Beaches & Dunes Handbook for the Oregon coast

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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OREGON COASTAL ZONE

MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION INC.

P.O. BOX 1033 313 S.W. 2ND STREET, SUITE C NEWPORT, OREGON 97365
PHONE (503) 265-8918 (503) 265-6651

To the Oregon Land Conservation & Development Commission:

Following adoption of the Coastal Goals in December of
1976, members of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Associat-
tion, Inc. identified the Oregon Beaches and Dunes Goal as
warranting planning and implementation informantion to assist
coastal elected officials in complying with its requirements.
A proposal submitted in June of 1977 was subsequently approved
in May of 1978, and a nine-month comprehensive evaluation of
Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes was initiated in August,
1978.

Herewith, the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association
conveys the results of an in-depth analysis of planning and
implementation techniques to be utilized by the decision-
markers, planners and citizens of Oregon's Coastal Zone. We
sincerely believe that this document is the best possible
evaluation and information base that could be generated within
the time frame and funding constraints available.

In behalf of the Oregon Coastal ZOne Management Association,
I commend Kathy Fitzpatrick for her excellent editing of the
document and for her professional administration of the project.
I also express appreciation to the carious study team members
and consultants that participated in the project.

While the beaches and dunes of the Oregon Coast are
undergoing constant geologic change couplet with continuing
demands for development, it is recognized that future analysis
of the optential uses of beaches and dunes will be necessary.
However, the information generated by this sutdy should go
a long way in meeting decision-markers' needs in balancing the
competing demands between the environment and development as
consistent with the intent of the Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Sincerely,

Bill Vian, Chairman
OREGON COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. expresses
*its aratitude to the many individuals who contributed to the devel-
opment and preparation of the Beaches and Dunes Handbook. Our
thanks to Nancy Brennan, former Commissioner for ft'@_e -Port of
Tillamook, who, in 1977, suggested that OCZMA pursue planning and
implementation techniques for Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.
Special appreciation is extended to participants in OCZMA's Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of the following:

R. A. Corthell, U. S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of
Transportation, Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Soil and Water Conservation Commission
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gar Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
K21een Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Additionally, OCZMA acknowledges and extends appreciation to
Byron Pickering, Lincoln City.artist, who very graciously prepared
the cover scene expressly for the Beaches and Dunes Handbook.

Finally, OCZMA thanks the patient and dedicated staff of the
Lasting ImPRESSion, Newport, for assisting with publication of the
Handbook.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P@ge

Letter of Submissal .................................... i

Acknowledgements ....................................... ii

Background of the Study ................................ v

The Beaches and Dunes Handbook for the Oregon Coast represents
a compendium of a number of documents which together comprehensively
address management and implementation techniques for Oregon's
coastal beaches and dunes. As such, each docu'ment is prepared as
an individual work for subsequent independent distribution. The
various documents which together comprise the Beaches and Dunes
.Handbook fall into five general categories and are. listed as
follows:

BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:

AN INTRODUCTION TO BEACH AND DUNE'PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Christianna Crook, OCZMA.Beaches & Dunes Study Team Research
Associate

BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST:
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ARTS
Carl Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Project Director

BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:

A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFYING AND IDENTIFYING OREGON'S-COASTAL BEACHES
AND DUNES
Christianna Crook, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Research
Associate

PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS ON THE OREGON COAST
Dr. Paul D. Komar, Dept. of Oceanography, Oregon State Univ.

CRITICAL SPECIES AND HABITATS OF OREGON'S-COASTAL BEACHES AND
DUNES
Bill Burley, Project Biologist, The Oregon Natural Heritage
Program of The Nature Conservancy
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS;

DUNE GROUNDWATER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE
OREGON COAST
Christianna Crook, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Research
Associate

iii

Table of Contents, cont.

MANAG EMENT CONSIDERATIONS, CONT,

OFF-ROAD VEHICLE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST
Timms Fowler, Intern, Western Interstate Commission for
Higher Education

SAND REMOVAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE
OREGON COAST
Carl Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Project
Director

OREGON'S COASTAL BEACHES AND DUNES: USES, IMPACTS, AND MANAGE-
MENT CONSIDERATIONS
Carl Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Project
Director and Christianna Crook, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes
Study Team Research Associate

DUNE STABILIZATION AND RESTORATION: METHODS AND CRITERIA
Wilbur E. Ternyik, Wave Beach Grass Nursery, Florence, OR.

IMPLE11ENTATION TECHNIQUES:

BEACH AND DUNE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES: FINDINGS-OF-FACT
Carl Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study Team Project
Director

BEACH AND DUNE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES: SITE INVESTIGATION
REPORTS
Wilbur E. Ternyik, Wave Beach Grass Nursery, Florence, OR.

BEACH AND DUNE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES: MODEL ORDINANCES*

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:

BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Timms Fowler, Intern, Western Interstate Commission for Higher
Education and Arlys Bernard, OCZMA Beaches & Dunes Study
Team Project Secretary

In addition to the various documents noted above, the Beaches
and Dunes Study resulted in a slide show, "Managing Oregon's Beaches
and Dunes" which is available through each of Oregon's seven coastal
county planning departments. The brochure, "Planning and Managing
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes" was prepared as a supplement
to the slide show.

Model Ordinances prepared under separate contract between the Oregon
Department of Land Conservation & Development and the Bureau of
Governmental Research, Eugene, for inclusion in the Beaches and
Dunes Handbook.

OREGON COASTAL ZONE

MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION INC

P.O. BOX 1033 313 S.W. 2ND STREET, SUITE C NEWPORT, OREGON 97365
PHONE (503) 265-8918 (503) 265-6651

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The basic objective of beach and dune planning and
management is the balancing of mulitiple demands in order
to improve the economy and liveablilty of the coastal area
while protecting important environmental and social elements.
Striving for such a balance necessitates that decision-
markers evaluate both the immediate and long range impacts of
proposals to ensure that sufficient choices and resource
remain for future generations.

When planning for beach and dune areas, consideration
should be given to their role as an integal part of the
total resource of the coastal region. This view will ensure
that all factors and resources, including their interactions
and interdependencies, are considered in the decidion-making
process.

The Beaches and Dune Handbook herin, addresses the
importance of beaches and dunes from an aesthetic and
recreational aspect. It focuses on the bynamic geoligic
and biologic nature of Oregon's living dunes. Attention
is given to the limited sourcesof beach sand found along
the Oregon coast, and the resultant potential impact of snd
removal and/or beachfront protective mearsures. The crucial
importance of foredunes for shorefront protection is
repeatedly emphasized; the conclusion being drawn that all
foredunes are subjected to ocean undercutting and/or wave
overtopping and thus are "active". Repeated attention is
given to the importance of stabilizing vegetation in dune
areas where development exists or is approved. Additionally,
the potential impact(s) of development on groundwater, and
conversely, the impact(s) of high water tables on development
are examined. Finally, the study details implementation
techniques to assist decision-markers and citizens in
ensuring a balanced use of these unique resources while
ensuring public health and safety and the protection or
enhancement of natural resources.

Following approval of Oregon's Coastal Management Pro-
gram and four coastal goals in December of 1976, members
of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
Identified the Oregon Beaches and Dunes Goals as warranting

special attention if elected
officials were to indeed comply
with its requirements. A pro-
posal for a comperhensive evalus-
tion of beach and dune management
considerations and implementation
techniques was summitted to the
Oregon Land Conservation and
Development Commission in June
of 1977, and in May of 1978, the
proposal was approved. The are
addressed by the study extends
along the Oregon coastline from
the State of California, and includes
Oregon's seven coastal counties
and a number of coastal cities
(figure 1).

Because beaches and dunes
are dynamic landforms, it was not
the purpose of the project to
identify specific locations for
various beach and dunes acticities.
TOo, because Oregon's land use
planning process requires extensive
citizen's involvement, it was felt
premature and inconsistent to make
policy or specific implementation
recommendations for beach and duen
areas. Rater, the study focused
on providing elected officials,
planning commissions, planning
staffs and citizens with the tools
necessary to make knowledgeable
land ise decisions affecting beaches
and dunes. The Beach and Dunes
Handbook is intended to provide
basic phusical, biological, and man-
agement information which will be
applicable througout the years, and
which is easily understandable to
the most novice in beach and dune
planning.

While the Beaches and Dunes
Study was inteded to address the
specific requirements of Oregon's
Beaches and Dunes Goal, it is rec-
ognized that further technical study
is needed in some instances to ful-
fill Goal requirements or to address
issues not covered by the Goal.

Figure 1. Oregon's Coastal Zone
which contains the seven counties
of (north to south) Clatsop,
Tillamook, Lincoln, Lane, Douglas,
Coos and Curry.

Such research needs identified during the study include: the extent.
and impact of driftwood removal; potential for beach nourishment
using dredge spoils and other techniques; specific building standards
for dune areas; and specific information on groundwater quality and
quantity in dune aquifers.

Lastly, it is recognized that in the future, coastal jurisdictions
will, in all likelihood, require the assistance of personnel trained
in the field of coastal resources to assist with site investigation
report evaluations and other planning and implementation needs
associated with Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes.

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick, Editor and-Project
"g,
''MYROW"",
VY'
Administrator, Oregon Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Association, Inc.
The author of the Beaches and Dunes Study
proposal, administrator of the project and
editor of the products, Ms. Fitzpatrick also
serves as Assistant Director of the Oregon
Coastal Zone Management Association. A
graduate of Utah State University, Logan,
Ms. Fitzpatrick has finalized manuscripts
for the International Biological Program.

Carl A. Lindberg, Project Leader,
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team
Previously holding the position of planning
director for the City of Lincoln City,
Oregon, Mr. Lindberq has had extensive
planning experience in Ohio, Missouri, and
Iowa. Mr. Lindberg holds a Masters deg ree
J
from the Center for Urban Affairs, Saint
Louis University, Missouri.
J

Christianna Stachelrodt Crook, Research
Associate, OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team
With extensive experience in biophysical land
classificati.on and resource capability
assessments, Ms. Crook contributed to the
technical aspects of the project, Ms. Crook
has held various positi,ons at the University
of Victoria and received her Masters from the
University of Victoria specializing in resource
management and environmental law.

vii

Jimms Fowler, WICHE Intern,
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study
As an intern with the Western Interstate
Commission for Higher Education, Timms
Fowler worked with the team concentrating
his efforts on the off-road vehicle
element of the project. A graduate in
Environmental, Population and Organismic
Biology from the University of Colorado,
Mr. Fowler has had previous experience
working with the Colorado Division of
Wildlife.

Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study
With a degree in elementary education and
extensive background in public relations
and clerical responsibilities, Ms. Bernard
brought to the Study Team attributes of
profes'sionalism with attention to the
finest of details.
(OCZMA also expresses appreciation to
Rub
y Edwards, Project Secretary during
the first four months of the study.)

Wilb ur E. Ternyik, Wave Beachgrass
Nursery, Florence, Oregon
Having worked in the field of sand dune
stabilization for over 30 years, Mr.
ny:Wwm@
Ternyik is a recognized authority for his
X,
work in stabilization techniques. As
Chairman of the Oregon Coastal Conserva-
tion & Developmept Commission (1971'-1975).
as Executive Director of the Oregon
Coastal Zone Management Association, and
as a Siuslaw Port Commissioner and Florence
City Councilman, Mr. Ternyik contributed
invaluable practical expertise to the
project.
Jl

00,

viii

Dr. Paul D. Komar,.Professor of Ocean-
ography, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Author of the text, Beach Processes and
Sedimentation and countless other publications.
Dr. Komar is a recognized authority for his
work concerning coastal shoreline erosion
and sand transport processes. A graduate
of Scrippts Institute of Oceanography, Dr.
Komar's involvement in the project focused
on coastal geologic hazards.

Bill Burley, Program Biologist, Oregon
Natural Heritage Program, The Nature Conservancy
0,
Utilizing its extensive data base, the Oregon
Natural Heritage Program has conducted state-
wide inventories of unique habitats within
Oregon. Through his involvement in the project,
Mr. Burley identified critical beach and dune
habitats and offered suggestions for management.

Doug Daggett, Clearwater Visuals, Eugene,
Oregon
As owner of Clearwater Visuals audio-visual
production firm, Mr. Daggett has had considerable
experince in the field of public relations,
business and industry advertising and production
of educational programs. A graduate of the
University of Oregon, Eugene, Mr. Daggett was
responsible for preparation of the slide
program and brochure which accompanied the
study products.

Special appreciation is extended to Bob Cortright, Project Liaison
and Coastal Specialist for the Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development, Salem. Mr. Cortright was instrumental in serving
as liaison between the state's interest and local concerns in beach
and dune planning and management. A graduate of the University of
Oregon, Eugene, Mr. Cortright holds a degree in Economics.

OCZMA is a voluntary intergovernmental association of
coastal counties, cities, ports and soil and water
conservation districts organized pursuant to Oregon
statute for the purpose of remaining informed of and
involved in the development and implementation of
Oregon's Coastal Management Program.

Background on Beach . , A
and Dune Planning

An Introduction

To Beach Dune
Physical & Biological Processes

Oregon coasW Zone
M an age m ent Assoc @ a I, @cn n c

This report was prepared as part of a larger document addressing various
beach and-dune planning and management considerations and techniques.
Other segments of the document and additional materials are:

1. BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach and Dune Physical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and management on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregonrs Coastal Beaches
and Dunes

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department.of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,

Illustrations by Lorraine Morgan, Newport, Oregon.

AN INTRODUCTION TO BEACH AND DUNE PHYSICAL AND

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

by
Christianna Stachelrodt Crook, Research Associate
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes S@(udy Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P. 0. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for this document was provided by the Office of Coastal
Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under
Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon Depart-
ment of Land Conservation and Development. OCZMA acknowledges helpful
review of this paper by Bob Cortright, Coastal Zone Management Specialist,
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. Setting the Stage .................................... I

IT. Physical Processes ................................... 3

Biological Processes ................................. 3

IV. Dune Forms Characteristic of the Oregon Coast ........ 4

V. Beaches and Dunes: An Overview ...................... 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. As a result of the Pleistocene glacial period, sea
level rose and fell resulting in a series of terraces
upon which sediments were deposited ................... 1

2. Sediments from rivers and coastal erosion were
distributed and deposited along the wave-cut terraces,
giving rise to the beach and dune materials we are
familiar with today ................................... 2

3. Dune cross-section of the Clatsop Plains dunes
sheet illustrating parallel ridge dunes ............... 4

4. Dune cross-section, north-central coast, illustrating
deflation plain and interior dunes .................... 5

5. Dune cross-section, south-central coast, illustrating
deflation plain, transverse-ridge and oblique-ridge
dunes .................................................. 6

AN INTRODUCTION TO BEACH AND DONE PHYSICAL AND

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

1. Setting the Stage

Areas of sand landforms which occupy nearly fifty percent of the
Oregon coastline, have their beginnings thousands of years ago during
the Pleistocene glacial period (1,000,000 to 15,000 years ago). .
For thousands of years, sea level rose and fell in response to the amount
of water locked up in polar ice sheets. When sea level was stationary
for.a period of time, wave action cut terraces into the coastal range
foothills (Figure 1). At the same time, ocean currents distributed
and deposited large quantities of sediment on the wave-cut terraces
and other gently sloping land areas (Figure 2). Origins of these
sediments are uncertain, how6ver some may be glacial sediments from
as far away as the Canadian Rockies. These ancient deposits persist
today and are critical to the beaches and dunes of the Oregon Coast..

previous sea level

previous sea level
terrace presently being cut

previous sea level

Figure 1. As a result of the Pleistocene glacial
period, sea level rose and fell resulting in a series
of terraces upon which sediments were deposited.

At some sites, sand deposits, particularly the surficial layers,
have been repeatedly reactivated and thus are characterized by loose
sands. Other, older deposits have been vegetated and stabilized for a

sufficient length of time to allow the sands to become somewhat cemented
or stabilized.

river se imen

cliff erosion

deposition

Figure 2. Sediments from rivers and coastal erosion
were distributed and deposited along the wave-cut terraces,
giving rise to the beach and dune materials we are familiar
with today.

The coastal sand areas along Oregon are separated by numerous head-
lands made up of rocks more resistant to wave erosion. Even the headlands,
however, experience continuous erosion as evidenced by the presence of
small*pocket beaches made up of black pebbles eroded from adjacent basal-
tic cliffs. These headlands appear to be sufficiently substantial to
interrupt weak longshore currents which would otherwise distribute sands
from one beach region to another. Thus, all new sand supplies to replace
that lost to offshore areas and inland dunes must come from loc:al sources.

Surprisingly, with the singular exception of the Columbia River, little
coastal sand is derived from riverine sediments. This is primarily due to
the existence of sizeable protected estuaries at river mouths which act
as sand sinks, capturing the sediments before they reach the ocean. Only
a few southern rivers, such as the Rogue and the Siuslaw, have sufficiently
narrow estuaries to allow sediments to reach the beach area, but here
deposits are insignificant. The major source of new sand available to
the system for the maintenance of beaches and dunes comes from the erosion
of ancient terrace deposits which 'persist today in a semi-cemented form.
The loose beach and dune sands are also continuously eroded from one site
and redeposited in another. Such deposits may be new to a site but are not
new additions to the beach and dune system as a whole
cli ff e

posi
d Ce

11 Physical Processes

The interactions of a number of naturally occuring phenomenon create
a range of*sand dune landforms on the surface of the coastal sand deposits.
The elements of concern here include wave action, wind, sand, moisture,
and vegetation. The interaction of sand and wind comprise the most
simplistic combination of elements in the formation of sand dunes. The
specific results of this combination will vary somewhat depending on
sand supply and nature of prevailing winds, but they are generally
characterized by the repetition of unif'orm wave-like dune forms. For
example, the transverse-ridge dune which develops in the open sand areas
of the south-central Oregon coast during the.dry summer months, is
similar in form to the Saharan barcaan dune, characteristic of desert
landscapes. In this instance, both dunes are characterized by a gently
sloping windward side and a more steeply sloping lee side as an expression
of the i.nteraction between wind and open sand.

The addition of moisture as a third agent can result in.significantly
different landforTns. Moisture, principally groundwater, acts as a sand
binding agent, and because it exists in a relatively uniform pattern it
tends to produce uniform landforms. The deflation plain, a low plain
which develops inland from the foredune, is an example of a moisture
controlled landform. In-this situation, wind scours-dry sand down to
the water table where moisture binds sand particles together. A low
uniform plain of deflation results.

The addition of vegetation as a controlling factor also produces
characteristic forms but they commonly take a.less uniform expression.
Interior hummock dunes occur where beachgrass interrupts wind-blown sand,
causing deposition. These dunes commonly exhibit relatively less*uniform
spacing and form than transverse-ridge dunes. Of course, wave action
through the erosion and deposition of sedimentary materials is crucial to
the very existence of beaches and dunes. Waves form beaches through the
transport and deposition of sediments ranging from fine sands to pebbles
and cobbles. Wave intensity contributes to the grain size deposited
and the beach's angle of slope. Cusps'or embayments in the beach are
also created by waves and nearshore currents. Under certain conditions,
these embayments can foster erosion of Inland areas by allowing storm
waves closer access.

III. Biological Processes

The landform types produced by the interaction, of environmental
factors in*the beach and dune areas support a wide variety of biological
habitats. The western snowy plover, considered rare in Oregon, nests in
the upper beach adjacent to the drift log tangles. The deflation plain
often supports,a fresh water association, providing habitat for water-
fowl including migratory species. Additionally, a number of wildlife
species, including deer, racoon, fox and even bobcat,,are found in the
older forested dunes and often frequent the beach area,.

TV. Dune Forms Characteristic of the Oregon Coast

Several regions along the Oregon coast have relatively broad sand
borders ranging from one to four miles wide. This includes the Clatsop
Plains, the Florence Dune Sheet and the Coos Bay Dune Sheet. Significant
sand deposits also occur at Manzanita, Newport, Sand Lake, Bandon and
Langlois. Numerous other' deposits of local importance occur intermit-
tently along the coast. The major and secondary sand areas in cross-
section exhibit characteristic progressions of landforms from the beach
landward. Because of varying environmental conditions, these landform
progressions vary regionally along the coast. Areas of smaller sand
deposits commonly display a somewhat limited selection of these sand
landforms.

T*he Clatsop Plains probably exhibits the most uniform sand dune
topography. It is comprised primarily of recently developed sand dune
ridges which occur essentially parallel to the beach (Figure 3). Inter-
veni-ng-deflation plains and swales are often occupied by streams and
linear la'kes and marshes. These ridges develop as foredunes adjacent
to an accreting beach. The foredune is a ridge of sand which develops
immediately above high tide line and parallel to the beach. It is
created where the seaward-most beachgrasses, introduced, by man, inter-
rupt wind blown sand cau�ing deposition and mound building. As the
beach continues to advance seaward, new foredunes develop just landward
of the new high tide line and seaward of the previous foredune. The
foredune in Clatsop County exhibits a more gently sloping topography
than its southern counterparts.

parallel ridge dunes
foredune

older
stable
@@deflation plain------- dune

F, e 3.' Dune cross-section of the Clatsop Plains
dunes uet illustrating parallel ridge dunes.

In all counties south of Clatsop, the well established foredunes
often possess a steeper angle of slope (Figures 4 and 5). Just land-
ward of the foredune, wind scouring occurs eroding sand down to the
surface of the summer water table. This feature, known as the deflation
plain, often exhibits standing water during the winter and may be
occupied by marsh grass associations as well.

On the north-central Oregon coast, vegetated hummock dunes occur
immediately inland from the deflation plain, or inland from the foredune
when no deflation plain has developed (Figure 4). These dunes may be
sparingly or thickly covered with beachgrass and a few other herbaceous
and woody species. Like the foredune, hummock dunes are formed by the
progressive deposition of sand where beachgrass interrupts wind-blown
sand. While hummock dunes are generally found in Lincoln and Tillamook
Counties, they occasionally occur in Curry County also.

surface stable dune

foredune hummock dunes
older
beach r, stable
dune
deflation
plain

Figure 4. Dune cross-section, north-central coast,
illustrating deflation plain and interior dunes.

At the same site in the south-central Oregon coast, transverse-
ridge dunes occur in vast open sand sheets (Figure 5). Further inland,
the transverse-ridge dunes commonly ri.de-up over the flanks of the
b @ach

massive oblique-ridge dunes (Figure 5) * This dune form, which may reach
nearly 200 feet in height, occurs only in the open sand areas common to
Lane, Douglas and Coos Counties.

advancinq precipitation ridge
older
oblique-ridge stable
dune dune
transverse- ri dge
foredune dunes surface--'
beach
stable
dune
surface
def lation-'Pl ain" stable
(island)

Figure 5. Dune cross-section, south-central coast, illustrating
deflation plain, transverse-ridge and oblique-ridqe dunes.

Landward of the hummock dunes of the north-central coast, and
interspersed within the oblique-ridge dunes of the south-central coast,
two varieties of forested soil-covered dunes (Figures 4 and 5).
The first is the younger, surface stable dune which is underlain by
loose sands and which can be easily activated when vegetation or soil
cover are disturbed. The second variety, the older stable dune, exhibits
semi-cemented underlying sands which will not commonly be reactivated
except where they contain lenses of loose sand. The older stable dune
will form a cliff where it is excavated but slumping is common. More
resistant iron bands and older buried soils may be found within either
of the soil covered dunes but most commonly in the older stable dune.

V. Beaches and Dunes: An Overview

The beaches and dunes of the Oregon Coast are unique and important
geologic features which support a wide variety of biological habitats.
These forms have evolved through geologic time from the interaction of
natural coastal processes includin-i wind, waves, vegetation, moisture and
sand supply. Some sand dune landforms have been modified in recent
years by man--an example is the introduction of European beachgrass in
the foredune area. Management techniques which will -allow man to
utilize these unique sand dune landforms must take into consideration the
dynamic forces at play in the beach and dune area.

Beach & Dune
Planning & Management
On The Oregon Coast:

A Summary Of The State -Of -The -Art.,

00 @Ot4tOiS
0-4

41 GCOV

OUNSTS
SO Ove
Of

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. _j

This report was prepared as part of a larger document addressing various
beach and dune planning and management considerations and techniques.
Other segments of the document and additional materials are:

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune StabiZization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune ImpZementation Techniques; Site investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Or 'egon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,

Cover photo by Jay Rasmussen, Toledo, Oregon; cover design by
Arlys Bernard, Newport, Oregon.

BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST:

A SUMMARY OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ARTS-

by.
Carl A. Lindberg,
Project Leader
Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editorand Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for thi-s study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under Section 306
of the Coastal Zone Management Act, through the Oregon Department of Land
Conservation and Development.

PREFACE

The following report presents an overview of the state-of-the-arts
of planning and managing Oregon"s coastal beaches and dunes, This study
was conducted by Carl Lindberg, Project Leader, with assistance from
other OCZMA Beaches and Dunes staff members composed of Christianna Crook,
Project Associate, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary, Wilbur Ternyik,
Project Coordinator, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator. This
report constitutes one element of an overall analysis of planning for and
managing coastal beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and
Dunes Goal.

OCZMA expresses appreciation to the following individuals for their
contributions during the preparation of this report: Marilyn Adkins,
City of Florence Planning Department; Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning
Department; Dave Crow and Bob Higbie, Curry County Planning Department;
Keith Cubic, Douglas.County Planning Department; Steve Goeckritz,
Tillamook County Planning Department; Craig Hall, Mutual Aid Planning
Service; Bruce Maltman, City of Gearhart; Kathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council
of Governments; Mike Morgan, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council;
Philip Quarterman, Coos County Planning Department; and Curt Schneider,
Clatsop County Planning Department.

Additionally, OCZMA acknowledges the following participants on the
Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee, who contributed considerable time
and effort throughout the project:

R. A. Corthell,' U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface .....................................................
I. Setting the Stage ...........................................
II. Coastal Jurisdiction Efforts ................................ 5
A. Clatsop County
B. Tillamook County
C. Lincoln County
D. Lane County
E. Douglas County
F. Coos County
G. Curry County
H. Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council (CTIC)
I. Mutual Aid Planning Service, Lincoln County
J. Coos-Curry Council of Governments (CCCOG)
K. City of Gearhart
L. City of Florence
M. City of Gold Beach
III. The Long and Winding Road .................................... 10
IV. References Cited ............................................ 11

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A - The Beaches and Dunes Goal ........................... 15
Appendix B - Clatsop County--Warrenton Soil and Water
Conservation District Regulations, and
Clatsop County Active Dune Overlay District .......... 19
Appendix C - Tillamook County Working Paper, Draft II,
Beaches and Dunes Goal #18 and
Information for People Who Own Property
On Active Foredunes .................................. 29

Appendix D Cannon Beach Comprehensive Plan, Manzanita
Zoning Ordinance No. 78-6 and Rockaway
Zoning Ordinance No. 143 ........ .................... 37

1. SETTING THE STAGE

In 1973, the Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission
(OCCDC) identified,.boaches and dunes as one of nine resource categories
to be studied as part of the Oregon coastal planning program. The
initial identification of beaches and dunes as a topical area and the
formulation of original planning management policies were a product of
Commission action based on information gained-from participants in
sixteen coastal workshops and from the assistance of eleven technical
resource specialists.

The OCCDC drafted a set of preliminary policy statements and
recommended acti-ons which later served as the basis for the-Land
Conservation and Develo Ipment Commission's Beaches and Dunes Goal (Goal #18).

In order to visualize the transition that occurred during the
development of Goal 18, and perhaps to retrieve useful- policies lost
during years of debate, original preliminary policies and recommended
actions are presented (Ternyik, 1974):

"Beaches and Dunesl

"Preliminary Policies - Phase 1

"Planning

"l. Special management guidelines shall be applied to areas
specifically identified because,of their inherent values,
such as.deflation plains, freshwater lakes within or adjacent
to dune areas, and hummock dunes. (RS)

.112. Certain areas of deflation plains shall not be modified in such
a manner as to preclude or reduce availability for wildlife. (RS)

"3. Breaching of a foredune for any purpose shall be controlled. (RS)

"Development

'.'4. Any development on dunelareas (as defined in the OCCDC inventory)

1
(PI) --means the source is public input, primarily workshops
(RS) - means the source is resource specialist input.
(CON) indicates consensus between public and resource specialist input.

shall be subject to a site investigation conducted by a qualified
specialist in the field and his report submitted prior to the
granting of approval for the proposed action.

"5. Any individual, agency or organization proposing construction
or development on dune areas shall submit a plan to the ap-
propriate local authority. The plan shall include specifications
for: (RS)

(a)' the type of-development intended;
(b) control of the area through temporary stabilization during
construction;
(c) a permanent stabilization.program;
(d) an on-going maintenance program;
(e)- protection of existing vegetation while construction is in
progress;
M water distribution and sewerage collection facilities; (EP)
and
(g) protection of the surrounding area. (CON - RS; PI)

"6. Those proposing a development in dune areas shall be required to
post a performance bond sufficient to cover the cost of making
repairs to on-site or off-site areas damaged as a res.ult of the
development activity. (RS)

117. Industrial uses including sand mining'and mill sites as well as
commercial sites shall be controlled in sand areas, but not
eliminated. (PI)

"8. Removal of driftwood from beaches and dunes shall be controlled.
(PI)

"9. Some undeveloped open sand areas shall be preserved as open
space to allow continuance of active dune processes and maintenance
of the aesthetic values. (PI)

"10. The effects of stabilization on adjacent land must be considered.
(PI)

"11. Controlled sand removal shall be permitted where necessary.

"Access

"12. (Existing Policy). NOTE--In this section, the authority for
planning and management of the state-controlled section of the
beach west of the zone line was described. This authority is
vested in the State Parks and Recreation Branch by ORS 390.

"13. Sand areas designated as conditionally stable or as a dune
complex (as identified in the OCCDC inventory) shall be managed
on a limited access basis. (RS)

"Recreation

"14. Pedestrians and vehicles shall be separated in sand dune areas.
(CON RS; PI)

and Dunes

"Preliminary Recommended Actions

"Planning

1. Planning should identify those areas to be protected and those
suitable for development and shall recommend use restrictions,
limitations or reglations for sand areas (PI)

'2. Special management guidelines should be developed for areas
specifically identified because of their inherent values,'@
such as deflation plains, freshwater lakes within or adjacent
to dune areas, and hummock dunes. (RS)

"3. Because of the special characteristics of some areas of
.deflation plains they should be identified and maintained for
wildlife habitat.

'4. An educational program explaining dune processes should be
developed and taken to the general public and to schools. (PI)

Devel opment

"5. Specifications for construction activity@(tuch as excavations)
in sand areas should be developed to prevent: (RS)

(a) moisture loss and plant root damage;
(b) exposing older sand areas to erosion; and
(c) creating or causing slope instability.

"6. Cutting and removal of timber and understory vegetation or
ground cover should,be conducted.in such a manner that no
threat to moisture loss is posed to the survival of the
adjacent and surrounding plant communities. (RS)
"7. Existing channels and.jetties should be maintained. (PIY

"8. Some undeveloped open sand areas should be identified for
preservation as open space. (PI)

"Access

"9. Access to sand areas should conform to the physical characteris-
tics of the site. (PI)

"Recreation

"10. Specified sand dunes areas should be desig.nated*for vehicles, and
vehicles restricted from all other areas. (CON - RS; PI)

"11. ORVs (off-road vehicles) should be regulated by a permit system
or special licensing program which applies fees for.control and
maintenance of their use areas. (PI)

12. The impact of motor vehicles, Pedestrians, and livestock use of
beaches and.dunes should be studied."

During the time when the OCCDC merged with the then-newly created
Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) in 1975, two
informational,sources were being developed:

(1) A series of state and county environmental geology reports
were being compiled by the Oregon Department of Geology and
Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) which included information
addressing beach and dune problems and management suggestions.

(2.) The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
was busily preparing an inventory of coastal beaches an 'd dunes
under contract with the OCCDC. About ten pages of the final
document were devoted to existing and potential management
problems.

In December of 1976, the Oregon Land Conservation and Develop-
ment Commission approved the Beaches and Dunes Goal--the eighteenth
of nineteen planning goals for the State of Oregon. The goal was
adopted-in conjunction with the state's involvement in the federal
Coastal Zone, Management Act of 1972, and as such applies only to Oregon's
coastal zone . The goal sets forth beach and dune planning and management
objectives for coastal counties and cities (see Appendix A).

10regon's coastal zone extends from the Washington border on the
north to Califorrid on the south, seaward.to the extent of state
jurisdiction as recognized in federal law, and inland to the crest of
the'coastal mountain range. Three exceptions exist on the eastern
boundary. They are:

I.' The Umpqua River Basin, where the coastal zone extends to
Scottsburg;
2. The Rogue River Basin, where the coastal zone extends to
Agness; and
3. The Columbia River Basin, where the coastal zohe extends to
the downstream end of Puget Island (LCDC, 1976).

II. COASTAL JURISDICTION EFFORTS

Since the demise of OCCDC in 1975, coastal jurisdictions have
been busy preparing local comprehensive plans pursuant to LCDC's
nineteen statewide goals and guidelines, A survey of coastal juris-
dictions in late September, 1978 indicated that the DOGAMI and OCCDC
publications were the main printed sources of information used by
planning staffs in planning and development review under the Beaches
and Dunes Goal (#18). In response to written questionaires and follow-
up telephone conversations, the following is a synopsis of the state-
of-the-arts of beach and dune planning throughout the Oregon'coast.

A. Clatsop County

Clatsop County, from the mouth of the Columbia River to the north
to:Tillamook Head on the south, contains a series of parallol-ridoe-
dunes that extend approximately one, and one-half miles inland. "A
sand stabilization project was established in the Clatsop Plains area
in 1935 by the Soil Conservation Service. In this program, 3,000
acres of shifting sand were progressively stabilized by forming a seriec
of foredunes" (U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCDC, 1975,
p. 74).

'Since the massive sand stabilization program of the 1930's, the
Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District hasnaintained
a management program to ensure continuing stability of the Clatsop
Plains dune sheet. A copy of the regulations adopted by the District
are included in Appendix B.

Several recent planning studies have been conducted which address
the county's dune areas, one of which covers the subject of dune
stability. Dr. Leonard Palmer, a consulting geologist from Portland
State University, prepared a draft report on the stability of Clatsop
coastal dunes which recommends:

"that developers'be required to provide site-specific studies
done by qualified experts in areas of potential hazard. Primary
concerns are to define:. the beach and dune rates of change; stonn-
tsunami tide and wave height; preservation of groundwater supplies;
and proper vegetation maintenance". (Palmer, 1978, p. 2).

A zoning ordinance pertaining to uses on active dune areas and an
exception for the"Surf Pines area has recently been adopted by Clatsop
County and is reproduced in Appendix B.

B. Tillamook County

Tillamook County has 53 miles of shoreline that consists of sand
beach and dune areas between rocky headlands. Along with the state
environmental geology study.for the county and the OCCDC inventory,
the county planning department uses SCS soils maps (1979) and has
generated specific inventory and policy recommendations for its beach
and dune areas. These proposed policies have been the topic of discussion
during the citizen's involvement process and have been fairly well.
received. The draft policies a.ddress the Beaches and Dunes Goal
requirements in six major policy areas: Geology and,Geologic Hazards,
Flood Hazards, Groundwater and Water Quality, Wildlife Habitat,
Development and Recreation. A copy of the current working paper on these
policies is included in Appendix C along with a Tillamook County handout
which addresses the effect of the Beaches and Dunes Goal on home and
property owners. Additionally, Tillamook County has developed extensive
findings pertaining to beaches and dunes, critieria for site investigations,
exceptions to the Beaches and Dunes goal and is preparing an ordinance
for regulating beach and dune activities.

C. Lincoln County

Lincoln County has a shoreline of approximately 54 miles that is
characterized by sandy beaches interspersed with rocky headlands and
inlets. The county reported use of the state environmental geology
report forthe county (Schlicker, et al., 1973), the OCCOC Beaches and Dunes
Inventory and a recent coastal shorelands and hazards study conducted by
RNKR Associates of Corvallis, Oregon (1978). The county uses these
resources, along with the LCDC goal requirements, agency concerns and
basic planning techniques to classify sand landforms and produce
findings-of-fact on individual proposed actions. Under the current
county zoning ordinance, the county may require a ge.otech.nical study
be conducted in known or suspected hazards areas. On-site inspection
by staff may also be required prior to issuing development permits along
beaches and shorelands. The OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study draft addressing
uses was included in its entirety in Lincoln County's recently released
draft comprehensive plan (Lincoln County Planning Department, 1979).

D. Lane County

Lane County has approximately thirty miles of shoreline with major
dune areas to the north and south of the Siuslaw River. The county
utilizes the Environmental, Geology of Coastal Lane County (1974), soil
surveys, and on-site inspections when identifying the location and extent
of sand landforms. The Wilsey and Ham consulting firm has completed a
coastal resource inventory for the county (1978). This inventory has

a forty-two page section dealing with beaches and dunes covering such
topics as nature and stability of dunes, patterns of land use and land
ownership, aesthetic and scenic values, and recreational opportunities.

The county planning department has prepared a seven-page draft
document on beach and dune policies that will be expanded after analyzing
the Wilsey and Ham inventory and the forthcoming OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
Study (Bredesen, 1979). Additionally, the county is exploring the
use of alternative land use controls for implementation of the local
comprehensive plan in rural areas.

E. Douglas County

Douglas County has only seventeen miles of shoreline, and almost all
of that lies within public ownership (mostly within the 0regon Dunes
National Recreation Area). Thus the county's planning priorities have
been directed toward the non-coastal statewide planning goals .(#1-15).
Two inventories were identified by the county staff as being utilized
in determining the location and types of sand landforms (Cubic, 1978):

(a) "Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon Dunes National
.Recreation Area Management Plan," by the U. S-Forest Service
(1977),.and
(b) _"An Environmental and Socio-Economic Description of Coastal
Douglas County (Draft)," by the Umpqua Regional Council of
Governments (1978).

F. Coos County

The 1975 OCCDC study identified over 12,000 acres of active and
conditionally stable beach and dune areas within Coos County, with
wet'deflation pl.ains comprisinq the most extensive dune landform of
over.5,!820@a,cres (U.S.D.A.,., Soil Conservation Service and-OCCDC, 1975.)
Coos County makes use of the OCCDC study, as well as aerial photography
from the SCS and the 1974 "Coastal Reconnaissance Study" bv the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. The sand information is used in classifying sand
landforms and no proc -edures hav'e been developed.for the production of
findings-of-fact or for site investigations. A natural resource zone (lNR)
has been used in a number of beach and dune areas to protect natural resources.

In.February.of-1978,. a fifty-seven page rough-draft policy and
inventory document was released for public review and comment. The
document contains four sections dealing with beach and dune planning:
natural resources, uses and activities, impacts and natural hazards
related to dune activities, and coordination with other agencies dealing
with beaches and dunes.(Quarterman,- 1978), The county has'developed ,
general policies directed toward uses of beaches and dunes and has bee 'n
working on development of a Coastal Shorelands/Dune Lands Combining Zone
(CH).

G. Curry County

While having the longest stretch of coastline of any other coastal
county in Oregon, Curry County has the-smallest area of dune activity.
Currently the county utilizes the OCCDC inventory, SCS soil surveys, the
environmental geology report on Western Curry County (1976) and aerial
.photographs provided by the Oregon Highway Division for'lands West of
the vegetation line.

The OCCDC classification system was identified as the source of,
information used to classify beach and dune types. Neither general
findings-of-fact relating to the existence of hazards, nor criteria for
site investigations have been developed. The county has not initiated
the preparation of any spec *ialized implementation ordinances directed
,toward the Beaches and Dunes Goal (Higbie, 1978).

H. Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council-(CTIC)

The Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council provides planning
assistance to various jurisdictions within Clatsop and@Tillamook
Counties. Specifically, the Cities of Manzanita, Rockaway and Cannon
Beach are affected by the Beaches and Dunes Goal and receive assistance
through CTIC. The supplementary provisions of Manzanita"s 'zoning ordinance
No. 78-6 (adopted September, 1978) specify dune construction requirements,
as does Rockaway's ordinance No. 143 (adopted January 1978). Cannon Beach
-.in its adopted land use plan (March, 1979) has delineated specific policies
for areas identified as hazardous, which includes provisions for beach-
front property and addresses sand dune construction policies,and beach-
front protective structure policies, (see Appendix D".

CTIC has relied heavily on the OCCDC i'nventory, on the PhD thesis
prepared by Jim Stembridge (1975), and on work conducted by Leonard
Palmer. Additionally, CTIC contracted with a registered engineering
geologist who conducted studies of each community and provided basic
information for use in the planning process (Morgan, 1979).

I. Mutual Aid Planning Service, Lincoln County

The Mutual Aid Planning Service loc ated in Lincoln County, serves
the planning needs of the county and all cities within the county with
the exception of the-City of Yachats.

Depending on the finalization of urban growth boundaries, the
City of Waldport is likely to be the only city affected by the beaches
and dunes goal. Policy statements and implementing procedures have .
not been developed pending finalization of the OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
8tudy (Hall, 1979).

J. Coos-Curry Council of Governments (CCCOG)

The Coos-Curry Council of Governments provides planning assistance
to many of the communities within the two county area, however, only one
of its client cities contains active dunes within its jurisdiction. On-
site inspections and the use of aerial photographs are used in determining
the location and extent of existing beach and dune landforms. Field
inspections are used in determin'g the classification of sand,landforms.
Information from DOGAMI's environmental geology reports (1973 and 1976)
and data from the SCS are used in producing findings-of-fact. No
specific criteria has been developed for site investigations, nor have
specific implementing ordinances been developed (Mecone, 1978).

K. City of Gearhart

The City of Gearhart has initiated an inventory of beach and
dune areas, and has retained a.consultant (Morgan, Ryan and Associates,
Inc.) to.assist with final preparation of the plan and the development
of i'mplementing ordinances. While the City has prepared several draft
alternatives for beach and dune management, the City has not yet adopted
policies or ordinances to implement the beaches and dunes goal (Maltman,
1979)..

L. CitZ of Florence

As early as 1968, the City of Florence adopted an ordinance
addressing development on, or removal of, sand'landforms within the
City's jurisdictions.

Since that time, the City has been planning pursuant to the state-
wide goals. The draft plan contains several references to beaches and
dunes within the context of recreation, scenic values, and housing.
Beaches and dunes are being addressed within the plan in terms of the
physical environment and land use constraints. An extensive study
conducted by Wilsey and Ham included the City of Florence, and the City
is presently awaiting the release of OCZMA's Beaches and Dunes Study
to finalize its implementation techniques (Adkins, 1979).

M. City of Gold Beach

The City of Gold Beach has finalized its comprehensive plan
policies and zoning ordinances, and has submitted its plan for

acknowledgement by LCDC (Krogh, 1979). The plan identified 650 acres of
beaches and dunes and maps active and stabilized dunes using 1970 SCS
surveys (City of Gold Beach, 1978). Within the City's zoning ordinance,
most active dune areas are designated as "conservation" which allows
for the following outright permitted uses:@ (City of Gold Beach, 1979)

(1) Wildlife and water life sanctuaries.
(2) Recreational uses.
(31 Fishing and similar activities.
(4) Aquaculture and accessory facilities.
(5) Disposal of dredge spoils on sites described in permits issued
by Federal and/or State Governmental agencies.

III. THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD

Pursuant to Oregon's statewide planning program and coastal manage-
ment.program, coastal jurisdictions have until July of 1980 to bring
local plans and implementing ordinances into compliance with the Oregon
Land Conservation and Development Commission's nineteen goals. Planning
for beach and dune areas proves particularly cumbersome due to the dynamic
nature of the landforms, associated hazards, and the difficult resolution
of open space designations and property right issues. The ultimate use
of Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes will be the result of extensive
citizen's input, coupled with specific data and information regarding
housing needs, recreational demands, and other projected uses, within the
context of the dynamic nature of these living landforms.

IV, REFERENCES CITED

Adkins, Marilyn. Personal Communication. 1979. Planner, City of
Florence, Oregon.

Baldwin, Ewart M., John D. Beaulieu, Len Ramp, Jerry Gray, Vernon C.
Newton, Jr. and Ralph S. Mason. 1973. Geolo
_qy and Mineral Resources
of Coos County, Ore@@n. Bulletin 80, Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Ind,ust-ies, Portland, Orerion 82 pp. + mAps.
Beaulieu, J. D. and P. W. Hughes. 1976. Land-use Geology of Western
Curry County, Oregon. Bulletin 90, Oregon Dep@_r__tment of Geol -
and Mineral Ind-u-stri-e-s, Portland, Oregon. 148 pp. ogy

Bredesen, Phil. Personal Communication. 1979. Senio r planner, Lane
County Planning Department, Eugene, Oregon.
Clatsop County Planning Department. 1979. "Clatsop County Zoning
Ordinance." Ordinance #78-26, Section 4.160, Clatsop County Plann,ing
Department, Astoria, Oreqon.

Cubic, Keith L. Personal Communication. 1978. Director, Douglas
County Planning Department, Rosebu-g, Oregon.
Goeckritz, Steve. 1979. "Working Paper, Draft 11, Beaches and Dunes
Goal No. 18." Tillamook County Planning Department, Tillamook,
Oregon. 54 pp. + map,_

Gold Beach, City of. 1978. "Gold Beach Comprehensive Land Use Plan -
Draft." Gold Beach, Oreaon. 137 pr).

Gold Beach, City of. 1979. "City of Gold Beach Zoning Ordinance,
No. 327." Gold Beach, Oregon. 25 pp.

Hall, Craig. Personal Communication. 1979. Planner, Mutual Aid
Planning Service, Newport, Oregon.

Higbie, Robert. Personal Communication. 1978. Director, Curry County
Planning Department, Gold Beach, Oregon.

Krogh, Dave. Personal Communication. 10,79. Planner, Curry County
Planning Department,'Gold Beach, Oregon.

Maltman, Bruce. Personal Communication. 1979. City Administrator,
City of Gearhart, Oregon.

Martin, Michael. 1978. "An Environmental and Socio-Economic Description
of Coastal Douglas County." Umpqua Regional Council of Governments,
Roseburg, Oregon. 450 pp.

Mecone, Kathleen. Personal Communication. 1978, Planner, Coos-Curry
Council of Governments, North Bend, Oregon.

Morgan, Mike. 1978. "Cannon Beach Comprehensive Plan." Clatsop-Tillamook
Intergovernmental, Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon. 58 pp.
Morgan, Mike, 1978. "Manzanita Zoning Ordinace No. 78-6." Clatsop-
Tillamook Intergovernmental Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon. 35 pp.
Morgan, Mike. 1978. "Rockaway 7on.ing Ordinance No. 143.". Clatsop-
Tillamook Intergove-rnmental Council, Cannc@i Beach, Oregon. 51 pp-
Morgan, Mike. Personal Communication. 1979. Clatsop-Tillamook Inter-
governmental Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1973. "Policies
and Standards for Fragile Sand Areas." Oregon Coastal Conservation
and Development Commission, Florence, Oregon. 10 pp.
Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development, Salem, Oregon. 24 pp.

0
Palmer, Leonard. 1978. "Stability of Coastal Dunes." (Draft), Prepared
for Clatsop County Planning Commision and Board of County Commissioners.
Leonard Palmer, Portland, Oregon. 35 pp.

Quarterman, Philip. Personal Communication. 1978. Planner, Coos County
Planning Department, Coquille, Oregon.'

RNKR Associates. 1978. "-Environmental Hazard Inventory: Coastal
Lincoln County, Oregon." RNKR Associates, Corvallis, Oregon.
66 pp. + maps.
Schlicker, Herbert G. and Robert J. Deacon. 1974. Environmental Geology
of Coastal Lane County Oregon. Bulletin 85, Oregon Department of
Geol,ogy and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon., 116 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, John D. Beaulieu, and Gordon W.
Olcott. 1972. Environmental Geology of the Coastal Region of
Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, Oregon. Bulletin 74, Oregon Department
of-Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 164 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, Gordon W. Olcott, and. John D.
Beaulieu. 1973. Environmental-Geology of Lincoln County, Oregon.
Bulletin 81, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 171 pp.

Stembridge, James E., Jr.' 1975. "Shoreline Changes and Physiographic
Hazards on the Oregon Coast." PhD dissertation, Department of
Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 202 pp.

Ternyik, Wilbur. 1974. Letter and enclosure concerning preliminary
policies and recommendations for beach and dunes areas. Chairman,
Oreqon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission,. Florence,
Oregon, January 28, 1974.. 14 pp.

Tillamook County-. undated. "Information for People Who Own Property
On Active Foredunes." Office of Planning Commission, Tillamook
County, Tillamook, Oregon. 2 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. 1974. Coastal
Reconnaissance Study Oregon and Washington: Battelle Pacific
Northwest Engineers, Richland, Washington. 474 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1977. 'Final
Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon Dunes National Recreation
Area Management Plan. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Siuslaw National Forest, Washington, D.C. 80 Pp. + appendices

U.S. Department-of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
�oil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.

Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District Clatsop County, Oregon.
"Thirty-one Years of Progress, 1935-1966." 'Warrenton Dune
Soil and Water Conservation District, Astoria, Oregon. 17 pp.

Wilsey and Ham. 1978. Lane County: Coastal Resource Inventory. Wilsey
and Ham, Portland, Freqon. (pp. I-I to 1-42). 42 pp.

15
0

APPENDIX A

The Beaches and Dunes Goal
0 . I

0 -

BEACHES AND DUNES
0

GOAL

OVERALL STATEMENT Uses

To conserve, protect, where appropriate Uses shall be based on the capabilities and
develop, and where appropriate restore limitations of beach and dune areas to
the resources and benefits of coastal beach sustain' different levels. of use or
and dune areas; and development, and the need to protect
areas of critical environmental concern,
To reduce the hazard to human life and areas having scenic, scientific, or
proper 'ty from natural or man-induced biological importance, and significant
actions'associated with these areas. wildlife habitat.

Coastal . comprehensive plans and im- IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
plementing actions shall provide for
diverse and appropriate use of beach and (1) Local governments and state and
dune areas con s' t nt *th their federal agencies shall base decisions
ecological, recreation 1, aesthetic, water on plans, ordinances and land use
resource, and economic values, and actions in beach and dune areas,
consistent with the natural limitations of other than older stabilized dunes, on
beaches, dunes and dune vegetation for specific findings that shall include at
development. least:
INVENTORY REQUIREMENTS (a) the type of use proposed and the
adverse effects it might have on
Inventories shall be conducted to provide the site and adjacent areas;
information necessary for identifying and (b) temporary and permanent
designating beach and dune uses and stabilization programs and the
policies. Inventories shall describe the planned maintenance of new
stability, movement, groundwater re- and existing vegetation;
source, hazards and values of the beach (c) methods for protecting the
and dune areas in sufficient detail to surrounding area from any
establish a sound basis for planning and adverse ef f ects of the
management. For beach and dune areas development; and
adjacent to coastal waters, . inventories (d) hazards to life, public and
shall also address the inventory private property, and the
requirements of the Coastal Sborelands natural environment which
Goa 1. may be caused by the proposed
use.
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN (2) Local governments and state and
REQUIREMENTS federal agencies shall prohibit
Based upon the inventory, comprehensive residential developments and
plans for coastal areas shall: commercial and industrial buildings
on active foredunes, on other
(1) identify beach and dune areas; and foredunes which are conditionally
(2) establish policies and uses for these stable and that are subject to ocean
areas consistent with the provisions undercutting or wave overtopping,
of this goal. and on interdune areas (deflation
Identification plains) that are subject to ocean
flooding. Other development in. these
Coastal areas subject to this goal shall areas shall be permitted only if the
include beaches, active dune forms, findings required in (1) above are
recently stabilized dune forms, older presented and it is demonstrated
stabilized dune forms and interdun Ie that the proposed development:
forms.
*From Oregon Land Conservation and novolo.oment Commission, 1977.

GUIDELINES

(a) is adequately protected from The requirements of the Beaches and
any geologic hazards, wind Dunes Goal should be addressed with the
erosion, undercutting, ocean same consideration as applied to
flooding and storm waves; or is previously adopted goals and guidelines.
of minimal value; and The planning process described in the
(b) is designed to minimize ad- Land Use Planning Goal (Goal 2), in-
verse environmental effects. cluding the exceptions provisions
described in Goal 2, applies to beaches and
(3) Local governments and state and dune areas and implementation of the
federal agencies shall regulate Beaches and Dunes Goal.
actions in beach and dune areas to
minimize the resulting erosion. Such
actions include, but are not limited Beaches and dunes, especially interdune
to the destruction of desirable areas (deflation plains) provide many
vegetation (including inadvertent unique or exceptional resources which
destruction by moisture loss or root should be addressed in the I'nventories and
damage), the exposure of stable and planning requirements of other goals,
conditionally stable areas to erosion, especially the Goals for Open Spaces,
and construction of shore structures Scenic and Historic Areas and Natural
which modify current or wave Resources; and Recreational Needs.
patterns leading to beach erosion. Habitat provided by these areas for
coastal and migratory species of of special
(4) Local, state and federal plans, importance.
implementing actions and permit
reviews shall protect the ground- A. Inventories
water from drawdown which would Local government should begin the beach
lead to loss of stabilizing vegetation, and dune inventory with a review of
loss of water quality, or intrusion of Beaches and Dunes of the Oregon Coast,
salt water into water supplies. USDA Soil Conservation Service and
(5) Permits for beach front protective OCCDC, March, 1975, and determine what
structures shall be issued under ORS additional information is necessary to
identify and describe:
390.605 -- 390.770, only where
development existed on January 1, 1. The geologic nature and stability of the
1977. The Oregon Department of beach and dune landforms;
Transportation, cooperating with 2. patterns of erosion, accretion, and
local, state and federal agencies migration;
shall develop criteria to supplement 3. storm and ocean flood hazards;
the Oregon Beach Law (ORS 390.605 4. existing and projected use, develop.
__ 390.770) for issuing permits for ment and economic activity on the
construction of beach front pro- beach and dune landforms; and
tective structures. The criteria shall 5. areas of significant biological im-
provide that: portance.
(a) visual impacts are minimized; B. Examples of Minimal Development
(b) necessary access to the beach Examples of development activity which
is maintained; are of minimal value and suitable for
W negative impacts on adjacent development in conditionally stable dunes
property are minimized; and and deflation plains include beach and
(d) long-term or recurring costs to dune boardwalks, fences which do noi
the public are avoided. affect sand erosion or migration, and
(6) Foredunes shall be breached only to temporary open-sided shelters.
replenish sand supply in interdune
areas, or on a temporary basis in an
emergency (e.g., fire control, C. Evaluating Beach and Dune Plans and
cleaning up oil spills, draining farm Actions
lands, and alleviating f lood Local government should adopt strict
hazards), and only if the breaching controls for carrying out the Implemen-
and. restoration after breaching is tation Requirements of this goal. The
consistent with sound principles of controli could include:
conservation.

I requirement of a site investigation
report financed by the developer;
2. posting of performance bonds to assure
that adverse effects can be corrected;
and
3. requirement of re-establishing vege-
tation within a specified time.
D. Sand By-Pass
In developing structures that might ex-
cessively reduce the sand ' supply or in-
terrupt the longshore transport or littoral
drift, the developer- should investigate, and
where poss,ible, provide methods- of sand
by-pass.

E. Public Access

Where appropriate, local *government
should require new developments to
dedicate easements for public access to
public beaches, dunes and associated
waters. Access into or through dune areas,
particularly, conditionally stable dunes
and dune complexes, should be controlled
or designed to maintain the stability of the
area, protect scenic values and avoid fire
hazards.

F. Dune Stabilization
Dune stabilization programs should be
allowed only when in conformance with
the comprehensive plan, and only after
assessment of their potential impact.

G. Off Road Vehicles
Appropriate levels of government should
designate specific areas for the
recreational use of off road vehicles
(ORV's). This use should be restricted to
limit damage to natural resources and
avoid conflict with other activities, in-
cluding other recreational use.

APPENDIX B

Clatsop County:
Warrenton Soil' and 1,Jater
Conservation District
Regulations, and

Clatsop County Active
Dune Overlay District

Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District Regulations

Ordinances prescribing land use regulations for the care, treat-
ment, and operation of certain lands designated as Zonts 1 and 2
within the Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District.1

WHEREAS, the lands within the Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation
District are basic assets of the district and their preservation is
necessary to protect and promote the health, prosperity, and welfare
of the people in the district; and some of the lands are extremely
susceptible to erosion by wind that damages not only the land from
which the'soil is blown but also the lands and improvements of
neighbors; and erosion of such lands can be prevented by the main-
tenance of a continuous vegetative cover; and, the removal or destruc-
tion of even a portion of such cover by any act or use of the lands
may result in the initiation of erosion processes that spread to
other lands, causing economic loss and a hazard to the use and occu-
pancy of the lands of the district by man or his animals, and (here
omitted from this copy of the ordinance is the legal description of
Zones I and 2. These legal descriptions are available on request,
and the attached map gives the general location of district and
7ones I and 2).

NOW THEREFORE be it ordained by the landowners within the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District, and within the area known
as Zone 1, that:

Section 1. Erosion will be controlled and the soil stabilized by
vegetative and/or mechanical means on all lands of this area. After
stabilization, continuous maintenance will be provided.

Section 2. No livestock may be grazed in the area.

Section 3. Vehicular and recurring pedestrian and equestr-ian
traffic will be restricted to hard surfaced (plank, gravel bound with
clay, asphalt, or other material of like character) roads or trails.

Section 4. No roads or trails may be built by other than the
County, State, or Federal Government without a permit from the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District Board of Supervisors.

Section 5. No building may be constructed in the area..

.Section 6. No other acts.or land uses that result in destruction
or serious deterioration of the ground cover will be permitted except
under conditions approved by the.District Board of Supervisors.
Section 7. Nothing in this ordinance shall be construed as
prohibiting construction by Federal or State Governments necessary
for national security or public health.

*From U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCOC, 1975, pp. 100-103

21
Section 8. The"d'istrict Board of Supervisors is hereby authorized
to request the State SoilConservation Committee to appoint a Board
of Adjustment, as provided in Section 109-313, O.C.L.A., consisting
of three members who shall not be-landowners in-said district or of
-kin' within the third degree to any person owning land.in said
dis-@rict. Said Board of Adjustment shall have power to authorize.
variance from the terms of these land use regulations in accordance
with substantial justice.

Section 9. Upon the approval of this ordinance by *the favorable
vote of-three-fourths majority of all votes Cast by landowners
representing two-thirds of the land within the district approving the
same, it shall immediately thereupon be in full force and effect,

..NOW THEREFORE be it ordained by the landowners within the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District, and within the area known
as Zone II,that:

Section 1. Erosion shall be controlled and the soil stabilized by
vegetative and/or mechanical means on all lands of this area. After
stabilization,,continuous maintenance will be.provided.

Section 2: Livestock may be grazed in the area with a permit from
the Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District Board of Supervisors.
Livestock grazed within.the area shall be confined by herding or
fences to the land described in the permit, and the land shall not be
grazed by a class of livestock, a greater number, or in excess of the
period specifi.ed tin the permit.
Section 3. Vehicular traffic and recurring equestrian traffic
will be confined to hard surfaced (plant, gravel bound with clay,
asphalt, concrete, or other material of like character) roads or
trails.

Section 4. Vegetative cover specified by the Board of Supervisors
of the district-will be established where vegetation is destroyed
during construction operations. All excavations, fills, or other
disturbed land surfaces shall be prepared for planting and be planted
to vegetation specified by the Board of Supervisors of the district
during th*e planting period November through April immediately
following such disturbance. After stabilization, continuous mainte-
nance.shall be provided.

-Section 5. No other acts or land uses that result in destruction
or serious deterioratio6 of the ground cover will be permitted
except under conditions by the Board of Supervisors of the district.

Section 6. The District Board of Supervisors is hereby authorized
to ,request the State Soil Conservation Committee to appoint a Board
of Adjustment, as provided in Section 109-313, O.C.L.A., consisting
of three members who shall not be landowners in said district or of
kin within the third degree to any-person owning land in said
district. Said Board of Adjustment shall have power to authorize
variance from the terms of these land use regulations in accordance
with substantial justice.

Section 7. Upon approval of this ordinance by the favorable vote
of three-fourths majority of all votes cast by landowners represent-
ing two-thirds of the land within the district approving the same,
it shall immediately thereupon be in full force and effect.

4.16.3-1. ACCRETION - The build-up of land along a beach or shore by
the deposition of waterborne or airborne sand. sediment, or
other material.

4.163-2. BEACH - Gently sloping areas of loose material (e.g. sand,
Clatsop County Active Dune Overlay District gravel, and cobbles) that extend landward from the low-water
line to a point where there is a definite change in the
material type or landform, or to the line of vegetation.

4.163-3. BEACH ACCESS, PUBLIC OR: PRIVATE - Trails or roads which
provide access for the public to the beach.

Section 4.160. A Zone - Active Dune Ovula Dis trict. This section
@i`p`plies to all areas identified as active dynes kexcept tor tne pro-
visions of Section 4.180) within the unincorporated areas of Clatsop 4.163-4. BREACHING - To make a hole or a gap through an area such as
County. (Added by Ordinance 78-26) a foredune.
4.161. 0 e d Intent. The intent of this section is to regulate 4.163-5. DUNE - A hill or ridge of sand built up by the wind along
r' , I"
:cti,n "act ve dune areas in order to protect the fragile sandy cqasts.
nature of the dune. Should the regulations of this overlay
zone be in conflict with the underlying primary zone or the * 4.163-6. DUNE, ACTIVE - A dune that migrates, grows and diminishes
regulations of the Clatsop Soil and Water Conservation District, from the force of wind and supply of sand. Active dunes
the conflict(s) shall be resolved by the application of the include all open sand dunes, active hummocks, and active
more stringent regulation(s). foredunes.
4.162. Mapping. Active dunes, conditionally stable dunes, and 4.163-7. FOREDUNE, ACTIVE - An unstable barrier ridge of sand paral-
dunes subject to ocean undercutting and wave overtopping are leling the beach and subject to wind erosion, water erosion,
identified on maps accompanying Stability of Coastal Dunes, and growth from new sand deposits. Active foredunes may
January, 1978. report by Leonard Pal-E-e-r. include areas with beach grass, and occur in sand spits and
Dune areas mapped in the study were identified by LCDC criteria a't river mouths as well as elsewhere.
(see report). Active dunes were defined by evidence from 4.163-8. RECREATION - Any experience voluntarily engaged in largely
photographs, photo maps, sails, and landforms, to be active or during leisure (discretionary time) from which the indivi-
to show recurrent activity in the context of approximately 100 dual derives satisfaction.
years. The mapping is not intended to specify site conditions
or stability, nor to replace site specific studies. The dune 4.163-9. RECREATION, LOW INTENSITY - does not require developed
mapping is intended to be a preliminary working designation of facilities and can be accommodated without change to 'the
areas in which further studies may be required. The boundaries area or resource. e.g. boating, hunting, hiking, wildlife
mapped should be changed when on-site conditions are shown to photography, and beach or shore activities can be low
have changed, or when improved data is obtained. intensity recreation.
4.163. Definition of Terms. The following definitions are to be used 4.163-lo. STABILIZATION - The process of controlling sand activity
for sections 4.160 and 4.180. Where definitions found in Sec- (i.e. stilling the movement of sand) by natural vegetative
tion 2.020 conflict with the definitions of Section 4.163 those growth, planing of grasses and shrubs, or mechanical means
in Section 4.163 shall control. (e.g. wire net, fencing).

