Banana River aquatic preserve management plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

BANANA RIVER

AQUATIC PRESERVE

MANAGEMENT PLAN

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B281
1985 DEPARTMENT CF NATURAL RESOURCES

U - S . APARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUT.H HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

BANANA RIVER AQUATIC PRESERVE
MANAGEMENT PL@N/
September 1985

Dr. Elton J. Gissendanner
Executive Director
Department of Natural Resources

This plan was prepared by
The Bureau of Environmental Land Management
Division of Recreation and Parks

PrOPQrtY Of CSC Library

,-Preparation of this management plan was primarily supported by
t@@_'a grant from the U.S. Office of ocean and Coastal Resouice
-Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
--and the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, the
_@_Office of Coastal Management, through the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Act of 1972 as. amended.
C"

Executive Summary

The Banana River is a shallow lagoon important in this region for its value to
recreational and commercial fishing, boating and residential development. The
preserve is in a rapidly growing urban area affected by agriculture and
residential drainage. Mangrove trees fringe the majority of the shoreline,
with scattered residential development. The lagoon is bounded on the west by
Merritt Island and on the east by a barrier island. The Banana River Aquatic
Preserve is designated and managed as both an urban and wilderness preserve.

The estuary is an important home and nursery area for an extensive array of
fish and wildlife. The major problems in the continued health of this area
include the construction of drainage systems which have increased the amount
of fresh water flow into the estuary, the loss of wetland areas and water
quality degradation associated with agricultural drainage and urban runoff.
In addition, the presence of causeways has changed the historical flushing and
circulation within the lagoon system.

The major objectives of the aquatic preserve management program are to manage
the preserve to ensure the maintenance of an essentially natural condition,
and to restore and enhance those conditions which are not in a natural
condition. Management will also be directed to ensure public recreational
opportunities while assuring the continued propagation of fish and wildlife.
This task will be guided by the identification and mapping of natural
resources and habitats necessary to meet these objectives. An additional
management objective is the review and comment on applications for the use of
state-owned submerged lands. This will require, in a fully implemented
management program, the onsite investigation of these proposed uses by field
personnel assigned to the aquatic preserve. The field'personnel are critical
to the realistic management of this aquatic preserve.

STATE OF FLORIDA

BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND

R E S 0 L U T 1 0 N

WHEREAS, the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund is

charged with the acquisition, administration, management, control, super-

vision, conservation, protection, and disposition of all lands title to which

is vested in the Trustees under Chapter ?53, Florida Statutes; and

WHEREAS, Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, directs that state-owned

submerged lands within aquatic preserves be set aside forever in their

essentially natural or existing condition for the benefit of future

generations; and

WHEREAS, the Trustees are charged with the adoption and enforcement of

reasonable rules and regulations to carry out the.provisions of Sections

258.35 through 258.46, Florida Statutes, regardi,ng the regulation of human

activity withi@n the aquatic preserves so as not to unreasonably interfere with

lawful and traditional public uses of the preserves;

WHEREAS; Section 16Q-20.13, Florida Administrative Code, mandates the

development of management plans for aquatic preserves; and

WHEREAS, the Trustees desire to serve the public by effectively planning,

managing and protecting aquatic preserves; and

WHEREAS, the Trustees recognize the importance and benefits of protecting

the natural resources and preserving the natural ecosystem of the aquatic

preserve in the Banana River area, and
iii

NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees of the Internal

Improvement Trust Fund hereby adopts the Banana River Aquatic Preserve

Management Plan; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Trustees designate the Banana River

Aquatic Preserve as a "wilderness preserve", wherein the primary management

objective will be the maintenance of this ecosystem in an essentially natural

state; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Banana River Aquatic Preserve Management

Plan shall serve as a fundamental policy guideline for the Trustees and other

state and local agencies having jurisdiction relative to maintaining the

Banana River Aquatic Preserve system, and shall provide the overall policy

direction for the development and implementation of all administrative rules

and programs related to the management of state-owned submerged lands within

the Banana River Aquatic Preserve; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT the Department of Natural Resources, Division

oil Recreation and Parks, is hereby designated as agent for the-Trustees for

p'urposes of aquatic preserve planning and management.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF THE Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement

Irust t-und nave hereunto suoscrioea their names and have caused the Utticial

Seal of the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund to be

hereunto affixed in the City of Tallahassee, The Capitol, on this the 17th

day of September, A.D., 1985.

Governor

(Seal)

Secretary of State

Commi sioner of Education Fr ney General

Commis oner of Agriculture Comptroller
ion
ducat

As and Constituting the State of

Florida Board of Trustees of the Treasurer

internal improvement Trust Fund

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. INTRODUCTION ...................................... I ............ I

II. MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY .......................................... 7

III. MAJOR PROGRAM POLICY DIRECTIVE
'S ............................... 19

IV. RESOURCE DESCRIPTION .......................................... 25

A. Geologic Features and Landforms ........................... 26

B. Community Associations .................................... 27

C. Archaeological and Historical Sites ....................... 43

D. Water Resources ........................................... 48

E. Cultural .................................................. 50

V. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ........................................... 53

A. Introduction .............................................. 53

B. Onsite Management Objectives .............................. 53

C. Resource Mapping and Resource Protection Areas ............ 76

D. Administrative Management Objectives .................... I.. 79

VI. MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION NETWORK .............................. 87

A. Federal .................................................... 87

B. State ..................................................... 90

C. Regional .................................................. 97

D. Local Governments and Special Districts ................... 98

E. Other Entities ............................................ 101

Table of Contents (Continued)

CHAPTER Page

VII. PUBLIC USES ................................................... 103

A. Consumptive Uses ............................................ 103

B. Non-Consumptive Uses ....................................... 104

VIII. PRIVATE NON-COMMERCIAL USES ................................... 107

IX. COMMERCIAL USES ............................................... ill

A. Traditional Commercial Uses ............................... 111

B. Non-Traditional Commercial Uses ........................... 113

X. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ........................................... 115

XI. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ....................................... 117

XII. IDENTIFIED PROGRAM NEEDS ...................................... 119

A. Acquisition of Additional Property ........................ 120

B. Boundary Problems and Systems Insufficiences .............. 121

C. Legislative Needs .......................................... 121

D. Administrative Rule Changes ............................... 122

E. Data (Information) Needs .................................. 122

F. Resource Protection and Enforcement Capabilities .......... 123

G. Funding and Staffing Needs ................................ 123

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................... 125

CONTENTS OF APPENDICES ............................................... 129

vii

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This plan addresses the management of the Banana River Aquatic Preserve which

is located in North Central Brevard County (Figure 1). The preserve begins at

S.R. 528 (Bennett Causeway), extends almost to the southern tip of Merritt

Island, and includes Newfound Harbor and Sykes Creek as far north as Hall

Road. The incorporated cities bordering the preserve are Cape Canaveral,

Cocoa Beach, Satellite Beach, and Indian Harbor Beach, north to south respec-

tively. In addition, Patrick Air Force Base lies along the Banana River

between Cocoa Beach and Satellite Beach. The surface water area of the

preserve is approximately 46.4 square miles.

The Banana River system is a relatively shallow body of water with very

restricted water exchange with the sea and no significant freshwater inflow.

it is therefore classified as a lagoon (Clark, 1983). Merritt Island lies to

the west of the preserve, and a barrier island borders the eastern side.

Although there are no federally maintained navigation channels found in this

area of the Banana River, there are numerous channels maintained by the

county, municipalities, and private interests. Several spoil islands (formed

by dredge and fill activities for mosquito impoundments) parallel the shore-

line and are also found in the middle of the lagoon. The spoil islands and

much of the shoreline are lined with Mangroves. Marine grassbeds occur in

some shallow water areas.

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The climate in East Central Florida is humid subtropical, with an average

annual rainfall of approximately 50 inches. The average at Patrick Air Force
Base is only 46 inches (Doehring, personal communication). The majority of

this rainfall occurs between June and October.

The Banana River Aquatic Preserve will be a combination preserve with both

urban and wilderness type preserve sections. The wilderness section will

include the western shoreline from Mathers Bridge on the south, to the State

Highway 520 Bridge on the north, inclusive of Newfound Harbor. An additional

section will include Sykes Creek between Bennett Causeway and Hall Road. The

wilderness section on the eastern shoreline will extend from Mathers Bridge on

the south, north to Pineda Causeway. The remainder of the preserve to the

north will be an urban type preserve. The management emphasis in the urban

areas will be aimed at restoring the natural condition of the resources as

much as possible. The wilderness preserve area will be managed to emphasize

maintenance and enhancement of existing conditions. As more site specific

information becomes available, essentially natural conditions shall be identi-

fied and resources in disturbed areas restored, where possible. This plan

advocates a multiple use approach to management due to the extensive and

diverse uses within the preserve. These uses include boating, fishing, and

swimming.

The onsite staff resources necessary for the management program are identified

in Chapter XIII(G) Funding and Staffing needs. The program, as described,

will fill the minimum need for active management in the preserve and should

provide the framework for future management needs. The administrative support

3 -

for this management program will be provided by the Division of Recreation and

Parks' Bureau of Environmental Land Management (BELM) in Tallahassee, known as

the "central office". Field personnel wi.11 also be supported by the local

Florida Park Service, Division of Marine Resources and other local BELM staff,

when available.

The Resource Description section will identify resource and habitat types or

communities that are the major components of the Banana River natural environ-

ment as it exists today. Background data, journals, books, maps and all other

materials used to produce and support this plan are identified in the Biblio-

graphy orAppendices. The Resource Protection Area mapping is described in

Chapter'V(C').and will also be maintained separately in the Appendices.

initially, development of the-resource inventory will be.heavily -dependent on

LANDSAT satellite imagery, DOT aerial photography, and existing s cientific and

other literature. As the program proceeds and on-site managers are present,

the experience and additional resource information will likely result in

modifications to the program and plan, which are both designed to accommodate

such changes or at least identify areas needing improvements. Interaction

with local research entities (e.g., FIT and others) will also aid in obtaining

valuable data.

This plan is divided into chapters according to their management application.

Chapter II cites the authorities upon which this management program and plan

are built. Chapter III (Major Program Policy Directives) highlights the major

policy areas that are within this plan. Chapter IV presents a brief resource

description and references the appendices which contain more detailed informa-

tion on the resources.

Chapter V presents the management objectives of both the on-site managers, who

actually work in the preserve, and the administrative staff in Tallahassee.

Chapter VI addresses how this plan will interface with local, regional, state,

and federal agencies and programs; as well as its relevance to non-government

organizations, interest groups, and individuals.

Chapters VII through IX address the various uses, from public to private to

commercial. Chapters X and XI address the use of the aquatic preserve manage-

ment plan.

Chapter XII is an internal management improvement section identifying problems

and needs in the progressive improvement of this aquatic preserve management

plan.

This plan was written by the Department of Natural Resources (Dr4R), Division

of Recreation and Parks, Bureau of Environmental Land Management staff.

Funding for the plan was by a coastal management grant (CM-106) through the

U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, and the Florida Department of

Environmental Regulation (DER), Office of Coastal Management.

Chapter II

MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

The primary management authorities available to the staff for implementing

management directives affecting aquatic preserves are found in Chapters 258

and 253, Florida Statutes (F.S.). These authorities clearly establish the

proprietary management overview role of the Governor and Cabinet, sitting as

the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund and are variously
referred to as the "T rustees" or the "Board". Furthermore, all 'management

responsibilities assigned to the Trustees by this plan may be fulfilled

directly by the Governor and Cabinet or indirectly via staff or agents of the

Trustees, pursuant to delegations of authority, management agreements, or

other legal mechanisms. All subsequent references to the Board or Trustees

should be presumed to potentially include staff and designated agents, in

addition to the Governor and Cabinet. The staff of the Bureau of Environ-

mental Land Management (BELPI) (acting as "agents" for the Tr'ustees) is able to

review all requests for uses of, or directly affecting, state-owned sover-

eignty submerged lands within aquatic preserves. The review and subsequent

staff comments are primarily designed to evaluate the environmental

conse@quences of any proposed use of state-owned submerged land. The review is

conducted within the confines of the Criteria contained in the "maintenance"

provisions for aquatic preserves in Chapter 258, F.S.

Formal review comments are provided to the Department of Natural Resources

(DNR), Division of State Lands by the Bureau of Environmental Land Management

for inclusion in the comments and recommendations accompanying agenda items

for Trustees consideration. This mechanism allows the Trustees, sittinq as

owners of the land, to evaluate public interest and project merits within the

context of environmental impact upon the preserve.

BACKGROUND

In many respects, the authorities supporting aquatic preserve planning and

management are the cumulative result of the public's awareness of the impor-

tance of Florida's environment . The establishment of the present system of

aquatic preserves is a direct outgrowth of public concern with dredge and fill

activities rampant in the late 1960's.

The Banana River Aquatic Preserve was adopted by resolution by the Trustees on

June 3, 1970*. The boundary line of Figure I represents the gross boundary of

the aquatic preserve. The actual preserve includes those sovereignty sub-

merged lands located waterward of the mean high water and ord-inary high water

line within this boundary area.

In 1967, the Florida Legislature passed the Randall Act (Chapter 67-393, Laws

of Florida), which set up procedures regulating previously unrestricted dredge

and fill activities on state-owned submerged lands. That same year the

legislature also provided statutory authority (Section 253.03, F.S.) for the

Trustees to exercise proprietary control over state-owned lands. In 1967,

this governmental focus on p-rotecting Florida's productive estuaries from the

impacts of development led to the establishment of a moratorium by the

Governor and Cabinet on the sale of submerged lands to private interests. In

that same year, this action was followed by the creation of an Interagency

Advisory Committee on submerged lands management. In late 1968, that

Committee issued a report recommending the establishment of a series of

aquatic preserves. Twenty-six separate waterbodies were addressed in the

original recommendation.

Also in 1968, the Florida Constitution was revised, declaring in Article II,

Section 7, the State's policy of conserving and protecting the natural

resources and scenic beauty of the state. That constitutional provision also

established the authority for the Legislature to enact measures for the

abatement of air and water pollution.

It was not until October 21, 1969 that the Governor and Cabinet acted upon the

recommendations of the Interagency Advisory Committee and adopted, by

resolution, 18 of the waterbodies as aquatic preserves. Other preserves were

similarly adopted at various times through 1971.

Prior to the October 1969 action by the Governor and Cabinet, the Legislature

had created the Boca Ciega Aquatic Preserve. Subsequent Legislative-action in

1972, 1973 and 1974, created the Pinellas County, Lake Jackson and Biscayne

Bay Aquatic Preserves, respectively.

In 1975, the Legislature established a Florida Aquatic Preserve Act (Codified

in Chapter 258, F.S.), thereby bringin.g all existing preserves under a

standardized set of maintenance criteria. Additional acts were passed

subsequent to the 1975 action, such as the addition of the Cockroach Bay

Aquatic Preserve in 1976 and the Gasparilla Sound-Charlotte Harbor Aquatic

Preserve to the system in 1978.

The Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserve Management Plan, approved by the

Trustees on May 18, 1983 was the first management plan for an aquatic

preserve. The following aquatic preserves have approved plans: Estero Bay -

September 6, 1983; North Fork/St. Lucie - May 22, 1984; Loxahatchee River/Lake

Worth Creek - June 12, 1984, and Indian River Lagoon - January 22, 1985.

