survey shall contain at a minimum:



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                              a) types of structures (dock, pier, seawall, rip-rap, piling, mooring
                              buoy, utility pole, etc.);

                              b) design of structures (width, length, height above MHW, square
                              footage of access pier and terminal platform, number of pilings,
                              number and size of finger piers, construction material (wood, boulder
                              or concrete), deck spacing, material treatment (pressure and/or
                              chemical treated), type of anchorage for buoys or pilings, etc.);

                              c) the water depth at the terminus of the structure and/or relation to
                              MHW line for shoreline stabilization;

                              d) number of boats using a structure;

                              e) functional condition of the structure;

                              f) any accessory facilities and ancillary uses associated with         the
                              structure;

                              g) the structure's use category (e.g., single family, commercial, etc.);

                              h) an inventory of the biological resources within the preempted area
                              and within 25 feet of the structure or activity;

                              i) a survey of all dredged areas including:

                                     1) the location, length, width, and depth of the dredged area;.
                                     2) depth of profiles of the surrounding area;
                                     3) traditional use of the area;
                                     4) biological resources in the dredged and surrounding area;
                                     5) whether the dredged area is a private or public project;
                                     6) review of information on pre-existing resource conditions;
                                     7) potential alternatives to alleviate the need for maintenance
                                     dredging (shoreline stabilization, wave baffles, etc.); and
                                     8) whether channel markers may be needed to direct traffic
                                     away from adjacent submerged resources.

                              j) a survey of all shoreline stabilization projects, including:

                                     1) location and total length of riparian shoreline;
                                     2) length of the shoreline stabilization;
                                     3) design of project;
                                     4) review of existing and pre-existing    biological resources in
                                     the vicinity of the structure;



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                                     5) whether the project is effective in stabilizing the shoreline;
                                     and
                                     6) whether toe rip-rap or mangrove plantings may improve
                                     upon the effectiveness of the structure.

                              k) a determination as to whether the structure or activity complies
                              with the applicable statute or rule and with lease, easement or
                              consent of use conditions, where appropriate;

                       Task A.2.1.2: Survey and inventory human activities within the preserve
                       annually. This inventory will include at the minimum:

                              a) numbers of individuals or groups involved in activities by category
                              (consumptive, non-consumptive, water dependent, non-water
                              dependent, commercial, recreational, educational, etc.) from weekly
                              patrol logs, reports, or expanded visitor surveys and monitoring;

                              b) illegal, unsafe or ecologically disruptive activities: and

                              c) activities that require additional monitoring to evaluate intensity or
                              trends in use of the preserve or its resources.


                Obeective A.2.2: To assess cumulative impacts of construction activities and
                structures on the resources of the preserve.

                       Task A.2.2.1: All activities and structures will be surveyed as outlined in
                       Policy A.2.1.1 and appropriate files kept and updated every three years to
                       establish net loss or gain of resources as related to structures and
                       construction activities. Files shall contain at the minimum:


                              a) size, configuration and preempted area of the structure and related
                              use;

                              b) a survey of the biological resources within the preempted area and
                              within 50 feet of the preempted area;

                              c) condition and extent of those resources as related to previous
                              surveys (grassbeds expanding or declining, prop scouring,
                              establishment of different type of community, etc.);

                              d) whether existing use is consistent with type use activity authorized.





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               Obiective A.2.3. Assess impacts of human activities on resources of the preserve.

                      Task A.2.3.2: Survey major access and use areas for impacts to natural
                      resources associated with human activities. This file shall contain but is not
                      limited to the following information;

                             p) assessments of areas or resources damaged by visitors or
                             transient traffic in the preserve (erosion, pollution, destruction of
                             vegetation, interruption of wildlife habitat or behavior, vessel
                             groundings, prop dredging, turbidity, trash dumping, etc.);

                             b) illegal or unauthorized activities that require assistance from other
                             agencies or enforcement authorities to resolve;

                             c) management     alternatives to alleviate impacts; and

                             d) recommendations for management.


               GOAL A.3: HABITAT RESTORATION



               Objective A.3.1: Restore or enhance suitable habitats or resources where feasible.

                      Task A.3.1.1: Using resource inventories generated from Goal A.1., identify
                      those resource areas that have been or are being negatively impacted by
                      external influences. These influences may include, but are not limited to;
                      prop scars, spoil banks, dredged areas, boat grounding areas, clearings,
                      dumping, mosquito ditches, erosion, abandoned traps or vessels, exotic
                      vegetation, and roads.

                      Task A.3.1.2: Prioritize potential restoration areas according to severity of
                      impact to the immediate resources and to the overall functional integrity of
                      the preserve.

                      Task A.3.1.3: Develop procedures and guidelines for addressing the priority
                      areas for restoration, such as exotic plant removal, beach clean-up, removal
                      or planting of spoil banks, revegetating grassbed or mangrove areasi
                      enhancing listed species habitats, removal of derelict vessels and
                      abandoned traps, filling in mosquito ditches, reestablishing historic water
                      flows, etc.







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                      Task A.3.1-4: Investigate and contact other agencies, groups, institutions,
                      and individuals who may be available to provide scientific, logistic, financial,
                      enforcement, manpower or other support in accomplishing the habitat
                      restoration or enhancement.


                      Task A.3.1.5: Monitor and review progress on restoration projects.

                             a) Monitor restoration procedures while in progress and restored
                             areas on at least an annual basis.
                             b) Maintain accurate records of the project including but not limited
                             to:

                                     1) type of project;
                                     2) anticipated results;
                                     3) benefits to the resource;
                                     4) location, date, parties involved, duration of project;
                                     5) completion date;
                                     6) monitoring schedule;
                                     7) results or changes observed;
                                     8) additional maintenance or monitoring required;
                                     9) estimated cost of project in time and funding;
                                     10) an assessment of the success of the project or an
                                     explanation of why anticipated results were not achieved;
                                     11) recommendations as to how the project could or should
                                     be improved upon; and
                                     12) if the procedure could or should be used for future or
                                     similar projects.


               GOAL A.4.: RESTORE,        ENHANCE OR MAINTAIN WATER QUALITY


               Oboective A.4.1.: Coordinate with appropriate agencies to improve and/or maintain
               water quality in the preserve.

                      Task A.4.1.1: Acquire, maintain and review all records of water quality data
                      for the preserve area.

                      Task A.4.1.2: Coordinate with regulatory and management agencies in
                      identifying and managing areas within the preserve that may be contributing
                      to sedimentation or other undesirable impacts to waters of the preserve
                      (mosquito ditches, compaction of soils and channelization of run-off from
                      roads, previous land clearing, etc.).




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                       Task A.4.1.3: Report suspected or identified instances of violations to
                       appropriate regulatory and enforcement agencies.

                       Task A.4.1.4: Support and assist, whenever possible, programs or research
                       that will contribute to improving water quality or providing additional
                       information on the status of the subject in the preserve area.




               B. RESOURCE PROTECTION


               In order to maintain the biological integrity of the aquatic preserve, it is imperative
               to protect the resources that comprise the system. In most cases, it is not feasible,
               nor is it desirable, to provide protection for individual species that are a part of the
               various habitats that make up the preserve. Therefore, the goals of resource
               protection outlined in this element will be directed toward protecting the habitats
               that are vital to the survival of the species and in conjunction with other habitat
               types are the functional basis of biological integrity and stability within the preserve.
               These goals include: 1) protection of submerged resources (patch reefs, coral
               banks and heads, grassbeds and hardbottom habitats), 2) protection of emergent
               vegetation (mangroves, saltmarsh/buttonwood, beach/berm and tropical hardwood
               hammock habitats), and 3) protection of designated species habitats.



               GOAL BA.: PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED RESOURCES



               Objective B. 1. 1.: Minimize potential damage to submerged resources through the
               review of applications for use of state-owned lands in the aquatic preserve.

                       Task B.1.1.1.: Develop a written description of a scientifically based,
                       standardized method to inventory the resources of the preserve. At a
                       minimum, this method will contain the following information:

                              a) The area to be surveyed will be described:

                                      1) as a polygon, and
                                      2) it will include a buffer zone surrounding the project of
                                      sufficient size to include a majority of the potentially affected
                                      area.












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                       b) How the survey is to be performed:

                              1) The submerged bottom, including:

                                     i.     a description of all communities/habitats,
                                     ii.    a description of the bottom type,
                                     iii.   depth profiles,
                                     iv.    tidal amplitude and stage,
                                     V.     a physical description of the surrounding waterbody,
                                     vi.    adjacent and adjoining uses, and
                                     vii.   distance to navigation channels:

                              2) The shoreline, including:

                                     L      a description of the vegetation,
                                     ii.    a description of the! shoreline type,
                                     iii.   a description of existing structures,
                                     iv.    a description of adjoining and adjacent uses,
                                     V.     presence/absence of listed animal species or their
                                            habitat or whether known to occur in the area; and
                                     vi.    presence/absence of other wildlife or their signs.

                       c) A definition of a Resource Protection Area (RPA). This definition will be
                       used to determine if significant resources or habitats exist within the area of
                       expected impact. An RPA will include, but is-not limited to:

                                     1) marine grassbeds,
                                     2) algal beds,
                                     3) mangroves and saltmarsh/buttonwood associations,
                                     4) hardbottom communities,
                                     5) coral banks or heads,
                                     6) patch reefs,
                                     7) beach/berm,
                                     8) listed species or their habitat, and
                                     9) nesting sites for solitary or colonial birds.

                       TaskB.1.1.2.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR staff to process
                       field staff comments to applications for use in a timely manner.

                       Task B.1.1.3.: Coordinate, when possible, with other appropriate agencies
                       that have regulatory authority for these projects.






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              Obiective B.1.2.: Ensure that projects and activities that have been built or are
              occurring have been authorized.

                     Task B.1.2.1.: Report activities that do not appear to have been authorized
                     to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

                     Task B.1.2.2.: Coordinate and cooperate, when possible, with other
                     appropriate agencies that have regulatory or enforcement authority for these
                     projects or activities.

                     Task B.1.2.3.: Maintain records of reports and subsequent actions taken by
                     regulatory and enforcement agencies. At a minimum, these records will
                     contain:


                            1) Date, location first observed and observers name;
                            2) Date reported to appropriate agency, agency name, and reporters
                              name;
                            3) Action taken by agency; and
                            4) Resolution of report, if known.


              Ob'ective B.1.3.: Ensure that projects and activities are in compliance with the
              authorization granted.

                     Task B.1.3.1.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR staff to receive
                     copies of all letters of consent, easement agreements, lease agreements,
                     and other forms of authorization.


                     Task B.1.3.2.: Report variations from the authorized conditions     to the
                     appropriate DNR enforcement agent.                                        .  - .        'I
                     Task B.1.3.3.: Coordinate and cooperate, when'possible, with other
                     appropriate agencies that have regulatory or enforcement authority for these
                     projects or activities.


              Oboective B.1.4.: Ensure that projects and activities do not degrade submerged
              resources of the preserve.

                     Task B.1.4.1.: Seek authorizations to establish no motorized vessels or
                     personal watercraft zones in areas of shallow water.

                     Task B.1.4.2.: Require that all dredge projects in and adjacent to the
                     preserve use current turbidity control practices.



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                       Task B.1.4.3.: Establish a mooring buoy system near the larger patch reefs
                       in the preserve.

                       Task B.1.4.4.: Inventory and report all abandoned vessels and traps to the
                       Florida Marine Patrol and encourage removal in a timely manner.

                       Task B.1.4.5.: Encourage or require the establishment of channel markers,
                       where appropriate, to protect marine grassbeds and corals from boating
                       damage.

                       Task B. 1.4.6.: Seek appropriate legislation to establish non-consumptive use
                       zones in portions of the preserve.

                       Task B.1.4.7.: Seek appropriate legislation and rule changes to prohibit the
                       harvesting of live rock, tropical fish and marine invertebrates within the
                       preserve.

                       Task B.1.4.8.: Promote the acquisition of privately held submerged lands
                       within the preserve.



               GOAL B.2.: PROTECTION OF EMERGENT VEGETATION AND HABITATS



               Oboective B.2.1.:     Minimize potential damage to emergent vegetation and
               beach/berm through the review of all applications for use of state-owned land in
               the preserve.

                       Task B.2.1.1.:    Field staff will develop a written format describing a
                       scientifically based, standardized method to inventory the emergent
                       vegetation and characteristics of a project site and it shall include, at a
                       minimum, the following information:

                              a) Description of the area to be surveyed:

                                     1) legal description of the subject property;
                                     2) as a polygon; and
                                     3) with a buffer zone surrounding the project of sufficient size
                                     so as to include a majority of the potentially affected area.








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                               b) Detailing how the survey is to be performed:

                                      1) a description of the vegetation with notations as listed plant
                                      species within the project site and buffer zone;
                                      2) a description of geological features or formations, including
                                      the following, if beach/berm is present:

                                              i.     length and width of beach/ber.m on riparian
                                                     shoreline;
                                              ii.    approximate height of the ridge crest; and
                                              iii.   distance from MHW to the ridge crest:

                                      3) a description of existing structures or uses;
                                      4) a description of adjoining or adjacent uses;
                                      5) presence/absence of listed animal species, their habitat or
                                      whether known to occur on the site;
                                      6) presence/absence of other wildlife species or their sign.

                       Task B.2.1.2.: Coordinate with other DNR staff in order to process surveys,
                       determine compliance and provide recommendations and comments in a
                       timely manner.

                       Task B.2.1.3.:      Coordinate with other appropriate agencies that have
                       regulatory authority for these projects.

                       Task B.2.1.4.: Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible, with other
                       agencies or conservation organizations that have specific management
                       objectives, research or acquisition projects or other interests in the area Of
                       a project, or that may own lands adjacent to the project site, including but
                       not limited to:


                               a) Key Deer National Wildlife Refuge;
                               b) Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge;
                               c) Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission;
                               d) National Audubon Society; and
                               e) Trust for Public Lands;
                               f) Monroe County Land Authority; and
                               g) Sea Camp/NHMI; and
                               h) The Nature Conservancy.








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               Objective B.2.2.: Ensure that structures and activities that have been built or are
               occurring have been authorized.