4.163-11. STRUCTURE - Anything constructed or installed or portable,
the use of which requires a location on a parcel of land.

4.164. Uses Permitted.
(1) Use of eq .uipment needed to help stabilize and maintain (3) Struc .ture(s) except for Section 4.165(5).
the vegetation of the dune. (4) Grazing of livestock.
(2) Scientific study of natural and cultural systems such as (5) Off--road vehicles.
dunes, dune stabilization.- aquifer monitoring wells,
archeological remains. 4.167. Conditions for Approval of Uses. The Department of Planning
ind _0eve_1_o_prie`6t may in-c-T-udebut not be limited to the placing
(3) -Wildli,fe sanctuary. of 6e following conditions' on the approval of permits for
uses in Section 4.165.:
(4) Low intensity recreation.
(1) prescribing the' extent of vegetation removal.
(5) Maintenance of existing structures and roads.
(2) prescribing the time, amounts and types of materials and
4.165. Uses Permitted Subject to Conditions. the methods to be used in restoration of dune vegetation;
(1) Hiking, equestrian and nature trails shall be approved (3) prescribing setbacks greater than required in the under-
by the Clatsop County Department of Planning and lying zone in order to comply with the intent of the
Development. Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan and the Clatsop County
Zoning Ordinance No. 66-2, as amended;
(2) Private beach access subject to approval of the Clatsop
County Department of Planning and Development. (4) prescribing the location, design and number of proposed
uses; and
(3) Subsurface sewage disposal systems subject to the
approval of the Clatsop County Sanitarian and the @5) for the establishment of State public beach access- points:
revegetation requirements approved by the Clatsop County
Department of Planning and Development. (a) public need must be shown, and, if it is determined
that there-is a public need, then
(4) Breaching of sand dune on a temporary basis in an emergency
(e.g. fire control) only if the breacning, and restoration (b) the State must satisfactorily prove why this loca-
after breaching is consistent with sound principles of con- tion for the proposed beach access, when compared
servation. A restoration plan shall be approved by the with other locations best.serves the public need.
Clatsop County Department of Planning and,Developiflent.
All conditions shall 'be found by the Department of Planning and
(5) Temporary open-sided struc'tures subject to approval by Development to provide for or protect the public health, safety
Clatsop County Department of Planning and Development. or general welfare, protect the dune, and protect adjacent pro-
perties both present and in the future.
(6) Public beach access subject to the approval -of the Clatsop
County Planning Commission. Conditions of approval shall be sufficient to protect the property
from erosion by wind or water or both, the dune from the loss of
stabilizing vegetation, and the permanent drawdown of the ground-
water supply.
4.168. Guarantee of Performance. , Clatsop County shall require the sub-
4.166. Uses Prohibited. _diT1`oer or -develop-er -of any subdivision to post a performance
bond to assure that adverse effects that may occur can be corrected.
(1) Breaching of sand dune except for that listed in Section For the guarantee of performance the following standards shall apply:
4.165. (1) Method of Guarantee. The subdivider or developer shall deposit
(2) Sand removal. cash, or other instrument readily convertible into cash at
face value, either with the County, or in escrow with a bank.
The use of any instrument other than cash, and, in the case
of an escrow account, shall be subject to the

approval of Clatsop County. The amount of the deposit
shall be at least twi ce the cost, as estimated by the subdi- tracted restoration or improvements are complete and
vider or developer and approved by the County Engineer, free from defect, the County shall authorize the release
of restoration or construction of required improvements. of the restoration or improvement guarantee.
In the case of an escrow account, the subdivider or developer 4.169. Time Limits. Prior to approval of the permit the subdivider
shall file with the Department of Planning and Development or developer and the Department of Planning and Development
an agreement between the financial bank and himself guaran- shall agree upon a deadline for the completion of the required
teeing the following: improvements, such deadline not to exceed one year from the
time of the permit. The County shall have the power to extend
(a) that the funds of said escrow account shall be held the deadline for improvements for one additional year when the
in trust until released by Clatsop County and may not be subdivider or developer can present substantial reason for
used or pledged by the subdivider or developer as secur.ity doing so.
in any other matter during that period; and
The subdivider or developer shall restore the vegetation within
M that in the case of a failure on the part of the subdi- the first planting season (October to April) using the. amounts
vider or developer to complete said improvements, and types of materials and methods as prescribed by the Depart-
then the bank shall immediately make the funds in ment of Planning and Development.
said account available to the County for use in the
completion of those improvements. The timing of the permits should be made so that restoration
(2) Inspection and Certification. The County Engineer, or may be started as early in the planting season as possible.
other knowledgeable official as specified by the Depart- 4.170. Warning and Disclaimer_q_f Liab . The degree of protection
ment of Planning and Development, shall regularly inspect from erosion or accretion required by this ordinance is consi-
for defects in the restoration or construction of required dered reasonable for regulatory purposes. Erosion is occurring N3
improvements. Upon completion of these improvements, the 4@::b
County Engineer shall file with the Department of Planning from the South Jetty of the Columbia River south approximately
and Development a statement either certifying that the three miles. Erosion of the dunes may occur south of this
restoration 'or improvements have been completed in the area sometime in the future.
specific manner or listing the defects in those improve-
ments. This ordinance does not imply that land outside the A or SA zones
or uses permitted within such areas will be free from era 'sion
Upon completion of the restoration or improviients, the or accretion. This ordinance shall not create a liability on
subdivider or developer shall file with the Department of the part of Clatsop County or by an officer or employee thereof
Planning and Development a statement stipulating the for any damages due to erosion or accretion that result from
following: reliance on this ordinance or any administrative decision law-
fully madethereunder.
(a) that all required improvements are complete;
4.171. Permit Procedures. Application for the construction of all
(b) that these improvements are in compliance with the @_t_rd_c_turesand construction of uses permitted subject to condi-
minimum.standards specified by the Department of tions in Section 4.165 are required and shall be made to the
Planning and Development for their construction; Planning Director or his'designate on forms prescribed by
Clatsop County. The applicant shall be required to provide
(c) that the subdivider or developer knows of no defects at least the following information:
from any cause, in those improvements; and
(1) a map showing the location of the proposed use and
(d) that these improvements are free and clear of any surrounding uses including structures, vegetation, etc.- '
encunbrance or lien.
(2) description of the extent to which a sand dune will be
(3) Release of Guarantee. If the County Department of Planning altered as.a result of the proposed use; and
and Development and,Engineer have certified that the can-

(3) other such information as is needed to determine
conformance with this ordinance. to show recurrent.activity in the context of approximately
4.172. Appeal Procedure. 100 years. The mapping is not intended to specify site
conditions or stability, nor to replace site specific
(1) A@appeal of a ruling or interpretation of maps studies. The dune mapping is intended to be a preliminary
or a requirement of this brdinance by the Planning working designation of areas in which further studies may
be required, The boundaries mapped should be changed when
Director shall be heard by the Clatsop County on-site conditions are shown to have changed, or when
Planning Commission in accordance with the provisions improved data is obtained.
of Article 11.
4.183. Definition of Terms. The definitions described in Section
(2) The Planning Commission shall hear and decide appeals -4.-16-3--sh-a-1-1--also-pertain to Section 4.180. Where defini-
when it is alleged there is an error in any require- tions,found in Section.2.020 conflict with definitions in
ment, decision or determination in the enforcement or Section 4.163, those in 4.163 shall control.
administration of this ordinance.
4.173. Penalties. Any person violating any of the provisions of 4.1.84. Uses Permitted Subject to,Conditions.
th-i-s-6-i'dinance shall be subject to the.provisions of ORS (I ) Uses permitted, accessory uses and conditional uses
215.180, 215.185 and 215.990. A violation of this ordinance listed in the primary zone subject to Sections 4.185
shall be considered a separate offense for each day the vio- and 4.186.
lation continues.
(2) Hiking, equestrian and nature trails shall be approved
by the Clatsop County DepartmLnt of Planning and Develop-
Section 4.180 SA Zone - Structures Allowed, Active Dune Ove rla ment and Sections 4.186 and 4.188.
District. -This section shall apply to all areas identified as active
Ju-nes that are committed to development within the unincorporated
areas of Clatsop County. (Added by Ordinance 78-26) (3) Private beach access subject to approval of the Clatsop
County Department.of Planning and Development and
4.181. Purpose and Intent. The intent of this section is to regulate Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
@@ti_on`sl-nacCi@ve dune areas in order to minimize damage
to the fragile nature of the dunes, property and structures (4) Subsurface sewage disposal systems subject to the approval
that may occur as a result of accretion or erosion. of the Clatsop County Sanitarian and the revegptation re-
quirements approved by the tlatsop County Department of
The purpose of this overlay zone is to comply with the Land Planning and Development and Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
Conservation and Development Commission Land Use Planning
Goal (#2) Part II Exceptions as it relates to development (5) Breaching of sand dune on a temporary basis in an emer-
in the active dune (Beaches and Dunes Goal #18). Should gency (e.g. -fire control) only if the breaching, and
the regulations of this overlay zone be in conflict with the restoration after breaching is consistent with sound
underlying primary zone or the Clatsop Soil and Water Conser- principles of conservation. A restoration plan shall
vation District regulations, the conflict(s) shall be resolved be approved by the Clatsop County Department of Planning
by the application of the more stringent regulation(s). and Development,and comply with Sections 4.IBZ and 4.188.
4.182. Mappipl. Active dunes, conditionally stable dunes, and (6) Temp .ordry open-sided structures subject to approval by
dunes subject to ocean undercutting and wave overtopping are Clatsop County Department of Planning and Development
identified on maps accompanying Stability of Coastal Dunes, and Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
January, 1978, report by Leonird almer.
(7) Public beach access subject to.the approval of the
Dune areas mapped in the study were identified by LCDC criteria Clatsop County Planning Commission.
(see report). Active dunes were defined by evidence from
photographs, photo maps, soils, and landforms, to be active or

4.185. Uses Prohibited. bond to assure that adverse effects that may occur can be
corrected. For the guarantee of performance the following
(I ) Breaching of sand dune except for that listed in standards shall apply:
Section 4.165.
(2) Sand removal. (1) Method of Guarantee. The subdivider or developer shall
deposit cash, or other instrument readily convertible
into cash at face value, either with the County, or
(3) Grazing of livestock. in escrow with a bank. The use of any instrument other
than cash and, in the case of an escrow account, shall-
(4) Off-road vehicles. be subject to the approval of Clatsop County. The
4.186. Condition@ amount of the deposit shall be at least twice the cost;
__Eqr @A)royal of Uses. The Department of Planning as estimated by the subdivider or developer and approved
a-ndUe'vel6prient may in-clude bu-t not be limited to the by the County Engineer, of restoration or construction
placing of the following conditions on the approval of per- of required improvements.
mits for uses in Sections 4.184 and 4.185:
In the case of an escrow account, the subdivider or
(1) prescribing the extent'of vegetation removal; developer shall file with the Department of Planning
and Development an agreement between the financial bank
(2) prescribing the time, amounts and types of materials and himself 'guaranteeing the fol1owing-
and the methods to be used in restoration of dune
vegetation; (a) that the funds of said escrow account shall be held
(3) in trust until releAsed by Clatsop County and may
prescribing setbacks greater than required in the under- not be used or pledged by the subdivider or developer
lying zone in order to comply with the intent'of tile as security in any other matter during that period; and
Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan arid the Clatsop County N)
Zoning Ordinance No. 66-2, as amended; (b) that in the case of a failure on the part of the
subdivider or developer to complete said improvements,
(4) prescribing the location, design and number of prop'osed then the bank shall immediately make the funds in
uses; and said account available to the County for use in the
(5) for the establishment of State public beach access points: completion of those improvements.
(2) Inspection and Certification. The County Engineer, or
(a) public need must be shown; and, if it is determined other knowledgeable official as specified by the Depart-
that there is a public need, then ment of Planning and Development, shall regularly inspect
for defects in the restoration or construction of required
(b) the State must satisfactorily prove why this loca- improvements. Upon completion of these improvements, the
tion for the proposed beach access, when compared _County Engineer shall file with the Department of Planning
with other locations best serves the public need, and Development a statement either certifying that the
restoration or improvements have been comple@ed in the
All conditions shall be found by tile Department of Planning and specific manner or listing the defects in those improve-
Development to provide,for or protect the public health, safety ments.
or general welfare, protect the dune, and protect adjacent pro-
perties both present and in the future. Upon completion of the restoration or improvements, the
subdivider or developer shall file with the Department of
Conditions of approval shall be sufficient to protect the property Planning and Development a statement stipulating the
from erosion by wind or water or both, the dune from the loss of following:
stabilizing vegetation, and the peniianent drawdown of the ground-
water supply. (a) that all required improvements are complete;
4.187 Guarantee of Performance. Clatsop County shall require the sub- (b ) that these improvements are in compliance with the
d_1V1_de`ro'r_dev_e1oper of any subdivision to post a performance minimum standards specified by the Department of

Planning and Development for their construction;
by Clatsop County. The applicant shall be required to
(c) that the subdivider or developer knows of no defects provide at least the following information:
from any cause, in those improvements; and a map showing the location of the proposed use and
(d) - that these improvements are free and clear of any surrounding uses including structures, vegetation, etc.:
encumbrance of lien. (2) description of the extent to which a sand dune will be
(3) Release of Guarantee, If the County Department of Planning altered as a result of the proposed
and Development and Engineer have certified that the con-
tracted restoration or improvements are complete and free (3) other such information as is needed to determine con-
from defect, the County shall authorize the release of the formance with this ordinance.
restoration or improvement guarantee.
4.191. Appeal Procedure,
4.188. Time Limits. Prior to approval of the permit the subdivider
or developer and the Department of Planning and Development (l ) An appeal of a ruling or interpretation of maps
shall agree upon a deadline for the completion of the required or a requirement of this Orddinance by the Planning Direc-
improvements, such deadline not to exceed one year from the tor shall be heard by the Clatsop County Planning
time of the permit. The County shall have the power to extend Commission in accordance with the provisions of Aricle II.
the deadline for improvements for one additional year when the
subdivider or developer can present substantial reason for (2) The Planning Commission shall hear and decide appeals when
doing so. it 'is alleged there is an error in any requirement, decision
or determination in the enforcement or administration of
The subdivider or developer shall restore the vegetation within this ordinance.
the first planting season (October to April) using the amounts
and types of materials and methods prescribed by the Depart- 4. 192 penalties. Any person violating any of the provisions of this
ment of Planning and Development. ordinance shall be subject to the provisions of DRS 215.180.
215.185 and 215,990. A violation of this ordinance shall be
The timing of the permits should be made so that restoration considered a separate offense for each day the violation con-
may be started as early in the planting season as possible. tinues.
4.189. Warning and Disclaimer of The degree of protection
from erosion or accretion required by this ordinance is consi-
dered reasonable for regulatory purposes. Erosion is occurring
from the South Jetty of the Columbia River south approximately
three miles. Erosion of the dunes may occur south of this area
sometime in the future.

This ordinance does not imply that land outside the A or SA
zones or uses permitted within such areas will be free from
erosion or accretion. This ordinance shall not create a
liability an the part of Clatsop County or by an officer or
employee thereof for any damages due to erosion or accretion
that result from reliance on this ordinance or any administra-
tive dicision lawfully made thereunder.
4.190. Permit Procedures. Application for the construction of all
structures and construction of uses permitted subject to con-
ditions in Section 4.165 are required and shall be made to
the Planning Director or his designate tin forms prescribed

APPENDIX C

Tillamook County:

Working Paper, Draft 11,
Beaches and Dunes Goal #18
and

Information for People.
Who Own Property On Active
Foredunes

WORKING PAPER

DRA.Pr POLTCIES

A. POLICIES - GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

(1) The removal of sand and gravel from beaches except for extenuating
circumstances shall be prohibited. Such material is involved in
the longshore transport and its rem-oval from this system is likely
to enhance erosion somq*ere else along the coast.

(2) The removal of sand and gravel from the badkdune areas is prohibited
except under unusual circumstances in order to preser-ve the stable
nature of these landforms. If sand is removed it should be taken
only from the least sensitive areas or the backdune. Disturbed
areas must be revegetated.

(3) Filling in the deflation plain is prohibited since it alters the flood
plain-function of these land formations, alters groundvater infiltra-
tion and changes the hydrolic characteristics of the Cune system,
affecting plant corr=ities and ultimately the stability of the dune
system.

(4) The stabilization of accreted sand in association with jetties or
groins shall be prohibited except where necessary for the maintenance
of these structures. Unnecessary stabilization of active sand areas
oftentimes interferes with the sand budget of the coastal zone and may
affect the processes which maintain the protective foredune barrier.

(5) Log debris plays an iRportant role in the formation and maintenance
of foredunes. Therefore, driftwood removal from sand areas and beaches
for both individual and commercial purposes should be regulated so
that dune building processes and scenic values are not adversely
affected.

B. POLICIES FLOOD HAZARDS,

(1) Developn-cnt in areas subject to ocean flooding shall he prohibited.
An exception shall be taken to those areas that are "irrevocably"
committed to dewlopn-ent.

(2) Where development within the beach and dune flood areas is allowed, all
new construction and substantial inprovements shall be constructed
by rethods and practices that minimize flood damage (flood proofing).

(3) Flood regulations shall be based on the mst current and reliable
flood data and meet the requirements established by the.Federal
Insurance Administration.

C. POLICIES GROLMIATER. AND WATER QUALITY

(1) The withdrawal of groundwater from the dune area shall be lindted
to levels which will inusre that a proposed activity(ies) will not
result in the drawdown 'of the groundwater supply which could lead
to any of the following: loss of stabilizing vegetation, loss of
water quality, saltwater intrusion into the water supply or result.
in the drawdown of dune lakes.

(2) In order to avoid groundwater polution, development in dune areas
with high water tables and/or inperTreable subsurface soil horizons
shall be allowed only where sanitary sewer systeTrs are available.

(3) To assure that recharge areas for groundwater aquafirs are protected
from polution, waste discharge operations such as land fills, septic
tanks and industrial waste lagoons are not reconirended for these
.areas.

Draining the deflation plain wet areas is discouraged since this will
affect the water table level of adjacent dunes, their plant oonmuni-
ties and ultimately dune stability.

STANDARDS - GROUNDWATER AND WATER QUALITY

Steps for preventing saltwater intrusion include conducting adequate hydrology
studies to define the proper spacing and yield of water wells and a corrmit-
went to base developirent on the results of these studies.

D. POLICIES -@WILDLIFE HABITAT

(1) Sandspits in,Tillamok County shall be rra'naged to enhance the preser-
vation of their values as recreational, scenic and-wildlife habitats.

(2) Due to their poor suitability for development and high value as wild-
life habitats, wet deflation plains to the greatest extent possible
shall be maintained in their natural state.

(3) Areas of in-portance for rare species should not be designated for
any vehicle activity; if such an area is nearby, rranagemnt tech-
niques should be eirployed to protect it.

(4) To reduce disruption inidentified nesting areas. of the rare snowy
plover, apprioriate nanagen-ent agencies should inpleirent a closure
period to the more remte (few access points) beach areas for the
nesting period April through June.

STANDARDS - WILDLIFE HABITAT

Waterfowl habitat in the.reflation plain can be greatly enhanced by planting
hannch(:@n barley for,fe6d. (OCC&DC p. 26)

E. POLICIES DEVOMMM:

(1) Residential developments and commercial and industrial buildings
are prohibited in areas desii-nated as active or condi,tionally stable
foredunes.. Foredunes which are subject to wave overtopping, plains)
that are subject to ocean flooding, exceDt for areas where Tillamook
County is requesting an "exception" to the Beaches and Dunes
Goal No. 18.

.(2) Site specific investigations.by a qualified person such as a
geologist, soil scientist or geomor 'phologist may be required by the
county prior to the issuance of new developments, or building
uermits in open sand areas on the ocean front in.steep hillsides
of dunes and in any other dune areas which my be subject,to wind
erosion or other hazard potential.'.

(3) No foredune shall be breached or modified from,its,patural condi-
tion except as part of a dune stabilization program or as Dart of
an authorized sand-bvpass program. Pemval of the foredunes
barrier causes increased ocean flooding of inland areas.

(4) Extensive modification of other dunes is strongly, discouraged
because such activities are difficult to stabilize.

(5) Development in active sand areas is strongly discouraged and,will
be allowed only after the area has been stabilized by vegetative
plantings.

-(6)@ 7he use of.pavement and other hard surfaced coverings to stabilize
active sand areas is discouraged.

(7) Roads in dune are .as shall,'as much as possible, be routed along
troughs between dune ridges. Roads shall not be located in the
..vegptative,area along thiD face or top of the foredune.

STAIND-AMS:

(1) Durin.g.construction in sand areas slopes should not be excavated
to ste6pness'of greater than 30 degrees. This is the natural
angle of repose for sand and excavations with slopes greater than
this are highly subject to slumping.

.(2) Vegetated slopes of steepnesses greater than 30 degrees in dune
ar"eas should not be cleared. As the slope of bare sand will then
exceed its natural angle or repose and a slump or slide will occur.

(3) Grading of the dune landform must be kept to a minimum with all
banks leveled to a slope not exceeding 30 degrees. Due to the
shallow angle of repose of unconsolidated sand.

(4) Adequate setbacks for structures must be provided for bv consider-
ing the rate of erosion together with the anticipated life of any
structures.

(5) To maintain the aesthetic value and visual integrity of beach
and dune areas subject to new development all service lines shall
be placed underground.

(6) Removal of,vegetation during construction in any sand area shall
be kept to the minimum required for building placement or other
valid purpose.

(7) Removal of vegetation should not occur more than 30 days prior to
grading or construction.

(8) Permanent revegetation shall be started at the site as-soon as
practicable after construction. Final grading or utility place-
ment time limitations will be dependent upon circumstances.

(9) All setbacks shall be measured from the line of erosion not from
the 'state zone line or property boundaries.

(10) The linear arrangement of structures on dune ridges is discouraged.
As this arrangement leads, to variations in air flow characteristics
which in turn can affect the st ability of the dune system.

(11) Any proposals for development in beach and dune areas must be
accompanied by a description of the dune stabilization program.

F. POLICIES -RECREATION

(1) Because of their sensitivity and exceptional importance for their
value as recreational areas, scenic resources and wildlife habitat,
all sandsPits in public ownership shall maintain a low development
posture- The management of these areas as Natural or Conservation
units is greatly facilitated by their relative isolated position
along the coast.

(2) Access trails to the beach should be clearly marked to reduce the
number of people meandering through the dunes looking for access
to the beach, trespassing on private property and breaking down
sensitive plant communities in the process.

(3) Because of the sensitive nature of active and conditionally stable
dunes, vehicular traffic and recurring pedestrian and equestrian
traffic shall be, where practicable, limited to hard surface roads
and trails.

Public safety hazards and annoyance@factors indicate that ORVs are
often incompatible with pedestrian and equestrian'use. With increas-
ing numbers of people participating in these activities, it is neces-
pary in some areas such as Sand Lake to separate these uses and desig-
nate areas for off road vehicle use.

(5) The open sand areas at Sand Lake under State Forestry Departn@_-nt
'jurisdiction.shall be rnaint,ained.in its natural unstabilized state
in order to preserve this open dune system for its scenic and recrea-
tional values.

(6) To maintain the ecological and aesthetic qualities of Sand,Lake, ORV
use shall be controlled within a special management area. The develop-
nent of a ORV n-anageTrent plan is reconuended. The plan shall consider
designated ORV use areas, user capacity, mnagement technicques, access
control and adjoining land use corrpatibilityconflicts.

STANDARDS - RECREATION

In areas of high pedestrian traffic or great fragility, slightly elevated
boardwalks are suggested as an effective means of traffic contairuTent.

Additionally, revisions to the policies were recommended by the various
Citizen Advisory Committees and other agencies and organizations.

35
9

OFFICE OF PLANNING COMMISSION
Tillamook, Oregon 971A]

INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WHO OWN PROPERTY ON ACTIVE FOREDUNES

QUESTION: WHAT IS AN "ACTIVE FOREDUNE"?

An un's'table barrier ridge of sand paralleling the beach
and subject to wind erosion, water erosion, and growth.fr,om new sand
deposits. Active 'fo*redunes may include areas with beach grass, and
occur in sand spits and at river mouths as well as elsewhere.

QUESTION: HOW DOES THE NEW OREGON BEACHES AND DUNES GOAL AFFECT ME?

In most cases, the goal prohibits residential development
and commercial and industrial building-s on active foredunes, condit-
ionally stable foredunes subject to ocean undercutting or wave over-
topping,'and on deflation plains subject to ocean flooding. (SEE page
2 for cases where special conditi.onslapply)

In addition, the goal requires that "local@governments
and state and federal agencies shall base decisions onplans, ordi-
nances and land use actions in beach and dune areas, other than
older stabilized dunes, on specific findings that shall include at
least:
a) the type of use proposed and the adverse effects
it might have on the site and adjacent areas;

temporary and permanent stabilization programs
and the planned maintenance of new and existing
vegetation;

c) methods for protecting the surrounding area from
any adverse effects of the development; and

d) hazards to life, public and private property, and
the natural environment which may be caused by
the proposed use."

Other important provisions require local governments
and state and federal agencies to:

1) -regulate actions in beach and dune areas to mini--
mize the resulting erosion;

2) protect the groundwater from drarwdown;
3) issue perm'its for beach front protective structures
(ie.'; rip rap) only where developmentIexisted on
January 1, 1977.

QUESTION: HOW DOES THE NEW OREGON BEACHES AND DUNES GOAL AFFECT ME
IN TERMS OF ITS EFFECTIVE DATE; JANUARY 1, 1977?

CASE #1: If a building permit was issued prior to January 1, 1977:
EThe Beaches and Dunes Goal does NOT apply

CASE #2: If a building permit was NOT issued prior to January lst
but the individual lot owner demonstrated intent to de-
velop his property through documented permit applications,
contract obligations, or purchase agreements (ie.; appli-
cation for a building permit, contracts for architectural
designs or engineering feasibility studies, or purchase
of rip rap, etc.):

The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES apply...
However, approval of building permits can be granted based
on demonstrated intent prior to January 1, 1977, provided
that other provisions of the goal are complied with.

CASE #3. If a building permit was NOT issued and intent to develop
property could NOT be demonstrated prior to January 1st,
and if special circumstances exist which may warrant that
certain provisions of the goal be waived:

The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES apply...
However, approval of building permits can be granted if a
valid need for an exception,can be demonstrated based on
the exceptions clause contained in Statewide Planning Goal
#2. All other goal provisions would remain in effect.

CASE #4: If none of the above conditions can be satisfied:

The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES,apply in its entirety.
Building permits can not be granted until the foredune
is stabilized and adequate hazard protection is provided.

QUESTION: WHAT DOES THE EXCEPTIONS CLAUSE IN STATEWIDE PLANNING GOAL
#2 REQUIRE?

A public hearing Trust be held. Compelling reasons and facts
must be provided to show why the exception should be granted
including reasons stating why the use should be allowed;
what alternative locations in the area could be used for the
proposed development; what. the long term environmental, econ -
omic, social and energy consequences will be; and how the
proposed development will be compatible with adjacent uses.

APPENDIX D

Cannon Beac h Comprehensive Plan

Manzan'ita Zoning Ordinance No. 78-6

Rockaway Zoning Ordinance No. 143

CANNON BEACH COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

HAZARDS POLICIES

1. The City shall make reasonable efforts to protect life and property
from natural disasters and hazards. Measures employed by the City
shall be the Plan, Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances, the Uniform
Building Code (Chapter 70) and other city ordinances.

2. As reliable information on the location and nature of building hazards
becomes available, it shall be included in the Comprehensive Plan back-
ground data, and shall form the basis for City policies regulating
development in these areas.

3. A "Master Map" delineating areas of natural hazards shall be kept on
file in City Hall, and shall be available to inform citizens of the
locations of hazards, The Master Map sha1l contain the most up-to-date
information available on mass movement, ocean or stream flooding, weak
foundations soils, or other hazards the Planning Commission or City
Council may designate.

AREA SPECIFIC POLICIES

1. The Curves Area (Tolovana Hill):

Further development within the large active landslide on either side
of-Hemlock must be carefully planned and close'ly monitored.

2. The North End Area:

a. Topographic map coverage is important for the evaluation of the area's
buildability. At the present time, this coverage is not feasible due
to the dense vegetation that covers most of the area. Proposed
developments, through their site investigations, should provide more
detailed topographic mapping.

b. Development could be allowed on certain steep slopes where the thick
basalt sill occurs as bedrock near enough to the surface for footings
to be anchored in solid, fresh basalt without extensive (preferably
no) excavation of soil. Efforts shall be made to retain the natural
conditions of steep slopes.

c. The remainder of the north end area shall be designated low density,
with the allowable units per acre based on percentage of slope.

3. Beach Frontage:

a. Excavation of sand from the beach shall be prohibited. This practice
oversteepens sections of the seaward slope of the dunes and exposes
them to erosion by storm waves, and to a lesser extent, by high tides.
The blowing of sand up onto Ocean Avenue could better be controlled
by maintaining adequate vegetation cover between the street and the
sand buffer. Removal or destruction of vegetation in this area shall
be strictly prohibited.
From Morgan, 1978,

b. In order to control foot traffic across protective dune,barriers
and to reduce.blowing onto the street and adjacent property,
.access trails to the beach-shall be maintained and clearly marked.

OVERALL POLICIES: GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

1. A site specific investigation performed by-a ualified expert shall
be a prerequisite for the issuance of any building permit in the following
areas, anddelineated on the Master Map:

a. Those areas consisting of landslide topography developed in Tertiary
sedimentary.rocks (TOMS).

b. Any property containing, or adjacent to all or part of, an active
landslide..

c. Any property having bedch frontage..

d. The area south of Maher Street underlain by the Astoria Formation
(Tma units).

2. Development requirements for the City are:

a. Structures should be planned to preserve natural slopes. Cut and fill
methods of leveling lots shall be discouraged.

b. Access raods and driveways shall follow the slope contours to reduce
the need for grading and filling..

c. Removal of vegetation shall be kept to a minimum for stabilization of
slopes.

d. Drainage patterns shall not be altered in steeper areas. Roof drains
shall be.channeled into natrual drainage or storm sewers.

e. No development shall be allowed to block stream drainageway-s'. or to
increase the water level or water flow onto adjacent property.-

FLOOD HAZARD POLICIES

..I. The City shall continue its participation in'the Federal Flood Insurance
Program, thourgh the enactment and enforcement of a Flood Hazards Ordinance.
All new construction and substantial improvements shall be planned to
minimize flood damage.

2. Where development within the floodplain is allowed, assurance to the
City shall.be given that the development will. not be expected to raise
adjacent flood heights and increase publi c safety hazards.

3. Development.inareas subject to severe ocean erosion or flooding
(the velocity zone) shall be constructed in such a way that hazards
are minimized. A site specific investigation by a qualified expert
shall be a prerequisite for all construction.in the velocity zone.

4. Shore protective devices (seawalls, riprap).shall be planned by a
qualified person so that it is permanent, and does not adversely
affect adjacent property.

5. Filling of wetlands or natural drainages shall be prohibited unless it
is adequately demonstrated that it will not affect adjacent property,
and the wetlands Area is not, in the view of State or Federal resource
agencies, valuable biologically.

SAND DUNE CONSTRUCTION POLICIES

1. In accordance with the State Beaches and Dunes,Goal (#18), cons-truction
on active foredunes, on other dunes which are conditionally stable and
are subject to ocean undercutting or wave overtopping, and on interdune
areas (deflation plains) that are subject to ocean flooding, shall be
prohibited.

2. Permitted uses in these areas shall be those which are of very low
A,ntensity, (such as raised wooden walkways), which do not contribute
to the removal of sand or vegetation, which could be easily removed in
the event of ocean flooding or other hazards, and are of minimal value.
3'. Removal of vegetation during constructi on in any sand area shall be
kept to the minimum required for building placement or other valid
purpose. Removal.of vegetation should not occur more than 30 days
Prior to construction. Permanent revegetation shall be started on the
site as soon as practical after construction, final grading or utility
placement. Storage of sand.or other materials,should not suffocate
vegetation.

4. In.open-sand areas which are being revegetated, and in open sand areas
created during construction, revegetation must be closely monitored and
carefully maintained, including restriction on pedestrian traffic. In
all other sand areas from which vegetation is removed, the revegetation
program should return the area to its original level of stability. A
revegetation program with set time limits should be included in the
developer's application for building permits for subdivision.

5. Site specific investigations by a qualified expert shallbe required for
the issuance of building permits in open sand areas, on hillsides in -
sand areas regardless of the type of dune or its present stability, and
in those conditionally stable dunes not subject to ocean hazard, but which
in the view"of the building official have potential for wind erosion or
other damage6 @Site reports shall be paid for by the developer, and the
City may submit the reports to State and Federal agencies for evaluation.

6. Excavation and grading in sand areas shall be carefully controlled
by the building,official, through enforcement of Chapter 70 of the
Uniform Building Code and the above policies.

7. The developer or party initiating action in sand areas shall be
responsible for preventing adverse impacts on adjacent property, city
streets, or utilities. Where necessary, the City may cause such
impacts to be corrected at the expense of the developer, and place a
lien on the property.

8. Breaching of foredunes shall only be done in extreme cases and when
necessary for an emergency such as fire fighting or cleaning up oil
spil-ls.

9. Wells in dune areas shall not be permitted, in order to prevent the
drawdown of groundwater and possible destruction of vegetation.

BEACHFRONT PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES POLICIES

1. In accordance with the Beaches and Dunes Goal, criteria for placement
of beachfront protective structures shall provide that:

a. Visual impacts are minimized;

b. Access to the beach is maintained;

c. Impacts on adjacent property are minimized;

d. Long-term or recurring costs to the public are avoided.

2. The previous criteria shall apply to.protective structures both on the
public beach and east of the State zone or vegetation line,

3., Protective structures shall be properly engineered to reduce the need
for future maintenance, and shall be the minimum necessary'to protect
the shoreline. Riprap shall be preferred over concrete seawalls as a
protective device, and be as unobtrusive as possible.

4. Lots or parcels which have been subdivided shall be considered "developed"
under the meaning of the State Goal and the Plan.

42
MANZANITA ZONING ORDINANCE NO. 78-6

Article 4. Supplementary Provisions
Section 4.050 Dune Construction Re-
quirements..

(1) Removal of vegetation during con-
struction in any sand area shall be kept
to the minimum required for building
placement or other valid purposes. Removal
of vegetation should not occur more than
30 days prior to grading or construction.
Permanent re-vegetation shall be
started on the construction siteas soon
,as practical after construction, final
grading or utility placement. Storage
of sand and'other materials should be
done so as not to.suffoca.te vegetation.

(2) In open sand areas which are
being re-vegetated, and in open sand areas
created during construction, re-vegetation'
must be closely monitored and carefully
ma.intained, including restrictions on
pedestrian traffic. In all other sand.
areas from which vegetation is removed,
the minimum acceptable re-vegetation
program should return the area to its
pre-construction level of stability
(such as conditionally stable, or
stabilized). This would entailthe planting
of trees in addition to ground cover such
as b-each grass.. A re-vegetation program
with set time limits should be included
in the developers application for building
permits or subdivisions.

(3) Site-specific investigations by
a qualified engineering geologist or
.soils engineer may be a prerequisite for the
issuance of building permits in open sand
areas, on hillsides of over 20% , in sand
regardless of the type of dune or its
present stability, and in thos conditionally
stable dunes not subject to ocean hazard,
but which in the view of the building
official have potential.for wind erosion
or other damage. Site investigations
shall be done at the developer',s expense.
The City may submit any site reports to
the State Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries or other agency
to assess its completeness.

(4) Excavation and grading in sand
areas shall be carefully controlled by
the building.official, either through
enforcement of Chapter 70 of the Uniform
Building Code or the above policies. From Morgan, 1978.

ROCKAWAY ZONING ORDINANCE NO, 143

'Section 4.044. DUNE CONSTR=ION POLICY.

(1) Removal of vegatation during construction in any sand area
shall be kept to the rninimm required for building place-
went or other valid purposes. Removal of vegetation should
not occur more than 30 days prior to grading or construction.
Permanent re-vegetation shall be started on the construction
site ;Ls soon as practical. after construction! final grading
or utility placement. Storage of sand and other
materials should be done so as not to suf focate vegetation.

(2) In open sand areas which are being re-vegetated, and in
open sand areas created during construction , revegetation
must be closely monitored and carefully maintained, includ-
ing restrictions on pedestrian traffic. In all other sand
areas from which vegetation is reimved, the minimum accept-
able revegetation program should ret urn the area to its pre-
construction level of stability (such as conditionally stable,
or stabilized.) This would entail the planting of trees in
addition to ground cover such as beach grass. A revegetation
program with set time lin-Lits should be included in the
developers application for building permits or sub-divisions.

(3) Site-specific investigations by a qualified expert (refer to
the appendix for 'delines) may be a prerequisite for the
gul
issuance of building permits in open sand areas, on hillsides
in sand areas regardless of the type of dune or its present
stability, and in those.conditionally stable dunes not subject
to ocean hazard, but which in the view of the building official
have potential for wind erosion or other damage. Site invest-
igations shall be done at the developer's expense. The City
my subndt any site reports to the State Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries or other agency to assess its conplete-
ness.

(4) Excavation and grading in sand areas shall be carefully
controlled by the building official, either through enforce-
ment of Chapter 70 of the Uniform Building Code or the above
policies.

*From Morgan, 1978.

Beach and Dune
I Identification , 1*116"

A System -Of Classifying & Identifying
Oregonrs Coastal Beaches & Dunes

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RYP"R,

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, I nc.

This report was prepared as-part of a larger document addressing various
beach and dune planning and management considerations and techniques.
Other segments of the document and additional ma--teri-a-ls are:

I. BACKGROUND ON-BEACH AND DUNEPLANNJNG:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach.and Dune Physical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and Mcinagement on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying-and Identifying Oregon's Coastal Beaches
and Dunes
III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Spe cies and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

IV. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Off-road Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast
Sand Removal Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes: Uses., Impacts and Management
Considerations
Dune Stabilization and.Restoration:-. Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES-:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
Vi. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune.PZanning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,
Illustrations prepared by Lorraine Morgan, Newport, Oregon
Cover photo by Christianna Crook, Newport, Oregon

A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFYING AND IDENTIFYING

OREGON'S COASTAL BEACHES AND DUNES

by
Christianna Stachelrodt Crook

Research Associate
OCZMA, Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association,,.Inc,
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon - 97365

June, 1979

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under
Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon
bepartment of Land Conservation and Development,

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of beach and dune identification and classification systems conducted
by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, I,nc. This report
constitutes one element of an overall analysis of planning for and
managing beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Goal.

This report was prepared by Christianna Crook, OCZMA Beaches and
Dunes Study Team Research Associate, with assistance from other Study
Team members composed of Carl Lindberg, Project Director, Wilbur
Ternyik, Project Coordinator, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary, and
Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Cathy M-cone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planninq Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Additionally, OCZMA extends special appreciation to the following
individuals for their valuable input and direction and for their signifi-
cant contributions to this report:

Bill Burley, Program Biologist, The Oregon Natural Heritage Program
of the Nature Conservancy
Don Leach, District Conservationist, U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation
Service

Dr. Paul Komar, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University
Cathy Mecone, Planning Research Associate, Coos-Curry Council of
Governments
Dr. Leonard Palmer, Department of Earth Science, Portland State
University
Dr. James Stembridge, Coastal Resource Specialist, Oregon State
Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and
Wilbur Ternyik, Owner/Operator, Wave Beachgrass Nursery

Finally, OCZMA expresses its sincere appreciation to the University
of Washington Press for permission to reprint illustrations from
Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest by C. Leo Hitchcock, et. al.,
(1955-1969).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface ................................................ i
List of Figures ........................................ iv
I. Introduction ........................................... I

Ii. Beach .............................................. .... 1

III. Foredune ............................................... 10

IV. Interdune Forms ........................................ 26

A. Deflation Plain
B. Seasonally Wet Interdune Area
V. Interior Dune Forms - Vegetated ........................ 46
A. Hummock Dunes
B. Surface Stabilized Dunes
C. Older Stable Dunes
D. Parallel-Ridge Dunes
VI. Interior Dunes - Nonvegetated .......................... 73
A. Transverse-ridge Dunes
B. Oblique-ridge Dunes
C. Recently Reactivated Forms
VII. Glossary of Terns ...................................... 91

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Steepened profile characteristic of an eroding
beach ................................................. 2

2. Beach cusps ............................ ........... 3

Sand deposition around a beach grass windbreak ........ 10

4. As European beachgrass is buried, new shoot and
root growth develops at the dune surface .............. 11

.5. Beach, foredune and deflation plain supply sand
to interior open sand areas ....... ........ ...... 73
6. Transverse- ridge dunes form approximately
perpendicular to northwest summer winds ............... 74

7. Oblique-ridge dunes form obliquely to both
northwest and southwest dominant seasonal winds ....... 78

8. Accumulation and advance of the oblique-ridge
dune ................................................... 79

9. The ridge position of the oblique dune is modified
by seasonal winds ..................................... 79

10. Transverse-ridge dunes riding up over the flanks
of an oblique-ridge dune which terminates in a
precipitation-ridge ................................... 80

11. Eastward expansion of deflation plain ................. 82

12. Small blowout within beach grass environment .......... 86

13. Parabola blowout moving through forested dunes ........ 88

I. INTRODUCTION

-Beaches and dunes are found on those accumulations of sand which
occur intermittently along the Oregon coast. They range in size from
small pocket beaches between headlands to expansive dune sheets more
than twenty miles long and three to four miles wide. Varying combina-
tions of physical factors (e.g. wind, vegetation, and moisture, etc.)
are capable of producing widely diverse beach and dune landforms. Each
landform exhibits discrete physical capabilities as well as characteris-
tic sensitivies to man's activities.

Dune forms exhibit varying states of stability. Areas of open sand
occur where dune topography is controlled only by sand and wind. Lightly
vegetated areas are considered to be in an active state and are continu-
ously subject to erosion and accretion. Dunes are conditionaZZy stabiZized
when they have sufficient vegetative cover to withstand wind erosion.
Other dune forms can be surface stabiZized or oZder (semi-cemented)
stabZe. That is, they may exhibit vegetation with a thin layer of soil,
or may have vegetation and extensive soil layer with semi-cemented
underlying sands.

This report classifies, describes and discusses the physical and
biological nature and general capabilities of coastal Oregon sand
landform types. In addition, a checklist of physical and biological
features characteristic of each type is included to assist with field
identification. A glossary of terms used in this report is presented
in-the concluding section.

II. BEACH

A relativeLy narrow, sZoping zone of unconsoZidated materiaZs
extending from the Zow tide Zine Zandward to the uppermost
Zine of effective wave or tidaZ action.

A. Geomorphology

Beach materials range in size from fine sand, to pebbles and even
small boulders and are supolied from the erosion of coastal cliffs, the
reworking of ancient and recent coastal sand deposits, and from riverine
sediment loads. Sand supply and beach formation processes occur in
seasonal cycles in which beaches commonly experience sand removal
during the winter and are rebuilt by the more gentle wave action
associated with summer weather activity. Beaches are the coastline's

1Illustrations indicate the degree of magnification or reduction.

primary defense against the erosive action of storm waves,

Sand dunes, cliffs and drift log accumulations may occur at the
landward side of beaches. Some parts of the coastline are repeatedly
interrupted with headlands, creating small pockets of cobble beaches.
Elsewhere the seaward margins of vast dune sheets create extensive
beaches.

1. Stable beaches

In terms of sand availability, beaches may be stable, eroding or
accreting. A stable form is one which experiences neither a net loss
nor gain in beach materials on an annual basis.' Gentle summer waves
replace the same amount of sand on the beach as was lost offshore during
winter storms. Beaches which are presently stable include Sand Lake in
Tillamook County and the region between the mouth of the Umpqua in
Douglas County and mouth of the Coquille River in Coos County.

2. Eroding beaches

An eroding beach is one which annually experiences net sand loss.
This can result from continuous excessive erosion, diminishing beach
sand supplies, or both. Erosion occurs primarily during vi-gorous winter
storms and may be heightened by such factors as a high spring tide
which-effectively increases wave height. A reduction in beach sand supply
may result from dams, riprap, jetties, commercial removal, or other
structures or activities which modify beach material transport or near
shore currents.

Eroding beaches can often be recognized in their earlier stages
by the development of a steeper than usual profile (Figure 1). Some

Figure 1. Steepened profile characteristic of
an eroding.beach.

eroding beaches may contain noticeable eroded embayments, or cusps,
which are the result of local rip currents carrying sand away from the
beach (Figure 2). Beaches presently in an eroding state include the
beach from Peter Iredale Park, north to the Columbia River south jetty
in Clatsop County and the area between Blacklock Point and Floras Lake
in Curry County.

Or. 0

Figure 2. Beach cusps.

3. Accreting beaches

Any beach which has a low-tide margin experiencing net seaward
growth due to an annual increase in sand supply is considered to be
accreting. The development of small persistent dunes seaward of the
foredune is indicative of this sand accumulation process. With continued
accretion, the developing dunes will eventually grow and join to form a
new foredune seaward of the previous one. Accretion at a site may be
the result of escalated erosion elsewhere, beach or spit migration,
natural and/or induced changes in off-shore currents, or structures
and activities which modify beach material transport. To a limited
extent, a beach may experience accretion due to the sand-trapping
ability of dune grass. This is only likely to occur, however, when the
near shore environment already favors accretion. Examples of accreting
beaches include the area adjacent to the community of Surf Pines in
Clatsop County, the north end of South Beach in Lincoln County, and
just north of Gold Beach in Curry County.

'B. Vegetation

High winds, waves and cyclic tidal inundation severely restrict
vegetative growth in the beach zone. However, many types of seeds
germinate easily in wet sand and a few hardy species may be found on
the higher beach slopes in the summer and fall (Wiedeman, et. al.,
1974, p. 25). Such plants are not found growing in great profusion.
In fact, it may be that only one or two species, if any., will occur in
a given beach area. These may occur as isolated individuals, and will
commonly experience burial or destruction during the period of winter
storms.

Three species which occur most commonly on the beach include
American sea rocket (Cakile edentula), European sea rocket (Cakile
maritima) and honkenya ( 'Honkenya peDloides). Although not peculiar to
beaches, European beachgrass- (Ammophila arenaria), sea lyme-grass
(Elymus mollis-) and seashore bluegrass (Poa macrantha) are occasionally
found in this zone.

C. Attractions and Limitations

The beach is a highly attractive site for numerous recreational
activities ranging from beachcombing to operation of off-road vehicles.
It lends itself well to both solitary and group activities and, as a
geologic feature, seems to be relatively tolerant of most transient
activities. Management of this landform should consider such issues
as (1) the desirability of allowing vehicle traffic and significant
pedestrian use in-the same areas, and (2) harrassment of shore bird
species by various recreational'activities.

D. Identification Checklist

..The'.beach can be,r6cognized by the following characteristics:

1. The landward boundary of the beach may be characterized by one of
the following:
a. drift log accumulations,

ngqo -
5-Ug" -g,!@t=V4
ORM
1,1@`, .......... . ... N o
U
A
A
M' OF

@,U t

"T -

b. foredune ridge, or

IM
W

W
AV;

C. Cliffs

2. Beaches may consist of fine to medium grained sands and exhibit a
relatively gentle slope.

. ......... ..

3. A steeper slope profile is exhibited by those beaches which consist
of pebbles and/or boulders.

Ack

4. Erosion is sometimes caused by stationary rip-currents which eat
embayments or cusps into the beach and foredune.

V w@ 'i,
hh!

5. Accreting beaches may often be recognized by the deve lopment of
embryo dunes seaward of the foredune.

Z"'J@

4g"'

6. The most commonly occurring beach vegetation includes the following:

a. American sea rocket (Cakile edentula),

flowers purple
to white

b. European sea rocket (Cakile maritima), similar to Cakile edentula
except for the fruit, and'

c. Honkenya (Honkenya peploides).

flowers
.04 greenish to
4 white

III.. FOREDUNE

First ridge of sand situated immediatety above the high tide
Zine and paraZZeZ to the beach.

A. Geomorphology

The present day foredune of the Oregon.coast has developed primarily
in the last forty years as a result of the introduction of European beach-
grass (Ammophila arenaria). First introduced for sand stabilization in
the Coos Bay area in 1910 and the Clatsop Plains in 1935, this species
became naturalized to the coastal sand areas. It spread along the
coast forming a nearly continuous barrier ridge along the shore. Euro-
pean beachgrass prefers sites of continuous sand deposition. It grows
seaward until it is halted by wave action at the high tide line. Embryo
dunes form here at the landward edge of the beach in conjunction with
vegetation and drift log accumulations where the velocity of the wind
decreases suddenly, depositing the sand load (Figure 3). Continued

Figure 3. Sand deposition around a beach grass
windbreak.

deposition may lead to the burial of the original obstacle. The driftlogs
remain buried forming the base of the foredune but European beachgrass
(Ammophila arenaria) can survive seasonal sand burial of up to three feet
and for that reason is the primary foredune building agent. As sand
builds up around the base of the plant, new roots and shoots grow

from the stem joints (Figure 4). This traps more wind-blown sand above,
while holding underlying sand within the complicated root network below.

Figure 4. As European beachgrass is buried, new
shoot and root growth develops at the dune surface.

The dune thus increases in height and width until it merges with
adjoining dunes to form a barrier ridge along the upper beach. This
dune-ridge area stops and holds most of the sand blowing in from the
beach and continues to grow until it reaches the maximum height
dictated by local conditions, usually up to twenty-five or thirty feet.
It may be bounded on the east by deflation plains, interior dunes,
cliffs, marshes, lakes or estuaries.

The foredune is a naturally occurring geomorphic feature which, to
some degree, acts as a dike during ocean storms. It's function transcends
that of a simple barrier-wall because it has a sponge-like ability to
absorb and mute the force of storm waves. Hitting the foredune, wave
energy is dissipated over, around and, most critically into the dune.
However, while it can act as an effective shock absorber, the foredune
can occasionally sustain considerable damage during storms and may be
unable to provide sufficient storm protection to inland sites, thus
allowing adjacent deflation plains or hummock dunes to be exposed to
the full force of maritime storms. In such instances, the area of
potential hazard is extended beyond the foredune to include additional
inland sites. Any excavation into, or construction modification of
the foredune may increase this hazard potential.

Foredunes are among the most dynamic of landforms and will naturally
vacillate between periods of being active (subject to wind and wave
erosion and breaching) and being conditionally stable (wind stable but
subject to wave erosion and breaching).

The term "foredune" is applied to this dune ridge wherever it
occurs along the Oregon coast. This feature varies considerably in
appearance, however, and to some degree in function, between the north
coast (Clatsop County) and the central-south region.

The foredune ridge which occurs in the central and southern counties
commonly varies between ten to thirty feet in height, is twenty to
fifty feet wide at the base and often appears as a distinctive sea-wall
ridge particularly when viewed from the beach. Storm hazard in this
area is primarily associated with erosive storm waves and wind, impact
from solid debris carried by the waves, and flooding of inland sites.

The foredune in the Clatsop area is commonly an extremely broad,
low appearing feature. While it may reach heights of more than twenty-
five feet, the gradient is so gentle, often five degrees or less, that it
has a less distinctive sea-wall appearance. Storm hazard on the north
coast (north of Seaside) is more commonly associated with inundation from
sand than from erosion or debris impact. Wave run-up may be considerably
reduced by the extensive traverse associated with the long, shallow,
off-shore area and the extreme width of the foredune. However, storm-
velocity winds are capable of transporting generous quantities of sand
available in this region considerably inland. The gentle gradient
common to Clatsop foredunes may also offer.less obstruction to the wind.
Thus, the "functional" width of the foredune (or the area impacted by
maritime storms) inthe Clatsop area can be as great as 800 feet
depending on local conditions (Leach, 1978). The "foredune" under this
designation, may contain more than one "ridge" so the term "foredune
area" may be more applicable (Ternyik, 1978). Furthermore, while storm
associated sand deposition can cause sand-blasting type damage and may
result in subsequent excavation costs, this activity may be more aptly
designated as "nuisance" rather than true "hazard" to life or property.

1. Active foredunes

Sand dunes are in an active state when they possess insufficient
vegetative cover to retard wind erosion. In this condition the sand
dune is experiencing active accretion and/or erosion.

On a static or accreting beach, an active foredune will commonly
evolve towards the conditionally stable state. As the active foredune
grows in height (up to thirty feet), it becomes an increasingly effective
barrier and progressively less sand is deposited on the lee side of the
dune and other sites inland. This offers somewhat greater protection
from storm winds, but also seriously limits all fresh beach sand supplies
to interior open sand areas.

Active foredunes may be most numerous in central and north coast
areas. They occur, for example, in Clatsop County west of Slusher and
Sunset Lakes and in Tillamook County at Neskowin North.

2. Conditionally stable foredunes

When foredunes exhibit sufficient vegetative cover to retard the
erosive effects of the wind, they are termed conditionally stable.
Obviously, the stability of a given foredune is conditional upon the
maintenance of the vegetative cover.

While the conditionally stable foredune may not have any greater
resistance to wave erosion than does an active foredune, it appears to
recover more quickly from wave overtopping (Ternyik, 1978). However,
any conditionally stable sand dune is prone to reactivation upon
disturbance of the vegetative cover.

Examples of conditionally stable foredunes presently occur between
Sunset beach and Gearhart in Clatsop County and at the community of
Bayshore in Lincoln County.

B. Vegetation

1. Active foredunes

The active foredune receives such a substantial sand supply that
it is occupied almost exclusively by European beachgrass (Ammophila
arenaria). Some native dune grasses such as sea lyme-grass -FQ-ff--US
mollis) may be found here but occur less commonly as they are less
tolerant of continual sand burial.

2. Conditionally stable foredunes

The increasing height of the conditionally stable foredune restricts
the inland passage of salt spray and sand, A new environment is thus
created-on the crest and the lee side of the foredune which is reflected
in the vegetation at this site. European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria),
the most significant species which occurs on the foredune, becomes less
important because it prefers the more fertile sites of sand deposition.
Other species less tolerant of salt spray and sand deposition become
established. The first to become established include, among others, such
herbs as beachpea (Lathyrus japonicus), coast strawberry (Fragaria
chiloensis) and seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis), Later successional
species may include such woody shrubs as salal (Gaultheria shallon), or
kinnikinnick (Ar'ctostaphylos uva-ursi) and an occasional' shore pine
(Pinus contorta).

The lee side of a foredune may exhibit vegetation characteristic
of conditional stabi'lity and yet be experiencing erosion and undercutting
on its windward side. Such circumstances indicate that the foredune was
formerly in a conditionally stable state long enough for some vegetative
succession to take place, and has only recently begun to experience
erosion. The remaining foredune ridge has apparently been able to
provide sufficient protection to the lee side to maintain existing
vegetation. Should the oceanward side experience temporary in-filling
with logs, sand and beach grass during the summer it could deceptively
give the appearance of a completely conditionally stable foredune.

C. Attractions and Limitations

While the foredune may not be a primary recreational attraction in
itself, it nonetheless experiences moderate recreational traffic. This
is partially because it is a barrier which must be traversed in order to
reach the beach. It is also used as a sheltered 'base camp' from which
forays to the beach are made. However, because of its hummocky, semi-
stable surface and the sharp tips of the European beachgrass, pedestrian
traffic usually follows open pathways. This activity, referred to as
"trailing", results in the development of open mobile sand trails.
However, the continual replenishment of fresh sand in active dune areas
commonly maintains sufficient fertility for beach grass regeneration,
Thus, trailing is not necessarily a serious problem unless it is
desirable for the active foredune to become conditionally stable
(OCCDC, 1975). Conversely, the trailing which results from the
pas'sage of motorbikes and other off-road vehicles inhibits beach grass
regeneration and creates troughs from which blowouts can develop.

@ The proximity of this landform to the ocean renders it at once
highly attractive and yet extremely hazardous as a site for permanent
structures. Construction of permanent structures which either project
onto the beach or require any excavation of the foredune endangers the
site and adjacent areas. Erosion intensification, interruption of
natural sand movement, and wind-blown mobile sands are potential hazards
associated with such disturbance. Additionally, the installation of
riprap to protect structures impedes the natural flow of beach and
foredune materials, possibly resulting in beach starvation at the site
or elsewhere. Goal 18 specifically addresses the problem of development
on active and other foredunes. No active dune, by definition, should
harbor permanent structures as they may be subject to inundation or
undermining due to moving sand. Permanent structures should be reserved
for permanent landforms. Management of this landform should consider
the highly dynamic mobile nature of this land/sea interface area.

D. Identification Checklist

The foredune can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. A sparsely or thickly vegetated sand dune ridge five to twenty-five
feet high, running parallel to the beach.

...........

2. The foredune is bordered by the beach and possiblY drift logs on the
west.

114

3. It commonly occurs adjacent to:

a. hummock dunes, or

b. the deflation plain on the east.

'A 2",
TRR "'4
RP, k@'T'
Nil,

4. The active foredune may exhibit storm surge cuts. Logs and debris
may be found here.

.. .. .......

@44

5. An eroding, formerly conditionally stable foredune may continue to
exhibit vegetation characteristics of its conditionally stable
state. (Coast strawberry is shown on the eroding face of a
formerly conditionally stable foredune.)

..........

.... ......

-s-

@T,

Ix
IT,

6. Drift logs may be exposed at the base of the windward face of the
active foredune, particularly in the winter.

. .... ...

ft", jC@

'
N
W

7. The vegetative cover of the active foredune is rather sparse and
consists almost exclusively of European beachgrass (Ammophila
arenaria).

8. The conditionally stable foredune exhibits a very dense vegetative
cover.

W 0
-W
MN,

9. Sea lyme-grass (Elymus mollis) may also occur occasionally on the
foredune in lesser amounts.

1/3

10. Species of the pioneer community found on the lee side of the
conditionally stable foredune include:

a. coast strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis),

flowers white to
inkish
p

b. beach morning-glory (Convolvulus soldanella),

flowers light pink
to rose

A
c. beachpea (Lathyrus japonicus), and

flower
violet

d. gray beachpea (Lathyrus littoralis).

112. flowers white
to pink or
purple

11. Four species appearing later in succession include:

a. seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis),

112 flowers purplish
blue

b. seaside tansy (Tanacetum douglasii),

flowers yellow

3.2

2/5

3.2 3.2

c. western bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

-4,
.V*N j

Nk
kf'!4.9")

@2 0

d. pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea)

heads white

12. By the time the later successional species appear, many of the
pioneer species are no longer apparent. The following shrub species
belong to this latter successional group:
a. salal (Gaultheria shallon),
I- @

fruit
dark purple aag
flowers
to black
white to pink

112

b. evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum),

I" Ri
flowers
white to pink

c. kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

flowers
white to
pink

7.5

d. hairy manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana)

flowers white to
pale pink

1/2

26
IV. INTERDUNE FORMS 161

Interdune forms include those low areas between dunes which are
often subject to the controlling factors of wind action, and/or high
water table.

A. Deflation Plain

Broad pZain which deveZops irmediateZy inZand from the foredune
and is wind scoured to the ZeveZ of the swmer water tabZe.

1. Geomorphology

A deflation plain is created by wind removal of dry sand particles
inland from the foredune. Sand is thus removed only down to the lowered
summer water table, because groundwater moisture binds sand particles
together at this level. This may result in standing water during the
winter when the water table is naturally higher. Sand transported inland
from the deflation plain is deposited in interior dune regions.
The best conditions for development of this landform probably occur
behind a conditionally stable foredune, where the inland flow of sand,
which could otherwise contribute to dunal development at this site, is
cut off and the wind has more available energy for transport. If an
active foredune exists, sand supplies are more readily passed.over the
ridge to form hummock dunes or open-sand dunes.

Examples of old, inactive deflation plains occur in some areas
considerably inland from the foredune area. These are commonly
occupied by forest communities and the water table is still quite high.
These features probably developed adjacent to a foredune, but merged
inland by subsequent beach accretion.

2. Vegetation

Components of the vegetation communities in the deflation plain
vary according to specific site factors and the stage of successional
development. In the early successional stages, grass, rush, and
sedge communities occupy progressively wetter sites. Later successional
stages are characterized by a low scattered shrub community, followed
by the development of tall shrub thickets and-eventually a shore pine
forest (U.S.D.A., 1972, pp. 84-98). Water stands at, or near the surface
most of the year in these sites.

The grass community occurs where water stands on the surface for
two to three months of the year (vegetation covers about 80% of the
ground). A few scattered shrubs and dwarfed shore pine are occasionally
found in this community.

The rush community is found in sites where the water table stands
on the surface for three or four months of the year (vegetation covers
about 90% of the ground). Isolated shrub and tree seedlings also occur
here. Coast willow (Salix hookeriana) seedlings are the most numerous.

Water stands on the surface of the sedge community for at least
six months of the year. Vegetation covers about 95% of the ground.

3. Attractions and limitations

The primary attractions of the deflation plain appear to be the
viewing of waterfowl and, when drained, the development of housing.
Many deflation plain marsh communities provide habitat for a number of
waterfowl, which is lost when the site is developed. Even when drained,
the water table remains quite high and septic tanks, drainfields, and
other buried structures may not be appropriate. Flotation and failure
of such structures could occur with resulting pollution,

4. Identification check-list

The deflation plain may be identified by the following features:

1. It is a low plain bordered on its ocean side by a foredune.

2. The deflation plain may be bordered on the eastern boundary by:

a. hummock dunes or,

Tlr@ MM
Ir 77.

b. transverse-ridge dunes.

3. It may contain standing water several months of the year,

-'@'IwN'

@j z z

. . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Important species of the deflation plain grass community include:

a. European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria

lodil2
cules

b. seashore lupine (LuRinus littoralis

flowers purplish blue

c. false dandelion (Hypochoeris radicata)

flowers yellow

j.6

d. coast strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis)

flowers white
to pinkish

e. yellow-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium californicum)

flowers yellow

1/3

32
5. The following plants are most common in the rush community: 40

a. spring-bank clover (Trifolium wormskjoldii).

flowers purplish-red
-tipped
often white

b. Rushes are important here, (They may be identified by a round
stem.)