In June 1985, the Legislature passed State Bill 762, which expanded the

boundaries of the Banana River, Malabar to Vero Beach, Loxahatchee River-Lake'

Worth Creek, Wekiva River, and Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserves; and created

Guana River Marsh and Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves.

The State Lands Management Plan, adopted on March 17, 1981, by the Trustees,

contains specific policies. The Plan also establishes policies concerning

spoil islands, submerged land leases, "Outstanding Native Florida Landscapes",

unique natural features, submerged grassbeds, archaeological and historical

resources, and endangered species. All of these issues provide management

guidance to the aquatic preserve program.

ADMINISTRATIVE RULES

Chapters 16Q-21 and 16Q-20, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), are two

administrative rules directly applicable to the DNR's/Trustee's actions

regarding allowable uses of submerged lands, in general, and aquatic pre-

serves specifically. Chapter 16Q-21, F.A.C. controls activities conducted on

sovereignty submerged lands, and is predicated upon the provisions of Sections

258.03 and 253.12, F.S. The stated intent of this administrative rule is:

"(1) To aid in fulfilling the trust and fiduciary responsibilities of

the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund for

the administration, management and disposition of sovereignty

lands;

(2) To insure maximum benefit and use of sovereignty lands for all

the citizens of Florida;

(3) To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the

public may continue to enjoy traditional uses including, but not

limited to, navigation, fishing, and swimming;

(4) To manage and provide maximum protection for all sovereignty

lands, especially those important to public drinking water

supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and

wildlife propagation and mahagement;

(5) To insure that all public and private activities on sovereignty

lands which generate revenues or exclude traditional public uses

provide just compensation for such privileges; and,

(6) To aid in the implementation of the State Lands

Management Plan."

Chapter 16Q-20, F.A.C. addresses the aquatic preserves and derives its

authority from Sections 258.35, 258.36, 258.37, and 258.38, F.S. The intent

of this rule is contained in Section 16Q-20.01, F.A.C., which states:

"(1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be

managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially

natural conditions, the propagation of fish and

wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting

and fishing where deemed appropriate by the

board and the managing agency.

(2) The aquatic preserves which are described in Section

258.39, 258.391, and 258.392 and 258.393 F.S., Chapter

85-345 Laws of Florida and in Section 160-20.02,

F.A.C., were established for the purpose of being

preserved in an essentially natural or existing

condition so that their aesthetic, biological and

scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of

future generations.

(3) The preserves shall be administered and manag,

accordance with the following goals:

(a) Preserve, protect, and enhance these exc'

areas of sovereignty submerged lands by

@easonable regulation of human activity

the preserves through the development an,

implementation of a comprehensive manage,

program;

(b) To protect and enhance the waters of the

preserves so that the public may continu

enjoy the traditional recreational uses

those waters such as swimming, boating-,

fishing;

management programs, which are compatibl

the intent of the Legislature in creatin

the preserves;

(d) To use applicable federal, state, and lo

management programs, which are compatibl_

the intent and provisions of the act anc

rules, to assist in managing the preserv

(e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or

restoration of the biological, aesthetic,

or scientific values of the preserves, including

but not limited to the modification of existing

manmade conditions toward their natural condition,

and discourage activities which would degrade the

aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or

the quality, or utility of a preserve, when

reviewing applications, or when developing and

implementing management plans for the preserve;

(f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life

forms and habi'tats, including but not limited to:

sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses,

mangroves, salt water marshes, fresh water marshes,

mud flats, estuarine, aquatic and marine reptiles,

game and nongame fish species, estuarine, aquatic

and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine

mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks;

(g) To acquire additional title interests in lands

wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect

or enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific

values of the preserves.

(h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and biologic

functions, the benefits of which accrue to the public at

large."

OTHER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES

Other Department of Natural Resources management authorities applicable to

aquatic preserves include fisheries and marine mammal management and protec-

tion, and beach and shore preservation programs outlined in Chapters 370 and

161, F.S., respectively. Land acquisition programs conducted under the

Environmentally Endangered Lands authorities of Chapter 259, F.S. or the

Conservation and Recreation Lands Program authorized by 253, F.S., will

enhance the protection of the natural resources within the aquatic preserves.

Chapter 403, F.S., is an important adjunct to Chapter's 253 and 258, F.S.

This governs, in part, the State's regulatory programs affecting water quality

and biological resources. The Department of Environmental Regulation (DER),

through a permitting and certification process, administers this program.

Section 253.77, F.S., as amended by the Warren S. Henderson Wetlands Protec-

tion Act of 1984, requires that any person requesting use of state-owned land

shall have approval of the proposed use,from the Trustees before commencing

the activity. An interagency.agreement between DNR and DER provides an avenue

for staff comments on potential environmental impacts of projects in aquatic

preserves through the DER permitting process. Additionally, the DER has

designated, by administrative rule, a series of waterbodies with stringent use

criteria called "Outstanding Florida Waters" (OFW). The inclusion of all

aquatic preserve waters within this classification greatly enhances the

protective provisions of Chapter 258, F.S. As the designated "306" Coastal

Zone Management Agency, the DER also provides a source of funding for data

collection and planning in areas such as the Indian River area, as well as

being the state agency responsible for implementing the "federal consistency"

provisions of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act.

The DER's administrative rules of primary significance to the aquatic preserve

management program include Chapters 17-3, 17-4 and 17-12, F.A.C. Both rules

are based upon the authorities contained in Chapter 403, F.S. Chapter 17-3,

F.A.C. addresses water quality standards and establishes the category of

"Outstanding Florida Waters", while Chapters 17-4 and 17-12, F.A.C. address

permit requirements.

In December, 1982 a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the DER, DNR,

and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) was executed. This MOU clearly

establishes a process whereby the proprietary concerns of the Trustees, stated

in Chapter 253, F.S. can be integrated into the DER/COE joint permit

processing system.

Other opportunities for environmental review and input into activities

potentially affecting aquatic preserves are afforded by the Department of

Community Affairs (DCA), and the Department of State, Division of Archives,

History, and Records Management (DAHRM). The Executive Office of the Governor

also provides a mechanism for public input into federal projects via the State

clearinghouse process.

The OCA is statutorily responsible for administering the "Development of

Regional Impact" (DRI). The DRI program, authorized by Section 380.06, F.S.

was established by the Legislature to provide a review and monitoring

-%16

procedure for thos-e-development projects potentially affecting more than one

county.

Chapter 267, F.S. establishes the state policy regarding preservation and

management of Florida's archaeological and historical resources. This

responsibility is legislatively assigned to the DAHRM, which holds title

to those cultural resources located on state-owned lands. This a1so applies

to sovereignty submerged lands, including aquatic preserves.

The Department of Health and Rehabilitative Service5, under their public

mandate, administers two programs directly affecting the aquatic preserve

management program. These programs are (1) septic tank regulation, usually

administered by county health departments and (2) arthropod (mosquito) control

programs, usually implemented through local mosquito control districts. Each

of these programs holds the potential for creating significant impacts upon

the aquatic preserve. Establishment of close working relationships between

the aquatic preserve staff and the Department of Health and Rehabilitative

Services will be a necessary element of the aquatic preserve management

program.

Each of the above referenced programs may provide an effective means of

protecting aquatic preserves and their ecologically sensitive resources.

Appendix A contains a compendium of the appropriate statutes and

administrative rules.

Chapter III

MAJOR PROGRAM POLICY DIRECTIVES

This plan contains a number of management policy issues that are discussed

either generally or definitively. This section highlights those major policy

areas that comprise the basic thrust of this management effort. Adoption of

these policies will provide specific staff direction for implementing the

day-to-day aquatic preserve management program. Major program policy

directives are:

(A) Manage all submerged lands within the aquatic preserve to ensure the

maintenance of essentially natural conditions to ensure the propagation of

fish and wildlife, and public recreation opportunities.

(B) Prohibit the disturbance of archaeological and historical sites within

the aquatic preserve, unless prior authorization has been obtained from the

Trustees and DAHRM, and such disturbance is part-of an approved research

design or authorized project.

aquatic preserve, with an emphasis on those habitat types utilized by

threatened and/or endangered species.

(D) Protect and, where possible, enhance threatened and endangered species

habitat within the aquatic preserve.

(E) Prohibit development activities within the aquatic preserve that

adversely impact upon grassbeds and other valuable submerged habitat, unless a

prior determination has been made by the Board of overriding public importance

with no reasonable alternatives, and adequate mitigation measures are

included.

(F) Prohibit the trimming and/or rem oval of mangroves and other natural

shoreline vegetation within the aquatic preserve, except when necessitated by

the pursuit of legally authorized projects and local Mangrove Protection

Ordinances.

(G) Provide research and educational opportunities for scientists and other

interested researchers within the framework,of a planned research program in

the aquatic preserve.

(H) Acquire, where feasible, privately owned submerged lands located within

the boundaries of the aquatic preserve pursuant to the authorities contained

in Section 253.02(4), F.S.

(I) Prohibit the drilling of oil and gas wells, the mining of minerals, and

dredging for the primary purpose of obtaining upland fill within the aquatic

preserve.

W Prohibit non-water dependent uses of submerged lands within the aquatic

preserve except in those cases where the Board has determined that the project

is overwhelmingly in the public interest and no reasonable alternatives exist.

This prohibition shall include floating residential units, as defined in
Section 125.0106(2), F.S.

(K) Prohibit storage of toxic, radioactive, or other hazardous materials

within the aquatic preserve.

(L) Prohibit mosquito control practices within the aquatic preserve that

require habitat modification or manipulation (i.e. diking, ditching) unless

there are no reasonable alternatives and failure to conduct such practices

would result in a threat to public health.

(M) Limit pesticide and biocide use within the aquatic preserve to those that

are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for wetland'and

aquatic application.

(N) Prohibit the construction of new deep water ports within the aquatic

preserve boundaries.

(0) Insure that artifici,al reef construction does not adversely impact

environmentally fragile areas within the aquatic preserve and that the

construction will maintain the essentially natural condition while enhancing

the quality and utility of the preserve.

(P) Manage state-owned spoil islands within the aquatic preserve as bird

rookeries and wildlife habitat areas.

(Q) Encourage public utilization of the aquatic preserve, consistent with the

continued maintenance of its natural values and functions.

(R) Develop a well coordinated aquatic preserve management mechanism

that recognizes and utilizes local government programs and authorities.

(S) Require, through the efforts of DER and the water management districts,

the maintenance of the naturally high water quality of the estuary and ensure

the natural seasonal flow fluctuations of freshwater into the estuary-

(T) Formally recognize and designate the Banana River Aquatic Preserve as

an urban and wilderness preserve as delineated in Figure.

(U) Apply the management criteria contained in the adopted Banana River

Aquatic Preserve Management Plan to all subsequent legislative additions of

land to the aquatic preserve.

(V) Encourage the assistance of federal, state, and local government agencies

in implementing the aquatic preserve management plans, especially in the areas

of protection of natural and cultural resources and the enforcement of

applicable resource laws and ordinances.

(14) Marinas shall not be located in Class 1 or 2 Resource Protection Areas.

(X) Identify and document any problems caused by fishing activities and

report them to the Marine Fisheries Commission. Enforce any rule adopted by

the Marine Fisheries Commission and approved by the Governor and Cabinet.

Chapter IV

RESOURCE DESCRIPTION

The combination of subtropical climate, lagoon configuration and vegetation

make the Banana River system biologically productive. Fishing, boating and

.residential development on the lagoon's eastern shore are important economic

values of the Banana River. The eastern shore was dredged and filled for

mosquito control and is now used for residential housing developments. The

relatively pristine western shore of the lagoon is also rapidly being devel-

oped. Spoil islands within the lagoon have provided nesting sites for the

endangered brown pelican and other colonial nesting birds. Development of

some of these islands has resulted in the destruction of valuable wildlife

habitat. Seagrass beds, on the shallow bottoms of the lagoon, offer valuable

habitat for associated fauna and contribute to the productivity of the lagoon

system.

The Preserve provides a variety of habitats that support an extensive array of

fish and wildlife (Appendix C). Major problems in the continued health of

this area are the sewage effluents entering the Banana River system, the

agricultural drainage and urban runoff that adversely affect the water

quality, and causeways that restrict natural circulation and flushing.

Detailed information on the resources, such as species lists, water quality

information, archaeological and historical site information, life histories,

geological background, supporting maps, and cultural resource information are

located in Appendices C and D.

The resource information presented in this chapter is intended to be a general

description of the major management functions and resources of the area sur-

rounding the lagoon system.

A. Geol ical Features and Landforms.

The East Central Coast of Florida is characterized by a relatively straight

shoreline and linear barrier islands which extend almost the entire length of

the peninsula. The Banana River is situated between the beach barrier island

to the east and Merritt Island, a relic barrier island, to the west. The

Atlantic Coastal'Ridge lies to the west of the lagoon on the mainland and

parallels the Atlantic Ocean coastline. This low ridge diverts rainfall

towards the Indian and Banana Rivers and consists of relatively permeable

sandy soil. These features and other landforms along the coast reflect

several sea level change s that occurred during the Quaternary (Kofoed, 1963).

In the late Pleistocene (125,000 years before present (B.P.) sea level was

higher than it is today and covered the present barrier island as an offshore

sand bar formed on the shallow shelf. Only the central highlands of Florida

were above water.

Between 6,000 and 30,000 years B.P., sea level retreated and exposed the

lagoon bottom to air. Deposition of sediments through wind and freshwater

transport partially filled the lagoon until the last great ice sheets melted.

The subsequent rise in sea level inundated the lagoon and created the brackish

water environment of today.

The long, narrow barrier island acts as the first line of defense of Merritt

Island and the mainland against storm surges. Historically, narrow points of

the barrier islands have been breached during storms.

The temporary shallow inlets that formed, later closed due to siltation.

Man's intervention through dredging and stabilization of the Cape Canaveral

locks (the only connection with the Atlantic Ocean), has allowed saline water

to mix with fresh water, creating the lagoon environment that is found today.

Because the locks are the only connection between the river and the ocean, the

aquatic preserve is microtidal and generally calm.

B. Community Associations.

The plant communities of the Banana River are a major factor"in the continued

health and productivity of the natural systems of the preserve.,' This section

will also reference some of the major animal species associated with these

plant communities. Three major community associations recognized in the

preserve are mangrove forests, marine grassbeds, drift algae and salt marsh.

Each community is presented separately although in reality these communities

are sometimes mixed or overlap. Final subsections address the animal life and

endangered species within the aquatic preserves.

1. Mangroves.. Three species of mangrove trees represent the dominant

vegetational association on the low energy shorelines along the Banana River.

The mangroves range from twelve to thirty feet in height. The mangrove fringe

forest rarely exceeds 100 feet in width.

The three species of mangroves occurring here are the red mangrove (Rhizophora
mangle), both in and near the water at low tide level; black mangrove

(Avicennia _qerminans) generally inland of, but sometimes mixed'with reds; and

the white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) generally upland of, but also mixed

with blacks. Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta) is not a true mangrove but is an

important species in the transition zone on the upland edge of mangrove

ecosystems (Tomlinson, 1980). It often occurs upland of and mixed with

whites. These mangrove association species generally indicate areas of

frequent (red mangrove) to-infrequent (white mangrove) saline inundation.