                      Task B.2.2.1.: Report activities that do not appear to have been authorized
                      to the appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

                      Task B.2.2.2.:     Coordinate and cooperate, whenever feasible and
                      appropriate, with  other agencies that have regulatory or enforcement
                      authority for the project or activity.


               Obaective B.2.3.: Ensure that structures and activities that have been authorized
               are in compliance with the conditions of the authorization.

                      Task B.2.3.1.: Coordinate with the appropriate regional DNR staff to receive
                      copies of all letters of consent, easement agreements, lease agreements and
                      other authorizations for the use of state lands.


                      Task B.2.3.2.: Report variations from the authorized conditions to the
                      appropriate DNR enforcement agent.

                      Task B.2.3-3.: Coordinate and cooperate, when feasible and appropriate
                      with other agencies that have regulatory or enforcement authority for these
                      projects or activities.


               Ob'ective B.2.4.: Develop a comprehensive management strategy for the C.A.R.L.
               buffer lands.


                      Task B.2.4.1.: Survey   and inventory natural resources on acquired and
                      proposed acquisitions.

                      Task B.2.4.2.: Develop 'green line' boundaries to assess potential impacts
                      from adjacent and adjoining lands and development.

                      Task B.2.4.3.: Inventory impacted areas to determine the extent and severity
                      of exotic plant invasion, hydrological modifications,   dumping and other
                      disturbances.


                      Task B.2.4.4.: Consult with appropriate agencies and management
                      authorities to determine priority projects for restoration and enhancement of
                      listed species habitat.





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                       Task B.2.4.5.: Develop a resource restoration priority list with appropriate
                       projects, manpower and funding needs, permitting requirements, expected
                       benefits, and anticipated time line for completion.

                       Task B.2.4.6.: Monitor and evaluate results of          habitat restoration and
                       enhancement activities.


                       Task B.2.4.7.: Provide monthly patrols of the buffer lands.

                       Task B.2.4.8.: Secure areas of access and post boundaries.

                       Task B.2.4.9.: Prepare a summary of upland resource management activities
                       every two years, detailing progress and limitations.

                       Task B.2.4.10.: Provide reports on additional management needs, including
                       minimum funding and staffing for implementation.



               GOAL B.3.: PROTECT LISTED SPECIES AND THEIR HABITAT



               Obgective B.3.1.: Determine which portions of the aquatic preserve serve as habitat
               for listed species.

                       Task B.3.1.1.:     Assimilate a working library of relevant literature and
                       information on listed species expected to occur in the preserve.

                       Task B.3.1.2.:    Coordinate with the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish
                       Commission, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Audubon Society, and any
                       other relevant group or agency to determine which listed species use what
                       portion of the aquatic preserve for various aspects of their life cycle.

                       Task B.3.1.3.:      Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible, with
                       appropriate agencies and groups to conduct monitoring, inventories, habitat
                       evaluations or other activities that relate to the status or distribution of listed
                       species or their habitat.

                       Task B.3.1.4.: During the course of routine field work and patrols, preserve
                       staff will observe and record, whenever practical, sightings, locations, activity
                       and other information relevant to a listed species.

                       Task B.3.1.5.: Report all manatee sightings to the Marathon office of the
                       Division of Marine Resources.






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                Oboective B.3.2.: Protect all listed species of plants and animals.

                        Task B.3.2.1.: Be familiar with listed species, identification, status and
                        relevant laws pertaining to listed species.

                        Task B.3.2.2.:      Report, without delay, any incidence of harassment,
                        poaching, killing, taking or other unlawful activity, including unleashed dogs
                        and artificial feeding stations, to the appropriate enforcement agencies.

                        Task B.3.2.3.: Maintain a current list of agencies and individuals who
                        enforce relevant laws and those who are permitted or otherwise authorized
                        to rescue, attend, hold, rehabilitate or salvage listed species or their remains.

                        Task B.3.2.4.: Coordinate and cooperate with appropriate management and
                        enforcement agencies in identifying any activity or project that may
                        potentially affect a listed species.


                Objective B.3.3.: Protect habitat of listed species.

                        Task B.3.3.1.: Ensure that potential impacts to listed species habitats are
                        identified in the review of projects or activities. Such potential impacts may
                        include, but are not limited.
                                1) Modification or obstruction of beach/berm;
                                2) Dock or beach lighting;
                                3) Fences or other obstructions; and
                                4) Removal of vegetation, except invasive exotics.

                        Task    B.3.3.2.:    Coordinate and cooperate, whenever possible, with
                        appropriate management and enforcement agencies to evaluate potential
                        impacts to listed species as a result of a proposed project or activity.

                        Task B.3.3.3.: Recommend, where appropriate, modifications to a proposed
                        project or activity that would eliminate or minimize encroachment upon the
                        habitat of listed species.

                        lask B.3.3.4.: Seek appropriate state statute and rule changes to exclude
                        personal/individual watercraft from listed species habitat, including jet ski,
                        water taxi, jet boat, and similar types of motor powered watercraft.
                        Task B.3.3.5.: Seek appropriate federal 'statute changes and enforcement
                        to regulate use of ultra-light, private and commercial aircraft over and in the
                        aquatic preserve.




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                       Task B-3-3-6-: Coordinate and cooperate with appropriate DNR and other
                       enforcement agencies in the investigation of potential violations of state or
                       local codes or ordinances that impact listed species habitats.




               Q. RESEARCH


               Effective management of a biological syï¿½tem relies almost entirely on information
               as to how that system functions. Research is the progenitor of this information.
               Great strides have been made in marine grassbed and mangrove ecology, yet large
               gaps remain in understanding the functions of the various components of these
               systems and how they interact with one another. Coral reef ecology is a fledgling
               science that has blossomed only with the improvements in SCUBA equipment.
               Understandably, there is much yet to be learned about all of these systems. The
               goals for research in the aquatic preserve will be directed toward primarily applied
               research programs, rather than basic, or theoretical research.

               The goals of the research program are (1) to gain a better understanding of what
               factors are essential to the functional, biological integrity of the major habitats within
               the aquatic preserve and (2) to gain a better understanding of the factors that
               govern the continued survival and propagation of designated species that use the
               various habitats of the preserve.


               GOAL CA.: MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE THE FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF
               HABITATS



               Obiective C. 1. 1.: Determine the primary factors that influence the survival of marine
               grassbeds and algae.

                       Task C.1.1.1.: Pursue and support research directed toward identifying
                       physical, chemical and/or pathogenic sources of marine grassbed damage.

                       Task C.1.1.2.: Pursue, at the bureau level, funding to conduct research on
                       the effects of dock/pier shading on the various species of marine grasses
                       and algae of the preserve.

                       Task C.1.1.3.: Pursue, revi      'ew and support, where deemed practical,
                       research directed toward protecting or restoring marine grass beds.

                       Task C.1.1.4.:     Pursue and support research directed toward boating
                       impacts (prop dredging, shading, sediment suspension, etc.) on marine
                       grassbeds.


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                Ob'ective C.1.2.: Determine the primary factors that influence the distribution,
                survival and productivity of mangrove habitats.

                       Task C.1.2.1.: Promote and support research on the physical, chemical,
                       and pathogenic factors that influence mangrove habitats.

                       Task C.1.2.2.: Pursue funding,. at a Department level, to investigate the
                       ecological functions of impounded 'dwarf' mangroves.

                       Task C.1.2.3.: Pursue funding and support research projects directed
                       toward restoration of artificially altered mangrove systems.

                       Task C.1.2.4.: Promote and support research on the effects of mangrove
                       trimming.


                Obnective C.1.3.: Determine the primary and secondary factors that affect the
                species of the hardbottom and coral patch reefs.

                       Task C.1.3.1.: Promote and support research that identifies the physical,
                       chemical and pathogenic factors that influence coral growth, recruitment and
                       mortality

                       Task C.1.3.2.: Promote and, whenever feasible, participate in compiling an
                       inventory of the benthic infauna present in hardbottom and patch reefs in the
                       pr eserve.

                       Task C.1.3.3.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for research on the
                       effects of spear-fishing on the size/class range, distribution and dominance
                       of coral/algal grazing fishes and predatory fishes on patch reefs.

                       Task C.1.3.4.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for research on the
                       effects of tropical fish and invertebrate collecting on the species, size range,
                       distribution, density, and diversity of populations on patch reefs.

                       Task C.1.3.5.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for research on the
                       effects of sponge harvesting on hardbottom communities.

                       Task C.1.3.6.: Seek, at a Department level, funding for research on the
                       effects of trap placement and retrieval methods on the submerged resources
                       of the preserve.

                       Task C. 1.3.7.: Review and accept, where appropriate, experimental research
                       proposals for the culture of hardbottom sponges in the preserve.



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               Ob2ective C.1.4.:      Encourage applied research directed toward enhancing
               management of the preserve's resources.

                      Task C.1.4.1.: Review and encourage, where appropriate, applied research
                      proposals that may be carried out within the preserve or in related or similar
                      environments.


                      Task C.1.4.2.: Encourage public and private institutions, colleges and
                      universities to submit applied research proposals.

                      Task C.1.4.3.:. Explore and pursue available grants funding for applied
                      research projects.

                      Task C.1.4.4.: Coordinate with and communicate applied research needs to
                      Department arLd Bureau central office staff.



               GOAL C.2.: SURVIVAL AND PROPAGATION OF LISTED SPECIES



               Oblective C.2.1.: Determine which portions of the preserve serve as habitat for
               designated species.
                      Task C.2.1.1.: Pursue, at a Department level,' funding for research on the
                      distribution of listed species in the CARL Buffer Zone project.

                      Task C.2.1.2.: Support, and when feasible, participate in research to
                      establish critical habitat areas for listed species of plants and animals in the
                      preserve.

                      Task C.2.1.3.: Support and pursue funding for research on the distribution,
                      life cycles and habitat needs of listed species of fishes, reptiles, insects and
                      mollusks of the preserve.

                      Task C.2.1.4.: Coordinate with appropriate agencies, organizations and
                      universities/colleges to promote applied           research projects for listed
                      species.

                      Task C.2.1 @5.: Participate, whenever feasible, with agencies or organizations
                      that survey or monitor listed species in the preserve.

                      Task C.2.1.6.:     Cooperate with the Division of Marine Resources in
                      monitoring and reporting manatee sightings and information.




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                      lask C.2.1.7.:    Cooperate with the Division of Marine Resources in
                      monitoring and reporting marine turtle nesting and strandings.

                             L11: Preserve staff or volunteers who participate in strandings and
                             salvage activities shall be properly trained and permitted and shall
                             maintain accurate records and make timely reports of all activities in
                             the preserve.




               Q.  ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION


               Public awareness and involvement is potentially the most valuable tool a resource
               management program may utilize. The public is often not aware of the resources
               of the.preserve nor of the various impacts that human activities have upon those
               resources. The 'public' may be. students, property owners, user groups (e.g.,
               divers, fishing enthusiasts, boaters, etc.), special interest groups (realtors,
               developers and contractors), conservation or preservation organizations, and local,
               regional and state government agencies that are involved in making planning or
               regulatory decisions affecting the preserve.

               The many values derived from marine habitats, including water quality, viable
               fisheries, recreation and open space, attract many visitors and residents to the
               preserve area. These same values may be irreparably harmed, if the public is not
               environmentally sensitive or informed. Therefore, one of the primary aims of the
               aquatic preserve program will be to educate the public as to the importance of the
               resources and to enlist public support and participation in the protection and
               conservation of those resdurces for present and future generations to enjoy.



               GOAL D.1.: PUBLIC EDUCATION TO PROMOTE WISE RESOURCE USE



               Obiective D. 1. 1.: Coordinate with and provide assistance to existing environmental
               education programs at public and private schools and institutions.

                      Task D.1.1.1.: Notify the county school board and private schools of the
                      preserve's programs and the availability of its staff to assist or provide
                      guidance for their existing environmental educational programs.

                      Task D.1.1.2.: Participate in the development and utilization of the Monroe
                      County Environmental Story and other teaching aids for public and private
                      schools and institutions.





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                      Task D. 1. 1.3.: Seek funding to develop an educational display and literature
                      for the preserve.

                      TaskD.1.1.4.: Seek funding and staffing to establish and conduct classroom
                      programs and field trips in the preserve.


               Ob'ective D.1.2.: Produce environmental educational literature, materials and
               programs that inform adults and children of the preserve's natural resources and
               the importance of preserving and protecting those resources.

                      lask D.1.2.1.: Seek funding for the development of educational literature,
                      materials and staffing for presentations to:

                             1) Homeowners' associations;
                             2) Civicand church groups;
                             3) Special interests (realtors, consultants, developers, contractors,
                             utilities, etc.);
                             4) Boating/sport shows and special events;
                             5) -Camping, facilities and tourist resorts;
                             6) Marinas, tackle shops and boat ramps;
                             7) Agency and local government staffs;
                             8) Environmental educators;
                             9) Conservation, preservation, conference, and research groups, and
                             10) Diving, fishing and commercial interests.

                      Task D.1.2.2.: Develop media articles and presentations for local radio,
                      television and publications to inform the general public of the preserve, its
                      resources and of relevant protection needs, programs and research findings.

                      Task D.1.2.3.: Seek support, development and education of a Friends of
                      Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve volunteers group to . assist with
                      environmental education programs and special environmental projects.

                      Task D.1.2.4.: Coordinate with other resource management agencies and,
                      where appropriate, co-sponsor exhibits, signs, programs or. other public
                      contact activities.



               Ob'ective D.1.3.: Pursue coordination with organizations and agencies and, where
               appropriate, assist in the development of special programs for physically and
               mentally challenged adults and children.

                      Task D.I.3.1.: Contact appropriate agencies to determine the need for
                      special programs.


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                      Task D.1.3.2.: Seek funding for development and staffing for needed
                      programs.


               Obiective DAA:        Seek funding and/or contracts to develop and conduct
               environmental education programs for the preserve.

                      Task D.1.4.1.: Pursue funding and/or contracts to provide educational
                      materials, facilities and programs.