(1) sickle-leaved rush (Juncus falcatus)

4
20
seed

1/3

(2) brown-headed rush (Juncus nevadensis)

6. The most important species of the sedge community are:

a. Sedges (which have stems with edges) are the most critical
species. They include:

(1) slough sedge (Carex obnupta)

1/3

(2) hindis sedge (Carex hindsii)

b. Pacific silver weed (Potentilla_pacifica)

flowers bright yellow

c. creeping buttercup (Ranunculus flammula)

flowers
yellow

d. king's gentium (Gentiana sceptrum)

flowers blue to
purplish-blue

1.2

7. The low, scattered shrub community is characterized by the following
species up to six feet in height:

a. coast willow (Salix. hookeriana) dominates,

b. salal (Gaultheria shallon),

flowers
white to pink

c. evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum),

flowers - white
3_k
to pink.
@ IS,
Z) 1@@.

d. wax myrtle (Myrica californica), and

fruit reddish-
brown

e. shorepine saplings (Pinus contorta).

112

8. The tall shrub thickets follow the low, scattered shrub association
and is composed of the foregoing shrubs and trees ranging in height
from six to twenty feet.

9. The next successional stage on the deflation plain is the shorepine
forest. The plant community includes the following:

a. shorepine dominates (Pinus contorta). See drawing above.

b. sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)

14f-

I,A2
doo

c. occasionally trees of:

(1) wax myrtle (tjyrica californica), and

(2) coast willow (Salix hookeriana)

d. a sparce occurrence of shrubs:

(1) salal (Gaultheria shallon), and

flowers
white to pink

It 'f

V.-

evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum)

flowers white to
pink

e. slough sedge (Carex obnupta) is common.

1/3

B. Seasonally Wet Interdune Area

Interdune sites which are commonZy occupied by standing water
onZy part of the year.

1. Geomorphology

Low lying sites which contain surface water during some part of the
winter are found in association with many sand landform types. Swales
between oblique-ridge dunes, the basal area between hummock or trans-
verse-ridge dunes, and low areas within older stable dune units, all
provide examples of sites which may be wet part of the year. Water table
is probably high even during the summer when all trace of surface water
has disappeared.

2. Vegetation

Although the surface can range from bare sand through marsh associa-
tions to mature forest, some vegetative cover is most common. Any of
those communities occurring in the deflation plain may be found here.
Some sites may exhibit mottled clayey soils indicative of prolonged
saturation.

3. Attractions and limitations

Characteristic attractions and limitations of these sites would
be similar to those of the deflation plain. Any development proposals
for occasionally wet areas in older stable dune forms should address
the potential water table limitations here.

4. Identification check-list

Occasionally wet interdune sites may be identified by the following
characteristics:

1. The site exhibits standing surface water during only part of the

"i"N ---v W

2. Occasionally wet interdune areas may occur as follows:

a. vegetated areas between oloen sand dune ridges,

.......... .
..... .... .
@"'ISAI@@'Tlz C, Ae@IP
'k

b. nonvegetated sites between open sand dune ridges, or

... ... . .. ..

c. swales between parallel-ridge dunes,

d. low sites in older forested dunes (may be affected by underlying
impermeable iron lenses), or

MMMPUE

e. swales between hummock dunes which may be a functional extension of
the adjacent deflation plain.

t-wi
jl@
I UPOK -al

4k
All
- 7 Mj E

V. INTERIOR DUNE FORMS VEGETATED

A. Hummock Dunes

FieZds of vegetated sand dune mounds most commonZy occuring
inZand from the foredune or defZation pZain.

1. Geomorphology

Hummock dunes, like the foredune, are primarily created by the
mound building activities of European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria).
These dunes form as fields of hillocks rather than linear ridges because
there is no natural linear vegetation and sand accumulation boundary
(such as the beach), and sand supply and wind patterns are rendered
inconsistent and discontinuous by the foredune barrier ridge.

Hummock dunes most commonly occur either immediately inland from
the active foredune or inland from the deflation plain. Sand is supplied
from either or both of these source regions. Patches of hummock dunes
are also found within open sand areas on occasion. In general, hummock
dunes range from ten to thirty feet in height and twenty to thirty feet
at the base. In their active form they may be only sparcely vegetated
and thus actively migrating. Active hummock dunes occur in the south-
western region of Bayocean Spit in Tillamook County and west of Lily
Lake in Lane County. A vegetative cover sufficient to make hummock
dunes wind stable creates a conditionally stable form, examples of which
are found at the north end of Bayocean Spit in Tillamook County and at
South Beach in Lincoln County.

2. Vegetation

The most prevalent vegetation found on hummock dunes is European
beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria). Other secondary components include
seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis), seashore bluegrass (Poa macrantha),
and coast strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis). Later successional growth
is similar to that on the lee side of the conditionally stable foredune
and may frequently exhibit shrubs or dwarfed trees in the more protected
sites. The depressions in those hummock dune areas which have a high
winter water table may be occupied by marsh vegetation including sedges
and rushes.

3. Attractions and limitations

This area has attractions to both pedestrian and off-road vehicle
recreation. Some areas have been used for home sites.

47
18 The proximity of active hummock dunes to the active foredune and
their natural interaction is of critical importance. Often one blends
into the other imperceptably and the boundary is somewhat hypothetical.
One cannot be managed in isolation from another.

Hummock areas are often used by off-road vehicle recreationalists
but limited visibilitv can create hazards, particularly for pedestrians.

Those areas which have a high winter water table may develop
"quicksand-like" conditions in the low areas (U.S.D.A., 1972, p. 76).
High water table areas are also highly sensitive to development and
would be particularly unsuitable for either septic tanks or buried
pipelines due to the possibility of structure flotation and failure
(Ibid, P. 83).

High wind scour and blowout potential also limit the development
possibilities of this dune landform. Stabilization planting should be
undertaken and consistently maintained during and after any construction.

4. Identification check-list

Hummock dunes can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. Hummock dunes occur where clumps of vegetation cause deposition of
windblown sand

2. They occur as fields of individual, vegetated sand hummocks

jh.ALL
J@'

zzz

3. Hummock dunes occur either:

a. leeward of an active foredune, or

...... ....

"J,

"OU
'MW

b. inland from the deflation plain, or

4&@ A..

c. in isolated hummock fields within open sand areas.

-,Z' a

WON
M
"I'll 01" N'!@'@
MOO
nu @7g'
7
OWSR
AIM
N

4. European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) forms the primary
component of the vegetation community of active hummocks.

12
lodicules

1/10

5. Other species which may occur here include:
a. sea lyme-grass (Elymus mollis)

1/3

lodicules

b. seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis)

flowers
purpl i sh-bl ue

'12

52 1

C. seashore bluegrass (Poa macrantha), and

1/3

d. coast strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis).

flowers white to
pinkish

Hummock dune areas which have experienced prolonged successional
growth indicating conditional stability may display the following
species:

a. kinnikinnic (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi),

flowers
white to pink

7,5 '/2

b. evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum),

JO-Y
flowers
white to pink

4,
U

c. salal (Gaultheria shallon),

flowers
white to pink

d. shore pine (Pinus contorta), and

e. sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis).

Nyp

B. Surface Stabilized Dunes

Dunes of any form which possess a weakZy deveZoped thin soiZ
and underZying unconsoZidated sands.

1. Geomorphology

These dunes have been stabilized with vegetation long enough for
soil to begin forming. This process may have taken hundreds or possibly
a few thousand years.

Surface stable dunes are wind stable so long as the weakly developed
soil is not seriously disturbed. The underlying sand materials are prone
to reactivation, particularly if excavations are oriented toward pre-
vailing winds. Parabola dunes commonly occur in thislandform. Occasionally,
buried soils and iron bands may impede permeability. Surface stable
dunes occur in the central portion of the Tillamook Spit in Tillamook
County and are intersperced throughout the dune sheets in Lane, Douglas
and Coos Counties.

2. Vegetation

Forest associations occur most commonly in this unit although
meadow communities are not unknown. Native herbs, shrubs and trees, not

unlike the later successional species found on conditionally stable
foredunes, are found here although species proportions, size of
individuals and biomass density are considerably different. Because
of the favorable environment provided by an abundance of moisture,
mild climates and surrounding forest productivity, coastal forests,
particularly the shrub layer, may be nearly impenetrable.

3. Attractions and limitations

The forested surface-stabilized dunes offer attractive sites for a
number of man's activities because they are sheltered and somewhat more
stable than most other dune forms. Such reactional activities as camping
and picnicking, as well as the placement of dwellings and other structures,
are popular activities.

Caution must be used in developing these sites, however, because of
some inherent limitations. The dunes are only surface stabilized and are
prone to reactiviation if the surface vegetation and soil are disturbed.
Furthermore, windfallen trees are common along the edge of new clearings
posing potential hazard for develo.oment.

Many surface stable dunes are underlain by older, buried soils and
iron lenses which restrict vertical permeability. This is typical of the
subsurface stratigraphy in open dune sand and older stable dunes as well.
Septic tank viability could be threatened by local high water due to these
impermeable lenses.

Water drawdown could also be a problem in this unit if stabilizing
vegetation is affected. Pollution of the groundwater is also a
potential problem for the development of this landform.

4. Identification check-list

Surface-stable dunes can be identified by the following characteris-
tics:

1. Dunes having a thin, weakly developed soil,

-IN

2. The sands underlying the soil are unconsolidated and will easily
reactivate with sufficient disturbance.

UJ
gg pt

3. Forests most commonl y cover the surface-stable dunes.

4. The forested, surface-stable dune is characterized by the following
vegetation:

a. The understory may consist of-

(1) salal (Gaultheria
shallon
" It ,
41, A
flowers - white
to pink

western bracken fern (Pteridium aguilinum)

45-

INA

v f,
AN
@20

(3) tree lupine (Lupinus aboreus),

flowers yellow
rarely - white,
bluish or

2.5
D
purplish

2.5

keel

(4) evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) and

I - MAP@16@-@

flowers white to
pink

(5) western rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum).

flowers Dink
1.2 to deep rose
rarely white

(6) The more open sites may contain kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi) and

flowers
white to pink

7.5 '/2

(7) hairy manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana).

flowers white to
pale pink

'12

b. The forest canopy consists primarily of shore pine (Pinus contorta)
but also may include:

(1) Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in moist sites'9

v 7 rn,

1/3

(2) sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)

xv/

(3) douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

(4) western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and

(5) red alder (Alnus rubra)

C . Older Stable Dunes

Older sand dunes of any form which possess both a deep, well-
developed soil and moderately cemented underlying sand.

1. Geomorphology

This dune type has been stabilized with a vegetative cover long
enough for a relatively deep soil to'd'evelop and for the underlying
sands to acquire some stability. The sub-surface sands exhibit varying
degrees of cementation. The iron bands and buried soils which are found
in the surface stable dune occur more frequently here and are more
pervasive.

Although these sands will form a cliff where excavated, sloughing
and landsliding are common. This is often intensified when saturation
occurs due to subsurface impermeable iron lenses.

This landfonn may contain layers of loose sand overlyinq or underlyinq
the semi-cemented strata but it is wind stable throughout the cemented
layers.

2. Vegetation

Forests, often the coastal climax forest, most commonly occur here
although natural grass areas may be found as well. The same species as
occur in the surface-stable dune classification also occur here. A
more even mixture of forest species is often found with less predominance
of shore pine, and.the forest canopy may be more dense with a resulting
less dense shrub layer.

3. Attractions and limitations

The older stable dune presents an attractive site for recreational
activities and residential development. The limitations associated with
mobile sands do not exist with this landform. When excavated, the
semi-cemented sands will maintain a cliff and are wind stable. However,
sloughing is common, particularly in the winter months. This tendency
is accentuated during groundwater recharge months by the impermeable iron
bands which commonly run horizontally through this unit. Infiltering
groundwater is concentrated above these bands, saturating the sands
causing collapse where cliffs exist. This same phenomenon, which forms
a.perched water table, results in conditions highly unfavorable to
septic tank siting, consequently, septic tank failure is not uncommon in
this landform.

4. Identification check-list

Older stable dunes can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. The presence of a moderately well developed soil.

IM
_U 4

0 0@
S,

0; -,4 N
T_ 01h,

2. The underlying sands are somewhat consolidated and often exhibit
horizontal iron bands which offer varying resistance to erosion and
impede vertical percolation of groundwater.

A",

W
W4"

3. Underlying sands will form a cliff where cut, but sloughing is
common.

4. Vegetation species which occur on the older-stable dune are essentially
the same as the surface-stable dune but species proportions vary.
Shore pine and salal are less dominant.. The following species are
common to this landform:

a. western rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophvllu---'
TI

flowers - pink to
deep rose, rarel,y white

0 W

@;A
LY

b. western hemlock (Tsu2a hete

R/W

'ww'19 VVVP
kv,

c. douglas-fir

Ilk

5XI
AN,

ITS

1/3

d. sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)

e. western red cedar (Thuga.plicata)

D. Parallel-Ridge Dunes

MuZtipZe sand dune ridges which occur more or Zess paraZZeZ to,
and inZand from, the -foredune.

1. Geomorphology

Each ridge in a group of parallel-ridge dunes originally formed as a
foredune on an accreting beach. As the beach grew seaward, vegetation
advanced to keep pace with the upper beachline. New dune mounds and
eventually a new foredune developed oceanward of the previous one.
Continued accretion resulted in the eventual development of a series of
parallel ridges bordering the beach. The sand dunes of the Clatsop
Plains are classic examples of this type. Here the dunes are very broad,
gently sloping features aligned in a general north-south direction, paral-
lel to the beach. Other, often discontinuous examples occur in
association with accreting beach areas, such as in those areas of jetty
construction. Parallel-ridge dunes appear to be developing at the north
end of South Beach in Lincoln County. A very pronounced example of this
feature occurs adjacent to the north end of Heceta Beach in Lane County.
These are extremely steep ridges, unlike the Clatsop Plains variety.

2. Vegetation

Vegetation associations in parallel-ridge dunes become increasingly
diverse and mature progressing inland, and range from European beachgrass
(Amm6phila arenaria) on the existing foredune, landward through native
herbs, shrubs and forest species, many of which have been planted through
sand stabilization projects (e.;g. Clatsop Plains).

3. Attractions and limitations

This landform probably has the same attractions and.limitations as
conditionally stable hummock dunes and surface stabilized dunes. Due
to reactivation of a major portion of the sand in the Clatsop Plains, most
examples of this landform are in a conditionally-stable state although
areas of surface-stabilized conditions do occur.

4. Identification check-list

Parallel7ridge dunes can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. They occur in groups, running more or less parallel to the beach.

MINE Nkgp@

2. The Clatsop Plains variety commonly possess a very gentle angle of
slope, whereas limited occurrences on the central and south coast are
steeper.

............

I'W

S "I

3. Because they occur in a region of accreting beaches, portions of a
newly forming foredune may occur seaward of the present foredune.

vw@

"In

VI. INTERIOR DUNES - NONVEGTTATED@

This category includes those large areas of active sand which are
located primarily on the sand sheets (sand deposits of considerable depth
and breadth overlying subsurface coastal terraces) along the central
Oregon coast. These dunes are mostly vegetation free and therefore,
are formed primarily in response to wind and sand supply. Moisture and
topographic factors provide morphological controls of secondary importance.

The western boundary of open dune sand areas is generally located
east of the deflation plain, but is occasionally found immediately adjacent
to the foredune. The western section is essentially a nonvegetated
equivalent of the 'hummock dunes. Open sand areas derive their sand supply
from the deflation plain and foredune (Figure 5). However, open sand

Figure 5. Beach, foredune and deflation plain supply
sand to interior open sand areas.

landforms located downwind from conditionally stable foredunes or
vegetated deflation plains could dwindle due to sand starvation because
little sand escapes beyond these well-vegetated Tandforms. Open sand
dunes move inland under the influence of onshore winds while the sand
supply is captured by the foredune. Consequently, open sand areas are
growing ever smaller, as increasingly large deflation plains are formed
in their wake.

The pattern of dune development and reactivation is nowhere more
complicated than on the open sand sheets. Sand delposited in these areas,
during Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene sea level fluctuations.has been
"reworked" several times, varying from one area to another. Because
of this, buried soils, iron bands, islands of mature forest,-and actively
eroding older dune strata are common features coexisting within active
sand areas.

A. Transverse-ridge Dunes

Low.northeastlsouthwest oriented, nonvegetated sand dune ridges
which most commonZy migrate in a southeasterZy direction.

1. Geomorphology

Transverse-ridge dunes are primarily features of the summer environ-
ment. They are undulating, sinuous ridges which are formed essentially
perpendicular to the northwest winds of summer and which are greatly
modified in shape during winter storms. Their orientation is northeast/
southwest; migration takes place in semi-parallel ridges moving in a
southeasterly direction (Figure 6).

1.7

e-A

Figure 6. Transverse-ridge dunes form approximately
perpendicular to northwest summer winds.

Transverse-ridge dunes are a low relief feature, five to twenty
feet high composed of a gentle sloping windward face (five to twenty-five
degrees) and a relatively steeper slip face (sixty to seventy degrees).
The distance between crests is highly variable, but generally ranges
between seventy-five and 150 feet. Where breaches occur, these dunes
reveal a highly complex interior cross-bedding. This feature is produced
when layers of sand from an advancing dune are deposited obliquely on
the dune in its path.

Transverse-ridge dunes occur in groups. They are commonly found on
the eastern fringe of the deflation plain. However, Lund (1973) reports
that thirty years ago transverse dunes often extended from the beach,east

into the lower part of the oblique-ridge dunes, This occurred prior
to the introduction of European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria).

A zone of seasonally wet transverse-ridge dunes is often found on
the eastern fringe of a deflation plain with a high winter water table,
Transverse-ridge dunes commonly extend from the eastern edge of the
deflation plain into the zone of the massive oblique-ridge dunes, often
"riding" up over the surface of the latter.

Transverse-ridge dunes occur in Lane County on the major open sand
strip between the Siuslaw and Siltcoos rivers and on the open sand areas
west of north Ten Mile Lake in Coos County.

2. Vegetation

Although transverse-ridge dunes comprise a basically open dune sand
unit, isolated areas of vegetation may occur in the depressions between
crests. These are primarily associated with the deflation plain and will
consist of the various plant types associated with that landform.

3. Attractions and limitations

This unit appears to be highly attractive to off-road vehicle users
and, to a lesser extent, pedestrian traffic. It has a high tolerance
level to most recreational activities, however, facilities such as
parking lots and road construction are not suited to this formation.
(In some cases stabilization plantings could render such developments
feasible; however, these are commonly relatively infertile sand areas
(U.S.D.A., 1972, p. 105).

Factors which could create hazards are occasional areas of quicksand
in wet depressions between transverse dune ridges, poor visibility in an
area used by both off-road vehicle enthusiasts and pedestrians, and
inundation or-undermining of structures by moving sand.

4. Identification check-list

Transverse dunes may be identified by the following features:

1. This dune form occurs as a low (five to twenty-five foot) sinuous
ridge with a gently sloping (five to twenty-five degree) windward
face and a steeper (sixty to seventy degree) lee face.
T I q--
7AN ...... @,7; -, , ,
kip,
m'n
'43@ Nrll

qlf_@

2. Transverse-ridge dunes exhibit a northeast/southwest trend and occur
in groups on the large, open sand areas along the south central coast.

V, @_i

PiW

3. Transverse-ridge dunes often ride up over the western flanks of the
massive oblique-ridge dunes.

4. Marsh-type vegetation may occur between ridges where these dunes
overlap onto the deflation plain.

AW,@,,i
4.x
@,@'o, -:4,

B. Oblique-Ridge Dunes

Massive, generaZZy easterZy trending and migrating, nonvegetated
ridge dunes found on centraZ Oregon coastaZ sand sheets.

1. Morphology

The most dominant and obvious dune form in the open sand is the
oblique-ridge type. Like the transverse-ridge, it is dynamic in nature.
However, unlike the transverse-ridge, which is produced by unidirectional
wind flow, the oblique dune is formed both by the northwest summer and
southwest winter winds, experiencing its most energetic movement during
winter storms (Ternyik, 1978). Its somewhat sinuous axis is oriented
at an angle (obliquely) to both dominant seasonal wind sources (Figure 7).
Primary controlling factors in the development of the oblique-ridge dune

................. .

Figure 7. Oblique@ridge dunes form obliquely
to both northwest and southwest dominant seasonal winds.

are an abundant sand supply, nearly constant onshore winds and coastal
forests which act as wind breaks (Cooper, 1958).

Sands are moved inland by the onshore winds both in the summer
(northwest wind) and the winter (southwest wind). Coastal forests
which exist on the sand sheets break the flow of the low-level winds,

causing them to. deposit their sand load. at the forest margin. Sand i s
thereby deposited at a site until the height of the dune thus produced
equals or exceeds that of the windbreak. Sand is then precipitated over
the'eastern face of the dune (of the precipitation ridge) by onshore winds
(Figure 8). In this way, the dune moves slowly inland-inundatina the

'f7

Figure 8. Accumulation and advance of the oblique-
ridge dune.

forest as it goes (Cooper, T958). The ridge does not actually migrate,
but the ridge crest operates rather like a stationary transverse dune,
the upper lee face of which develops to the south in the summer and to
the north in the winter in response to dominant seasonal wind direction
(Figure 9). The windward face has a gentle slope (five to thirty degrees)

Figure 9. The ridge position of the oblique dune
is modified by seasonal winds.

while the lee face is considerably steeper with a gradient of sixty to
seventy degrees.
The oblique dunes may reach heights of 180 feet along the eastern
edge and may occur in groups with 500 feet or more between ridges. They
attain great lengths, averaging over 3,000 feet while some are nearly
a mile long (Cooper, 1958). They are commonly bounded on their ocean-
ward side by transverse-ridge dune systems and often terminate at their
eastern extremity in a precipitation ridge, actively invading older
forested dunes (Figure 10). A system of oblique-ridge dunes may form a

000.

Figure 10. Transverse-ridge dunes riding up over
the flanks of an oblique-ridge dune which terminates in
a precipitation ridge.

nearly continuous eastward advancing precipitation ridge, often called
the active ridge.

The world's distribution of the oblique-ridge dune is limited to
the central Oregon coast and occurs on the sand sheets of Lane,
Douglas and Coos Counties. Good examples are found between the
Siuslaw and Siltcoos Rivers in Lane County and just north and south
of the Douglas-Coos Counties boundary.

2. Vegetation

Sparse, marsh-type vegetation may occasionally occur in the
depressions between ridges within this landform. These are areas of high
water table and are classified as occasionally wet interdune areas.
Isolated areas of hummock dunes may also occur on the surface of this
landform.

3, Attractions and limitations

Recreationalists use the oblique-ridge dunes on foot, on horseback
and in off-road vehicles, These dunes dominate the landscape and capture
the imagination of visitors. I'mpact of recreationalists on this landform
is reportedly negligible (U.S.D.A., 1972) although research on Atlantic
Coast dunes indicates that considerable sand transport can occur from-
ORV traffic. This phenonemon woul,d not commonly be considered a serious
problem in areas of open windblown sand, however, it could prove to
be a contributing factor to such problems as rapid dune advance on
interdune lakes, such as at Cleawox Lake in Lane County where ORV traffic
is quite heavy.

. Oblique-ridge dunes do, however, pose potential hazards for
recreationalists from naturally camouflaged tree cast openings in the
ground.

Although the oblique-ridge dune is poorly suited to the development
of permanent structures (U.S.D.A., 1972), some development has occurred
here. Stabilization plantings, if carried out and maintained properly,
can alleviate potential development problems, A primary obstacle,
however, is that due to the oblique-ridge dunes' mobility and incompata-
bility with legal boundaries, access to key downwind sites for the
purpose of stabilization plantings may not be readily available to the
developer. Water table limitations mentioned in relation to the
surface stabilized and older stable dunes also apply to this dune form.

Recently, concern has been expressed for the survival of these
unique dune forms. It has been predicted that these features could
disappear within seventy-five years due to sand starvation (U,S.D.A.,
1972, p. 110). Those processes, both natural and man-induced which
threaten this feature include:

1. The eastward expansion of the deflation plain due to foredune
stabilization which cuts off sand supply to the area (Figure 11).

2. Stabilization plantings for developmental and protection purposes.

3. Natural revegetation of the open dune sand areas. The sand sheets
of the central Oregon coast, on which these dunes occur have
experienced several periods of dune reactivation and subsequent
revegetation in the last few thousand years (Cooper, 1958). Sands
which were reactivated, probably by fires, experienced restabiliza-
tion through the natural readvance of indigenous species, This
pattern of revegetation could well repeat itself today.

Due to the combination of foredune development and resulting
deflation plain advance, stabilization plantings and natural revegeta-
tion, the oblique-ridge dunes will almost certainly disappear in the
foreseeable future, unless man intervenes.

Figure 11. Eastward expansion of deflation plain.
Sand supply is interrupted by the growing foredune.

4. Identification check-list

The oblique-ridge dune can be identified by the following charac-
teristics:

1. The massive size of the oblique ridge dune is probably its most
distinctive characteristic.

11 't@jj' 'J@ Wq@

2. It consists of:

a. a long, sinuous inland moving ridge gently sloping on its wind-
ward flanks, and

b. very steeply sloping.at its high eastern terminus where it may
be encroaching on older forested dunes.

3.' The slopes of this dynamic landform are most commonly vegetation-
free.

IN, Al

W
C
a

4. The oblique dune landscape appears as a series of undulating waves
of sand.

OEM

I% j @j Ij$g @@A:t .....
01 tj-

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41-
77

5. Passage of the precipitation ridge may leave exhumed forests in its
wake.

OV
WIN

6. Islands of surface stable dunes are occasionally found within this
open sand landscape,

low
AOL

"Ik
El

..... .. ......
@M

..........

C. Recently Reactivated Forms

Reactivation of active, conditionally stable and surface stable
dunes can occur when binding vegetation and/or the protective soil
layer is removed and the site is exposed to erosive winds. The amount
of disturbance required for reactivation varies from site to site.
Sensitivity to reactivation will depend upon those factors which influence
sand cohesiveness, including vegetative cover and cementation such
as that which often Occurs within the older stabilized dkines. The
orientation of the disturbed site to prevailing winds is also of critical
importance.

1. Blowout

LocaZized zone of moving sand within an otherwise vegetated area,
which forms a depression from wind erosion on its windward side
and an area of accumuZation at its terminus.

a. Geomorphology

A blowout is the result of wind scouring within an otherwise
conditionally stable or surface stable dune (Figure 12). A blowout

Y'_

V'e
ve*

Figure 12. Small blowout within beach grass environ-
ment.

may br each the host dune and threaten others in its path, This feature
may be only a few feet across and several feet long in the early develop-
ment stages. However, it can develop into a landform hundreds of feet

across and more than a mile long (parabola dune). Smaller blowouts
are relatively common features of recently stabilized areas. Once a
blowout is begun, especially in the foredune, the trough created tends
to funnel the wind, increasing its velocity, and thereby enlarging the
blowout.

b. Vegetation

This is a vegetation free landform which is surrounded by vegetated
dunes on at least three sides.

c. Attractions and limitations

This feature is probably not suitable for any particular activity
or structure.

The potential impacts of a blowout on downwind sites include sand
blasting, sand burial and/or heightened storm impact. Areas which may
be prone to blowout activity (i.e. recently planted sites or beach
grass areas which experience considerable use) should be carefully
watched particularly if significant impact inland is probable,

d. Identification check-list

A blowout may be identified by the following features:

1. A blowout is a somewhat elongated, mobile sand landform which occurs
within otherwise surface stable or conditionally stable dunes.

2. Parabola Dune

Massive unidirectional trough of deflation terminating in a
zone of accumulation within an otherwise vegetated area.

a. Geomorphology

A parabola is essentially a trough blowout of major size which is
enclosed on three sides by older vegetated dunes and on the fourth,
its source area, by open sand usually of the oblique-ridge type (Figure
13). The initial development of a parabola requires a stable vegetated

ILI Li

Figure 13. Parabola blowout moving through forested
dunes.

site downwind with a point of weakness for the moving sand to break
through, considerable volume of source sand, and a unidirectional wind
source. Parabolas move inland from their open sand source, through the
vegetated area, in a direction parallel to the unidirectional wind
source. They can be seen oriented either to the northwest wfnds of
summer or the southwest winds of winter. They may be a hundred feet or
more across and extend to nearly a mile in length. Parabolas are
named for the similarity that their perimenter bears to the parabolic
curve.

b. Vegetation

This is essentially a vegetation free landform although less active
forms may exhibit occasional vegetated hummocks.

c. Attractions..and limitations

Recreationalists are attracted to this landform for walking,
viewing, riding horses, and operating off-road vehicles. The only
limitations on these activities are the sensitivity of the fringe-areas'
vegetation to trampling and the possible nuisance of sand blasting.

Any development involving permanent structures would be subject to
the same limitations as those associated with the oblique-ridge dunes
although sand blasting may be a greater problem in this landform.

d. Identification check-list

A parabola dune may be identified by the following characteristics:

1. This feature creates an elongate finger of sand cutting through old
forested dunes.

2. The terminus (advancing end) of well-developed parabola dunes
commonly creates a precipitation ridge advancing on older forested
dunes.

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M
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Otm;

VII. GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Accretion:- Oceanward advancement of the beach through the ongoing
accumulation of sand at its edge.

Active Dunes: Partially vegetated dunes that migrate, grow and diminish
according to wind, sand supply and vegetation cover,. (May apply to
the foredune or hummock dunes.)

Beach' Cusps: Embayments of various widths an&slopes cut into the beach
by the cellular circulation of onshore and offshore currents.

Bl OVIOUt: Localized zone of.deflation within an otherwise vegetated area.

Conditionally Stable Dune: A dune which presentlv has sufficient
vegetation cover to retard wind erosion but which is vulnerable to
reactivation upon disturbance of,this cover,

Deflation: The erosion of sand or soil by the wind.

Embryo Dune: Low, newly forming dune mounds.

Erosion: To wear away by the action of water, waves or wind..

Lee: The side that is sheltered from.the wind.

Older Stable-Dune: Dunes of any form which possess both'a deep, well-
developed soil and semi-cemented underlying sand.

Onshore Winds: Winds which are moving toward or onto the shore from
open water.

Precipitation Ridge: High, steeply sloping slip face of large oblique-
ridge and parabola dunes.

Rip Current: A strong relatively narrow current flowing outward from a
shore which results from the inland flow of waves and wind-driven
water.

Sandsheet: Sand deposits of considerable depth and breadth overlying
sursurface coastal terraces.

Surface Stabilized Dune: Commonly forested dunes which possess a thinly
developed soil and are underlain by loose unconsolidated sands.

Wind Stable Dune: Those dunes which possess sufficient vegetation and/or
soil cover to retard wind erosion.

Windward: The side or direction from which the wind is blowing.

REFERENCES CITED

Cooper, William S. 1958. Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington.
Geological Society of America, Memoir 72. New York, New York. 169 pp.

Leacin, Don. Interview. 1978. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, Astoria, Oregon.

Lund, Ernest H. 1973. "Oregon Coastal Dunes," The Ore Bin. State of
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industrie.s, Portland,.
Oregon. 92 pp.

Ternyik, Wilbur. Personal Communication. October, 1978. Owner, Wave
Beachgrass Nursery, Florence, Oregon.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1972. Resource
-Inventory Report for the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area.
Siuslaw National Forest, Portland, Oregon. 294 pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.S. Department of AgricuTture,
Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.
Weideman, Alfred M., LaRea J. Dennis, Frank H. Smith. 1974. Plants of
The Oreqon Coastal Dunes. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis,
Uregon. 117 pp.

Physical and ,
Biological Considerations

Physical Processes & Geologic Hazards
On The Oregon Coast

1q, 5-0

. . . . . . . . . .

IV-
"Ov

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

1. BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach and Dune Physical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregon's Coastal Beaches
and Dunes

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune IrnpZementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Etigene,

Cover design by Arlys Bernard, Newport, Oregon, Photos depict
accretion at Clatsop Plains and erosion at Bay Ocean, Oregon.

PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

ON THE OREGON COAST

by
Paul D. Komar, PhD
Professor
School of Oceanography
Oregon State University

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P. 0. Box.1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under
Section 306 of the- Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon
Department of Land Conservation and Development.

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an overview of beach
and dune processes and erosion on the Oregon Coast. The study was
conducted by Dr. Paul D. Komar, Associate Profes,sor at Oregon State
University, Corvallis under contract with the Oregon Coastal Zone
Management Association, Inc. and with assistance from OCZMA's Beaches
and Dunes Study Team composed of Carl Lindberg, Project Leader,
Christianna Crook, Project Associate, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary,
Wilbur Ternyik, Project Coordinator and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project
Administrator. This report constitutes one element of an overall
analysis of planning for and managing coastal beaches and dunes as
required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

OCZMA extends special appreciation to Dr. Komar for the professional
and timely manner in which this report was conducted. Additionally,
OCZMA acknowledges the valuable review and comment made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortwright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
An ne Squire, Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Cathy McCone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

TABLE OF CONTENT8

Chapter Paqe

Preface .................................. .............. i
List of Tables and Figures ................. : ............ iv
I. Introduction ........................... i ................ I
Ii. Coastal Processes and Land Forms ........................ 1
A. Beaches
B. Sources of Beach Sands
C. Dunes
D. Climate
E. Wave Conditions
F. Beach Cycles
G *. Nearshore Currents and Sand Transport
H. Tides
I. Tsunami
J. Sea-level Changes
III. Erosion Due to Jetty Construction ....................... 22
IV. Sand Spit and Foredune Erosion (Siletz Spit) ............ 30
V. Other Areas of Foredune Erosion or Poten'tial Erosion .... 37
A. Nestucca Spit Erosion
B. -Netarts Spit
C. Nehalem Spit
D. Alsea Spit
E. Seaside -@ The Necanicum River Inlet
F. Cannon Beach (Breakers Point)
Vi. Sea Cliff Erosion ............ .... ....... ............... 48

A. Processes of Erosion
B. Rates of Sea Cliff Erosion
C. Methods of Sea-Cliff Protection
VII. the Coastal Dune Sheets ................................. 60
A. Active Dune Types
--B. Vegetation Effects
C. Older Vegetated Dunes
VIII. References Cited ........................................ 69

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. The budget of littoral sediments ........................ 5

2. Ranges of maximum backshore erosion rates ............... 58

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. A portion of the north Oregon coast illustrating how
it consists of a series of pocket beaches separated
by pronounced rocky headlands .......................... 2

2. The effects of beach sand grain size on the profile,
Gleneden Beach being much coarser and thus having a
steeper slope than does the beach to the south of
Devil's Punchbowl, Otter Rock .......................... 3

3. The beach at Neakahnie Beach with a steep cobble
storm ridge of large rocks derived from the nearby
basalt headland, backing an otherwise sandy beach ...... 4

4. Areas of sand accumulation in Yaquina Bay indicating
that the river sands deposit before reaching the
ocean and that marine sands are transported through
the inlet and also deposited in the bay ................ 6

5. An approximate budget of beach sands for the stretch
of coast fronting Lincoln City, south past Siletz
Spit to Lincoln Beach .................................. 7

6. The active dune field of the Coos Bay dune sheet
which stretches for some 55 miles along the
mid-Oregon coast ....................................... 9

7. An example of the seasonality of river discharge
with large winter discharges and negligible summer
discharges, following the seasonality of rainfall ...... 10

8. Storm system on December 23, 1972 with winds blowing
across most of the Pacific and directed toward
Siletz Spit ............................................ 11

9. Significant wave breaker heights and periods measured
at Newport during July 1972 through June 1973 .......... 12

Figure Page
10. Schematic illustration of the beach profiles produced
-by storms versus gentle swell waves ..................... 14

11. Profile changes measured at Gleneden Beach from
August 1976 to July 1977 showing the winter erosion
of the exposed portion of the beach followed by
deposition as the spring and summer months of lower
waves return ............................................ 14

12. A rip current flowing outward across the beach
hollowing out an embayment into the beach and
eventually into the foredunes causing property
losses .................................................. 16

13. Tidal elevations as measured in Yaquina Bay ............. 17

14. Maximum heights of tsunami waves recorded at tide
stations or by observations along the Washington-
Oregon coast ...................... ...................... 19

15. Destruction at Seaside from the March 1964 tsunami ...... 20

16. Schematic of water level changes on the Oregon
coast as compared to the East coast and the coast
of Alaska ........................ I ....................... 21

17. Patterns of beach deposition and erosion resulting
from construction of the north jetty at the entrance
to Tillamook Bay ........................ ................ 23

18. Erosion on Bayotean Spit leading to the loss of the
natatorium with an in-door swimming pool ................ 24

19. Schematic of shoreline changes (deposition and
erosion) produced by jetty construction in areas
experiencing a net littoral drift versus an area
such as the Oregon coast where there is a zero net
littoral drift .......................................... 25

20. Compilation of shoreline changes resulting from
jetty construction at the mouth of the Siuslaw River .... 26

21. Schematic of the filling of the shoreline embayment
created between the newly constructed jetty and the
pre-jetty shoreline ..................................... 27

Figure Page
22. Compilation of shoreline changes resulting from
jetty construction and then later extension at
Yaquina Bay ............................................. 29

23. Destruction of house under construction on Siletz
Spit due to the rapid wave erosion of the foredunes
upon which the house was being built .................... 31

24. House left on a promentory of riprap on Siletz
Spit as adjacent unprotected empty lots continued
to erode ................................................ 32

25. Erosion during the winter of 1977-78 along the
narrowest portion of Siletz Spit, nearly leading
to its breaching ........................................ 32

26. Embayments cut out of the beach and into the
foredunes on Siletz Spit leading to property
losses during December 1972 and January 1973,
produced by seaward flowing rip currents ................ 33

27. Drift logs washed into an embayment cut by a rip
current on Siletz Spit, now actively trapping
wind-blown sands and beginning to reform the
foredunes ............................................... 35

28. Large piles of riprap employed on Siletz Spit
to protect the homes built on the foredunes ............. 36

29. Erosion of riprap on Siletz Spit by a series of
storms, exposing the dune sands to wave attack ..... I ..... 36

30. Nestucca Spit, showing the areas of foredune
erosion and breaching during February 1978 .............. 37

31. Homes to the south of Cape Kiwanda protected by
riprap placed due to the erosion of the foredunes
upon which they were being constructed .................. 38

32. The breach in Nestucca Spit produced by a
combination of unusually high storm waves and
high Spring tides in early February 1978 ................ 39

33. The wood piling bulkhead built on Netarts Spit
to stop wave attack of the dunes ........................ 40

34. Degradation of the dunes on Netarts Spit due to
visitors cutting a path from the beach to the
state park ......................................... .... 41

Figure Page
35. Long-term progressive erosion i-n Manzanita now
nearing some of the homes ........................ ........ 42

36. Homes built on Nehalem Spit in an area of active
'foredunes susceptible both to ocean wave attack and
wind erosion ............................................ 43

37. Bay-shore erosion at Gearhart, caused by the flow of
the Neawanna Creek against the property ................. A.5

38. Bay-shore erosion on Siletz Spit where the Siletz
River strikes the backside of the spit ................... 46

39. Foredunes at Breakers Point, Cannon Beach, backed
by older, well-vegetated dunes into whi-ch waves at
some time cut a near-vertical scarp .......... .......... 47

40. Typical sea cliffs of the Oregon coast formed by
erosion of marine terraces .............................. 49

41. The extent of tallus accumulation at the base of the
sea cliff can give some indication of the frequency
or recentness of wave attack ............................ 50

42. Sea cliff erosion at Taft during-the winter of
1977-78 ................................................. 51

43. Small landslides are an important process to
sea cliff erosion, especially where the cliff is
composed of terrace sandstones ........................... 52

44. Large landslides in the Jumpoff Joe area of
Newport ................................................. 53

45. The sea cliff retreat in the Jumpoff Joe area
of Newport as documented by Stembridge (1975) from
aerial photographs ...................................... 5@4

46. The compilation of landslide occurrences on the
Oregon coast from newspaper reports, showing their
development during the winter months at times of
high precipitation and wave action ...................... 55

47. Graffitti carved into a sea cliff at Lincoln City,
havi-ng a significant effect on the long-term cliff
retreat rate ............................................ 56

vii

Figure Page
48. A variety of sea cliff protection approaches
have been employed on the Oregon coast, mainly
involving log sea walls, concrete sea walls and
riprap ................................................. 59

49. The two active dune types found on the Oregon
coast, the transverse-ridge pattern and the
oblique-ridge pattern, both now largely confined
to the Coos Bay dune sheet .............................. 61

50. Cooper (1958) has shown that the transverse-
ridge dunes do not align exactly perpendicular to
the wind direction, instead forming an angle of
about 11 to 23 degrees, the dune facing (and
migrating) more landward ................................ 62

51. A precipitation ridge of the Coos Bay dune sheet
migrating slowly landward, burying trees in its
path ................................................... 64

52. An example of the effects of the introduction of
European beachgrass to the Oregon coast at Coos
Bay, diminishing the extent of active dunes sands
and encouraging the formation of foredunes and
deflation plains ....................................... 65

viii

1. INTRODUCTION

The coast of Oregon is made up of stretches of sandy beaches
separated by rocky headlands jutting out into the sea (Figure 1). The
major headlands such as Cape Blanco, Arago, Perpetua, Foulweather, Cas-
cade Head, Lookout, Meares, Falcon and Tillamook Head are composed of
hard basalt, resistant to wave attack. The stretches of beach vary in
-length from small pocket beaches nestled amongst the rocky headlands
to the 50-mile long beach extending from Heceta Head'south to Cape
Arago near Coos Bay. The beaches are backed in part by sea cliffs cut
into lithified sedimentary rocks, sandstones and mudstones, in all cases
much less resistant than the basaltic headlands. In some areas the
beaches are backed by foredunes consisting of loose sand; such foredune
areas show little resistance to wave attack even when well vegetated.
Sand spits, such as Coos, Siletz, Nestucca, Netarts, Bayocean and
Nehalem, are almost all loose sand and have thus shown the greatest
amounts of erosion when attacked by waves. Because sand spits are also
particularly attractive building sites with views both of the ocean and
bay,-the most dramatic examples of erosion destruction have occurred
there.

This report will examine particular erosion problems associated
with the various sites on the Oregon coast and what can be done from a
coastal planning viewpoint to minimize future problems. Sand spits and
foredune erosion have presented the greatest erosion problems and there-
fore have been most extensively studied. The problems associated with
dwelling construction in active foredune areas will be considered,
followed by an examination of the longer-term erosion of the sedimentary
sea cliffs, the,erosion of which is important to communities such-as
Brookings, Bandon, Waldport, Newport, Lincoln City, Cannon Beach and
many others.

Erosion of the Oregon coast cannot be understood properly without
reference to the physical processes causing that erosion: the ocean
waves, tides, nearshore currents, tsunami and winds. For that reason
this report will begin with a discussion of these factors and what is
known about physical processes on the Oregon coast. At the same time
the sources of sand to the beaches and dunes and their.:general morphology
will be examined.

II. COASTAL PROCESSES AND LAND FORMS@

A. Beaches

Like most other continental beaches, the beaches of Oregon are com-
posed mainly of quartz and feldspar sand grains derived originally from
the weathering of granitic-type rocks. But within the beach sands are
lesser amounts of dark heavy minerals such as hornblende, magnetite,
augite, garnet and epidote, having shades of green, pink and black.

Cape
Falcon

ie, RIver

Neholem Bay
and Spit

Tillamook Bay
Bayocean Spit is

Cape Meares r

Netarts Bay
and Spit

Cope Lookout

kilometers

Sand Lake

Figure 1. A portion of the north Oregon coast illustrating
how it consists of a series of pocket beaches separated by
pronounced rocky headlands.

At times these heavy minerals can become locally concentrated so that
the beach sand appears greenish-black rather than having the tan color
of the quartz and feldspar grains. In certain south Oregon beaches
there are 'black sands' containing grains of gold, platinum and chromite,
as well as the usual quartz, magnetite, etc. (Twenhofel, 1946). The
gold-and platinum,attracted the attention of prospectors as early as 1852,
and little now remains of those minerals in the black sands. The stra-
tegic mineral Phromite was mined during World War II; although uneconomical
to mine now, some chromite remains as a resource.

The beach sands generally have median grain diameters in the range
0.2 to 0.5 mm (fine to medium sand)(Wentworth., 1922), depending upon
location. The overall grain size of the beach sand has important effects
on the morphology of the beach and its response to erosion. In general,
the coarser the beach sand'the steeper its offshore slope (Komar, 1976,
P. 303-8). Thus the beaches on Siletz Spit and at Gleneden Beach to the
south, with a median grain size of about 0.4 mm, are much steeper
(average slope- 3.1 degrees) than the more common finer grained
beaches (0.2 to 0.3 mm) with average slopes of about 1.7 degrees
(Figure 2). As shown by the study of Aquiler and Komar (1978)-at two
such beaches, a coarse-sand beach also has a higher rate of erosion
when attacked by storm waves and a greater amount of total erosion.
This in part explains, for example, why Siletz Spit in particular has
suffered much erosion.

Both Prof i I es 2 April 1977
10 X Vertical Exaggeration
GLENECEN BEACH
(median grain size - 0. 35 mrn

high - fide level DEVIL'S PUNCHBOWL BEACH
median groin size - 0. 23 mm

I meter

0 20 40. 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
OISTANCE IN METERS
low - tide level

Figure 2. The effects of beach sand grain size on the profile,
Gleneden Beach being much coarser and thus having a steeper slope than
does the beach to the south of Devil's Punchbowl, Otter Rock.

Small pocket beaches in headland areas usually consist of basalt
pebbles and cobbles (4 to 250 mm), the wave energy being too great for
sand to remain on the beach, Continuing the trend of increasing
beach slope with increasing grain size, these cobble beaches reach
slopes of 5 to 25 degrees. Basaltic cobbles and pebbles are also
found as a steep storm ridge along the flanks of headlands, backing
the otherwise sandy beach (Figure 3). Such cobble ridges form a
natural protective barrier from wave attack, important to such areas
as,Neahkahnie Beach south of Cape Falcon (Figure 3).

Ak@

Figure 3. The beach at Neakahnie Beach with a
steep cobble storm ridge of large rocks derived from the
nearby basalt headland, backing an otherwise sandy beach.
The cobble ridge offers protection to the coastal property.

B. Sources of Beach Sands

Management of beaches and coasts requires a knowledge of the
natural sources and losses of beach sands'. For example, if the
principal source is sand brought to the coastal zone by rivers, then
dammi,ng of the rivers would cut off much of that source, resulting

in the long-term diminishing of the size of the beach*ahd an increase in
coastal erosion.

Such problems are best approached through a consideration of the
budget of sediments (Bowen and Inman, 1966; Komar, 1976, Chapter 9).
Such a budget involves assessing the sedimentary source contributions
(credits) and losses (debits) and equating these to the net gain or
loss (balance of sediments) for,a given beach. The balance between
gains and losses is reflected in local beach erosion or deposition.
Table I summarizes the usual possible sources and losses of beach sands.

Table 1. The budget of litto ral sediments

Credit Debit Balance

Longshore transport Longshore transport Beach deposition
into area out of area or erosion
River transport Wind transport out
Sea cliff erosion Offshore transport
Onshore transport Deposition in submarine canyons
Biogenous deposition Solution and abrasion
Hydrogenous deposition Mining
Wind transport onto beach
Beach nourishment

Unfortunately, the sources and losses of sands.to the Oregon
beaches are generally only poorly known and usually cannot be quanti-
tatively assessed. On most coasts, rivers are the principal sources,
but this does not appear to be true for the majority of Oregon beaches.
Many of our rivers pass through sizeable estuaries before reaching the
ocean. The river sands are deposited in the estuaries rather than
reaching the ocean beaches (Kulm and Byrne, 1966). This can be seen
in-Figure 4 which shows the areas of sand accumulation in Yaquina Bay
and the sources of those sands. In that example the river sands do
not reach the ocean beaches, and in fact beach sand is transported-
into the bay through the inlet so that the estuary represents a loss
of beach sands in the budget-,of sediments. Although more study is
needed of other bays and estuaries to determine whether they have
similar sand depositional patterns, wide bays such as-Coos, Siletz and
Tillamook are probably all sinks of river sands so that those rivers
do not provide sand to the beaches. Narrow river estuaries such as the
Rogue, Umpqua and Siuslaw may be able to transport sand out onto the
beaches. However, dredging activities in those estuaries may also

remove them as sources of river sands to the beaches. Minor streams
(without estuaries) do provide sands to the beaches, but in most cases
they are quantitatively minor.

NEWPORT
REALMS
MILEAN
of
. . . . . . . . . .
. ...... . ...... ..
DEPOSITION
..... . .......
.. .......

MARINE
. .... .. ....

A
RINE-FLUVIATILE

IIII COWILLE r=@ FLUVIATILE
SHORELINE

YAQUINA
.4- b6'
N .12
4@

ONE TTA
POINY

014-00'

Figure 4. Areas of sand accumulation in Yaquina Bay
indicating that the river sands deposit before reaching the ocean
and that marine sands are transported through the inlet and also
deposited in the bay (from Kulm and Byrne, 1966).

Of major importance to most Oregon beaches is the sand derived
from sea cliff erosion. This is especially true where Pleistocene
terrace sands form part of the sea cliffs, Removal of this source by
the placement of riprap or sea walls (comparable to building a dam on
a river) will lead to the long-term decrease in the size of the beach
and an increase in coastal erosion.

At present the principal.losses of beach sand are by winds blowing
the sand inland to form dunes or by losses to the offshore deeper waters.
The offshore losses are long-term; as the sand is abraded while on the
beach, progressively decreasing in grain size, it may become sufficiently
fine to be carried far enough offshor e during a storm that it is unable
to return to the beach.

Along most of the Oregon coast the sources and natural losses of
beach sands are quantitatively small. For this reason, removal of
beach sand by sand and gravel companies or others may have a major
impact on the beach, this unnatural loss being a major factor in the
total budget of sediments. An example of this was the impact of the
removal of sand from the beach at Gleneden Beach south of Siletz Spit.
An approximate budget of sand for the area is shown schematically in
Figure 5. The principal source of sand to this beach has been from
sea cliff erosion, estimated to contribute 16,000 cubic meters per year
(that volume represents only sand coarse enough to remain on the beach,
finer sediments being lost offshore). A study of the mineralogy and
grain size of the sands shows that sand brought to the coast by the
Siletz River does not contribute to the beach (Rea, 1975). The Salmon
River and other small coastal streams contribute a minor amount. Prior
to sand mining on the beach (1965 to 1971), the beach appears to have

Cascade
Head

1,000 to
3,000 m3/year

"44,
Cliff Erosion
3 - 10 cm/yr
16,000 Q/Yeor

Siletz
Bay 7,000 to
*1 1,000 m3/yeor
On - Offshore
Sand Mining
(Small) (1965-711
12,000 rn/year

Goyernmeni
Point BUDGET OF
SEDIMENTS
Siletz Spit Area
(schematic)

Figure 5. An approximate budget of beach sands
for the stretch of coast fronting Lincoln'City, south
past Siletz Spit to Lincoln Beach. Shown are estimates
,of the sources-and losses of sand from the beach,
including that due to sand minina.

neither increased nor decreased in overall width over the years,
indicating the natural losses of sand approximately balanced the
gains from the sources; these losses must have been to the offshore,
to the dunes on5iletz Spit, and some beach sand movement into Siletz
Bay. The sand mining during the years 1965-71 removed an average of
12,000 cubic meters per year, an amount nearly the same as that
contributed to the beach by sea cliff erosion. Presumably the natural
losses remained the same, so that the sand mining represented a net
loss of beach sands and a decrease in its total volume.- Such a
decrease would result in the progressive lessening of the beaches'
ability to protect the coastal properties from erosion. As
discussed in Section IV, the sand mining at Gleneden Beach was not the
primary contributory factor in the recent erosion of Siletz Spit, but
most certainly was an aggravating factor in causing increased amounts
of erosion.

C. Dunes

Sand dunes, active or vegetated, occupy approximately 140 of
Oregon's 310 miles of coast, or about 45 percent (Cooper, 1958; Lund,
1973). The largest area of active dunes with little or no vegetation
extends for a distance of 55 miles between Coos Bay on the south to
Heceta Head on the north (Figure 6). This strip averages about 2 miles
in width, reaching a maximum width of 3 miles at Florence. A major
portion of this active dune sheet lies in the Oregon Dunes Recreational
Area, a division of the Siuslaw National Forest. A second area of
important active dunes is present to the immediate north of Sand Lake
on the northern coast.

There are extensive areas of older, well-vegetated dunes, commonly
covered with forests of large trees and dense brush. The dune origin of
the underlying sands is not always readily apparent; dune sands are best
identified by the cross-stratification of sands exposed in roadcuts or
other excavations. These vegetated dunes were formed during the
Pleistocene Epoch, and are now perched on marine terraces well above
sea level. They are common along the Oregon coast with the exception of
Curry County south of Cape Blanco.

There are many problems concerning the management of these coastal
dune areas. Particularly susceptible to erosion problems are the
foredunes which immediately back many beaches. Such foredunes are usually
active or only conditionally stabilized by dune grasses. Therefore the
sands of the foredunes are often rapidly moved about by the strong
coastal winds. In addition, because the foredunes are adjacent to
beaches they may be eroded rapidly by waves.

7, u!

7",

A-7

Figure 6. The active dune field of the Coos Bay dune sheet which
stretches for some 55 miles along the mid-Oregon coast (photo courtesy
of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District).

D. Climate

Climate exerts a major influence on Oregon coastal beaches and
dunes. In large part, rains govern the surface moisture in the dunes
which in turn partly control whether the sands can be moved by winds.
The direction and strength of the wind then determines the direction and
rate of the resulting sand transport and dune migrations. The coastal
winds are also important in wave generation and in the creation of
nearshore currents along the beaches.

The climate of the Oregon coast is highly seasonable, more so than
most other midlatitude coasts. During the winter months, storm systems
move inland from the north Pacific bringing rains and a predominance
of strong winds out ofthe south to southwest. The summer months are

dry with milder winds, mainly from the north to northwest (Cooper, 1958).

Water runoffs in the coastal rivers and streams closely follow the
seasonal variations in rainfall, discharges in the winter months being
30 to 50 times greater than during the summer (Figure 7). The Columbia
River is the one exception to this discharge pattern in that it has two
periods of maximum discharges, one during the winter due to the rains,
and a second in May and June due to snow melt in the Cascade Mountains.

200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 7000

SIUSLAW RIVER
Mean Monthly Discharge_ 6000
0

0
(50 - opleton gage
>
-5000

-4000 9@
0
L)
i6 100-

-3000'0

0
<

-2000
50- 'C"

01 Austa gage \C@ 1000

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE AUG. SEPT

Figure 7. An example of the seasonality of
river discharge with large winter discharqes and
negligible summer discharges, following the season-
ality of rainfall.

E. Wave Conditions

Wave conditions along the coast of Oregon also follow a seasonal
pattern in response to the parallel changes in weather patterns and
wind speeds. This is to be expected as it is the wind that generates
the waves; the greater the wind speed the higher the waves produced
(Komar, 1976, Chapt. 4). Other factors in wave generation are the
duration of the winds and the extent of water area (fetch) over which
the winds blow. Not all waves reaching the Oregon coast come from

local storm'systems adjacent to the coast. An example is shown in
Figure 8 from a storm that occurred over the north Pacific during
20-25 December 1972, a storm which generated 23-foot high breaking waves
along the coast, resulting in much erosion, especially on Siletz Spit.
It is seen that the winds that generated these exceptionally high waves
blew across a major portion of the Pacific but were not particularly
strong at the Oregon coast itself.

23 December 1972 1800 Z

Fiqure 8. Storm system on December 23, 1972
with winds blowing across most of the Pacific and
directed toward Siletz Spit. This storm qenerated
unusually high waves along the Oregon coast which
caused major erosion at Siletz Spit and elsewhere.

Waves reach Oregon from storms in the far South Pacific as well,
although they are not nearly as large as those generated by storms in
the North Pacific. Komar and McKinney (1977) analyzed storms such as
that of Figure 8 and their role in generating waves and beach erosion
on the Oregon Coast.

Ocean wave conditions have been measured daily at Newport by a
seismic recording system that detects microseisms produced by the waves.
This yields a measure of the highest one-third of the waves, as well as
the periodicity of the wave motions. This system has been in operation
since November 1971, measuring waves four times daily. This wave data
set is the longest and most complete available for wave conditions on
the Oregon coast, and has been summarized by Komar, et al. (1976b) and
Creech (1977).

Figure 9 gives an example of the annual changes in wave heights
and periods, this example extending from July 1972 through June 1973.
The solid lires give the average wave breaker heights and periods for

Z WAVE PERIOD

C@ 10 -

JULY AUG. SEPT OCT NOV DEC, JAN FEB MAR. APR, MAY JUNE

7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
BREAKER HEIGHTS

5 - 111 It
4 -

3 -
ir

<
ul

V
0JULY AUG. SEPT 19 72 OCT NOV DEC, JAN -FEB. MAR. 1973 APR. MAY JUNE

Figure 9. Significant wave breaker heights and periods measured at
Newport during July 1972 through June 1973. Each datum point gives the
average for one-third month. The dashed lines give the maximum and
minimum breaker heights during those one-third month intervals. Note
the arrival of large storm waves during the last part of December 1972,
,WAVE PERIOD

caused by the storm of Figure 8.

each one-third month. Also given are the maximum and minimum wave
breaker heights that occurred during those one-third month intervals
(the dashed lines). It is seen that much larger breaking' waves prevail
during the winter months, reaching an average of about 15 feet.
However, individual storms produce maximum dailywaves with signifi-cant
heights of some 23 feet. Such storm waves occurred in the last one-third
of December 1972, (Figure 9), associated with the storm system of
Figure 8. Breakers of 23-foot height are truly exceptional. The
seismometer system has measured such high waves only three times since
its installation in 1971--in December 1972, October 1977 and February
1978. Each instance was marked by severe beach erosion along the coast.
Thus, not unexpectedly, unusually high waves are largely responsible
for the episodes of coastal erosion.

F. Beach Cycles

Beaches respond to seasonally changing wave conditions as schemat-
ically illustrated in Figure 10 and for the beach at Gleneden Beach in
Figure 11. During the summer months of low waves, sand moves onshore
forming a wide berm--the nearly flat exposed portion of the beach
(Figure 10). During the stormy winter months of high waves, sand is
eroded from the berm and moves offshore, depositing there in offshore
bars. Such seasonal cycles of the beach profiles occur on most beaches,
and have been documented by Aguilar and Komar (1978) on two Oregon
beaches (Figure 11). Komar (1977) reviews the Oregon beach profiles
obtained during 1945-6 by the U.S. Navy using an amphibious DUKW
(pronounced "duck"). Only with such an amphibious vehicle have
profiles been obtained over the deep outer bars of Oregon beaches.

Although the cycle between the two beach profile types of Figure
10 is approximately seasonal, they are really a response to high storm
waves versus low regular swell waves such as occur most commonly during
the summer. But if low waves should occur during the winter,, sand will
move onshore and the berm widen so that the two types of profiles are
not always strictly seasonal.

The principal importance of this cycle of beach profiles is that the
swell (summer) profile with its berm helps protect the sea cliffs and
foredunes from wave attack and erosion. In contrast, the absence of a,
berm in the storm (winter) profile allows the waves to swash up against
the coastal property, producing erosion. This is one of the principal
reasons that wave erosion of coastal properties on the Oregon coast is
limited mainly to the winter months.

It is seen that an important role of the beach is.that it acts as
a buffer between the ocean waves and the coastal property, causing the
waves to break offshore and dissipate most or all of their energy
before reaching the coastal property. With a wide berm the waves are
not able to reach the coastal property at all. Removal of sand from
the beach by sand mining, as mentioned earlier, will reduce the total
volume of beach material and hence the winter waves have less sand to

swell (summer) profile
swell profile shoreline storm profile shoreline Sea
berm Cliff
mean water level

bar
trough
bar
storm (winter) profile

Figure 10. Schematic illustration of the beach profiles produced by
storms versus gentle swell waves. On the Oregon coast these profile
changes are approximately seasonal due to our storms occurring principally
during the winter months.

Figure 11. Profile changes measured at Gleneden Beach from August
1976 to July 1977 showing the winter erosion of the exposed portion of
the beach followed by deposition as the spring and summer months of
lower waves return. The profiles do not extend far enough offshore to
show the offshore bars (from Aguilar and Komar , 1978).

shift offshore before attacking coastal property. Sand mining r educes the
beach's ability to act as a buffer between the land and the erosive
ocean waves.

G. Nearshore Currents and Sand Transport

Waves reaching the coast generate currents in the nearshore zone
that are important to sand movements on the beach and to beach erosion.
These currents are independent of the normal ocean currents that prevail
further offshore, being negligible on the beaches (except for the tidal
currents which are important to beach processes in some cases).

When waves break at an angle to the shoreline they generate a cur-
rent that flows parallel to the shoreline (Komar, 1976, Chapt. 7). This
current, together with the waves, produces a transport of sand along the
beach known as littoral drift. On Oreoon beaches the waves tend to
arrive from the southwe'st during the winter months and from the north-
west during the summer (corresponding to the changes in wind directions).
As a result, there appears to be a seasonal reversal in the direction of
littoral drift; north in the winter, south during the summer. The
difference between the two, the net littoral drift, appears to be
nearly zero, at least when averaged over a number of years.

That the net littora 1 drift is essentially zero is demonstrated by
the absence of continuous accumulations of sand on one side of jetties
or rocky headlands, with erosion on what would be the downdrift side.
Instead, sand tends to accumulate and/or erode symmetrically around
newly constructed jetties. The major rocky headlands appear to protrude
sufficiently far out into the sea that the sands forming the beaches
cannot pass around them. Thus, they would also block any net littoral
drift if it did exist. Instead, the beaches of Oregon are essentially
pocket beaches, isolated from one another by the headlands, with zero
net littoral drift prevailing in each pocket. -For this reason, when
one develops a budget of littoral sand for a particular beach the
analysis should include the entire length of the pocket beach between
two major headlands (as was done in Figure 5). Only the beach of the
Clatsop Plain north of Seaside does not fit into this concept of being
a pocket beach, this exception being due to the presence of the
Columbia River.

Most of the time the waves approaching the Oregon beaches are nearly
parallel to the shoreline trend. Under such circumstances the nearshore
currents form a cell circulation, the most prominant part of which are
the rip currents (Figure 12), narrow currents flowing offshore away
from the beach. The rip currents are fed by longshore currents flowing
roughly parallel to shore,:but for only a short stretch of beach, unlike
the longshore currents which are generated by waves breaking at an angle
to the shoreline. The cell circulation pattern illustrated in Figure
12 rearranges the sand on the beach, the feeder longshore currents
following troughs in the beach profile shoreward of the offshore
bars, and the rip currents bisecting the bars. Of special importance
to beach erosion, the rip currents often carry sand offshore, hollowing
out embayments into the beach as illustrated in Figure 12. At times
these embayments can extend across the entire width of the beach and begin
to erode into foredunes or sea cliffs. Such patterns have been important
to erosion on Siletz Spit.

OCEAN

breaking waves

beach edge
',,@dun, edge
0 E:1 F-1 D 0
I I
SPIT endangered
homes

Figure 12. A rip current flowing outward across
the beach hollowing out an embayment into the beach
and eventually into the foredunes causing property
losses.