There are many variations of the mangrove community within the area. The

major variation occurs in the fringe mangrove forest which borders the shore-

lines of the undeveloped barrier island. All species can appear in this

fringe forest, both in distinct zones and mixed as described above. There are

also overwash mangrove areas where the mangroves are standing in water and

there is little or no associated upland. This variation is generally

dominated by red mangroves (Odum et al., 1982). There are a few other

variations that appear in more inland areas (i.e., natural drainage channels)

which may have a wide variety of mangrove species mixture, including scrub or

dwarf forms.

The mangrove species have various root structures, such as prop roots (red
mangroves) and pneumatophores (the aerating root spikes of the black man-

groves) and extensive underground root mats which capture and stabilize

sediments in the estuarine waters and function as an erosion control buffer in

other areas. These root networks recycle nutrients and minerals from fallen

mangrove leaves and the anaerobic soil substrate by returning them to the

lagoon as detritus. The critical i*mportance of this mangrove detritus as a

source of estuarine productivity has been well documented in Florida, and the

infertidal community is the principal contributor to this process. Nearly all

the finfish and shellfish resources of the Banana River are, to some degree,

dependent on this nutrient base (Fernald et al., 1982). The entire community

also functions to buffer the uplands from storm tides and winds, and acts as a

storage area for those waters.

The variety in species type and distribution indicates that mangroves can

adapt to many situations, but they are susceptible to both natural and

man-induced disturbances. The natural disturbances can come from freezing

temperatures, hurricanes, or changes in sea level. Hurricane damage, although

not experienced in the recent past, is a potential threat to these communi-

ties.

Man's more subtle influence on the mangrove communities-is not as fully

understood as the natural forces that cause the direct removal or killing of

the trees. The effects of changing the upland drainage patterns, both by

bulkhead placement and drainage canals, need much more study.

Protection of the extensive mangrove communities in the preserve will be a

major task of this plan's management activities. The policies and practices

of this management are addressed in Chapter V, Section B.

-Other vegetation associated with the mangrove communities includes: salt grass

(Distichlis spicata); cordgrass (Spartina spp.); glasswort @Salicornia spp.);

sea purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum); saltwort (Batis maritima); and sea

ox-eye (Borrichia frutescens).

The tree canopies and root tangles provide habitat for a wide variety of
invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds (Table' I).

2. Marine Grassbeds. Marine grasses are submerged flowering plants which

stabilize sediments, entrap silt, recycle nutrients, provide shelter, habitat

and substrate for animals and other plant forms, provide important nursery

grounds for many vertebrates and invertebrates in addition to shellfish, and

are important direct food sources (Odum, 1974; Wood et al., 1969). The

grassbeds are very productive, possibly the most productive habitat within the

Banana River. They are important not only for their productivity but also for

the important animal life associated with the community. These beds serve as

Table I

ANIMAL LIFE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MANGROVE COMMUNITY

Mammals
marsh rabbit
rice rat
raccoon
bobcat

Birds
yellow-crowned night heron
brown pelican
double-crested cormorant
anhinga
wood ibis
white ibis
great blue heron
little blue heron
green heron
Louisiana heron
black-crowned night heron
snowy egret
great egret
cattle egret
reddish egret
blue-gray gnatcatcher
red-winged blackbird
cardinal
pileated woodpecker
belted kingfisher
prairie warbler

Reptiles
diamondback terrapin

Fishes
tarpon
snook
gray snapper
rainwater killifish
gobies
sailfin molly
striped mojarra
grouper and sea bass
permit
redfin needlefish
herring
striped anchovy

Table I (continued)

Fishes (continued)
ladyfish
roughtail stingray
bull shark
lemon shark

Invertebrates
mangrove tree crab
fiddler crab
blue crab
oysters
shrimp
snails
mosquitoes

Sources: Barile, D.D. Coastal Zone Protection element for the Palm Bay,
Florida Comprehensive Plan. Center for7-oastal Zone Research, FIT.
Melbourne, FL. 197-.

Fernald, et al. The Sebastian Inlet-Ft. Pierce Inlet Barrier
Islands. A Profile of Natural Communities, Development Tre'@ds,
and Resource Management Guidelines. 1982.

Gilmore, et al. Fishes of Indian River Lagoon and Adjacent Waters,
Florida. 1981.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlantic Coast Ecological
Inventory Map. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1980.

a food source for the endangered manatee.(Trichechus manatus), important

nursery areas for juvenile forms of shellfish, and as substrate for many

epiphytic algae species eaten by invertebrates which are in turn eaten by the

fishes (Fernald et al., 1982)

The two most commonly found marine grasses in the Preserve are manatee grass

(Syringodium filiforme) and Cuban shoal grass (Halodule wrightifl, with the
latter being the most abundant. Scattered patches of (Halophila engelmanii.)
are also present and widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) can be found along some

shoreline areas (Day, personal communication). The more dense areas of grass-

beds in the lagoon are usually in shallow water with a fairly constant

salinity. These shallow areas are prime fish habitat and are vulnerable to

damage by'boating activities. Boat propellers may cut channels in the

grassbeds, creating long-term damage to the community. The marine grassbeds

are also sensitive to turbidity and, as a result, are vulnerable to dredging

activities (Fernald et al., 1982).

Marine grassbeds are a primary vegetation community and will be used as a key

indicator in measuring the natural condition of the aquatic preserve.

Seagrass coverage and diversity appear to vary seasonally, yearly and possibly

in longer cycles. Protection of marine grassbeds will be a major considera-

tion in the field and administrative review of use proposals (See Appendix D).

The invertebrate fauna associated with these grassbeds can be rich and

diverse, depending on the specific area. More data is needed on the animal

life associated with marine grassbeds (See Table II).

Table 11

ANIMAL LIFE FOUND IN MARINE GRASSBED AREAS OR
GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS COMMUNITY

Mammals
bottle-nosed dolphin
manatee

Birds
brown pelican
double-crested cormorant
osprey
least tern
belted kingfisher
bald eagle
great blue heron
Louisiana heron
great egret
reddish egret
white ibis
roseate spoonbill
common loon
horned grebe
magnificent frigatebird
pintail
green-winged teal
blue-winged teal
American widgeon
northern shoveler
lesser scaup
ruddy duck
red-breasted merganser
herring gull
American coot
Forster's tern
royal tern
Caspian tern
laughing gull
black skimmer
ring-billed gull
black-bellied plover
willet

Reptiles
diamondback terrapin

Fishes
Atlantic stingray
cownose ray

Table II (continued)

Fishes (continued)
sea catfish
gulf killifish
rainwater killifish
sheepshead
sailfin molly
snook
gray snapper
striped mullet
white mullet
lemon shark
bullshark
ladyfish
scaled sardine
striped anchovy
gulf pipefish
pigfish
silver jenny
mojarra
spotted seatrout
southern kingfish
black drum
red drum
pin fish
mosquito fish
great barracuda
spot
silver perch
permit
leatherjacket
tidewater silverside
lined sole
crevalle jack
chain pipefish
gulf pipefish
Irish pompano
bay whiff
code goby
clown goby
darter goby
bighead searobin
gulf flounder
southern puffer
striped burrfish
gafftopsail catfish
Atlantic thread herring
yellowfin menhaden
Atlantic menhaden

Table II (continued)

Invertebrates
Pink shrimp
stone crab
spiny lobster
blue crab

Sources: Fernald, et al. The Sebastian Inlet-Ft. Pierce Inlet Barrier
Island. A Profile of Natural Communities, Development Trends,
and Resource Management Guidelines. 1982.

Gilmore, et al. Fishes of Indian River Lagoon and Adjacent Waters,
Florida. 1981.

Atlantic Coast Ecological Inventory. 1980.

Palm Bay Coastal Zone Protection Element. 1978.

3. Drift Algae Drift algae are important associated components of the marine

grassbed system in the Banana River. There are some 60 species of red, brown

and green algae that are either interspersed with or grow on marine grasses.

These algae begin as attached forms on the grass blades and eventually break

loose to drift. These floating algal mats become substrata for numerous

invertebrates, associated algae and fish. The drift algae communities may

provide better refuge for many organisms than marine grasses. These

communities occur throughout the lagoon (Virnstein and Howard, in press) of

the Indian River, and although there have not been any specific studies done

in the Banana River, drift algae are certain to exist (Nelson, personal

communication).

4. Green Alga-e. A little studied component of the grassbed community is the

green algae, Caulerpa Prolifera. In shallow areas,.these algae grow in

scattered patches with the marine grasses. As depth and turbidity increase

however, there is a virtual monoculture of Caulerpa. (Willard, pers. comm.)

The comparative importance of these algae beds to adjacent marine grassbeds

and information on historical trends of Caulerpa prolifera distribution are

needed.

5. Saltmarsh. Historically, this habitat was commonly converted to mosquito

impoundments and only a small percentage of the original acreage remains open

to water exchange today. In the Banana River area, saltmarshes are generally

forced out by the more dominant mangroves. The saltmarsh grasses grow in

transitional areas between mangroves, freshwater marshes and saltbarren areas.

Some of these transitional areas are also at elevations (i.e., landward of the

mean high water line) that technically may put them outside the aquatic

preserve boundary (unless the uplands are state-owned).

The species within this community are smooth cordgrass (Spartina
alterniflora), saltwort (Batis maritima), glasswort (Salicornia.virginica),
salt grass (Distichlis spicata) and sea ox-eye (Borrichia frutescens).

This community can also have mangroves, cabbage palms, and exotics mixed in

with the vegetation. The type of vegetation present varies with the degree of

tidal inundation, the influence of other vegetation, the amount of disturbance

by ditching and diking, and the amount of freshwater drainage from the

uplands. The saltmarsh grass community recycles nutrients, contributes to

productivity, and provides shelter and habitat to a variety of animal life

(see Table 111).

6. Mosquito Impoundments. Numerous mosquito impoundments have been developed

by diking and impounding high saltmarsh habitats adjacent to the Banana River.

By manipulating water levels within these impoundments, prime mosquito habitat

can be flooded to prevent mosquitoes from depositing eggs in tidal areas.

The impounding and flooding have changed the vegetation, wildlife types and

diversity. The impoundments also restrict and, in some cases, prohibit

nutrient flow and fishery interaction within the Banana River lagoon.

However, these impacts can be mitigated by opening the impoundments to

lagoonal flow during months when mosquito control is not needed. There is

now a wide variation in management practices for mosquito impoundments.

Table III

ANIMAL LIFE COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH SALTMARSH GRASS COMMUNITIES

Mammals
marsh rabbit
hispid cotton rat
raccoon

Reptiles
diamondback terrapin
garter snake

Fishes
Fay anchovy
rainwater killifish
gulf killifish .
sheepshead minnow
mosquitofish
striped mullet

Birds
osprey
nighthawk
chuck-will's-widow
purple martin
great blue heron
green heron
great egret
snowy egret
Louisiana heron
least sandpiper
spotted sandpiper
black-necked stilt
ring-billed gull
laughing gull
black tern Invertebrates
red knot fiddler crab
tree swallow periwinkle snails
barn swallow polychaetes
common yellowthroat nqmatodes
sharp-tailed sparrow
red-winged blackbird

Sources: Fernald, et al. The Sebastian Inlet-Ft. Pierce Inlet Barrier
Island. A Profile of Natural Communities, Development Trends, and
Resource Management Guidelines. 1982.

Gilmore, et al. Fishes of Indian River Lagoon and Adjacent Waters,
Florida. 1981.

A Subcommittee on Mosquito Impoundments was established under the Governor's

Working Group for Mosquito Control to help foster improved management

techniques and to benefit environmental and mosquito control concerns.

7. Animal Life. The animal life associated with the Banana River area is

historically as diverse as the vegetation. However, mosquito impoundments,

dredge and fill projects, and causeway, road and bridge construction have

modi-fied much of the original habitat. These manmade modifications have

caused a variety of changes to the animal life of the lagoon.

The Banana River Aquatic Preserve serves as a valuable recreational fishing

area and as a nursery area for fish commercially caught in the Atlantic Ocean.

Other species not directly important to commercial fishing but necessary to

its ultimate food chain also depend on this estuary. The lagoon also provides

a refuge for animal species visiting this area during migrations, for daily

feeding purposes and during times of environmental stress (i.e., drought,

storms, development activities). These visitors include the manatee and many

bird species.

Fresh and saltwater fish species and other animal species lists and informa-

tion can be found in Appendix C.

8. Endangered Species. The combination of the subtropical climate, diverse

vegetation and habitats, and waterbodies in the Banana River Aquatic Preserve

helps to sustain many species of endangered animals. In Brevard County, the-

grassbeds in the shallow areas of the Banana River and Sykes Creek are

important manatee aggregation areas in the summer. Unfortunately, these areas

are also popular with recreational boaters and the resultant collisions are

responsible for high manatee mortalities. As identified by Kinnaird (1983),

the Cocoa Beach Recreation Complex (%'.BRC), grassbeds on the west bank opposite

Patrick Air Force Base, grassbeds north of the CBRC, and the Kiwanis Island

Recreation Area (Sykes Creek) are four such areas.

During fall and spring migrations, manatees are more likely to be hit by

deep-draft, wide beam vessels in shallow or 'restricted channels such as the

Intracoastal Waterway and barge canal. Slow speed zones, warning signs and

other management guidelines should be used to guarantee manatee health and

safety (see Chapter V-2d).

Table IV provides a list of other endangered animals known to occur within

this preserve.

C. Archaeological and Historical Sites.

A synthesis of the prehistory of the Florida coastline including the Banana

River area was conducted by Levy et al. (1984). Their research indicated that

evidence of Paleo-Indian occupation in the area was probably obscured by

rising sea I-evels that inundated possible sites. By 6,500 B.C. however, there

is evidence that the area received sporadic visitation by Indians, their

migrations being influenced by seasonal shellfish abundance. It wasn't until

Table IV

SPECIES OF THE BANANA RIVER AREA

WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR OF SPECIAL CONCERN

ENDANGERED

Reptiles

Atlantic green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas)

Atlantic Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Atlantic salt marsh snake (Nerodia fasciata taeniata)

Birds

Wood stork (Mycteria americana)
Peregrine falcon (Falco Peregrinus)

Mammals

West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)

THREATENED

Reptiles

Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta caretta)

Birds

Eastern brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis
carolinensis)
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
American kestrel (Falco sparverius paulus)
Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii)
Least tern (Sterna albifrons)

Table IV (continued)

SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN

Fishes

Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)
Rivulus (Tivulus marmoratus)

Reptiles

American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Birds

Little blue heron (Florida caerulea)
Snowy egret thula)
Louisiana heron (Hydranassa tricolor)
Reddish egret (Egretta rufescens)
Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaia)
American oystercatcher (_FTa_emat7o_Pus.palliatus)

Adapted from: Fernald, et al. The Sebastian Inlet-Ft. Pierce Inlet Barrier
Island: A Profile of Natural Communities, Development Trends,
Resource Management Guidelines. 1982.

Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Official lists
of Endangered and Potentially Endangered Fauna in Florida.
October, 1984.

A.D. 100 that Indian settlement in the area rapidly expanded. At that time

there were some mound burials (restricted to individuals of high status) and

shell middens that were composed almost exclusively of oyster shells.