                      Task D.1.4.2.: Seek funding for development and maintenance of displays,
                      specimen collections, a reference library and staffing for interpretive
                      programs.


               Objective D.1.5.,- Provide environmental education workshops to         instruct other
               environmental educators.

                      Task D.1.5.1.: Pursue development and funding for biannual instructional
                      workshops for environmental, science, and other interested teachers and
                      instructors.


                      Task D.1,5.2.: Encourage aquatic preserve staff and volunteers to attend
                      conferences and seminars to further teaching skills and become familiar with
                      other education programs.























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                                                  CHAPTER VII


                                 MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK



               This chapter presents a general overview of the various federal, state, regional, and
               local agencies that regulate or hold any interests in the management or use of
               Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve. Private organizations augment management
               functions in several areas, including education and research. The success of the
               aquatic preserve management plan isdependent upon coordination with these
               agencies and organizations to achieve many of the goals and objectives of
               resource management and protection. A breakdown of the specific jurisdictions of
               federal and state regulatory agencies is presented i   in Table 11. Section E of this
               chapter will briefly enumerate volunteer groups and other organizations with
               programs or activities interests in the preserve area.




               A. FEDERAL AGENCIES


               A number of federal agencies have property interests, land and wildlife
               management programs, research activities, construction activities, and regulation
               programs that deal either directly or indirectly with the aquatic preserve.

               In accordance with the federal consistency review process, the Bureau of
               Submerged Lands and Preserves reviews many of the federal programs and
               activities as to their affect on the management objectives of the aquatic preserve
               programs.     This review is coordinated through the Florida Department of
               Environmental Regulation's Office of Coastal Management in order to enforce the
               provisions of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.


               -U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USENS
                                                       I
               The USFWS has responsibility for fish and wildlife as authorized in the Coastal
               Resources Barrier Act, National Environmental Protection Act, Migratory Bird Act,
               Endangered Species Act, and Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act. Locally, their
               personnel administer and manage wildlife refuge and preserved lands, review
               dredge and fill projects, and are charged with the protection and recovery of
               endangered species and bird rookeries.


               U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)
               The COE has jurisdiction over the navigable waters of the United States under the
               Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. A revision of the Rivers and Harbors Act in 1968
               extended the COE jurisdiction, allowing them to consider impacts to the fish and


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                wildlife, conservation, pollution, aesthetics, ecological and other relevant factors of
                a proposed project. The COE regulatory programs were expanded in 1972 with the
                Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments, also known as the Clean Water
                Act (CWA). Section 404 of this act controls dredge and fill activities and has since
                been extended to wetlands from Amendments to the CWA in 1977.



                U.S. Geoloaical Survey (USQLSI
                The USGS performs surveys and research pertaining to topography, geology,
                mineral and water resources@ of the United States. USGS also collects and publishes
                water resources data.



                U.S Environmental Protection. Agengy
                The EPA has jurisdiction over surface waters of the state. Enforcement authority
                was given under the Clean Water Act of 1972 and broadened under the 1977
                revision. In general, EPA is responsible for pollution control and abatement,
                including: air, water, noise, solid waste, toxic waste, and radiation. Under Section
                104 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
                Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments and
                Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), EPA may initiate studies, clean-up, and pursue
                restitution of incurred expenses for pollution violations and damages. Authority is
                divided between EPA and the U.S. Coast Guard regarding the management of oil
                or hazardous substances discharged into surface waters. They also review permits
                issued by DER for the treatment, disposal and storage of hazardous wastes.


                U.S. Coast Guard (USGS)
                The USGS regulates boating safety, enforces maritime law, operates search and
                rescue missions, and surveillance and interdiction of contraband importation. USGS
                also regulates construction of bridges, causeways,and aerial utilities that may pose
                navigation hazards and the placement and maintenance of public navigation aids.
                Joint responsibility for response to the discharge or spillage of oil or other
                hazardous substances into surface waters is shared with EPA.



                National Marine Fish  eries Service (NMO
                The NIVIF is under the U.S. Department of Commerce and records commercial fish
                landing, enforces national fishery laws, and protects vital fishery habitats. Under the
                Endangered Species Act, this agency may also regulate activities and enforce
                marine turtle and mammal protection legislation.






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               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
               Under the Department of Commerce Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA
               administers to programs of local interest. The National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS)
               program oversees the management of Looe Key and Key Largo National Marine
               Sanctuaries, as well a several National Marine Estuaries in the region. The recently
               designated Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary encompasses most of the
               waters around the Keys. Everglades and Biscayne National Parks are excluded
               from the boundary. Program planning is now underway and will address varied
               issues including existing programs, water quality, resource inventories, user group
               profiles, education and management options. NOAA will coordinate with and
               function closely with DNR staff of the Division of Marine Resources in developing
               management strategies and policy. NOAA also administers the Hurricane Center
               in Miami, which monitors and issues bulletins on tropical weather for the north and
               south Atlantic and the Caribbean Basin.




               B. STATE AGENCIES

               Many state agencies have property interests, land and wildlife management
               programs, research activities, regulatory authority and construction activities with
               the preserve. Additionally, DNR administers programs which may affect the.
               resources and watersheds of the preserve.

               Department of Natural Resources (DNBI
               Several Divisions within the Department perform various functions of administration,
               regulation and enforcement of, laws and programs related to natural resources
               and/or their use.

               The Division of Marine Resources has several programs beneficial to the
               management of      aquatic preserves. The Marine Research Laboratory in St.
               Petersburg and the Marathon Field Office have several projects which include
               resource protection area mapping, fishery habitat utilization studies, fisheries
               statistics, conch reintroduction programs and spiny lobster research. The Division
               is instrumental in administering manatee protection programs and marine turtle data
               gathering. They also administer a permitting program for the collection of certain
               marine species and the use of certain chemicals. As previously noted, staff from
               this Division's Bureau of Sanctuaries and Research Reserves will be responsible for
               coordinating with NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary. program for the Keys.

               The Division of Law Enforcement's Marine Patrol, whose legal authority is granted
               under Chapter 370, F.S., enforces Florida laws relating to marine resources, fishery
               laws, boating safety, vessel titling/registration, contraband interdiction, and the
               protection of endangered and threatened species.



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               The Division of Beaches and Shores conducts two programs of interest to the
               aquatic preserve. Surveys of Monroe County beaches and a Beach Restoration
               Management Plan (1990) have been developed for Florida beaches. The Long
               Beach area is identified as a noncritical erosion area. Recommendations for
               management in this area include public acquisition and dune preservation. The
               Division also has coastal construction regulatory authority under Section 161.041,
               F.S. Section 161.052, F.S. requires a 50 foot setback for construction along
               sandy/rocky shorelines.

               The Division of State Lands, under the provisions of Chapters 253 and 258, F.S.,
               performs the staff duties related to the acquisition, administration and disposition
               of public lands on behalf of and with the approval of the Governor and Cabinet,
               sitting as the Board of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. Staff duties include
               review and recommendations to the Board regarding applications for the use, sale,
               lease or transfers of all state-owned lands and enforcement of the provisions for
               unauthorized use of those lands. Under Chapter 18-21, F.A.C., the Division is
               charged with management of sovereignty submerged lands and spoil islands.

               Aquatic preserves were established under Chapter 258, F.   S. Originally administered
               by the Division of Recreation and Parks, the administration of aquatic preserves
               was transferred to the Division of State Lands in 1988. Specific management policy,
               standards and criteria for most aquatic preserves are contained within Chapter 18-
               20, F.A.C.

               The authority for the Conservation and Recreational Lands program (CARL) is also
               derived from Chapter 253, F.S. This program is the primary vehicle for the
               acquisition of private lands that are deemed to be environmentally sensitive or that
               may serve as potential lands for future recreational needs. Recent passage of the
               Preservation 2000 legislation will greatly enhance funding for targeted purchases.

               The Division of Resource Management is responsible for the management of
               aquatic plants, mineral resources, oil and gas exploration, and geologic studies. It
               also supervises state Navigation Districts and the Canal Authority.


               Department of Environmental Regulation (DER)
               The DER administers programs regulating air, water, noise, wastewater, stormwater,
               and hazardous waste pollution through a permitting and certification process.
               Chapter 376, F.S. directs DER to cooperate with DNR in offering consultation,
               enforcement, prosecution, and technical advise in pollutant discharge, control and
               removal.

               Chapter 403, F.S. enumerates the DER'responsibilities in the areas of water and air
               quality, facilities siting, resource recovery and management, pollution control and
               wetland permitting. This chapter serves as the authority for the initiation of dredge


                                                       158









                and fill applications in conjunction with COE and DNR. The authority to regulate
                activities and protect water quality granted in Chapter 403 is facilitated by the Water
                Quality Standards established in Chapter 17-3, F.A.C. This chapter of the
                administrative code sets forth specific criteria for surface water classifications and
                permitting criteria for those classifications. The Special Protection, Outstanding
                Florida Waters (OFW) classification is assigned to waters of the aquatic preserve
                and most waters of the Florida Keys. The OFW classification affords the highest
                protection for state waters.

                Chapter 17, F.A.C. also contains sections governing permitting procedure and
                criteria for facilities, dredge. and fill projects, stormwater discharge, and deepwater
                ports.

                The DER Office of Coastal Management is charged with coordinating activities
                related to coastal management and reviewing federal actions for consistency with
                the State Coastal Management Program. The Office of Coastal Management also
                awards grants for research and management planning.

                Chapter 253.77, F.S., as amended by the Warren S. Henderson Wetlands
                Protection Act of 1984, requires that any request for the use of state-owned lands
                shall have prior approval of the Trustees. An interagency agreement between DNR
                and DER provides for DNR staff comments into the DER permitting process for
                identifying environmental impacts to the resources of the aquatic preserve.


                Degartment of Communily Affairs (DCA)
                DCA reviews Developments of Regional Impact (DRI), designates Areas of Critical
                State Concern (ACSC), and approves comprehensive plans. The DRI process
                involves major development pr jects that have impacts on a larger area than is
                                                 0.1
                covered by just one county and involves a regional review from neighboring local
                governments and from state agencies.

                The ACSC program is intended to protect the areas of the state where development
                has endangered or may endanger resources of regional or statewide significance.
                Under an ACSC designation, the local governments are required to notify the DCA
                of any. application for a development permit. The Florida Keys portion of Monroe
                County were designated as an ACSC in 1979. In 1984, under authority granted in
                Chapter 380, F.S. and defined in Administrative Rule. 27F-8, the Boundary and
                Principles for Guiding Development for the Florida Keys Area of Critical State
                Concern were adopted to conserve and protect the natural, environmental, historic
                and economic resources, and other values of the lands and waters of the Florida
                Keys. The Florida Keys ACSC designation and the Principles for Guiding
                Development are intended to remain in place until such time as Monroe County
                shall have developed a comprehensive growth management plan and future
                development regulations as required by Chapter 163, F.S. Such plan shall be


                                                          159








               consistent with the State Comprehensive Plan, State Statutes, Codes and rules.
               Conformance to the minimum criteria established in Chapter 9J-5, D.A.C. is also
               required.

               Monroe County is currently involved in this planning process and is expected to
               submit a completed plan by July 1991. The Coastal Management and Conservation
               Elements of the future plan are the most significant to the management goals and
               objectives of the aquatic preserve. These elements should establish goals and
               objectives that are consistent with those of this plan. Cooperation and coordination
               in developing the plans is critical to the successful development and implementation
               of either plan.


               Department of Transportation (DO][)
               The DOT is involved with aquatic preserves where they maintain the U.S. 1 or
               Overseas Highway and the bridges and causeways that abut the preserve
               boundary. Leases or permits for the use of state-owned rights-of-way are
               coordinated through the DOT. Applications for these uses are not generally
               circulated for field review. Local cooperation is vital to establish lines of
               communication regarding projects that may affect the preserve. The DOT also
               administers funding for environmental restoration projects, which has in the past
               been available for aquatic preserve projects.


               Department of StateZDivision of Historical Resources QHR)
               Under Chapter 267, F.S. DHR is granted responsibility for the preservation and
               management of the state's archaeological and historical resources.. This
               responsibility includes those cultural resources located on state-owned lands. All
               activities that may potentially affect a known or suspected resource must be
               coordinated with and/or approved by the DHR.


               Del2artment of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS)
               HIRS administers. numerous programs to protect public health by overseeing
               functions that involve water supplies, sewage disposal and solid waste control.
               Authority for these responsibilities are found in Chapters 154, 381, and 386, F.S.
               and in the 10D series of F.A.C., known as the Sanitary Code. HIRS is also
               responsible for mosquito control activities under Chapter 388, F.S. and may
               delegate that authority to a local mosquito control district (MSD).

               Mosquito control and septic tank permitting are of immediate        concern to the
               management of the aquatic preserve. The Monroe County MSD           administers the
               local program through ground and aerial applications of larvicides and adulticides.
               Chapter 1OD-54, F.A.C. requires that any arthropod (mosquito) control activities
               conducted by local MSDs on environmentally sensitive public lands, such as parks,


                                                       160









               aquatic preserves and similar properties be coordinated in advance             by the
               responsible mosquito control agency with the Executive Directory of DNR, GFC,
               and the regional directory of the USFWS. This chapter also establishes areas,
               types, rates, timing and equipment standards for control activities.

               HIRS administers the permitting and placement of septic tanks under Chapter 1OD-
               6, F.A.C. This chapter establishes standards for onsite sewage disposal systems
               (OSDS). Part 11 of that chapter establishes specific standards for OSDS installation,
               operation and monitoring in the Key Largo Limestone or Miami (Oolite) rock
               formations.



               -Marine Fisheries Commission (MECJ
               The MFC manages marine life,by regulating the harvesting of all marine life, except
               listed species. Their authority covers gear specifications, bag limits, size limits,
               species that may not be sold, protected species, closed seasons or areas, quality
               control codes, special considerations related to egg bearing females, and the
               harvest and relaying of oyster and clams. The MFC makes annual
               recommendations to the Governor and Cabinet regarding marine fisheries research
               priorities and changes to existing laws.