H. Tides

Tides on the Oregon coast are moderate with a maximum spring tide
range of about 13 feet and an average range of about 6 feet. There are
two highs and two lows each day, with the two highs and two lows usually of
markedly different levels (Figure 13
beach ec
d u @ne d

TIDAL ELEVATIONS ON THE OREGON COAST

Tide 14.5 Extreme High Tide - The highest projected tide that can occur. It is the sum of the
high:st predicted 1 cle and the highest recorded storm surge, Such an event would
STATE OF OREGON Staff be e pected to have' a very long recurrence interval. In some locations, the effect of
DIVISION in ft. a rain induced freshet must also be taken under consideration. The extreme high
OF STATE LANDS tide level is used by engineers for the design of harbor structures.

15 12.63 Highest Measured Tide - The higest tide actually observed on the tide staff.

:14 10.3 Highest Predicted Tide - Highest tide predicted by the Tide Tables.
Typical Days Tide 13 8.38 Mean H gher High Water - The average height of the higher high tides observed
over a sr@ecific time interval. The intervals are related to the moon's many cycles
12- which range from 28 days to 18.6 years. The time length chosen depends upon the
refinement required. The datum plane of MHHW is used on National Ocean Survey
charts to reference rocks awash and navigational clearances.

h
ra hig* . ......... ......... .......... .......... higher high 7.62 Mean High Water - The average of all observed high tides. The average is of both
igh h tide:: tide -to--
he higher high and of he lower high tide recorded each day ,,, I specific time
.......... .......... .......... :L
..........i 9 period. The datum of MHW is the boundary between upland and tideland. It is used
on navigational charts to reference topographical features.
..........i : . .:.. :
.......... ....... ......... ......
4.68 Mean Tide Level - Also called half-tide level. A level midway between mean high
lower high tide
7 water and mean low water. The difference between mean tide level and local mean
........... . .......i .......... ..........i........ ......... .;..........
sea level reflects the asymmetry between local high and low tides.
t ........... ...... ........ .......... ......... . ..........
.....................
4.51 Local Mean Sea Level - The average height of the water surface for all stages of the
........ .... .......... 5
.......... .......... tide at a particular observation point. The level is usually determined from hourly
.......... ...................
height readings.
.............. .... .................... . ..... ....... ..........i ...... ..... . .... ..........
4.11 Mean Sea Level - A datum based upon observations taken over a number of years
......... .... .......... 3 at various tide stations along the west coast of the United States and Canada. It is
.......... .......... ......... . ........ ..............
Igher low tide: officially known as the Sea Level Datum of 1929, 1947 adi. and is the most
h
.......... . ......... ...... ..... 2 common datum used by engineers. MSL is the reference for elevations on U.S.
Geological Survey Quandrangles. The difference between MSL and Local MSL
.......... ......... ......... reflects numerous factors ranging from the location of the tide staff within an
.................... ..........i
estuary to global weather patterns.
0
.... . ......... ............... .... ..... ........ ..........i :
X
1.54 Mean Low Water - The average of all observed to. tides. The average is of both the
.............. .......... ......... ............. .......... .................... .......... .......... lower low and of the higher low tides recorded each day over a specific time period.
The datum of MLW is the boundary between tideland and submerged land.
.......... .......... .................... .......... .......... .......
lower low tide 0.00 Mean Lower Low Water - The average height of the lower low tides observed over
a specific time interval. The datum plane is used on Pacific coast nautical charts to
reference soundings.
24 hours \@-2 .9 Lowest Predicted Tide - The lowest tide predicted by the Tide Tables.
Not Specific elevations arebased on six years of tide observations at theOregionState Unive -3.14 Lowest Measured Tide - The lowest tide actually observed on the tide staff.
a versify
Marine Science Center Dock on Yaquina Bay. Values have been reduced by the National Oc..
Survey 'forim:dV the Coast and Geodetic Su,veyl. The elevations differ from estuary to estuary -3.5 Extreme Low Tide - The lowest estimated tide that can occur. Used by
andfrocindiff entpointsw thin an estuary. The exception is MLLW which is zero by definition. navigational and harbor interests.

Figure 13. Tida.1 elevations as measured in Yaquina Bay (from Hamilton, 1973).

Tides are an important factor in coastal erosion in that they
govern the hour by hour level of the sea and hence the position of the
shoreline and the zone where ocean waves expend@their energy. In
particular, spring tides may bring water levels high up on sea cliffs
and foredunes so that the waves attack the coastal properties directly.
Such high spring tides have been shown to aid in the erosion of Siletz
Spit and to have had an important part in causing the 1978 breaching
of Nestucca Spit. Tides are also significant to the currents which
occur in estuaries, especially in the inlets of bays and estuaries.

I. Tsunami

Tsunami are large waves generated on the ocean surface, usually
by an earthquake producing a displacement of the sea floor. The most
common source of significant tsunami reaching the Oregon coast come
from earthquakes in and around Alaska. Two have struck the Oregon
coast in recent years--28 March 1964 and 16 May 1968. Their impact on
the coast is described in Schatz, et al. (1964), Schatz (1965) and Wilson
and Torum (1968).

Figure 14 shows the heights of tsunami waves arriving at various
Oregon coast sites during the 1964 episode. It is seen that at each
location there is a series of waves, the first wave not always being
the largest in the series. In that episode, the maximum wave heights
were approximately 10 feet. About the same heights were recorded in
the 1968 tsunami.

Maximum destruction from the tsunami occurred along the shorelines
of bays and estuaries rather than on the open ocean coastline. This
is because at least initially the heights of the tsunami waves increase
as they are wedged into the constricting confines of the estuaries.
For example, the 1964 tsunami damaged bridges and dwellings along the
shores of the Necanicum and Neawanna Rivers (Figure 15), the damage
being estimated at $276,000. Other hard hit areas were Cannon Beach
($230,000), the Waldport-Alsea area ($160,000). Florence ($50,000) and
Coos Bay ($20,000).

There are few reports of tsunami wave destruction along the ocean
shorelines. During the 1964 tsunami four children were drowned as their
family slept on the beach at Beverly Beach State Park. This low-lying
campground was evacuated twice in 1965 as a result of tsunami warnings
(Stembridge, 1975, p. 103). There may be more destruction from future
tsunami as many dwellings have been recently constructed in vulnerable
areas close to the beach. In addition to low-lying areas that have little
or no elevation above the beach, foredune areas can in general also be
expected to be vulnerable to tsunami runup. This is because the foredunes
commonly have a general oceanward slope that permits the tsunami runup to
continue with no direct obstacles. In contrast, areas with sea cliffs
should not be endangered as the cliff will reflect most of the energy
of the tsunami waves.

CAPE FLATTERY/ 1240 W 12120W 1200 W
NEiH a AY - 4.7(R,)' VICTORIA FRIDAY HARBOR 2,3(R I ILEGEND
ol APPROX. LOCATION a TIME
LAPUSH-5.3(R) OF TSUNAMI WAVE FRONT
EVERETT APPROX. LOCATION a TIME 489N
HOK R. Ii (R I OF CREST OF SPRING TIDE
SEATTLE 0.8 1 F 2.5(R) FIGURES AIRE HEIGHTS (in ft)
BREMERTON OF MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE
TAHOLAH - 2.4 (R I BASED ON RISE (R) OR
WRECK CREEK-14.9(R FALLL F I ABOVE TIDE LEVEL
DATA FROM SPAETH AND
1 0 BERKMAN, 1967 -. SCHATZ.
OCEA SHORES - 9.7 ( R at 01, 1964, HOGAN, at at, 1964
RAYS@ HARBOR WHIPPLE 9L LUNDY, 1964-,
U.S. COAST GUARD

WILLAPA SAY

\ TIDE CREST
12.5 ( R
SEAVIEW WASHINGTON
ILWACO - 4.5 (R 1 00 0
0 0 0
Z COLUMBIA
CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT RIVER
5.7 (R) WAVE HEIGHT ABOVE MEAN HIGH WATER
FEET
0 TSUNAMI
ASTORIA-2.4(R) 0 FRONT 10 460N
L--@C;-@
NEHALEM-R. 0
A
TILLAMOOK \1SAY ILLAMOOK To
T OK R.
TILLAMO 0

10
0 0
0 0 DEPOE SAY L Ilk
01 0
0
10
NEWPORT
co
.1 - 0 YAQUINA BAY 0
t %OLEDO CO'RVALLIS
ALSEA BAY
/ I to
SIUSLAW R 0
EUGENE
10
It UMPQUA R. L 0 440N
WINCHESTER BAY

10
COOS SAY r 0

10
BANDON
it / COQUILLE R. 0
CAPE
BLANCO 10
CHETCO R. 0
OT 08 09 10 11 12 13
TIME IN HOURS - G.M.T. MARCH 2S, 1964

OREGON

42ON
RESCENT CITY
19.7 ( R I CALIFORNIA

Figure 14. Maximum heights of tsunami waves recorded at tide
stations or by observations along the Washington'-Oregon coast (from
Wilson and Torum', 196P).

Figure 15 Destruction at Seaside from the March
1964 tsunami (from Wilson and Torum, 1968.)

The occurrence of tsunami along the Oregon coast is very sporadic
and unpredictable. However, there is a strong probability that another
will occur within the next 10 to 20 years. In addition to the estuary
areas, almost any foredune or low-lying area can be a potential site for
destruction. Unfortunately, with our present understanding of tsunami
it is difficult to predict their expected runup for a specific area.
Studies following the occurrence of a tsunami show a great deal of
variability in the amount of runup along the coastline and the amount
of resulting destruction, a variability which at present is poorly
understood and cannot be predicted. For this reason, at the present
time it is best to be cautious when building on foredunes and in
low-lying area s susceptible to tsunami runup.

J. Sea I-evel Changes

Changes in sea level with'respect to the land have important
consequences to coastal erosion. With the melting of the Pleistocene
ice sheets,' which most recently began about 30,000 years ago, water
was returned to the oceans causing a rise in sea level. At first
this sea level rise was rapid, but about 7,000 years ago it slowed
down appreciably (Komar, 1976, p. 154-7).. For the past 34 years there
appears to be at most a 1.5 mm (0.005 ft.) per year rise in sea level
(Hicks, 1972). Hic 'ks determined this rate from long-term tide gauge
records obtained on all coasts of the United States. If one averages
the recordings of a tide gauge for the entire year, an average water
level for that year is obtained. Over the years this level can change,
indicating an apparent long-term change in the- sea level. The result
obtained at a particular coastal site will depend on whether the land
there is stable, rising or lowering, as well as on any actual sea level
change. For example, on the east coast of the United States the land is
sinking so that the apparent sea level rise is still larger than the
1.5 mm/year value (Figure 16). As a consequence, in the long term
(tens of years to centuries) the shoreline there tends to migrate
landward, resulting in shoreline erosion and endangering dwellings
constructed too close to the beach. In- contrast, much of Alaska is
rising at a geologically rapid rate, much greater than 1.5 mm/year.
This results in the land emerging from the sea with the shorelines
receeding (Figure 16). If sea level is presently rising at the rate of

time (years)

10 20 30 40 50
.+20

East Coast
.!n

0
Oregon Coast

Alaska

-40

Figure 16. Schematic of water level changes.
on the Oregon coast as compared to the East coast
and the coast of Alaska, based on the data of
Hicks (1972).
@Eost Coast
,7-

1.5 mm/year, then the Oregon coast must be rising at about the same
rate as the tide-gauge records at Astoria, Crescent City (California),
and Friday Harbor (Washington), analyzed by Hicks (1972), all show no
apparent sea-level changes over the years (Figure 16). Excepting the
yearly fluctuations which have many causes, the long-term trends show
a nearly unchanging sea level. In-contrast to the east coast, the
apparent lack of a rising water level with respect to the land along
the Oregon coast should act as a deterrent to coastal erosion. However,
as recently as 7,000 years ago the sea was probably transgressing
rapidly over the Oregon coastal zone, producing erosion. Insufficient
time has passed since then for the coast to come to equilibrium with
the present sea level, so that the general erosion of the rocky headlands
and terraces is more a response to that past rise in sea level than due
to any present-day rise.

Ill. EROSION DUE TO JETTY CONSTRUCTION

The earliest erosion problems on the Oregon coast were associated
with the construction of jetties at the entrances to bays and estuaries.
Most of these were installed early in the century, but subsequently have
been repaired and in some cases lengthened. Of interest are the causes
of the erosion resulting from jetty construction or extension. An
examination of these problems also provides information about the
littoral drift of sand along Oregon's coastal beaches.

The most dramatic and famous case of erosion due to jetty con-
struction on the Oregon coast is that which occurred on Bayocean Spit
opposite Tillamook Bay. Following the installation of a single north
jetty, sand accumulated to the north side of that jetty, resulting in
sand deposition to the north (Figure 17). At the same time, erosion
occurred along most of the length of Bayocean Spit and south past the
community of Cape Meares. Somewhat earlier the resort community of
Bayocean Park had been developed on the spit; its homes and buildings
were progressively undermined by the erosion and lost (Figure 18), so
that eventually the entire town disappeared. Erosion to the spit
culminated in November 1952 when storm waves combined with high tides
to break through the spit at its narrow mid-section, the northern half
of the spit becoming an island. The newly breached area became the main
inlet to the bay; the former inlet with the jetty began to close. For
thi's reason, in 1956 the U.S Army Corps of Engineers built a dike
across the new inlet, closing it, and the inlet with the jetty opened
once again, The story of the development of Bayocean Spit and its
subsecuent erosion is documented at length in Terich (1973) and in
Terich and Komar (1974).

Manhallen Beach

Rockaway Beach

jetty
N
.2

0
CL

krn
C,

erosion
deposition

Cope
Meares

Figure 17. Patterns-of beach deposition and
erosion resulting from construction of the north
jetty at the entrance to Tillamook Bay (from
Terich and Komar, 1974).

-The sand accumulation to the north of the Tillamook jetty together
with erosion along the spit to the south (Figure 17) led early studies
to conclude that the jetty construction had blocked a large net littoral
drift of sand toward the south. Such patterns of erosion and deposition
(beach sand accumulation) are typical of the blockage of a net littoral
drift, diagramed schematically in Figure 19A, such as has commonly
occurred on the east coast of the United States and in southern
California. As previously mentioned it is now believed that this and
other beach areas of the Oregon coast have essentially zero net littoral
drifts (Figure 19). If a very large net littoral drift did occur in the
Bayocean Spit area, then Cape Meares to the south (Figure 17) should
have acted similar to a jetty, blocking the drift with a large
accumulation of sand on its north side; there is none.

The erosion of Bayocean Spit has to-be understood in terms of
having occurred under conditions of a zero net littoral drift. Even
with a zero net drift there can be local rearrangements of beach sand
produced by the jetty construction. Such changes are best seen where

two jetties are constructed rather than a single jetty as at the
Tillamook Bay entrance.

...........

f3`3

Figure 18. Erosion on Bayocean Spit leading
to the loss of the natatorium with an indoor
swimming pool (from Terich and Komar, 1974).

A. NET LITTORAL DRIFT

OCEAN

net titto,al

drift

deposition

erosion

E3, ZERO NET DRIFT

OCEAN
wave crests

erosion
erosion
deposifii n deposition

Figure 19. Schematic of shoreline changes
(deposition and erosion) produced by jetty con-
struction in areas experiencing a net littoral
drift versus an area such as the Oregon coast
where there is a zero net littoral drift.

Large shoreline changes also occurred following construction of
a pair of jetties at the entrance to the Siuslaw River near Florence
(Figure 20). It is seen that where two jetties are constructed, there
is beach sand accumulation both to the north and south, immediately
adjacent to the jetties. This deposition and shoreline advance occurs
because an embayment is formed between the newly constructed jetty and
the pre-jetty shoreline. Before jetty construction, the shoreline
curved inward toward the inlet and was in equilibrium with both the
ocean waves and with the currents coming in and out of the inlet.
Jetty construction eliminated the inlet currents acting on that curved
portion of shoreline, leaving only the waves. The waves broke at
angles to the curved shoreline and so moved sand into the embayment
.until it completely filled with sand (Figure 21). Once the embayment
filled and there was a smooth and nearly straight shoreline parallel to
the dominant waves, then a zero net littoral drift once'again prevailed.
After that stage is reached there are no additional large-scale adjust-
ments of the shoreline due to the presence of the jetties, Therefore

a new equilibrium is achieved, and shoreline changes do not continue
indefinitely. In the case of the blockage of a net littoral drift
(Figure 19A), the only equilibrium that could occur following jetty
construction is if the sand accumulated on the updrift side of the
jetties until it is able to pass around the jetties to the downdrift
side.

PACIFIC OCEAN N

1974 1916
-190, 1914 1915
-1809 's.' IgI4

14bq
SIUSLAW ,@Vrr 6
SIUSLAW JETTIES lea 0 500
High tide shoreline advance due to meters
jetty construction, Based on Corps

of Engineers.

Figure 20. Compilation of shoreline changes
resulting from jetty construction at the mouth of the
Siuslaw River, based on old ground surveys and aerial
photographs. The 1889 shoreline predates jetty con-
struction (from Komar, et al. , 1976a).

The sand that fills the shoreline embayments produced by jetty
construction must come from somewhere, and most of it comes from shore-
line erosion at greater distances from the jetties (Figure 19B). Thus
a symmetrical pattern of erosion and deposition results with beach
sand accumulation immediately adjacent to the jettiess both to the
north and south, and with erosion at greater distances from the jetties
(Figure 19B). This contrasts with the asymmetrical pattern where the
jetties block a net littoral drift, the shoreline advancing seaward on
the updrift side and erosion occurring on the downdrift side (Figure 19A).
As in the case for jetty construction on the Siuslaw River (Figure 20),
the patterns of erosion and deposition may not be perfectly symmetrical
due to the different sizes of embayments created on the two sides of the

jetties. In that example the embayment to the north was much larger
than that to the south. This required a larger amount of sand to fill
the embayment and resulted in greater erosion to the north to supply
that sand. Because it is only about 6 miles from the Sluslaw jetties
north to Heceta Head, there was a relatively short stretch of beach
from which to erode sands to fill the embayment; thus the amount of
erosion per unit length of shoreline was large. In contrast, to the
south there is a very long length of beach and a smaller embayment to
-fill; the amount of erosion per unit shoreline was smaller there, nearly
negligible. The amount of shoreline retreat produced by jetty construc-
tion in areas, such as the Oregon coast where there is a zero net
littoral drift, is a function of the size of the embayment to be filled
adjacent to the jetty and the length of beach over which erosion occurs
to supply the sand.

OCEAN

post - jetty equilibrium
shoreline

Shoreline erosion

pre -

Figure 21. Schematic of the filling of the shoreline
embayment created between the newly constructed jetty and the
pre-jetty shoreline, the waves causing sand transport into the
embayment until it is completely filled and a new straight
equilibrium shoreline is achieved.

The coastal erosion associated with the construction of the jetties
on the Siuslaw River inlet produced no problems in that the erosion
was'confined to the early part of the century soon after jetty construc-
tion. -At that time the coastline to the north was undeveloped so no
homes were in the path of the erosion.

The-erosion problems at Bayocean Spit were similar, but'compli-cated
by the fact that only a single north jetty was constructed rather than
a pair of jetties. As at the Siuslaw jetties, there was sand accumulation
to the north of the jetty (Figure 17) until the embayment-produced by

jetty construction was filled and the shoreline straightened. There was
probably some erosion further to the north, but the length of beach there
is long so that there was only a small amount of erosion per unit shore-
,line length. Sand also accumulated at the northern tip of Bayocean Spit
even though a true embayment was not formed by jetty construction. This
accumulation was in the form of a large shoal which developed seaward of
the south side of the inlet (Figure 17). That sand apparently came from
the erosion of Bayocean Spit, so there was something of a symmetrical
pattern of deposition and erosion (Figure 17), similar to that of the
Siuslaw jetties. The erosion of Bayocean Spit was large because the
eroded sand came from a short length of beach, Cape Meares being to the
immediate south. In 1976 a south jetty was constructed at the inlet,
forming a true embayment with the pre-jetty shoreline. As at the Siuslaw
inlet and other Oregon-coast inlets, the embayment filled until the shore-
line was straight with the shoreline along the remaining length of Bayocean
Spit. That filling required some additional sand, again derived from
further erosion of the spit. However, since that time, erosion of the
spit and the Cape Meares area has been small since a new equilibrium
exists in which no further sand is required for deposition,next to the
south jetty.

On the Oregon coast and other areas of zero net littoral drift,
once jetties are constructed and sand has filled the embayments to
either side, the jetties can subsequently be extended without producing
additional major shoreline readjustments and erosion. This is especially
true if the jetties are perpendicular to the coastline trend, extending
straight out to sea. For example, the jetties on the Siuslaw River inlet
(Figure 20) could be extended without causing renewed erosion problems,
and the proposed extension of the south jetty at Tillamook Bay will not
cause significant additional erosion on Bayocean Spit. However, where
jetties are oblique to the shoreline trend, as at the Yaquina Bay entrance
(Figure 22), jetty extension produces some additional sheltering fr 'om the
waves to the enclosed side and results in further sand accumulation next
to the jetty and some further erosion at greater distances from the jetty;
this was the case with the extension of the Yaquina Bay jetties in 1971.

The filled embayment areas to either side of inlet jetties are
dependent upon the presence of the jetties. If the jetties are allowed
to degrade then there may be some erosion to these filled areas. A
possible example of this may be.the recent erosion at Nedonna to the
immediate south of the jetties on the Nehalem River. As at the other
inlets, following the construction on the Nehalem in 1917, the embayments
to either side filled and the shoreline there advanced seaward. No
further work has been done on these jetties, however, and they have
deteriorated to the point that they are covered with water at high tide.
The shorel,ine again curves back inward into the inlet, but not as much
as prior to jetty construction so that further erosion might be expected.
The community of Nedonna Beach was developed on the south embayment fill,
in an area that was underwater before jetty construction.

ENTRANCE TO
YAQUINA BAY, OREGON

High lide sho reline advance due to
jetty construction. Based on Corps NEWPORT
of Engineers surveys and recent
aerial photographs.

YAQUINA
BAY

Ju" 1899

-N-

500

a rne,ers

Figure 22. Compilation of shoreline changes
resulting from jetty construction and then later
extension at Yaquina Bay. The 1830 shoreline
predates the jetty construction. The south jetty
extension occurred between 1940 and 1974 and is
seen to have produced some shoreline advance due
to the additional protection caused by the jetty
extension (from Komar, et al 1976a)

All of the jetty systems on the Oregon coast, with the exception
of the Columbia River jetties, were studied by Komar, et al. (1976a)
to determine patterns of erosion and deposition. All were shown to
conform to the pattern of deposition adjacent to the jetties with
erosion at greater distances. This provides strong evidence that there
is indeed a zero net littoral drift prevailing along the coast of
Oregon as discussed earlier.

IV. SAND SPIT AND FOREDUNE EROSION (SILETZ SPIT)

Bayocean Spit eroded due to jetty construction. But other spits,
such as Siletz and Nestucca Spits, have also suffered episodes of
erosion without the presence of jetties. Their storm wave erosion
problems are therefore' attributable mainly to natural causes, man
playing a minor role in the processes. This section will deal with
such natural erosion to the fragile sand spits, especially that which
has occurred on Siletz Spit as the problems there have been extensively
studied (Rea, 1975; Rea and Komar, 1975; Komar and Rea, 1976b; McKinney,
1977; Komar and McKinney, 1977).

Prior to 1960, Siletz Spit appeared much as it had for hundreds of
years; over most of its length there were low hummocky dunes, active or
sparsely covered with dune grasses. Development of the spit began in
the early 1960's. A road was cut along its length and artificial lagoons
were carved into the bay-side of the spit. A scatter of houses appeared.

Following spit development, beach erosion first appeared during
January 1971 when a series of storms cut into the foredunes upon which
homes had been built. Several homes were in the path of the erosion,
but riprap placement halted the erosion advance before they were
seriously threatened.

Erosion returned in the winter of 1972-73. A major storm occurred
over the North Pacific in late December 1972 (Figure 8), generating
wave breakers up to 23 feet in height (Figure 9). The waves cut into
the foredunes, quickly threatening several homes. A house still under
construction was left unprotected and so was undermined by the retreating
dune bluff and collapsed onto the beach (Figure 23), Riprapping began
on Christmas Eve to protect the other homes, However, these houses
were initially defended only on their seaward sides, empty lots to either
side being left unprotected. Foredune erosion and retreat continued in
these empty lots, flanking the riprap fronting the homes, necessitating
the placement of rocks along their sides as well as fronts (Figure 24).
The result was groups of homes situated on promentories extending out
onto the beach, supported by riprap on three sides.

Erosion has returned in varying degrees in subsequent winters. It
was particularly severe during the winter of 1975-76 and again in 1977-78
when a storm generated breaking waves about 23 feet high, and at a time
of high Spring tides. The combination of large waves plus high tides
nearly breached the spit (Figure 25). This same storm did breach
Nestucca Spit, (see Section V).

In each instance foredune erosion did not occur over the entire
length of the spit. Instead, it was limited to two or three zones, each
some 200 feet of spit length. This localization of dune erosion was
governed by the positions of rip currents as previously discussed
(Section II). The seaward flowing rip currents transport sand offshore,
hollowing out embayments into the beach berm. At times these embayments

reach across the entire beach and begin to cut into the foredunes on
Siletz Spit, setting the stage for severe.erosion. The major erosion
itself occurs during a severe winter storm which produces high wave
conditions along the coast. The large waves are able to move ashore over
the deep water of the embayments with little loss of energy, swashing
directly against the base of the foredunes, cutting them back. Such
embayments are seen in Figure 26 at the time of the December 1972
erosion; major foredune erosion occurred shoreward of the most pro-
nounced embayment.

28 December 1972

19 January 1973

Figure 23. Destruction of house under construction on
Siletz Spit due to the rapid wave erosion of the foredunes
upon which the house was being built (from Komar and Rea, 1976).

pzl

Now

WIWI

Figure 24. House left on a promentory of riprap on Siletz Spit as
adjacent unprotected empty lots continued to erode (Photo by P. D.
Komar, 23 January 1973).

4
IR2 g

Figure 25. Erosion during the winter of 1977-78 along, the narrowest
portion of Siletz Spit, nearly leading to its breaching (Photo by P. D.
Komar).

V@
M

M4,

Figure 26. Embayments cut out of the beach and into the
foredunes on Siletz Spit leading to property losses during
December 1972 and January 1973, produced by seaward flowing
rip currents (from Komar and Rea, 1976).

Thus the positioning of the rip currents during the winter governs
the locations of maximum beach and foredune erosion. This usualiy
changes from one winter to the next so the areas of erosion are not always
the same. At present we are unable to predict where the rip currents
will form, But once it is seen where they are positioned we can anticipate
that these could be potential erosion sites. During some winters they
remain relatively fixed in position and so are able to hollow out large
embayments; such conditions are most conducive to major erosion.
During other winters the rip currents migrate somewhat north-south,
probably when waves arrive obliquely to the coastline, and do not form
as large embayments; consequently the potential for erosion is smaller.

During severe episodes of erosion on Siletz Spit, the foredunes
were cut back some 100 feet around the lengths of ocean-facing lots.
Studies of aerial photographs dating as early as 1939 show that such
erosion has occurred repeatedly in the past, but that following the
erosion, beach sand is washed and-blown into the eroded zone eventually
rebuilding the foredunes (Rea, 1975; Rea and Komar, 1975; Komar and Rea,
1976b). The following sequence of events is revealed by aerial
photographs and is typical of many cycles of erosion and accretion of
the foredunes: (1) high storm waves erode an embayment or vertical'
scarp into the foredunes; (2) subsequent high tides deposit drift
logs in the eroded embayment; (3) lower energy waves during the summer
build a wide beach; (4) the logs behind the beach trap sand that is
either blown off the beach or washed there by the waves at high tides;
(5) wind-blown sand continues to accumulate around the logs, sometimes
aided by dune grasses, until the foredunes are re-established; (6)
erosion again occurs to repeat the cycle. If uninterrupted, one complete
cycle can take from ten to fifteen years. Figure 27 illustrates the
process of dune reformation (steps 4 and 5) in a small embayment cut
into the foredunes. The criss-crossing matrix of logs is seen to be
effective in trapping sand to re-establish the foredunes. Drift logs
can therefore be an important agent in the reformation of foredunes.

Such cycles of erosion and foredune accretion have occurred repeatedly
in the Dast, shown by the sequence of aerial photos of the Siletz Spit.
it is a@so indicated by the presence of sawed drift logs buried within
the foredunes, revealed by the erosion. Many homes built on Siletz
Spit were constructed on foredune areas that had previously been eroded
away and then reformed as described above--erosion which occurred as
recently as the 1950's and early 1960's, just before spit development.

In summary, erosion of foredune areas can be very rapid, removing
some 100 feet of property in two or three weeks. The erosion is mainly
centered in the lee of rip currents which hollow out embayments into
the beach. Maximum erosion occurs under large storm waves, and is also
aided by the high water levels of Spring tides, Following erosion the
foredunes may be re-established by beach sand washing and blowing into
the eroded zone; drift logs aid in dune reformation by trapping the
wind-blown sands.

. ... ......

j
N!
77;;

AM
ON.- - - N

P
P

10
R NK'

Figure 27. Drift logs washed into an embayment cut by a rip
current on Siletz Spit, now actively trapping wind-blown sands and
beginning to reform the foredunes (from Rea and Komar, 1975).

It would have been preferable if development on Siletz Spit had
been prohibited in the approximately 100 feet zone where foredunes are
susceptible to rapid wave undercutting and erosion. Then the natural
cycle of erosion followed by dune rebuilding could have continued.
Instead, the presence of the homes necessitated the placement of huge
quantities of riprap to the detriment of the spit's appearance (Figure 28).
Much of this riprap was placed on an emergency basis, without the benefit
of correct engineering procedures. As a result this riprap is being
progressively washed away (Figure 29) and will have to be replaced at
additional cost to the homeowners.

Wla
'A -1@1
7777777777;P, uggi-'W
TWi'b 410WIM

ill",% "M
'i .. ......... AM
-Wfi

Figure 28. Large piles of riprap employed on Siletz Spit
to protect the homes built on the foredunes,

AW,

Figure 29. Erosion.of riprap on Siletz Spit by a
series of storms, exposing the dune sands to wave attack
(from Rea and Komar, 1975).

V. OTHER AREAS OF FOREDUNE EROSION OR POTENTIAL EROSION

Other sand spits and foredune areas have suffered erosion on the
Oregon coast in addition to that which has occurred on Siletz Spit.
Even though erosion may not have been noted in the recent past, all
foredune areas have the potential for rapid wave erosion due to their
negligible resistance to wave attack. This section will discuss other
sand spit and foredune areas that have eroded or have the potential for
future erosion.

A. Nestucca Spit Erosion

The erosion of Nestucca Spit, Figure 30, is comparable in extent
and in processes to the erosion on Siletz Spit, already discussed
(Komar, 1978). The erosion has threatened a number of homes at the
Kiwanda Shores development to the south of Cape Kiwanda., necessitating
the placement of large quantities of riprap even before house construc-
tion was complete (Figure 31). Maximum erosion occurred during the
winter of 1977-78; under the onslaught of 23-foot high breakers at a

.... .. ....
........... N

CAPE
KIWANDA

kilometers

K I W A N D A,,-
BEACH PA C I F I C?jESjrU ISG
CITY

BREACH

7-L E

Figure 30. Nestucca Spit, showinq the
areas of foredune erosion and breaching during
February 1978 (from Komar, 1978).

40 @'.N

IRR

Figure 31. Homes to the south of Cape Kiwanda protected
by riprap placed due to the erosion of the foredunes upon
which they were being constructed (from Komar, 1978).

time of high Spring tides on 5 February 1978, the resulting erosion
broke through the spit near its southern end (Figure 32). This is the
only known occurrence of the natural breaching of a sand spit on the
west coast of the United States (the breaching of Bayocean Spit,
discussed above, was not natural in that the ultimate cause was the
construction of jetties). Fortunately, the breached site at Nestucca
Spit was well away from any developments and so threatened no dwellings.
However, it did demonstrate the fragile nature of sand spits and their
general unsuitability for development.

@@v

.... J"V

Figure 32. The breach in Nestucca Spit produced by
a combination of unusually high storm waves and hiqh
Spring tides in early February 1978 (State of Oregon,
Highway Department photo).

The erosion processes on Nestucca Spit are very similar to those
on Siletz Spit. Rip current embayments again played a role in deter-
mining the centers of maximum erosion. However, the beach sand on
Nestucca Spit is finer than on Siletz and therefore the beach slope is
somewhat less (see Section II). This causes the rip current embayments
on Nestucca Spit to be wide and shallower than on Siletz, and they do
not cut as far back into the foredunes. The result is that foredune
erosion on Nestucca Spit tends to cover a longer length of coastline,
but does not reach as far inland. During the time of maximum erosion
and breaching, sawed drift logs were observed within the eroding
foredune scarp. As at Siletz, this indicates that these foredune areas
have eroded before, since logging began in the coastal watersheds about
the turn of the century.

B. Netarts Spit

Netarts Spit has a total length of about 5 miles, and is wide to
the north but very narrow in its middle section. The spit is covered
with dunes, the highest reaching nearly 50 feet high. To the south
the dunes are apparently old as they are covered with Sitka spruce.
Elsewhere the dunes are vegetated only with low pines or sparse dune grasses,

Erosion of Netarts Spit by wave attack was a'pparently a threat to
the southern portion prior to 1940. Dicken (1961, p. 57) suggests that
there is evidence that the spit may have broken through early in the
century in its narrow portion. In 1940 the State of Oregon developed
Cape Lookout State Park at the spit's southern end. The State construct-
ed a wood piling bulkhead backed by riprap along 600 feet of the park
where erosion had apparently been occurring (Figure 33). On the basis of aerial
photographs, Stembridge (1975, P. 80) estimates that erosion has
amounLed to only 10 to 15 feet since 1939,

J&
V 17W
-2rl
K7 7

64.

Figure 33. The wood piling bulkhead built on Netarts
Spit to stop wave attack of the dunes.

The dune bluff facing the ocean is vegetated and also testifies to
the fact that little or no erosion has occurred in recent years. At
times the waves do reach the base of the slope, making a slight notch
into the dunes, but this has been minor. It would probably take a very
unusual combination of storm waves, high tides and a storm surge to
cause appreciable erosion on the spit. At present, the chief problem
is due to visitors cutting paths through the dune vegetation (Figure 34)
which may lead to wind erosion of the dunes.

Figure 34. Degradation of the dunes on Netarts Spit.due to
visitors cutting a path from the beach to the state park.

The sand on Netarts Spit is fine and the beach slope very low. As
a result, the rip current embayments are extremely broad and shallow,
so much so that they do not appear to play any significant role in beach
erosion as was the case on Siletz and Nestucca Spits. 'This may be a
major factor in the general lack of erosion problems'on Netarts Spit.

C. Nehalem Spit

Nehalem Spit is an area of low dunes that have been conditionally
stabilized by European beach grass, there having been a dramatic growth
of the grass in the area since 1939 (Stembridge, 1975, Figure 31). On
the basis of aerial photographs, Dicken (1961, p. 66) estimated that the
spit has eroded 5 to 10 feet over a 21 year period (0.25 to 0.5 feet
per year). As discussed earlier (Section III), there was shoreline
progradation adjacent to the Nehalem inlet jetties following their
construction in 1910-19. But subsequently that area has also been
eroding due to the progressive deterioration of the jetties.

The bluff in the Manzanita area cut by this long-term erosion is
now nearing many'homes (Figure 35) built a number of years ago. The
erosion is progressive, rather than periodic and rapid as at Siletz
Spit, so these homes are probably not in any immediate danger. Further
south, on Nehalem Spit itself, a number of new homes have been recently
constructed on the foredunes close to the beach (Figure 36).- There are
signs of wave erosion of the foredunes in this area so there may be some
potential danger to these houses. Sands are also being actively moved
by the winds, which may also lead to problems. Unfortunately, no one
has made a detailed study of this area.

.... ......

@'g

Figure 35. Long-term progressive erosion in Manzanita,
now nearing some of the homes.

11@',@j

MOP

. . ........

fall
-INN
W,

Figure 36. Homes built on Nehalem-Spit in an area of
active foredunes susceptible both to ocean wave attack and
wind erosion.

D. Alsea Spit

Alsea Spit may be the one spit on the Oregon coast that is accreting
rather than undergoing long-term erosion. This is to be hoped for as
the spit is presently undergoing intensive development over its entire
area.

Stembridge (1975, p. 115-120) compared aerial photographs of 1939
and'1974 of the area and found that the south tip of the spit has shown
maximum accretion, an average of 10 feet per year. The accretion progres
sively decreases in amount northward along the length of the spit, until
at about 1.6 miles north of the inlet it becomes zero with erosion
occurring still further to the north. Erosion rates of up to 2 feet per
year have been occurring along the bay sfde of the spit.

This accretion of Alsea Spit may be related to high.sediment yields
from the Alsea River as suggested by Stembridge (1975, p. 120). Because
the accretion is maximum at the south tip of the spit, it may instead
have resulted from a southward migration of the inlet itself, such
migrations being common for inlets without jetties. If this is the case,
then at some future date the inlet migration could reverse and move back
to the north. This would cause erosion on the spit, especially at its
south tip, so it would be best not to develop that area.

E. Seaside - The Necanicum River Inlet

An example where foredunes have been eroded by inlet migrations is
provided by the Necanicum River inlet at the north edge of Seaside. In
past decades the position of this inlet has alternately migrated north
and south over a distance of about 4,000 feet. In 1948, for example,
it moved well to the south to the very edge of the Seaside community,
endangering the sewage treatment plant there. It then moved back to the
north causing erosion of the foredunes south of Gearhart.

Seaside and the Necanicum inlet area are at the southern portion of
the Clatsop Plains and thus have an abundance of sand. Because of this,
whenever the Necanicum inlet migrates away from an area, sand rapidly
accumulates to form a foredune. At present, such an active foredune
is found north of the- inlet at the south edge of Gearhart. However,
such foredunes adjacent to the inlet are very susceptible to erosion
bY renewed inlet migration.

In 1967 the inlet migrated to the north and a spit of-foredunes
began to develop to the south as a continuation of Seaside. A developer
quickly placed riprap over that foredune area so the inlet would not
migrate back and reclaim the area. The intention was to construct

dwellings on the newly accreted area, but the riprap was placed without
a permit and so has been under litigation ever since. The inlet has
periodically been attempting to migrate back to the south and has been
progressively eroding and undermining the riprap at its northern tip.
In the meantime, foredunes have accumulated in the area on top of the
riprap. In 1978 these active dunes were bulldozed flat, covered with
sludge from the sewage treatment plant and seeded with grass.

Due to their natural migrations, such inlet areas without jetties
are particularly dangerous to develop. The strong currents in the inlets
can undermine the riprap unless done with jetty-scale material. The
deep-water of the inlet also allows ocean waves to reach the shoreline
with little loss of energy so that inlet areas can also suffer from
wave attack. They are also particularly susceptible to overwash by
tsunami waves (Section II). In the particular case of the Necanicum
inlet, there will be continuing problems with wind-blown sands due to
the.particularabundance of sand there.

The Necanicum inlet also provides an example of foredunes and
bay-shore properties being eroded by currents within the estuary itself.
The Neawanna Creek enters the Necanicum estuary on its north side to
the east of Gearhart. In the past few years, the flow of the Neawanna
has been eroding the bay-side of Gearhart, necessitating the placement
of riprap to protect homes there. It strikes the bay side of the
foredunes south of Gearhart and is actively eroding them (Figure 37).

Figure 37. Bay-shore erosion at Gearhart, caused by the
flow of the Neawanna Creek against the property.

Such bay-side erosion could also pose a threat to a_ny dwelli6gs placed
in the area. Bay-side erosi-on has similarly occurred on Siletz Spit
where the flow of the Siletz River impinges on the spit after flowing
across the bay (Figure 38). The erosion there has been aggravated by
the placement of the Siletz Keys landfill. Prior to the landfill,
river flood waters were able to spill into the south part of the bay
(open arrows of Figure 38), but after the landfill blocked these channels

DIKE
C SILETZ KEYS
Co

SILETZ

11 A Y

Spit Width, W

Figure 38. Bay-shore erosion on Siletz Spit
where the Siletz River strikes the backside of the
spit. The erosion has been aggravated by the
placement of landfills such as Siletz Keys which
prevents flood-waters from spilling into the south
portion of the bay (from Rea and Komar, 1975).

all of the flood waters were jetted against the spit (Rea, 1975; Komar
and Rea, 1976b). This bay-side erosion has progressively narrowed
the spit, and together with the ocean-side erosion (Section IV), may
cause a breaching of the spit (see Figure 25). Old, well-vegetated
dunes may also be eroded by bay or estuary currents; an example is the
north shore of the Siuslaw River.

F. Cannon Beach (Breakers Point)

Not all foredune areas are located on sand spits are associated with
inlets. There are examples where foredunes have formed fronting sea
cliffs or older well-vegetated dunes. One example is found in the Cannon
Beach area to the north of Elk Creek (Figure 39), a portion of which is
presently undergoing development. There are clear signs that the forma-
tion of this foredune is quite recent, probably less than 100 years old.
At times storm waves cut into the foredunes, much as on Siletz Spit,
removing as much as 30 feet during a single storm (Posenfeld,
1979). This erosion has exposed sawed drift loqs, again much as
observed on Siletz Spit (Section IV), indicating dune accumulation
since logging began in the area. Backing the northern portions of this
foredune are higher, older dunes covered with trees. A clear erosion
scarp, now covered with grass, has been cut into the seaward-facing
side of these older dunes (Figure 39). This indicates that not too
long ago erosion proceeded all the way up to the older dunes, entirely
removing the foredunp-,,. That-erosion must have been an unusual
combination of extreme storm waves, high Spring tildes and a storm
surge, producing an event analogous to the 100 to 200 year flood in
a river. Since that event the foredune sands have been accumulating
with the exception of the 30 feet or so that is periodically eroded
by more common winter storms. Like the river floodplain which is
covered by the 100-year flood, this foredune area and others like it
are not desirable locations for permanent dwellings.

7'
0_1@ %M0,

Figure 39. Foredunes at Breakers Point, Cannon Beach,
backed by older, well-vegetated dunes into which waves at
some time cut a near-vertical scarp.

.48

VI. SEA CLIFF EROSION
Although not a's dra@m6 1-6--'as-@the-rapid-erosi-on of foredunes, the
o"Tong-term,,yrogressive ero.s.i.on, of sedimentary sea cliffs along the Oregon
in s . an',. Impor"tant. pro.blem for the coastal planner and resident.
e ai@l j':on a'coa.-s't-wide basis, more homes are threatened by sea cliff
Y'te " 1,n, y
erosion than by eroding foredunes. This is because many of our coastal
communities (Cannon Beach, Lincoln City, Newport, Waldport, Bandon,
Brookings, and numerous others) are located-in areas of eroding sea
c1iffs. Most of these are built on the flat areas of marine terraces,
consisting of Pleistocene marine sandstones overlying mudstones of older
ages. These rocks are susceptible to wave attack to form the familiar
sea cliffs (Figure 40) seen along much of the Oregon coast.

This section will examine the processes of sea cliff erosion
(including landslides), what is known about their recession rates, and
what attempts have been made to protect them from wave attack and the
success or lack of success of such attempts. Examples of problems with
eroding sea cliffs on the Oregon coast-are cited.

A. Processes of Erosion

Erosion of sea cliffs is often viewed as a process of wave attack
undermining the cliff followed,by landsliding. This view is somewhat
oversimplified as other processes are also involved including groundwater
sapping and direct erosion by rainwash (especially important in Oregon).
The Pleistocene terrace sandstones that form a primary component of the
Oregon sea cliffs are only weakly cemented and so are easily eroded away
by rainwash and groundwater. The sand so washed away, or that which
has dropped from the cliff as a minor landslide, tends to accumulate at
the base of the cliff as a tallus pile, sloping toward the sea (Figure 40).
Most often the waves are more important in periodically removing this
tallus accumulation than in directly attacking the sea cliff itself. The
amount of tallus found at the cliff base can give some idea as to the
frequency of wave attack in a particular area (Figure 41). A large
accumulation, especially one with vegetation growinq upon it', indicates
that a long period has elapsed since storm waves were able to reach the
sea cliffs. This was the case at Taft until the winter of 1977-78 at
which time unusually severe winter storms removed the extensive tallus
accumulations (Figure 42). A large quantity of drift logs had been
removed from the beach fronting Taft, and this too may have played a
role in the renewed erosion of the sea cliff.

The absence of any tallus accumulation at the base of the sea cliff
indicates a very recent episode of water erosion. Where the fronting
beach is narrow, such erosion may occur nearly every winter so only
minor tallus accumulations may be found during the summer months. Such
areas are generally those that show the maximum ratea of overall sea
cliff recession. At other areas, Taft being an example, wave attack
occurs infrequently and the tallus may accumulate over several years

before again being eroded away; such areas generally show smaller rates
of cliff recession.

"jij

Figure 40. Typical sea cliffs of the Oregon coast formed
by erosion of marine terraces. The upper photo shows a thin
layer of Pleistocene terrace sands overlying older Tertiary
mudstones with an apparent dip to the left. The lower photo,
from the Lincoln City area, is a sea cliff composed entirely
of terrace sandstones, and is seen to be more susceptible to
erosion processes.

Figure 41. The extent of tallus accumulation at the base of the sea
cliff can give some indication of the frequency or recency of wave attack.
The upper photo from Taft shows a considerable accumulation with the
development of vegetation, indicating an extended period of time since
wave erosion, in this case the logs possibly offering some protection
(compare with Figure 42 of the same area after erosion during the winter
of 1977-78). The middle photo from Gleneden Beach shows a sea cliff with
a large tallus accumulation but no vegetation, indicating no wave attack
for perhaps 5 to 10 years. The lower photo is from the same area, the
severe storms of the winter of 1977-78 having washed away all of the
tallus accumulation.

Figure 42. Sea cliff erosion at Taft during the winter
of 1977-78. Compare with the first photo of Figure 41 of
the same area, noting the loss of logs on the beach and the
loss of the vegetated tallus slope.

The presence of the tallus slope offers some support to the sea
cliff. Once it is removed landsliding usually quickly follows, respond-
ing more to this loss of support than from actual wave undercutting of

the cliff. In most areas the landsliding consists of only small sections
of the cliff dropping down onto the beach (Figure 43). This minor
slumping, together with rainwash and groundwater sapping, produces a
slow to moderate progressive retreat of the sea cliff and loss of
property.

Figure 43. Small landslides are an important process to
sea cliff erosion, especially where the cliff is composed of
terrace sandstones.

At times, however, large landslides can occur that suddenly remove
several acres of land. Important to their g 'eneration is the geometry of
the sea cliff, including its height and the orientation of the geologic
strata forming the cliff. Large 'landslides are likely to occur in areas
where the older rocks underlying the Pleistocene terrace sands slope in
the seaward direction as the sliding of the rock mass can occur along
this bedding. Byrne (1964) has estimated that such stratigraphically
seaward-dipping terrace deposits are present along more than half of the
coastline north of Waldport. One.sucii area is Newport where in 1943
an area of about six acres progressively slid seaward, dropping down
20 feet in the process (Figure 44). More than a dozen homes and other
structures were lost, some of which originally had been well back from
the cliff edge (North and Byrne, 1965; Stembridge, 1975).- Figure 45
summarizes the sea cliff retreat over the years in the Newport area, a
retreat brought about mainly by landsliding.

Figure 44. Large landslides in the Jumpoff Joe area of
Newport.

Another factor important to the generation of large landslides is
the presence of groundwater which lubricates the slide, increases the
weight of the material, and may also produce a pore-water pressure.
Compiling the occurrences of major landslides as reported in coastal

Figure 45. The sea cliff retreat in the Jumpoff Joe
area of Newport as documented by Stembridge (1975) from
aerial photographs. The property losses here are due
almost entirely to large landslides.

newspapers, Byrne (1963) showed that they occur almost exclusively
during the months of October through April (Figure 46). Although wave
attack may play some role in the winter increase in landsliding, the
increased precipitation appears to be more important in that most of
the newspaper accounts indicated that sliding occurred during or im-
mediately after extended periods of torrential rains. In more recent

years, large landslides appear to have increased in frequency during
the summer months rather than being restricted to the winter, probably
due to the increased usage of septic tanks which cont,ribute to the ground
water at all times of the year.

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Figure 46. The compilation of landslide occurrences on the
Oregon coast from newspaper reports, showing their development
during the winter months at times of high precipitation and wave
action (from Byrne, 1963).

Large landslides are also important in the headland areas due to
the high slopes. The landslides occurring in Ecola State Park are good
examples (Schlicker, et al., 1961). Large landslides are particularly
common on the flanks of the headlands due to the combination--of steep
slopes and the presence of loose rock and soil derived from the headland.
These areas pose a special problem in that they are often prime sites for
housing developments.

Landslides on the Oregon coast have received considerable attention.
Byrne (1963), North (1964) and North and Byrne (1965) document land-
sliding on the northern coast from Florence to the Columbia River. The
various reports of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
discuss the hazards from coastal landsliding (for example, Schlicker,
et al., 1973). Schlicker (1956) reviews landsliding in general, and
Prestedge (1977) discusses the mechanics of landsliding With specific
reference to the Oregon coast and the engineering techniques of
stabilization.

One additional factor is important to sea cliff erosion--the
human factor. Figure 47 illustrates how people can have an impact on
the erosion rate by carving graffiti and in some cases even cutting
tunnels into the sea cliffs. Considering that natural sea cliff reces-
sion rates often amount to only a few inches per year, this human factor
cannot be viewed as negligible.

ALI'_

Figure 47. Graffitti carved into a sea cliff at Lincoln
City, having a significant effect on the long-term cliff re-
treat rate.

B. Rates of Sea Cliff Erosion

Of relevance to planning is the long-term recession rate of sea
cliffs and the potential for landslides removing large blocks of property

in a short time. Landslides have already been discussed, and in most
cases their oresence or potential is reasonably clear. The progressive
recession of sea cliffs is important for determining what distances
homes or other structures should be set back from the eroding sea
cliff so that they are not destroyed before their anticipated life
time of use.

A standard procedure for determining long-term cliff recession rates
is through the use of sequences of aerial photographs. There are many
difficulties and inherent uncertainties in this procedure so that the
amount of erosion measured has to be large if the measured rates are to
exceed the uncertainties. This means that the procedure gives best
results in areas that have hiqh rates of cliff recession or if there
is a very long period of time represented by the available aerial
photographs so that even though the rate may be small the total amount
of erosion over that period of time is large enough to measure.

The earliest aerial photogaph coverage of substantial stretches of
the Oregon coast dates back to 1939. The areas covered by those 1939
photos are diagramed by Stembridge (1975, p. 193). Coverage in the
1940's is scarce, but in the 1950's to the present many more flights
were carried out. This forty years of coverage is adequate so long as
the cliff recession rates are moderate to high, but if low (less than
2 to 4 inches per year) then the total amount of erosion that has occurred
can barely be measured with any certainty by aerial photo techniques.
Stembridge (1975) gives a coast-long summary of the cliff recession
rates, based upon the 1939 and 1967 aerial photos and upon field inspec-
tions. Table 2 summarizes his-estimated erosion rates for backshores of
various compositions- The terrace deposits are seen to have a wide
range of recession rates, from less than 1 foot per year to greater than
20 feet per year. The large recession rates are found in areas suscep-
tible to landsliding, such as the Jumpoff Joe area of Newport, already
discussed. The largest recession rates are for areas of recent sand
deposits, the rapid erosion of Bayocean Spit being the primary example
(see Section III). Stembridge (1975) does discuss the erosion rates he
found for a number of areas along the Oregon coast, as well as presenting
the overall summary of Table 2.

Smith (1978) has determined coastal changes for Lincoln County,
again using aerial photographs (1939, 1959 and 1973). Erosion rates for
that 34-year period range from amounts too low to measure to a maximum
of about 240 feet in the Jumpoff Joe area of Newport. The mean amount
of erosion was about 20 feet, giving a mean rate'of 7.1 inches per year
for that 34-year period. Included in that average are some basalt
headlands with very low rates of erosion. Excluding those areas from
th6 county-wide average leaves an average of 9.2 inches per year, an
average for the coast consisting of sedimentary terraces or unconsolidated
materials (the sand spits). Smith found a great deal of variability
in recession rates along the Lincoln County coast, so that these averages
should not be applied to estimate the recession rate of sea cliffs in

some particular area. It would be wise for each county to conduct a
study similar to that of Smith (1975) in Lincoln County.

Table 2. Ranges of maximum backshore erosion rates (after Stembridge,
1975)

Backshore Range of Maximum Erosion
Compos-ition (in feet per year) Examples

Igneous (basalt) <0.1 to >0.3 Cape Foulweather,
Heceta Head

Metamorphic <0.1 to. >1.0

Sedimdntary <'O.5 to >2.0 Cape Kiwanda,
Cape Arago

Terrace Deposits <1.0 to >20.0 Lincoln City,
Jumpoff Joe

Recent Sand Deposits <10.0 to >100.0 Bayocean Spit

C. Methods of Sea Cliff Protection

Several methods have been employed on the Oregon coast in attempt
to prevent or slow the erosion of sea cliffs, Those most commonly used
are riprap and a variety of sea walls. The sea walls may be constructed
of concrete or logs; drift logs taken from the adjacent beach are
sometimes employed. Groins that project out across the beach to trap
part of the littoral sand drift have not been used on Oregon beaches,
and probably would not be effective due to the lack of a littoral drift.

All of the protective devices must act to defend the sea cliff from
wave attack. In many cases this defense is against only the wave swash
rather than the full force of breaking waves. In such cases, a low wall
of logs fixed in place at the base of the sea cliff or just in front of
the tallus slope is adequate. Great masses of riprap are really needed
only where there is severe and direct wave attack. The weight of the
riprap does have the added advantage of helping to prevent landsliding
as it weights the toe of the cliff. Solid concrete walls have the same
effect, but have the disadvantage that they can reflect the wave energy
which induces erosion of the beach adjacent to them. This can lead to
the undermining of the sea wall and its failure and collapse onto the
beach. Log walls and riprap may be partially destroyed by wave attack, but
seldom completely fail like a concrete wall.

'N"

IN,

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Figure 48. A variety of sea cliff protection apprroaches have been
employed on the Oregon coast, mainly involving log sea walls, concrete
sea walls and riprap.

None of these protective schemes completely halt the sea cliff
recession unless they extend to the full height of the cliff. If they
cover only the base of the cliff, the bare upper portion will continue
to suffer some erosion by rain wash and groundwater sapping. This
retreat of the top of the cliff will continue until the overall slope of
the cliff is decreased, at which time it may become vegetated. But
before that stage is reached, the top of the cliff could retreat by
several feet, but at a lower rate than before protection was provided to
the lower portion of the cliff.

There are arguments against any form of sea cliff protection. First,
they can be expensive and would be unnecessary if dwellings were set
back an adequate distance from the cliff edge. As discussed in Section II,
the erosion of sea cliffs in most cases provides the principal source of
sand to the Oregon beaches; cutting off this source by extensive protec-
tion will lead to the long-term diminishment of our beaches. And finally,,
the huge piles of riprap or concrete sea walls can be unsightly, destroy-
ing the aesthetic value of the coast that originally attracted people
there.

VII, THE COASTAL DUNE SHEETS

Sections IV and V of this report dealt largely with foredune erosion,,
whether the foredunes are located on sand spits such as Siletz and Nestucca,
or fronting sea cliffs and older dunes as at Cannon Beach (Breakers Point).
This section will concentrate instead on the older dunes generally found
more inland. It was pointed out in Section II that such dunes, active
or vegetated, cover about 45 percent of Oregon's 310 miles of coastline.
The best known and most intensely studied is the sheet of active dunes
extending for a distance of 55 miles between Coos Bay on the south to
Heceta Head-near Florence. These dunes and others on the Oregon and
Washington coasts were investigated by Cooper (1958), and most of our
information on Oregon dunes comes from that source. Later contributions
have been made especially by Lund (1973) and various chapters in Dicken
(1961). This section will summarize what is known about the physical
processes important to dune-sand movements on the Oregon coast, the
effects of vegetation, and the problems relevant to the management of
these areas.

A. Active Dune Types

In his study of the active dunes of the Oregon coast, Cooper (1958)
identified two principal types, the transverse-ridge pattern and oblique-
ridge pattern (Figure 49). These dune types are somewhat different from
those commonly found in deserts and other coastal dune areas.

The transverse-ridge pattern of dunes originally occurred in nearly
all the major dune localities on the Oregon coast, but since the intro-
duction'of European beachgrass its form has been restricted to the Coos

Say dune sheet. They are asymmetric in cross-section with windward
slopes of 3 to 12 degrees and lee slip faces averaging about 33 degrees,
the steepest possi'ble slope for sliding sand, They vary greatly in
length; a single ridge may be more than half a mile long. They are
not uniform in hefght, the rAge crest forming a succession of highs and
lows.

"Ijw

W",Z

N'W
"R,

Figure 49. The two active dune types found on the Oregon coast,
the transverse-ridge pattern and the oblique-ridge pattern, both now
largely confined to the Coos Bay dune sheet. (Lower photo courtesy of
Oregon Department of Transportation.)

Cooper has shown (1958, p. 31-33) that the Oregon transverse-ridq.e dunes
are not precisely perpendicular to the controlling northwest summer
winds, although they are nearly so. Instead, he found that the trans-
verse-ridges form angles of 11 to 23 degrees to what should be the
perpendicular to the wind, facing more to the landward (Figure 50).
Presumably the dunes also migrate by this same 11-23 degrees to the left
of the wind direction, although Cooper did not demonstrate this to be
the case.

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dune

P;-rPe;_d7icJa_r @o w@nd

11-230

CL
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11-230

Figure 50. Cooper (1958) has shown that the trans-
verse-ridge dunes do not align exactly perpendicular to
the wind direction, instead forming an angle of about 11
to 23 degrees, the dune facing (and migrating) more landward.

Transverse-ridge dunes occupy a strip adjoining the beach or
separated from it by foredunes parallel to the shore. Prior to the
introduction of European beachgrass and the formation of grass-
covered foredunes backing the beaches, transverse-ridge dunes covered
the entire area from the beach to the seaward edge of the field of
oblique-ridge dunes. Since the introduction of European beachgrass
their area has been greatly reduced and continues to shrink. On their
inland edge they merge with the field of larger oblique-ridge dunes,
the transverse-ridges sometimes climbing up and over the seaward ends
of the oblique-ridges. They tend to be smallest near the shore and

largest at their inland edge. Average crest to crest distances in fields
of transverse-ridge dunes range from 60 to 160 feet.

Cooper (1958) made a few measurements of migration rates of
transverse-ridge dunes on the Coos Bay sheet. Measurements were obtained
for four dunes with slipfaces over a period of six years. The average
rate of advance was 5.2 feet per year, varying from 2.3 to 9.2 feet
per year. As expected, most of this advance takes place during the dry
summer months of April through August. Also for this reason, the
migrations tend to be toward the south to southeast under the north to
northwest winds prevailing during those months. Cooper also found that
the closer the dunes are to the shore the higher their rates of advance,
resulting from the greater wind speeds closer to shore than further
inland. He found no correlation between dune height and its rate of
advance,

A knowledge of dune migration rates is important in planning
measures of dune control or in keeping structures out of the path of an
advancing dune. As pointed out by Cooper, his few measurements over
a period of six years have to be viewed as the maximum for long-term
over-all advance as there may be periods of temporary stabilization
with no advancement. Additional study needs to be made of migration
rates of these transverse-ridge dunes on the Oregon coast..

The oblique-ridge pattern of dune formation identified by Cooper
(1958) occurs only on the Coos Bay dune sheet, They are much larger
than the transverse-ridge pattern, forming a series of ridges 4,000 to
5,500 feet in length, aligned with their lengths roughly in an east-west
(onshore-offshore) direction (Figure 49). They are highest at a point
somewhat shoreward of their landward ends, both in absolute altitude
and in height above the immediate base. Cooper measured an average
height of 185 feet for ten major dunes. The ridges are spaced rather
evenly, particularly at their seaward parts, where the average inter-
crest distance ranges between 500 to 650 feet.

On their landward ends the oblique-ridges blend with a ridge of
sand that connects them together, the resulting pattern being described
by Cooper as a rake, the oblique-ridges forming the teeth of the rake.
The connecting ridge is part of the precipitation ridge that has a
landward-facing slipface, slowly moving inland and progressively
burying the forests that usually lie in the path (Figure 51). This
inland advance always appears to be slow (Cooper gives no measurements,
however), tending to be somewhat more rapid where the ridge is low.

The oblique-ridge dunes are oriented such that their crests are
oblique to both the summer north-northwest winds and to the southwest
winds of winter. Most important, they do not migrate, but instead
remain fixed in position except for minor shifts with no consistent
trend. In cross section the steepest side is usually on the north.
During the summer the eroding northern slope is smooth-faced and the

South side has a prominant slipface below which is a gentler slope
leading to the floor of the adjacent corridor. In most places the
windward slope is almost as steep as the slipface. During the summer
the oblique-ridge behaves much as a giant transverse-ridge and sand
is moved to the southeast. During-the winter a slipface of sorts forms
on the north side, which is subject to freauent mass slumping, so that
even during the winter there is a northward sand transport in the
midst of the rain.

Figure 51. A precipitation ridge of the Coos Bay
dune sheet migrating slowly landward, burying trees in
its path. (Photo courtesy of Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries.)

B. Vegetation Effects

The native flora of the Oregon coast did not provide species capable
of building substantial foredunes. Thus prior to the 1940's extensive
active dune fields existed, sands blowing inland from the beaches to
provide a plentiful supply of sand. In about 1910 European beachgrass
(Arnmophilia arenaria (L.)) was first brought into the Coos Bay region,
European beachgrass ook a firm hold and has subsequently spread along
the coast producing in many places a prominant foredune where none
existed before. These developing foredunes have largely cut off the
sand supply from the inland dunes.

The most noticeable effect has been the shrinking of areas covered
by transverse-ridge dunes. With the sand supply cut off, the winds
erode the dune sands down to the summer groundwater level so that
vegetation can quickly take hold. Areas formerly covered by active
transverse-ridge dunes have been converted into deflation-plains since the
1940's. Comparisons of aerial photos of that period with more recent
photos reveal dramatic changes (Figure 52). In places, the areas of
open active sand have narrowed by nearly half in 30 years (Lund, 1973).

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Figure 52. An example of the effects of the introduction of
European beachgrass to the Oregon coast at Coos Bay, diminishing the
extent of active dune sands and encouraging the formation of foredunes
and deflation plains (left - 1939, right - 1975). (Photos courtesy of
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District.)