Settlement was heaviest during A.D 800 to 1513, the latter being the point of

first European contact. The Ais Indians, a tribe of the T'imucuans, occupied

this part of the Florida coast. Ponce de Leon is usually credited with being

the first European visitor to the area, although there is some speculation

that Spanish slave hunters may have arrived first and alienated the natives, a

possible explanation for the poor reception received by Ponce de Leon. At

that time, the Ais are estimated to have numbered between 600-1500, but during

the late seventeenth century through the first half of the eighteenth century,

the population was decimated by diseases and incursion from northern Indian

groups (primarily Creek and Cherokee).

The Ais consumed local fish and shellfish and palmetto berries, coco plums,

cabbage palm and sea grapes. They moved their encampments and villages

seasonally to avoid flooding and stinging insects. Many Spanish and French

ships wrecked off the coast and the Indians often recovered valuables from

these sites.

Several archaeological sites exist in the Banana River area. Encampments are

marked by middens (accumulations of shells and tools used in cleaning oysters

and clams), while villages are identi-lied by the presence of both burial

mounds and middens (Rouse, 1981). Five shell middens were found on Merritt

Island, four of which were destroyed through the removal of shells for road

construction. Six mounds are located near Cape Canaveral, and one mound and

two middens near Indian Harbor Beach. Two middens are located in the Brantley

area, and one in Tropic, where a number of fragmentary human bones were found.

(Rouse, 1981; DAHRM, 1985).

During the S'eminole Wars (1835-1842) the threat of Indian attacks restricted

settlement along the Banana River (Brevard County Comprehensive Plan, 1981).

The "Armed Occupation Act of 1842" gave 160 acres to any settler who could

hold the land for seven years, marking the real beginnings of development in

Brevard County. In March 1844, Brevard County was established by the Florida

Territorial Council. By 1845, the Ais were no longer in existence as a tribe.

Historically, the Spanish and French have had numerous shipwrecks on the East

Central Coast of Florida, thus giving it the title of "Treasure Coast".

The Spanish also left another treasure; oranges. Spanish law required all

Spanish settlements to plant orange seeds, the precursors of today's orange

groves (Kjerulff, 1972).

D. Water Resources.

Water is the one resource that most directly affects the Preserve's habit-

ability and healthiness for the plants and animals naturally adapted to living

in the Banana River area. The drainage basin of the Banana River has many

residential canals along its western border between S.R. 528 and S.R. 520 and

within the cities of Cape Canaveral, Cocoa Beach and Satellite Beach, there

are over fifty manmade canals. These canals represent artificial,'unvegetated

underwater areas which have historically experienced poor water quality and

associated problems (Down, 1978).

The basic characteristics of the Banana River's water resources vary in

response to daily, seasonal, and long term forces associated with the climate.

In addition, water circulation patterns in the lagoon have been altered by the

construction of causeways and mosquito impoundments. The Canaveral Locks were

created in 1965 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This cut is the only

connection between the Banana River and the Atlantic Ocean. These locks lie

just north of the preserve's boundary, while the connecting barge canal

(between the Banana and Indian Rivers) crosses Sykes Creek within the aquatic

preserve. Lands created by dredge and fill have destroyed valuable wetland

areas, and increased amounts of surface water runoff and drainage have altered

salinity patterns and pollution loadings.

Eight major sewage treatment plants are located within close proxim ity of the

Banana River Aquatic Preserve. Six plants have secondary treatment of sewage

effluent and discharge into Class III waters of the Banana River. The

following plants are listed by design capacity and average flow, respectively:

South Patrick Plant - 2 million gallons per day (MGD) and 1.2 MGD; Cocoa Beach

Plant - 6 MGD and 2.8 MGD; Cape Canaveral City 1.8 MGD and 845,000 gallons

per day. Patrick Air Force Base has 2 plants one with I MGD and 825,000

gallons per day, and the Capehart Plant with 1 MGD and 500,000 gallons per

day. And finally, Central Avenue-500,000 gallons per day and 275,000-290,000

gallons per day. In addition, two plants have tertiary treatment-Fortenberry

Road Plant with 1.4 mgd and 900,000 gallons per day and Carlton Grove with 1.5

mgd and 1.0 mgd. A ninth plant, located above the aquatic preserve boundary,

is the Kennedy Air Force Station Plant with a 640,000 gallons per day capacity

and a 250,000 gallons per day average flow.

This area has the second highest concentration of septic tanks in the state.

In spite of the fact that most of the septic tanks are twenty to thirty years

old, no known problems ar e associated with them.

In spite of the aforementioned problems, the Banana River is still a rela-

tively productive system, when compared to more populated areas in southern

Florida and on the west coast of Florida. However, the growth experienced in

past decades is beginning to take its toll on the resources and the magnitude

of-current development has reached a level where water quality considerations

are critical.

E. Cultural.

The U.S. Census population for Brevard County was 272,959 in 1980 and 298,111

in 1982, representing a 9.2 percent increase (East Central Florida Regional

Planning Council, 1984). The current Merritt Island population projections

indicate that a 17.2 percent increase is likely; from 32,514 in 1980 to 38,100

in 1985, while projections for the North Beaches area indicate a 16.0 percent
%J

increase from 18,617 to 21,600 for the same period. It is predicted that

Patrick Air Force Base will show a 9.0 percent change in population from 2,843

in 1980 to 3,100 in 1985 (Brevard County Planning Department, 1984). Clearly,

population growth in the Banana River area increases the potential for

environmental degradation and adverse impacts on water resources and wildlife.

There are presently no Developments of Regional Impact (DRI's) within the

preserve's boundary, however future CRI's may occur (East Central Florida

Regional Planning Council).

Chapter V

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

A. Introduction

The main objective of the resource management plan in the aquatic preserve is

to protect the resources of the aquatic preserve for the benefit of future

generations (Section 258.35, F.S.). This part of the management plan

addresses the policies and procedures which both onsite and administrative

personnel will pursue. The onsite management will involve DNR's field

personnel assigned to the aquatic preserve. The administrative management

will involve Division of Recreation and Parks' personnel (both in the field

and in Tallahassee) and Division of State Lands' personnel, cooperating in the

review of applications for use of state-owned lands and related activities

surrounding the preserve. These personnel will be interacting with various

government and non-government entities, interest groups, and individuals.

B. Onsite Management Objectives

The onsite management objectives are reflected in the activities that the

field personnel become involved in (i.e., observation, research, public

interaction, emergency responses, etc.) to protect and enhance the resources

within the aquatic preserve. Other activities, such as the interaction with

other government and nort-government entities, are covered in more detail in

Chapter VI (Management Implementation Network). The field personnel's duties

are, with respect to management of the various uses of the aquatic preserve,

addressed in more detail in Chapters VII through XI. The field personnel will

generally be involved in all management activities concerning the Banana River

System.

1. Plant Communities

The communities of aquatic and wetland plants within the-Preserve perform five

major functions vital to the health and productivity of the estuarine system:

a. they tend to stabilize geologic features in the face of dynamic

forces (i.e., currents, tides, winds, and waves), which often

act in concert to both erode and deposit;

b. they create, from recycled nutrients and solar energy, the

organic material that fuels the estuarine food web which

supports the area's fisheries, endangered species, migratory

waterfowl, colonial waterbird nesting colonies, raptors, marine

mammals, and marine and estuarine invertebrates;

c. they provide protected fisheries habitat for spawning and

juvenile development, many of which are of economic importance

to the commercial fisheries;

d. they,provide roosting and nesting habitat for water birds;

and,

e. they physically buffer surrounding waters from contaminated

and channelized runoff from uplands within the watershed

and, in some cases, buffer the uplands from storm waves and

winds.

The management objectives for plant communities will be to maintain and

enhance these functions. Because these plant communities are critically

important to the well-being of the Preserve, a program to work toward the

protection and restoration of those communities now damaged or destroyed by

human activities should be developed.

Management Policy

a. Field Familiarization and Documentation. Field personnel will become

familiar with the plant species and communities present in the aquatic

preserve, and locations of their occurrences.

b. Literature Familiarization. Field personne'l will assemble a working

library of existing pertinent literature concerning the species and

communities present in the aquatic preserve. Staff will become familiar with

the ranges, life histories, ecological requirements, productivity, importance

to water quality, contribution to landform stabilization, wildlife habitat

provision, fisheries habitat provision, and fisheries food production of the

plant communities within the aquatic preserves.

c. Preparation of Guidelines for Management of Endangered Species. Field

personnel, based on their field observations and literature reviews, will

develop maps (using 7.5 minute quadrangles) showing the locations of

threatened and endangered plant species within the aquatic preserve. A set of

4-
management guidelines for each species, outlining the habitat requirements and

the methods to sustain and/or restore these habitats will be developed. Field

personnel, in the course of documenting the occurrence of threatened and

endangered animals, will develop maps showing the locations and types of plant

communities used by these animals for nesting, roosting, feeding, resting,

spawning, etc. Literature information and personal observations will then be

used to develop guidelines for maintaining (or restoring if necessary) the

"critical habitat" required by each species. Special consideration and

priority should be given to the manatee habitats of the Banana River as there

are currently no designated manatee sanctuaries in the area.

d. Monitoring of Plant Communities for Natural Changes. Field personnel will

become familiar with the use of aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery, for

the study and monitoring of plant communities (historically and at present

time) and will use this remote.sensing in conjunction with field observations

to monitor and document natural changes such as:

1. freeze damage to, and recovery of, mangrove communities:

2. wind and wave damage to mangrove communities from storms and

hurricanes;

3. accretion-related seaward extension of mangrove communities;

4. erosion-related landward retraction of mangrove communities;

5. depositional burying of marine grassbed communities;

6. invasions of exotic plant species and revegetation by native

species after exotic plant removal projects;

7. pathogen damage to and recovery of plant communities.

e. Identification of'Areas and Communities in Need of Restoration. Field

personnel will, as time permits, systematically survey the aquatic preserve to

determine the location, nature, and extent of environmental damages from human

activities and assess the possibility of restoring each of the sites according

to whether the site is publicly or privately owned, and the cost and effort

required.

f. Protection of Plant Communities. Field personnel shall protect the plant

communities from the various uses of sovereign lands within the aquatic

preserve according to the following guidelines.

1. Field personnel in their biological reports shall not recommend

for approval any proposed use for sovereignty submerged lands

when the plant communities in the proposed use area appear to

be jeopardized.

i. Pruning of mangroves shall only be permitted for access from

the mean high water line to a dock or pier. The destructive

clearing of mangroves in sovereignty lands shall be strictly

prohibited.

ii. Marine grassbed communities shall not be removed or shaded to

such an extent as to cause the death of alsignificant area of

the community. They shall not be subjected to unacceptable

turbidity, decreased light penetration, propel.ler or net damage.

2. Field personnel shall be notified of applications for uses of

submerged lands within the aquatic preserve by the Bureau of

Environmental Land Management central office. No applications

will be approved within Class I and 2 Resource Protection

areas (see section B(6) of this chapter) without a thorough

review by the field personnel. The field personnel will

inspect the site, assess the potential impacts to the plant

communities, and then convey their recommendations to the

central office as required.

3. Field personnel Will initiate various educational programs

and supplement existing educational programs designed to

increase public awareness of the damage that recreational,
private and commercial uses (i.e., propeller damage) can

inflict on marine grassbed communities. Education programs

can also be coordinated with other federal, state or local

groups (i.e., Florida Sea Grant, school boards etc.)

4. Field personnel will develop an exotic plant control and

removal plan after monitoring the rate and extent of invasion

by exotic species, such as Brazilian pepper, Australian pine, and

melaleuca.

5. In cooperation with the East Central Florida Regional Planning

Council, field personnel will familiarize themselves with the

results of a study under the Coastal Energy Impact Program, in

assessing the potential impact's of an oil tanker spill or

drilling rig accident on the natural resources of the Banana

River system.

g. Restoration of Plant Communities. Field personnel will consult with

professionals in the wetlands restoration/revegetation field to determine the

advisability of using healthy beds of marine grasses as a stock source to

restore damaged grassbeds. They will develop guidelines for restoring marine

grassbeds in the aquatic preserve.

Field personnel will identify easily accessible mangrove communities within

the aquatic preserve where a high densitylof mangrove seedlings could serve as

a nursery stock source for transplanting to restoration sites. Field personnel

will consult with professionals in the wetlands restoration/revegetation field

concerning proven procedures for transplanting and nurturing mangroves, and

will develop guidelines for restoring mangrove communities in the aquatic

preserve.

In the event that plant restoration is required as the result of a permit

application with DER, or as a result of any other process, the field personnel

will be responsible for monitoring the restoration activity. This might

include advising the individuals involved in the actual restoration work on

the best techniques under the available restoration guidelines. The field

personnel will monitor the success of the restoration project after the work

is completed.

h. Identification of Research Needs. Field personnel will identify research

needs concerning plant communities within the aquatic preserve with special

emphasis given to data needs that would increase the capability of field

personnel to manage plant communities under environmental stress, and to

determine threshold tolerances for plant community health and diversity in

relation to-degraded environmental conditions.

i. Coordination with Other Researchers. Field personnel will become familiar

with research projects being conducted within the aquatic preserve by state

and federal agency biologists and non-government researchers. Water quality

research issues, as they effect plant communities, should also be closely

followed. This -Familiarization should lead to a better understanding of both

agencies' personnel and a better awareness of the data findings and uses. The
research liaison will also be addressed in Chapter X (Scientific Research).

2. ANIMAL LIFE

The richness of the animal life of the Banana River area is important to the

designation of the aquatic preserve. The fish, shrimp, and crabs within the

aquatic preserve, both in the estuary and offshore, are valuable resources on

which recreational and commercial fisheries depend. Undisturbed wetlands are

excellent habitat for many types of wildlife. These wildlife include an

extensive list of endangered species, migratory waterfowl, colonial water-

birds, invertebrates and vertebrates.

The management objective for animal life within the aquatic preserve will be

the protection through preservation of habitats and living conditions in the

most natural condition possible.