               Game and Fresh-Water Fish Commission (QEC
                                                                 I
               The GFC, authorized under Chapters 39.101 and 39.102, F.A.C. implements and
               enforces specific regulations to protect all wildlife and their habitats. As such, the
               GFC is the state coordinator for species designated for protection in Florida.




               C. REGIONAL AGENCIES


               In addition to federal and state agencies, two regional agencies have functions and
               programs that may affect the aquatic preserve. These organizations conduct
               activities that are on a broader scale than are those of the local governments.

               South Florida Water Management District MMD)
               The WIVID was established by Chapter 61-69, Laws of Florida, as a public
               corporation for carrying out Chapter 378, F.S. and operates under and is governed
               by provisions of Chapter 373, F.S. Chapters 40D-4 and 40D-40 were adopted to
               ensure continued protection of the water resources of the district including wetlands
               and other natural resources. The statutes resulted from passage of Chapter 84-79,
               Laws of Florida, also known as the Warren G. Henderson Wetlands Protection Act
               of 1984.





                                                         161








               The WMID administers permitting programs for consumptive water use,
               management, storm water discharge, storage of surface water, well drilling and
               operation, water level control, regulation of artificial recharge facilities, and works
               of the district. The WMID is also responsible for developing Surface Water
               Improvement Management (SWIM) plans as authorized by Chapter 87-97, Laws of
               Florida and Chapter 373, F.S. The SWIM plans are designed to improve, restore
               and manage surface waters.


               South Florida Reaional Planning Council (RPQ
               The RPC serves as a regional planning body for the local government of Monroe
               County, as well as incorporated areas in the Keys and.other south Florida counties
               and municipal areas. The RPC duties include: aid to local government planning
               efforts; regional representation for the DRI process; regional clearing house for
               state and federal projects and programs; providing information from the local
               governments to the state and federal levels; assisting local governments in securing
               grants in aid; and preparing and administering the Regional Policy Plan.

               The DRI review of projects which affect the preserve will be reviewed by both the
               field staff and central office personnel. DRIs for marinas, major developments,
               subdivisions, and commercial or industrial 'developments adjacent to the preserve
               will be reviewed closely for their potential impact on the preserve.



               D. LOCAL GOVERNMENTIAGENCIES- (LG][)

               Local government consists of unincorporated Monroe County and the incorporated
               areas of Key Colony Beach, Layton and the City of Key West. The incorporated
               areas are governed by a'city commission and the unincorporated areas are
               governed by a five member County Commission. Previous efforts to incorporate the
               island of Big Pine Key failed to garner voter support. However, there is reason to
               believe that this issue is not dormant and the proposal may again surface for
               referendum.


               As previously noted, the Florida Keys portion of Monroe County has been
               designated as an Area of Critical State Concern and both incorporated and
               unincorporated areas are in the process of formulating Comprehensive Growth
               Management Plans.


               Relationshig to Local Management Plans
               The Florida Keys Comprehensive Plan of 1986 (Volume 11, Analysis and Policy
               Element) established several Areas of Critical County Concern (ACCC) and Marine
               Resource Areas of Particular Concern (APC), including Coupon Bight and


                                                        162









                Lignumvitae Key Aquatic Preserves. Management policies for Coupon Bight are
                directed toward cooperation with DNR and regulation of land and water activities
                to ensure compatibility with maintenance and preservation of the preserve. Septic
                tanks are discouraged and storm water management and low intensity uses are
                encouraged.

                Generic designations for Marine Resource APCs include marine grassbeds, coral
                formations and fringing mangroves, including associated vegetation within 50 feet
                of the landward edge of those mangroves. Management policies mandate that
                these biotic communities be preserved to the fullest extent possible and that
                creation and restoration of these communities will be encouraged whenever feasible
                and necessary.

                Local governments are required by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning
                Act of 1975 (Section 163.3163, F.S.), as amended by Chapter 8@-55, Laws of
                Florida, to the Local Government Comprehensive Planning and Land Development
                Regulation Act (LGCP), to have a management plan with elements relating to
                different governmental functions (i.e., housing, physical facilities, conservation, land
                use, coastal zone protection, etc.). Recent statutory amendments require these
                plans to be updated and for counties to adopt land development regulations and
                improve coastal management protection. The coastal management element of the
                LGCP, along with the land use and conservation elements, establishes long range
                plans for orderly, and balanced development, with particular attention to the
                identification and protection of environmental resources in the planning area.
                Conformance with the criteria, policies, and practices of a local government
                comprehensive plan is required for all development within the local government
                jurisdiction.

                Monroe County is currently revising and formulating new goals, objectives and
                policies that are intended to fulfill the requirements for the LGCP act and the criteria
                of 9J-5, F.A.C. The intent of the aquatic preserve management program, and this
                plan, is to guide county efforts during the planning process towards developing
                local plan criteria and standards that will be consistent with and complimentary to
                the objectives of the aquatic preserve program.




                E. OTHER ENTITIES


                The following organizations have various resource management, research and
                educational programs that are of benefit or a,compliment to the preserve
                management program. Coordination with these groups will be a priority when
                common goals or objectives are to be realized.




                                                          163








               The Nature Conservancy enters into negotiations for purchasing environmentally
               sensitive lands on behalf of the state and federal government. As a private entity,
               this organization may expedite negotiations and close purchases in a time frame
               acceptable to prospective sellers. Their efforts are currently expanding to include
               management agreements for on site management of purchased lands, marine
               programs and coordinating volunteer efforts.

               The Trust for Public Lands is involved primarily in land acquisition and
               management. Targeted areas are typically adjacent to existing a refuge, park or
               other protected area.

               Florida Keys Land and Sea Trust is a private group that has been instrumental in
               land acquisition and environmental education in the Keys. The Trust has purchased
               the Crane Point Hammock and developed the Natural History Museum of the
               Florida Keys in Marathon. Most recent additions include g children's museum. This
               facility also hosts educational programs and research.

               Reef Relief is a local organization that has been instrumental in funding and
               installing mooring buoys on high use reef areas. They currently maintain 119 buoys
               at 7 reefs in the lower Keys. They also staff and maintain an environmental
               education center in Key West and. pa    rticipate in many other educational activities
               directed toward safe, and environmentally sound, boating and diving.

               The National. Audubon Society's Research Center in Tavernier conducts numerous
               research projects in the Keys. These projects are funded through public and private
               grants. Most studies are directed toward habitat utilization and availability for avian
               species.. Projects such as the Florida Breeding Bird Atlas are cooperative efforts
               between Audubon staff, volunteers and agency personnel. Information from these
               various studies are beneficial in developing resource inventories and management
               objectives.

               Sea Camp of Newfound Harbor Marine Institute conducts on site education
               programs directed toward the marine environment. This facility, adjacent to the
               preserve, hosts school groups, teacher workshops, college students and research
               scientists on a year round basis. They have received state funding for two
               environmental studies and a slide program detailing the natural resources and
               history of the aquatic preserve.

               The Izaac Walton League of the Florida Keys is a local chapter of the larger national
               group. This organization is developing and distributing educational materials and
               presenting programs on wetlands and marine habitats of the Keys.

               The Key Deer Alliance is a volunteer staffed organization whose          primary focus
               involves protection of the Key deer and its habitat. Efforts include      disseminating



                                                         164









               educational materials, erecting signs, mowing road edges, constructing guzzlers or
               water holes, and environmental clean up.

               Save A Turtle is a local volunteer organization that is sponsored by DNR and the
               Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Members of this group receive training
               and are permitted to work with endangered and threatened marine turtles. Activities
               include beach surveys, nest monitoring, nest relocation, turtle strandings and
               salvage operations. Activities are reported on standardized forms which are
               submitted to state and federal data banks.


               Many other groups actively represent special interests, conservation, and local and
               regional development and planning issues. Local groups include but are not limited
               to; Big Pine Key Civic Association, Monroe County C.A.R.E.S., Clean WaterAction,
               the Wilderness Society, Florida Keys Fishing Guides Association,. and Big Pine Key
               Botanical Club.










































                                                       165






                                TABLE11: MANAGEMENT COORDINATION NETWORK





          LOCAL AGENCIES                                                REGIONAL AGENCIES



             LGT   Local Governments (Cities, Towns,                       RPC   Regional Planning Council
                   Municipalities)                                         WMD   Water Management Districts
             CGT   County Governments                                      FIN   Florida Inland Navigation District
             LDD   Local Drainage Districts
             MCD   Mosquito Control Districts
             ICD   Inlet Commissions/Districts
             SWC   Soil and Water Conservation Districts





          STATE AGENCIES                                                FEDERAL AGENCIES



             DCA   Florida Department of Community Affairs                 CG    United States Coast Guard
             DER   Florida Department of Environmental Regulation          COE   United States Army Corps of Engineers
             DNR   Florida Department of Natural Resources                 EPA   United Stqtes Environmental Protection Agency
             GFC   Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission             FWS   United States Fish and Wildlife Service
             DOS   Florida Department of State                             NMF   National Marine Fisheries
             DOT   Florida Department of Transportation                    GS    United States Geological Survey
             FMP   Florida Marine Patrol
             FSG   Florida Sea Grant
             MFC   Marine Fisheries Commission
             DAC   Florida Department of Consumer and Agricultural
                   Services
             HRS   Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative
                   Services



                     Source: modified from the Indian River Lagoon.Joint Reconnaissance Report, 1987





                        M mm M M M M M M M M









                                                                                                                           Local                        Regional                                               State                                                             Federal
                                                                                                         IATF CGT ILDD IMCD ICD SWC'RPC                     NNIDIFIN JDAC DCA               DER I DNR GF(: IIRS IDOS J[xyr FMP FNG MFC CG                                COEI EPAIFWS               NMkiG   S
                                                                                                                                                       .. .. .. . .....
                                                                                                         0      0                                             W
                               Dredge and Fill Permitting                                                                                                                                   Ole 0                                                                                ........           . .......
                                    Docks, Fishing Piers, Seawalls                                       0                                                                                  Ole                                                                              ;:T
                                                                                                                                                             ...                                                                                                      . ......
                                                                                                                                                           . ....     ....
                                    Marinas                                                                     Ol

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .... . ...         .....
                               Submerged Lands Management                                                                                                                                           Ol                                                                                              . ........ .......
                                                                                                                                                             xi   '..'"T"I"I"'I",                                                                         0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Aw .. ......
                               Habitat Protection                                                                                                                                           0       Ole                                   0                                                         ... ... .....
                                                                                                                                                              Of A                  0       0
                               Mangroves/Wetlands Protection                                             0      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                    0      0                                                                           .. . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       M.           x
                                                                                                                                                              ......                                                                                             .......
                               Seagrass Protection                                                       0      0                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                            0       0      0
                               Habitat Restoration                                                              0                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .... ........
                                                         etlands          Restoration                           0,              0
                               Mangroves/W                                                                                                                                          0       0       0

                                                                                                                                                       ........ . . .......
                                                                                                                                                       .......        .......
                             -Seagrass Restoration                                                                                                                  . .....         0       0       0
                                                                                                                                                                .....      ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ........ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .. ........
                               Resource Inventory                                                                                                                                   0       0       0      0                                      0 0                    .......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .....   .....

                                                                                                                                                                           ...                                                                                                         . . . .......
                               Manatees/Porpoises                                                        0      0

                                                                                                                                                                ... .....
                               Endangered Species                                                        0      0                                                          ..       01              0      Ol                     0 0.0                   0       .0*:::
                               Shellfish/Aguaculture                                                                            0                                            0              0       0
                                                                                                                                                             ... . ........                                                                                                                         ... ....
                               Public A wareness/Ed uca lion                                                    0                                                                           0       0      0                                      0       0
                                                                                                                                                                                    0                                                     0
                               Research                                                                                         0                                                           0       0                                             0
         cy,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .....
                                         -ies      Research                                                                                                                         0               0      0                                              0
                               Fishea                                                                                           0                                                                                                                 0
                               Fisheries           Management                                                         1      10                                                     0.            .0                                              0       0                            ... ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .... . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                    ID
                                    Recreational Fishing                                                                                                                                            0      0                              0       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ......... .
                                    Commercial Fishing                                                                                                                              0               0                                     0       0
                               Wildlife          Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0,              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                           01,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .. ..... .. ......
                                                                                                                                                              ......  ....
                                                                                                                                                                             4)     0                                                                                                               .....
                               Mosquito            Impoundments                                                                 0                                                                   0
                               lfistorical/Archeological Sites                                           0      0                                                                   0               0                      0
                                                                                                                                                                                    Ole
                                                                                                                                                                  V."
                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                               Water Quality                                                                                    0              0                                                                    0                     0
                                    Nonvoint Source Pollution                                            0      0                              0                     a              0       0       Ol              0           10.                            ...
                                    Point Source Pollution                                               0      0                                                                   0       0       Ol              0           1      1
                                    Oil/Chemical Spills                                                       101            1                                                      0       0       0                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ....  ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ........ . ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    . .. .....
                               Drainage/Freshwater Control                                               0      0101                                                         0      0       0       0
                               Emergency Response                                                        0      0                                                                                                                                                                .......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ... ......
                                                                                                                                                                                    0       0       0      0                                                                     ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .. ...... .......      ........
                               Upland Development                                                        0      0
                            -Land Use Planning                                                           0      0                                                                   0                                                                                                                  ......
                               Navigation
                                                   al/Boating                                            0      0                                                                                   0      0 0                            0       0                                                 .....
                               Recreational Areas                                                        0      0                                                                                                                         0       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ... ....     .... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ...... .........
                                              and Roads
                               Bridges                                                                          0
                                                                                                                                                                                        10.0                                                                   :J










                                                  CHAPTER Vill


                                        STAFFING AND FISCAL NEEDS



               Historically, the Aquatic Preserves Program has been largely dependent on federal
               coastal zone grant funds for its operation, and as a result, the funding of both field
               positions and central office positions has been limited.

               In order for the Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve to be managed in accordance with
               the goals, objectives and policies, set forth in this plan, adequate funding, staffing
               and equipment is essential. It is anticipated that the management and administration
               of the three aquatic preserves in the Keys (Coupon Bight, Lignumvitae Key and
               Biscayne Bay-Card Sound portion) could be accomplished with one field office
               staffed with five full time employees. An annual review of the accomplishments of
               the program relative to the tasks listed in Chapter VI will help to determine if the
               initial staffing estimate is adequate to meet the legislative intent of the program.