C. Older Vegetated Dunes

The active dune fields found on the Oregon coast achieved their
present development during the last few thousands of years as the sea
rose to its present level. Cooper (1958) discusses the abundant evidence
that a similar history of dune development occurred earlier during the
Pleistocene, also at times of submergence (times of glacial melting).
There appears to have been at least two such episodes of dune formation
on the Oregon coast. The dune fields formed during these earlier
episodes are now generally well vegetated with forests of pine and spruce
and with at least some soil development. They vary considerably in the
amount of cementation of the old dune sands beneath the soil cover.
Although vegetated forms of transverse -ridge and oblique-ridge duhes
cannot'be recognized, vegetated precipitation ridqes provide good
evidence for the landward extent of the old dune fields.

Most of these older dune fields are adjacent to important bodies of
modern dunes, indicating that in the earlier cycles, dune development
followed processes similar to those of the present fields. Particularly
large areas exist to the east of the active Coos Bay dune sheet,
especially to the north of Florence and to the immediate north of Coos
Bay. Portions of these old forested dunes are also found on sand spits
such as Bayocean and Netarts, and in terrace areas such as around
Newport. Cooper (1958) provides a series of maps showing the aerial
extent of the old vegetated dune fields.

Where these old dune sands are uncemented, removal of the vegetation
cover can result in their rejuvenation. Natural examples of this are
commonly found adjacent to the beaches where wave erosion cleared some
of the dunes of vegetation. This leads to a blowout, removing dune
sands from the exposed portion. If the effective wind is unidirectional,
.then the blowout can develop into a parabola dune, a trough blowout of
major size with large terminal and lateral walls. Parabola dunes grow
progressively in length in the direction of effective wind, and more
slowly in width. According to Cooper (1958, p. 75), most have developed
in areas protected from the summer winds and are hence mainly under the
influence of the winter's southwest winds. For this reason, most
develop northward to northeast. In addition to originating near the
beach, a number of parabola dunes have also formed along the margin of
the Coos Bay dune sheet. The extensive field of active dune sands to
the north of Sand Lake is basically a large parabola dune, the largest on
the Oregon coast (Cooper, 1958, p. 75). Although these examples of
parabola dunes were formed naturally, man's removal of the vegetation
covering the older dunes-can similarly bring about rejuvenation and the
development of a blowout or parabola dune.

The Clatsop Plain extends from the Columbia River south to Tillamook
Head, and is largely covered by a series of vegetated dune ridges. These
dune ridges are long linear features extending approximately north-south,
roughly parallel to the modern-day beach. Long linear lakes, marshes

and creeks occupy the lows between the dune ridges. The vegetation cover
of the Clatsop Plain has undergone extensive changes in the last 100-150
years; these changes are documented by Hanneson (1961, p. 85).

Although vegetated, the dunes of the Clatsop Plain are not as old
as the other vegetated dunes discussed in this section. They were
formed during the last several thousand years as the sea neared its
present level. Following sea level rise, the beach built out and the
dune ridges developed on the accreting land, formed by the abundant
sand supplied by the Columbia River. Cooper (1958, p. 123-6) recognizes
three stages of progradation on the basis of three groups of ridges.
Shoreline advance appears to be continuing, although the picture has
been somewhat complicated by the construction of the jetties at the
mouth of the Columbia. Dicken (1961, p. 73) calculated, for example,
that the maximum growth of the beach between 1944 and 1960 was about
500 feet, some 30 feet per year. As discussed in Section V, the excess
of sand at Seaside has resulted in problems with blowing sand, and
several hundred thousand cubic yards of sand have been removed from
the Seaside beach since 1960 (Stembridge, 1975, p. 45).

Beneath their vegetative cover, the dune sands of the Clatsop
Plain are loose. As already discussed for the older dunes of the Oregon
coast, removal of the vegetation cover can lead to blowouts and dune
rejuvenation.

REFERENCES CITED

Aguilar-Tunon, N. A., and P. D. Komar. 1978. "The Annual Cycle of
Profile Changes of Two Oregon Beaches." The Ore Bin. Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 40(2):25-39.
14 pp.

Bowen, A. J., and D. L. Inman. 1966. Budget of Littoral Sands in the
Vicinity of Point Arguello, California. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering
Research Center Technical Memo No. 19. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 56 pp.

Byrne, J. V. 1963. "Coastal Erosion, Northern Oregon." Essays in Marine
Geology in Honor of K. 0. Emery. University of Southern California
Press, Los Angeles, California. (11-33). 24 pp.

Byrne, J. V. 1964. "An Erosional Classification for the Northern
Oregon Coast." Association of American Geographers Annals.
Chicago, Illinois. 54:329-335. 7 pp.

Cooper, W. S. 1958. Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington. Geological
Society of America, Memoir 72. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore,
Maryland. 169 pp.

Creech, H. C. 1977. "Five Year Climatology (1972-1976) of Nearshore
Ocean Waves Off Yaquina Bay, Oregon." Oregon State University Sea
Grant Program Ref. ORESU-T-27-011, Corvallis, Oregon. 17 pp.

Dicken, S. N. 1961. Some Recent Physical Chanqes of the Oregon Coast.
Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-2771(04), Department of
Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 151 pp.

Hamilton, Stanley F. 1973. "Oregon Estuaries." Oregon Division of
State Lands, Salem, Oregon. 49 pp.

Hanneson, Bill. 1961. "Vegetation Changes of the Oregon Coastal Dunes,"
Some Recent Physical Changes of.the Oregon Coast. Office of Naval
Research Contract Nonr-2771(04), Department of Geography, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. (77-99) 23 pp.

Hicks, S. 0. 1972. "On the Classification and Trends of Long Period
Sea Level Series." Shore.and Beach. American Shore and Beach
Preservation Associafion, Miami, Florida. 40(l):20-23. 4 pp.

Komar, P. D. 1976. Beach Processes and Sedimentation. Prentice-Hall,
Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 429 pp.

Komar, P. D. 1977. "Beach Profiles Obtained with an Amphibious DUKW
on the Oregon and Washington Coasts." The Ore-Bin. Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 29(11):169-180.
12 pp.

Komar, P. D. 1978. "Wave Conditions on the Oregon Coast During the
Winter of 1977-78 and the Resulting Erosion of Nestucca Spit."
Shore and Beach. American Shore and Beach Preservation Association,
Miami, Florida. 46(4):3-8. 6 pp.

Komar, P. D. and C. C. Rea. 1976. "E 'rosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon."
Shore and Beach. American Shore,and Beach Preservation Association,
Miami, Florida. 44(l):9-15. 7 pp.

Komar, P. D., J. R. Lizarraga, and T. A. Terich. 1976a. "Oregon
Coast Shoreline Changes Due to Jetties." Journal of Waterways,
Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division. American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York, New York, lff(WWl) Paper 11933:13-30,
18 pp.

Komar, P. D., W. Quinn, H. C. Creech, C. C. Rea, and J. R. Lizarraga-
Arciniega. 1976b. "Wave Conditions and Beach Erosion on the Oregon
Coast." The Ore Bin. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 38(7):103-112. 10 pp.

Komar, P. D. and B. A. McKinney. 1977. "The Spring 1976 Erosion of*
Siletz Spit, Oregon, with an Analysis of the Causative Storm
Conditions." Shore and Beach. American Shore and Beach Preservation
Association, Miami, Florida. 45(3):23,30. 8 pp.

Kulm, L. D. and J. V. Byrne. 1966. "Sedimentary Response to Hydrology
in an Oregon Estuary." Marine Geology. Elsevier Publishing Company,
Amsterdam. 4:85-118. 34 pp.

Lund, E. H. 1973. "Oregon Coastal Dunes Between Coos Bay and Sea Lion
Point." The Ore Bin. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 35(5):73-92. 20 pp.

McKinney, B. A. 1977. "The Spring 1976 Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon,
With an Analysis of the Causative Wave and Tide Conditions." M.S.
Thesis. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 66 pp.

North, W. B. 1964. "Coastal Landslides in Northern Oregon," M.S. Thesis,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 85 pp.

North W. B. and J. V. Byrne. 1965. "Coastal Landslides in Northern
Oregon." The Ore Bin. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 27-(11):217-241. 25 pp.

Prestedge, G. K. 1977. "Stabilization of Landslides Along the Oregon
Coast." Engineering Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 53 pp.

Rea, C. C. 1975. "The Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon. M.S. Thesis
School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
105 pp.

Rea, C. C. and P. D. Komar. 1975. "The Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon."
Reference 75-4, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 105 pp.

Rosenfeld, Charles. Per.7.onal Communication. 1979 Assistant professor,
Geography Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Schatz, C. 1965. "Source and Varacteristics of the Tsunami Observed
Along the Coast of the Pacific Northwest on 28 March 1964." M.S.
Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 39 pp.

Schatz, C. E., H. Curl, and W. V. Burt. 1964. "Tsunamis on the Oregon
Coast." The Ore Bin. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 26(12):231-232. 2 pp.

Schlicker, H. G. 1956. "Landslides." The Ore Bin. Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 18(5):39-43. 5 pp.

Schlicker, H. G., R. E. Corcoran, and R. G. Bowen. 1961. "Geology of
the Ecola State Park Landslide Area, Oregon." The Ore Bin.
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
23(9):85-90. 6 pp.

Schlicker, H. G.', R. J. Deacon, G. W. Olcott, and J. D. Beaulieu. 1973.
Environmental Geology of Lincoln County, Oregon. Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Bulletin 81, Portland, Oregon.
121 pp.

Smith, E. C. 1978. "Determination of Coastal Changes in Lincoln County,
Oregon, Using Aerial Photogaphic Interpretation." Research Paper,
Department of Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 29 pp.

Stembridge, J. E. 1975. "Shoreline Changes and Physiographic Hazards on
the Oregon Coast." PhD Dissertation, Department of Geography,
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 202 pp.

Terich, T. A. 1973. "Development and Erosion of Bayocean Spit, Tillamook."
PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 145 pp.

Terich, T. A., and P. D. Komar. 1974. "Bayocean Spit, Oregon: History
of Development and Erosional Destruction." Shore and Beach.
American Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Miami, Florida.
40 42(2):3-10. 8 pp.

Twenhofel, W. H. 1946. "Mineralogical and Physical Composition of the
Sands of the Oregon Coast from Coos Bay to the Mouth of the
Columbia River." State of Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral
Industries, Bulleting No. 30, Portland', Oregon. 64 pp.

Wentworth, C. K. 1922. "A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic
Sediments." Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. Society of
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
30:377-392. 16 pp.

Wilson, B. W. and Alf Torum. 1968. "The Tsunami of the Alaskan Earth-
It
quake, 1964: Engineering Evaluation,, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Coastal Engineering Research Center Technical Memo No. 25, Fort Belvoir,
Virginia. 401 pp. + appendices.

Critical Species & Habitats
Of Oregon's Coastal Beaches & Dunes

Oregon Coastal Zone
Management Association, Inc.

IV. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Off-road Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast
Sand Removal Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes: Uses., Impacts and Management
Considerations
Rune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental 11%esearcht Eugene,

Cover illustration by Lorraine Morgan, Newport, Oregon.

CRITICAL SPECIES AND HABITATS

OF OREGON'S COASTAL BEACHES AND DUNES

by
Bill Burley, Program Biologist
The Oregon Natural Heritage Program of
The Nature Conservancy

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P. 0. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon - 97365

May, 1979

ABSTRACT

This report was developed by the Oregon Natural Heritage Program of
The Nature Conservancy under contract with the Oregon Coastal Zone
Management Association, Inc. in order to assist coastal land use planners
and decision-makers in the identification, protection and management of
critical biological species and habitats of the beaches and dunes of the
Oregon Coast. The report describes a framework for the assessment of
critical biological habitats which is based upon The Nature Conservancy's
statewide effort to identify and conserve (1) species of plants and
animals which are rare, threatened, or endangered in Oregon, and (2)
typical and representative examples of native ecosystem types, A
11natural element approach" is defined and used which lists the basic
types of species and ecosystems, and an inventory of the occurrence of
those elements. Natural elements of the beaches and dunes zone are
identified and described. Nineteen areas are described which depict or
represent occurrences of these elements. It is recommended that planners
consult the statewide information bank, maintained by the Natural Heri-
tage Program, in assessing the significance or comparative value of any
site which contains occurrences of the listed elements prior to a land
use decision. A variety of methods are listed and discussed for
protecting critical biological habitats, including programs by federal
and state agencies and private conservation organizations. The charac-
teristics (ownership, attitude of owner, biological frailty, etc.) of
each area must be considered in designing an appropriate conservation
action. The recommended role of the county or city planning department
is to (1) maintain an inventory of known locations of important natural
elements and identify any potential conflicts between the elements and
proposed development, (2) when a conflict is noted, prepare or cause to
be prepared an assessment of the quality and quantity of the important
elements on the land in question, (3) contact the State Heritage office
for an assessment of the statewide importance of the elements, and (4)
contact, or cause to be contacted, the appropriate agencies or organi-
zations to initiate actions for conservation. In addition, jurisdictions

are encouraged to make known to land owners the availability of the
open space tax assessment law.

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of critical biological species and habitats found on Oregon's coastal
beaches and dunes. This study was conducted by Bill Burley with the
Oregon Natural Heritage Program of the Nature Conservancy under contract
with the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. and with assis-
tance from OCZMA's Beaches and Dunes Study Team composed of Carl Lindberg,
Project Leader, Christianna Crook, Project Associate, Arlys Bernard,
Project Secretary, Wilbur Ternyik, Project Coordinator, Timms Fowler, WICHE
Intern, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator. This report constit-
utes one element of an overall analysis of planning for and managing
coastal beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under Section
306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon Department of
Land Conservation and Development.

On behalf of Bill Burley and the Nature Conservancy, 0 CZMA expresses
appreciation to the following individuals for their contributions during
the preparation of this report: Madeline Hall, Environmental Remote
Sensing Applications Laboratory, Corvallis; Mary Arneson, U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Portland; Ruth Wilson, RoseAnn Deering and Geoff Pampush,
Oregon State University, Corvallis; Dr. David McCorkle, Oregon College
of Education, Monmouth; Mark Westling and Bob Keith, Bureau of Governmental
Research and Service, University of Oregon, Eugene; Jean Siddall, Oregon
Rare and Endangered Plant Study Center, Lake Oswego; and Linda Marston
and John Morgan, Northwest Coastal Information Center, Newport. Special
thanks is given to the University of Washington Press for permission to
use several of Jeanne Janish's beautiful line drawings from Vascular
Plants of the Pacific Northwest, 1955-1969.

Additionally OCZMA acknowledges the valuable review and comment made
by the Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortwright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oreqon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Cathy McCone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planninq Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Abstract ................................................. i
Preface ................................... ............. iii
List of Tables, Figures and Maps ........................ vii
1. Introduction ............................................ 1
II. Why Save Diversity? ..................................... 2
A. The Role of Natural Areas--A National Perspective
B. The Role of Natural Areas--A State Perspective
III. Natural Area Programs in Oregon ......................... 9
A. Federal
B. State
C. Private
IV. Methods Used In This Report ............................. 12
A. Lists of Elements and Inventory of Element
Occurrences
B. Photointerpretation, Fieldwork, and Selection of
Sites
V. How to Use This Report: A Note To Decision-Makers
and Planners ............................................ 13
VI. Identified Elements of Special Concern .................. 14
A. Process of Identification
B. Plant Species
C. Animal Species
D. Plant Communities and Aquatic Habitats
VII. Selected Coastal Sites .................................. 33
VIII. Planning and Management Considerations for the
Protection of. Critical Biological Habitats .............. 74
A. Unplanned Development: A Threat to the
Coastal Biota
B. Protection Methods Available
C. The Role of Federal and State Agencies
D. The Role of Local Jurisdictions and the Local
Comprehensive Plan
IX. Additional Information Sources: The Natural History
and Biology of Beaches and Dunes ........................ 82
X. References Cited ........................................ 85

LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A The Nature Conservancy's Background in,Natural
Area Inventory and Preservation .................... 89

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. Elements of special concern of Oregon's coastal
beaches and dunes--species of high priority for 16
protection ...............................................

2. Elements of special concern of Oregon's coastal
beaches and dunes--plant species needing careful
monitoring ............................................... 26

3. Selected coastal sites containing one or more elements
of special concern and/or especially representative of
Oregon's coastal beach and dune ecosystems ............... 315

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1. Hairy Lasthenia illustrating the light yellow flower
heads and narrow opposite leaves ......................... 18

2. Mist Maiden has brown-wooly tubers at the base and
delicate, white, funnelform shaped flowers ................ 19

3. Pink Abronia (or Sand Verbena) illustrating the
opposite leaves and dense, pink to purple flower-
heads ................................................. I ... 20

4. The Rein Orchid has densely flowered spikes at the
end of a stout stem ...................................... 21

5. The Saltmarsh Bird's Beak is characterized by
slender, alternate leaves and inconspicuous purplish
flowers located at the leaf axils ........................ 22

6. Silvery Phacelia (or Sand-dune Phacelia) illustrating
the smooth-hairy leaves and dense clusters of cream-
colored or white flowers ................................. 23

7. Whorled Marsh Pennywort illustrating roots at the nodes;
stems emerging from the center of the circular leaves .... 24

8. Yellow-eyed "Grass" is not a true grass but rather an iris.
This plant has several stems arising from a common base
and delicate, yellow flowers .............................. 25

vii

Figure Page
9. The western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus
ssp. nivosus) .......................................... 28

10. The silverspot butterfly, Speyeria zerene .............. 31

LIST OF MAPS

Map Page
1. Beach south of Peter Iredale wreck to Astoria
Country Club road, Clatsop County ...................... 36

2. Slusher Lake in Camp Rilea (Oregon National Guard),
Clatsop County ......................................... 38

3. Bayocean Spit in Tillamook Estuary, Tillamook County ... 40
4.'' Netarts Spit, Tillamook County ......................... '42

5. Sandlake area: three sites, Tillamook County .......... 44

6. Daley Lake (Camp Winema) and marsh, Tillamook
County .................................................. 46

7. South Beach State Park and Mouth of Henderson
Creek, Lincoln County ....................... ............ 48
8. Seal Rock State Park, Lincoln County .................... 50

9. Big Creek - Rock Creek Silverspot Butterfly
site, Lane County ...................................... 52

10. Lily Lake to mouth of Sutton Creek, Lane Cou nty ........ 54
11. Siltcoos River mouth and spits, Lane County ............ 56
12. Tahkenitch Spit, Douglas County ........................ 58

13. North Spit Umpqua River (Threemile Creek to North
Jetty), Douglas County ................................ 60

14. Mouth of Tenmile Creek, Coos County .................... 62
15. North Spit Coos Bay, Coos County .................. ..... 64

Viii

Map Page
16. Bullards Beach to North Jetty of Coquille River,
Coos County ............................................. 66

17. New River Floras Lake , Curry County ..................... 68

18. Euchre Creek to Nesika Beach, Curry County .......... ... 70

19. Myers Creek to Crook Point (Mouth of Pistol River),
Curry County ............................................ 72

I. INTRODUCTION

This report addresses critical biological areas associated with
coastal beaches and dunes as required by the Oregon Land Conservation
and Development Commission's Beaches and Dunes Goal (#18) which requires
that:

"Coastal comprehensive plans and implementing actions
shall provide for diverse and appropriate use of beach
and dune areas consistent with their ecological, recre.-
ational, aesthetic, water resource, and economic values,
and consistent with the natural limitations of beaches,
dunes and dune vegetation for development." (LCDC, 1977,
emphasis added).

Additionally, the information and recommendations contained herein
are directly pertinent to the LCDC Goal #5 (Open,Spaces, Scenic and
Historic Areas and Natural Resources), particularly section."e" of that
Goal which addresses ecologically and scientifically significant natural
areas.

The purposes of this report are threefold:
(1) to provide decision-makers and planners with information on
the important biological considerations which must be
addressed when evaluating coastal beach and dune sites for
preservation, conservation or development;

(2) to provide scientific data, and a framework for use of that
data, which is necessary for the selection of sites which
warrant conservation due to the presence of either "elements
of special concern" or good representatives of Oregon coastal
ecosystems; and,

(3) to recommend to decision-makers and planners the planning and
management techniques necessary for protecting critical habi-
tats.

Following is a listing of terms, and their definitions, as used in
this report:

ELEMENTS: plant or animal species, plant community or aquatic types,
or geomorphic features of the coastal beaches and dunes.

ELEMENTS OF SPECIAL CONCERN: those elements which are considered
to be rare, threatened, endangered, or in some other-way are
especially sensitive and fragile and which will likely decline
toward extinction or be eliminated unless specific,conservation
efforts are made to protect them.

CRITICAL HABITATS: specific places where one or more elements of
special concern are known to occur. This is a site-specific
term, in contrast to "critical habitat type".

CRITICAL HABITAT TYPE: a generic term for a type of habitat; it is
not site-specific. It is a type of habitat in which one or
more elements of special concern are typically found.

RARE: a general term to indicate low numbers of individuals and/or
populations.

THREATENED: a species or other taxon which is likely to become
endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all, or
a significant portion, of its range.

ENDANGERED: any species which is in danger of extinction through-
out all, or a significant portion, of its range. When capital-
ized, signifies a species which has been listed or proposed
for formal listing by the federal government.

II. WHY SAVE DIVERSITY?
A., TIhe Role of Natural Areas--A National Perspectivel

"In its land and its history the nation finds the things
which give it continuity. By preserving places that have special
natural, historical, cultural, and scientific value, we can ensure
that our children and grandchildren have a chance to know some-
thing of the America that we.... simply took for granted."

President Carter, 1977

The reasons for protecting our natural diversity are as diverse as
nature itself. Our high quality of life, both economically and aesthet-
ically, in the past, now and in the future has been and will be tied to
an ability to utilize our natural resources. It is through the preser-
vation of ecosystems and their natural diversity that we guarantee our-
sel-ves.continued access to the storehouses of genetic information ' upon
which all of our agriculture and much of our industry is based.

While President Carter has called for protection of natural eco-
systems, the reasons for preserving sites of ecologic or geologic
importance are perhaps not well understood by most people. Most of the
following discussion about the value of diversity will pertain to the
biological elements. Among the many reasons for this are the followi-ng.

lAdapted from materials Iassembled by the Natural Heritage Trust
Task Force (1977), and Nutter (1978).

First, it is in the realm of biology where diversity reaches its zenith.
Second, biological organisms and species are subject to the condition of
mortality--they can become extinct. This does not apply to inorganic
features. Biotic species are especially vulnerable because their
existence depends on a complex web of interrelationships, all of which
must be ensured. Third, we ourselves are a part of this biological
fabric and depend on other organisms for our existence. Fourth,
biological species reproduce; they are "renewable resources" and their
relative abundance can be deliberately altered to serve our purpose.

The diversity of chemicals and cap@bilities found in existing
organisms has unique potentials. None of them have ever been randomly
determined, but have evolved through eons of adaptive change. The
practical value that they have to their possessing species in combatting,
competing with, and otherwise interacting with other possible influences
in their primordial context may be of similar value in human affairs.
In other words, if human society needs to find active agents against
disease, pests or other harTnful elements, we stand a much greater chance
of finding suitable substances and mechanisms in the complex machinery
of natural species and ecosystems than in random attempts to create
such agents in the chemistry laboratory. Indeed, of 76 major compounds
obtained from higher plants, only about seven can be commercially
produced at competitive prices through synthesis.

The protection of natural ecosystems is the best way to preserve
and study species. Ec6systems are highly evolved, mutually interactive
associations of species and inorganic landscape components which are
uniquely adapted to specific parts of the earth's surface. They
undoubtedly possess species and properties of which we are totally
ignorant. Mankind simply cannot accurately duplicate natural ecosystems
in artificial settings. Thus we must study species in their natural
environments in addition to laboratory-based studies if we are to gain
all available knowledge from them..

1. Baseline Monitoring and Research

The example of the miner's canary may be a bit trite, but it is
none-the-less apt. Just as the canary will display distress from
poisonous gases before the miner (giving the latter time to escape),
some lichens will wither if exposed to low concentrations of nitrous
oxides, giving notice of the need to take action. A cave dwelling
creature, the cave scud can help monitor groundwater pollution. The
honey of honey bees can be used to monitor heavy metal pollution. At
the rate at which new chemicals are introduced into the environment it
is inevitable that other species will become important in assessing the
quality of the environment. Furthermore, since most natural systems
have been working essentially in their present form many thousands of
years, it makes sense to look to those successful systems for clues
to the traits that lead to survival, including that of man's. Nature

preserves serve as undisturbed islands where instrumentaion can monitor
ambient environmental quality, where the differences between altered and
natural systems can be studied, and as models of how ecosystems should
function.

2. Ecosystem Reconstruction

Nature is a healer of wounds. Deliberate environmental modification
leading to ecosystem simplification has frequently had disastrous side
effects. Ecological succession has often been able to repair this
modification. The process is operating right around us in the gradual
recovery of the depleted mid-Atlantic tobacco lands. It was all done
for us as a "free service" of nature and each beech and maple tree grew
on a spot prepared for it by some grass or forb or shrub which we cannot
even name without intensive research and experimentation.

In the past this process took care of itself. There were always
some refugia in which the diversity of life forms persisted no matter
how catastrophic the local impact of destruction. At present, we can
no longer rely on such random perpetuation since landscape alteration is
more pervasive and permanent. More and more species, among the minority
for which we have any information, reach endangered status as their
habitats shrink. Agricultural areas now tend to become tomorrow's suburbs
rather than tomorrow's forests.

A dramatic example of the hidden value of an individual species
involves.an American plant, the prickly pear cactus, which, when
introduced in Australia, rapidly spread over thousands of acres of
pasture and rangeland. Attempts to eradicate this pest were unsuccessful
until a natural predator, a moth, was introduced to Australia from
America. The irony of this story is that the role of the moth in
controlling the spread of cactu,s was not recognized until the "Australian
experiment ". The "usefulness" of the insect in its native habitat is
now realized. Biological control mechanisms such as this are becoming
more and more important as a safe means of controlling pests.

3. Education

Only be preserving the ecosystems, communities, species, geologic
features, minerals, and other natural features can our children know
and understand their natural heritage. Just as we would not eliminate
any of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories, so we should not eliminate any
elements of our natural heritage. It is the entire collection that
is critical; no one volume being more important than the next, each is
unique.

4. Medical Research

Each extant biological species, no matter how rare, is a potential
resource of untold value. If there are only a few individuals of a
species in existence and mankind discovers an important use for that
species it may be possible to generate it in an almost infinite abundance.
The number of instances in which such unique attributes instantly
appreciated in the scale of perceived human values from "useless" to
11priceless" is legion. A few examples follow.

-The armadillo is used in leprosy research as it has a high tolerance
to that disease.

-Blood of the horseshoe crab is used in the diagnosis of spinal
meningitis in children.

-A substance which holds barnacles on rocks is being studied as a
dental adhesive.

-The electric organs of the electric eel are used in the treatment of
muscle disease.

-The nearly extinct desert pupfish may prove beneficial to human kidney
disease research because of its tolerance to extremes in temperature and
salinity.

Prescriptions obtained from the higher plants alone are estimated
to have a market value of one billion dollars. The use of foxglove
(Digitalis as a source of medicine for heart disease is but one example.
In 1975, the commerce in medicinal plants was estimated to be worth
300 million dollars annually. A 1967 analysis of over 1 billion
prescriptions in the U.S. found that 50% had as their active ingredient
material from a native plant species, yet at the same time it has been
estimated that 95% of over 350,000 plant species worldwide have never
been studied for their medicinal value.

5. Agricultural Benefits

In 1974, the value of the total world wheat crop was valued at
$30 billion. Wheat is a good example for exploration of the value of
genetic diversity within a species. As with other plant species, wheat
can be most efficiently grown as a monoculture. However, monocultures
are also ideal for efficient disease transmission and for exploitation
by pests. We can manipulate the situation in a variety of ways to
minimize our losses to diseases and pests, most importantly by constantly
developing new varieties with resistant properties. However, diseases
and pests have properties which preadapt them to this sort of struggle
and they develop the ability to overcome the innate resistance of the
latest varieties almost as fast as we can develop them. Small grains

like wheat are the chief basis of human subsistence and under present
conditions this situation has been rather frighteningly referred to as
the "race between agricultural research stations and catastrophe".

One of the principal sources for the agricultural scientist has
been the genetic diversity of the whole wheat species complex, including
the wild progenitors. By selection and interbreeding different varieties
it has been possible to continue to generate new recombinations with
needed characteristics. But the e 14
imination of the wild wheat habitats
and the constant narrowing of the genetic base has caused grave questions
about the future. Agricultural scientists have been expressing their
increasingly serious concern not just about wheat but about the loss of
genetic diversity in nearly every major crop species,

As recently as 1970, one fifth of the U.S. corn crop was eliminated
by a corn blight. Only a change in the genetic makeup of the hybrid
corn by breeding with wild progenitors allowed a new stronger hybrid to
develop. There are numerous other examples of the agricultural benefits
of wild species.

-The National Academy of Sciences in a study of new food sources has
discovered a native Texas wild rice which is becoming rare.

-A Southwestern weed, the buffalo gourd, has high potential because
of its oil and protein content.

-A weedy but disease resistant sugar cane has recently been identified
and bred into the commercial stock to prevent disease.

-Wild plants have been the basis for the entire horticultural field.

As the dangers of pesticides both in the field and in the manu-
facturing plant are becoming better understood, integrated pest control
strategies are being developed utilizing previously unrecognized
predators or parasites to control agricultural tests for disruptive
exotics. California's fruit and wine stocks have been saved by biologi-
cal controls.

6. Industrial Uses

While the number of industrial uses for natural diversity may not
equal those of the agricultural uses, numerous examples exist.

-In 1910, 50% of'the U.S, natural rubber production came from the
wild guayule, a species of sunflower. As worldwide rubber reservoirs
are depleted and the price of petro chemicals escalates, this plant
could again become commercially important.

-The bean of the jojoba plant produces an oil which can replace the
oil of the sperm whale (a threatened species) for industrial use.

-The giant sea kelp is the basis of a multi-million dollar industry.
Algin, a chemical substance extracted from the kelp, is used as a
thickening, stabilizing and emulsifying agent in numerous products
including ice cream, paints, toothpaste, and pharmaceuticals.

All of these examples have a sort of unreality about them, akin to
finding a $1,000 bill on the street. You can't plan for such things,
but like any occurrence with a certain probability, eventually it will
happen to someone.

The way to guarantee good luck is to plan ahead. By setting aside
selected areas of the natural landscape representing the full range of
communities with their component species we can create a resource bank
of incalculable value which is sure to yield critical irreplaceable and
therefore priceless resources to meet unanticipated future needs.

7. The Final Rationale

All the aforementioned reasons have shown that it is important for
man's survival to preserve the plant and animal life whi-ch sustains him.
Beyond these anthropocentric arguments for preserving natural diversity,
species should be preserved simply because they exist. Existence is
ultimately the only criterion for value. We feel twinges of quilt
about the extinction of large creatures. Why should we feel differently
for small ones?

There is going to be much open space in most parts of the U.S. for
a foreseeable period into the future, What matters for our purposes
is its distribution. It is not necessary to swim upstream against all
the momentum of development in order to preserve natural diversity, but
only to breast the tide in places and make it wash around instead of over
the spots containing the natural systems requiring protection. Among a
large number of growth pattern alternatives, there is probably no net
cost difference to society as a whole. A modest expenditure on planning
and some muscle exerted in seeing that the plan isn't totally ignored
could work wonders.

Though most of this discussion has dealt with the value of biological
diversity, this cannot in practice be separated from the diversity of
geological, hydrological, edaphic, climatic, and other environmental
values. All of these play roles in the function of the total ecosystem
as well as possessing individual attributes and significance.

B. The Role of Natural Areas-A State Perspective I

As Oregon's natural resource agencies are confronted with mounting
pressures on a diminished resource base, wise resource management calls
for precise scientific knowledge. Natural area preserves are critical
to the development of this knowledge. Because of the positive, long-term
commitment of these small, carefully selected tracts to scientific
research and educational purposes, natural areas serve as irreplaceable
laboratory facilities. Here, knowledge can build on knowledge, aiding
the resource manager in the solution of vexing management problems.

Natural area preserves, for example, can contribute to wetlands
management. State and federal agencies must precisely define wetlands
contiguous to navigable waters in order to administer permit procedures
under federal and state legislation. One candidate natural area preserve
in Tillamook County, West Island, was the site of a detailed study of
salt marsh vegetation in which marsh communities were defined, described,
mapped, biological productivity determined, and the pattern of marsh
vegetation related to tidal levels (Eilers, 1974). The research suggested
the utility of using vegetation as a measure of mean high water and as
an indicator for various land use decisions.

We can also expect serendipitous discoveries such as the alder-
nitrogen-microbe-Phellinus (a root rot) connection. This discovery
grew from a series of unrelated, intensive research studies which were
being conducted on natural area tracts at Cascade Head, Lincoln and
Tillamook Counties. Independent research was being carried out on the
role of alder as a nitrogen fixer, on soil chemistry, on litter decom-
position, and on successional development of forest stands. During the
ensuing discussions and comparisons, it was discovered that in a variety
of ways red alder creates a condition unfavorable for the survival of a
root rot (Phellinus wierii), which can be a serious disease of crop trees.
Alder produces more acid soils and promotes other fungi antagonistic to
Phellinus. Natural area research has in this way shed new light on the
role of alder in forest management.

Natural areas can be regarded as research facilities, complementing
the roles of university and research institution laboratories. The 35
established research natural areas on National Forest lands in Oregon
and Washington average more than one active study per tract, with some
areas having many projects. While some studies may appear esoteric,
many have great potential importance in resource management. One such
example is a current University of Oregon study using all forested nat-
ural areas. This study focuses on the effects of widespread conifer
needle fungi on tree productivity. Another set of forestry-related

10regon State Natural Area Preserves Advisory Committee (1977).

studies has developed definitive data on the seeding habits of ponderosa
pine and lodgepole pine at Pringle Falls RNA south of Bend; similar work
on upper slope tree species has been conducted at Wildcat Mountain,
Steamboat Mountain, and Goat Marsh Research Areas in the Cascades.
Pathological studies are underway at the Port Orford Cedar RNA on the
Coquille River in an attempt to understand the effect of another root
rot, Phytophthora lateralis, on Port Orford cedar.

In addition to these research roles, natural areas serve as vital
controls for manipulative experiments and management practices. In
nutrient budget studies using small watersheds as the experimental
units, there is a need for at least one control watershed where outputs
of nutrients, sediments, and rates of forest growth can be measured and
compared with those of other watersheds where various patterns of veg-
etation manipulation have taken place. Flynn Creek Research Natural
Area has been used as just such a control. Recent problems have occurred
in identifying the origins of pathogens threatening nursery production,
plantations, and second growth coniferous stands. Protected natural
areas functioning as base line tracts will help determine whether these
pathogens are indigenous and previously unnoticed, or are newly intro-
duced.

In these and many other ways natural areas provide solutions to
resource management problems which are becoming more complex as our
resource base is more intensively utilized.

III. NATURAL AREA 1 PROGRAMS IN OREGON

A. Federal

A variety of federal programs for natural area protection are
available, and are being utilized within the State of Oregon. Examples
include:

(1) At the base of the entire natural area inventory and
protection process is a classification of the elements
of the state's natural heritage. A preliminary class-
ification has been developed for Oregon and Washington
under the general coordination of the Pacific Northwest
Research NaturaZ Area Conmittee, an interagency committee
coordinated by the U.S. Forest Service.

Natural area - unit of land and water which has substantially
retained its natural character and which represents elements of Oregon's
natural heritage.

The Committee conducts intensive natural area studies
and recommends the designation of Research Natural
Areas on federal lands. Several federal agencies
are actively involved in the program, including the
Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the
National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. In Oregon, thirty-six Research Natural
Areas have been established to date, none of which
involve Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes although
some areas are proposed within the Dunes National
Recreation Area. The inventory files maintained by
the Committee contain information only on established
and proposed preserves.

In the winter of 1973, a conference was convened
involving federal, state natural resource agencies,
,representatives of the academic community, and The
Nature Conservancy. The "Wemme Workshop" resulted
in the publication of Research Natural Area Needs of
the Pacific Northwest, commonly called the "yellow
book". Although this classification is in need of
revision and expansion, it has provided an excellent
framework for the state, federal, and private natural
area programs in Oregon and Washington.
(2) The NationaZ NaturaZ Landmarks Program, until recently,
was conducted by the National Park Service. It is
now administratively a part of the Heritage Conservation
and Recreation Service (includes the former Bureau of
Outdoor Recreation). The Program contracts with recog-
nized experts to identify and propose sites of national
significance according to specified themes. Public or
private land areas are selected for designation as
National Natural Landmarks; this, however, provides no
formal protection.

Additionally, several federal land managing agencies have special
programs to protect natural lands. For example, the U.S. Forest Service
has a SpeciaZ Interest Area Program and the Bureau of Land Management has
an Outstanding NaturaZ Area Program.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's Endangered Species Program , pursuant
to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, involves the formal listing of
species, the assessment of their status, and the development and
implementation of plans for species recovery.

B. State

Within the State of Oregon, the legislature has provided a variety
of opportunities for natural area protection, including the following:

The State NaturaZ Area Preserves Advisory Committee (NAPAC)
was established by state legislation (ORS 273.562-273.597).
It recommends to the State Land Board the dedication of
State Natural Area Preserves. Such preserves can be
dedicated on lands owned by any of the major state land
managing agencies. The committee also recommends to the
State Land Board candidates for the Oregon Registry of
Natural Areas. The Committee has conducted (under
contracts with the Environmental Remote Sensing Ap-
plications Laboratory, the Geography Department of
Oregon State University, and The Nature Conservancy and
through Committee efforts) a preliminary inventory of
all state lands to determine potential preserve candi-
dates. To date two State Natural Area Preserves have
been established--Winchuck Slope, Curry County and Steins
Mountain, Harney County.

Additionally, several state agencies have special programs to
protect natural areas. For example, the Oregon Parks and Recreation
Branch oversees the Primary Resource Protection Program and the
Research NaturaZ Preserve Program. The Oregon Department of Fish and
Wildlife is involved in the federal Endangered Species Program, and
prepares a list of state endangered and threatened species.

C. Private

A number of natural area protection and species inventory programs
are conducted by private organizations within the State of Oregon. These
organizations include:

(1) The Oregon Rare and Endangered PZant Study Center, located
in Lake Oswego, is a mainly volunteer effort under the
leadership of Mrs. Jean Siddall. Its purpose is to (1)
compile information on the location and status of the
species on the Oregon Provisional list of over 600 rare,
threatened, or endangered plant species, (2) write status
reports for species being proposed for threatened or endangered
status nationally, and (3) assist in draftinq endangered species
legislation in Oregon. Information on nearly 10,000 plant local-
ities is stored in the Center's manual file system. The Center
is now (1978-79) under contract with several federal agencies
to produce the status reports mentioned above.

(2) The Oregon Naturat Heritage Program is one of about

fourteen state heritage programs initiated to date by
The Nature Conservancy. Under contract with the State
of Oregon, the Program is working to identify, classify,
and inventory ecologically significant natural areas in
all classes of land ownership. Its goal is to help,
establish a limited system of natural preserves which
will protect typical examples of all of Oregon's. elements
of natural diversity. Similar to heritage programs in
other states, the'Oregon Natural Heritage Program is
scheduled to'be integrated into state government,
becoming part of the Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Branch, pending passage of state
legislation in 1979. (See Appendix A.)

(3) The Nature Conservancy Oregon Land Protection Office
has been established to implement the Natural Heri,tage
inventory through private land conservation. Preservation
techniques include land acquisition, fundraising '
conservation easements, preacquisition for government
agencies and several innovative land protection measures.

IV. METHODS USED IN THIS REPORT

A. Lists of Elements and Inventory of Element Occurrences

In identifying critical biological habitats in the coastal beaches
and dunes, a search was made through the Heritage Program's classification
of elements which are found in, or characteristic of, Oregon's coastal
beaches and dunes. Because of the natural intergradation of these areas
with other coastal landforms, the list of elements was initially rather
large and all-inclusive. Contact was made with other biologists and
persons knowledgeable of the Oregon coast, and gradually this list was
narrowed down to those elements considered to be most important and
most in need of some form of protection (the elements of special concern).
Meanwhile, a search for known occurrences of the elements was initiated
by drawing upon the Heritage Program's data base, followed by additional
consultation with biologists currently engaged in various research
projects on the coast. The Oregon Rare and Endangered Plant Study
Center was contacted frequently to obtain all data pertinent to rare,
threatened or endangered plants of Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes.

The Heritage Program's data base included many of the sites identi-
fied in this report, but most of these needed to be re-evaluated. It
was strongly suspected that there would be additional areas which had
not yet been identified by the Heritage Program and about which county
planners were not yet aware. For this reason, additional fieldwork and
photointerpretation was considered to be essential.

B. Photointerpretation, Fieldwork, and Selection of Sites

With knowledge of many coastal sites already in mind, additional
study of the coast was made through examination of color and black and
white aerial photos. The Environmental Remote Sensing Applications
Laboratory in Corvallis provided 9" by 9" color transparencies (NASA
Missions 366, Rolls 12 and 13, 1977), and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers provided 9" by 9" black and white aerials (Roll 691, December,
1977). The color transparencies, mostly at the scale of 1:12,000, were
very useful in locating plant communities, delineating boundaries, and
assessing current use and development of coastal areas.

A fieldwork schedule was established to re-examine all known sites
and to search for additional areas suspected of having biological value.
Some populations of rare plants were rechecked to determine present
status, although this was not always possible due to flowering seasons,
etc. During examination of a site being considered for identification
as an important biological resource, an attempt was made to evaluate
the importance of the site relative to other coastal sites which contain
similar elements. Factors considered included: adjacent development,
probability of future development, and feasibility of protection. Through-
out the entire site evaluation process, one objective was paramount: to
identify areas of important or unique species or habitats which would
assist in ensuring the continuance of coastal beach and dune natural
diversity.

V. HOW TO USE THIS REPORT: A NOTE TO DECISION-MAKERS AND PLANNERS

Nineteen areas containing twenty-one sites are described in this
report in order to demonstrate the kinds of factors that should be
considered in evaluating the critical biological habitat values of a
site. The primary considerations are the quality and quantity of each
element that occurs on the site and how those occurrences compare to
others in the state. The sites identified were selected either (1)
because they contain one or more elements of special concern, or (2)
because they contain good representative examples of typical coastal
Oregon ecosystems.

The purpose here is to provide the decision-maker and planner with
the tools necessary to perform a preliminary evaluation of sites under
their consideration and to establish a two-way communication network
between jurisdictions and inventory efforts, such as the State Heritage
Program, which are assessing natural areas on a statewide or larger
basis. Many of the sites discussed occur on land already in public
ownership. The jurisdiction's role then would be to work cooperatively
with appropriate agency officials in helping to ensure the natural values
at a particular site as consistent with the Beaches and Dunes Goal and
local input.

Descriptions of the elements of special concern are presented to
assist in the identification of those beach and dune elements (species,
community types, etc.) which, because of their increasing scarcity and/or
habitat destruction, are of high priority for protection. Before being
approved for development, or before any site investigation report is
completed, the site of a proposed development should be examined for the
occurrence of these elements. Ideally, the site should be investigated
by a biologist or someone trained in natural area assessment. Short of
that, the jurisdication can at least be alerted to the most important
biological elements (plovers, a few rare plants, plant community types,
etc.). If it is suspected that some of the important elements occur at
the site and would be detrimentally affected by the proposed development,
further information and counsel from the Heritage Program should be
sought.

VI. IDENTIFIED ELEMENTS OF SPECIAL CONCERN

A. Process of Identification

Determining which species are the most rare, threatened or endangered
is a relatively straightforward, though not necessarily easy, process
since one is dealing with a single entity, the taxon in question (species,
subspecies, variety, etc.). There are numerous problems concerning
correct identification of specimens, accuracy of museum records and
herbarium labels, and difficult taxonomic questions, but essentially the
process is one of determining how many element occurrences are known
for a taxon and how many of those occurrences have good, viable popula-
tions free of imminent threats. Depending on several factors, including
abundance, distribution, and habitat frailty, biologists judge whether
a taxon should be "listed" in some way. Actual legal protection of the
species or subspecies after it has been listed depends on federal laws,
such as that provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, or state
laws, if such exist. As of December, 1978, there were no Oregon plant
species listed in the Federal Register (1975, 1976) as being proposed
for threatened or endangered status. However, one or more of these may
attain such status in the coming months. In practice, most state and
federal agencies pay close attention to listings and treat the species
in question as though they had the official status proposed for them.

It cannot be overemphasized that the listing process for plant and
animal species is a dynamic one. New data is produced each week or
month, and inevitably the status of some listed species will change. The
Oregon Provisional List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants
(January and March, 1977) has recently had several deletions and additions.
It is hoped that, as some species are more closely watched and searched
for, new populations will be found and additional species will be dropped
from the lists. Currently, however, coastal development is destroying
natural areas at an ever-accelerating rate. For this reason alone,

species now only uncommon are expected to become ra re., and it is likely
that eventually several coastal beach and dune species will be listed
as threatened or endangered nationally.

In this report, the following lists have been useful in determining
which coastal elements are of greatest concern, and consequently designated
as elements of special concern:

(1) "Provisional List of the Rare, Threatened, and Endangered
Plants in Oregon," January and March, 1977, by the Oregon
Rare and Endangered Plant Species Task Force (this inventory
now incorporated as the Oregon Rare and Endangered Plant
Study Center.)

(2) "Report on Endangered and Threatened Plant Species of the
U.S." by the Smithsonian Institution, January 9, 1975,
printed as House Document #94-51 of the 94th Congressl
First Session. This list was subsequently published in,
and usually is cited from the Federal Register, Volume 40,
No. 127, Part V, July 1, 1975. (Smithsonian list.)

(3) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service List of Endangered and
Threatened Species (plants). Federal Register Vol. 41,
No. 117, June 16, 1976.

(4) "A Working List of Rare, Endangered or Threatened Vascular
Plant Taxa for Washington," August, 1977, Dr. Melinda
Denton et. al.

(5) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service List of Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife and Plants, Federal Register, Vol. 42,
No. 135, July 14, 1977. (animals)

(6) "Rare and Endangered Vertebrate Animal Cells, " in Research
Natural Area Needs in the Pacific Northwest, C.T. Dyrness
et. al., 1975.

(7) "Oregon's Threatened or Endangered Wildlife," by the Oregon
Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1975.

Using this information, plant and animal species identified as high
priority for protection are presented in Table 1.

Table T. Elements of special concern of Oregon's coastal beaches and
dunes--species of high priority for protection

Species (Scientific Name) Common Name

PLANTS

Abronia umbellata pink sand-verbena
Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. palustris saltmarsh bird's beak
Habenaria greenei rein orchid
Hydrocotyle verticillata marsh pennywort
Lasthenia minor ssp. maritima hairy lasthenia
Phacelia argentea silvery phacelia
Romanzoffia tracyi mist maidens
Sisyrinchium californicum yellow-eyed "grass"

ANIMALS
Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus western snowy plover
Arborimus (Phenacomys) albipes white-footed vole
Speyeria zerene ssp. hippolyta coastal silverspot butterfly
CallophryS D01i0S hairstreak butte rfly
Callophrys eryphon pine elfin butterfly

When determining the status of a plant or animal species, a perspective
larger than county or state is necessary. A plant species may be quite
rare in Oregon, but rather common and widespread in California. In such
instances, its population(s) in Oregon is termed peripheral. It is
important to protect the species in this state, but obviously protection
in Oregon is not likely to be as critical to the long-term perpetuation
of that species as would protection in California. What effort then, if
any, should Oregon make to protect that species? A similar question can
be asked by a local jurisdiction. If for example, a coastal plant species
is found at one locality in Tillamook County but is also found at several
locations southward along the coast, why should Tillamook County limit
development in its area to help protect a rare, plant species, if the
species can be adequately protected elsewhere on the coast? This is the
type of situation in which information from existing inventory efforts,

given their statewide or larger perspective, is essential, What must
be avoided is the situation in which everyone waits for some other
jurisdiction(s) to make the effort to'protect the species while
inexorably all the remaining populations are destroyed by increasing
development.

With this introduction, the thirteen plant and animal species
noted in Table 1 have been identified as elements of special concern
within the context of Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes. The following
pages present a discussion of the location of these species, their
status, and illustrations to assist in on-site identification.

B. Plant Species

The following pages contain a discussion, accompanied by illus-
trations, describing eight plant species identified as having a high
priority for protection. Attention is also given to ten additional plant
species requiring careful monitoring.

1. Hairy Lasthenia

Lasthenia minor (DC.) Ornduff Sunflower family
ssp. maritima (Gray) Ornduff (Compositae)

Baeira minor ssp maritima (A. Gray) Ferris

Hairy Lasthenia is a small wildflower of coastal bluffs and salt-
spray areas. It is to be looked for along any of Oregon's beaches,
especially where there are rock outcrops which receive moisture from the
surf zone. Four localities in Oregon have been recorded, although the
populations are not large at any of these places. Locations are:
Yaquina Head, Seal Rock, Otter Crest, and "1/4 mile south of Yachats".
The best population known is probably on the Farallon Islands west of
San Francisco.

The flower' heads are light yellow, the rayflowers not very conspic-
uous. Leaves are narrow, opposite, and somewhat succulent and are often
slightly lobed or toothed. The species flowers between July and September.
Lasthenia, a courtier and reputedly a student of Plato, lends his name
to this genus. This species is proposed for threatened status in the
Smithsonian List (1975) and has been recommended for endangered status.

3.2 3.2

Nn
P6 14

Figure 1. Hairy Lasthenia illustrating the light yellow flower
heads and narrow opposite leaves. The flower heads and fruit are
AA
@,11%
711

shown at the right, (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969).

19
is
2. Mist Maidens, or Romanzoffia

Romanzoffia tracyi Jeps. Waterleaf family
(Hydrophyllaceae)

This species is a delightful little wet-cliff dweller, found in
several localities along the Oregon Coast, always within the salt-spray
zone. It is a perennial herb with brown-wooly tubers at the base and
usually tightly wedged between the rocks where it grows. It never
grows very tall, forming instead rather low,'rounded tufts. The leaves
are somewhat fleshy-succulent, round in outline, but with shallow
indentations; they appear glossy and form clusters around the several
flowering stems.

The flowers are small, delicate, white, five-petaled, and funnelform
in shape. Flowering season is early, from March to May, slightly later
further south along the Oregon Coast. Known localities include Yaquina
Head, Seal Rock, the trail to Devil's Punchbowl at Cape Perpetua, and
the state park area immediately north of the mouth of the Roque River.

The genus was named for Count Nikolai von Romanzoff, a promoter of
Kotzebue's voyage to California. This species is on the Oregon Provisional
List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plant Species,

Figure 2. Mist Maiden has brown-wooly tubers at the base and
delicate, white, funnelform-shaped flowers (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969).

3 Pink Abronia
Pink Sand-Verbena

Abronia umbellata Lam. Four-o-clock family
Abronia acutalata Standl. (Nyctaginaceae)

This is a sand-dune species par excellence. *It is a perennial with
spreading prostrate stems and stout taproots. The leaves are opposite,
noticeably glandular-sticky and picking up sand grains; leaf blades are
thin although somewhat fleshy 'or delicately succulent' The pink to
purple flowers are in dense, showy flower-heads, but the individua,l
flowers are rather small. The fruit is prominently and broadly winged.

This species can be expected anywhere on the Oregon coast where
there are dunes; it is known from only a half-dozen locations however,
and nowhere is it abundant. *It flowers May to September. Beachcombers
and dune enthusiasts are more likely to encounter its close relative,
Abronia latifolia, which is very similar in appearance, except that the
flowers are yellow. Pink sand-verbena is on the Oregon Provisional
List of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants. It is most likely to be
found at sites within the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area.

Figure 3 Pink Abronia (or Sand Verbena) illustrating the opposite
leaves and dense, pink to purple flower-heads. The broadly winged fruit
is shown at the lower right (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969).

4. Rein Orchid

Habenaria greenei Jeps. Orchid Family
Platanthera unalascensis ssp. maritima (Orchidaceae)

This beautiful orchid is frequently associated with another, more
common species of orchid known as ladies tresses or twisted orchid,
Spiranthes romanzoffiana; both occur in the deflation plains, but the
rein orchid is also found on coastal bluffs, wet meadows, and small
seepages. Rein orchid leaves are mainly basal; densely-flowered spikes
are found at the end of a stout stem on which can be seen very small
leaves. Flowers are white to greenish, with a small "spur" hanging
downward. The entire plant can be up to 30 cm. tall, though most
specimens are considerably shorter. Flowering is from July to September.
Both of these orchids should be carefully watched for when walking in
the deflation plains; they are not conspicuous, and are easily trampled.
There are less than a half-dozen verified records for this species in
Oregon; other records may be questioned since there are other species of
Habenaria with which H. greenei may be confused if the observer is not
cautious.

Figure 4. The Rein Orchid has
densely flowered spikes at the end of
a stout stem. The insets illustrate
the individual white to greenish flowers
with the downward spike (from Hitchcock,
1955-1969).

5. Saltmarsh Bird's Beak

Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt. ssp. palustris Figwort family
(Scrophulariaceae)

This species of Cordylanthus is an inconspicuous, branched, annual
herb of salt marshes and estuaries. In habit and general appearance it
somewhat resembles species of paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) though it is
usually smaller and more lax. Leaves are slender, alternate; the flowers
are located in the leaf axils, they are purplish in color and not
conspicuous. Flowering occurs from May through September.

Saltmarsh bird's beak is known to occur in three locations: Netarts
Spit, South Slough of Coos Bay, and the North Spit at Coos Bay. Only at
the North Spit is the population substantial in size and apparently
stable. There are several records in the San Francisco Bay area and
near Humboldt Bay in northern California, but many of these have been
destroyed in recent years; protection of one or more populations in
Oregon is becoming increasingly important.

Figure 5. The Saltmarsh Bird's Beak is characterized by slender,
alternate leaves and inconspicuous purplish flowers located.at the
leaf axils (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969).

23
16
6. Silvery Phacelia
Sand-dune Phacelia

Phacelia argentea Nels. & Macbr. Waterleaf family
(Hydrophyllaceae)

Silvery phacelia is a perennial, sand-loving plant--potentially a
good sand stabilizer after one or two colonizing species such as sea
rocket (Cakile spp.) or beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) have begun the
process of dune stabilization. Its leaves are densely smooth-hairy,
soft to the touch, and silvery in appearance; there is often a pair of
smaller lobes near the base of the leaf. Flowers are borne in dense,
curving (scorpioid) clusters, are cream-colored or white, and rather
small.

This species is known from several localities on the southern Oregon
coast, mainly south of Bandon in Coos County. It is restricted to sandy
areas near the beach, and is seen growing with coast strawberry (Fragaria
chiloensis), seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis), ambrosia (Ambrosia
chamissonis), and other species characteristic of the dunes. Its range
is somewhat limited, from central Oregon along the coast south into
northern California. Nowhere does it appear in great abundance. It
flowers in June through August.
dft Since silvery phacelia appears to be a satisfactory sand-binder
MW once several of the plants are established, one method of protecting
this species over the long-term would be to transplant specimens to
other areas which need sand stabilization. Such transplanting for
protection purposes should be attempted with several of the dune species
which occur in Oregon and California.

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Figure 6. Silvery Phacelia (or Sand-dune Phacelia) illustrating
the smooth-hairy leaves and dense clusters of cream-colored or white
flowers. The Silvery Phacelia fruit is shown at the upper left. (from
Hitchcock, 1955-1969; photograph courtesy of Bill Burley).

7. Whorled Marsh Pennywort
Water Pennywort

Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Carrot or parsley family
(Umbelliferae or Apiaceae)

Water pennywort is a low, inconspicuous perennial plant found at
the edges of ponds, streams, marshes, dune lakes, etc. It has slender
creeping stems which at intervals (nodes) send down roots into the mud.
Leaf petioles and flower peduncles come off the stem at these same nodes.
Leaves are generally round in outline, with shallow notches at the edges.
The leaf petiole (stalk) is attached to the center of the leaf (peltate).

Flowers are tiny, in small spikes at the end of the peduncle; the
flowering season is through spring and summer, generally April September.

This is a rather unusual looking plant, but because it is inconspic-
uous and grows in moist environments, it is very easily overlooked. There
are several other species in the genus Hydrocotyle, most of them water-
loving, but they can usually be distinguished from H. verticillata by
leaf shape, leaf attachment, inflorescence structure, and other minute
details of morphology.

Oregon records are few and not well-documented. Peck recorded the
species at the margin of Garrison Lake near Port Orford in 1918, but
that lake is now being heavily developed (Peck, 1919). There is another
record from Tugman St. Park (Eel Lake), but this locality has not been
reverified for several years. The species should be looked for in any
of the permanently wet areas in the beaches and dunes, including or
especially those areas which are within state parks.

Figure 7. Whorled Marsh Pennywort illustratinn roots at the nodes;
stems emerging from the center of the circular leaves. Fruit and seed
illustrated to the right (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969).

8. Yellow-Eyed "Grass"

Sisyrinchium californicum (Ker-Gawl.) Dryand Iris family
(Iridaceae)

This species is not a true grass, but without its yellow flowers,
can be mistaken for a type of grass. Leaves however, are definitely
iris-like on closer inspection; they are flattened and narrow. The stems
also are flattened or wing-margined, several stems arising from a common
base. Flowers are six-petaled, rather delicate, and appear from June to
July. The species is perennial and usually found in wet areas, especially
seepages near rock cliffs, but also in the deflation plains behind the
foredunes. It is never abundant, but fortunately several new localities
have been found in the past two years. Its status should be monitored
closely since its habitat includes deflat-ion plains which are under
increasing pressure for development.

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Figure 8. Yellow-eyed "Grass" is not a true grass but rather an iris.
This plant has several stems arising from a common base and delicate, yellow
flowers (from Hitchcock, 1955-1969; photograph courtesy of Bill Burley).

9. Species Requiring Careful Monitoring

In addition to the preceding eight plant species, Table 2 lists
additional plant species which are found in, or often immediately
adjacent to, coastal beaches and dunes. The plants considered to be
"species of concern" and will need to be carefully watched and searched
for by botanists to prevent their extirpation. Some, like the pitcher
plant, Darlingtonia californica, are not immediately threatened and are
found in numerous locations along the coast in and adjacent to the
dunes. But pitcher plant habitat, coastal bogs, is becoming more and
more scarce because of land filling, and measures should be taken soon
to protect several areas in addition to the State Darlingtonia Wayside
north of Florence.

Table 2. Elements of special concern of Oregon's coastal beaches and
dunes --- plant species needing careful monitoring

Species (Scientific Name) Common Name Location

Anemone oregana var. felix Oregon anemone var. felix
Darlingtonia californica California pitcher plant Bogs or wet
areas
Vaccinium oxycoccus var. cranberry
intermedium

Allium cernuum nodding onion
Clarkia amoena var. pacifica fare-well-to spring Plants of coastal
Empetrum nigrum crowberry bluffs, cliffs,
and hillsides
Dudleya farinosa s6a-cliff stonecrop
Cirsium acanthodontum acanthus-toothed thistle

Spiranthes romanzoffiana spiranthes
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow Deflation plains

.27

C . Animal Species

The following pages contain a discussion describing five animal
species identified as having a high priority for protection.

1. Western Snowy Plover

Charadrius alexandrinus ssp nivosus Charadriidae: plovers,
turnstones, surf-birds

The snowy plover is the most important animal species of concern in
the beaches and dunes of the Oregon coast. It is a quiet, inconspicuous
little sandpiper-like bird, known from approximately 20 localities along
the coast, and from additional locations in Washington and California.
The species is currently under rather intensive study by biologists in
Washington, Oregon, and California. Most of the data for this report
were obtained from Ms. Ruth Wilson and Ms. RoseAnn Deering, who have
completed the first year of a two-year study on the breeding biology
of the Oregon plovers. The data from the 1978 field-season and from the
earlier 1972 study are available in Wilson (1978) and Hoffman (1972) and
are briefly summarized here. -

Based on two plover population censuses (1972 and 1978) and on
additional field observations in the intervening years, it appears that
the plover population on the Oregon coast is declining sharply. Ms.
Wilson sighted approximately 130 birds on the entire coast in the 1978
field season. More alarming however, is the poor nesting success seen
at the four primary nesting areas. Out of forty-eight nests, only six
were successful in that one or more fledglings were seen. Predation by
crows, dogs, cats, and other predators, in addition to harassment of
the birds or destruction of nests by people walking on the beach or by
ORV's, probably contributed to this low nesting success. Fledgling
success is inevitably even lower than nesting success, and unless this
situation improves in the near future, the coastal population will
continue its rapid decline. It is uncertain how much migration into
or out of the coastal area occurs, though there is evidence that some of
the birds do migrate southward as far as San Francisco. The species
does not migrate in the usual sense however, and Oregon's plovers are
considered to be year-round residents.

The plovers can be seen usually at the seaward base of the foredunes,
frequently near driftwood, but rarely in the foredune itself or inland
from it. The amateur will most likely confuse them with sanderlings,
however, plovers are generally smaller, their beaks are shorter, and
they do not exhibit the frenetic foraging activity seen in the sander-
lings. The latter also are more commonly seen at water's edge. Several
other details of coloration and pattern can be used to distinguish
between the two species, but these are complicated by seasonal changes
in plumage. Sanderlings often congregate in groups of a dozen or more
whereas it is unusual to see more than a half-dozen plovers together at

one location.
Nesting occurs approximately April through June and it is at this
time of the year that the species is most susceptible to human distur-
bance or predation. The nests are not very elaborate--usually simply
a small depression in the sand not far from the high water mark. Clutch
size is normally three. Both sexes incubate the eggs, and the young
leave the nest within a few hours of hatching.

Ornithologists and wildlife biologists have been concerned about
the snowy plover for several-years, and in 1975, the Oregon Department
of Fish and Wildlife classified the species as threatened. It is
currently under review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to
determine whether it should be listed as threatened or endangered
nationally. The data from the OSU study and from other studies
currently underway will be used to help determine the national status.

Figure 9. The western snowy plover (Charadrius
alexandrinus ssp. nivosus). A rare species found in
the open d areas at the base (ocean side) of the
foredune, it is known to nest successfully at fewer
than a half-dozen localities along the Oregon coast.
Recent trends in population levels suggest that the
plover is declining significantly (photograph courtesy
of Jeffrey Pampush).

2. White-footed Vole

Aborimus (Phenacomys) albipes Cricetidae (Microtinae)
mice, rats, voles

The white-footed vole is a secretive, seldom-seen rodent of wooded
areas in the coast range and immediate coastal area in Oregon; its range
extends into northwestern California. It is considered to be one of the
rarest microtine rodents in North America, although some biologists feel
that it may be slightly more common than the few museum records indicate.
Maser (1966) studied the life history and ecology of the white-footed
vole and two related species, but relatively little is known of the
basic biology of this animal.
The longer tail (greater than half the body length) and larger size
distinguish the white-footed vole from it's more common relative, the
heather vole. Its upper body parts are brown with dark hairs, and the
underparts arebuff-colored.