MANAGEMENT POLICY

a. Field Familiarization and Documentation. Field personnel will become

familiar with the major animal species in each habitat in the aquatic

preserve. This identification process will include the location, number,

season of sighting, weather conditions and any other factors which may be

necessary to build a working knowledge of the species, and their interaction

and occurrence in the aquatic preserve.

b. Literature Familiarization. The field personnel will assemble a working

library of existing literature concerning the major animal species and
communities within the aquatic preserve. The field personnel will become

familiar with life histories, ecological requirements, position in the

community, habitat and other factors necessary for sound management.

c. Preparation of Guidelines for-the Management of the Endangered Species

Within the Aquatic Preserve. The field personnel will become familiar with

the guidelines of the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Department of Natural Resources' Division of Marine

Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service and any other applicable agencies

and non-government organizations involved in the management of endangered

species. These guidelines will be used in conjunction with the field

familiarization, documentation, and mapping to develop management guidelines

for each endangered species within the aquatic preserve. Special guidelines

shall be developed and implemented for the management of areas within the

aquatic preserve that are identified as critical habitat for endangered

species.

d. Mabatee Management. When applications for use of submerged lands within

the preserve or adjacent upland activities will affect a manatee sanctuary or

manatees known to use an area (see Chap. IV-B7), field personnel will notify

the State Manatee Coordinator. These applications or activities will require

the coordinator's authorization and approval before they can be recommended by

BELM. Field personnel will also work with the coordinator in the practice and

procedures of the following activities.

i. Monitor the preserve for manatee activities and maintain a

manatee sighting map for the preserve. This mapping will

take special note of large seasonal aggregations. A manatee

reporting and data collection system will be established and

will make use of other government personnel and private

individuals where possible.

ii. Identify and map shallow water and narrow areas where manatee

boat/barge collisions are more likely.

iii. Identify any other areas for additional manatee sanctuaries and

special channel marking and slow speed zones.

iv. Applications for use of submerged lands will be reviewed for

design and operation that are least dangerous and disruptive

to manatees. Approved uses within manatee use areas should

require manatee caution signs and any other requirements

that will guarantee manatee health and safety.

v. The creation of new marinas and multiple slip residential

docking facilities should be prohibited in manatee sanc-

tuaries and severely limited in identified manatee use areas.

vi. The creation of canals and basins within or contiguous to

manatee sanctuaries shall be prohibited.

vii. Assist local governments in the incorporation of manatee

issues into their marina siting elements.

viii. Schedule and monitor activities within manatee use areas

during seasons of lowest use.

ix. Assist in public awareness education efforts.

e. Monitoring Changes in Animal Populations. Field personnel will study and

monitor changes in animal species that are caused by natural phenomena, such

as:

i freezes;

ii. storms and hurricanes;

iii. changes in habitat due to changes in plant types; and

iv. Changes in habitat due to water quality changes; and

v. geologic or hydrologic changes including erosion,

estuarine current flow changes, and any other physical

changes.

f. Protection of Animal Life From Human Uses of the Aquatic Preserve.

Field personnel, during the process of resource impact analysis in the review

of use applications in or affecting the preserve, shall consider the

protection of animal species. The review shall also consider the potential

effects of the proposed use on the plant communities as they function as

habitat for the animal life and uses that may cause a disturbance in the

natural activities and functions of the animal life (e.g., air pollution,

excessive noise or bright lights affecting a bird rookery). -The field

personnel should be notified of any proposed activities (e.g., seismic

testing, mammal capture by permit) within the aquatic preserve that might

affect the well-being of animal life and should be involved in planning the

activity so as to cause the least amount of stress on animal life.

g. Identification of Research Needs. The field personnel in the course of

their duties shall identify research needs required to improve the management

of animal life in the aquatic preserve. This identification process is more

fully described in Chapter XII (Identified Program Needs).

h. Coordination with Other Researchers. Field Personnel will become familiar

with research projects conducted within the aquatic preserve by state and

federal agency biologists and non-government researchers. This familiar-

ization should lead to a better understanding of both agencies' personnel and

a better awareness of the data findings and uses. The research liaison will

also be addressed in Chapter X (Scientific Research).

3. GEOLOGIC FEATURES

The management of geologic features will require that the field personnel

become aware of the natural geologic features and the changes, both human and

natural, which affect these features within the aquatic preserve to better

enable a review of applications for state-owned land uses that might affect

these features. These geologic features will include inlets, islands, shoals,

shorelines, embayments, and channels. The overall objective of the management

of these features is to allow the naturally dynamic system to operate without

man's influence or interference. Active management in this'area shall include

the review of proposed uses that might affect the geologic features within the

aquatic preserve. The majority of these reviews will probably concern

bulkheads, bridges and channels as they might affect state-owned lands. The

objective in the placement of bulkheads on lands upland of the aquatic

preserve shall be that the natural contour and drainage be altered to the

least amount practicable. The use of rip rap with mangrove or other suitable

native plantings would be preferable to bulkheads within the preserve.

Bulkheads are not allowed within the preserve, except as stated in Sections

258.42(2), and 258.44 F.S. and in accordance with the management objectives of

the preserve.

Existing bridges and causeways within the Banana River have resulted in losses

of grassbeds and mangroves. Future proposed bridge locations will be reviewed

in light of these potential impacts. Causeways restrict natural flushing and

create unnatural circulation patterns.

Maintenance dredging of existing channels should also be carefully studied to

remove conditions that require perennial maintenance and-environmental distur-

bances. New channels also have the potential to adversely impact the aquatic

preserves, with varying influences in each preserve, depending on channel

location.

The field personnel shall also be involved in the review of project proposals

submitted to other agencies, such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

Department of Environmental Regulation, Department of Transportation, or Water

Management Districts, and shall formally review and comment on any permit

application that impacts the aquatic preserve. These projects shall be

reviewed jointly with those agencies' personnel whenever possible. The field

personnel will review these projects on behalf of the aquatic preserve and its

resources.

4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL 81TES

Archaeological and historical sites have several characteristics which must be

recognized in a resource management program.

i. They are a finite and non-renewable resource.

ii. Each site is unique because individually it represents the

tangible remains of events which occurred at a specific time and

place.

iii. While these sites uniquely reflect localized events, these

events and.the origin of particular sites are related to

conditions and events in other times and places. They also

preserve traces of past biotic communities, climate, and other

elements of the environment that may be of interest to other

scientific disciplines.
iv. These sites, particularly archaeological sites, are very fragile

because their significance is derived not only from the

individual artifacts within them, but especially from the

spatial arrangement of those artifacts in both horizontal and

vertical planes'.

Administerin2 Agency.

The management of the archaeological and historical sites is authorized and

administered by the Division of Archives, History and Records Management

(DAHRM) in the Florida Department of State. The management authority for this

area of management is presented in Chapter II (Management Authority).

Management olicy

The management policy presented here is one of conservation, as recommended by

the DAHRM and subject to that agency's changes. Their policy is as follows:

The field personnel and all other agencies planning activities

within the aquatic preserve shall coordinate closely with DAHRM in

order to prevent any unauthorized disturbance of archaeological

and historical sites that may exist on the affected tract. DAHRM

is vested with the title to archaeological and historical resources

abandoned on state lands and is responsible for administration and

protection of such resources (Section 267.061(l)(b), F.S.). It is

illegal to destroy or otherwise alter sites on state lands without a

permit from DAHRM (Section 267.13, F.S.).. Therefore, agencies

planning activities should coordinate their plans with DAHRM at a

sufficiently early stage to preclude inadvertent damage or destruc-

tion to these resources.

2. The nature of these sites' fragil,ity and vulnerability to looting and

other destructive forces requires that the location of these sites

not be widely known, if the location is known at all. In many

instances DAHRM will have knowledge of the known and expected site

distribution in an area. Special field surveys for unknown areas may

be required by DAHRM to identify potential endangerment of a proposed

activity to these archaeological and historical sites. This will @be

especially necessary in the case of activities contemplating ground

disturbance over large areas.

3. In the case of known sites, activities that are expected to alter or

damage these sites shall alter their management or development plans

as necessary, or make special provisions so as not to disturb or

damage such sites prior to professionally acceptable and authorized

mitigation.

4. If in the course of a management activity, or as a result of

development or the permitting of dredge/fill activities, it is

determined that valuable historic or archaeological sites will be

damaged or destroyed, DAHRM reserves the right to require salvage

measures to mitigate the destructive impact of such activities on

such sites (Section 267.061(l)(b), F.S.). Such salvage measures

shall be accomplished before DAHRM would grant permission for site

destruction.

5. Excavation of archaeological sites in the near future is discouraged.

Archaeological sites within the aquatic preserve should be left

undisturbed for the present, with particular attention devoted to

preventing site looting by "treasure hunters".

6. Field personnel will note suspected sites for future surveys by

DAHRM. Cooperation with other agencies in this activity is also

encouraged by DAHRM. The DAHRM will help inform the field personnel

about the characteristics and appearance of these sites.

7. Any discovery of instances of looting or unauthorized destruction of

these sites will be reported to the DAHRM so that appropriate action

may be initiated. The Florida Marine Patrol and other enforcement

personnel of DNR shall provide enforcement assistance to DAHRM and

make arrests or investigate cases of looting or other unauthorized

destruction of archaeological sites. The field personnel will follow

the above management policy and become familiar with the personnel

involved with this task in DAHRM and their procedures for identifying

suspected sites.

5. WATER RESOURCES

Responsible management of water resources for the protection of human health

and recreational enjoyment of aquatic preserve waters, as well as for the

protection and enhancement of the preserve's plant and animal communities is,

without a doubt, the most critical aspect of aquatic preserve management.

Research to understand how human activity can alter or detrimentally affect

the.dynamic characteristics of the preserve's various habitats can be

approached confidently after monitoring data has been used to model the

effects of naturally occurring variations on the same habitat. Only a single

toxic substance may be necessary to initiate irreparable ecological damage

and change in the water resources of the aquatic preserve estuarine ecosystem.

Management Policy

The successful management of the water resources of the aquatic preserve

depends heavily on other government agencies (i.e., DER and the Water

Management District) charged with regulating water quality and quantity. The

objective of the water resources management shall be to maintain the naturally

high water quality and to ensure the natural seasonal fluctuations of fresh

water into the estuary. Sources of water resources data include state and

federal agencies, colleges, universities, scientific foundations and private

consultants working in the Banana River area. These various entities have

interests at many different levels and areas within the riverine system. The

aquatic preserve management program will manage the water resources through

coordination with these various entities. The field personnel will not

conduct water sampling, but through the review of these data from other

entities and from their own field observations, they will be able to identify

water resource problems in the aquatic preserve. Efforts will be made to

ensure consistency in project design and sampling techniques so that data from

various studies can be used for integrated analysis.

a. Familiarization with the Jurisdiction, Personnel, and Monitoring Programs

of Government Agencies and Other Entities. Field personnel will become

thoroughly familiar with the jurisdiction, personnel and monitoring programs

of other agencies, institutions and corporations involved in studying,

monitoring, regulating and managing water resources within the aquatic

preserve and the drainage basins which provide fresh water to this preserve.

Those agencies known to be working or having potential activities affecting

the preserve are listed below; others may be added as they are identified.

1. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation

2. Brevard County Health Department

3. Brevard County Environmental Services

4. St. Johns Water Management District

5. U. S. Geological Survey

6. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

7. East Central Florida Regional Planning Council

8. East Central Florida Marine Resources Council

9. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission

10. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory

11. Florida Department of Natural Resources Shellfish Sanitation Section

12. University of Florida

13. Florida Institute of Technology

14. University of Central Florida

15. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

16. Florida Power and Light Company

17. Florida Inland Navigation District

18. Harbor Branch Foundation

19. Florida Oceanographic Society

20. Canaveral Port Authority.

b. Monitoring of Water Resources by Cooperative Data Collection and Review.

Field personnel will: 1. promote coordination among involved agencies in

planning monitoring programs and in evaluating monitoring data; and 2. monitor

water resources within the preserve by reviewing the data collected and

compiled by those agencies as it applies to the aquatic preserve and its

resources.

c. Review of Permit and Lease Application for Aquatic Preserve Uses and

Watershed Activities that would affect the Preserve Water Resources. Field

personnel will review sovereign land lease applications, development of

regional impact reviews, and DER/COE permit applications in cooperation with

other agencies as necessary, and as outlined in Chapter V (C) for their

potential impact on the water resources of the aquatic preserve.

d. Familiarization with and Monitoring of Activities and Users which

Regularly Contribute Pollutants to Preserve Waters. Field personnel will

become familiar with the activities and users which regularly or potentially

contribute pollutants to the waters of the aquatic preserve. This monitoring

will be accomplished directly by field observations and indirectly by review

of other entities' water resources data. Field personnel will encourage and

coordinate with other agencies involved with water resources monitoring to

consider more detailed field monitoring in areas of the preserve where the

incidence of polluting activities is found to be high.

These activities will also be applicable to Chaoter X (Scientific Research),

and the coordination through Chapter VI (Management Implementation Network).

The field personnel's onsite presence will be complemented by their reliance

on other agencies and entities for data and regulation. The field personnel

will have the ability to visually monitor water resource crises and phenomena

as they occur and when they affect other resources.

6. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ANALYSIS

Cumulative Impacts are the sum total of major and minor changes or effects

upon a natural system. Taken singularly these effects may not constitute a

notable change in the condition of the natural system, but as these single

changes or uses accumulate, their combined impact may result in a substan-

tive environmental disturbance or degradation of the natural system.

The review of proposed uses in the aquati-c preserve from the perspective of

cumulative impact analysis requires a thorough knowledge of the natural system

and the various interactions and dynamics within that system. This aquatic

preserve management program will initiate development of a cumulative impact

analysis program. The evaluation of cumulative impacts shall include the

following criteria from Chapter 16Q-20 F.A.C.:

"(1) The number and extent of similar human actions within

the preserve which have previously affected or are

likely to affect the preserve, whether considered by

the Department under its current authority or which

existed prior to or since the enactment of the Act;

and,

(2) The similar activities within the preserve which are

currently under consideration by the department; and

(3) Direct and indirect effects upon the preserve and

adjacent preserve, if applicable, which may reason-

ably be expected to result from the activity; and

(4) The extent to which the activity is consistent

with management plans for the preserve, when

developed; and

(5) The extent to which the activity is permissible

within the preserve in accordance with comprehensive

plans adopted by affected local governments, pursuant

to Section 163.3161, F.S., and other applicable plans

adopted by local, state and federal governmental agencies.

(6) The extent to which the loss of beneficial hydrologic

and biologic functions would adversely impact the quality

or utility of the preserve; and

(7) The extent to which mitigation measures may compensate

for adverse impacts."

The availability of onsite reserve staff who are familiar with the distinctive

characteristics of this system, coupled with their ability to access LANDSAT

imagery and mapping, and other data sources, is the key to development of a

successful cumulative impact analysis program. As cumulative impacts are

identified for specific areas and/or resources, they will become an integral

part of the project analysis and decision-making process.

7. MANAGEMENT OF ENCROACHMENTS

The management of encroachments in the preserve will concern the unauthorized

placement of structures, unauthorized dredging or filling, or other illegal

uses in the aquatic preserve. These encroachments might also include illegal

activities associated with an approved use (e.g., extension of a dock,

construction of boat houses, extension of an approved channel).

The management policy for the field personnel, after identification of a

suspected illegal encroachment, will involve a reporting procedure and the

monitoring of the remedial action. After a field identification of suspected

encroachments, field personnel will notify the central office to verify the

title of the property and research the possibility of the use being an

approved activity. Due to the extensive areas involved in the aquatic

preserve, this will be a progressive activity depending on the field per-

sonnel's eventual familiarization with the preserve and the approved uses.

The potential for unauthorized activities in such an extensive area may

possibly require some type of mapping and recording system to assist the field

personnel in their monitoring.

The management action for verified illegal encroachment will be developed by

the agencies specifically involved (i.e., DNR, DER). The field personnel will

assist, as necessary, with field evaluations or other support activities. The

final action will be monitored by the field personnel, at the direction of the

Trustees to the central office. The procedures followed in these applications

will be decided on a case by case basis.

C. RESOURCE MAPPING AND RESOURCE PROTECTION AREAS

The efficient description and location of resources within such a large area

requires the use of remote sensing techniques. This work will be done in

conjunction with DNR's Marine Research Laboratory's Assessment of Fishery

Habitat Loss Study in the Banana River Area. Marine Research Laboratory

personnel have developed resource and habitat identification mapping through

the use of LANDSAT (satellite) imagery and aerial photography.