               A budget covering projected staff time, equipment, travel and other expenses for
               this area, which would include Coupon Bight Aquatic Preserve, is found in Table 12.
               The budget is required to fulfill the short range needs of the preserve as described
               in this management plan, and to accomplish the Department goal of on-site
               management for all aquatic preserves by 1991, as expressed in the Agency
               Functional Plan.
































                                                         169










                                                        TABLE 12


                 ANTICIPATED TWO-YEAR BUDGET FOR COUPON BIGHT, LIGNUMVITE KEY
                 AND THE CARD SOUND PORTION OF BISCAYNE BAY AQUATIC PRESERVES



                 SALARY                                       1 ST YEAR              2ND YEAR
                        ES III (with benefits)                $38,424                $39,577
                        ES 11 (with benefits)                    33,836                34,851
                        ES I (with benefits)                     28,224                29,071
                        Secretary (with benefits)                17,255                17,773
                        OPS Environmental educator               22,391                23,063

                        Subtotal                              $140,130               $144,335




                 OPERATING CAPITAL OUTLAY
                        Vehicles (3 @ $12,000 each)           $36,000
                        Office equipment                         41,500
                        Computer                                   5,000
                        Education materials                        2,500

                        Subtotal                            __$55.000




                 OPERATING EXPENSES
                        Rent/Gas/Phone/Supplies               $  28,000              $32,000
                        Education supplies                        1,500                   1,600

                        Subtotal                              $29,500                $33,600






                 TOTAL COST                                   $246,630               $177,935











                                                            171











                                                 CHAPTERIX


                           RESOURCE AND ACTIVITY MONITORING PROGRAM



               To ensure that this management plan is effectively implemented, on-site staffing is
               imperative. Additional staffing will be necessary in order to institute programs
               targeted at 1) monitoring changes in the natural resources, 2) recording use
               activities, 3) tracking progress and accomplishments that are directed at retaining
               the original integrity and value of the preserve, and 4) preparing and conducting
               environmental education activities.



               A. RESOURCE MONITORING


               To monitor changes in the natural resources, a geographic information system
               (GIS) will be necessary. A GIS is a computer based system that is used to capture,
               edit, display, and analyze geographic information. The first GIS programs were
               developed about 20 years ago to manage large collections of natural resource and
               environmental information. Since their development, they have been used in other
               areas, such as utilities mapping, inventory management, and land use planning.
               However, their most important application continues to be natural resource
               monitoring and management.

               Future use of a GIS system would include the periodic inventory, compilation, and
               analysis of temporal and spatial data concerning the present state of the natural
               resources within the preserve. Historical aerial photography could be computerized
               for comparison with later data to conduct a temporal analysis of resource
               abundance. Detailed monitoring of revegetation/restoration efforts could also be
               computer analyzed. The on-line access to these natural resource data bases will
               facilitate informed management decisions concerning the use and protection of
               lands and their resources. Cooperation and file sharing is possible with other
               agencies handling such data with identical and similar systems. Similar
               environments and relationships between various resources may be compared and
               analyzed to gain a more integrated approach to protection and management.



               B. ACTIVITY MONITORING


               As human interaction in and around the preserve increases, additional pressures
               are to be expected in the form of recreational and development activities.
               Monitoring the types of use and their compatibility, their frequency of occurrence,
               as well as, proven and expected detrimental effects on the preserve's natural
               resources, will provide a foundation for developing any additional future plan
               amendments and restrictions required to protect these resources. Periodic boat


                                                      173









               counts, user questionnaires and structure inventories are various methods that may
               be employed to gather relevant data on activities and user group profiles.



               C. PROGRESS MONITORING


               For this management plan to be effectively implemented and evaluated, it is
               necessary to monitor the accomplishments and progress on a regular basis.
               Sharing this information with other units and agencies, will help develop a team
               approach to problem solving and implementing management strategies.

               The compilation of the monitoring program will be directed to the central office in
               Tallahassee in the form of a field office annual report. This information will then go
               into the development of a state-wide status report on the Aquatic Preserve
               Management Program focusing on resource restoration/deterioration, compatible
               and non-compatible use activities, and will aid" in developing more appropriate
               management strategies system wide.

               The field office annual report should detail the following:

               1 .     The state of the natural environment of the aquatic preserve.

                       a.     Through the use of the resource inventories and the GIS system,
                              document the status of biological resources (e.g., seagrass loss or
                              gain).

                       b.     Identify the current number of structures/activities either started or
                              completed in the preserve. These structures/activities will be
                              categorized as follows:
                              1       authorized projects (e.g., private residential single docks, multi-
                                      family, commercial),
                              2)      unauthorized projects, and
                              3)      projects not in compliance with the original authorization

               2..     A list of accomplishments of those policies and tasks outlined in Chapter VI I.

                       a.     Each task will be listed and the activities required to complete that
                              task will be detailed. If the task was not done or not completed, an
                              explanation will be given. If the explanation was due to insufficient
                              funding/staff, then this fact will be detailed so that an update of
                              Chapter IX can be made.

               3.      Any new goals and/or objectives will be reflected in an update of Chapter
                       Vil.




                                                          174










                                                  REFERENCES

                Adey, W. 1977. Shallow Water Holocene Bioherms of the Caribbean Sea and West
                       Indies. Pp. xxi-xxiv, Vol. 2 In Proceedings: Third International Coral Reef
                       Symposium. University of Miami, Miami, Fla.

                Alexander, T.R., and J.D. Dickson. 1970. Vegetational- Changes in the National Key
                       Deer Refuge. Quar. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 35(2):85-96.

                Almodovar, L.R., and R. Biebl. 1962. Osmostic resistance of mangrove algae
                       around La Parguaera, P.R. Rev. Algol. (N.S.): 203-208.

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                      Eupomacentrus planifrons (Pomacentridae). Copeia 1976:266-276.





                                                        186









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                      Pp. 551-557 Vol. 1 In D.L. Taylor, ed. Proceeding: Third International Coral
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               U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
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               Voss, G.L. 1976. Seashore Life of Florida and the Caribbean. E.A. Seemann Publ.
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               Voss, G.L. 1982. An Environmental Assessment of the Key Largo National Marine
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                                                        187









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                                                    188




																																	

                                                                                  APPENDIX A
																								(R. 3/87)	
                                 V. 9, p. 692-20                          Administrative Codes                                                 18-20.002
								
                                                    CHAPTER 18-20                                  (c) To coordinate with federal, state. and local
                                        FLORIDA AQUATIC PRESERVES                               agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the
                                                                                                Legislature in creating    the preserves,
                                 18-20.001          Intent.                                        (d) To use applicable federal, state. and local
                                 18-20-002          Boundaries and Scope of the                 management programs, which are compatible with
                                                    Preserves.                                  the intent and provisions of the act and these rules,
                                 18-20.003          Definitions.                                and to assist in managing the preserves;
                                 18-20.004          Management Policies, Standards                (e) To encourage the protection, enhancement
                                                    and Criteria.                               or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or
                                 18-20.005          Uses, Sales, Leases, or Transfer of
                                                                                                scientific values of the preserves, including but not
                                                    Interests in Lands, or Materials,           limited to the modification of existing manmade
                                                    Held by the Board. (Repealed)               conditions toward their natural condition, and
                                 18-20.006          Cumulative Impacts.                         discourage activities which would degrade the
                                 18-20.007          Protection of Riparian Rights.              aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or the
                                                    (Repealed)                                  quality, or utility of a preserve. when reviewing
                                 18-20.008          Inclusion of Lands, title to Which           applications, or when developing and implementing
                                                    Is Not Vested in the Board, in a            management plans for the preserves;
                                                    Preserve.                                      (f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous
                                 18-20.009          Establishment or Expansion or               life forms and habitats. including but not limited to:
                                                    Aquatic Preserves.                          sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses,
                                 18-20.010          Exchange of Lands.                          mangroves. salt water marshes, fresh water
                                 18-20.011          Gifts or Lands.                             marshes. mud flats, estuarine. aquatic, and marine
                                 18-20.012          Protection of Indigenous Life               reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine,
                                                    Forms.                                      aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine,
                                 18-20.013          Development         of       Resource      aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and
                                                    Inventories and          Management
                                                    Plans for Preserves.                       mollusks;
                                 18-20.014          enforcement                                      (g) To aquire additional title interests in lands
                                 18-20.015          Application Form. (Repealed)                wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or
                                 18-20.016          Coordination         with        Other      enhance the biological, aesthetic, scientific values
                                                    Governmental Agencies.                      of the preserves;
                                 18-20.017          Lake Jackson Aquatic Preserve.                 (h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and
                                                                                                biologic functions, the benefits of which, accrue to
                                Library reference riparian rights to navigable waters, 		the public at large.
                                 I. Henry Dean. 55 Fla. bar J. 247.250 (Mar..1981).  		(4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to
                                    18-20.001 Intent                                           eliminate or alter the requirements or authority or
                                    (1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall          other governmental agencies, including counties
                                 be managed primarily for the mainteance  or                  and municipalities, to protect or enhance the
                                 essentially natural conditions, the propagation of            preserves provided that such requirements or
                                 fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including 		authority are not inconsistent with the act and this
                                 hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by                chapter.
                                 the board. and the managing agency.                            Specific Authority 120.53. 258.43(1) F.S. Law
                                                                                                Implemented 258.35, 258.36, 258.37, 258.39, 258.93, FS,
                                    (2) the  aquatic preserves which are described in           Chapter 80-280 Laws of Florida, History-New 2.23-81,
                                 73-534, Laws or Florida, Sections 258.39, 258.391,              Amendmed 8-7-85, Formerly 16Q-20.01, transferred from
                                 258.392 and 258.393, Florida Statutes, future                    16Q-20.001.
                                 aquatic preserves established pursuant to general or
                                 special acts of the legislature, and in Rule                      18-20.002 Boundaries and Scope of the
                                 18-20.002, Florida  Adminisitrative Code, were                    Preserves.
                                 established for the pupose of being preserved in an             (1) These rules shall only apply to those
                                 essentially natural or existing condition so that their        sovereignty lands within a preserve, title to which is
                                 aesthetic, biological and scientific values may                vested in the board, and those other lands for which
                                 endure for the enjoyment of future generations.                the board has an appropriate instrument in writing,
                                    (3) The preserves shall be administered and                 executed by the owner, authorizing the inclusion of
                                 managed in accordance with the following goals:               specific lands in an aquatic preserve pursuant to
                                    (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these                 Section 2(2) of Chapter 73-534, Laws or Florida,
                                 exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged lands by            Sections 258-40(1) and 258.41 (5), Florida Statues,
                                 reasonable regulation or human activity within the             future aquatic preserves established through
                                   reserves     through      the    developmcnt and 		    general Or Special acts or the legislature, and
                                 implementation or a comprehensive management                   pursuant       to     Rule       18-20.008,  Florida
                                 program;                                                       Administrative Code. Any publicly owned and
                                    (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the                  maintained navigation channel authorized by the
                                 preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy
                                                                                                United States Congress, or other public works
                                 the traditional recreational uses of those waters such         project authorized by the United States Congress,
                                 as swimming, boatings, and fishing;                            designed to improve  or maintain commerce and
                                                                                                navigation shall be deemed to be excluded from the

                                                                                            189
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                            1820.002                       INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND                                  V. 9.p 692-2P