In the coastal beaches and dunes, this rodent may be expected to
occur in isolated "islands" of Sitka spruce and/or lodgepole pine;
there are museum records from all seven coastal counties, but there have
been very few sightings or specimens trapped in recent years. Olterman
and Verts (1972) list most of the museum records for this species,
including most of the coastal localities. The Oregon Department of Fish
and Wildlife has listed its status as rare.

Protection of the white-footed vole would require that some forested
areas be set aside to remain free of disturbance, however, the species
has occasionally been trapped in areas that have been cut and burned,
indicating some compatibility with usual forest practices. Transplanting
animals to new locations may be attempted in the future, although it is
difficult to capture enough individuals to seriously consider this form
of protection.

3. Other Vertebrate Species

Several other vertebrate species are noteworthy and of concern in
coastal Oregon, but because they are found as frequently adjacent to
estuaries and inland as they are in the beaches and,dunes, they cannot
be considered to be elements of special concern for the coastal beach
and dune area in particular. Included in this group would be the osprey,
bald eagle, common egret, and great blue heron. This should not be
interpreted as meaning, however, that these species can therefore be
ignored in the beaches and dunes. It means simply that they are not
narrowly endemic to, or primarily resident of, the beaches and dunes,
and that there are good opportunities elsewhere to ensure their
protection. Where they do occur along the coast, however, an attempt
should be made to minimize the impact of development. This is especially

important in areas where two or more of these species occur, such as on
the North Spit of Coos Bay.

4. Butterflies and Other Invertebrates

Several species and subspecies of butterflies are elements of
special concern on the Oregon coast. The most noteworthy is the coastal
silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene ssp. hippolyta) which has been
recorded from eight localities along the coast, but which apparently now
is represented by a good population only in Lane County between Big
Creek and Rock Creek. It occurs only in isolated salt-spray meadows
along the coast of northern Oregon and extreme southwestern Washington.
Real estate development is rapidly reducing this specialized ' habitat,
and the Lane County site may offer the last opportunity to save habitat
critical to the species' survival.

Dr. David McCorkle of Oregon College of Education in Monmouth has
studied this specie in detail. He has circulated to biologists materials
on the butterfly's life history and distribution, and he strongly recom-
mends that the species be protected at one or more of the coastal sites.
The national status of the coastal silverspot is now under review by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (pending proposed rulemaking, threatened
status; see Endangered Species Technical Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 8,
page 7, August, 1978).

The larvae of the silverspot feed on a species of violet, Viola
adunca, which occurs in these coastal meadows. presumably the meadows
were formerly more widespread, and it is unclear whether native shrubs
such as salal have invaded these meadows. It is possible that this
.subspecies depends on the meadow stage of the natural coastal succession
from recently-burned or pioneered areas to the coastal shrubland or
forest community, and that formerly the species was able to migrate
freely from one meadow to the next as vegetation succession occurred.
Now, because of coastal development and fire suppression, such coastal
salt-spray meadows are fewer in number and further apart, resulting in
a serious decline in the size and number of butterfly populations.

Another subspecies of the silverspot, Speyeria zerene ssp. behrensii,
occurs on the southern Oregon coast and into northern California. It
too is represented by only a few good populations, including one at
Cape Blanco. It is to be expected at several other localities such as
Floras Lake State Park (Blacklock Point).

The hairstreak butterfly, Callophrys polios, is recorded from only
one Oregon locality--the dunes north of Waldport in Lincoln County, an
area now known to coastal residents as the Bayshore real estate development.
Its larvae feed on kinnikinnick, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and adultsmay
be expected to be seen in the Dunes National Recreation Area.

The pine elfin butterfly, Callophrys eryphon, is another uncommon
species whose larvae feed on lodgepole pine, but whose nectar source
for the adults is unknown.

At this time, most of the invertebrate fauna of the beaches and
dunes is poorly known. Consequently, except for those species mentioned
above, biologists do not yet have an accurate perception of which species
are most rare, threatened, or endangered. Most of this information will
not be gathered for at least five to ten years, and so it becomes
increasingly important that some larger coastal areas be protected to
ensure that such species will not become rare or extinct. By establish-
ing a limited system of protected areas, most of the invertebrate species
will be protected "by default", that is unintentionally, in areas which
were protected initially because of one or more other elements known to
be in need of protection.

Figure 10. The silverspot butterfly,
Speyeria zerene. One of the subspecies, S.z.
hippolyta, is very rare and is found at only
a few isolated localities along the Oregon
coast (photograph courtesy of Dr. Robert
Pyle).

D. Plant Communities and Aquatic Habitats

The plant community types and aquatic habitat types of the coastal
beaches and dunes have been studied in considerable detail, beginning
with House (1914) who studied the dunes in the vicinity of Coos Bay.
Franklin and Dyrness (1973) briefly discussed several of the studies
which were completed prior to 1972, but Wiedemann (1966, 1969) and
Kumler (1963, 1969) provide thorough descriptions of the coastal
vegetation and succession of the Oregon dunes. Plant ecologists argue
interminably over which vegetation units, vegetation associations, and
plant community types should be recognized and named. Often it is easy
to forget the important fact that the coastal dunes exhibit a complex
succession of plant community types from the pioneering communities
composed of only one or two species, to the more diverse and complex
communities found in the deflation plains, the dune mosaic, and the
coastal forest. This natural succession has been complicated and dis-
rupted by extensive planting of European beachgrass, Ammophila arenaria,
since the mid-1800's on the West Coast and since the 1900's in Oregon.
The conspicuous foredunes along the Oregon Coast are recent landforms
built-up as a result of this introduced plant. Its introduction has
interrupted natural successional processses and undoubtedly has added
several seral stages to it.

For plant communities and aquatic habitats, the determination of the
rarest or most threatened types is more difficult than for individual
species, since communities are generally not as discreet and well-defined
entities as are species and subspecies. To ensure good representative
examples of all the coastal plant community and aquatic types, it is
necessary to identify and conserve several examples of each of the
distinct landforms found on the coast. Ideally, two or more widely
separated examples of each landform type should be protected from
development or destruction, thus helping to ensure protection of all
community types in addition to many or most of the coastal plant and
animal species. These landforms, examples of which should be protected
are:

(1) Foredunes: examples of all successional stages;
(2) Deflation plains: community composition varies greatly,
again several examples in different areas of the coast;
(3) Dune Mosaic or Dune Complex: examples of the several different
dune types;
(4) Dune lakes, permanent ponds and vernal ponds: characteristic
vegetation varies depending on latitude and permanence of
the water body. To ensure adequate protection of the
various community types, examples of these aquatic
habitats need to be protected in several locations over
the entire length of the coast;
(5) Beach bluff areas: including those backed by coastal forest,
by meadows and by stabilized dunes, expecially in those
few remaining areas where the usual foredune has not
developed.

Additional community types and iquatic habitats needing protection in
or adjacent to the beaches and dunes are:

(1) Coastal bogs: especially those which occur within, or on,
older stabilized dunes. Again, vegetation composition
varies substantially with latitude;
(2) Creek edges: vegetation associated with coastal dune creeks
is quite similar to that found in other aquaticareas
such as marshes and ponds, although some species either
are limited to or prefer flowing water; and
(3) Marshes: both freshwater and brackish, and wet interdune
areas.

VII. SELECTED COASTAL SITES

Based on the identified elements of special concern and representative
habitat types, nineteen areas-(twenty-one sites) have been identified as
examples of high quality occurrences of critical habitats. From the
natural area preservation perspective, the importance of individual sites
and therefore their priority for protection, will vary depending on new
data, the finding of rare elements elsewhere, and the protection status
of other sites. When a rare plant species is protected at one site
for example, the relative importance of protecting it at another site
may change and so continued communication with the Natural Heritage
Program and other inventory efforts is essential.

The sites identified as a result of this study are considered to be
of high quality for either, or both, of two reasons: (1) the site
contains one or more elements of special concern, and/or (2) the site
is especially representative of typical Oregon coastal ecosystems and
is relatively undisturbed, with the single exception of early planting
of European beachgrass. If most or all of these nineteen areas, or
equivalent areas,-were to receive some form of protection, then very
likely,most of the coastal elements and typical ecosystems would be
relatively secure in the sense of short-term protection of critical
elements. One must remember that extinction of species and ecosystems
is the normal course of events in the natural world, but that mankind's
ubiquitous developments are greatly hastening the rate of these extinc-
tions.

In general, the spits at the mouths of rivers and estuaries are
very important biologically. They are dynamic areas of sand erosion
and accretion, and these physical factors greatly influence vegetat 'ion
development and species distribution. It is essential that at least a
few of these spits be left undisturbed to continue to evolve naturally--
in a very real sense, they are the living laboratories from which we
learn the basic ecological processes of the beaches, dunes and estuaries.

The identified sites are distributed more or less evenly throughout
the seven coastal counties. However, responsibility for protection of
coastal elements is not distributed evenly because of land ownership
patterns. For example, most of coastal Douglas County is within the
Dunes National Recreation Area, so it is incumbent upon this federal
administrative unit to carry a large share of the responsibility for
protecting coastal species and ecosystems. Likewise, in Tillamook
County', many of the sites deserving protection are in state or federal
ownership, and so these agencies need to shoulder a proportionally
greater share of the conservation responsibility. Many critical
biological habitats, however, remain in private ownership, and it is in
these areas that county and city governments can play an especially
important role in natural area protection and conservation while
addressing the statewide planning goals and guidelines.

Table 3 lists those sites recommended as deserving careful con-
sideration of their biological value during the planning process. A
brief synopsis of each site and its biological value is presented,
followed by mapping of the sitel.

Maps are at a scale of 1:62,500 from the Oregon Coastal Conservation &
Development Commission. Enclosed areas delineate selected coas '@al sites
containing one or more elements of special concern and/or representative
examples of Oregon's coastal beach and dune ecosystems.

Table 3. Selected coastal sites containing one or more elements of
special concern and/or especially representative of Oregon's
coastal beach and dune ecosystems

County Description of Site

Clatsop Beach south of Iredale Wreck to Country
Club Road (Sunset Beach to Columbia Beach)
Clatsop Slusher Lake in Camp Rilea
Tillamook Bayocean Spit
Tillamook Netarts Spit
Tillamook Sandlake area (three sites)
Tillamook Daley Lake and Marsh
Lincoln South Beach State Park to mouth of Henderson
Creek

Lincoln Seal Rock State Park stack
Lane Big Creek to Rock Creek
Lane Lily Lake to mouth of Sutton Creek
Lane Siltcoos River mouth and spits
Douglas Tahkenitch Spit
Douglas North Spit of the Umpqua River (Threemile
Creek to North Jetty)
Coos Mouth of Tenmile Creek
Coos North Spit of Coos Bay
Coos Bullards Beach to North Jetty of Coquille River
Curry New River to Floras Lake
Curry Euchre Creek to Nesika Beach
Curry Myers Creek to Crook Point (mouth of Pistol
River)

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Map 1. Beach south of Peter Iredale wreck to Astoria Country Club
road,.Clatsop County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE.BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON COAST 37

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Beach south of reter iredale wreck
to Astoria Country Club road. Clatsop
(Sunset Beach to Columbia Leach)

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 8 TZ., --Q,. 10 1,., portions of sections 18, 19, 29, and 32.
T. 7 N., R. 10 1'. , portions of sections 5, 8, 9.

ELEMENTS AT SITE:
1. Snowy plover habitat, Sunset Beach to Columbia Leach; plovers have been
seen along this stretch of the Clatsop Plains for at least the past six
years.

2. Coastal dune mosaic exhibiting full succession of plant community types
from pioneer stage to coastal forest of lodgepole pine/ Sitka spruce,
and including great diversity of deflation plain stages each with its
characteristic vegetation. Area was extensively planted in the early
1900's to stabilize the dunes, but it is gradually returning to native
plant community tl7pes.
3. Important waterfowl and wildlife habitat, expeciallv in and near the
8une lalres such as Slusher Lake (aerial photo 77-2321)
4. Coastal Silverspot butterfly, Spe,7eria zerene ssp. hippolvta; a small
colonv has been found immediately south of Sunset Beach in a salt-sprav
meadow. The species is expected to occur-at other locations within
this area.

PLANNING/M@ CONSIDERATIONS:

Management primarily involves control of ORV activitv. 'lost of the area is
in public ownership, so pressure for residential development is not expected
to be a major problem. The southern boundary of this site was mapped
deliberately at Country Club Road to minimize conflict with future residential
develdpment; although from the perspective of critical biological habitat,
the area south of there, t0l7ard Gearhart, is also of value.

Recommended are: 1) strong control or elimination of all ORV activity,
including closure of the beach to vehicles during the plover nesting season
April through June; 2) restrictions on hunting in the area, especially at
Slusher Lake, which is already getting some hunting pressure; and 3) posting
of information signs along the beach to alert the public to the existence of
snowy plovers, their nesting season, and the importance of protecting the
plant communities of the beaches and dunes (not simply for the purpose of
stabilization, but also for the purpose of preserving and protecting natural
diversity).

Heritage Prog- Anny Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if knawn)

parts of CENPP 77-2319 mixed private, Warrenton 7;@'
CP-6, 51, 60 77-2320 state, federal and
77-2321 Gearhart 741@,:'

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Map 2. Slusher Lake in Camp Rilea (Oregon National Guard), Clatsop
County.

CRITICAL BABrMTS ON THE BEAcHES AND DuNEs
OF THE OREMON COAST 39

SITE OR AMA: cou"M
Slusher Lake in Camp Rilea Clatsop
(Oregon National Guard)

ISGAL DFSCRIPTICN:

T. 7 N., R. 10 W., SW 1-4 of Section 4, and NW 1-4 of Section 9

ELEMERM AT SITt;

This is a permanent lowland lake, approximatelv 20 acres in size, located
in an area of stabilized dunes, at about 20' elevation.

Vegetation has been disturbed in the past and replanted to lodgepole pine
and Sitka spruce. Lake-edge communities include willow, sedges, rushes.
Primary value here is the lake's use bv waterfowl (extensive) and other
water-dependent birds, such as the great blue heron.

PLANNIM/MANAGEMWr CCNSIDERATIONS:

There is some evidence of use bv hunters; waterfowl use could be maintained
or increased by limiting or eliminating hunting. Low-densi.tv passive
recreation (hiking, picnicing) would be compatible with maintaining the
natural values of the area. Four-wheel drive roads into and around the
area should be blocked; beach access is available at other locations and
there is no need to pass immediatelv adjacent to the lake.

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Owmrsh1p: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)
CP-41 CENPP 77-2321 State Gearhart 7.5'

N% a
c

Camp M@gruder
Ism A -- - - - -

"00
C-T- 6,.,P 4
15
'65
ri a dc'
10)
7

Statk
10 mwmi
1 6 or 0 a-0 2 2

a
gi
O@j - - - - - - ---
H . lie
Hobso Ill t B 24 0
L-g 0 838 1
30 1 29 2

Jf "011
rRve
4 35 v
Snd t
nt
Bayocea
I L L A M 0 0 K 38
va.
T-t
OL.ght
Sibl@y Bay City
S.,,cs IBM 181

B A

G oos. Pt
BM ?(
0
Bi co?
iggs Point
-39
Mud
Pfl-
J0. 7.
M
ear
.@ape
76 Mud
Py-d Roc P.1's Mud
cvtw TILLA@f,OOK BAY
v Bouldee Pt

Pill., R-k

Oghth- a

Cape Me e ock Pt
rick Pt

Boa t
epo

Map 3. Bayocean Spit in Tillamook Estuary, Tillamook County.

CR M CAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON COAST 41

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Bayocean Spit in Tillamook Estuary Tillamook

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 1 N., R. 10 W., portions of sections 19, 20, 29, 30, 31, 32
T. 1 S., R. 10 W., portions of sections 5 - 8

ELENEIM AT SIT8;

Snowy plover habitat, especially at the north and south ends of the spit;
used less by plovers in the middle section.

Entire spit exhibits wide range of coastal dune vegetation and plant community
types, including areas of salt marsh, open sand areas, vernal pools, willow
and sedge marsh, and coastal lodgepole pine/Sitka spruce forest. Although
the area has been extensively altered in the past (sand stabilization and
residential development), there remain numerous areas which are returning to
normal coastal succession patterns.

PLANNING/19UQJ3EMENT CONSIDFRkTIONS:

Extension of the south jetty to Tillamook Bav will inevitably affect the spit,
presumably by building up sand immediately south of the jetty. The entire
west side of the spit should be considered to be plover habitat, although use
in the 1978 field season was primarily at the N. and S. ends,of the spit.
Vehicle access should be restricted on the North 1-2 of the spit; vehicle.@
should use only the existing road and parking area on the'SE side of the spit.
Posting of beaches to alert the public to the April through June plover
nesting period is recommended.

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)
TI-60-62 CENPP 77-2369 mixed Nehalem 15'
and 77-2370

iv
Happy Ca 35
9
0
Netarts

IV
@@Z\

w
Non f,

OP
Sand so

Ag
Mud
v

18 V
@j

ep
A

Mud"

J,
P

Map 4. Netarts Spit, Tillamook County.,

CRITICAL HABITATS CN ME BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OFEGON. CIDAST 43

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Netarts Spit Tillamook

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 2 S., R. 10 W., portions of sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 30

ELEMENTS AT SITP,..

One of the coast's less-disturbed sand spits, the area contains:

1. Coastal dune mosaic with several dune types
2. Lodgepole/salal and Sitka spruce/salal communities
3. Vernal ponds in the sand dunes
4. Estuarine ecosystem and salt marsh mosaic of community types
5. Snowy plover habitat; the plover has been recorded from Netarts
in recent years, although none were seen during the 1978 field
season.
6. Rare plant Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. palustris found here
7. Harbor seals use the spit as a "haul out" area

PLAMING/MANAGENWr CONSIDERATIONS:

The natural area values of Netarts Spit have been recornized for several
years. The Spit is currently being proposed by the State Natural Area
Preserves Advisory Committee (NAPAC) for Natural Area Preserve status.
Ownership is entirely state, and the area t 'o the south is in Cape Lookout
State Park; control of access should be relatively easy. The spit is
currently being used for several research projects; and further documentation
of its natural area value may be obtained from NAPAC and Dr. Robert E.
Frenkel, OSU Geography Department, Corvallis.

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if )mown)

TI-72 CENPP 77-2381 State Tillamook 15'
and 77-2383

I Is-

it, '@3

7
Cape
L0014011
-1101,

Camp cla
A,

TI 1 0 -N"-N- F

Camp b(oriwether
I-WAW'74P*

be
n
17 k-

In
Ilk.
,@M4

7. -

31-

rierm N 1 X at

Map 5. Sandlake area: three sites, Tillamook County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES 45
OF THE OREGON CDAST

SITF, OR AREA: COURN:

Sandlake area: 3 sites Tillamook

LEGAL DESCRIPTICN:

Bog: T. 3 S., R. 10 W., Section 17 (SWT-4 of the SW-4)
Spits: T. 3 S., R. 10 W., part of Section 30 and 31
Reneke Creek mouth: T. 3 S., R. 10 W., part of Section 31

ELEMENTS AT SIT9:

1. Bog: An undisturbed coastal bog on stabilized dunes near the bend in
Galloway Road. Pitcher plants (Darlingtonia californica) and other
unusual plants such as sundew and bog huckleberry. Likely the northern-
most point of distribution for.Darlingtonia.

2. Spits: The tips of both north and south spit at the estuary mouth are
snowy plover habitats.

3. Reneke Creek mouth: productive marsh and wetland area, and five
anadromous fish species. A diverse site.

PLANNINGMANAGEMENT CCNSIDERATIONS:

1. Bog: Development should be restrictedin the bog; drainage needs to be
protected. Possibility of state or county acquisition should be explored;
it would receive heavy public use if it were to be developed similarly
to the Darlingtonia Wayside north of Florence. High potential for public
education facility.

2. Spits: Both north and south spits should be posted to alert public to
presence of plovers; beach area should be closed either to ORV's or to
both ORVos and foot traffic during nesting season, April - June.
Extensive posting would be necessary on the north spit to keep ORV
enthusiasts from entering the beach area from the dragstrip located
on county land immediately to the N.

3. Reneke Creek mouth: This is a complex area with a diversity of natural
area values. It has been considered by state and federal agencies for
designation as a Research Natural Area and/or an Area of Critical State
Concern. Ownership is complex, and outright acqui-sition would be difficult,
Heritage Prog. Any Cc)rps Engineers ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

TI-21 and 22 CENPP 77-2399 mixed Tillamook 15'
and 77-2400

-d 19

U
M

C C
'Pacific -City NESTO
Md.
j
5 F)IS2,7
28

Cl
Q

BM 16

31
.3-3-
36

B M 13

Z
+ - - - - - -

'CV
%

J_
5
11 F__ - I [_

3-92 BM 4

t7-
NATL r R KIT
Porter Point
SM 48
fT

J'.
9
0

SNF
Camp Wine

100
P
Daley M4

+ 7 0
.C @62
U
M 0

SZ'A

21
.24
8M 94 2
-10
ZY L FIDR ST k
C 101
M
885

Nesko in" r@est

Neskowill 25 29 '0.
14 F
XBM 0

P-Posal R@k

Map 6. Daley Lake (Camp Winema) and marsh, Tillamook County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON CIDAST 47

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Daley Lake (Camp Winema) and Marsh Tillamook

L
LEGAL DESCRIPTICN:

T. 5 S., R. 11 W., portions of Sections 12 and 13

ELEMENTS AT SITE:

Shallow dune lake and adjacent marshland; area is unusually rich in waterfowl
(concentrations of several duck species).

Marsh areas on the south end of the lake and extending southward in the dunes
are relatively undisturbed and contain good, representative examples of
several plant community types.

PIANNINGGAW@ENT CONSIDERATIONS:

The area has been under consideration by biologists and conservationists for
several years because of its obvious natural area potential. Camp Winema
(Christian camp) on the west edge of the lake is a potential conflict; recent
landfilling (for a road) extending south from the camp area likely will
disrupt waterflow and could have long-term consequences on the areals
hydrology. If no additional development occurs around the lake or in the
marsh area to the south, it is possible that most of the natural area 'values
could remain relatively undisturbed. Posting of the area to alert the
public to the wildlife Lis recommended.

Heritage Prog. AzW Corps Engineers 04jersship USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Wmber: (if known)
TI-27 CENPP 77-2407 Mostly private. HEBO 15'

-A

A,
2.5

M
Jumpoft Joe
%
Nye %
eac
6
NEWPORT
-71i@
(Bm 177)
ID

CL
I'0a%t(;uard
j.4
F Station o
YAQUINA BAY STATE PA IIJ
b_. Y U
o
M
D, 17 '/"'
% H P
The
so hbe ch
B
2
V
'7
v7 r-,
Ui
111 29@
2 2--@,

m T

PORT

9
9

@32

V
HoHdav B @;-Bm 2,;

@,6 3
Bm 5

A
r

Map 7. South Beach State Park and Mouth of Henderson Creek, Lincoln
County.

I
CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF r1HE OF&GON CDAST 49

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

South Beach State Park and Lincoln
Mouth of Henderson Creek

LEGAL DESCPJPTICN:

T. 11 S., R. 11 W., portions of Sections 18, 19, and 30

ELEMENTS AT SITE:

1. Snowy plover habitat and nesting area in the north portion of South
Beach State Park; one of the few recently verified nesting sites on
the Oregon coast.

2. The Henderson Creek mouth site contains a full array of beach and dune
plant communities in addition to freshwater marsh. The natural area
values here are primarily botanical; although no rare native plants
have been recorded from the site, the diversity of the flora is
impressive especially when considering both the dune communities and
the marsh.

PLANNING/@@@ CONSIDERATIONS:

Management of the State Park area to protect the plovers would mainly
require posting to alert the public to the existence of the birds and to
publicize the nesting season (April - June). An attempt should be made
to keep ORV's out of the foredune area specifically.

The privately owned land at the mouth of Henderson Creek is currently
fenced at Highway 101, but ORV's enter the area from the north. This
land should be considered for county or state park use (acquisition) or
should be managed so that the natural values remain essentially undisturbed.
High value as an educational facility.

Heritage Prog. Anmy Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad MaP:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)
LC-7 CENPP 77-2597 State and private Yaquina 15'

50
A . -1 1 , 1- 1, @. t@@ - -_ 1 1

IBM I
_JB
18 rr
@fvfl.

2
1011,

v
Seal
Rocks 25
-@;Sea! Kock
4'@
4@@o \lZ iL
64@@o 27,
Seal RoCkS
IBM 105
(IBM 26)
NO(
.@TATE PAR
I H@11 Cf
-b
>
z + -
E,

BM
3n@ V,
0 3:@
S
bm

u,o 2

4g
rj
.60

U,)
:a

D.C

F"@
ell'

18
-vie.Nv
A L S E A BkN klNv E@

m@d
Bm IS B A Y
m 12 M.d

S-d I

24
IWaldport 14 Q
C_
4
i2
5

Map 8. Seal Rock State Park, Lincoln County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHESAND DUM
OF TM 01EGON COAST

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:
Seal*Rock Stat"e Park Lincoln

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 12 S., R. 12 W., portions of Section 25

ELEMENTS AT SITV,-.

Two rare plant species occur on the main sea stack at the State Park:
Lasthenia minor, ssp. maritima and Romanzoffia tracyi. They are likely
to be fTund -on additional rocks or stacks T-nthe area.

PLANNING/IWWM@ CONSIDERATIONS:

The plants occur on the NW facing slope of an elongate stack; it is the
southernmost.of two main stacks at the end of the public access trail.
Most public use presently occurs on the northernmost stack, and Parks
Branch should encourage most tourist traffic in this direction.
Climbing on the southern stack is hazardous under the best of conditions;
posting the stack to discourage foot traffic would help ensure the
preservation of both populations of these rare plants.

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

CENPP 77-2602 State Yaquina 15'

Sftrwe Beac
27

800
BM 24
+

enmile
:34 100
35
0

SM 4

3 2

..7col
--A fu
7
Ocean Beach
Forest Carn
Rocky Kno tCreek
A
.0
o

SM 4
900

27,
Roosevelt Beac

PoNSLKx 9
ATM PA.R
ST I
X PAR

3M 4A
53@f/
22 23

am f 14 2 30
-0

ODAST GtIAILD
770
XWERVA
Heceta Head 1) Y-@V LROW
Lighthou lvrxv@ K
3
DeWls Elbow m 96 73 :%
IPP
1tVjL.S =sow.
Cap@ 17AD"

Map 9. Big Creek - Rock Creek Silverspot Butterfly site, Lane
County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF VE OREGON COAST 53

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:
Big Creek - Rock Creek Silverspot Lane
Butterfly Site-

LEGAL DESCR=ON:

T. 16 S., R. 12W., Section 15

ELUENTS AT SITg.;

Coastal Silverspot Butterfly, Speyeria zerene ssp._hippolyta. This
site is the most important site remaining for the Coastal Silverspot.
Most other sites have been destroyed or intensively developed; good
population remain at the mouth of Tenmile Creek (to the north) and at
this site. The Tenmile site is under intense development pressure,
however. The area is under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and-the U.S. Forest Service.

PLANNDU/i%@@ CONSIDERATIONS:

Almost no development would be compatible with maintenance of the
meadow community and the butterfly population at this site. Passive
recreational use, such as one or two foottrails, could be compatible
with the natural values here, but any large amount of foot t'raffic
would undoubtedly have a detrimental effect. The area is currently
under consideration by the UiS. Fish and Wildlife Service and the 'U.S.
Forest Service. The butterfly has been extensively studied and the site
strongly recommended by Dr. David McCorkle of Oregon College of
Education, in Monmouth.

Herltage prog. Anrry Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

LN - 5 MW 77 - 2618 Mainly private Heceta Head
15'

-A

Q@) 1_7

a M
13M . 1@
Lity 5N. :"6 The Slid,

in
4-
__C
M 27

23
22 s
24 Ld
19

@_O
S

.00
28 .1 27 R-M biki,e'@26
;?2 5

+
J,
ae
Recreati. rea. 36 1
Lester 2
__,34 _'P
3
3,
;,A Rij );T,.X& CIC"

T ------
Heceta Beach

@3
IJ
8MY V. 2 cl
3 15
:131 0 A ; 5
it,
I %
71 1- - - - - - - - -- - - -
.- I" ;i ID
Sand
Punes
9 10
jetty R-8
! Hecetal 12
63
+@Junction 7 %
N,

SL,
+ -

L
0
90
16 _j M ftselL
-Hill 15 4: .. I
13) 1
1 18 17
k 1).A @T (; I'A R 1)
J:
Sl A I lox

21
22 @2 3
24
19 20.

Map 10. Lily Lake to mouth of Sutton Creek, Lane County.

ICRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND MJNES
OF THE 0MGON CIDAST 55

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Lily Lake to mouth of Sutton Creek Lane

ISGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 17 S., R. 12 W., portions of Sections 15, 21, 22, 27, and 28

ELE24ENM AT SITE:

This area has long been recognized as an outstanding scenic and eco-
logical resource,- and it has high potential as a research and educational
facility. Lily Lake is one of the few remaining, undisturbed dune lakes;
it is surrounded by extensive bulrush marsh. The lake contains native
cutthroat trout and it is used by large populations of gulls, ducks,
and other waterfowl.

The dune complex to the south contains good representative examples of
most of the dune plant community types. The north spit at the mouth of
Sutton Creek is important snowy plover habitat, one of few good nesting
areag along the coast.

pj,ANNINGI*@@ CONSIDERATIONS:

The area receives some ORV use, especially in the dune area immediately
south of Lily Lake. The coastal strip, most importantly the north spit
area at the mouth of Sutton Creek, should be closed to ORV traffic, and
the beach should be posted to alert the public to the presence of plovers.
Posting, and ORV closure information, would need to be placed at the end
of the Lily Lake road; this is the entrance point for most ORV's.

The main access point on the south side (deadend at parking area) is
well-located for pedestrian use of the dunes and beach; maintenance of
this access and continued foot traffic could be compatible with the
plovers, especially if the area were to be posted (information signs.)

Heritage Prog. Arnly corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad.Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

LN-4 CEUPP 77-2623 Mixed Heceta Head
151

\@@,J H 0 N OYN
bike *CA OF

BM 34

17 16 fQ 14 13
El

----------------------
IU

23
20 21
22

or-tb -Beac@ 7
CW
26 25
29 28 7

Camp :1 w.
(4
TgOtcoos

35
%I J6-44@@ A rowhead
Island Point
estlake ly@
Buttef
S 34
stand

Siltcoo. .36
or"t Camp, 0
4- - - - - -
T 205 (-5 LO
k, 3 @th
sl..d
5 4 LANE co 3 2
PDOUGL CO
Xd. SO

so
LU 2

- - - - - - - --- - - - - -
Carltr Ivike

08 10 12
B-+

367

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17 \145 I
14 '@D
oo N T
E!.4
r

'cr

@22 16

Map 11. Siltcoos River mouth and spits, Lane County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES 57
OF THE OREGON COAST

SITE OR AFEA: COUNN:

Siltcoos River mouth and spits Lane

LEGAL DESCPJMCN:

T. 19 S., R. 12 W., Section 32

ELEMENTS AT SIT]t:

Snowy plover habitat and important nesting area, both sides of mouth
of Siltcoos River. This is one of the four most important nesting
sites on the coast.

PLANNmC/b,@@ CONSIDERATIONS:

The area receives heavy visitor use during the summer months. Vehicle
closure should be continued on the south side of the creek, and the
spit on the north side should be closed also; informational signs to alert
the public to the presence of plovers should beused. Pedestrians should
be encouraged to use the areas mainly north of the present terminal
parking area, rather than encouraging foot traffic southward toward the
spit.

Heritage Prog. Any Corps Engmeers Wiership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if knam)

CENPP 77-2776 Mostly federal Siltcoos Lake
15'

V
2

.-4-r Lake

10
9 12 Q

367

17
14
15,-

go N

--- ------- - - - - - -

22
ism 1
20 @1' 21
23 24
19, CP

BM 38
30 28 25
29 26
Smith River
Ranger Sta. - 27

ni@tth
Fore,t Camp

Kra
'36
31 32 33 34 35

10b
tlus
------------- I

061wra .4
4

FS M54
7 10
9 12
3 @O@
h
.re,

-16
13 -4

Map 12. Tahkenitch Spit, Douglas County,

CRITICAL HABrrATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES 59
OF THE 0MG0N MAST

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Tahkenitch Spit Douglas

LEGAL DESCRIPTICN:

T. 20 S., R. 12 W., portions of sections 19 and 30

ELEM4TS AT SITV,-.

Snowy plover habitat and nesting area; this-is one of the four most
important nesting areas on the Oregon coast.

Good, representative beach and dune vegetation (most plant community
types present) in the general area.

Dune creek, vernal pools, isolated islands of Sitka spruce and lodge-
pole pine forest.

PLANNINGIFANAGEMEW CONSIDERATIONS:

The entire site is within the Dunes National Recreation Area and is
presently closed to ORV's. This vehicle closure should be maintained.
For pedestrians information signs should be erected to discourage foot
traffic in the lower foredune area and to alert people to the presence
of plover habitat and nests.

Heritage Prog. Anrry Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Nmber: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

56 CENPP 77-2773 Federal Siltcoos Lake
(Dunes NRA) 15'

NI
T r-jr 14g, i

-Ule LI
c

7he PoInt

.19 V
.24

ao
Lee 5,., @,r -
sland
T'd.1 Ftai 11

rey
4@i qL
rh
LL /- - - - - - - -
/CO
E
%-7

rn.a

@Wznche
t*
r @j

@-d

I ff

Beacon

ed je

1 14 L(

x"" I ilu
77 7. 7*

Map 13. North Spit,Umpqua River (Threemile Creek to North Jetty),
Douglas County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ION THE BFACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON COAST 61

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

North Spit Umpqua River Douglas
(Threemile Creek to North Jetty)

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 21 S., R. 12 W., portions of sections 18, 19, 30, and 31
T. 21 S., R. 13 W., portions of sections 24, 25, and 36
T. 22 S., R. 12 W., NW-, of section 6
T. 22 S., R. 13 W., portions of sections 1 and 12

ELRENTS AT SITt;

Snowy plover habitat; birds have been seen the entire length of the spit
mainly on the ocean side and toward the south end.

Coastal dune mosaic of plant community types, especially the early
successional stages, but also including forest "islands" of lodgepole
pine and Sitka spruce, with characteristic shrub understory. Of all areas
within the Dunes National Recreation Area, this is one of. the most impor-
tant for the preservation of plant community diversity. The spit has
high potential as an educational and research site.

Two rare dune plants are to be expected here: silvery phacelia (Phacelia
argentea) and pink sand-verbena (Abronia umbellata) should be searched
for in all unvegetated or sparsefy -vegetated locations.

PLANNIM/MiAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

The site lies entirely within the Dunes National Recreation Area, and it
is presently closed to ORV use. 'This closure should be maintained, and
the corridor roads for beach access near Threemile Creek should be care-
fully posted to restrict ORV use southward on the spit. The ocean beach
is open to vehicles "from seawall to water"; it should be posted to alert
vehicle users and pedestrians to the presence of snowy plovers. Beach
closure should be effected April through June to ensure success of any
nesting birds.

Umpqua spit offers an unusual opportunity to observe the natural processes
of sand erosion, accretion, and plant community succession. It is
recommended that the entire area south of Threemile Creek be left undis-
turbed as a "natural laboratory" of Oregon's beaches and duties,

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

CENPP 77-2767 Federal Reedsport 15'
and 77-2769 (Dunes NRA)

7777-
61
N

I? T

2
..........

4
4
,15 14

eo
1@@ keside
(BM 29)

ig-

JL .,

m 5 -z
@x
Lake
_2r",

4v:@

Luke
IM

Map 14. Mouth of Tenmile Creek, COOS County.

CRITICAL HABITATS CN THE BEACHES AND DUNES
63
OF THE OREGON.00,AST

F-i
SITE OR AREA:- COUNTY:

Mouth of Tenmile Creek Coos

LEGAL DESCRIPTICN:

T-23 S., R. 13 W., poition of section 22

ELEMM AT SIT9.

$nowy plover habitat, both sides of the mouth of Tenmile Creek.

Bald eagles have been seen at the river mouth.

PLANNIING/ViPaGEMENr CONSIDERATIONS:

The north side of the creek is presently closed to ORV %se, while
the south side of the creek is open. Both the north and south spits
should be posted to protect the plovers and the beach area south of the
creek should be closed to vehicles during the plover nesting season
April-June.

Heritage Prog. Anny Corps Engineers ownership: USGS Quad Map:
rp

Nuntex: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

-CENPP 77-2633 Federal (Dunes NRA) Reedsport
151

3
3Z@ v

31 Cord(

(10

4
3
6 Jordan
Cove
5@1 Jo an Pt

OW2

ny.
f

7 T

z
b4 f3 m

13 A,
42

Err@pire t@_'
(B)A 44
'@A 44)
24 CO

-as
B ,,*'

70
6 25
n'

IUL P
9 zts.
3jj

4,
Pigeon
EVrm
Fossil

-votc,
Coos Head
67
c 6 "oo'".1'r.

m
A
O:w

t 5.',7

a m
Ir
to .
7"

Map 15. North Spit Coos Bay, Coos County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE O1MGON COMT 65

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

North Spit Coos Bay Coos

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 25 S., R. 13 W., portions of the following sections:
6 - 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 23 - 26, 35.

ELEMENTS AT SITE;

Snowy plover habitat, especially an area approximately 1.3 miles north
of the north jetty on the ocean side, and another area on the estuary
side SE of the Menasha pond.

Rare plant (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. palustris) good population located
on the east side of the spit (estuary side) south of the Ore-Aqua development.

Full representation of plant communities and flora characteristic of
Oregon's beaches and dunes; two other rare plants to be expected at this
site.

Osprey feeding area at SE corner of the spit.

Great blue heron rookerv in south-central portion of the spit.

Henderson marsh on the NE side of the spit is extensive and relativel,7 undisturbed.

PLANNINQ/I%N@@ CONSIDERATIONS:

ORV activity should be excluded from the area, except on the open beach,
which should be closed to vehicles April - June to protect any nesting
plovers. ORV activity should be directed to the Horsefall area to the
north and into the designated ORV areas of the Dunes National Recreation Area.

The beach should be posted to alert pedestrians to presence of plovers and
to the need to protect them especially during nesting season.

Most of the spit is in federal ownership (Army Corps Engineers), and the
Corps is presently developing a resource inventory to aid in the long-
term management of the area.

F
Heritage Prog. Anny Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Mp:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

CS-49 CENPP 77-2645 Mixed;,mostly Empire 15'
to 77-2649

-.4

x
@!3 -43

0
29',

EAGL.' 305
OANO E
ONEE12
It
31 33
11 4 5
V

Y 4

504
@j

OAD

10
250

Ulla
018 17
.----T272
f
kA
3
T 28 a m ke

COAS
ru .105 22 23

UOLLE
EP am

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00
IF

Map 16. Bullards Beach to North Jetty of Coquille River, Coos
County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BFACMES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON COAST 67

SITE OR AREA: COUNW

Bullards Beach to North Jetty of Coos
Coquille River

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 28 S., R. 14 W., portions of sections 6, 7, 18, 19
T. 28 S., R. 15 W., portions of sections 13, 24, 25

ELEMENTS AT SITE;

Rare plant, Phacelia argentea, found in the dunes here.

Snowy plover habitat on ocean side of the spit.

Stabilized foredunes, with representative plant communitv types.

PLANTIM/MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Although the area has been disturbed, especially by ORV use, and planted
extensively with European beachgrass, the potential natural area values are
relatively high here; and many of the coastal dune communities are
represented. The southern part of the site is in state park ownership;
addition of some of the area to the north to the State Park should be
considered. ORV use in the park is minimal at present; the beach should
be posted to identify plover habitat to the public.

Heritage Prog. Anny Corps b-ngineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map-.
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

CS-3 CENPP 77-2663 Private and state Bandon 15'
and 77-2665

C-b-lyq
Cop
am 118

La
10

14
NO

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-3
22 2 S4

coo
CUIRRY 0.

I,t

2 2&

4
74

33 34

m 7

9
am 106

Fur"

Map 17. New River Floras Lake, Curry County.

CRrrICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES 69
OF THE OREGON CIDAST

SITE OR AREA: COURN:

New River Floras Lake Curry

LEGAL DESCRIPTICN:

T. 30 S., R. 15 W., portions of sections 28 and 33
T. 31 S., R. 15 W., portions of sections 5 and 8

ET MEMS AT SIT9:

Rare plant, Phacelia argentea.

Snowy plover habitat, one of the best sites on the coast; 22 birds sighted
during the 1978 field season.

Another rare plant, Abronia umbellata, is expected to occur in this dune
area, but has not been recorded to date.

PLANNING/bgMSEMENr CCNSIDERATICNS:

Should be relatively easy to manage vith New River forming a
natural eastern boundary; how long the river course will remain in its
present location is uncertain however. The dunes west of New River
(narrow strip) appear to get little ORV use, which may account, in part,
for the large number of plovers seen here.

The natural values here'will likely remain undisturbed, if pedestrian
and ORV use do not increase substantially. The Floras Lake area is
being developed (residences) however, and this undoubtedly will increase
use of the beach and dunes. Again, posting of the beaches to inform
the public of the presence of plovers is recommended.

Heritage Prog. Army Corps Engineers Oavership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

39 CENPP 77-2679 Mostly private Langlois 15'
and 77-2681 & Cape Blanco 15'

st Ro'-@A

12c

0 >

nh Rotk r

Map 18. Euchre Creek to Nesika Beach, Curry County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF THE OREGON COAST 71

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Euchre Creek to Nesika Beach Curry

M
LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 35 S., R. 14 W., portions of sections 8, 17, 18, 19

ELEMENTS AT SITE;

Rare plant, Phacelia argentea, found at several locations along the beach
at this site; good population at the State Rest Area along Eighway 101
at mile 3191-2.

Snowy plover habitat: plovers have been known to use this beach for
years,most recently near the mouth of Euchre Creek.

high diversity of beach and dune plant community types and dune flora
in this short coastal strip.

Another rare dune plant, pink sand-verbena, Abronia umbellata, is to be
expected at this site, but has not yet been verified.

PLANNING/MANAGDOM CONSIDERATIONS:

flanagement of this narrow strip between Righwav 101 and the beach should
be relatively easy; there is evidence of some ORV use near the mouth of
Euchre Creek, but this could be minimized by posting the area. The
several small creek drainages here discourage ORV travel on the beach,
so ORV use probably will not become a major threat to the natural elements
here.

Posting of the area to alert the public to the presence of plovers and
rare plants is recommended; this could be done auite 'easily by first
using the information kiosk at the State Rest Area at mile 319'-2. There
should also be posting in the vicinity of the mouth of Euchre Creek
however.

Heritage Prog. ALMy Corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)

CU-99 CENPP 77-2718 Private and state Port Orford 15'
CU-100

CAPE SURASTI 2 2
STATE PARY

80S

CAPE SEBAS I
STATE F

bas a
Tian. J(r

9
Huntm

-t1unters

r@<.011

L Bm 25

tol
Croo@ Point A

90 3

Map 19. Myers Creek to Crook Point (Mouth of Pistol River), Curry
County.

CRITICAL HABITATS ON THE BEACHES AND DUNES
OF T[E OPEGON COAST 73

SITE OR AREA: COUNTY:

Myers Creek to Crook Point Curr-,7
(Mouth of Pistol River)

LEGAL DESCRIPTION:

T. 38 S., R. 14 W., portions of sections 7, 18, 19, and 30

ELEMENTS AT SITE;

Three rare plant species are found at this site: silvery phacelia,
Phacelia argentea; pink sand-verbena, Abronia umbellata; and rein orchid,
Habenaria greenei.

The Phacelia and sand-verbena are dune plants and will likely occur the
length of this site.

The rein orchid has been found in more rocky, beachcliff locations
especially in the northern portion of this site near the mouth'of
Myers Creek.

In the southern part of this site towards Crook Point, there is good
representation of several of the coastal plant community types, one of
few such locations on the southern Oregon coast.

PLANNING/11ANAGEMENT 0ONSIDEPATIONS:

Management cons iderations are similar to those at the Euchre Creek site
further north: assuming no residential development occurs, the most
likely problem would be unrestricted.ORV use in the dune areas. There
is some evidence of ORV use at present, but it is not yet excessive
partly because this site is not close to any large population centers.

It is recommended that the area be posted however to inform the public
of the presence of rare plants and of the need to protect the dune
vegetation especially in the southern part of this site.

For long-term management, transplanting some of the dune plants to other
locations within this site would likely ensure perpetuation of these
species here; this could be accomplished with the aid of local botanists
and natural history enthusiasts.

Heritage prog. Army corps Engineers Ownership: USGS Quad Map:
Number: Aerial Photo Number: (if known)
I

--- CENPP 77-2735 Presumed to be Gold Beach 15'
and 77-2736 mostly private

VIII.- PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF
CRITICAL BIOLOGICAL HABITATS

A. Unplanned Development: A Threat to the Coastal Biota

Oregon's coastal area, like most coastal areas throughout the world,
is experiencing rapid, if not explosive, growth. More and more people
now are able to afford second homes on the coast, and as Oregon's
population steadily expands, more goods and services are needed, which
in turn expands the economy drawing more people into the coastal area.
The growth of Lincoln City in the late sixties, and of Newport in the
mid-seventies, is indicative of the growth potential of the entire coast.
Fortunately, population levels still are relatively low at a time when
land use planning has demanded attention to the impacts of growth and
development.

But already, for various reasons, many areas have been developed
which should have remained undeveloped entirely, developed less
intensively, or developed in a different manner The most effective
method for safeguarding against inappropriate development is through
state or federal ownership. However, putting land into public ownership
and "setting it aside" in parks or natural areas is becoming increasingly
controversial due to the impact on the local tax base. It appears
certain that the days of large-scale public land acquisitions are past.
Nonetheless, there are certain areas which contain unusual natural or
public-use values which can best be managed under public ownership.
For example, tourists and coastal residents marvel and enjoy the numerous
public beaches, state parks, waysides and campgrounds that have given
Oregon the reputation of being far-sighted and environmentally conscious.
Increasingly, however, those who desire to protect such values must
make use of techniques other than acquisition of full interest in land by
public agencies.

B. Protection Methods Available

Oregon's natural heritage in general and the coastal "elements of
special concern" in particular, can be protected only through cooperative
actions of local, state and federal governmental agencies with private
organizations and individuals joining the effort to use a wide variety
of preservation techniques. These techniques range from the broadly
applicable approach of advising landowners of the natural area values
on their land and securing their cooperation, to the limited but ef-
fective-method of land acquisition and legal dedication. All of these
various mthods are valid and useful, but a carefully designed coastal
program for the preservation of natural areas will use the full range of
techniques in a way that matches the level and type of protection to the
significance of the resource and to the political feasibility of

maintaining such protection over the long term. In brief, voluntary
management on the part of a private landowner may be sufficient in one
case, while in another case adequate protection of critical habitat may
be gained only by acquisition and management of the site by a state or
federal agency. The following protection methods are available:

(1) Landowner notification: may involve formal or informal
notification. No formal program of landowner notification
has been developed in Oregon. The Nature Conservancy is
experimenting with this technique in Ohio and will apply
the notification procedure to other states based on results.

(2) Voluntary agreement with landowner: a very flexible method
especially effective with large corporate landowners. No
formal program or procedure of voluntary agreement with land-
owneVs has been developed in Oregon, The Natural Heritage
Bill' includes provisions for voluntary agreements associated
with the register.

(3) Registration: formal recognition by the state through a
registration procedure; not legally binding on landowner.
The Oregon Register of Natural Areas was established by the
State Natural Area Preserves Advisory Committee legislation of
1973, however, no sites have been registered to date. The
Natural Heritage Bill proposes to modify the register for
workability. The National Natural Landmarks Program of the
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service is a federal
register of natural areas.

iNatural Heritage Bill (SB 448)--a bill before the 1979 Oregon
legislature. The bill would make certain changes in the State Natural
Area Preserves Advisory Committee legislation of 1973 administered by the
State Land Board. The bill proposes to:
1. establish a Natural Heritage Advisory Council to assist the
State Land Board and land managing agencies in conducting the
Natural Area Program;
2. designate a Natural Area officer and assign inventory and infor-
mation bank-ing functions; require preparation of a natural
heritage plan;
3. establish a register of natural heritage resources and a process
for voluntary registration of natural areas',
4. establish a process for voluntary dedication of conservation areas;
define the Articles of Dedication,
5. repeal the State Natural Area Preserves Advisory Committee
legislation.

(4) Conservation easement: restrictions can be simple or complex
and are legally binding covenants which stay with the land and
pass on to future landowners. Oregon law has provisions for
conservation easements (ORS 271, 710-271,750) which can be
acquired by public agency or nonprofit corporation. A
conservation easement stipulates non-permitted uses of the
land and becomes a part of the deed.

Fee acquisition: outright purchase of la nd by an agency or
conservation organization. Fee acquisition is practiced by
public agencies and nonprofit conservation groups, such as
The Nature Conservancy. The federal Land and Water Conservation
Fund administered by the Heritage Conservation and Recreation
Service of the Department of Interior can provide 50% match
to local or state governments for acquisition.

(6) Designation: an administrative procedure used by public
agencies to place some parcels of land in a "protection
category"; de-designation can be done by the agency without
public participation. The following are examples of desig-
nation programs:

Federal
Special Interest Areas (U.S. Forest Service)
Outstanding Natural Areas (BLM)

State
Primary Resource Protection Areas (Parks and Recreation
Branch)
Research Natural Preserves (Parks and Recreation Branch)
Scientific and Educational Preserves (Board of Higher
Education)
Scenic and Protective Conservancy Areas (Department of
Forestry)
Areas of Critical State Concern (Department of Land
Conservation and Development)
Wildlife Management Areas (Department of Fish and
Wildlife)

Interagency_Programs.
Research Natural Areas

(7) Dedication: the highest level of protection for natural areas;
accomplished by a public body outside the land-owning agency;
de-dedication cannot be done by the land-owning agency itself.
The following are examples of dedication programs:

Federal
National Parks and Monuments (National Park Service)
National Wildlife Refuge System (U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service)

State
Natural Area Preserves (State Land Board)

Interagency Programs
Wilderness Areas
Wild and Scenic Rivers

.(8) Land use controls and comprehensive planning: a variety of
methods including zoning, local ordinances written to include
protection of natural areas, etc,

C. The Role of Federal and State Agencies

Over half of Oregon's land is owned and managed by public agencies,
and this is no less true in the coastal beaches and dunes. The role of
these agencies in protecting natural areas is of paramount importance.
Good representative examples of most of the coastal ecosystems and ele-
ments of special concern could be protected in areas already in public
ownersh.ip if the agency involved were to officially recognize and act
on the need for, and desirability of, such natural area protection.
Some coastal elements, such as the rare plant species and the snowy
plover, are not necessarily adequately protected simply because they
occur on sites which are in public ownership. At a particular site,
it may be essential to protect the element(s), such as closing the beach
to-vehicles during the plover's nesting season (April-June), or tiqhtly
controlling and regulating public use of one portion of a state park
which may contain a healthy but fragile plant community.

As an.example of this further step, the Parks and Recreation
Branch of the Department of Transportation has recently initiated the
designation of Research Natural Preserves within State Parks. These
areas will be portions of parks that will be managed specifically and
primarily.to protect and preserve one or more natural elements that
occur there. An attempt will be made to allow low-impact visitor use
in these RNP's, but where there is a conflict, the preservation of the
natural values will take precedence. This is an excellent and laudatory
example of agency cooperation to preserve natural diversity. Although
such areas can be de-designated by simple administrative fiat, the
effort represents an important step in the direction of protecting
threatened elements. The Research Natural Preserve designation by the
Parks and Recreation Branch should be seriously considered for portions
of several of the sites discussed in this report: Fort Stevens, Netarts
Spit, Seal Rock stack, Bullard's Beach, and Floras Lake.

Similarly, it is essential that several federal agencies, especially
the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, recognize
their important role and responsibility in protecting natural areas along
the coast. Almost half of the nineteen areas discussed herein are wholly
or partly owned by the federal government, and several of these are
within the Dunes National Recreation Area. Although the DNRA was estab-
lished primarily as a site for public recreation including the use of
ORV's, several of the coast's most important natural areas lie within
its bo.undaries. Opportunity is excellent for protecting representative
coastal ecosystems, and the sites recommended could be managed in such
a way that protection of the elements would be compatible with the
primary raison d'etre of the National Recreation Area. Such protection
would, however, require the curtailment of ORV activity in a few small
areas, posting of signs to inform the public of plover habitat and
fragile plant communities, and temporary closure of several beach areas
during the April-June plover nesting season.

D. The Role of Local Jurisdictions and the Local Comprehensive Plan

The protection of the natural resources which are discussed in this
report can be attained through formal or legal designation of lands for
natural area use (e.g., acquisition, dedication, conservation easements,
etc.) or through the prevention of incompatible land uses. Whereas it
is the job of state and federal natural area programs, The Nature
Conservancy and other conservation-oriented organizations to implement
the first method, the county or city land use planning office will
primarily be concerned with the second method.

At present, coastal counties and cities are required to address
statewide Goal #5, in addition to Goal #18, which addressess "the need
to protect areas of critical environmental concern" within beach and
dune formations. Presently, each jurisdiction independently determines
which areas contain natural heritage values and which are to receive
some form of protection. Conspfcuously absent is a statewide or larger
review of natural area needs with recommendations based on a continuing
inventory of the elements. Furthermore, implementation of protection
methods is purely voluntary and depends primarily on the decision-makers
and their planning staffs. Consequently, direct communication between
the inventory process and the implementation mechanism is badly needed.

1. A Procedure for Local Involvement in the
Identification and Conservation of Critical
Biological Species and Habitats

The following recommendations, if followed by a county or city
planning authority, will assist the jurisdiction in evaluating critical
habitat values of lands under consideration. It is strongly suggested
that such an analysis be conducted in cooperation with the State Natural

Heritage Data Bank since the relative value of one site must be consid-
ered in relation to other examples of the same or similar habitats
throughout the state.

It is suggested that the planning authority maintain or have access
to, staff trained to conduct the necessary investigattons Specifically
it is suggested that:

(1) Each planning department should employ or have access to a
staff member adequately trained in the following areas:

(a) The assessment of the biological characteristics of
natural land in order to (1) determine the plant
communities and aquatic systems according to a state-
wide classification system maintained by the State Heritage
Program, and (2) identify a limited number of special
plant and animal species as determined by the State
Natural Heritage Program.

(b) The legal and financial methods of land conservation in
Oregon, including a working knowledge and relationship
with the agencies and organizations which are available
to provide specific capabilities and expertise.

(2) Each land use plan should establish criteria and procedures
for the determination of the level of significance of critical
biological habitats located within that jurisdiction. The
following are suggested components of those criteria:

(a) At least two levels of significance should be designated--
statewide and local. Statewide significance should be
based on consideration of the following factors:

1. Does the site under consideration include quality
examples of a plant community or aquatic type, as
compared to other examples of that same type on a
statewide basis? If the type is not presently
represented in a statewide conservation system,
any high quality occurrence should be considered for
conservation. If conservation does not appear feasible,
it should be determined that adequate examples in
other areas are available for conservation.

2. Does the site include a special plant or animal

Such expertise could be available by jurisdiction, or the result
of sharing by jurisdictions such as through a Council of Governments or
by other intergovernmental agreement.

species? If so, the status of that species should
be determined on a statewide basis and the relative
importance of the site under consideration for
maintenance of a healthy population of that species
should be assessed. If that site is important, all
necessary action should be instituted to conserve
the site through voluntary means.

(b) Local significance should consider, in addition to the
above, the relative quality of that site'for environmental
education and nature interpretation. This consideration
should include an analysis of the naturalness of the
site in relation to other areas within easy travel distance
of local schools and population centers. Such determina-
tions of local significance should be made by the planning
department with the assistance of the science departments
of local high schools and local citizens.

(3) Each county and city land use plan should include a listing of
the plant communities, aquatic types and special species which
are known to occur in that province, and information about
known examples of those types. All lands which are currently
being protected should be designated as such in the plan.

(4) A staff member of each planning authority should establish and
maintain contact with the agencies and organizations which
can provide assistance in land conservation when needed. A
close contact, both to share data and develop conservation
strategies, should be maintained with the staff of the State
Natural Heritage Program.

2. Use of the Site Investigation Report
in the Identification and Conservation
of Critical Biological Species and Habitats

It must be recognized that not all areas containing significant
elements of Oregon's natural heritage have at this time been identified,
nor is it reasonable to assume that all jurisdictions will have the
benefit of trained and knowledgeable staff. Therefore a method which
jurisdictions can use for privately owned lands is the requirement for
a site investigation report for new development. Such a report should
specifically address the potential impact of the development on critical
biological species and/or habitats. One question that should be asked
is "Has the site been investigated to determine whether the proposed
development would seriously affect or destroy coastal plant or animal
species known to be rare, or unusually good examples of coastal
ecosystems, including plant community and aquatic types?". If critical:
biological habitats are identified, they should be surveyed by a
competent scientist, and the significance of their occurrence should
be compared to the state as a whole.

The responsibility for showing that the proposed development does
not seriously impact any critical biological habitats should lie with
the developer rather than with the decision-making body. It may be
desirable to develop a process whereby any proposed coastal development
would be investigated (with approval or denial recommended) by a biolo-
gist or other person knowledgeable of coastal critical habitats and
under contract to the developer. The person doing the investigating
should be-in close contact with other inventory.efforts in Oregon to
ensure that a larger-than-local assessment of the development's impact
can be made. Depending upon the results of such investigations, the
appropriate agencies or@organizations which may be able to assist in
the conservation of a particular area should be contacted. Ultimately,
the effectiveness of the entire process will depend in great part on
the conscientious scrutiny of the local planning body--conflicts are
least,destructive when they are identified and.addressed at an early
stage, before a developer has invested heavily.

3. Open Space Lands Tax Assessment

In addition to the various methods of identifying and preventing
conflicts between development and conservation, a jurisdiction should
encourage and assist landowners who wish to conserve the natural values
on their lands. Oregon law provides for the reduction in assessed
value for lands which are committed to open space uses (ORS 308.740-.790).
This law has been rarely used.. due primarily to lack of familiarity
with its provisions. It is recommended that jurisdictions better
publicize the availability of this option and its benefits.

The Open Space Lands Tax Assessment Law-proVides for tax reduction
on lands which are approved as worthy of special consideration because
of their value to the public as open space. Application for this
special assessment is Made to the county assessor, and the benefits OU.
preservation are weighed against the potential loss of revenue. However,
applications may not be.denied solely because of potential revenue loss,
if the preservation of the lands will:

(1) conserve or enhance natural or scenic resources;

(2) protect air or streams or water supplies;

(3) promote conservation of soils, wetlands, beaches, or tidal-
marshes,

(4) conserve landscaped areas, such as public or private golf
courses, which enhance the value of abutting or neighboring
properties;

(5) enhance the value to the public of nearby parks, forests,
wildlife preserves, nature reservations, sanctuaries, or other
open spaces;

(6) enhance recreation opportunities;

(7) preserve historic sites; or

(8) promote orderly urban or suburban development,

The lands remain so classified until either a request to withdraw
them is made by the landowner or land use has been changed to other
uses n 'ot allowed under this classification. If Open Space Lands are
declassified additional taxes equal to those at which the land would
have been assessed, plus interest, are imposed on the land for each
year the land was classified as Open Space. This method encourages
preservation of undeveloped land by providing a tax break, but it does
not stipulate any specific requirements for the preservation of natural
values. As such, it can be considered only an interim form of protection
at best. Depending on the specific situation, the landowner, and the
natural values at the site, it may be entirely adequate as a natural
area preservation method in the absence of stronger forms of protection.

IX. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SOURCES: THE NATURAL HISTORY
AND BIOLOGY OF BEACHES AND DUNES

Beaches and dunes are exciting areas because they are so dynamic.
Environmental forces converge here to drastically affect the interactions
between plants and animals, and between all life forms and their environ-
ment. For this reason, the coasts long have been favorite study areas
for biologists and ecologists, and the natural history of the coastal
beaches and dunes has been well-described in the technical and popular
literature. No description will be added here. Instead, brief comments
will be made on a few of the most useful references.

. Al Wiedemann's book, Plants of the Oregon Coastal Dunes (Wiedemann,
1969) remains the single most useful and eminently readable layman's
reference to date. It is being revised and expanded, with nomenclatural
changes being made also. Half of the book describes succession in the
coastal dunes--the inexorable changes in vegetation which occur through
time if an area remains undisturbed. The other half of the text is a
fieldguide to coastal plants, with keys, brief descriptions, and photo-
graphs. The book is an outgrowth of Wiedemann's earlier work on the
plant ecology of the Oregon coastal sand dunes (Wiedemann, 1966).

Amos (1959) describes the.natural history of the dunes in a widely
available magazine article. He discusses many of the adaptations which
plants and animals must have to survive the harsh environmental extremes
of wind, salt spray, dessication, and temperature fluctuation.

Barbour et. al., (1973) have written an entire book about Bodega
Head, a much-studied and once-controversial headland north of

San Francisco, in which they present an interesting account of the
strand and dunes, Considerable technical information is presented in a
way that any amateur naturalist can understand.

Those persons interested in identifying the plants of the dunes will
wish to use Wiedemann's book (mentioned previously) and Munz's Shore
Wildflowers of California, Oregon, and Washington (Munz, 1964).-Eventu-
ally however, the plant enthusiast will need to turn to the standard
floras, especially to Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973); Hitchcock et.al.,
(1955-1969); Abrams and Ferris (1923-1960); and Peck (1961). The
coastal flora is not unusually complex or large, and by using the
popular books mentioned above, the amateur can become familiar with most
of the plants to be encountered in Oregon's beaches and dunes. The
usual exception to this would be the grasses and "grasslike" plants,
the sedges, and rushes.

The most comprehensive study of dune morphology has been that by
Cooper (1958). He subsequently published a similar book on the
California dunes (Cooper, 1967), and although neither of these books
contains much information on plant and animal life, both contain a
wealth of material on coastal physiography and dune succession. They
are excellent background reading for anyone with an interest in dune
natural history.

Many other documents have been published describing the plant
communities and succession in the coastal dunes; some of these, in
chronological order, are:

House (1914) Hanneson (1962)

Egler (1934) Kumler (1963 and 1969)

Cooper (1936) Franklin and Dyrness (1973)

Oosting and Billings (1942) Macdonald and Barbour (1974)

Byrd (1950)

REFERENCES CITED

Abrams, Leroy and Roxana Ferris. 1923-1960. Illustrated Flora of the
Pacific States. 4 Vols. Stanford University-Press, Stanford,
California.

Amos, William H. 1959. "The Life of a Sand Dune". Scientific American
New York, N.Y. 1201:91-99. 9 pp.