The vegetation and land use mapping done in this study will become the basis

for the development of a Resource Protection Area management system in the

aquatic preserves. This mapping system will identify and classify various

resources within the aquatic preserves that require protection by the

management program. This mapping system will also give acreage totals for

each land use and vegetation classification in the preserves. The vegetation

portion of the mapping will be augmented over time by wildlife and fisheries
information (endangered species, bird rookeries, etc.), archaeological and

historical site information and other resource factors deemed crucial to the

continued health and viability of the aquatic preserves.

The onsite managers will supplement this mapping with the above information to

develop and update a Resource Protection Area (RPA) mapping program. The RPA

mapping system is based on three levels of resource classification. The Class

1 level will contain resources of the highest quality. Uses proposed for

these areas will receive the most rigorous review. The Class I level will

include the following: marine grassbeds; mangrove swamp; saltwater marsh;

oyster bars; archaeological and historical sites (upland and submerged);

endangered species habitat; colonial waterbird nesting sites; and other

appropriate factors.

The Class 2 areas will be defined as those areas containing the resources of

Class 1, but in a transitional condit4on compared to Class 1. These resources

will either be building toward Class I status or declining to Class 3 status.

Class 2 areas will require careful field review as to the specific area's

sensitivity to each proposed use. In some respects, these areas may be as

sensitive or more sensitive to disturbances as Class 1 areas. The resources

of Class 2 will include: marine grassbeds; mangroves in scrub condition or

colonizing new lands; saltwater marsh colonizing new lands; and other

resources of Class 1 type that fit in the Class 1L.condition.

Class 3 areas will be characterized by the general absence of the attributes

of the above two classes. Class 3 areas may have small localized Class Ilor 2

areas within them. Class 3 will generally have deep water areas or areas with

no significant vegetation or wildlife attributes. Nearshore and bottom areas

significantly modified by man will be designated Class 3..

These RPA maps will require periodic revisions as the onsite managers learn

more about the resource's reactions to man's uses. Scientific research and

other data additions may also require modification of this system. Natural

changes will also require modification of this classification system.

Periodic checking by LANDSAT satellite imagery will become useful for remote

sensing monitoring as its use is more fully developed.

The RPA maps will become a planning tool for both onsite and central office

staff. More detailed field review will still be required to supplement this

information on a case by case basis, as necessary.

The initial development, as well as periodic review, will require the support

and assistance of the many other resource regulating and managing agencies, as

well as local and regional government entities. Support will also be

requested from the colleges, universities, foundations and other interest

groups and individuals.

The.RPA mapping will use the USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle map format for

vegetation and these maps, after public notice and opportunity for public

review and comment, will be placed in Appendix D'of the aquatic preserve

management plan in Appendix D. It is recognized that mapping at this scale

may not adequately define small areas which do not qualify for the RPA class

level assigned to a general area.

D. ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

This section of the chapter addresses the role of the central office, in the

aquatic preserve management planning and implementation process. The central

office's role is generally interpreted within the context of coordinating

activities with the field personnel. This coordination linkage is important

to many program aspects, including project'review and evaluation, local

contact initiation, administrative rule development, contractual services and

conflict resolution, not to mention the routine support (payroll, operating

expenses, etc.) usually extended by the central office to the onsite managers.

All program activities identified within this context are designed to protect

and enhance the environmental, educational, scientific, and aesthetic

qualities of the natural systems of the aquatic preserve.

1. Objectives

Specifically, the following administrative objectives are an essential part of

the aquatic preserve management program.

a. To ensure a comprehensive, coordinated review and evaluation of

proposed activities potentially affecting the environmental integrity

of the aquatic preserve.

b. To serve as the link between aquatic preserve field personnel and

state agencies and programs which originate in Tallahassee.

c. To serve as the primary staff in the development of administrative

rule additions, deletions, and revisions.

d. To serve as the administrative staff for contractual agreements and

services.

e. To establish and maintain a conflict resolution process.

f. To review all existing and past activities as to their affect on the

environmental integrity of the aquatic preserve.

2. Project Review and Evaluation

A major element in the administration of an aquatic preserve management system

is the establishment of a thorough project review process. It is the program

intent that the central office staff review all proposed activities requiring

the use of state-owned lands within the preserve.

Sections 258.42 through 258.44, F.S., establish the legal context within which

all proposed uses of the aquatic preserve must be evaluated.

Essentially, these sections require that projects be basically water dependent

or water-enhanced, not contrary to the lawful and traditional uses of the

preserve, and not infringing upon the traditional riparian rights of the

upland property owner.

The primary mechanism through which proposed uses are reviewed is accomplished

by participation in the state lands management process as established by

Chapter 253, F.S., and modified by Chapter 258, F.S. The central office was

administratively designated, on October 4, 1982, as an agent of the Trustees,

for the purposes of evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed uses

of state-owned lands withfn aquatic preserves.

In conducting the environmental evaluations, the central office staff will

rely heavily upon the most current, readily available data such as Department

of Transportation (DOT) aerial photography, LANDSAT imagery, DER biological

reports, and other data resources (see Appendices C and D). If a proposed

activity is legally consistent with the maintenance criteria outlined in

Section 258.42 F.S. and Chapter 16Q-20, F.A.C., and is generally of negligible

environmental,concern, then the project review will likely be conducted in its

entirety by the central office staff, utilizing the generalized environmental

data.

The field personnel will be requested to conduct a more detailed environmental

assessment of the project if the central office staff, during the course of

the preliminary application review, determines that the requested use of

state-owned lands may have a significant effect upon the environmental

integrity of the preserve. Copies of all applications received will be

provided to the field personnel for project monitoring and assessment of the

possible cumulative impacts.

Field personnel will be encouraged to establish direct communication links

with the various regulatory and management agencies for purposes of obtaining

advance notification of projects potentially affecting the preserve. All

environmental rev,iew and assessments, however, will be channeled through the

central office unless other arrangements have been previously cleared with the

central office.

While the State Lands Management Program authorized by Chapters 253 and 258,

F.S. and Chapters 16Q-20 and 16Q-21, F.A.C. is expected to be the primary

management implementation.vehicle for the aquatic preserve, it is by no means

the only vehicle. Section 253.77, F.S., as amended, and the December, 1982

Memorandum of Understanding between the COE, DER and DNR provide direct access

to DER's permitting process for DNR. The Development of Regional Impact (DRI)

and other regional or state level review processes represent other implemen-

tation mechanisms. The basic review approach and the evaluation relationship
between the field personnel and the central office staff will be the same as

the case involving the State Lands Management program.

One aspect of the aquatic preserve review and evaluation program is the

identification of proposed activities that are either generally or specifi-

cally prohibited. Immediately upon review of such project applications, the
central office staff will notify the Division of State Lands (or other program

managers) that the proposed activity is legally unapprovable for the stated

reasons. For those proposals which are subject to denial due to their adverse

environmental impacts, even though the activity may be permissible, Section

258.42, F.S., specifically provides that:

"(1) No further sale, lease, or transfer of sovereignty submerged

lands shall be approved or consummated by the trustees except

when such sale, lease, or transfer is in the public interest.

(2) The trustees shall not approve the waterward relocation or setting

of bulkhe@d lines waterward of the line of mea*n high water within

the preserve except when public road and bridge construction

projects have,no reasonable alternative and it is shown to be

not contrary to the public interest.

(3) (a) No further dredging or filling of submerged lands shall

be approved by the trustees except the followi-ng activities

may be authorized pursuant to a permit:

1. Such minimum dredging and spoiling as may be authorized

for public navigation projects.

2. Such minimum dredging and spoiling as may be authorized

for creation and maintenance of marinas, piers, and docks

and their attendant navig6tion channels.

3. Such other alteration of physical conditions as may, in

the opinion of the trustees, be necessary to enhance the

quality or utility of the preserve or the public health

generally.

4. Such other maintenance dredging as may be required for

existing navigation channels.

5. Such restoration of land as authorized by s. 253.124(8).

6. Such reasonable improvements as may be necessary for

public utility installation or expansion.

7. Installation and maintenance of oil and gas transportation

facilities, provided such facilities are properly marked

with marine aids to navigation as prescribed by federal

law.

(b) There shall, in no case, be any'dredging seaward of a

bulkhead line for the sole or primary purpose of providing

fill for any area landward of a bulkhead line.

this will not prohibit the state from leasing the oil and

gas rights and permitting drilling from outside the

preserve to explore for oil and gas if approved by the

board. .

(d) There shall be no excavation of minerals, except the

dredging of dead oyster shells as approved by the

Department of Natural Resources.

(e) There shall be no erection of structures within the

preserve, except:

1. Private docks for reasonable ingress or egress of

riparian owners;

2. Commercial docking facilities shown to be consistent

with the use or management criteria of the preserve;

and

3. Structures for shore protection, approved navigational

aids'. or public utility crossings authorized under

subsection (3)(a).

M No wastes or effluents shall be discharged into the

preserve which substantially inhibit the accomplishment

of the purposes of this act.

(g) No nonpermitted wastes or effluents shall be directly

discharged into the preserve which substantially

inhibit the accomplishment of the purposes of this act."

Generally, applicants desirous of appealing staff recommendations will have to

follow those appellate procedures outlined in the appropriate authorizing

statutes. In the case where applications requesting the use of state-owned

lands are denied, three appellate procedures are available to the applicant.

Depending upon the type of application submitted, an applicant may:

a. Ask the Governor and.Cabinet to overturn an application decision

rendered by the Executive Director of Department of the Natural Resources

(or his designee) under a delegation of authority;

b. Request an Administrative Hearing under the procedures outlined in

Chapter 120, F.S.; or

c. Appeal the action of the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement

Trust Fund to the District Court of Appeals.

3. Liaison Between Field Personnel and Other Interested Parties

One of the most important aspects of the field personnel's job is to establish

a mutually beneficial communication link with pertinent interest groups. The

central office staff will assist in initially identifying and contacting

governmental bodies, special interest groups and interested individuals

requiring aquatic preserve program coordination.

When requested by the onsite managers, the central office staff will assist

in arranging for specialized management expertise not generally available

locally. This may include, for example, such things as arranging for DAHRM

to conduct a detailed cultural resource assessment for certain areas of the

the preserve.

Chapter VI

MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION NETWORK

This chapter of the management plan- will address the various relationships of

aquatic preserve management to the different government agencies and programs,

non-government entities, interest groups, and individuals within the aquatic

preserve area. The acitivities of both field personnel and central office

staff as they relate to these other organizations will be presented.

A. FEDERAL

Many federal agencies have property interests, land and wildlife management

programs, research activities, construction activities, and regulation

programs existing or potentially existing within the aquatic preserves. The

objective of the aquatic preserve management program will be to complement the

various activities wherever*possible. The field personnel will assist those

federal agencies in areas where they have common goals. The field personnel

and central office staff will also review the federal activities as to their

effect on the objectives of the aquatic preserve management. This review

shall be coordinated through the DER's Office of Coastal Management for the

purposes of enforcing the provisions of the Federal Coastal Zone Management

Act of 1972, as amended.

1. United States-Fish and Wildlife Service. The aquatic preserve program

will be involved in the review of proposed preserve uses in conjunction with

the Fish and Wildlife's Division of Ecological Services in Vero Beach. This

division reviews dredge and fill requests and other federal level permitting

under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act.

Another management program in which the field personnel could possibly

interact with the Fish and Wildlife Service is the protection and recovery of

endangered species and bird rookeries within the aquatic preserve. Field

personnel will become involved in using available recovery techniques for this

purpose, as necessary.

2. U.S. ArTy Corps of Engineers. The U.S. Corps of Engineers (COE) is

charged with providing technical guidance and planning assistance for the

Nation's water resources development, The COE also provides supervision and

direction to many engineering works such as harbors, waterways and many other

types.of structures. Their major responsibility, as it applies to the aquatic

preserve, is the protection of navigable waters, pollution abatement and

maintaining water quality and the enhancement of fish and'wildlife.

The COE activities in the Banana River include their involvement with the DER

in the dredge and fill permitting process, technical oversight of channel,

inlet and canal maintenance, and evaluating requests for new channels, canals

and other such public works projects. The field personnel will become

familiar with the various programs, policies and procedures as they apply to

the aquatic preserve.

The field personnel and central office staff will also review activities

proposed by the COE for conformance to the objectives of the aquatic preserve

management plan. This involvement should begin in the early stages of project

planning in order to facilitate the best protection of the aquatic preserve

possible. -

3. U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) under the

Department of the Interior has the responsibility to perform surveys,

investigations, and research pertaining to topography, geology, and the

mineral and water resources of the United States. USGS also publishes and

disseminates data relative to those preceding activities. In the past the

USGS has conducted many studies on various resources in the region.

The field personnel and central office staff will become familiar with these

studies and the data results as they apply to their management activities.

4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA), in cooperation with state and local governments, is the federal

agency responsible for the control and abatement of environmental pollution.

The six areas of pollution within which the EPA is concerned are air, water,

solid waste, noise, radiation and toxic substances. The DER is the state

agency responsible for handling most of these programs on a state level in

lieu of a federal program. Within the aquatic preserve, the field personnel

will assist the EPA in planning field activities in which they may be involved

and where there are common goals.

5. U.S. Coast Guard. The U.S. Coast Guard is the federal agency involved in

boating safety, including search and rescue when necessary. The Coast Guard

is also charged with the permitting of structures which affect navigation and

boating safety. These structures include bridges, causeways, aerial utilities

and other structures which may be in conflict with navigational uses. The

field personnel, in conjunction with the central office staff, will also

review projects which the Coast Guard may be evaluating for permits.

6. National Marine Fisheries Service. The National Marine Fisheries Service

(NMFS) under the U.S. Department of Commerce is active in the Indian River

area in recording commercial fish landings. The NMFS also has enforcement

officers in the area checking for illegal fishery activities. The field

personnel will work with these personnel whenever they have common goals

within the aquatic preserve.

B. STATE

Many state agencies have programs which affect the resource or regulate

activities within the aquatic preserve. There are also other DNR programs

that are within or affect the Banana River Aquatic Preserve. This section

will describe the interac@ions and relationships of these various agency

programs and how they relate to aquatic preserve management.

1. Department of Environmental Regulation. The Department of Environmental

Regulation (DER) holds principle responsibility for air and water quality

regulation. To this end, DER through its permitting process (DER 17-3, 17-4,
and 17-12, F.A.C.), permits dredge and fill activities and dock, boat ramp,

sea wall and other forms of construction where applicable. Permitting for

dredge and fill, specifically, is initiated in a three way permit review

process in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the

DNR. The overall importance of each type of permitting activity and its

positive effect on water quality makes DER of primary importance to

implementation of the aquatic preserve program.

The DER also regulates other forms of pollution, such as air, noise,

wastewater and hazardous waste, each of which may be important in the future

to the preserve.

DER also oversees designated Outstanding Florida Waters (OFW). The standards

for maintaining water quality within an OFW are more stringent than those
otherwise considered in other Class III designated waters (waters for recrea-

tion, and management and propagation of fish and wildlife). The Banana River

is designated as an OFW and such status complements the goals of the aquatic

preserve management plan.

The field personnel will become familiar with the water quality, dredge and

fill, and other regulatory programs that are important to the aquatic

preserve. The field personnel should develop a close working relationship

with DER staff and become familiar with DER field activities and programs that

are in common with the objectives of the aquatic preserve management program.

The field personnel should open the most efficient line of communication with

the local offices to receive the permit applications from DER as soon as

possible to improve the response time within the review process.