                            provisions of this chapter, pursuant in Subsection     181, pages 363-366, and in the Official Records of
                            258.40(2), Florida Statutes. Furthermore. all lands    Flagler County in Book 33. pages 131-134.
                            loss by avulsion or by artificially induced erosion       4. Tomoka Marsh Aquatic Preserve. as
                            shall be deemed excluded from the provisions of this  described in the Official Records of FLagler Coounty
                            chapter pursuant to Subsection 258.40(3). Florida      in Book 33. pages 13-138, and in the Official
                            Statutes.                                              Records of Voiusia County in Book 1244. pages
                              (2) These rules do not apply to Boca Ciega Bay,   615-618.
                            Pinellas County or Biscayne Bay Aquatic                   5. Weckiva River Aquatic Preserve. as described
                            Preserve&.                                                in Section 258.39(30). F.S.
                              (3) These rules are promulgated to clarify the          6. Mosquito Lagoon Aquatic Preserve. as
                            responsibilities of the board in carrying out its land  described in the Official Records of voiusia County
                            management functions as those functions apply             in Book 1244. pages 619-623, and in the Official            
                            within  the preserves.  implementation and                Records Of Brevard County in Book 1143. pages
                            responsibility for environmental permitting of         190-194.
                            activities and water quality protection within the           7. Banana River Aquatic Preserve. as described
                            preserves are vested in the department of                in the Official Records Of Brevard County in Book
                            Environmental Regulation.     Since these rules are       1143, pages 195-198. less those lands dedicate to
                            considered cumulative with    Other rules, a person       the U.S.A. prior in the enactment of the art, until
                            planning an activity within the preserves should          such time as the U. S. A. no longer wishes to
                            also consult the other applicable department rules        maintain such lands for the purpose for which they
                            (Chapter 18-21, Florida Administrative Code,for           were dedicated, at which time such lands would
                            example) as well as the rules of the Department of        revert in the board, and be managed as part of the
                            Environmental Regulation-                                 preserve.
                              (4) These rules shall not affect previous actions          8.  Indian River - Malabar to Sebastian
                            of the board concerning the issuance of any             Aquatic Preserve, as described in the Official
                            casement or lease; or any disclaimer concerning           Records of Brevard County in Book 1143, pages
                            sovereignty lands.                                       199-202, and in the Official Records of Indian
                              (5) The intent and specific provisions expressed      River County in Book 368, pages 5-8.
                            in 18-20.001(c) and (f) apply generally to all           9. Indian River - Vero Beach to Fort Pierce
                            existing or future aquatic preserves within the scope     Aquatic Preserve, as described in the Official
                            of this chapter. Upon completion of a resource            Records of Indian River County BOOk 368. pages
                            inventory and approval of a management plan for a         9-12, and in the Official Records or St. Lucie
                            preserve, pursuant to 18-20.013, the type                 County in Book. 187, pages 1083-1086.
                            designation and the resource sought to be preserved          10. Jensen Beach to Jupiter Inlet Aquatic
                            may be readdressed by the Board.                          Preserve. as described in the Official Records Of St.
                              (6) For the purpose of clarification and                Lucie County in Book 218. pages 2865-2869.
                            interpretation, the legal description set forth as           11. North Fork, St. Lucie Aouatic Preserve, as
                            follows do not include any land which is expressly        described in the Official Records of Martin County
                            recognized as privately owned upland in a                 in Book 337, pages 215-2162, and in the Official
                            pre-existing recorded mean high water line                Records or SL Lucie County in Book 201, pages
                            settlement agreement between the board and a              1676-1679.
                            private owner or owners. Provided, however. in              12. Loxahatchee River - Lake Worth Creek
                            those instances wherein a settlement agreement was        Aquatic Preserve. as described in the Official
                            executed subsequent to the passage of the Florida         Records or Martin County in Book 320, pages
                            Coastal Mapping Act, the determination of the             193-196, and in the Official Records of Palm Beach                          
                            mean high water line shall be in accordance with the      County in Volume 1860, pages 806-809.
                            provisions of such act.                                     13. Biscayne Bay - Cape  Florida to Monroe
                              (7) Persons interested in obtaining details of          County Line Aquatic Preserve. as described in the
                            particular perserves should contact the Bureau of         Official Records of Dade County in Book 7055,
                            State Lands Management, Department or Natural             pages 852-856, less, however, those  lands and
                            resources, 3900 Commonwealth  Blvd.                       waters as described in Section 258.165, F.S.,
                            Tallahassee, FL 32303 (telephone 904-488-2297).           (Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve Act or 1974), and
                              (a) The preserves are described as follows:             those lands and waters within the Biscayne                                
                              1. For Clinch State Park Aquatic Preserve, as           National Park.
                            described in the Official Records or Nassau County          14. Lignumvitae Key Aquaticreserve, as
                            in Book 108, pages 343-346, and in Book 111   page        described in the Official records of Monroe County
                            409.                                                      in Book 502, pages 139-142.
                              2. Nassau River - SL Johns River Marshes                  15. Coupon Bight  Aquatic Preserve, as
                            Aquatic Preserve, as described. in the Official           described in the Official Records of Monroe County
                            Records or Duval County in Volume 3183. pages             in Book 502, pages 143-146.
                            547-552, and in the Official Records of Nassau              16. Cape Romano - Ten thousand Islands
                            County in Book 108, pages 232-237.                        Aquatic Preserve, as described in the Officia
                              3. Pellicer Creek Aquatic Preserve, as described        Records of Collier County in Book 381, pages
                            in the Official Records of St. Johns County in Book       298-301.



                                                                                   190
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                                                                                                             (R.3/87)
                             V. 9, p. 692-2Q                       FLORMA AQUATIC PRESERVES                   1820.003

                                17. Ronkery Bay Aquatic Prcservc.as dcscribed              negotiate an arrangement with       any such priville
                             in Swection 258.39(31), FS.                                 upland owner by which such land may be included
                                IS. Emem Bay Aquatic Preserve as described in            in the pnnervc.
                             Section 258.39(28). Florida Statutes.                           33. Terra Ccia Aquatic Preserve. as described in
                                19. Pint Island Sound Aquatic Preserve, as               Section 258.393, Florida Statutes.
                             described in the Official Records of Lee County in              34. Future    aquatic     preserves      established
                             Book 648. pages 732-736.                                    pursuant to rencral or special acts of the legislature.
                                20. Matlacha Pass Aquatic Preserve. as                   Spcfk Ashity 120.53, 258.43(l) k.3. Low
                             described in the Official Records or Lee County in          Impiemensed Z5LJ9, Z58.391. 25q8.398Z 258.39.3. 258.40.
                             Book 800, pages 725-729.                                    2ss.4i, 258.48Z 238.43. 258.44. 258.45 FS. Histir.v_
                                                                                         New 2.Z.81. Affiended 8-7-85. Form My 16Q-20-OZ
                                21. 0arilla Sound         - Charlotte Harbor            Tnjvvcd fmm )60Q-20.OOZ
                             Aquatic Preserve. as described in Section 259.392.
                             F.S.                                                            j&_20.003 '6Dermitions. When used in these
                                Cape Haze Aquatic Preserve, as described in          rules, the following words shall have the indicated
                             Section 259.39(29), F.S.                                    meaning unless , the context clearly indicates
                              Z3. Cockroach Bay Aquatic Preserve, as                   otherwise:
                             described in Section 258.391. F.S.                              (1) "Act" means the provisions a(Section 258.35
                                24. St. Martins Marsh Aquatic Preserve. as               through 258.46, F.S.. the Florida Aquatic Preserve
                             described in the Official Records of Citrus County          ACL
                             in Book 276, pages 238-241.                                     (2) -Activity" means any project and such other
                                25. Alligator Harbor Aquatic Preserve. as                human action within the preserve requiring board
                             described. in the Official Records of Franklin              approval for the use, sale, Ica        or transfer (of
                             County in Volume 98, pages 92-85.                           int le CS in sovereignty lands or materials, or which
                                26. Apalachicola Bay Aquatic Preserve, as                may require a license from the Department of
                             described in the Official icords of Gulf County in         Environmental Regulation.
                             Bok 46, pages 777-8 1. and in the Orncial Records of          (3)    "Aesthetic     values"      means       scenic
                             Franklin County in Vulumc 98. Wes 102-106.                  characLeristics or amenities or.the preserve in its
                                27. St. Joseph Bay Aquatic Preserve, as                  essentially natural state or condition, and the
                             described in the Ofrecial Records or Gulf County in         Maintenance thereof.
                              46. pages 73-76.                                           (4) "Applicant" means any person making
                                28. SL Andrews State Park Aquatic Prescrvr_as            application for a permit, license, conveyance of an
                             described in the Official Records of Bay County in          interest in state owned lands or anv other necessary
                             Book 379, pages 5471-550.                                   form of governmental approval in order to perform
                                29. Rocky Bayou State Park Aquatic Preserve,             an activity within the preserve-
                             as described in the social Records of Okaionsa                (5) -Beneficial biological functions" means
                             County in Bank 593, pages 742-745.                          interactions between flora, fauna and physical or
                                30. Yellow River Marsh Aquatic Preserve, as              Chemical attributes of the environment; which
                             described in the Official Records of Santa Rosa             provide benefits that accrue to the public at large,
                             County in Book 28K pages 8571.                            including, but not limited to: nutrient, pesticide and
                                31. Fort Pickens State Park Aquatic Preserve. as         heavy nxl uptake; sediment retention; nutrient
                             described in the Official Records of Santa Rosa             conversion to biomass        nutrient recycling and
                             County in Book 220, pages 60-63, in the Official            oxygertation.
                             Records of Fscambia County in Book 518, pages                   (6) "Beneficial hydrolemical functions" means
                             659-662, less the lands dedicated to the U. S. A. for       interactions between nora, fauna and physical
                             the establishment of the Gulf Islands National              geological or geographical attributes of the
                             Seashore prior to the enactment o(the am, until such        environment.. which provide benefits that accrue to
                             time as the U. S. A. no longer wishcs to maintain           the public at iarge including, but not limited to:
                             such lands for the purpose for which they were             rd2tion of storm water now; storm water
                             dedicated, at which Lime such lands would revert to         reLenion: and water storage, and periodical reicase;
                             the board and be managed as pan of the preservr-                (7) Bioioeicl values" means the preservation
                                32. For the purpose of this section the                  and promotiorf indigenous life forms and habitats
                             boundaries of the Lake Jackson Aquatic Preserve,            including, but not limited to: sponges, soft corals,
                             shall be the body of water in Leon qiunty known as         hard Dralqs, submerged grasses, mangroves,
                             Lake Jackson in Sections 1, 2, 3. 5, 10, 11 and 14,         saltwater marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats,
                             Township I North, Range I West and Sections 11,             matrinc, estuarine, and aquatic reptiles, games and
                             12, 13, 14, 15, 21,22, 23. 26. 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34,    non-gamcs fish species, marine, estuarine, and
                             and 35, Township 2 Narth, Range I West lying                aquatic mammals, marine. estuarine, and aquatic
                             below the ordinary high water line. Such lands ;hall        i.vcbratcs,'birds and shellfish.
                             include the submerzed bottom lands and the water                (8) -Board" means the Governor and Cabinet
                             column upon such lands, as well as all publicly             sitting as the Board of Trustees of the lnternal
                             owned islands, Within the boundaries of the                 Improvement Trust Fund.
                             preserve. Any priqly held upland within the                  (9) **Channel" means a trench. the bottom or
                             boundaries of the preserve shall be deemed to be            which is normally covered entirely by water, with
                             excluded therefrom; provided that the Board may             the upper edges of its sides normally below water.



                                                                                     191


(R.3/87)
18-203003                                                                        V.9,p 692-2R
                               INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND
     (10) "Commercial, industrial and other revenue generating "income related docks" menad docking faciliues for any
activity which produces income, through rentalor any other means, or which serves as an accessory facility to other rental,
commercial or industrial operations. It shall include, but not be limited to docking or marina, restaurnats, hotels, 
motels, commercial fishing, shipping, boat or ship construction, repair, and sales.  
     (11) "Department" means the State of Florida Department of Natural Resources, as administrator for the board.
     (12) "Division" means the Division of State Lands, which performs all staff duties and functions related to the
administration of lands title to which is, or will,be, vestedn the board, purant to section 253.002, FS.
     (13) "Dock" means a fixed or floating structure, including buoyant vessels either temporarly or indefinitely.
     (14) "Essentially natural condition" means those functions which support the continued existence or encourage the 
restoration of the diverse population of indigenous life forms and habitats to the extent htey existed prior to the 
significant burden, unique to the applicant, and not shared by property owners in the area. Self-imposed circumstnaces
caused to any degree by actions of any person subsequent to the enacument of the Act shall not be consurued as an extreme 
hardship.  Extreme hardship under this act shall not be consurued as an extreme hardship. Extreme hardship under this act
shall not be consurued to include any hardship which arises in whole or in part from the effects of other federal, state, 
or local laws, ordinances, rules or regulations.  The term may be a public neccesity. 
     (16) "Fill" means materials from any source, deposited by any means onto soverignty lands, either for the pupose of 
creating new uplands or for any other purpose, including spoiling of deredged materials. For the purpose of thes rule, the
palcement of pilings or riprap shall npot be considered to be filling.
     (17) "Lease" means a conveyance of interest in lands title to which is vested in the board, granted in accordance
with specific terms set forth in writing.
     (18) "Marina" means a small craft harbor complex used primarily for recreation.
     (19) "Oil and gas transportation facilities" means those structures necessary for the movement of oil and gas from
the production site to the consumer.
     (20) "Person" means individuals, minors, partnerships, corporations, joint ventures, estates, trusts, syndicates, 
fiductaries, firms, and all other associations and combinations, whether public or private, including governmental entities.
     (21) "Pier" means a structrue in, on, or over sovereignty lands, which is used by the public primarly for fishing, 
swimming, or viewing the preserve. A pier shall not include a dock.
     (22) "Preserve" means any and all of those areas which are exceptional areas of sovereignty lands and the associated
water body so designated in Section 258.39, 258.391, and 258.392, FS, including all soverginity lands, title ot which is 
vested in the board, and such other lands as the board may acquire or approve for inclusion, and the water column over
such lands,which have been set aside to be maintained in an essentially natural scenic qualties and amenities thereof.
     (23) " Private residential single dock" means a dock which is used for private, recreational or leisure purposes for
a single family residencee, cottage,or other such single dwelling unit and which is designed to moor no more than two boats.
     (24) " Private residential multi-slip dock" means a docking facility which is used for private recreational or
leisure pruposed for multi-unit residential dwillings which shall include but is not limited to condominiums, townhoused,
subdivisions and other such dwellings or residential areas and which is designed to moor three or more boats. Yacht
clubs associated with residential developments, whose memberships or utilzation of interest in the resisential area, 
shall also be included,
    (25) "Public interest" means demonstrable environmental, social, and economic benefits which would accure to the public
at large as a result of a proposed action, and which would clearly exceed all demonstratalbe environmental, social, and 
economic coasts of the proposed action, In determining hte public interest i sovereignty lands or severance of materials
from sovereignty lands, the board shall consider the utlimate project and purpose to be served by said use, sale, lease, 
or transfer of lands or materials.
    (26) "Public navigation project" means a project primarilyu for the purpose of navigation which is authorized and
funded by the United States Congress or by port authorities as defined by Section 315.02(2), FS.
    (27) "Public necessity" means the works or improvements required for the protection of the health and safety of the 
public, consistent wiht the Act and these rules, for which no other reasonable alternative exixts. 
    (28) "Public utilities" means those services, provided by persons regulated by the Public Service Commission, or 
which are provided by rural cooperatives, municipalities, or other governmental agencies, including electricity, telephone,
public water and wastewater services, and structires necessary for the provision of these services.
    (29) "Quality of the preserve" means the degree of hte biological, aesthetic and scientific values of the preserve
necessary for present and future enjoyment of it in an essentially naturly condition.
    (30) "Resource management agreement" means a contractral agreement between the board and one

                                                         192

 