Barbour, Michael, Robert Craig, Frank Drysdale and Michael Ghiselin.
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Byrd, N.1L. 1950. "Vegetation Zones of Coastal Dunes Near Waldport,
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44 pp.

Carter, James E. 1977. The President's Environmental Program.
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Committee of the Preservation of Natural Conditions. 1926. A Naturalist's
Guide to the Americas. Williams and Wilkins, Co., Baltimore, Maryland.
761 pp.

Cooper, W. S. 1936. "The Strand and Dune Flora of the Pacific Coast of
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.Setchell. T. H. Goodspeed, Ed. University of California Press,
Berkeley, California. pp. 141-187. 47 pp.
Cooper, W. S. 1958: Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington.,
Geological Society of America, Memoir No. 72. New York, N. Y.
169 pp.

Cooper, William S. 1967. Coastal Dunes of California. Geological
.Society of America, Memoir No. 104. Boulder, Colorado. 131 pp.

Deering, RoseAnn. Personal Communication. 1978.

Denton, Melinda, Barry Goldman, Dr. C. Leo Hitchcock, Dr. A. R. Kruckeberg,
and Melinda Mueller. 1977. "A Working List of Rare, Endangered or
Threatened Vascular Plant Taxa for Washington." Unpublished list,,
University of Wash-ington, Seattle, Washington. 7 pp.

Dyrness, C.-T., J. F. Franklin, C. Maser, S. A. Cook, J. D. Hall, and
G. Faxon. 1975. Research Natural Area Needs in the Pacific
Northwest. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report, PNW-38.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. 231. pp.

Egler, Frank E. 1934. "Communities and Successional Trends in the
Vegetation of the Coos Bay Sand Dunes, Oreqon.11 MS Thesis,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 49 pp.

Eilers, Peter, 111. 1974. "Plants, Plant Communities, Net Production
and Tide Levels; Ecoloqical Biogeography of thp Nehalem Salt
Marshes, Tillamook County, Ore 'gon." PhD Thesis, Department of
Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 368 pp.

Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural Vegetation of
Oregon and Washington. U.S. Forest Service, General Technical
Report, PNW-8. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland,
Oregon. 417 pp.

Hanneson, Bill. 1962. "Changes in the Vegetation on Coastal Dunes in
Oregon." MS Thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 103 pp.

Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
730 pp.

Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson.
1955-1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 5 Vols.
University of Washington'Press, Seattle, Washinqton.

Hoffman, Wayne. 1972. "A Census and Habitat Analysis of the Snowy
Plovers of the Oregon Coast." Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Mimeo.

House, H. D. 1914. "The Sand Dunes of Coos Bay, Oregon." Plant World
Binghamton, N.Y. 17:238-243. 6 pp.

Kumler, Marion Lawrence. 1963. "Succession and Certain Adaptative (sic)
Features of Plants Native to the Sand Dunes of the Oregon Coast -.11
PhD Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 149 pp.

Kumler, M. L. 1969. "Plant Succession on the Sand Dunes of the Oregon
Coast". Ecology. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
50:695-704. 10 PP.

Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. Statewide Planning
Goals and Guidelines 16, 17, 18 and 19 for CoastaT Resources. Salem,
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Macdonald, Keith B., and Michael G. Barbour. 1974. "Beach and Salt
Marsh Vegetation of the North American Pacific Coast." In Ec oloqy
.of Halophytes. W. H. Queen and R. J. Reimold, Eds. Academic
Press, New York. pp. 175-234. 60 pp.

Maser, Chris 0. 1966. "Life Histories and Ecoloqy of Phenacomw aZbipes,
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Corvallis, Oregon. 234 pp.

McCorkle, David. Personal Communication. lq78.

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245 pp, + appendices.

The Nature Conservancy, Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 1977. Oregon
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2 loose-leaf notebooks + maps.

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Olterman, J. H. and J. B. Verts. 1972. Endangered Plants and Ani.mals
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Peck, Morton Eaton. 1961. A Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon.
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Smithsonian Institution. 1975. "Report on Endangered and Threatened
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Part V, July 1, 1975. Washinqton, D.C. 'pp. 27824-27924. 100 pp.

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Washl-ngton, D.C. O.D. 364201-36431. 12 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Endangered Species Technical
Bulletin. Vol. III. No. 8. Washington, D.C. P. 7. 1 p.

Wiedemann, Alfred Max. 1966. "Contributions to the Plant Ecology of the
Oregon Coastal Sand Dunes." PhD Thesis, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 255 pp.

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Bookstores, Inc., Corvallis,@Oregon. 117 pp.

Wilson, Ruth A. 1978. "Breeding Biology of the Snowy Plover on the
Oregon Coast: Results of the 1978 Field Season." Oregon State
University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregoni
Mimeo.

APPENDIX A

The Nature Conservancy's Background
in Natural Area Inventory and
Preservation

The Nature Conservancy"s Background in
Natural Area Inventory and Preservation

Since the Conservancy was founded in 1950, it has devoted much
effort to the acquisition of ecologically significant land. To date,
this activity has led to the preservation of land in over 1800 projects
in 48 states, Canada and the Caribbean totalling over 1,200,000 acres.

However, the organization's real origins go back to 1917, when a
special Committee for the Preservation of Natural Conditions was
established within the Ecological Society of America. The Committee's
purpose was to inventory the remaining natural areas and ecosystems
of the United States, and ultimately to preserve them. In 1926, the
first product of this effort appeared in the publication of A NaturalisVs
Guide to the Americas. Several subsequent publications by Committee
members extended the scope of this initial volume.

When it eventually became apparent that the Ecological Society
could not be an effective force for actual preservation, the Committee
split off to become the nucleus of the Nature Conservancy, but the
inventory effort did not end. Through its staff, Board of Governors,
and members, the Conservancy has continued its inventory activity and
has played a major role in almost every significant ecological or
natural area inventory conducted in the country.

The Conservancy in the last several years has initiated inventories
of the coast of Maine, the Chesapeake Bay, Minnesota, the prairie biome,
and the San Juan Islands. It has actively participated in the International
Biological Program's Conservation of Ecosystems survey, the Federal
Research Natural Areas program, the New England Inventory, the Recon-
naissance Inventories of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Institute of
Ecology's Survey of Experimental Ecological Reserves, the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration's search for estuarine sanctuaries, and
a number of lesser efforts throughout the country.

The Conservancy has also been the chief advocate of the creation of
a national natural areas data ba'nk to collect and to synthesize all of
this information as part of a National System of Ecological Preserves.
Largely through these efforts, the Smithsonian Institution founded its
Center for Natural Areas in 1972 (now a separate corporation). A year
later, the Conservancy, the Center, and the Army Corps of Engineers
Agency for Resource Inventories organized a conference which brought
together specialists from all over the nation. The conference was to
coordinate efforts toward the creation of a national network, and in
furtherance of this, the Conservancy began a pilot project for
development of a national data bank and registry in cooperation with

the Center and the International Biological Program.

The result of this experience has been a marked improvement of the
effectiveness and comprehensiveness of the natural area inventory process,
through the initiation of State Natural Heritage Programs in the states
of Tennessee, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, New Mexico,
Ohio, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Washington and Oregon and in the region
managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. In order to provide coordina-
tion of these programs and to continue the development of improved
methodologies, the Conservancy maintains an interdisciplinary task force
in its national office, including experts in the biological sciences,
data management, computer programming, and the legal aspects of land
preservation. This task force assists each state Heritage Program in
initial set-up, inventory, early operation, and the eventual movement
of that Program into state government. From the beginning, the Nature
Conservancy has believed that Heritage Programs should become the
responsibility of the people of each state; the participation of the
citizens and agencies of that state is essential to an effective Heritage
Program.

The Oregon Natural Heritage Program

A Conservancy chapter of volunteers was founded in 1956 and secured
its first preserve, Cascade Head, in the same year. The Northwest
Office of the Conservancy was established in Portland in 1972. In 1973,
with private funding, the Northwest Office initiated the Oregon Natural
Areas Inventory of private land. Initially it was designed to assist
the Conservancy in setting land acquisition priorities, A pilot inventory
of Clatsop County was produced in 1974 and culminated in the Clatsop-
County Inventory of Natural Areas on Private Lands.

The need for natural area data by the growing land-use planning
effort, the development of data collection and management methodologies
by the Conservancy's National Office, and the need for coordination of
information on all land ownerships, led to the establishement of a
state-funded OREGON NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM. Funding initially came
from a State Parks Branch contract from January 1975 to October 1975,
which resulted in the publication of Natural Areas Identification and
Protection. A LCDC contract from October 1975 to January 1977, and a
second contract from October 1977 to April 1978, led to the creation of
the present natural heritage data bank, the publication of Oregon Natural
Areas Data Summaries on a county basis, and the establishment of an
Oregon Land Protection Office to implement the inventory.

f . I 'Mana6ement I
Considerations -

Dune Groundwater

Planning & Management Considerations

For The Oregon Coast

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III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: gethods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,
Cover photo by Christianna Crook, Newport, Oregon.

DUNE GROUNDWATER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

FOR THE OREGON COAST

by
Christianna Stachelrodt Crook, Research Associate
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C - P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal
Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
under Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development.

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an overview of
groundwater planning and management considerations necesssary in
beach and dune areas as conducted by the Oregon Coastal Zone
Management Association, Inc. This report constitutes one element
of an overall analysis of planning for, and managing, coastal
beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Christianna Crook, OCZMA Beaches
and Dunes Study Team Research Associate, with assistance from
other Study Team members composed of Carl Lindberg, Project
Director, Wilbur Ternyik, Project Coordinator, Arlys Bernard,
Project Secretary and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the
Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R.A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of
Tran-sporation, Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortwright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water
Conservation Commission
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Additionally, OCZMA extends appreciation to Emmett Dobey, former
Lincoln County Sanitarian (presently Planning Director, City of Lincoln
City), and Don Bramhall, North Coast Senior Sanitarian for the Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality. Special thanks is expressed to
James Luzier, Hydrologist with the USGS Water Resources Division,
Portland, for his timely review and constructive comments on this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

Preface ................................................
List of Figures ........................................
I. Sand Dune Groundwater Characteristics ..................
Ii. Groundwater Hazards Types .............................. 3
A. High Water Table
B. Ponding
C. Saltwater Intrusion
D. Drawdown
E. Pollution

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A - Water Resource Studies in Progress .................. 15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Pa_q e
Schematic illustration of groundwater interactions
common to coastal beach and dune areas indicates
the cycle of discharge and recharge and the
confines of groundwater between bedrock and the
surface ......................... ....................... 2

2. Generally, water withdrawn from the groundwater
supply will result in cone-shaped depressions
surrounding the removal site ............................ 8

3. Impermeable lenses of clay and silty materials
may direct the seaward flow of qroundwater
laterally ... ........................................... 8

I. SAND DUNE GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS

Groundwater is that water beneath the earth's surface which is
contained in pore spaces within the soil and rock. It is critical to
acquire an adequate picture of groundwater characteristics before
developing areas underlain by immense quantities of sand such as those
which exist along the Oregon coast. Sand deposits are comparatively
porous and thus downward percolation is quite rapid. Because of that
potential, hazards associated with the development of this region include,
for example, drawdown, saltwater intrusion and surface and ground-
water pollution.

Groundwater exists as a large coherent body of water (or aquifer)
which underlies dune sands. The boundaries of the groundwater are
formed by underlying bedrock and relatively impervious terrace deposits,
bedrock margins exposed at the surface (i.e, the basal western slopes of
the Coast Range), and the ocean to the west, (see Figure 1). Impermeable
silt and clay lenses are found within the deeper parts of the sand
deposits which oftentimes restrict the vertical movement of water.

The top surface of the zone of groundwater is the water table. The
general shape of the water table is a subdued replica of the land surface.
It is farthest from the surface under the larger oblique-ridge dunes and
closest at topographic lows. Most surface water (lakes, streams and
marshes) is.a surface expression of this water table occurring where
the land surface dips to intersect the water table. Locally, "perched"
water tables may exist. These are created by discontinuous bodies of
impermeable materials located beneath the land surface but higher than
the main water table. This impermeable layer catches and holds the
water reaching it from above. On the western margin of the aquifer-, the
position of the freshwater/saltwater margin is not clearly understood
but it most commonly appears to extend somewhat seaward of the beach.

The.water table reflects a seasonal variation, being higher in the
winter recharge months and lower in the summer. Recharge of dune aquifers
occurs primarily from infiltrating precipitation. It is estimated that
fully 75 to 80 percent of the 50 to 70 inches of annual precipitation
received on the Oregon coast reaches the groundwater. The remainder is
lost through surface runoff in streams, evaporation and plant use. Most
of the groundwater eventually seeps directly into the ocean under the
beach. Locally,, lesser amounts enter lakes and streams especially during
recharge months. Throughout the year the interaction between the lakes,
streams and the water table appears to be one of mutual dependence.
During summer months the water table may be lowered from three to ten
feet, at which time it appears that lakes may discharge water back to the
water table.

recharge

.10
ocean
AW
00
water table

fresh

salty
'",-bedrock

Figure 1. Schematl@c*illustration of groundwater interactions common to coastal beach and
dune areas indicates the cycle of discharge and recharge and the confines of groundwater between
bedrock and the surface (source: U.S.G.S. unpublished materials).

Three larger dune areas, the Clatsop Plains and the Florence and
Coos Bay dune sheets, appear to possess complete groundwater flow
systems. That is the groundwater flow operates as an exclusive unit
within the sand deposit and has little or no interaction with groundwater
outside its own boundaries. A system may contain more than one subbasin.
Groundwater moves relatively slowly both down gradient and from recharge
to discharge zones. Rate of flow varies from site to site but is
estimated to be five to seventeen feet per day in the Clatsop dune
aquifer (Sweet, 1977, p. 11).

The chemical quality of the groundwater is generally good except
for local problems with acidity. At a number of sites, high levels of
dissolved iron and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations exist. These result
naturally from chemical activities associated with the decomposition of
vegetation in bog and marsh areas (Sweet, p. 16 and 18; Luzier, 1978).

Il. GROUNDWATER HAZARD TYPES

Hazards and problems associated with the dune groundwater include
high water table, ponding, saltwater intrusion, water table drawdown
and pollution. It should be pointed out that hazards exist only in
relation to man's use of a site. Any sites suspected of exhibiting
hazard characteristics should be further investigated in light of the
projected use for the area.

A. High Water Table

A high water table technically occurs at any surface intersection
of the groundwater such as a lake, stream or marsh. However, those
high groundwater areas associated with hazard are most commonly sites of
extremely flat topography or depressions which contain water only part
of the year. These sites exhibit standing water anywhere from a few
weeks to eight months or more. They may be recognized in the drier sum-
mer months by the presence of such features as marshy ground, reeds,
marsh grasses, soil with a high organic content and a black to gray or
blue-gray color, sometimes accompanied by a strong organic aroma.

1. Potential sites

Those sand dune landforms most susceptible to the incidence of high
water table problems include:

a. A-11 _deflatioLpjai@s
This includes both the presently "active" ;-orms which are situated
on the lee side of the foredune and the historically active forms which
are now found considerably inland from the present foredune area. These

exhibit a flat surface topography, are usually forested and the water
table is at or near the surface most of the year.

b. The border zone between the deflation plain and interior dunes
Both interior hummock dunes and transverse-ridge dunes irregularly
interface with the deflation plain on their western border. These
sites would be susceptible to.high water table problems in th-eir basal
portions. They can often be recognized by the presence of marsh
vegetation or surface water between dunes.

c. The fringes of mostly permanent waterbodies
The areas surrounding intersections of the groundwater table are
likely to possess high water table levels themselves. This is because:
(1) the water table follows the general slope of the land, (2) it
fluctuates during the year and (3) because the area may be subject to
flooding.

d. Occasionally wet interdune area
This includes topographic lows between dunes of any form but
primarily the larger oblique-ridge and the commonly forested surface-
stabilized and older stable dunes. These may exhibit mottled gray-blue
soils and/or marsh vegetation.

2. Potential impacts and management techniques

Developmental activities in areas of seasonally high groundwater
can incur such impacts as the flooding of surface and subsurface
facilities, flotation and failure of buoyant buried structures such as
pipelines and septic tanks, differential settlement of larger structures,
construction and excavation difficulties, surface and groundwater
co.ntamination, destruction of valuable fish and wildlife habitat, and
heightened earthquake impact.

In order to avoid such problems, certain development criteria
should be adhered to. Developments should be restricted to those forms.
of land use which are either compatable with the characteristics of the
site or which can be built to provide adequate safety and minimize
impacts on the water resources. Structures, roads and sewage disposal
systems should be set well above the winter high water table and well
back from any water bodies. The alteration of wetlands by dredging or
filling should be avoided where possible in order that the system's
unique productivity and water retention capabilities will not be
diminished.

Engineering studies should be undertaken particularly for any
linear developments, such as pipelines and roads, which must span high
water table areas. The use of pilings and drainage tiles 'and culverts
are commonly recommended in suck areas.

B Pondi ng

Ponding occurs in low, poorly drained sites where excess precipita-
tion or flood waters accumulate. Topographic restrictions and/or poor
soil and bedrock permeability disallow runoff or infiltration at these
sites. The result is standing water which is not necessarily associated
with the local groundwater table. Ponding can be identified by the
local accumulation of rain or flood waters. It can be differentiated
from high water table because no lag time is involved between precipita-
tion and accumulation and because other sites susceptible to normal high
water table may not possess standing water. Although water commonly
moves fairly rapidly through sand, local soil development, surface or
subsurface impermeable lenses (clays or bogs), or extremely high water
table could reduce infiltration. These sites may contain marsh grasses
and blue-gray mottled soils.

1. Potential sites

a. Foredune/deflation plain
Some special ponding problems may occur here which involve some
degree of interaction between these two landforms. Many deflation
plains contain valuable freshwater marshes. Any breachinq of the
foredune, whether natural or man induced, may allow flooding from
ocean storms to reach the marsh. The addition of saltwater could have
damaging effects on the freshwater habitat particularly if the breaching
allows for frequent flooding. Furthermore, particularly severe ponding
in the deflation plain may cause breaching of the foredune from the
inland side. Breaching from the landward side may be caused by satura-
tion, from hydrostatic pressure, or overflow at a lowspot in the foredune.
This can lead to further erosion and limit the protective capacities of
the foredune.

b. Interdune and other low lying sites
Any low lying site commonly susceptible to high groundwater may
develop ponding problems when the water table is too high to allow
infiltration of excess water. Also those interdune areas which possess
soils, particularly marsh or bog soils which may contain.clays and other
relatively impervious materials, could develop ponding conditions.

c. Surface stable dune and older stable dune
These dunes are susceptible to the effects of ponding because they
are often underlain by relatively impermeable iron bands or older buried
soils. In addition to other ponding impacts, slope failure can occur in
this landform particularly when saturated strata have been bisected.

2. Potential impacts and management techniques

In addition to many of the impacts resulting from a high water table,
ponding can lead to serious flooding of surface structures and habitats.
Damage to subdivisions in low-lying areas, airport runway safety hazards,
slope failure and possible habitat degradation could result from ponding.
Those activities which would dam waterways, alter drainage routes,
compact the soil surface or otherwise significantly reduce infiltration
rates (i.e. blacktopping) can increase the ponding hazard.

Proper design, engineering and building techniques can avoid many
problems here. Large scale developments which could have wide ranging
impacts, particularly if proposed for flat or low-lying areas, merit
special attention. Landfills, septic tanks or other subsurface structures
should not be permitted without a thorough engineering review. There is
a high possiblity of contamination of surface and groundwaters from
septic tank failure resulting from ponding. The u*se of dikes and levees
to prevent flooding along riverways should be considered carefully as
these devices can prevent the natural runoff of rain and floodwaters.
The use of ditches, drain tiles, floodgates and building on pilings may
improve the potential for development in such sites.

C. Saltwater Intrusion

The intrusion of saltwater into the groundwater occurs when the
hydrostatic pressure (head) from fresh groundwater sources is insuf-
ficient to keep the marine water at bay. As already mentioned the
position of the saltwater/freshwater interface is not known for all
sites "along the coast. Where it has been investigated under the larger
dune sheets, the interface most commonly extends slightly seaward of the
beach (Sweet, p. 12; U.S. Forest Service, 1972, p. 14; USGS, unpublished).
It also appears to maintain a fairly vertical slope to some depth as
even those exploratory wells behind the foredune have drawn no salt-
water (U.S. Forest Service, p. 14).

Areas which do not capture enough precipitation to maintain suf-
ficient head against the marine water may be underlain by saltwater.
Because freshwater is less dense than saltwater, it may form a lens
which overlies the saltwater in such sites. Sand spits, because they
possess so little recharge area and are nearly surrounded by marine and
brackish waters, may be potential sites for this groundwater pattern.

1, Potential sites

The sites most susceptible to saltwater intrusion are Sand
spits and the thinner beach and dune strips which possess more marginal
water supplies. Although those spits underlain by sand to a considerable

depth usually contain good groundwater supplies, the lack of recharge
in the summer months when water is most in demand by summer residents
could be potentially hazardous. The deeper, westernmost wells would
be the first to experience saltwater intrusion. With overdevelopment
of groundwater resources, saltwater could intrude some distance even
into the dune sheet regions.

2. Potential impacts and management techniques

Overdevelopment of the groundwater resources could lead to en-
croachment of saltwater into this resource. The impacts of saltwater
intrusion can result in permanent or temporary pollution of the fresh-
water supply, loss of freshwater dependent vegetation and habitat,
corrosion of pumping facilities and the added cost of providing new
water supplies to developed areas.

All dune areas for which groundwater withdrawal is being considered
should have adequate hydrological studies conducted to determine the
amount of groundwater required to provide protection against saltwater
intrusion and any secondary effects. Some surveys have been produced
for the major sandsheet areas along the Oregon coast and others are
currently underway (see Appendix A).

Monitoring of the groundwater head and water quality at shoreline
sites could provide prompt inforination on any changes in the freshwater/
saltwater interface.

D. Drawdown

Drawdown is the resultant lowering of the water table level from
well pumping. Given homogenous materials, the water table will draw-
down in a cone shape surrounding the well or wells (see Figure 2).
Extended development and pumping in an area can result in general lower-
ing of the regional water table. The pattern of groundwater reduction
is complicated in the deeper sands of the dune sheets because they
are commonly interspersed with less permeable lenses of clay and silty
materials. Grou 'ndwater at depth tends to flow seaward laterally
through these lenses (see Figure 3). Thus pumping here may not lower
the water table in the immediate vicinity but rather in an adjacent
region up gradient.

removal sites,,.

ground surface

water *$
table
go

Figure 2. Generally, water withdrawn from the
groundwater supply will result in cone-shaped depressions
surrounding the removal site.

Figure 3. Impermeable lenses of clay and silty
materials may direct the seaward flow of groundwater
laterally.

1. Potential sites

Naturally all areas are potentially subject to drawdown. Critical
areas would include recreational lakes, areas of stabilizing vegetation
and those with little recharge.

2. Potential impacts and management techniq4es

The hydrological characteristics vary considerably from one site
to another and therefore the potential impacts of a lowered water table
also vary. Some potential impacts include the lowering of the water
table below the depth of local wells, reduction of lake levels, draining
of wetlands, loss of vegetation, seawater intrusion and intrusion of
water of poor quality from underlying bedrock.

With advance planning most of these problems can be readily
avoided. The proper spacing of wells to avoid overlap and regional
lowering of the groundwater table can be calculated by hydrological
studies. Wells should not be placed near-those-lakes most affected by
lowering of the water table. Some dune lakes interact intimately with
groundwater because this and direct precipitation are their only
recharge sources and because they have highly permeable sand beds.
Beale Lake and Sandpoint Lake in Coos County are examples of lakes
underlain by less permeable sediments which.slow down the rate of
recharge from the lake back to the groundwater in the summer. Coffen-
bury Lake in Clatsop County and perhaps to a lesser extent Clear,
Saunders and Butterfield Lakes in Coos County fit this category
(Robison, 1973; Frank, 1970). These lakes may,be partially fed by
surface streams and runoff from hard rock areas bordering the sand
dunes. Hyrological studies will provide critical background information
for the safe and beneficial development of these areas.

E. Pollut,ion

The pollution of groundwater involves the introduction of unwhole-
some or undesirable elements rendering.the water unfit for use or
environmentally degraded. Because sand dune aquifers experience
partic,ularly high infiltration rates, they are especial.ly susceptible to
pollution. Many fluid pollutants travel significant distances quickly
in this sand medium.

1. Potential sites

Because the sand is highly porous and does not filter some types of
harmful elements, all sand dune areas "downstream" from emission points
of harmful substances should,be considered potentially pollutable.

Those areas which should receive special consideration because of
particular locational or high water table problems are:

a. All deflation plains and deflatLo9_pli?JD__t!:j=
.This includes both the presently "active" deflation plain forms
which are situated on the lee side of the foredune and historically
active forms which are now found considerably inland from the present
foredune area. These exhibit a flat surface topography, are usually
forested and the water table is at or near the surface most of the
year.

b. Lakes, streams and marshes
These bodies of water can be surface expressions of polluted ground-
water. Conversely, polluted lakes, streams and marshes may affect local
groundwater quality.

c. Near-beach sites
These areas may be occuped by temporary or permanent settlements
and are major emptying points for the sand dune aquifer. Any non-
filtered hazardous substances may appear here.

2. Potential impacts and management techniques

Bacteria have been shown to travel a maximum distance of only about
100 feet through similar sand aquifers (California Water Pollution Con-
trol Board, 1954, p. 99). However, sand is incapable of removing
chemical contaminants. This includes those chemicals used in most
household detergents which can render water unfit for domestic
purposes. Some such contaminants not only produce a potential health
hazard but may also threaten stabilizing vegetation.

Sand aquifers also appear incapable of filtering out viruses (Frank,
p. 34). Outbreaks of hepatitis in some counties may be linked to septic
tank problems in areas of high water table or ponding (Schlicker, 1974,
p. 57).
Besides the naturally occurring sources of nitrate-nitrogen (N03-N)
present in some areas of the sand dune groundwater, there also exist
additional induced sources. Septic tank emissions and fertilizer used
on past,ure and croplands are significant sources in some areas (Sweet,
p. 18). There are indications that excessive nitrate ingestion may
cause methemoglobinemia (blue babies). The U.S. Public Health Service
prohibits the use of water for drinking purposes if N03-N concentration
is greater than 10 mg/liter (Sweet, 1977, p. 17). Furthermore, the
U.S. Department of Environmental Quality has set a limit of 5 mg/liter
in at least some sand aquifer areas on the Oregon coast (Berg, 1979).
This is apparently due to seasonal population peaks and associated septic
tank discharges (summer), natural seasonal peaks in the release of N03-N
to the groundwater (winter), and high N03-N concentrations in some local
orqanic soils (Sweet, p. 24).

There are a number of areas which use septic tanks and other
private sewage-disposal systems which discharge into the sand. Some
of these reportedly are sources of pollution to the area and others
could become so (Frank, 1970, p. 34). The seriousness of the problem
would depend on allowed density of development and the position of the
waste discharges in relation to overall groundwater flow within the
aquifer. Some experts feel that those operations which involve waste
discharge, such as septic tanks and industrial lagoons, are not appro-
priate for sand areas under most conditions (Beaulieu, 1974, p. 30).

Local decision-makers and home owners alike will benefit from a
better understanding of the potential benefits and hazards of the
local groundwater regiem. Several studies have been conducted concern-
ing water supply, quality, recharge and flow characteristics. A number
of other studies are presently underway (Appendix A). Those state and
federal agencies or local offices which may be contacted for further
information include:

U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service
U.S.G.S., Water Resources Division
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
County Sanitarian

The following references contain additional groundwater information:

Corcoran (1975)
Dugan (1976)
Hampton (1961 and 1963)
Smith (1962)

REFERENCES CITED

Beaulieu, John D. 1974. Geologic Hazards Inventory ofthe Oregon Coastal
Zone. Paper #17 prepared for: Oregon Coastal Conservation and
Development Commission. State of Oregon Department of Geology and
Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 94 Do.

Berg, Bill. Personal Communication. 1979. City Councilman, Gearhart.
California Pollution Control Board. 1954. Investi_qaiion of Travel
of Pollution. Publication 11. California Nlater Pollution
.Control Board. 218 pp.

Corcoran, R. E. 1975. "Environmental Geology of Western Coos and
Douglas Counties, Oregon." Bulletin 87. State of Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. (maps).

Dugan, Patrick, Y. R. Nayudu, Daniel Bottom, and Kathy Fitzpatrick. 1976.
A Study of Shoreland Management Alternatives - Inventory of Five
Shoreland Areas. Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development
Association, North Bend, Oregon. 280 pp.

Frank, F. J. 1970. Ground Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains
Sand-Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1899-A. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 41 pp.

Luzier, James. Personal Communication. 1978. Hydrologist, U.S..
Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.

Robison, J. H. 1973. Hydrology of the Dunes Area North of Coos Bay,
Ore_qon. Open-file Report. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon. 62 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G. 1974. Environmental Geology of Coastal Lane
County, Oregon. Bulletin 85. State of Oregon Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 115 pp.

Smith, David L. 1962. "Lake and Stream Formation on Sand Dunes in the
Florence District, Oregon." MS Thesis, University of Oregon,
Eugene, Oregon. 90 pp.

Sweet, H. Randy. 1977. Carrying Capacity of the Clatsop Plains
Sand-Dune Aquifer. Report for Clatsop County Commission and
Oregon Environmental Quality Commission, Clatsop County,
Oregon. 73 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1972." The Oreqon
Dunes NRA Resource Inventory. Siuslaw National Forest, Pacific
Northwest Region. 294 pp.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Water Resources
Division. Unpublished Material.

15
0

APPENDIX A

Water Resource
Studies In Progress

-0

WATER RESOURCE STUDIES IN PROGRESS

COUNTY AGENCY PURPOSE STATUS

Clatsop Clatsop County Planning Dept. A continuation of the Carrying Capacity Approval
and Oregon Dept. of Env. of the Clatsop Plains _S`and-Dune Aquifer recently
Quality (208 Water Quality-EPA) (Sweet, 1977). Study will allow more granted
in-depth research on the quality and
quantity of the groundwater supply.

Lane Lane County Environmental Study by Charles Strong (1979) identified
Health Division (Lane County available surface and groundwater supplies To be
Coastal Domestic Water Supply along coastal Lane County; focused on released
Report) developed and developing areas.

Lane Lane County Division of Grew out of finding in-Lane County Coastal
Environmental Health-- Domestic Water Supply Report which identi- In progress
North Florence Dunal fied potential groundwater problems in this
Aquifer Study rapidly developing area, Report will con-
sider water supply, quality and potential
groundwater hazards.

Douglas U.S.G.S., Water Resources Tests conducted at four wells in the
Division (LCDC) deflation plain at about eighty feet deep, In progress
Both water quality and quantity are being
researched.

Coos Coos Bay Water Board/ 1. Dissolved Iron--study being conducted
(U.S.G.S. WRD) to determine the distribution of dissolved In progress
iron in the dunal aquifer. Series of test
wells between Jordan Cove and Ten-mile Creek
to aquifer bottom.. Test samples to determine
changes which take place in 'the location and
concentration of dissolved iron and other
chemicals as well as pumped.

2. Extraction System--following the above
study, when the best water sources have been
identified, a groundwater extraction system Planning
will be designed which will allow water removal stages
with the best possible benefits to users and
the environment.

3. Spit Water Supply Investigation--Res6arch
presently underway to determine the best Planning
possible way to develop the Coos Bay Spit's stages
water supply to serve an industrial park
system.

_7@

Off -Road Vehicle Planning Management
On The Oregon Coast

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

This report has been catalogued by the WICHE Library as follows:

Fowler, Timms R.
Off-road vehicle planning and management
on the Oregon Coast / Timms R. Fowler. --
Boulder, CO : Western Interstate Commission
for Higher Education, 1978.
116p.

1. Coasts - Recreational use. 2. Coasts
- Oregon. I. Western Interstate Commission
for Higher Education. Resources Development
Internship Program. II. Title.

The ideas and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author.
They do not necessarily reflect the views of the WICHE Commissioners or
WICHE staff.

The@Resources Development Internship Program has been financed during
1976 by grants from the Economic Development Administration, the Jessie
Smith Noyes Foundation, the Wyoming Division of Manpower Planning; the
Colorado Department of Labor and Employment; and by more than one hundred
and fifty community agencies throughout the West.

WICHE is an Equal Opportunity Employer.

OFF-ROAD VEHICLE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

ON THE OREGON COAST

Timms R. Fowler,

Intern
Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C - P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

December, 1978

ABSTRACT

A framework to plan and manage off-road vehicle (ORV) use on the
Oregon coast is developed. Federal and state ORV policies are compared
and contrasted. Regulations applying to coastal ORV use are presented,
which cover primarily equipment and noise limits. ORV environmental impacts
are divided into inherent and behavioral types. Inherent impact is the
minimum baseline level of impact for a recreational form, and behavioral
impact is the impact, in addition to the baseline level, caused by human
action. ORV inherent impact on natural terrain is greater than pedestrian
impact. ORV behavioral impact is usually more significant than a pedes-
trian's. Coastal ORV use is divided into three activity designations for
planning/management purposes: competitive events, vehicle play, and access
corridors. Beach and dune areas are divided into ORV management units
based on their identification and sensitivity to ORV impacts. A management
unit's sensitivity is matched with an activity designation's impact to
determine what type of ORV use may be suitable. Specific environmental
impacts on sand, vegetation, and wildlife should be considered in planning
an ORV area. They are outlined and discussed. Site criteria are provided
for the activity designations. Management considerations are discussed,
including posting, law enforcement, safety, user compat-ibility, environmental
monitoring, and special permits. The Sand Lake ORV area is provided as a
case study in planning and managing ORVs. Specific recommendations are
offered to make ORV use at Sand Lake compatible. Also, policy recommenda-
tions are provided. Coastal areas of ORV use and potential suitability are
mapped. Final recommendations are offered regarding the Oregon Dunes
National Recreation Area, the north spit of the Coos River, and comprehensive
State legislation.

PREFACE

The followi.ng report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of off-road vehicle use on Orego'n's coastal beaches and dunes conducted
by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. This report
constitute's-one element of an overall analysis of planning for coastal
beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under
Section'306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act thro .ugh the Oregon
Department of Land Conservation and Development. Preparation of this
report was made possible through the cooperation-of the Western Interstate
Commission for Higher Education, Boulder, Colorado.

This report was prepared by Timms Fowler, WICHE Intern, under the
direction of Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator, with assistance
from OCZMA's Beaches and Dunes Study Team c"omposed of Carl Lindberg,
Project Director, Christianna Crook, Project Associate, Wilbur Ternyik,
Project Coordinator, Dr. Paul Komar, coastal geologist under contract,
Bill Burley, coastal biologist under contract, and Ruby Edwards, secretary.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:
R.A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortwright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Anne Squire, Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Cathy McCone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Throughout this endeavor, the OCZMA has received tremendous response
and assistance from private individuals and groups, as well as local and
state agencies. The Association deeply appreciates their enthusiasm and
cooperation and would especially like to acknowledge the following
individuals:
U.S. Forest Service: Robert Shrenk, John Czermerys, Ed Oram,
and especially Wayne Gale and Dwight Johnson,

Oregon Department of Transportation, Parks and Recreation
Division: Peter Bond,
Tillamook County Planning Department: Lori Dull

Thanks are also due to the many thoughtful and energetic people
involved in the ORV clubs. Specifically they are:
South Coast Beach and Dune Recrecationalists: Andy Adams and
Rex Bales,
Pacific Northwest Four-wheel Drive Association: Cl-iff Bales
and Gerry Brown,
Northwest Trail and Dune Association: Gene Noble and Duke
Witney,
Northwest Trail and Dune Association: John Critzer.

Special thanks is due to Timms Fowler, WICHE Intern, who invested
considerable time and effort in fastediously researching the ORV
literature and conducted innumerable interviews towards the preparation
of this report. This report, the culmination of three months work, is
a tribute to Mr. Fowler's energetic manner and professional abilities.

Cover design by Denise A. Goulett, Toledo, Oregon.
Illustration (Figure 1) prepared by Lorraine Morgan, Newport, Oregon
This report was prepared as part of a larger document. If read singularly,
the cross references to the critical habitat section should be disregarded.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Abstract .............................................. i

Preface .............................................. iii
List of Tables, Figures and Maps ..................... vii
I. Introduction ......................................... I

A. Growth
B. National Response
C. Federal Policy
D. The Oregon Situation
E. ORV Policy: Comparisions and Contrasts
II. Understanding ORV Environmental Impact ............... 4
A. Introduction
B. Inherent Impact
C. Behavioral Impact
D. Illustration of Inherent and Behavioral
Impacts
E. Inherent and Behavioral Impacts: ORV
Recreation Relative to Pede's*trian Recreation
III. Off-Road Vehicle Activity Designation ................ 10
A. User Types
B. Activity Designations
IV. Coastal ORV Management Units and Their Suitable
Activity Designations ................................ 14
A. Management Area
B. ORV Management Units
V. Specific Environmental Impact Considerations ......... 16
A. ORV Effects on Sand
B. ORV Effects on Vegetation
C . ORV Effects on Wildlife
VI. Site Criteria ........................................ 22

A. User Interests
B. Size
C. Access Control
D. Staging Area
E. Jurisdictional Considerations
F. Adjacent Land Compatibility
VII. Management Considerations ............................ 27
A. User Education
B. Posting ORV Designations
C. Law Enforcement
D. Safety
E. Compati bi 1 i ty
F. Environmental Monitoring Plan
G. Special Events Permits

Chaoter Page
VIII. Sand Lake ............................................ 34
A. Background and Analysis .
B. Policy Recommendations: Goal Compliance
C. Management Recommendations
IX. Coastal ORV Areas .................................... 43

X. Recommendations and Rationales ....................... 71

A. General
B. Specific
XI. References Cited ..................................... 75

LIST OF APPENDICES

.Appendix A - Executive Orders 11644 and 11989 ............... 79
Appendix B - Proposed Bureau of Land Management
Regulations .................................... 83
Appendix C - Applicable (26CFR 295; 36CFR 261.13)
and Revoked (36CFR 295.6-295.8) Forest
Service Regulations .......................... 89
Appendix D - Oregon Revised Statutes which apply
to Off-Road Vehicles and Snowmobiles ........... 93
Appendix E - Oregon Revised Statutes and Administrative
Rules relating to ORV Noise .................... 97
Appendix F - Oregon Revised Statutes relating to
Vehicle Zones on the Ocean Shore ............... 101
Appendix G - Cooperative Agreement between Tillamook
County and the U.S. Forest Service ............. 103
Appendix H - Agreement between Tillamook County and
Northwest Trail and Dune Association ........... 107
Appendix I - Grievances associated with Off-Road
Vehicle Use in the Sand Lake Area,
Tillamook County, Oregon ........................ 115

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. The relative potential impacts and manage-
abilities for the three vehicle activity
designations ................................... 12

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1. Behaviorial impacts are important to con-
sider when planning for and managing ORV
areas .......................................... 6

2. A dune with its vegetation removed and
relief changed by ORVs at Sand Lake in
Tillamook County, Oregon ....................... 11

3. A long dune segmented by hill-climb activity
at Sand Lake, Tillamook County, Oregon ......... 11

4. Dune hummock cut on all sides by ORVs at
Sand Lake, Tillamook County, Oregon ............ 36

5. A barren sand mound cut by ORVs at Sand
Lake, Tillamook County, Oregon ................. 36

6. A map of the Sand Lake Dunes Areas illustra-
ting areas of concentrated public use, and
areas of regulated cross country motor
vehicle travel ................................. 37

LIST OF MAPS

Map Page
1-2 Clatsop County ................................. 46

3-7 Tillamook County ................................ 48

8-9 Lincoln County .................................. 53

10-13 Lane County .................................... 56

14-16 Douglas County ................................. 59

17-21 Coos County .................................... 62

22-25 Curry County ................................... 67

vii

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Growth

The national growth of off-road vehicles (ORVs) and their use has
been explosive in recent years (Stupay, 1971, pp. 14-18). Most ORV stu-
dies' introductions are laiden with statistics on growth; two statistics
on vehicle use are provided here. The Motorcycle Industry Council (1978,
P. 32) offers statistics for off-road motorcycle use in 1977. Thirty-
five per cent or 4.5 billion miles of the total motorcycle mileage was
off-highway use. In 1977, of the 142,700 motorcycles in Oregon, 105,700
were used off-highway at some time (p. 30). Oregon's coastal beaches and
dunes are no exception to the growth and popularity of ORV recreation,
however, ORV user counts are unavailable.

B. National Response

Initially, national planning and management of ORV recreation
failed to keep pace with the rapid evolution of this sport; thus,.its.
potential problems have become real problems. Gradually, since the
early seventies research has helped identify the problems (McCool and
Roggenbuck, 1974) and provided information on ORV user behavior,
environmental impacts, and management techniques.

Baldwin and Stoddard (1973) summarize the concerns about ORV
recreation, while Bury, Wendling, and McCool (1976) provide a literature
review. Lodico (1973) reviews the early environmental effects of ORVs,
and Rasor (1978) provides examples of viable ORV programs in five states.
The State of Washington (1976) and Cali.fornia (1978) have well developed
programs including legislation, registration, and a self-supporting
funding system.

C . Federal Policy

Federal policy and planning for ORV use was initiated by.Executive
Order 11644 (Nixon, 1972) which requires that federal agencies develop
plans to administer ORV use (Appendix A). Later it was modified by ,
Executive Order 11989 (Carter, 1977) which enables federal land managers
to close areas open to ORV use if'such use is@ causing or will cause
adverse environmental effects (Appendix A). Thus, federal agencies
have developed or are developing their respective"plans pursuant to
the Executive Orders. The proposed Bureau of Land Management regulations
provide an example and a background of national policy evolution
(Appendix B).

The Forest Service policy and regulations are given in the Code
of Federal Regulations 36CFR 295 -- Use of Off-Road Vehicles
T-APPendix C). A portion of those regulations (295.6 - 295.8) were re-
voked February 15, 1977, pending probable revision and are included for
informative purposes (Appendix C). Finally, under the Code of Federal
Regulations 36CFR 261.13 (prohibitions) certain rules apply to ORV use
(AppenFi-xC).

D. The Oregon Situation

1. Federal involvement
The United States Forest Service (Siuslaw National Forest) plays,
an active role in management of ORVs at Sand Lake, in Tillamook County,
and at the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area (NRA). The regulations
adopted pursuant to Executive Order 11644 form the basis of their man-
agement plan (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1976). Different areas
can have differing regulations so an ORV recreationalist should check to
make sure all regulations are understood. Oregon Department of Environ-
mental Quality noise standards are enforced at the NRA and Sand Lake.
The state ORV equipment requirements'are only enforced at the NRA
(Oregon Revised Statute (ORS) 483.833 - 483.847) (Appendix D); however,
the Hebo Unit presently is working to resolve this inconsistency.

2. State involvement
Oregon, despite several legislative attempts, does not have a
comprehensive plan to accomodate and manage ORV recreation. House Bill
2764 is a good example; it was rewritten three times during the 1975
Regular Session and at the session's close was left in committee. The
basic issues considered were: registration, limitation of use to speci-
fied areas on public land, area development, application of the snowmobile
law, a funding system, and an advisory council. Lacking sufficient
political support, a comprehensive ORV program for Oregon, presently,
does not exist.

Several state statutes apply to ORVs, which are defined as:
... any motorized vehicle designed or capable of cross-country travel on
or immediately over land, water, sand, snow,@ice, marsh, swampland or
other natural terrain." (ORS 483.333) (Appendix D). The most extensive
body of law deals wi'th snowmobiles. It covers operator certification,
operator conduct, accident reporting, law enforcement, and loca'l
provisions (ORS 473.710 - 483.755) (Appendix D). Cities and counties
can regulate snowmobiles on public lands, waters, and other properties
under its jurisdiction if such regulations are consistent with state
law (ORS 483.755).

Another state statute establishes equipment requirements for ORVs
operating only in the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area and the
ocean shore open to vehicular traffic within the NRA (ORS 483.833 -
483.847) (Appendix D).

Two noise standards for ORVs exist at,the state level (Department
of Environmental Quality (DEW. First, ORVs must meet in-use noise
limits (decible limits) (ORS 467.030, Oregon Administrative Rule (OAR)
340-35-030(l)(b)) (Appendix E). Also, ORVs must not cause surrounding
(ambient) noise levels to exceed standards near houses or other noise
sensitive property. The vehicle operator and/or the property owner on
which the vehicle is operated may be responsibile (ORS 467.030, OAR
340-35-030(l)(d)). Noise considerations are covered inthe DEQ-Handbook
for Environmental Quality Elements of Oregon Local Comprehensive Land
Use Plans (1978). Further information and assistance is available from
DEQ. Enforcement of the noise standards by DEQ is on a,complaint basis
and is not an adequate management program for ORV areas. Apparently
local law enforcement officers have the authority to enforce ORV noise
standards but lack the equipment and direction to do so.

Other state involvement includes regulations of motor vehicles
in certain zones on the ocean shore. The Oregon Department of Transpor-
tation may establish zones where vehicle use is restricted or prohibited
through a specified procedure including public hearings and consultation
with local government as provided for in ORS 390.688 (Appendix F). Those
zones are enforced by the Oregon State Police and local law enforcement
agencies.

The ocean shore is defined by ORS 390.605 (Appendix F) as the
area between extreme low tide and a survey line, based on the Oregon
Coordinate System called the "vegetation line". It is not really the
vegetation line but is a survey line defined by a series of points along
the coast as described by ORS 390.770 (Appendix F). This line is often
referred to as the "zone line". Also most of the wet sand area (the
area between'ordinary high tide and extreme low tide) is a state recreation
area (ORS 390.615) (Appendix F). Many of the motor vehicle laws apply
to the ocean shore except such areas within the Oregon Dunes National
Recreation Area, which are addressed by the State ORV requirements.

3. ORV planning
Pertinent pl.anning goals and guidelines administered by the Oregon
Department of Land Conservation and Development are: (1) Beaches and
Dunes: (2) Recreation; (3) Coastal Shorelands; (4) Estuarine Resources;
(5) Open Spaces, Scenic and Historic Area 's, and Natural Resources; and
(6) Areas Subject to Natural Disasters and Hazards. Coordination between
related goals is significant because of ORV use in beach areas as well as
in upland areas. Sand Lake is a good example where the Estuarine, Coastal
Shorelands, Beaches and Dunes, and Recreation Goals must be dovetailed.

The Recreation,Goal does not specifically mention ORV use while
in the beach and dunes guidelines, ORV recreational use is mentioned by
name. One must assume ORV activities would be classified as: "...active
or passive games and activities" in the Recreation Goal.@ Its guidelines
(paragraph five) suggest that the State Comprehensive OutdoorRecreation
Plan (SCORP) be used as a planning guide when developing-recreation
facilities. SCORP (1977) specifically considers ORV use,,prov,iding

standards to determine state and local needs, and should be used
directly by the planners when providing for ORV recreation.

E. ORV Policy: Comparisons and Contrasts

The federal government recognizes ORV use as a legitimate recrea-
tional form, planning and managing it, while the State of Oregon only
tactily recognizes ORV use Without a plan or management scheme. The
Department of Transportation's vehicle zones, SCORP (1977),' and the
Beach and Dune Guidelines are the only recognition of ORV use. ORV
recreation is not mentioned by name in the Recreation Goal.

Many of the motor vehicle laws apply to vehicles operating on
the beaches except within the NRA, where only the ORV equipment
standards are required (ORS 483.837). Also, the Forest Service has no
jurisdiction over the beaches, and the state or county cannot enforce
federal regulations on federal land except through special agreements
.(under Public Law 92-82).

II. UNDERSTANDING ORV ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

A. Introduction

Plainly, whether a given impactl is "good" or "bad" is value
dependent. When impacts are variable in degree, it becomes more
difficult for people to agree on what is an acceptable level of
impact for a given activity because of different personal values and
different interpretations of the "facts".

To place ORV use in perspective with other types of recreation,
it is useful to make a distinction between two types of environmental
impacts. Specifically, it can be divided into two types: (1) inherent
impact and (2) behavioral impact. The distinction is based on how
much the impact's size can vary and the factors that determine the
impact's size. Inherent impact is fixed in size while behavioral
impact varies.

B. Inherent Impact

Inherent impact is the minimal impact on the environment for a
given type of recreational activity. It is the least impact possi bl e

lWhether written in the singular or plural form, impact shall be
considered as the sum total of the effects for a given activity. One
action rarely has a single effect on the environment.

(determined by common sense and scientific research) provided that a
specific activity does, in fact, take place in a given environmental
setting. Thus, it forms a baseline.

The inherent impact is determined by the nature of the activity
and where the activity takes place. Specifically, ORV recreation is
motorized and for the purposes of this study, takes place on the beach
and dune areas of the coast. Thus, the inherent impact would be less
than that for ORV activity in a desert or alpine tundra area. Typically,
ORV inherent impact is greater than that for non-motorized recreational
forms.

C. Behavioral Impact

Behavioral impact is the impact that exceeds the minimal base-
line effects (inherent impact) as a result of human action(s). It
can vary greatly in size depending on one's behavior, regardless of
whether it is intentional or unintentional. Specifically, ORVs
(primarily motorcycles and four-wheel drive vehicles) can be tools of
destruction if used thoughtlessly; their power and weight are no match,
for soil, vegetation, and wildlife.

D. Illustration of Inherent
and Behavioral Impacts

A simple example is the difference between a person driving a
vehicle down a beach to go clamming and another person going clamming
but deciding to play "hill climber" on the foredune (breaching it).
and "trailblazer" through the deflation plain (destroying its vegetation).
Clearly, going from one place to another for access and sightseeing has
a minimal impact (inherent impact), while active vehicle play in un-
suitable areas caused impact far beyond the baseline level. Vehicle
play is acceptable only in specific areas; outside of those areas it is
inappropriate and results in large behavioral impacts. Behavioral
impact is important in ORV planning, management, and the recreation
itself (see Figure 1).

E. Inherent and Behavioral Impacts: ORV Recreation
Relat ive to Pedestrian Recreation

1. Motorization is the difference
The fundamental difference between ORV recreation and other
recreational activities (particularly pedestrian) is the use of a motor
vehicle to traverse areas typically unsuitable for a.normal vehicle.
This difference is the largely unique, attractive aspect of the recrea-
tion, but paradoxically, also is potentially a detriment to thts recrea-
tional form. The problems with this motorized sport, as well as the

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Figure 1. Behavioral impacts are important to consider when planning
for and managing ORV areas. Caption is based on a phrase from
the BLM'S Operation ORVAC, 1970.

positive aspects, must be recognized and understood by both participant
and non-participant.

2. Inherent impact
The inherent impact is greater for RV recreation than it is for
pedestrian types on natural terrain. An analysis follows comparing a
trail bike and a pedestrian which illustrates how motorization and
degree of impact relate. Although ORV recreation also includes dune
buggying, four-wheel driving and special events such as sand drag-races,
they all take place on the Oregon coast and share the common motorized
character.

ORV impact is larger because it is motorized. Three specific
areas can be identifed showing how the motorization increases the
inherent impact's size: (1) the specific area contacted by the recrea-
tionalist or the recreationalist's ORV (interface between the recrea-
tionalist and the environment), (2) the range or area covered by a
recreationalist in a given amount of time (total area contacted or
total interface area), and (3) the area of recognition based on sight
or sound (area of recognition).

First, at the area of immediate contact between the recreation-
alist and the environment, the interface, the inherent impact is
greater for the ORV (recreationalist) because its greater mass and
power production is translated proportionally into environmental
impact. "Generally, the greater the torque applied at the machine/
environment interface, the greater the potential for impact." (Bury
et al., 1976, p.41). Also Muntz, Deglow and Campbell comment generally,
not quantitatively, on the relative erosional effects between a trail
biker and a hiker (1972, p. 9):

For example, in the case of trail bikes, erosion should
be considered. It seems that the trail bike must be worse than
the hiker since the trail bike and rider represent something
like three times the mass of a hiker. In addition, feet in-
telligently guided are rather more efficient at gaining firm
holds than wheels, thus allowing a hiker to gain or lose alti-
tude and generally to accelerate or decelerate per unit mass
with less displacement of trail surface material than a trail.
bike.

The behavior described above as "feet intelligently guided" is
indicative of pedestrian behavior with minimal environmental impact, and
suggests that even the most consciencious trail biker's inherent impact
would be greater than that of the hiker, due merely to the use of a
motorized vehicle.

Second, comparing the range or contact area covered in a given
amount of time (total interface) for the ORV user versus the pedestrian

user, the total interface is much greater since the ORV user can traverse
an area at a much higher speed. This is true and is widely expressed as
a beneficial attribute. Nevertheless, because the total interface is
larger, so is the inherent impact.

A panel convened by the Geological Society of America provides
enlightening figures on the relationship between the range and the inter-
face area (1977, p. 3):

A,motorcycle compacts soil, on the average, across a track about
5 inches wide. Thus, a single motorcycle compacts the soil of
one acre in traveling 20 miles. Tracks made by four-wheel vehicles
.are typically 18 112 inches wide and, accordingly, disturb one
acre in 6 miles of travel.

Not only is the range increased by motorization but so is the affected
adjacent area.

Third, the area around a recreationalist in which one's presence
can be recognized by sight or sound is the area of recognition.. The
area of recognition is greater for a motorized recreationalist than it
is for a pedestrian. Muntz et al. (1972) quantified the range and area
of recognition in a forest si-t-t-17-ng for a trail biker and a hiker. Their
areas of recognition were based on audio and visual stimuli. The model
applies to beach and dune areas, but a few differences must be considered'.

The recognition area would probably be greater for both recrea-
tionalists due to the openness. However, the trail biker's area of
recognition is still larger because in the coastal setting the ORV is
noisier and would be more visible because of its larger size and its
rapid movement against a background. Muntz et al. conclude (p. 11):

The forest impact of an off-road vehicle was found to be enormous-
... relative to that of a hiker. The reasons for the vastly
greater impact of the vehicles and their greater range, speed,
and recognition.

I Although the recognition area is most significant in regard to
another recreationalist's perceptions and desires for a particular type
of outdoor experience, the noise may have a significant effect on what-
ever perceives it, whether it is another person or wildlife. In addition
to noise, exhaust emissions are intrinsic to motorized recreation.1

lThese consist of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. and
are part of the ORV inherent impact; however, they are not unique since
motor vehicles are used in some capacity for most recreation.

Thus, ORV recreation, because of its motorized character, has a
greater inherent impact than other pedestrian recreational forms on
natural terrain for three reasons: (1) the effects at the recreationalist/
environment interface are more intense due to the greater weight and
power, (2) the total area of the contact interface is multiplied due to
the broader range, and (3) the area of recognition is amplified due to
the sound emissions.

This does not mean pedestrian recreation is without inherent
impacts. Pedestrian recreationalists have inherent impacts on the envi-
ronment often resulting in erosion, soil compaction, and wildlife
disturbance. It is not a question of which activities have environ-
mental impacts because they all do. Rather, it is a matter of degree,
and the motorized vehicular recreationalist has a greater inherent
impact than a pedestrian recreationalist on the natural terrain.

Regarding the Oregon coastal areas, the operation of an ORV in,
open sand has minimal environmental impact. However, ORV use is not
always limited to just open sand, thus the large inherent impact of an
ORV is significant. Planning and management are required to deal with
this problem..

3@. Behavioral impact

Behavioral impact is the result of human action and may vary.from
its lower limit (inherent impact) to unlimited levels. At this point,
some general values must be applied and are reflected in federal and
state laws regulating and protecting natural resources. Of course,
common sense may dictate what impacts are negative too.1 In recreation
literature, "bad" behavior is termed "depreciaiive behavior" and is
defined simply as the human acts degrading the resource or interfering
with the experience of other recreationalists. Depreciative behavior
results in negative behavioral impacts.

In ORV recreation, as in most recreational types@ there are
individuals who exhibit depreciative behavior.. These individuals fall
into the same behavioral category, but their impacts are considerably
different. The depreciative behavior of an individual operating an
ORV is often more significant, because they are operating a powerized
machine.

Two factors previously discussed regarding inherent impact have
application here: (1) the intensity of the impact, at the recreation-
alist/environment interface, and (2) the range or mobile capacity of
an ORV. First,- if the power and weight of an ORV are used in a
depreciative way, it can have a large impact. The motor vehicle becomes

lCare must be exercised since most impacts take time to -be
recognized and are subtle. This is particularly true of some
ecological impacts (Bennett, 1973, p. 13).

a tool of destruction far exceeding the potential harm done by a lone
individual exhibiting such depreciative behavior. The mechanical.
advantage makes the operator's behavior the crucial determinant in
controlling environmental impact (see F gures 2 and 3).

Second, the great range and ability to venture into remote areas
with ORVs may be a positive attribute of ORV recreation. On the other
hand, if ORVs serve as a vehicle to carry depreciative behavior into
back country areas they are ruinous. ORVs remove many of the functional
barriers (distance, elevation, etc.) that have limited access in the past.

Thus, when irresponsible behavior takes place involving an ORV,
the damage is extraordinarily'large and the ORV can serve to transport
that damage to areas previously protected by limited access.

Bury et al. summarized these points (p. 20):

While the proportion of individuals assuming depreciative
behavior forms may be no larger than in other recreation activity
groups (although research is needed to determine the proportion),
the potential for impacts of this behavior may be considerably
larger because of the mechanized nature of the activity. Mechaniza-
tion not only allows individuals to cover more terrain than most
other recreational pursuits, .... Stated perhaps more succinct.ly,
the geography of depreciative behavior among ORV operators will be
more dispersed than that caused by other recreational participants.

Due to the possibly large, negative behavioral impact and its
wide geographical distribution, management becomes very difficult and
expensive. Perhaps an effective means to deal with depreciative be-
havior is through peer influence. An ORV participant may respond more
favorably to regulations by observing others' respect for them and
following their encouragement to do likewise for the benefit of all ORV
recreationalists. This can be promoted by user education programs.
Also, planning can greatly reduce many user conflicts and management
requirements regarding environmental impacts.

III. OFF-ROAD VEHICLE ACTIVITY DESIGNATIONS

A. User Types

ORV recreationalists are a diverse group of people and utilize
various types of vehicles in different ways. However, three groups
can be identified (Peine, 1973, pp. 9-10; State of California, pp. 9-10):
.0) vehicle oriented, (2) activity oriented, and (3) land oriented. The
first group see the vehicle as an end in itself enjoying the performance,
skill of operation and maintenance. This group would include the most

Figure 2. A dune with its vegetation removed and relief
changed by ORVs at Sand Lake in Tillamook County, Oregon..

M@I

Figure 3. A long dune segmented by hill-climb activity
at Sand Lake, Tillamook County, Oregon.

avid riders and competito'
rs. The second group, activity oriented, are
using their ORVs as a means to another end, transportation to areas in
which to hunt, fish, clam, camp, etc. The last group, land oriented,
seek to be out of doors and enjoy remote scenery and points of interest.
These groups are useful in distinquishing some of the different user
motivations but are limited in their application to planning and manage-
ment because their respective impacts are not considered.

B. Activity Designations

As previously discussed, different ac tivities have different
impacts, so based.on their functional differences and related potential
impacts, three ORV activity management designations can be made: compe-
titive events, vehicle play, and access corridor.

1. Competitive events
Organized competition can be planned in detail, managed and moni-
tored very closely through special permits issued to an individual or a
club that assumes the responsibility for the event. Thus, impacts and
problems can be dealt with in advance. Events like sand drags, because
of their organized structure, are quite manageable (see Table 1).

Table 1. The relative potential impacts and manageabilities
for the three vehicle activity designations

Activity Designation Impacts Manageability
Inherent Behavioral

Competitive Events High High High

Vehicle Play High High Low

Access Corridor Low High Low

Thus, their potentially large impacts (inherent and behavioral) can be
mitigated, raising their compatibilities with adjacent lands.

2. Vehicle play
The distinction between vehicle play and vehicle access is dependent
on the ORV users' behavior since their machines, especially in the case
of four-wheel drive vehicles and motorcycles, have the dual capacity for
play and access.

Vehicle play includes the active testing of one's machine and skill
to negotiate steep hills, rough terrain, etc. Generally, it can consist
of a mixture of activities such as touring an area, hill climbing, and
informal racing with a friend. Vehicle play is basically vehicle oriented.
Perhaps, it is best described as an activity resulting from the use of a
powerized vehicle to freely traverse a variety of terrain (large dune bowls,
small dunes, open sand straight-aways) at a variety of speeds.

Both the inherent and potential behavioral impacts are great because
of the motorized, free, and relatively wide-open nature of the activity.
Management must be sufficient to deal with these problems. However, man-
agement is difficult due to the range and mobility of an ORV. An overly
enthusiastic driver may venture into areas not appropriate for such use;
simple rules become difficult to enforce. Vehicle play is much harder to
administer than competitive events and therefore, may be less compatible
with adjacent areas (residential areas, impgrtant habitat areas, stabilized
vegetation areas) (see Table 1).

3. Access corridor
Vehicle access, in theory, would include transit from one point to
another on a single path or corridor, the vehicle serving as a means of
transportation whether it be for fishing, clamming, or sightseeing. Thus,
it functionally includes the activity and land oriented ORV user groups.
Assuming normal driving habits (shortest distance routes, low speeds, etc.)
and no thrill-seeking behavior, the inherent impact for an access corridor
would be significantly smaller than that for vehicle play, This would
likely increase the compatibility of this activity, facilitating its
provision since it could be permitted in or near more areas. However,
if individuals ranged over inappropriate terrain, outside the access
areas as if it were a vehicle play area, this would constitute depreciative
behavior and result in unacceptable behavioral impacts. Clearly', the ORV
user's behavior in beach and dune areas determines, in reality, whether an
access area can exist or not. The inherent impact would be less than that
for vehicle play, but the potential for behavioral impact would still be
large (see Table 1). This should be kept in mind while planning and
working with the ORV groups.

IV. COASTAL ORV MANAGEMENT UNITS AND THEIR

SUITABLE ACTIVITY DESIGNATIONS

A. Management Area

The management area is the largest land division having identi-
fiable boundaries, natural (headlands, rivers, etc.) or man-made
(highways, etc.). It includes all planning elements (house construction,
recreational areas, wildlife habitats, etc.), stressing the.interactions
between all the elements. The aim of such a division is to promote the
consideration of an activity's impact on the adjacent land or land uses
both immediate and distant.

B. ORV Management Units

Subdivisions within the management area are management units.
Specifically, ORV management units are readily identifiable contiguous
landforms and/or plant communities sharing in part a common sensitivity
to ORV traffic. The ORV management unit's sensitivity determines which
activity designations are suitable. Within each ORV management unit,
the significance of ORV impacts can vary and so the exact location of
an ORV activity should be situated accordingly. Suitability of agiven
activity designation is not an absolute policy statement. Other factors
must be considered, and suitability can change over the period of a
year or more.