The DER, Office of Coastal Management is charged with coordinating activities

related to coastal management in the state and reviewing federal actions for

consistency with the State Coastal Management Program, SectiorT 380.20, F.S.

The central office staff will maintain a close relationship with the Office of

Coastal Management for assistance in the review of federal actions, data and

research needs, and other program support.

2. Department of Community Affairs. The Department of Community Affairs

(DCA) is responsible for reviewing Developments of Regional Impact (DRI).

DRI's are major developments that have impacts on a scale which is greater

than county level and require a regional review from neighboring local

governments and state agencies. Both the central office staff and field

personnel of the aquatic preserve program will be involved in reviewing DRI's.

The field personnel should receive notice of a DRI through the central office

staff and will proceed with the field review. The central office staff will

coordinate the field review findings and work with the otherl'state agencies in

Tallahassee in the review of the DRI.

3. Department of Natural Resources. The aquatic preserve management program

is associated with several other Department of Natural Resource (DNR) programs

in the Banana River area.

DNR's Marine Research Laboratory in St. Petersburg, under the Division of

Marine Resources, has several programs and projects within the Banana River

which will benefit the aquatic preserve program. The Marine Lab is presently

studying fishery habitat loss in the Banana River. The Resource Protection

Area mapping, which will be used in the management of the aquatic preserve,

will be created as a product of that fishery habitat loss study. The data

from this project, when it is completed, will be incorporated into this

management plan. The Marine Lab staff are also involved in a manatee

protection program. The field personnel will become familiar with these

studies and programs, and will consult the Marine Lab for their data needs

whenever possible.

The Division of Marine Resources also handles the permitting for the

collection of certain marine species and use of certain chemicals. The field

and central office staff will become familiar with this permitting process and

request notification of these permits within the aquatic preserve.

The Marine Patrol, under NIR's Division of Law Enforcement, also operates in

the Banana River and is located in Titusville. The field personnel will

become familiar with their programs and operation, and will call on the Marine

Patrol for law enforcement support as required.

The Division of State Lands within the DNR is charged with overseeing uses,

sales, leases or transfers of state-owned lands. The aquatic preserve staff

will interact with State Lands in all transactions concerning submerged lands

within the aquatic preserve. These would include the potential acquisition of

privately titled submerged lands or contiguous uplands important to the

integrity of the Preserve. This relationship is more fully described in

Chapter V(C).

The Division of Resource Management, through the Bureau of Geology and Aquatic

Plant Research and Development, is responsible for various programs poten-

tially affecting the aquatic preserve. Staff will establish communication

links with this Division to ensure that adequate consideration is given to

potential impacts upon the preserve that may result from the conduct of their

various programs.

The Division of Recreation and Parks, in addition to the work related to

aquatic preserves by BELM and The Florida Park Service, is also involved in

the management of State parks and recreation areas nearby. The aquatic

preserve program will work closely with these programs as they relate to

aquatic preserve management objectives.

4. Marine Fisheries Commission. (MFC) The MFC was established as a rule-

making authority pursuant to Section 370.027, F.S. The seven members are

appointed by the Governor and are delegated full rulemaking authority over

marine life (subject to approval by the Governor and Cabinet) with the except-

tion of endangered species. This authority covers the following areas:

a) gear specifications, b) prohibited gear, c) bag limits, d) closed areas,

h) quality control codes, i) seasons, and j) special consideration related to

eggbearing females and oyster and clam relaying.. The field personnel and

central office staff will become familiar with and enforce the rules of the

MFC.

The MFC is also instructed to make annual recommendations to the-Governor and

Cabinet regarding marine fisheries research priorities. The field and central

office staff will use these recommendations to direct research efforts within

the aquatic preserve.

5. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. (GFWFC) The GFWFC

administers the Endangered Species Program in Florida. Several species listed

by the state as either rare, threatened, or endangered reside in the Banana

River area. Many of these species, including mammals, birds and reptiles live

in or periodically use the aquatic preserve. The GFWFC will play a strong

role in assisting in the preservation of these species, and will work closely

with the field personnel and central office staff in developing program needs

in this area.

The GFWFC's Environmental Services office in Vero Beach sends biologists into

the Banana River area to review projects which may have potential impacts on

local fish and wildlife habitat as necessary. The central office will use the

GFWFC's assistance in their review process, when possible, and in developing

fish and wildlife management for the aquatic preserve.

The GF14FC has enforcement officers working in this area. The field personnel

will interact with these officers where there are common goals.

6. Department of Transportation. (DOT) The DOT has an office in Pineda and

the field personnel and the central office will work with the resident

engineer on anticipated projects having possible impacts on the aquatic

preserve and their major tributari.es. The field personnel and administrative

staff will review any major highway or bridge projects that may be proposed in

the future.

7. Department of State. The Division of Archives-, History and Records

Management (DAHRM) in the Department of State will have a close working

relationship with the field personnel and central office staff in the

protection of archaeological and historical sites. The field personnel will

be directed by DAHRM, through the central office, in any activities or

management policy needs for these sites.

8. Health and Rehabilitative Services. (HRS) The HRS provides many services

to the public. Of interest to the Aquatic Preserve Program are the HRS

@rograms of septic tank regulation and locally implemented mosquito control.

Both the central office staff and field personnel will establish communication

and coordination linkages with HRS and their locally conducted programs of

septic tank regulation and mosquito control. Although mosquito control serves

a useful public function, the effects of pesticides (adulticides and

larvacides) in the waters of the preserve are a primary concern. The central

office staff will become involved in future meetings and management programs

developed by the Governor's Working Group on mosquito control. Subsequent

policy recommendations coming out of this group will be evaluated for

applicability to the ongoing aquatic preserve management program.

C. REGIONAL

The regional level of the management implementation network as it applies to

the Banana River Aquatic Preserve will include the St. Johns River Water

Management District and the East Central Florida Regional Planning Council.

These organizations have activities that are broader than the local govern-

ment, but are on a smaller scale than the state level.,

1. Water Management District. The district boundaries of the St. Johns River

Water Management District include Brevard County. The water management

district administers permitting programs for the local consumable use of

water, stonn water discharges, and drainage projects. This includes the

withdrawal and use of water from rivers, streams, and wells. The types of

water uses they permit in the Banana River area include irrigation and public

water supply. The field personnel will become familiar with the review and

permitting procedures as they might apply to water supply in this basin. The

water management district is also involved in various studies on water supply

and management, and other related research that may be of use to aquatic

preserve management.

2. East Central Florida Regional Planning Council.. The East Central Florida
Regional Planning Council (ECFRPC)., serves as a regional planning body for the

local government of Brevard County, as well as five other east central Florida

counties. Among its duties, the ECFRPC:

a. aids local governments with planning expertise;

b. is the regional representative for the Development of Regional

Impact (DRI) review process;

C. serves as a regional clearinghouse for state and federal projects

and programs; and

d. conveys information from the local governments to the state and

federal levels.

The field personnel will become familiar with the various projects, programs,

and data sources that the ECFRPC has within its administration that may effect

or prove useful to the aquatic preserve program. t

The DRI review of projects which affect the aquatic preserve will be reviewed

by the central office staff, with the field personnel's field review, when

necessary. DRIL's for large marinas, large subdivisions on the uplands above

the preserve, and commercial or industrial developments will require a field

review by the field personnel as to their effect on the aquatic preserve.

D. Local Governments and Special Districts.

This section will address the relationship of the aquatic preserve management

program to the various local government agencies, special districts and their

programs. The local governments include Brevard County and the incorporated

cities that surround the aquatic preserve. The following cities border this

lagoon area: Cape Canaveral, Cocoa Beach, Satellite Beach, and Indian Harbor

Beach. The various special districts (drainage, inlet and mosquito control)

and their relationship to aquatic preserve management, are also presented.

The field personnel will be the local liaison for the aquatic preserve to

these local government entities to assist them in modifying their policies and

practices to conform to the objectives of the aquatic preserve's management

plan, and to exchange information and expertise for mutual benefits.

1. Relationship to local management plans. All local governments are

required by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act (LGCPA) of 1975
(Section 163.3161, F.S.) to have a comprehensive management plan to ensure

long-range plans for the orderly and balanced growth for the cities and

counties. The comprehensive plans guide local zoning policies and practices

toward a future as set out in the plan. No development is permitted that does

not conform to the local government's comprehensive plan.

The aim of the aquatic preserve, with respect to these local government

comprehensive plans, is to have their plans be consistent with the aquatic

preserve management plans. The field personnel will become familiar with the

above plans and how they support or are in conflict with the objectives of

aquatic preserve management. The field personnel will assist local planning

officials in having their plans meet these objectives. It is hoped that local

governments will join in the spirit of aquatic preserve management and be

willing to work for these changes.

2. Relation to local development codes. The local zoning and development

codes (e.g., building codes) provide the major local regulation that defines

what an owner can do on a particular parcel of property. The zoning

prescribes the allowable uses and the intensity of those uses. Certain uses

along an aquatic preserve can potentially have a profound effect on a

preserve.

This section will operate in conjunction with the preceding section on local

management plans. The field personnel will become familiar with the local

zoning, development codes and their potential effects on the nearby aquatic

preserve. The field personnel will assist local planning and zoning officials

in identifying areas where changes in zoning would better conform to the

objectives of the aquatic preserve management. The field personnel might also

offer to assist local planning and zoning officials in the review of proposed

subdivisions upland of the preserve.

3. Suggested policies and practices in support of Aquatic Preserve

Management. This section will address any other policy or practice not

covered in the two preceding sections. These policies and practices might

include local government mangrove ordinances; recreation problems where a park

is in or near an aquatic preserve, or any other problem as it might relate to

local governments. The field personnel,will offer assistance or information

to local officials or will coordinate with other agencies to help solve these

problems as they occur. The field personnel will work with county personnel

on enforcement of local ordinances. The field personnel will also comment,

through the central office, on any local practice that is identified as

endangering the well-being of the aquatic preserve.

4. Special Districts (Drainage and Mosquito Control). The special districts

are taxing districts established to correct drainage and mosquito control

100

problems. There are no drainage districts in Brevard County affecting the

Banana River Aquatic Preserve.. Brevard County has a mosquito control

district.

These districts may not have an official comprehensive management plan, but

they do have management policies and program statements that are similar to

such a plan. The field personnel will become familiar with these policies and

the activities of these districts and will monitor their effect on the aquatic

preserve. For example, the field personnel might recommend identifying areas

that should not receive mosquito spraying or other alternative management

because of remoteness to inhabited areas and possible, but unnecessary damage

to the resources of the aquatic preserve; or drainage districts might be asked

not to use certain types of herbicides or to use them only at certain times of

the year.

E. Other Entities

This section will apply to the numerous entities that have an interest in the

aquatic preserve but are non-governmental agencies. This will include, but

not be limited to, the environmental interest groups (i.e., Audubon Society,

Sierra Club), the scientific organizations (i.e., Marine Resources Council of

East Central Florida, Harbor Branch Foundation), the fishing and sports

interest groups (i.e., Florida League of Anglers, Organized Fishermen of

Florida), the universities that may have research activities in the preserve

(i.e., Florida Institute of Technology, University of Miami, University of

Florida,) and any other interest groups or individuals. The relationship of

101

these entities to aquatic preserve management might include the coordination

of activities, such as scientific research, environmental education,

management of rookeries or other natural areas, or numerous other possible

activities. A worthwhile aquatic preserve management process will depend on

the continued support and help of these interest groups in all of the aquatic

preserves. The field personnel will be active in communicating the aquatic

preserve management process and activities to the various groups and

consulting with them for their help in their areas of expertise.

102

Chapter VII

PUBLIC USES

This chapter address-es the public use of the aquatic preserve. The public in

this case shall refer to the general public or those persons without riparian

rights. The "Florida Aquatic Preserve Act of 1975" (Section 258.35, F.S.)

allows for the lawful and traditional public uses of the aquatic preserve,

such as sport fishing, boating and swimming (as adapted from Section

258.43(l), F.S.). These and other traditional uses that do not involve a

commercial intent or the use of a riparian right to place a structure in the

preserve, and do not degrade or otherwise destroy the preserve will be

considered public uses. This section will be further divided into consumptive

and non-consumptive uses as applicable to each resource.

A. Consumptive Uses.

Consumptive uses involves the removal of resources from the preserve.

These uses include fishing, hunting, shellfishing, and other related

activities. They also include the unintentional removal of resources by

propeller damage to grassbeds. The management of these uses (see Chapter

V. Resource Management, Section B: Onsite Management Objectives) will

include the observation and monitoring of the effects of these uses on

103

the resources. The field personnel will periodically assess the impacts

through the use of the Marine Research Laboratory's LANDSAT capabilities for

identifying habitat losses or disturbances in the Banana River area plus any

other studies or data sources that might become available. This management.

will also include the protection of the resources from unlawful or excess

practices of these uses. The legality of these uses will be controlled by

existing applicable state laws and local ordinances.

These consumptive uses will also be monitored for their effect on other

resources (e.g., bird rookeries, marine grassbeds, archaeological and

historical sites). The field personnel will also be sensitive to

additional enforcement needs (i.e., the need for additional enforcement

staff during nesting seasons).

Field personnel will, for example, become familiar with'and will enforce rules

adopted by the Marine Fisheries Commission. These will include regulations on

fishing gear, bag and size limits, closed areas, seasons, etc.

B. Non-consumptive Uses.

These uses are those which do not generally remove resources from the

preserve. Examples of these uses incl.ude swimming, diving, boating,

bird-watching, and other related activities. Although boating and diving

are usually considered as non-consumptive uses, they can become con-

sumptive when boat operators carelessly place anchors in grass beds or

104

navigate into waters that are too shallow for their boats.

The management practices involved with these uses will be the same as

those previously described under Section A., except that these uses are

not generally controlled by law. The guiding principle in these cases

will be whether or not the activity causes a disruption of the preserves'

f
resources ke.g., destroys marine grassbeds, disturbs rookeries). Only

in the event of these disruptions will the field personnel become

involved. Some of these uses may possibly be involved in environmental

educational (Chapter XI) programs.

105

Chapter VIII

PRIVATE NON-COMMERCIAL USES

This section will apply to those private, non-commercial uses which are

associated with riparian land ownership. The management of the aquatic

preserve recognizes the traditional riparian rights of upland property owners.

The right of ingress, egress, boating, swimming, fishing and other incidental

uses of sovereignty lands, historically has allowed for the placement of

certain structures, such as docks, within the preserve. The right to make any

preemptive use of sovereign lands is a qualified one and can only be exercised

with the prior consent of the Board after a finding that such uses will not

impair public uses, or destroy or damage areas of environmental significance.

The review of proposed activities will require the interaction of the Resource

Protection Area mapping with administrative and possible field review and

later monitoring by field personnel as proje@ted by Chapter V., Section B.

Private non-commercial uses shall be designed to avoid critical Resource

Protection Areas (Class I and 2) and shall be designed to reduce the use's

impact to the preserve in general. Individual applications for these

private non-commercial uses shall be reviewed by the applicable Resource

Protection Area Map and criteria. In addition, private dock proposals will

be reviewed by the criteria described in Section 16Q-20.04(5) F.A.C. of the

revised Aquatic Preserve Rule.