                                                                                                               R.(3/87)
  V.9 p692-2S                        FLORIDA AQUATIC PRESERVES                                       18-20.004
   or more parties which does not create an interest In        water and where the use or the water or sovereignty
  real property but merely authorizes conduct of                lands is an integral part of the activity.
   certain management activities on lands held by the            Specific Authoroty 258.43(1) FS Law Implemented
   board.                                                      258.37.258.43(1) FS. History-New 2.25-81. Amended
 (31) "Resourc Protection Area (RPA) I" -                      8.7-85.   Fornw 16Q-20.03. Transfered from
 Areas within the aquatic preserves which have                 16Q-20.003.
 resourres of the hichest quality and condition for                18-20.004 Management Policies. Standards
  trial area. These resources may include, but art not          and Criteria. The following management policies.
  limited to corals; Marine grassbeds; Mangrove                 standards and criteria are supplemental it) Chapter
  swamps; sail-water marsh; oyster bars;                       18-21, Florida Administrative Code (Sovereignty
   archaeological and historical sites; endangered or            Submerged Lands Management) and shad be
 threatened species habitat; and colonial water bird         utilized in determining whether to approve.
 nesting sites.                                                approve with conditions or modifications or deny all
 (32) Resource Protection Arta 2" - Areas                 requests for activities on sovereignty lands' in
within the aquatic preserves which are in transition          aquatic preserves.
 with either declining resource protection area 1                 (1) GENERAL PROPRIETARY
  resources or new pioneering resources within                     (a) In determining whether  (or deny
  resource protection area 3.                                   any request the Board will evaluate cach con a
 (33) "Resource Protection Area 3" - Areas                  case-by-case basis and weigh any factors relevant
 within the aquatic preserve that art characterized            under Chapter 253 and/or 258.Florida Statutes.
 by the absence of any significant natural resource           The Board, acting as Trustees for all state-owned
 attributes.                                                   land reserves the right to approve, modify or reject
  (34) -Riparian rights- means those rights                  any proposal.
 cident III lands bordering upon navigable waters,              (b) There shall be no further sale, lease or
    as recognized by the courts of this State and common         transfer of sovereignty lands except when such scale,
   law.                                                          lease or transfer is in the public Interest (see Setion
 (35) -Scale" means a conveyance of interest in              18-20.004(2) Public Interest Assessment Criteria).
  lands, by he lioard, for consideration.                          (c) Them shall be no construction to scawalls
     (36) .Scientific values" means the preservation            watrward of the mean or ordinary high water line.
   and promotion tit certain qualities or features which         or filling waterward (if the mean or ordinary high
  have scientific significance.                                 water line except in the case of public road and
  (37) ".'Shore protection structure" means 2 type           bridge pmccs where no reasonable alternative
 tit coastal construction cigsigned to minimize the rate       exists.
  of cosion. Cnasal construction includes any work               (d) There shall, in no cast, lie any dredging
 or activity which is likely to have a maiterial physical      waterward of the mean or ordinary high water line
    effect on existing coastal condhiorts or natural horc        for the sole or primary purpose of(providing fill for
   proiceses.                                                   any area landward of the mean or ordinary high
   (38) -Sovereignty lands" mcaqm thaw lands                   water lint.
   including. but not limited to: iqdal lands, islands,             (c) A lease. casement or consent or use may be
    sandbars. shallow banks, and lands waterward of               authorized only for the following activities:
  the ordinary or mean highwater line,to which the                1. a public naviration project;
  State( Florida acquired title on March 3, 1845, by            2. maintenance of navagational
 irtue tit statehood, and of which it has not since         channel;                   an existing n
 divested its title interest- For the purposes of this            3. installation or maintenance or approved
 rule sciereignty lands shall inciude all submerged           navigational akis;
  lands within the boundaries of the preserve, title to            4. creation      or       maintenance        of        a
  which is held by the board.                                   commercial/industrial dock, pier or a marina;
   (39) "Spaii" means materials redized from                    5. creation or maintenance of private dcoks for
 savertirnty lands which art redeposited or                    reasonable incress and ezrrss of riparian owners;
  discarded by any means, onto either sovereignty                  6. minimun dredging- for navigation hnneis
    lands or uclian.                                            attendant. to docking facilities;
   (40) "transfer" means the act or the board by                 7. creation or maintenance or 2 shore protection
   which any interest in lands including casements,             simcturc;
  other than sale or icasc, is conveyed.                          8. installation or maintenance or oil and gas
   (41) "Utility of the preserve" means fiLn Or                 transportation facilities;
  the preserve for the present and future enjoyment of             9. creation,    maintenance,       replacement       or
  its eical. aesthetic and scientific values, in an        expansion of facilities required for the provision fir
 essentily natural condition.                                 public ULfLics; and
  4q(42) "Water dependent activity" means an                      10. other activities whIch are a public rimqessity
  activity which can oniv be conducted on, in, over, or         or which art netessary ill enhanct that ouality or
 adjacent to, water areas bet use the activity                 utility of the preserve and which are consistent with
  requires direct access to the water body or                   the act and this chapter.
   sovereignty lands for transportation, recreation,                (11) For     activities    listed    in     paragraphs
  energy production or transmission, or source Of               129-20.004(l6)8(2)4l.4-010. above, the activity shall he
                                                            2q193


(R. 3/87)
18-20.0001				Internal Improvement Trust Fund			V.9, p. 692-2T

designed so that the structure or structures to be built in, on or over sovereignity lands are limited to structures necessary to conduct water dependent activities.
	(g) For activities listed in paragraphs 18-20.0001(1)(e) 7., 8., 9. and 10. above, it must be demonstrated that no other reasonable alternative exists which would allow the proposed activity to be constructed or undertaken outside the preserve.
	(h) The use of state-owned lands for the purpose of providing private or public road access to islands where such access did not previously exist shall be prohibited. The use of state-owned lands for the purpose of providing private or public water supply to islands where such water supplys did not previously exist shall be prohibited.
	(i) Except for public navigation projects and maintenance dredging for existing channels and basins, any areas dredged to improve or create navigational access shall be incorporated into the preempted area of any required lease or be subject to the payment of a negotiated private easement fee.
	(j) Private residential multi-slip docking facilities shall require a lease.
	(k) Aquaculture and beach renourishment activities which comply with the standards of this rule chapter and Chapter 18-21, Florida Administrative Code, may be approved by the board, but only subsequent to a formal finding of compatability with the purposes of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, and this rule chapter.
	(l) Other uses of the preserve, or human activity within the preserve, although not originally contemplated, may be approved by the board, but only subsequent to a formal finding of compatibility with the purposes of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, and this rule chapter.
	(2) PUBLIC INTEREST ASSESSMENT CRITERIA	
	In evaluating requests for the sale, lease or transfer of interest, a balancing test will be utilized to determine whether the social, econimic and/or environmental benefits clearly exceed the costs.
	(a) GENERAL		BENEFIT/COST CRITERIA
	1. any benefits that are balanced against the costs of a particular project shall be related to the affected aquatic preserve;
	2. in evaluating the benefits and costs of each request, specific consideration and weight shall be given to the quality and nature of the specific aquatic preserve. Projects in the less developed, more pristine aquatic preserves such as Apalachicola Bay shall be subject to a higher standard than the more developed urban aquatic preserves such as Boca Ciega Bay; and,
	3. for projects in aquatic preserves with adopted management plans, consistency with the management plan will be weighed heavily when determining whether the project is in the public interest.
	(b) BENEFIT CATEGORIES:
	1. public access (public boat ramps, boatslips, etc.);
	2. provide boating and marina services (repair, pumpout, etc.);
	3. improve and enhance public health, safety, welfare, and law enforcement;
	4. improved public land management;
	5. improve and enhance public navigation;
	6. improve and enhance water quality;
	7. enhancement/restoration of natural habitat and functions; and
	8. improve/protect endangered/threatened/unique species.
	(c) COSTS:
	1. reduced/degraded water quality
	2. reduced/degraded natural habitat and function
	3. destruction, harm or harassment of endangered or threatened species and habitat;
	4. preemption of public use;
	5. increasing navigational hazards and congession;
	6. reduced/degraded aesthetics; and
	7. adverse cumulative impacts
	(d) EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC BENEFITS:
	1. donation of land, conservation easements, restrictive covenants or other title interests in or consiguous to the aquatic preserve which will protect or enhance the aquatic preserve;
	2. providing access or facilities for public land management activities;
	3. providing public access easements and/or facilities, such as beach access, boat ramps, etc.;
	4. restoration/enhancement of altered habitat or natural functions, such as conversion of vertical bulkheads to riprap and/or vegetation for shoreline stabilization or re-establishment of shoreline or submerged vegetation;
	5. improving fishery habitat through the establishment of artificial reefs or other such projects, where appropriate;
	6. providing sewage pumpout facilities where normally not required, in particular, facilities open to the general public;
	7. improvements to water quality such as removal of toxic sediments, increased fishing and circulation, etc.;
	8. providing upland dry storage as an alternative to wetslip; and	
	9. marking navigation channels to avoid disruption of shallow water habitats.
	(3) RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
	(a) All Proposed activities in aquatic preserves having management plans adopted by the Board must demonstrate that such activities are consistent with the management plan.
	(b) No drilling of oil, gas or other such wells shall be allowed
	(C) Utility cables, pipes and other such structures shall be constructed and located in a manner that will cause minimal disturbance to submerged land resourses such as oyster bars and submerged grass beds and do not interfere with traditional public uses.
	(d) Spoil disposal with the preserves shall be strongly discouraged and may be approved only



							194
	




                             V.9, p. 692-2U                                                                                      (R.9/88)
                                                                     FLORIDA AQUATIC PRESERVES                                  18-20.004

                             structures shall be constructed and located in a                    3. the dock will extend out from the shoreline no
                             manner that will cause minimal disturbance so                          further than to a maximum depth of minus four
                             submerged land resources such as oyster bars and                       (-4) feet (mean low water);
                             submerged grass beds and do not interfere with                      4. when the water depth is minus four (-4) feet
                             traditional public uses.                                               (mean qlow water) at an existing bulkhead the
                              (d) Spoil disposal within the preserves shall be                      maximum dock length from the bulkhead shall be
                             strongly discouraged and may be approved only                          25 feet, subject to modifications accommodating
                             where the applicant has demonstrated that there is                     shoreline vegetation overhang;
                             no other reasonable alternative and that activity                   5. wave break devices, when necessary. shall be
                             may be beneficial on. or at a minimum. not harmful                     designed to allow for maximum water circulation
                             to the quality and utility of the preserve.                            and shall be built in such a manner as to be part of
                                (4) RIPARIAN RIGHTS                                                 the deck structure;
                                (a) None of the provisions of this rule shall be                 6. terminal platform size shall be no more than
                             implemented in a manner that would unreasonably                        160 square feet; and
                             infringe upon the traditional, common law and                       7. dredging to obtain navigable water depths in
                             statutory riparian rights of upland riparian                           conjunction with private residential. single dock
                             property owners adjacent to sovereignty lands.                         applications is strongly discouraged.
                                (b) The evaluation and determination of the                      (c) Private residential multi-slip docks shall
                             reasonable riparian rights of ingress and egress for                   conform to the following specific design standards
                             private, residential muti-slip docks shall be based                    and criteria:
                             upon the number or linear feet of riparian shoreline.                1. the area of sovereignty, submerqed land
                                (c) For the purposes of this rule, a private,                       preempted by the docking facility shall not exceed
                             residential. single docking facility which meets all                   the square footage amounting to ten times the
                             the requirements of Rule 18-20.004(5) shall be                         riparian waterfront footage of the affected
                             deemed to meet the public interest requirements of                     waterbody of the applicant. or the square footage
                             Rule 16.20.004(l)(b). Florida Administrative                           attendant to providing a single dock in accordance
                             Code. However, the applicants for such docking                         with the criteria for private residential single docks,
                             facilities must apply for such consent and must meet                   whichever is greater. A conservation easement or
                             all of the requirements and standards of this rule                     other such use restriction acceptable to the Board
                             chapter.                                                               must be placed on the riparian shoreline. used for
                                (5) STANDARDS AND CRITERIA FOR                                      the circulation of the 10:1 threshold, to conserve and
                             DOCKING FACILITIES                                                     protect shoreline resources and suborinate/waiv   e
                                (a) All docking facilities, whether for a single or                 any further riporian rights or ingress and egress for
                             multi-siip residential or commercial, shall be                         additional docking facilities;
                             subject to the following standards and criteria:                     2.docking facilities and access channels shall be
                                1. no dock shall extend waterward or the mean                       prohibited in Resource Protection Area 1 or 2,
                             or ordinary high water line more than 500 feet or 20                   except as allow pursuant to Section
                             percent of the width or the waterbody at that                          258.42(3)(e)1., Florida Statutes, while dredging in
                             particular location whichever is less;                                 Resource Protection Area 3 shall be strongly
                                2. certain docks may fall within areas of special                   discouraged;
                             or unique importance. These areas may be of                          3. docking facilities shall only be approved in
                             significant biological, scientific, historic and/or                    locations having adequate existing water depths in
                             aesthetic value and require special management                         the boat mooring, turning basin, access channels,
                             considerations. Modifications may be more                              and other such areas which will accommodate the
                             restrictive than the normally accepted criteria. Such                 proposed boat use in order to insure that a minimum
                             modifications shall be determnined on a case-by-case                  of one root clearance is provided between the deepest
                             analysis. and may include, but shall not be limited to                draft of a vessel and the bottom at mean low water,
                             changes in location, configuration, length, width                    A. main access docks and connecting or cross
                             and height;                                                           walks shall not exceed six (6) feet in width;
                                3. the number. lengths, drafts and types or                       5. terminal platforms shall not exceed eight (8)
                             vessels allowed to utilize the proposed facility may                  feet in width;
                             also be stipulated; and                                              6. finger piers shall not exceed three (3) feet in
                                4. where local governments have more stringent                      width, and 25 feet in length;
                             standards and criteria for docking facilities, the                   7. pilings may be utilized as required to provide
                             more stringent standards for the protection and                       adequate mooring capabilities; and
                             enhancement of the aquatic preserve shall prevail.                   8. the following provisions  of  Rule
                                (b) Private residential single docks shall                         16-20.O04(5)(d) shall also apply to private
                             conform to the following specific design standards                    residential muiti-slip docks.
                             and criteria:                                                        (d) Commercial, industrial and other revenue
                                1. any main access dock shall be limited to a                      generating/income related docking facilities shall
                             maximum width or four (4) feet;                                       conform in the following specific design standards
                                2. the dock- decking design and construction will                 and criteria:
                             insure maximum light penetration., with full                         1. docking facilities shall only be located in or
                             consideration of safety and practicality;                            near areas with good circulation, flushing and
                                                                                                  adequate water depths;