167

Bulkheads should be placed, when all-owed, in such a way as to be the least

destructive and disruptive to the vegetation and other resource factors in

each area. Approved uses which do disrupt or destroy resources on state-owned

lands will require mitigation. This mitigation will include restoration by

the applicant or other remedy which will compensate for the loss of the

affected resource to the aquatic preserve.

Dredging within the aquatic preserve shall be held to a minimum. Dredging

proposals shall be reviewed according to the procedures in Chapter V depending

on the proposed activities location within the RPA. Proposals within'Class 1

areas (Chapter V (B)[6]) will be scrutinized to the maximum extent in order to

find the best practicable method of development and location if that use is

acceptable in that particular area of the preserve. The mitigation of lost or

disturbed resources shall be required. There shall be no dredging allowed in

Class I or .9 areas or in nearby areas if it will adversely impact these areas.

The location of proposed multiple docking facilities, such as for condominium

developments, shall be based on the marina siting criteria described in

Section 16Q-20.04(5)F.A.C. of the revised General Aquatic Preserve Rule.

Authorization of such facilities will be conditioned upon receipt of

documentation evidencing the subordination of the riparian rights of ingress

and egress for the remainder of the applicant's shoreline for the life of the

proposed docking facility.

Non-residential docking facilities (commercial) are addressed in Chapter IX.

The use of seaplanes within this preserve is seen as a non-traditional use.

108

Applications for seaplane use within the preserve will be reviewed on a case

by case basis. These uses will only be recommended where such use will not

affect resource protection areas or natural values of the preserve, not effect

endangered species habitat, can be utilized in a safe manner, and will not

preempt traditional uses within the proposed use area.

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Chapter IX

COMMERCIAL USES

This section addresses the variety of traditional and non-traditional (i.e.,
new uses in this area) commercial uses which might occur within the aquatic

preserve. Among the traditional uses in the Banana River area are utility

crossings, marinas and yacht clubs, commercial fishing, and other types of

boats (e.g., sportfishing, diving) for hire. Nom-traditional uses in this

area include power plants, oil and gas transportation facilities, and other

such commercial uses.

A. TRADITIONAL COMMERCIAL USES.

1. Utility Crossings. There are at present time both aerial and

underwater utility' crossings in the aquatic preserve. Future proposals should

be desioned so thel preserve is crossed by the least destructive method in the

least vulnerable aireas according to the RPA maps (see Chapter V[C]).

Increased or additional use of any existing utility crossings is preferable,

if their condition at the time of the proposal is acceptable. The field

personnel should eventually develop-a utility crossing plan for all areas with

anticipated utility crossing needs to allow for advance planning, for place-

ment of these crossings in the best environmental location possible. The

utility crossing plans, when completed, will become a part of this plan.

Crossings should be limited to open water areas to minimize disturbance to

marine grassbeds, mangroves or other critical habitat areas and should not

interfere with traditional public uses.

2. Commercial Fishing. The management of the aquatic preserve shall

not include the direct management of commercial fishing activities. Field

personnel will monitor these activities and assess their affects on the

preserve only in conjunction with the Division of Marine Resources, the

Florida Marine Patrol and the Marine Fisheries Commission, and as part of a

cooperative effort with that division. The field personnel will also notify

the requisite authority in the event of illegal activities (Chapter 370, F. S.

or by special act). The field personnel, along with other agencies and

divisions' programs and studies, will monitor fishing activities within the

aquatic preserve. Monitoring will concentrate on boat access into certain

areas, prevention of marine grassbed destruction and other needs of the

aquatic preserve as they are associated with commercial fishing activities.

After problems associated with commerical fishing activities are identified

and documented, the findings will be presented to the Marine Fisheries

Commission. It is the authority of the Commission and the Florida Legislature

to reculate commerical fishing within the aquatic preserve.

-3. Marinas. The locating of marinas and their related uses will be a

major concern of the Banana River Aquatic Preserve management. Marinas

represent a use with many potential impacts on the preserve's resources. The
siting policy of Section 16Q-20.04(5) F.A.C. of the revised General Aquatic

112

Preserve Rule shall be used for siting marinas in the aquatic preserve.

4. Deep Water Port Facilities. The only port of this type within the

Banana River Lagoon is the Port of Canaveral which is located to the north of

the aquatic preserve. Although activities within this port facility are

outside the preserve, they will affect the preserve. New activities and

maintenance work will be reviewed as to their effect on the preserve. New

port facilities within the preserve boundary shall be prohibited.

5. Other Dockigl. Any other type of commercial docking, not mentioned

in the preceding sections, will follow the marina siting policy as stated in

Section 16Q-20.04(5) F.A.C. of the revised General Aquatic Preserve Rule.

B. Non-traditional Commercial Uses

1. Power Plants. Power plants have the potential for causing major

changes in the air quality, water quality, and plant and animal life of the

aquatic preserve. For these reasons, power plants are incompatible with the

purposes of this aquatic preserve. The location of proposed power plants

upstream of a preserve should also be evaluated as to the effects on the

downstream preserve.

2. Aquaculture. The Banana River area could potentially have proposals

for aquacultural development in the future. These uses may include floating

structures or other new techniques now being used in aquaculture. The

location and type of impacts to the resources will require careful examin-

ation. If there is not sufficient data available for a valid evaluation, a

1:13

small scale test of the use might be possible in a selected area.

3. Other Uses. Any other use that qualifies as a commercial use of

state-owned submerged lands not mentioned above will require a review for its

anticipated impact on the aquatic preserve and the best location for the

activity compatible to the resource protection areas within each preserve.

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Chapter X

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The field personnel attached to the Banana River Aquatic Preserve should serve

as the area coordinators of scientific research in the preserves. Scientific

research,,and any other type of research or testing within the aquatic

preserve, should require the clearance of both the field personnel and the

central office staff before these activities can proceed. Certain activities

could be detrimental to the resources of the preserve and should be carefully

reviewed before allowing them to occur. Factors including location, species

procedures, and time of year, should be carefully reviewed for the possible

disturbance or effect of the research on the other resources of the aquatic

preserve. The field personnel will be aware of the possibility of working

with other government agencies, colleges, universities, research foundations
and government programs to fill the data needs of the aquatic preserve (see

Chapter V and XII). The field personnel will assist in the selection of

possible test sites and other research needs within the preserve.

115

CHAPTER XI

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

The aquatic preserve should be used to enhance environmental educational

programs at every opportunity. The goal of maintaining the aquatic preserve

for the benefit of future generations can begin to be realized through the use

of aquatic preserves for environmental education. Through education, the

people of Brevard County can acquire a knowledge of the natural systems and an

appreciation for the aquatic preserve program. Such appreciation helps to

ensure the future protection and support of the aquatic preserve.

The field personnel will, through their normal activities in the aquatic

preserve, select good examples of habitats and resources within these aquatic

environments for use during educational group tours. This might include the

development of environmental educational boat or canoe tours through the

preserves. Other educational activities might also include prepared

presentations for specific interest or user groups such as sport (boating,

diving, fishing, etc.) civic and conservation groups and the development of a

brochure outlining the major points of management within the preserve. These

brochures could then be circulated to the various user groups.

117

The field personnel should also prepare programs on the value of management

activities of the aquatic preserve for presentation to interested groups of

all ages. Educating the public about aquatic preserve management is the key

to the success and future of the preserve.

Chapter XII

IDENTIFIED PROGRAM NEEDS

This chapter of the management plan.will address the various internal program

needs that are expected to be identified during management activities.

Meeting these needs will correct or generally relieve some stress on the

preserve or the personnel involved in the management of the aquatic preserve.

These needs may, in some cases, require legislative or administrative rule

changes or acquisition of critical areas by the state. The need to identify

problem areas and adjust the management plan in a manner that will positively

address these problems and management needs is an essential element of any

good management program. Both field personnel and central office staff will

continually monitor the management plan implementation process and specifi-

cally identify observed program needs and problems. The areas to be

considered include, but are not limited to:

A. acquisition of additional property,

B. boundary problems,

C. legislative needs,

D. administrative rule changes,

E. data needs,

F. resource protection capabilities, and

119

G. funding and staffing needs.

Staff will annually develop an implementation status report that will contain

a summary of identified management needs and suggested measures to be taken in

meeting these needs.

A. Acquisition of Additional Property

There are areas both within and upland of the aquatic preserve that are in

public ownership under the jurisdiction of various local, state and federal

agencies. Many of these lands contain important resources, such as bird

rookeries, archaeological or historical sites, endangered species habitat, and

freshwater source wetlands, as well as other wetlands. The protection of

these areas is necessary to the wilderness preserve designation areas. Formal

management agreements, memoranda of understanding, etc., that will ensure the

compatible management of these areas will be developed. Other areas within or

adjacent to the preserve that are in private ownership should be cl-osely

examined to determine the advisability of bringing them into public ownership.

The acquisition of these lands might act as a buffer to critical resources,

prevent development of sensitive areas, allow the restoration of areas

adversely affected by previous development or allow removal of disrupting uses

within a preserve. The field personnel, during normal management activities,

should be aware of significant upland areas and sovereign land conveyances

which, if developed, would compromise the integrity of the aquatic preserve.

The field personnel will keep a running record of these areas and will

prioritize these areas for possible public acquisition.

120

B. Boundary Problems and_Systems Insufficiencies

The boundaries of the aquatic preserve are often artificial delineations of

the natural systems within and surrounding the preserves. A variety of

scientific studies are presently being conducted both within and outside of

the preserve boundaries, and their results could conceivably suggest a change

in these boundaries. These changes may include the extension of the present

boundaries in some areas or the exclusion of other areas. The field

personnel, in their normal management activities, will be sensitive to the

possible need for boundary modifications. Pote ntial boundary changes and

acquisition projects might include areas upstream of the present boundary in

the streams flowing into the preserves, previously conveyed sovereign lands,

or other areas not presently within the preserve. Any boundary change will

require legislative approval. Additional areas that may be considered for

inclusion might include the northern portion of Newfound Harbor and Sykes

Creek and the Thousand Islands area.

C. Legislative Needs

Management needs could conceivably involve changes in the legislation

pertaining to aquatic preserve or changes in the other statutes upon which

aquatic preserve management is based. These changes may include boundary

realignments or the strengthening of certain management authorities.

121

D. Administrative Rule Changes

Administrative rules are statements addressing the organization, procedures

and practices used in the implementation of aquatic preserve management plans

and policies. This process includes identifying problems within the

Department of Natural Resources, as well as other agencies, that affect the

management of the preserve.

E. Data (Information) Needs

The field personnel and central office staff will note data needs and promote

research or other means to fulfill them. Data needs in the near future could

possibly be supplied by such ongoing projects as the U.S. Geological Survey's

and St. Johns Water Management District's studies, Department of Environmental

Regulation water quality monitoring or by the research of other agencies. The

field personnel will be aware of data needs as they interact with the various

levels of government and with other entities. These data needs might include

additional mapping, ownership information, water quality data or any other

data. The major suppliers of data will probably be other public agencies that

are conducting programs in and around the preserve. Other potential sources

of data are the colleges and universities that have, in the past, conducted

research projects in the area.

122

F. Resource Protection and Enforcement Capabilittes

In addition to field personnel, the protection of the preserve's resources

depends on the Florida Marine Patrol's enforcement authority. These

protection needs might also require additional enforcement support from local

government or other state agencies. The need for additional manpower,

authority, equipment or vehicles for this task will be identified.

The field personnel will become familiar with the staff capabilities of both

the Department of Natural Resources and the other agencies with enforcement

responsibilities in the preserve. Annually, staff should fully assess the

effectiveness of the protective and enforcement capabilities of these combined

agencies.

G. Funding and Staffing Needs

The present aquatic preserve management program has been minimally implemented

with funds from a variety of sources and programs. The writing of this

management plan was funded through a grant from the U. S. Office of Coastal

Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and through

the "Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972", as amended. This grant will end in

1984.

In order for the management program proposed in this plan to function and

succeed, the program must have its own funding and staffing. The workload

123

required by this program is too much for an interim staff from other agencies

to handle in addition to their other obligations. Funding and staffing needs

are critically important to the success of the aquatic preserve program.

The management of Banana River Aquatic Preserve would be integrated into the

management program and needs of other BELM management programs in the area.

This preserve's management would be combined with two other aquatic preserves

in Brevard County (Indian River-Malabar to Vero Beach and Mosquito Lagoon).

A proposed budget given these needs has been estimated at $150,000 for staff,

equipment, office and expenses for the first year. The proposed staff would

include two biologists and one ranger.

124

BANANA RIVER AQUATIC PRESERVE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barile, D.D. Coastal zone protection element for the Palm Bay, FL.
Comprehensive Man. Center for Coastal Zone Research FIT, -Melbourne, FL.
1978.--

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Brevard County 208 Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan. Brevard County
Development Division-Water Resources Section. T77T.-

Brevard County Board Planning and Zoning Department. Conservation and coastal
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Brevard County Planning and Zoning Department. Future land use element of
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Brevard County Planning Department. 1984 Brevard County socioeconomic pro-
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Brownell, Robert L., Jr. and Ralls, Katherine. The West Indian Manatee in
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Clapp, D.A., and Wilkening, H.A. Interbasin diversion in the upper St. Johns
River Basin. Engineering Division Water Resources Department St. J_o_F_n_s
River I-later Management District, Palatka, FL. 1984.

Clark, John R. Coastal ecosystem management. Krieger Publishing Company,
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Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Merritt Island
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Division of Archives, History and Records Management. Tallahassee. 1985

Down, Cherie. Vegetation and other parameters in the Brevard County bar-built
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Down, Cherie. "Use of aerial imagery in determining submerged features in
three east-coast Florida lagoons". Florida Scientist 46(3/4): 355-362.
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East Central Florida Regional Planning Council. Perspective on regional
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East Central Florida Regional Planning Council. Developments of regional
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Evink, Gary L. Studies of causeways in the Indian River, FL. Department of
Transportation, Tallahassee, FL. 1980.

Fernald, R.T., B.S. Barnett, A. Goetzfried, S.R. Lau. The Sebastian
Inlet--Ft. Pierce Inlet Barrier Island. A Profile of Natural
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Florida Department of Natural Resources. Techniques for coastal restoration
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Kinnaird, M.F. Site-specific analysis of factors potentially influencing
manatee boa-t/barge mortality research report No. 4. U.S. Fish and
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127

CONTENTS OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Management Authorities

All laws, rules, memoranda of understanding, and other

directives mentioned or related to in the Plan.

Appendix B. Ref erences

Pertinent References; basis for formulation of Plan USGS

Bibliography

Appendix C. Resource Data

Resource Inventories for the preserve

DOT Vegetation and Land Use Acreages by quad and preserve

Species Lists

Streams and Lakes data

Colonial Waterbird Areas

Water Quality: STORET

Archaeological Profiles

Cultural Information (Population, etc.)

Appendix D: Maps

Map Packet: by quad size for each quad in the preserve areas

USGS 7.5 Minute quadrangle topographic maps

129

Appendices Contents (Continued)

Appendix D: Maps (Con't)

Mark Hurd Aerial Photography (73-79)

Flood-prone (USGS)

Federal Flood Insurance (FIMA)

State-Owned Lands Maps

National Wetland Inventory Maps

Shellfish Atlas for Brevard County

CZM Maps--Brevard County

Navigation Charts

DOT County Maps--Brevard County

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