                                                                                           195







                                    (R.9/38)
                                    18-20.006                          INTERNAL IMPROVMENT TRUST FUND                                   V.9,p.692-2V

                                       2. docking facilities and acccess channels shall be          Cockroach Bay         April 21, 1987
                                    prohibited in Resource Protection Area I or 2,                  Estero Bay            September 6, 1983
                                    except as allowed pursuant to Sections                          Charlotte Harbor
                                    258.42(3)(e) 1., Florida Statutes; while dredging in            (Cape Haze,
                                    Resource Protection Area 3 shall be strongly                    Gasparilla
                                    discouraged;                                                    Sound-Charlotte
                                       3. the docking facilities shall not be located in            Harbor, Matlacha
                                    Resource Protection Area 1 for 2; however. main                 Pass and Pine Island
                                    access docks may be allowed to pass through                     Sound)                 May 18, 1983
                                    Resource Protection Area 1 or 2. that are located               Indian River-Malabar
                                    along the shoreline, to reach an acceptable Resource            to Vero beach          January 21, 1986
                                    Protection Arta 3, provided that such craning will              Indian River Lagoon
                                    generate minimal environmental impact;                          (Vero Beach to Fort
                                       4. beginning July 1, 1986 new docking facilities             Pierce and Jensen
                                    may obtain a lease only where the local governments             Beach to Jupiter
                                    have an adopted marina plan and/or policies                     Inlet)                 January 22, 1985
                                    dealing with the siting of commercial/industrial                Loxahatchee
                                    and private, residential. multi-slip docking facilities         River-Lake Worth
                                    in their local government comprehensive plan;                   Creek                  June 12, 1984
                                       5. the siting of the docking facilities shall also           Nassau River-St
                                    take into account the access of the boat traffic to             Johns River Marshes
                                    avoid marine grassbeds or other aquatic resources in            and Fort Clinch
                                    the surrounding areas;                                          State Park             April 22, 1986
                                       6. the siting of new facilities within the preserve          North Fork of the St.
                                    shall be secondary to the expansions or existing                Lucie River            May 22, 1984
                                    facilities within the preserve when such expansion              St Joseph Bay          June 2, 1987
                                    is consistent with the other standards;                         St Martins Marsh       September 9, 1987
                                       7. the location or new facilities and expansion or           Terra Ceia             April 21, 1987
                                    existing facilities shall consider the use of upland            Wekiva River           August 25, 1987
                                    dry storage as an alternative to multiple wet-slip              Specific Authority 258.43(1) FS. Law Implemented
                                    docking:                                                        253.02, 253.12, 258.42 FS. History--New 2-25-81.                      
                                       8. marina siting will be coordinated with local              Repealed 8-7-85, Formly 16Q-20.05, Transferred from    I          
                                    governments to insure consistency with all local                16Q-20.005
                                    plans and ordinances;                                             18-20.006  Cumulative Impacts.  In evalutating
                                       9. marinas shall not be sited within state                   applicatins for activities within the preserves or
                                    designated manatee sanctuaries; and                             which may impact the preserves, the department 
                                       10. in any areas with known manatee                          recognizes that, while a particular alteration of the
                                   concetrations, manatee waning/notice and/or                      preserve may constiture a minor change, the
                                    speed limit signs shall be erected at the marina                cumulative effecct of numerous such changes often
                                    and/or ingress and egress channels according to                 results in major impairments to the resources of the
                                    Florida Marine Patrol specifications.                           preserve.  Therfore, the department shall evaluate
                                       (c) Exceptions to the standards and criteria                 a particular site for which the activity may, in
                                    listed in Rule 18-20.004(5). Florida Administrative             conjuction with other activities adversely affect the
                                    Code, may be considered, but only upon                          preserve which is part of a complete and interrelated 
                                    demonstration by the applicant that such except                 system.  The impact of a proposed activity shall be                                    
                                    are necessary to insure reasonable riparian ingress             considered in light of it cumulative impact on the                                                   
                                    and egress.                                                     preserve's natural system.  The department shall          
                                       (6) MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT'S                                   include as a part of its evalutaion of an activity:                 
                                       The board may enter into management                              (1) The number and extent of similar human                             
                                    agreements with local agencies for the                           actions within the preserve which have previously                                    
                                    administration and enforcement of standards and                  affected or are likely to affect the preserve, whether                                          
                                    criteria for private residential single docks.                   considered by the department under its current                                         
                                       (7) In addition to the policies, standards and                authority or which existed prior to or since the                                       
                                    Criteria delineated in subsections (1) through(6),               enactment of the Act; and 
                                    the provisions or the following management plans                     (2) The similar activities within the preserve
                                    apply to specfic aquatic preserves and are                                                        
                                    incorporated herein by reference. Where regulatory                                                             
                                    criteria in 18-20, F. A. C., may differ with specific 
                                    policies in the management plans listed herein, the                                                            
                                    general rule criteria shall prevail.                                                             
                                                                                                 
                                                                   Date Adopted                                 
                                    Alligator Harbor               September 23, 1986                   
                                    Banana River                   September 17, 1985                               
                                                                                       


                                                                                           196
 



			V.9, p. 692-2W			FLORIDA AQUATIC PRESERVES							(R.9/88)
                                                                                                                  18-20.012
     			which are currently under consideration by the					aquatic preserve system, subject to confirmation by
			department: and 										the legislature.
			  (3)  Direct and indirect effect upon the preserve				  (2) The board may, after public notice and
			and adjacent preserves, if applicable, which may				public hearing in the county or counties in which the
			reasonably be expected to result from the activity;				proposed expanded or new preserve is to be located,
			and           										adopt a resolution formally setting aside such areas
			  (4) The extent to which the activity is consistent				to be included in the system.
			with management plans for the preserve, when					  (3) The resolution setting aside an aquatic
			developed; and										preserve area shall include:	
			  (5) The extent in which activity is						  (a) A legal description of the area to be included.
			permissible within the preserve in accordance with				A map depicting the legal description shall also be
			comprehensive plans adopted by affected local					attached.
			governments, pursuant to section 163.3161, F.S.,				  (b) The designation of the type of aquatic
			and other applicable plans adopted by local,state,				preserve.
			and federal government agencies;							  (c) A general statement of what is sought to be
			  (6) The extent to which the loss of beneficial				preserved.
			hydrologic and biologic functions would adversely				  (d) A statement that the area established as a
			impact the quality or utility of the preserve; and				preserve shall be subject to the management criteria
			  (7) The extent to which mitigation measures					and directives of this chapter.
			may compensate for adeverse impacts.						  (c) A directive to develop a natual resource
			Specific Authority 256.43(1) FS. Law Implemented				inventory and management plan for the area being
			258.36, 258.43, 256.44 FS. History---New 2-25-81.				established as an aquatic preserve.
			Formerly 16Q-20.06, Transferred from 16Q-20.0006.				  (4) Within 30 days of the designation and
															establishment of an aquatic preserve, the board			
			18-20.007 Protection of Riparian Rights.						shall record in the public records of the county or
			Specific Authority 258.43(1) FS. Law Implemented				counties in which the preserve is located a legal
			258.123, 258.124(8). 256.44 FS. History--New 2-25-81.				Specific Authority 258.43(1) FS. Law Implemented
			Repeated 6-7-85, Formerly 16Q-20.07, Transferred from				258.41 FS History--New 2-25-81, Formerly 16Q-20.09,
			16Q-20.007.											Transferred from 16Q-20.009.
						
															18-20.010 Exchange of Lands. The board in its
			18-20.008 Inclusion of Lands, Title to Which					discretion may exchange lands for the benifit of the
			Is Not Vested in the Board, in a Preserve.					preserve, provided that:
			  (1) Lands and water bottoms which are within					  (1) In no case shall an exchange result in any	
			designated aquatic preserve boundaries, or adjacent				land or water area being withdrawn from the
			thereto and which are owned by other governmental				preserve; and
			agencies, may be included in a aquatic preserve					  (2) Exchanges shall be in the public interest and	
			upon specific authorization for inclusion by an					shall maintain or enhance the quality or utility of 
			approprate instrument in writing executed by the				the preserve.
			agency.											Specific Authority 258.43(1) FS. Law Implemented
			  (2) Lands and water bottoms which are within					258.41(5).  256.42(1) FS. History--New 2-25-81,
			designated aquatic preserves boundaries or adjacent				Formerly 16A-20.10, Transferred from 16Q-20.010.
			thereto, and which are in private ownership, may be				
			included in an aquatic preserve upon specific					18-20.011 Gifts of Lands. The board in its
			authorization for inclusion by an appropriate					discretion may accept any gifts of lands or interests
			instrument in writing executed by the owner.					in lands within or contiguious to the preserve to
			  (3) The appropriate insturment shall be either a				maintain or enhance the quality and utility of the	
			dedication in perpetuity, or a lease.  Such lease shall			preserve.
			contain the following conditions:							Specific Authority 258.4(1) FS. Law Implemented
			  (a) The board shall have the power and duty to				256.42(5) FS. History--New 2-25-81, Formerly
			enforce the provisions of each lease agreement,and				16Q-20.11, Transferred from 16Q-20.011.
			shall additionally have the power to terminate any				
			lease if the termination is in the best interest of the			18-20.012 Protection of Indigenous Life
			aquatic preserve system, and shall have the power to				Forms. The taking of indigenous life forms for sale	
			include such lands in any agreement for 						or commercial use is prohibited, except that this
			management of such lands.								prohibition shall not extend to the commercial
			  (c) The board shall pay no more than $1 per year				taking of fin fish, crustacca or mollusks, except as
			for any such lease.									prohibited under applicable laws, rules or
			Specific Authority 256.43(1) FS. Law Implemented				regulations. Memebers of the public may exercise	
			258.40, 258.41 Fs. History--New 2-25-81, Formerly				their rights to fish, so long as not contrary to other
			16Q-20.08, Transferre from 16-Q-20-008.						statutory and regulatory provisions controlling such
															activities.
			18-20.009 Establishment or Expansion of						Specificc Authority 258.43(1) FS. Law Implemented
		     Aquatic Preserves.										256.43(1) FS History--New 2-25-81, Formerly
			  (1) The board may expand exisiting preserves or				16Q-20.12, Transferred from 16Q-20-012.
			establish additional areas to be included in the
					



												197




		(R.9/88)
		18-20.017					INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND		V.9, p. 692-2X

		  18-20.013 Development of Resources						18-20.017 Lake Jackson Aquatic Preserve. In
		Inventories and Management Plans for					    addition to the provisions of Rules 16-20.001	
		Preserves.										    through 18-20.016, the following requirements	
		  (1) The board authorizes and directs the division			    shall also apply to all proposed activities within the
		to develop a resource inventory and management				    Lake Jackson Aquatic Preserve. If any provisions of	
		plan for each preserve.						                this Rule are in conflict with any provisions of Rules
		  (2) The division may perform the work to				    16-20.001 through 18-20.016 or Chapter 73-534,	
		develop the inventories and plans, or may enter into			    Laws of Florida, the stronger provision for the
		agreements with other persons to perform the work.			    protection or enhancement of the aquatic preserve
		In either case, all work performed shall be subject to		    shall prevail.	
		board approval.								            (1) No further sale, transfer or lease of
		Specific Authority 256.43(1) FS. Law Implemneted			   sovereignty lands in the preserve shall be approved	
		253.03(7), 253.03(8) FS. History--New 2-25-81,				   or consummated by the Board, except upon a
		Amended 6-7-85, Formerly 16Q-20.13, Transferred from			   showing of extreme hardship on the part of the	
		16Q-20.013.									         applicant or when the board shall determine such
													   sale, transfer or lease in be in the public interest.
		18-20.014 Enforcement. The rules  shall be				     (2) No further dredging or filling of sovereignty
		enforced as provided in Section 258.46.					   lands of the preserve shall be approved or tolerated
		Specific Authority 253.43(1) FS. Law Implemented			   by the Board of Trustees except:
		258.46 FS. History--New 2-25-81, Formly 16Q-20.14,			     (a) Such minimum dredging and spoiling as may	
		Formerly 16Q-20.014.								   be authorized for public navigation projects or for
													   preservation of the lake according to the expressed
		18-20.015 Application Form.							   intent of Chapter 73-534, Laws of Flordia; and
		Specific Authority 253.43(1) FS. Law Implemented			     (b) Such other alteration of physical conditions	
		258.43 FS. History--New 2-25-81, Repeated 6-7-85,			   as may be necessary to enhance the quality or utility
		Formerly 16Q-20.15. Transferred form 16Q-20.015.			   of the preserve.
													     (3) There shall be no drilling of wells,	
		18-20.16 COordination with Other						   excavation for shell or minerals, and no erection of	
		Governmental Agencies. Where a Department of				   structures (other than docks), within the preserve,	
		Environmental Regulation permit is required for				   unless such activity is associated with activity
		activities on sovereignty lands the department will			   authorized by Chapter 73-534, Laws of Florida.	
		coordiante with the Department of Enviornmental				      (4) The Board shall not approve the relations	
		Regulation to obtain a copy of the joint Department			   of bulkhead lines within the preserve.	
		of Army/Florida Department of Enviornmetal					(5) Notwithstanding other provisions of this act,
		Regualtion permit application and the biological			   the board may, respecting land lying within the	
		survey. The information contained in the joint			         Lake Jackson basin:
		be considered by the department in preparing its			      (a) Enter into agreements for and establish lines
		staff recommedations to the board. The board may			   delineating sovereignty and privately owned lands;	
		also consider the reports of other governmnetal				      (b) Enter into agreements for the exchange and   
		agencies that have related management or				         exchange sovereignty lands for privately owned
		permitting responsibilities regarding the proposed			   lands;
		activity.								                  (c) Accept gifts of land within or contiguous to
		Specific Authority 253.43(1) FS. Law Implemented			   the preserve. 
		258.43 FS History--New 2-25-81, Formerly 16Q-20.16.			   Specific Authority 258.39(26) FS. Law Implemented
		Transferred from 16Q-20.016.							   258.39(26). 256.43 FS History--New 6-7-85. Formerly
													   16Q-20.017, Transferred from 16Q-20.017.





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