The environmental impacts of ORVs in coastal settings such as
beaches, dunes, salt marshes, and tidal flats were studied at Cape Cod
National Seashore between 1974 and 1977. The results are summarized by
Godfrey, Leatherman, and Buckley in Coastal Zone '78 (1978, pp. 581-600).
These studies conducted by the University of ga-ssachusetts National Park
Service Cooperative Research Unit, are used extensively in the following
explanations of ORV impacts on habitat types.1 The following ORV manage-
ment units are defined by their sensitivity to ORV traffic and their
easy identification.

1. Protected intertidal
The protected intertidal ORV management unit includes salt marshes,
sand flats, and estuarine areas generally protected from direct ocean
wave action. The sand flats within river outlets are not really pro-
tected and-may be more appropriately considered in the beach foredune
management unit as an intertidal "beach".

Of the areas studied, the protected intertidal unit is the most
sensitive to vehicle traffic. "These are the salt marshes and sand flats
which harbor a variety of marine and coastal organisms, as well' as supply-

Me author gratefully acknowledges the Unit's comprehensive
research.

ing primary productivity to the estuarine and nearshore marine food
webs, (Godfrey et al., p. @90). In salt marshes, very low levels of
vehicle traffic can maintain bare areas indefinitely. In open intertidal
sand flats, vehicle traffic may stop the natural development of marsh
vegetation and may affect the survival of marine life such as worms,
clams, and other mollusks (Godfrey et al., p. 592).

Typically, the protected intertidal ORV management unit is not
suitable for any ORV activity designation. This is consistent with the
estuarine and other related goals. However,@ in the case.of emergencies,
salvage operations, and special management needs, an access cor .ridor
might be a necessity.

2. Beach foredune
The beach foredune ORV management unit consists of the beach, and
the entire foredune and makes a naturally identifiable unit with regard
to ORV use.

Within the beach foredune area, impact sensitivity varies ' The
intertidal beach (wet sand area between high and low tide) is probably
the area most resistant to ORV impact, since it is so naturally variable
(sand transport during tidal cycles and storm cycles, etc.). The natural
changes are much greater than any vehicular effects. However, the high
beach (berm) where only the highest tides reach can be heavily impacted.
In this area, birds nest and drift accumulates. Where vehicles pass only
a few times on driftlines, organic deposits can be broken up along with
the destruction of pioneering plants and reduced bacterial counts
(Godfrey et al., p. 586).

Although foredune vegetation is highly susceptable to destructi on!
by ORVs, it is also an area of vigorous growth and recovery. (Note:
there are special erosion hazards associated with destabilized foredunes,
which are considered in the specific impacts section.)

Overall, the ORV impacts on the beach foredune unit are.signifi-
cantly less than in the protected intertidal areas. In light of the
foredune sensitivity and associated wildlife habitat, an access corridor
is the only suitable designation for the beach foredune management unit.
User compatibility and other management factors should be considered in
making such a designation (refer to those sections).

3. Vegetated dune
Vegetated dunes are susceptable to removal of their stabilizing
vegetation causing erosion hazards and esthetic impacts. Access corridors
are the only suitable designation for this ORV management unit. Some
dune.areas that were stabilized at public expense have been damaged by ORV
use. Does recreation justify this destruction?

4. Vegetated deflation plain
Vegetated deflation plains are similar to vegetated dunes in that
the vegetation can be destroyed by vehicles. The impact is significant
regarding wildlife habitat and its associated flora. Vegetated deflation
plains constitute an ORV management unit that is potentially suitable only
for a carefully planned and monitored ORV access corridor designation.

.5. Open sand
Open sand areas and open sand dunes constitute ORV management
units which apparently are ideal for all ORV activities. Clearly, open
sand areas (excluding beach areas) are most suitable for ORV use with
little lasting inherent impact. Wildlife distrubance is probably minimal,
however, open sand deflation plains can serve as resting areas for migrating
birds. During those periods, such areas are not suitable for any ORV
activity. Also where dunes are encroaching on valuable land, ORV activity
is inappropriate because it might accelerate dune migration (through down
slope sand transport and wind transport).

V. SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS

Consider the inherent ORV impacts on sand, vegetation, and wildlife.
Some impacts on these resources are certain to occur and require special
attention. The general topics,concerning ORV impacts for each subject
are listed. Only those pertinent and previously documented in the
literature are reviewed. Some management recommendations are offered to
reduce the impacts, however, a more complete analysis of management
techniques is discussed in Chapter VII.

In the planning process, the ultimate determination is whether the
probable ORV recreational impact is consistent with LCDC's land use goals
and a community's values (recreational and environmental). Regarding
environmental impacts, goal number five concerning natural resources is
the most applicable: to conserve open space and protect natural and
scenic resources which would include fish and wildlife areas and habitat,
as well as ecologically and scientifically significant natural areas.

A. ORV Effects on Sand

1. Downslope sand transport and compaction (geomorphological effects)
2. Wind erosion (wind transport)
3. Water erosion (beach, creeks)

Niedoroda studied the effects of ORVs on the beaches and dunes of
Cape Cod (1974). Although the Oregon oblique dunes are very different
from other dune forms (Cooper, 1958), the process of sand transport,
compaction, etc., due to vehicles, would be similar in nature.

17'

1. Sand transport and compaction
Niedoroda's work indicates sand transport downslope was a signifi-
cant effect, changing the dun'e relief locally. This appeared not to
threaten the overall relief of the dunes given the level of ORV use.
The major factors in sand transport were the slope of the hill and tire
pressure; compaction was minimal (pp. 76-78).

The study raises the question of whether ORV activity on the
oblique dunes of Oregon have significant effects on their relief.
Apparently these effects depend on the natural process of sand movement.
If the natural sand transport (dune building) is greater than the effects
of sand movement from ORVs, then there is probably no observable net
effect. Conversely, if the ORV activity moves more sand than the opposing
natural processes, the dunes' relief may be changed.

Any quantitative answer is impossible to provide, although general
observation may be useful. It appears the oblique dunes are much larger
than those studied by Niedoroda. Therefore, the ORV impatt might be
less significant. However, this question should be considered further.

2. Wind erosion
Regarding wind erosion in open sand, Niedoroda's work indicated
ORV disturbance of the sand surface had no effect (pp. 84-85). However,
this is not definitive. On some dune ridges, tracks accelerate wind
transport. Tracks either increase or retard wind erosion depending on
their orientation to the prevailing wind. (The winter wind from the
southwest is the most significant wind.) If the tracks parallel the wind
direction, erosion is accelerated; tracks oriented at some angle to the
wind direction retard erosion, (Ternyi-k, 1978).

3. Water erosion
Water erosion appears to be pertinent only in regard to ORV acti-
vity on the beach. Here, Niedoroda indicates that for eroding beaches,.
the natural sand loss exceeds any possible effects from ORVs (-p. 39).
However, on accreting beach areas ORV activity has a detrimental effect
on the newly forming (thinly vegetated) dunes. A local example of such
an area would be the prograding area of South Beach in Lincoln County.

B. ORV Effects on Vegetation

1. Loss of vegetation and wind erosion
2. Loss of vegetation and water erosion
3. Fire hazards during dry periods
.4. Destruction of rare species (cross reference to critical habitat
section)

The open sand areas have no vegetation so there is no opportunity
for mechanical destruction. It is highly suitable for ORV activity.

However, ORVs are often not restricted merely to open sand areas; when
this occurs.the vegetation damage is significant and.can@have potential,ly
disastrous,effects on nearby land uses and habitat.

1. Vegetation loss and wind erosion
Unfortunately, the likelihood of vegetation damage from ORVs is
high, since few vehicle passes are needed to remove beach and dune
vegetation. Once removed, other ORV users feel the open area is a
"legitimate" trail, and vegetation removal progresses.

Wind erosion resulting from the destruction of stabilIzing vege-
tation is of vital concern. Removal of European-beachgrass (Ammophila
arenaria) and other species that help bind the sand and reduce wind
speeds (causing deposition), allow the-sand to blow and possibly inundate
adjacent areas. Careful site investigations must be conducted before
such destabilization occurs to protect nearby land uses (homes, recrea-
tional facilities, etc.) and natural resources (habitat). Liability is
an important issue here.

Generally, areas sensitive to wind erosion after ORVs remove the
stabilizing Vegetation include any temporarily stabilized dune area that
has, at most, a thin soil layer underlain by loose sand. The degree of
vegetation loss which would result in wind erosion varies depending on
factors such as orientation to the prevailing wind, sand consolidation,
adjacent land forms, water table depth, etc.

The effects of ORVs were studied on American beachgrass
(Ammophila breviligulata), and reported by Godfrey et al. (pp. 587-590).
Oifferent areas sFo-we-U-somewhat'different impacts. On the seaward edge
of the foredune, where the beach grass advances, less than one hundred
vehicle passes reduced the vegetation to low levels. Recovery of the
beachgrass was dependent on its location relative to a new sand source
(high in nutrients). Given three growing seasons without ORV use, the
affected areas almost recovered to the pre-impact levels. However, in
back dune areas, further away from the sand source, recovery was much
slower. Thus, the ORV impact lasts longer in areas receiving less new
sand. These observations are applicable to the Pacific oast (Ternyik,
1978). The general impact process and idea of a carrying capacity is
discussed (Godfrey et al., p. 587):

The first 175 vehicle.passes over be ach grass inflict iiiaxi-
mum damage; after that, incremental damage is less because most of
the harm is already done,. A "minimum number'l-or a "carrying
capacity" of dune vegetation for vehicles is really quite low,
since any track can require several.years to return to pre-impact
conditions.

Generally, more dynamic (storms, wind, salt spray, etc.) areas
have more resistant vegetation relative to stable areas, although it
varies for different plant species and habitats (p. 589).

The ORV impacts on American beach rass and European beachgrass
are similar although the recovery rate N European beachgrass would be
faster since it is a heartier species (Ternyik, 1978). ORV activity
unquestionably removes significant amounts of beachgrass as evidenced
by the Godfrey et al. study and casual observations at Sand Lake in
Tillamook County. The problems with vegetation loss and wind erosion
can be avoided by operating ORVs strictly on open sand, or allowing
ORVs to remove vegetation only where increased wind erosion would not
threaten valuable adjacent land.

2. Vegetation loss and water erosion
Water erosion of foredunes may be increased by ORV related
vegetation loss. Foredunes serve as protection during winter storms..
If there is destruction of the stabilizing vegetation, the foredune is'
more susceptible to winter storm-wave erosion (Ternyik, 1978). This
means the foredune will suffer more damage and provide less protection
until it redevelops. Breaching the foredune can also result in a
blowout, leading to wave intrusion and salt deposition.

These considerations are important where protection from winter
storms is needed. For example, houses immediately behind the foredune
would need such protection. Typically, foredunes should not be
designated as vehicle play areas and access should be provided to the
appropriate beach areas on specified access corridors which minimize
destabilization and erosion. ORV access corridors should be located
in areas where protection is not vital.

3. Fire hazards
During periods when the fire hazard is high, ORV activity may
need to be temporarily curtailed. Actual vehicle fires and emission
sparks constitute the likely ignition sources from the vehicles.
Careless campfire use would be a behavioral impact source (from any
recreationalist). Generally, carrying a fire extinquisher as required
in the NRA would reduce the hazard., Also, fire resistant plant species
could be planted.

4. Rare plant species
There are relatively few plant species in the beach and dune areas
as a whole, and only a few of those are considered rare. Thus, implemen-
tation of the natural resources goal and its guidelines would not be
difficult. Reference should be made to the critical habitat section
and at the time of planning or site investigation, the Oregon Natural
Heritage Program or other programs monitoring the state's flora and
fauna should be contacted. ORV participants have an interest in such
protection, thus demonstrating their legitimacy and compatibility as a
recreational form on the Oregon Coast.

C . ORV Effects on Wildlife

The evidence with regard to ORV impact on wildlife is far from
complete. Basic concerns about negative effects from ORV disturbance
are widespread, but there is little scientific evidence available to
indi,cate definitely what the effects are.

Obviously, chasing or harassing game will have an adverse effect.,
on them, but less intense disturbance is a different problem. Bury
et al. state (p. 43): "Changes in daily routine plus additional stress
are probably the major effects of ORVs, rather than direct mortality."

Research has focused primarily on snowmobiles, but the problems
of noise and visual disturbance probably have some application to ORVs
in general. The literature reviewed by Bury et al. indicates whitetail
deer are not as disturbed by snowmobiles as r-esource managers suspected..
Elk may be more sensitive. Impact from snowmobiles, on medium sized
mammals is not generally clear (pp. 43-46). Thus, some evidence
indicates snowmobile activity may not be as negative as at first thought,
however, this is neither conclusive nor directly applicable to all ORVs.

While planning and managing any of the ORV activity designations,
special attention must be paid to the following considerations for birds,
mammals, marine life, and their sustaining environments:

1. Birds
a. Rare species (cross reference to critical habitat section).
b. Nesting areas
c. Resting areas for migratory species
d. General disturbance

The most visable forms of wildlife within beach and dune areas are
birds. Many different species are seen providing recreation and amusement
for people.

In regard to rare species, it appears there is only one in the
beach and dune areas; it is the snowy plover (Charadius alexandrinus
nivosus). When planning and managing ORV areas, the critical habitat
section of this report should be reviewed and the Oregon Natural'Heritage
Program contacted.

A full background on the snowy plover may be obtained by reading
the critical habitat section.1 Only the points relevant to ORV recreation

1This is a significant issue regarding ORV activity since a
relatively complete knowledge of the situation may promote ORV recreation
compatibility.

are considered here. The snowy plover nests along the foredune areas,
often, but not exclusively, in the driftwood areas. Occasionally, they
nest on open sand areas and into the foredune area for some distance.
The nesting period is the most critical time of year for the plover and.
ranges from April into June. Snowy plovers' nest selection seems to
vary in geography. During the nesting period, pedestrian and ORV
disturbance could result in negative effects on snowy plover nesting
success. Although in a study on Least Terns (Sterna albifrons), that
was not the case (Blodget, 1978, p. 60). Any direct application of
the Blodget study would not be reasonable, but it is a consideration.,
A low and declining population within Oregon justifies a conservative
approach to protecting the snowy plover, which is consistent with goal
number five.

It is significant that the disturbance can result from pedestrian s
as well as ORVs. In the case of the Least Terns, this was certainly true
(Blodget, p. 61). Dogs are also a threat to them. In remote beach
areas (where access points are widely dispersed), the only likely distur-
bance is from ORV recreationalists (and their dogs) due to their ex-
tensive range relative to pedestrians.

In addition to the plover, other shorebirds forage on the beaches
and the effects of general disturbance are not specifically known.
Resting or wintering areas for migratory species should not be areas of
ORV activity.

To specifically reduce nesting disruption of the snowy plover,
land managing agencies should implement a short closure period in the
more remote (few access points) beach areas during April through June.
Also research on the effects of vehicle and pedestrian traffic on
plover nesting success is needed.

2. Mammals
a. Rare species (cross reference to the critical habitat section)
b. Breeding areas
c. Calving areas
d. General disturbance

Generally, ORV effects on mammals are unclear. ORV noise may
have detrimental effects on mammals, however, research is needed to
confirm this. The points listed above should be considered, especially
as more data becomes available.

Within beach and dune areas, probably the most immediate consider-
ation is the occurrence of a rare species, the white footed vole

(Phenacomys albipes). Details are noted in the-section.on critical,
habitat. The Oregon Natural Heritage Program should be contacted
for any new data. Typically, areas of importance for rare species
should not be designated for any vehicle activity. In instances
where an important species has been identified a buffer or other
appropriate management techniques should be employed for protection.

3. Fish
Siltation of streams from either direct stream cross.ings or
erosion can be avoided if vehicles remain in open sand areas away
from lakes and streams.

4. Marine life
ORV activity may have a significant effect on clams and other
marine life (Godfrey et al., p. 592). The degree of impact is related"
to the characteristics of a given species so it is advisable to consult
marine biologists prior to making ORV designations in estuarine or
beach areas.

VI. SITE CRITERIA

A. User Interests

1. Vehicle play
Most vehicle play participants seek a variety of challenging
terrain. The large oblique dunes (e.g. Umpqua Lighthouse State Park)
and associated bowls are favorite areas. These areas offer steep hills
for climbing and wide, open land to traverse freely. The parabola dune
at Sand Lake is a good hill climb area, while transverse dunes are less
suitable being small and rough, and sometimes quicksand occurs between
them in the winter. Despite some shifts in use due to closures, concen-
trated ORV use generally helps to identify the favored areas. The most
reliable and effective way to determine specific needs and areas for site
designation is to work with the ORV recreationalists -- organized clubs
provide a readily identifiable group. Selecting an ORV site in concert
with the potential users ensures it will be a positive experience for
them and reduces management concerns.

2.. Access corridor
Regarding vehicle access corridors, the same, approach is applicable.

3. Competitive events.
The specific club or individual,s,sponsoring an event will probably
have an idea where they would like to locate it. 'The location should be

jointly worked out betweenithe'sponsors,-the land'holding part
y,,@and the
adjacent land owners.

B. Size

1. Vehicle play
The sizes of general use ORV areas vary for minibikes, motorcycles,
four-wheel drive vehicles, and dune buggies or a mixture of such vehicles,
on a local level from ten acres (State of California, 1978, p. 92) to
several thousand acres on the @tate level (p. 60).. Pismo-Dunes:*State
Vehicular Recreation Area was 810 acres and was expanded to'2,1bOO,.acres
(State of California, 1975, p. 7; State of California, 1978, p. 60).
Turkey Bay ORV area (located in Kentucky and Tennessee) is 2,350 acres in
size (McEwen, 1978, p. V).. The size determination of an open sand vehicle
play area is dependent on the prefered topography, management strategy,
and available land. It is difficult to provide a figure for the minimal
size of a-vehicle play -area because its viability is-link6d'with dn,over-
all management strategy (total area open coastwide to ORV's', potentially
different areas for different vehicle types, management compatibilities,
etc.).

A rough estimate to guide a major development for multi-vehicle
(motorcycles, dune buggies, four-wheel drive) play areas might be 500-1,000
acres. Smaller sizes may be feasible. The only practical solution is to
work with the ORV recreationalists within the constraints of land availa-
bility.

2. Access corridor
The length depends on the location of the point of interest relative
to a conventional access point (parking lot, pull out for cars, etc.).

3. Competitive events
The sponsors wi-11, or should,, have clear specifications as to the
area needed for the event itself, parking, spectators, concessions, buffer
zones, etc * The planning and actual size determination must be determined
well in advance With technical assistance when necessary (e.g. noise-
buffers),..

C. Access Control

1. Vehicle play
There must be access to vehicle play areas, however, it must be
controllable. This point cannot,be over emphasized. In dune areas lacking
abundant natural barriers, the mobility and rangiz,of ORVsare. important
con si derations.

First, the number of roads 'that provide conventional access to an
area should be smallto facilitate complete con trol. Any mo re than one

or two access points make management extremely difficult. In the planning
of Turkey Bay, access control was very important, and it was limited to
one road (McEwen, p. 6). Also, the implementation of,temporary contact'
stations (check booths on access routes) at Pismo Beach helped reduce
management problems such as uncontrolled over-crowding and law enforcement
(State of California, 1975, p. 48). In area selection, access must be
controllable although it may only have to be monitored at certain peak-
use periods.

Second, the freedom to traverse a given area is what many ORV
recreationalists seek and should be provided for. In beach and dune areas
with few functional barriers, this is done best by providing areas rather
than trail systems. However, vehicle play should be strictly contained in
specified vehicle play areas to limit environmental impacts and incompati-
bility (regarding noise and esthetics).

The level of management (law enforcement) necessary to patrol a
trail system's perimeter as a means of containment is extremely high com-
pared to that for a designated play area. Regarding a vehicle play desig-
nation, keeping people on a set of trails is difficult. Thus, the area.
used for recreational play should be maximized and the management boundary
minimized'(the area to boundary ratio should be large). This will reduce
the management responsibilities and still provide the ORV experience
people seek (McEwen, p. 6).

Using natural boundaries that are easily recognized and that func-
tionally limit access further reduce management responsibilities. The
ideal boundary is a creek like Ten Mile within the NRA, while the type of
boundary to be avoided is a posted line through open sand like the Coos-
Douglas County line. In selection of an ORV play area, viable boundaries
should be used in conjunction with controlled road access to greatly reduce
management responsibilities.

The capacity to control access is important to (1) limit the total
number of people into an area at peak-use periods for reasons of safety,
public health, resource damage, and law enforcement (i.e. if needed,
implement an optimum carrying capacity), (2) obtain accurate user counts,
and (3) facilitate distribution of important information (rules, maps, etc.).

2. Access corridor
An access corridor, in reality, constitutes a trail system within
beach and dune areas, and thus constitutes a large management boundary
that is difficult to maintain. The behavior of the users is critical to
keep an access corridor from becoming a play area.

The impact of only a few vehicles disobeying the designation can
be great. Thus management may need to be intensive to eliminate depreci-
ative behavior. Vehicle play areas Provide for free-sport driving, while
access corridors should provide for transportation resulting in minimal
environmental impact.

3. Competitive events

Access control is very important at these events to manage crowds
in a safe and orderly manner. A clear plan of crowd and access control
in an events area is necessary and should be worked out prior to approval
of such an event.

D. Staging Area

1. Vehicle pl-ay
For a vehicle play area, a simple staging area is necessary. A
parking area for conventional two-wheel drive vehfcles with ORV trailers
is needed, along with adequate litter barrels, a bulletin board to post
all needed information (maps, rules, etc.), drinking water and perhaps
sanitary facilities. Other facilities such as camping areas are often
enjoyed along with the use of an ORV and coul'd be developed as funds
permit. Campsites are usually near the staging areas, since they are a
natural focal point of activity. Backcountry-ORV camping requires
policing and maintenance of designated sites, and limitations on the
number of campers to avoid land use conflicts (State of California,,
@1975, p. 53).

2. Access corridor
The only requirements would probably be adequate litter barrels
and a bulletin board to post necessary information.

3. Competitive,events
Staging areas for a competitive event would refer to the pit area,
but the entire layout should be planned with parking, spectator areas,'
crowd control, etc.

E. Jurisdictional Considerations

Th.e selection of an area for any of the three ORV designations
should include analysis of the political and legal responsibilities of
the land holding party or parties. In general, fewer agencies simplify
management and planning, however, through the management area concept a
joint management plan may be developed. Since various agencies have
different legal authorities and skills, they may serve to compliment each
other, particularly regarding law enforcement and en.vironmental concerns.
(For an example see Appendix G). Due to the large impact of ORVs and
their potentially damaging effects, management must be in,proportion to.
these problems. Regardless of the number of land holding parties in-
volved, at least one must have the managerial capacity to post, regulate,
monitor impacts, and render aid within the area.

F. AdjacentLand Compatibility

Compatibility of all three designations (vehicle play, access, and

competition) to adjacent lands must be considered while planning. Practical
concerns are wind and water erosion hazards to nearby land uses or valuable
habitat. Perhaps a more common problem is the compatibility of ORV noise
to adjacent noise sensitive areas, primarily private residences. Use of
ORVs in de facto vehicle play areas results in complaints that affect the
public's attitude toward ORV use. Some sand dunes onthe coast are pri-
vately owned and should be respected. DEQ ambient noise standards for
residential areas (noise sensitive property) would apply here (-see.APpendix
E), as would the in-use noise emission standards.

The technical determination of buffer type and size to adequately
limit noise from disturbing other areas depends on the topography and.on
other factors. Therefore, in the planning of any ORV designation, especi-
ally a vehicular play area and a competitive events area, DEQ should be
consulted for specific technical assistance to ensure that a proper buffer
zone is established.

To provide a rough estimate of how far ORV noise can be heard, the
following is taken from Harrison's "Off-Road Vehicle Noise Measurements
and Effects" (In Chubb, 1973, p. 138). The measurements were made at fifty
feet with the vehicle accelerating, using practices proposed or established
by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

The range of sound levels measured at 50 feet was from
74 dbA [decibles on the A scale] for the quietest all-terrain
vehicle (ATV) to 100 dbA for the loudest dune buggy. The real
question here, however, is how far will these vehicles be audible
above a normal forest background. Using the method developed
by Fidel, Piersons, and Bennett of Bolt, Beranek & Newman, we
determined that the quietest ATV can be heard from 1,500 feet,
while the noisiest dune buggy will be audible for 21,000 feet.
Table I embodies many assumptions, one of which is that
the background is approximately 45 dbA. Background levels as
low as lldbA have been measured near Lolo Pass, Montana, a
popular snowmobiling area. Low backgrounds, downwind propaga-
tion, absence of intervening mountains and trees, etc., all
could considerably expand the distances shown. Calculating the
detectability distance of a vehicle under forest conditions is
very difficult, and involves making assumptions which are
justified only some of the time. However, these numbers are
generally conservative, and probably represent distances which
would not be exceeded in more than 25% of the cases.

TABLE I
Detectability Distance, ft.
Quiet Average Loud

Dune buggy 3,200 12,000
ATV 11500 4,600 6,200
Snowmobile 4,000 8,000 15,200
Motorcycle 4,000 7,000 11,500

The differences in distance show how important noise standards
,(mufflers) can be in increasing an ORV's compatibility with adjacent
areas. How the ratings: quiet, average, and loud relate to the DEQ
standards i's not easily determined because different tests are used.
DEQ uses the twenty-inch test.and Harrison used the fifty-foot test.
Assuming DEQ standards are not any quieter than the "quiet" rating,
,a minimum buffer distance might'be, roughly,'one mile. To determi.ne
buffer size, many factors must be considered; the only reliable way
is to seek technical assistance.

VII. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

A. User Education

User education is both an immediate and long term solution to
most of the problems regarding ORV recreation. An informed user,
should understand the rules, why they exist, how they relate to the
individual, and their costs and@their benefits to the individual.and
to ORV recreation as a whole. Special programs could be developed to
promote this understanding and responsible ORV use.

B. Posting ORV Designations

If management plans are to succeed they must be understood by.
the people they affect. All rules and ORV designations must be readily
available in written form, posted, and publicized (this is not directly
applicable to competitive events areas). Posting should take place on
all key access routes to designated ORV areas (play and access), and
within the ORV area as well. At an ORV play area posting should take
place at the staging areas or other appropriate focal points. At
vehicle access corridors, posting should occur where the corridor be-
gins and at various locations along the way.
The distributed written information should include:
1. The type of area one is entering (ORV play area, ORV access
corridor, ORV competitive area).
a. An explanation of what the designation means and what is
expected from the ORV recreationalist in such an area.
b. Why there is such a designation..
2. A simple map indicating where the designated area is and its
boundaries.
3'. A list of regulations that apply to the area.
a. Equipment
b. Conduct
4. Who enforces the regulations and that violators will be
subject to prosecution.

Uniform graphic signs should be used to mark each ORV designation

and all boundaries. These should be develo ed with the users and all
agencies managing ORVs on the Oregon coast Mate and national uniformity
in this regard would be very useful).

1. Vehicle play
Regarding the nature of a vehicle play area the followi'ng must
be understood by all recreationalists:
1. This area has been specifically designated as an ORV PLAY AREA
for vehicular recreation.
2. An ORV PLAY AREA is a place where you are free to ride anywhere
you wish as long as you stay within the area's boundaries and
off any vegetation.
3. This area is provided for hill climbs and other active vehicle
uses.
In some vehicle play areas, pedestrian use may be prohibited.;
violators could be prosecuted.

2. Access corridor
Regarding an ORV access corridor the following must be understood:
1. This area has been specifically designated as an ORV ACCESS
CORRIDOR.
2. An ORV ACCESS CORRIDOR is a designated path through or to areas of
interest (to relax, fish, clam, walk, etc.). Vehicle traffic of
any kind is allowed only on specifically identified routes.

These routes must be indicated on a map and be identifiable
in the field. The path would not be an official road since in
time it would return to a natural state (revegetate). Vehicles
would be restricted only to the predetermined and identified
routes; no traffic would be allowed on other routes.

3. Any vehicle off a designed route would be subject to a boundary
violation and prosecution.

3. Competitive events.
Competitive events areas can be managed according to the event
and location. Posting should reflect the sponsors plans and regulations.

C. Law Enforcement

Along wi'th education and posting, an active law enforcement program
is necessary to make the management plan work. Safety and resource'protec-
tion are promoted by some regulations and they must be enforced. Management
and enforcement should be in proportion to the real and potential problems
of a recreational type; enforcement of ORV regulations should be thorough.

Law enforcement would likely come from a federal agency if on
federal land or a sheriff's deputy as support, under Public Law 92-82
(see Appendix G). On county or state land the sheriff and state police

would have jurisdiction. The beach is state land and no federal agencies
have law enforcement jurisdiction over it, thus, the sheriff or state
patrol will need to be included in the law enforcement plan. Basically,
the enforcement program would include:
1. Boundary violations
2. Equipment violations
3. Noise violations
4. Operator violations
5. Criminal acts

Law enforcement is expensive but essential in ORV management,
because of its extraordinary impact, potential damage of adjacent land,
and incompatibility with noise sensitive areas. Planning can effectively
reduce the level of management needed but it cannot replace it. Patrolling
ORV area boundaries is a big job; self-pol,icing by organized clubs may
fulfill a large part of the management requirements.

Self-policing is not law enforcement, but would serve as a monitoring
system over ORV activities. ORV clubs could plan and schedule interested
people to monitor specific areas on weekends or other peak-use periods.
Their function would be, primarily, one of observation and communication.
They could encourage compliance with regulations and watch for and report
boundary violations. No actual law enforcement would be necessary, but
they could serve as a witness and testify as to theviolation. Self-
policing procedures could be developed and implemented. For example,
the volunteer patrols could be linked to sheriff's deputies through
citizen band (CB) communications, and if actual enforcement or help of
any kind was needed, they could quickly contact the appropriate authori-
ties. This capacity has been demonstrated by ORV recreationalists in
search and rescue missions within the dunes. Many of the "rigs" have
CB's. Potentially, such volunteer patrols could work in coordination
with law enforcement personnel directly or indirectly providing observa-
and communications. The experience may be positive for the indivi-
duals involved, as well as for ORV recreation in general. Since manage-
ment is necessary and costly, this may provide a substantial part of that
management at minimal cost allowing more areas to be open for ORV designa-
tion. In special cases, ORV clubs could provide joint assistance in
protecting critical habitat areas too. They have the potential to play
an active, positive role in recreation management. Their efforts in
picking up litter from the back dune areas is a good example.

D. Safety

1. Equipment
To promote public safety, uniform ORV equipment requirements should
be adopted and uniformly enforced on all Oublic lands throughout Oregon,
(better still, nationally). At present, there 'are state equipment
requirements for ORVs only in the NRA (ORS 483.837-483-847) (Appendix D).
Those requirements serve as a basis for the following suggestions and
specifications:

a. Muffler
A muffler should be required which meets in-use noise emission
standards (decible limits) and visual inspection standards. There
are already DEQ standards for ORVs in the State (see Appendix E).

Enforcement of DEQ standards will reduce the potential for
operator hearing loss. There is considerable literature demonstrating
how noise can have an effect on hearing. Evidence indicates hearing
loss can result from the operation of an ORV (snowmobile) (Bess, 1973,
p. 147). Vehicles participating in competition are usually exempt
from noise restrictions, but the spectators should be aware of a
potential hazard from long exposure to noise. Noise limits may also
help increase the compatibility of an ORV area to adjacent land.

b. Flags
All vehicles operating in vehicle play designations should have
a flag, especially small vehicles such as three wheelers and motor-
cycles. This is to increase visibility around blind corners that are
everywhere in the dunes. Increased visibility should reduce the like@.
lihood of collisions in heavily used areas. These blind corners and
hills are dangerous even when extreme caution is used. The flag must
be red and at least eight inches wide on one side and twelve inches
long to the other. It should be displayed at least nine feet from
the ground level.

c. Brakes
Brakes must be hydraulic, except for motorcycles, and must
effectively control at least two rear wheels on three or four wheeled
vehicles, and the rear wheel of a two wheeled vehicle. Motorcycle
brakes may be mechanical or hydraulic.

d. Seat Belts

All vehicles, except motorcycles, must be equipped with seat
belts for each occupant. Seat belts must be of the quick release
type and must be securely fastened to a frame member.

e. Roll bar
All vehicles, except motorcycles, must have installed a roll bar
or other enclosure that will support the vehicle's weight, and must
protect the occupant's head when the vehicle is resting on the roll
bar or,enclosure.

f. Lights
Every vehicle operating from one-half hour after sunset to one-
half hour before sunrise shall be equipped with and display headlights
and taillights. Definite specifications should be adopted.

g. Seats
All seats must be securely mounted.,.'

h. Fire extinguisher
All vehicles, except motorcycl.es, must be equipped with a function-
al, dry chemical-type fire extinqu,isher df at least two pounds. Fire
extinquishers must be approved by Underwriters Laboratories or another
acceptable testing agency.

i. Chain guide
Any vehicle equipped with a chain shall have a guard designed so
that in the event of failure, the chain will' remain under the vehicle.

j. Floor pan
All vehicles, except motorcycles, must be equipped with floor pans.
Motorcycles must be equipped with foot pegs or the equivalent. Floor pans
and foot pegs must be designed so they.will keep the driver's and any
passenger's feet within the frame or from beneath the vehicle.

k. Fuel.tank
All fuel tanks shall be securely mounted and connections kept
secure and tight.

1. Windshield wipers
Any vehicle, except motorcycles, equipped with a windshield must
have a windshield wiper.

2. Rules of operation
In addition to equipment requirements, operating restrictions should
be developed and enforced:
a. Prohibit the operation of an ORV while under the influence of any drugs
and include an open container law.
b. Prohibit the harassment of any wildlife or livestock with an ORV.
c. Prohibit boundary Violations.
d. In access corridors, establish a maximum speed limit of 15 mph whenever
a pedestrian is present and 25 mph when they are not present; the
speeds should be lower if the conditions warrant it. This is consistent
with,the concept of an access corridor and will provide vehicle access,
greater compatibility, and safety for all recreationalists. This is
especially important on beaches where both vehicles and pedestrians
are allowed.
3. A junior operator's education and certification program could be
developed similar to the hunter safety program and snowmobile.program.

3.. ORV designation
Understanding the ORV designation system should promote safety.
Both pedestrians and vehicle operators should know what to expect while
in a given area.

Typically in planning ORV play areas, high pedestrian use areas
should be avoided. However, if an ORV play area experiences high
levels of use and overlaps with a pedestrian area, pedestrian use
should be prohibited and the pedestrian closure enforced.

Generally if pedestrians enter an ORV play area they should
be aware vehicles will be present, and it is potentially hazardous.
However, ORV operators should always proceed carefully over dunes
because either a pedestrian or a vehicle could be hidden on the other
side.

In access corridors, pedestrians and ORV users should expect to
encounter each other. People should not camp in access corridors such
as beaches. If everyone knows where vehicles will be operating
accidents will be prevented.

E. Compatibility

1. Adjacent land uses
The compatibility with adjacent land uses is primarily a concern
in the planning of an ORV designation (ensuring critical habitats were
avoided, erosion hazards were considered, noise buffers were established,
etc.). Thus, management can only be an extension of the overall plan
ensuring ORVs stay in the appropriate areas. Enforcement of the .
boundaries and noise limits are the most practical follow-ups to ensure
an ORV designation is compatible.

2. User compatibility
The compatibility of different user groups, primarily motorized
and non-motorized, is a concern. Differences in esthetjc values and
the types of recreational experiences sought result in what is often
called user conflict. The only practical solution to this problem is
to provide some areas that meet specific recreational needs. -Heavy
use in ORV play areas functionally exclude other types of recreation.
Sand Lake in Tillamook County is an example. The area's heavy traffic,
high speeds, and noise make it primarily suitable for ORV activities..
Specific play areas should be designated and maintained for such
re creation. On the other hand, areas without any ORVs should be es-
tablished to offer an environment free from the noise and the reminders
of machines. Thus, separation and clear posting of the designations
will inform people what to expect in a given area. This will reduce
disappointment for those who seek specific recreational experiences.

If people wish to test their vehicles and drive actively, then
they should go to a designated ORV play area. Likewise, if people seek
a quiet natural setting free from machines, then they should go to
such an area. Separation will work, but what proportions will be
allotted to various groups? Allottment may be based on: (1) the area
needed for the given recreational experience, (2) the relative numbers

of individuals seeking the given recreational experience, (3) the overall
environmental impact of the'activity, and (4) the availability of land
(which is finite).

Also, some unique recreation areas probably cannot be divided so
specific interests may have to give way to more general interests. For
instance, an ORV play area would be typically.unsuitable for an area
used for many other activities, while an access corridor may be suitable.
However, multiple use of all land is not feasible since-it does not
provide the specific experiences sought by motorized and non-motorized
recreationalists,

F. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Since ORV recreation is mechanized, it must be caref ully monitored
to determine what environmental impacts are taking place. This could be
done in detail with scientific studies starting with baseline data from
a thorough inventory or perhaps a simple and less expensive approach
could be used.

The most basic concerns would be shifts in wildlife populations
and changes in vegetation. True baseline data for areas already-ORV
impacted are difficult to obtain, but data from present inventories and
academic research should be.of some use. Monitoring census statistics
and distribution is a big jo_b but an effective effort must be made.

To monitor changes in vegetation destruction and dune migration,
yearly comparisons of aerial photographs would be easy and effective.
It would illustrate major changes in vegetation patterns and the re-
sulting erosion. This would also show if boundaries were,being observed,
particularly in access corridors. Sources of aerial photos could include
the Oregon Department of Transportation and the Environmental Remote
Sensing Applications Laboratory (ERSAL)-at Oregon State University.

Based on aerial photos and field observations effective changes
in management strategy and boundaries could be made, as well as an overall
assessment of management effectiveness. Development of such a monitoring
program is necessary prior to the designation of an ORV area. In this
regard, a joint management plan could prove useful to obtain biological
expertise from one of the agencies involved. By Executive Order (Nixon,
1972) all federal agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, must
monitor the effects of ORVs on lands within their jurisdiction.

G. Special_Events Permits

Special events permits for organized ORV events such as,s and
drag-races on public property usually address the issues of liability,
performance, and planning. This discussion only suggests what some
permits include-legal counsel ahd@persons knowled eable about insurance
should be contacted if a permit is to'be issued. ?See.Appendix G for
an example).

1. Liability
The land holding party should be indemnified against all damages
(to property and life). This could include naming the land holding
party as a co-insured party. The land holding party should require
sufficient insurance be held by the event's sponsor to cover any
damages resulting from the event.

2. Performance
A performance guarantee should be obtained from the event's
sponsor perhaps as a bond or security deposit. If the sponsor fails
to carry out the tasks agreed to, then the land holding party would
use the deposit to carry out the tasks neglected. Trash removal,
restoration of stabilizing vegetation, etc., can be expensive.

3. Adjacent land
If an event is to occur, the adjacent land uses should be given.
consideration. Specifically, private land and residences must be
protected from trespass and nuisance acts.

4. Events plan
A complete plan for the event should be required. It should
describe in detail provisions for access control, parking, crowd
control, sanitation, security, cleanup, distribution of regulations
and other information, fire prevention, and a mapped site plan.

5. Requirement deadlines
Planning should be done well in advance, prior to the granting
of formal approval. The land holding party should allow ample time
to review the sponsor's plan and suggest additions or deletions to it.

VIII. SAND LAKE

A. Background and Analysis

Sand Lake is a small undeveloped estuary twelve miles southwest
of Tillamook, Oregon. There exists an open sand area of roughly 1.5
square miles and most of it is heavily used as an ORV play area. The
use has grown rapidly in the past few years, however, user counts are
not available from the Unites States Forest Service. The Forest
Service administers the campground and adjoining federal land.

Numerous problems have developed which reach crisis proportions
on major three-day weekends. How these problems relate to the compre-
hensive planning process and to ORV management in general make Sand
Lake an excellent example on which to focus.

Sand Lake exhibits the classic problems: (1) extreme over use,
(2) significant environmental impact, (3) Multi-jurisdictional area,
(4) incompatibility with adjacent lands, and (5) requirements to .
comply with LCDC's goals. These problems can be categorized as either
a management problem or a legal policy problem, although the two are
related.

The management problem consists of the first four topics listed
above. However, the most fundamental issue is simply -- severe over
use. User demand far exceeds the limited open sand area because of
Sand Lake's proximity to Portland and other major Urban centers. It
is the only recognized ORV area on the northern half of the co.ast, so
use in this region is focused at Sand Lake.

In such over-crowded conditions, impact can be expected to be
extraordinarily great. Vehicles are not limited to the truly open
sand areas. ORV use has destroyed large areas of vegetation and cut
deeply in the foredune and dune hummocks, reducing the latter to small
barren sand mounds that will erode leaving just sand (see Figures 4
and 5). Perhaps the two bowls and other open sand areas are insuffi-
cient in size and topography to satisfy the users. A balance must be
reached when demand reaches the limit of the resource or when user
satisfaction declines. Satisfaction for some users has declined at
Sand Lake as evidenced by ORV club members speaking of it as a "no
man's land" filled with the "crazies" on three-day weekends.

if it is a no man's land, where are the land agencies and an
enforcement program? They are outnumbered and doing what is possible
within the limits of human safety to enforce the regulations. Typically,
this is Forest Service personnel supported by the Tillamook County
Sheriff's Department under a special agreement (see Appendix G).

There are really two sets of jurisdictions at Sand Lake--the
land holding agencies and the users. The land holding agencies are
the Forest Service, the State,of Oregon and Tillamook County (see
Figure 6). The county land lies between the State beach on the west
and the Forest Service's campground on the east and extends north
across Galloway Road for some distance. ORVs freely traverse all
three lands.

Regarding the users, there 'i's the public using the general
facilities and there is the Northwest Trail and DuneAssociation.
The Association is highly'organized and has a special use license
to hold up to seven drag races (sand drags) between April 1 and
October-15 through 1983. The agreement was entered into'by the
Commissioners of Tillamook County in March of 1978 (see Appendix H).

In addition there are private residences along the eastern
perimeter that report trespass and various types of abuse from some
ORV users (see Appendix I) and feel the vegetation destruction is a
threat to their property. Much of the stabilizing vegetation in the

Figure 4. Dune hummock cut on all sides by ORVs at Sand
Lake, Tillamook County, Oregon.

A-1- A te

6.,

4
-7"
-2,

Figure 5. A barren sand mound cut by 0RVs at Sand Lake.
The black object is a 135 mm camera case.

.37

Cape Lookout Highway

17
C@? J

C)
-Private Lands
State
Land
(Beach 19

20 Pacilic City 6 mi-
County La dw -

Galloway
Beach LEGEND
County
lesignated Area of Concen-
Rood L
trated Public Use--USFS

7
Drag Strip Motor Vehicles Prohibited
Except on Gravelled or
Sand Beach 30 Paved Roads and Parking Areas
C alpgrncun d
Existing Roads

Sand Approximate Boundary of
Open.Sand and Beachgrass
L aX e

Figure 6. A map of the Sand Lake Dunes Area illustrating areas
of concentrated public use, and areas of regulated cross country motor
vehicle travel. Map also illustrates the various land holding agencies
in the Dunes Area--U. S. Forest Service, the State of Oregon, Tillamook
County and private land owners.
Source - U.S. Forest Service

area, planted at considerable public expense during the 1930's, has been
allowed to be destroyed by sanctioned ORV use (Ternyik, 1978). Fire
associated with ORV dune camping and vehicle operation is a potential
threat to the security of these private lands.

Also, there is a question of dune migration onto these private
lands. A soils report by the Forest Service (Bush, 1976) indicates vege-
tation will continue to take over the open sand, and the effect of ORVs
is merely to alter the vegetation's appearance, not significantly changing
its rate of encroachment. The active sand migration is not mentioned
as a threat to the nearby private land. Ternyik (1978) indicates sand
migration may be a threat to these lands.

In addition to.all the parties involved (federal, state, county,
private land owners, a private club, and the general public) is@the issue
of compliance with LCDC's land use goals. The Beaches and Dunes, Estuarine,
Coastal Shorelands, and Recreation Goals directly apply. They must be
dovetailed to produce a viable plan.

Sand Lake is classified as a natural estuary by LCDC; i 't is one of
five in-the state. Such a classification determines what activities will
be allowed within the estuary. Since it is classified as.a natural
estuary, only natural management.units can be established within it.
In establishing these natural management units, the following must be
considered: (1) adjacent upland characteristics and existing land uses,
and (2) compatibility with adjacent uses, according to the Estuarine Goal.
Therefore, an assessment of the upland ORV activities'.compatibilities
relative to the estuary is necessary.

The uses of a natural estuary are very specific (Administrative
Rule Classifying Oregon Estuaries):

Natural estuaries shall only be used for undeveloped,
low intensity, water-dependent recreation; and navigation
aids such as beacons and buoys; protection of,habitat, nutrient,
fish and wildlife and aesthetic resources;

In light of these considerations, the compatibil-ity of the ORV use
should be determined. To analyze this problem, two separate criteria
may be used: (1) the impact of ORV activities on the ecological
processes of the estuary, and (2) the impacts on the natural esthetic
resources of the,estuary and,upland area. It is reaso.nable to consider
only the ecological impacts actually on the estuary which would include
upland impacts if they affect the estuary. The ORV impact on the upland
area would be a separate issue if it does not directly affect the estuary.
The esthetic consideration must be broader including the upland area,
since the esthetic perception is impacted by what is seen and heard in
the entire area.

ORV activity at Sand Lake is not a single phenomenon. In a
compatibility assessment it may be separated into two activities: the

club's drag strip, and the general public's ORV use. The estuarine
compatibilities of both are conditional with regard-to the ecological
impacts, and subjective with regard to the esthetic impacts.

First, consider the drag strip activity and its facilities.
The drag strip is located close to the estuary's edge (estimated less
than 1,000 feet). There are permanent structures erected--two steel
guard rails and a tower. The strip was leveled removing the vegetation
and a gravel parking area established. The boundary along Galloway
Road has a log barrier built by the club. Many thousands of dollars
are invested in the facility. Their races are nationally sanctioned,
"drags". When the drag strip is not in use, its ecological compati-
bility is high since there is probably minimal impact on the estuary.
The drift log barrier serves to limit ORV access south of Galloway
Road toward the estuary. However, the beach provides access onto the
foredune, north spit area, and estuary.

On race-weekends the drag strip area is filled with several
thousand people. Control of the crowd and their vehicle activities
is the condition of compatibility. If ORVs are not operated in or
on the shore of the estuary, then there will probably be little
direct impact on the estuary. The unrestricted noise and heavy
general disturbance of the area would likely add to the disruption
of the adjacent nesting snowy plover located on the north spit area
during the months of April through June.

I Esthetic compatibility on non-event weekends is low due to the
presence of the permanent structures and the conspicuous man-made
open sand area. The tower is colored with earth-tones making it less
conspicuous.
On the race wekends, the esthetic compatibf,lity is extremely
low relative to the natural esthetic resources criterion, A drag
@strip with its hundreds of vehicles and noise are not consistent with
a natural setting.

In summary, if the drag races are strictly controlled and occur
only at certain times of the year, it ma be compatible ecologically
'Y
but esthetically it is incompatible.

Similar to the club's compatibility is that for the general ORV
use. The direct effects on the estuary are potentially less because
most of the vehicle activity appears to be north of Galloway Road.
However, there is significant ORV use on the foredune south of Galloway
Road, on the north spit (may effect the nesting plovers), and sometimes
in the estuary. Again, the compatibility is conditional on the
restricted use of ORVs in or immediately adjacent to the estuary, which
at present is low.

.Vehicles, their tracks, and their noise diminish the natural
esthetics of the estuary. Also, the upland use of ORVs has resulted

in the high'ly visable vegetation damage and background noise which are
not compatible esthetically.

In conclusion, the drag strip is more compatible than the general
ORV area because it better meets the condition.of use (no operation of
ORVs in or immediately adjacent to the estuary). Presently, the general
ORV activity is not a compatible upland use ecologically. During the
plover nesting period, both activities are incompatible with the natural
estuarine classification which specifically protects all wildlife.
Esthetically, both the drag strip and general ORV use are not compatible
adjacent land uses.

B Policy Recommendations: Goal Compliance

To meet the criterion fo 'r ecological,compatibility, no estuarine
,impacts should result from ORV,use, regardless of the location. It
appears this condition can be met if ORV use is limited to the area
north of Galloway Road. The drag strip is located on the south side
of the road but may be ecologically compatible provided no vehicles
(competitive or recreational) operate near the estuary, the crowd is,
controlled, and no races are held April through June. These suggestions
are probably viable means to make each activity ecologically compatible
with adjacent land uses.

Esthetically a compatible land use should reflect the same natural
esthetic resources of the estuary itself., Both ORV activities fail to.
do this and are not compatible adjacent land uses.

The intent of the Recreation Goal and the Beaches and Dune Guide-
lines is to provide for ORV recreation in an "appropriate" location.
Sand Lake, in light of the estuarine designation, its implications, and
the other problems discussed, is not the best location. However, on the
northern half of the coast it provides the only open sand area for ORV
recreation. Thus, Sand Lake, in spite of its multitude of problems, is
fulfilling a recreational need.

Sand Lake provides a regionally unique recreational and ecological
experience within Oregon. If the ORV area is brought into compliance
as a compatible adjacent land use ecologically and no permanent land
committment is made to ORV recreation, Sand Lake should remain open as
a designated ORV area (including the appropriate vehicle play areas and
access corridors) for an interim period of se 'veral years. This does not
reconcile the non-compliance on the basis of esthetic compatibility.
The value ecologically and e 'sthetically of Sand Lake will increase
dramatically as the number of natural areas diminish in the future.
Therefore, over the interim period,.an alternate site for a major ORV
park should be developed near the major metropolitan areas. Ultimately,
ORV use at Sand Lake should be phased out.

Regarding the Nort hwest Trail an'd Dune Association's drag strip,
it is in reality a regular drag strip and.@is sanctioned as one! A

specialized use on unique public land which is inconsistent esthetically
with a specific land use goal may be inappropriate. The Association has
a very good reputation for managing its events and this should be given
consideration. However, the nature of the event cannot be changed. It
appears reasonable during the interim period to seek a location more
suitable for a drag strip nearer a large metropolitan area.

C. Management Recommendations

1. Develop a joint management plan
Develop a joint management plan for the entire area giving con-
sideration to the estuary, federal land, state land (the beaches), county
land, and private land. The ORV activities affect all these lands in
some way and so the planning and management should encompass the entire
area affected. The parties involved in such planning should include the
Forest Service, the State, the County, the Northwest Trail and Dune @
Association, and the local residents. Formation of an advisory council
may promote communication and help to provide information during the
planning stage.

2. Control all access
Access control during peak-use periods can be used to limit the
total number of people in the management area. This will reduce health,
safety, environmental impact, compatibility, and law enforcement problems.
Derrick Road should be closed as an access route for recreation and the
road off the Cape Lookout highway should be closed or at least controlled.

3. Establish a total capacity for the area
Set a total capacity for the management area including federal,
state, and county land. A special use permit system could be used to
implement it. Permits for peak-use periods would be obtained in advance
to secure entry into the area. A fee may or may not be needed., Distri-
bution of permits and other details should be jointly worked out and well
publicized in advance.

A set capacity for the general use area and the drag strip area
would have to be determined respectively, and their sum would be the total
capacity for the area at a given time. If races were not held on major
weekends, then the drag strip's capacity could be larger and the total
capacity would not be exceeded.

4. County responsibility
The county should be responsible for the provision of water and
trash removal for activities it sanctions.

5. Back dune camping restrictions
The number and location of campers should be restricted to prevent
damage to vegetation, trespass on adjacent private land, and other problems.
.Camping should be allowed only in designated areas. It could be located
in the "county strip" along the deflation plain and should not be anywhere

on the north and east sides of the open sand areas near private land.
Such restrictions will provide for camping and reduce trash and re-
source damage problems. Another alternative would be to close the
area to overnight camping altogether.

6. Law enforcement
A law enforcement plan should be an integra-I part of the overall
management plan. All lands should be covered through a joint enforce-
ment plan and patrol. The beach and estuary are areas requiring special
attention. To manage the resource effectively, a high level of enforce-
ment is necessary. This would include a high enforcement profile on.
the part of the Forest Service.

7. Beach status
The short stretch of beach from Galloway Road south to the
estuary outlet should be closed year around to ORVs and enforced. This
will provide a beach area for pedestrian recreationalists to enjoy
without vehicles passing immediately by them. The majority of the Sand
Lake area is open to ORVs so a small closure for another recreational
pursuit seems reasonable. It may promote safety and reduce user conflict.

This closure would protect the estuary from ORV traffic which is
a necessary condition for upland ORV use. Regarding erosion, it is
advisable to keep vehicles away from the outlet area (Komar, 1978).
Also, the snowy plover nests on the spit area and should be protected
from disturbance during that period (April through June). Pedestrian
dis6rbance should be discouraged by posting it as a nesting area.

It is a viable closure since the area is readily identifiable
(where Galloway Road intersects the beach south to the outlet). It
could be posted and enforced. Also, the adjacent foredune should be
enforced as a closure forming a viable buffer between the general ORV
activity and the estuary.

The protection of the estuary and its wildlife, public safety,
and increased user compatibility all warrant this closure. Simply, if
this buffer is not established and enforced, ORV activities will continue
in and around the estuary which is a violation of the Estuarine Goal.

8. Residential protection
On peak-use weekends a peace officer with the power of arrest
should be assigned solely to patrol Galloway and Derrick Roads offering
protection to private property against trespass and harassment.

9. ORV practice area
An ORV practice area for children or others learning to operate
an ORV should be established. The deflation plain and the small dunes
nearby (north Galloway Road,and between the foredune'and gravel parking
area) may be suitable. It is relatively flat, but offers some small

dunes to learn on and is close to the campground so parents can check
on their children. This concept is to promote fun for the children,
peace of mind for the parents and relative,quiet in the campground.
Few people enjoy hearing someone drive endlessly through a campground.

10. Environmental monitoring program
A program should be developed that monitors changes in vegetation
and sand movement. Aerial photography may be a useful technique. Also-
the snowy plovers status could be monitored.

IX. COASTAL ORV AREAS

The vast majority of ORV use on the Oregon coast occurs on or
within the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Sand Lake in Tillamook
.County, the north spit of the Coos River and the beaches open to vehicles.
The areas described and mapped (by county) are typically those of heavy
use and large size. Small, lightly used areas are not generally in-
cluded, however, they may be significant in regard to erosion (see Maps
1-25).

The areas mapped were identified by one or more methods: aerial
photography (from ODOT and ERSAL), a flight from Newport to Brookings,
field observations (fr om vehicles and on foot), and interviews with
various ORV clubs.

The topographic maps ihdi%cate generally the locations of areas
used by ORVs, not necessarily the actual boundaries of such use. The
various beach zones are not indicated on the topographic maps. To
determine the vehicle status of a beach area refer to the Oregon State
Highway Commission's maps. If a beach is open, one can,assume it will
be used by ORVs to some degree.

Finally, identification of areas suitable for ORV use should be
done carefully on a case by case basis includi,ng coastal and statewide
coordination to balance regional supply with demand. Coastal ORV use
should not be totally separated from that of the rest of the state.
Presently, there seems to be a need for a major non-coastal ORV area
near the large metropolitan areas (Portland area).

Coastal areas that are potentially suitable for an ORV designa-
tion, are crosshatched on the topographic maps. The areas identified
are alreadyin use with one exception. The mapped areas are not the
only open sand areas potentially suitable for an ORV designation. The
mapping and determination of ORV access corridors should be done on an
individual basis so they are not mapped. The final determinations of
ORV designations re i ul planning and management decisions
,quire caref
locally.and regionally that are beyond the scope of this work.

MAPS 1-25

Vehicle Status of the Ocean Shore,

Areas of Present ORV Use, and

Areas Potentially Suitable for ORV Designation by County

K E Y*

Enclosed areas indicate general
ORV use

A single line indicates an ORV trail

Crosshatching indicates areas potentially
\\\\\\A\V- '\V suitable for an ORV designation

SCALE 1.62500
0 3 A ."Es

10@D 0 3" 6" 90010 12000 15000 18000 21000 FEEI
1 5 0 2
E-
CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET
DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

Scale in !-1iles

*The key and stale in miles applies to the topographic maps.
Map Sources: Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission
Oregon State Highway Commission

OREGON STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON 7HE OCEAN SHORE
Exhibit A t@n Clatsop County

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Map ORV use in Clatsop rounty.

OREGYON STATE HlQrHVVAN COMMIWON
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE OCEAN SHORE
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Map 5. OPV use.,in, Tillamook County.

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Map 6. ORV areas of use and potential suitability in
Tillamook Cotinty.

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Map 7. ORV use in Til-lamook-County.

OREGON GTATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
Flxhibit A VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE OCEAN SHORE
In Lincoln County

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Map 9. ORV.use in Lincoln County.

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Map 10. ORV use in Linuln County.

OREGON STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE OCEAN SHORE
Exhibit A In Lone Counfy

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S I U SL A W
L F
90
Beaco u
ftsel L -
CanneryL _J 13/
14:
15 : '\ /
cu.47ST GUARD J!
"4' 't. STATIOS

4
0@

21 22 .24
23

21
Cu.
L shman
--el

Ilap 1 ORV use in Lane County.

L 1 0 1 1

(:@M 14 22
27 '26
2 8 @@t-
6 cll@
58 "Ic*

w.
_S.

33 ".35
zz
A-mb-I I

T 18 S

LLJ
4 2
z

D -------
m 1 5

t 12

k 7-
v.,x ZA-NAOZ@
Lak@ Jt6&

T A
dm
P A RIC
R, 14 13
17 1
C)

Sm t, 23.
20 21
2
4
C4

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
,,,rtb -Beac@
26 25
2 t 28

c.mP

35
Z A rohead
J.-
301 'W' estlake
.32 C'*'@@ 33 34 lsl.@d IV
R 36
Siltew, 0OS
@orest Camp
T I-S I/K
E h.
51
-1 LO
3 -th
sl&nd d
d
4 LAV 3
d/ -DOUGLAP CO

IF 2

@arttr Lake

.00 10 12
0 8 SN 9 11 B4
E-

0 367

Map 13. Areas of ORV use and potential suitability in Lane County.

OREGON STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE OCEAN SHORE
]Exhibit A In Douglas Counfy

6 06c)
S"// 00
C,
vs
Lake
M

z
010 0
ake @:,4 u
e 01
ake 0 C?
Lo
0
q,, ?iver C:@D
0 0
CIL
Inc isler

(A
u PQUA LIGMTWOM :3
STATA PARK 4-)

ac
Ln
a C 0 c ea li -Uj -_j
,p -A
VEHICLES
X
PROHIBITED au >
VEHICLES ALLOWED
M-

17
14

-A

23 24
20 21

BaSS
J
<

BM
Op 9 2@1@-j 26 25
Smit Riverl
Ranger Sta f, 7
C k
Jahkenitotkke-
Fore.t Camp
26
Kro'll
34 36 "@ek
31 32 33 35
Vh@
Lak,
-T 21-1 Scf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T 21 - - - - - - - - - - @001

2
6 4

BM 54 12
10
z 7 9
ep 1@
@O

17 @3 14
ec@ 1 16 15 13
C,"I'q- R

B-cany
Be@c.

The POInt

Jv.
C4 -
4

T
4
ru@h

C'
Hundersom
cb,6e., 6-
E@: 30,

16
rido Ofai

Map 15. ORV use in Douglas County.

61,

31 A

T 21
777
BM 64-
k)
14
_A@
'@4

@P
oA R-4

w S
Pit

121. z
TV@-h ter
S'r@T
-5

rO"T GUARD
k" W,
Rk!S
ek fj

'q
7
.?Z9

12
+
F :Y I?
v

r-r
2
cr

-iv
m
ter

Map 16. Areas of ORV use and potential suitability in Douglas,
County.

0
-ON STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
REIz
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE OCEAN SHORE
Exhibit A In Coos County

0 0
co

c\j COASr
4-
Ile

k q,
60N
0 16HW4Y.
122-
5.,n, _@ 4
qlear OAO
Z.k1 co CrC-ks 'vew 1 4-)
SEVE
cf
A
cli CL
,P, Uj X
OL LU cn <
CA co
CL 971 U,
La 0 LU Q LU 111 0 c
X Qe
7 VI)
U.
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C)

(A
Lit
__j Lit

Lit
(L X
LU a:
vw, >

-Z 0

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est'c..\

f
a 21
t3m 2
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4
5

Lakeside
(BM 29)

J,
22:@

Ir-5

"00
-v4

.777 j
RTY 5,

311 40
4z
ISTA
T Z4 [email protected]
60

Fil@

10 Ugh

16 15 '17

-Falo,,

FA;

We
" L-Ij

Map 18. Areas of ORV use and potential suitability in Coos
County.

z-j

2a
ors al
Lak

Az rq @i,, n
3
12,
q Cordes
3
to

.to
3
-Jt
Jordan A,
6
5 Jo am Pt

ny,

M 4
co 7.

Ot
13

?32
-4/

En*ire a m
(8/M 44@
24 0:,

MO A A
4r'

PU4.P IL
- 0 9 2B 8
N I-
3
v

Pigeon Pt-
P, .1 ) I ". ;,
Wm v v
v I'
Fossil Pt

Map 19. Areas of ORV use and potential suitability in Coos
County.

Coos Head
a C 0 LOOKour
s m a

CG STA
Y4akam "" i I -- Barview
Gregory P@ 001
BRq-S- 'Ut
ar tor"r
ARAGO LN h

29 9,,
10
54
iL I @ -j-
eel
f

-7,
Collver

113

-71
"A/
Y
Shore Acres@_
0

0
Cb
j,@ ---- ----
T,
e a
M @-Sch 1,5
A M.
no
met
V1,
v 7
Fe
CaP@ Arago,"'?- A@,
'Long lsl@r6n,

M
23
III - --
6
q;
'o

Lth

"A
J

0 LI)

Map 20. ORV use in Coos County.

Fiver@jl! P.,

ISO

00 C
m 223

E@GLE
O.EEIR
ANDO

31 33

,,2
B

IN 4
da

RO)AD

U11

018 r
17
4

3.
. V
T 28 S Sper Sch

24 2
-ru [I..

7
COQUILLE
00
1-R L H

166

B
C-
Table Rock c
96 E5
25 E R Y

@Nj bl-i C-
09

a
Coquilre

zll
not

Face Rock e
74 '3 1
36 -214
Grave Pt

Vap 21. ORV use in Coos County.

OREGON STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS ON THE, OCEAN SHORE
In Curry County

(X: z
cr

cy.

0
L
> >
lb cl
U,
Ul-
101). (>x
-i %n
cc -x:s
c@
L- 0 1@
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00
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09
I- a c
0 r _U C3
41 U (A
CIL 0 8
cn An -9
6 :3 ?A!
0 U
E tn 0 ro
:5 cu 0 U3
15 15 U,
q)
-g-lf CIO c)
aj e
0
cy ID J C' -j c\j
-< I (V -< C\j
c cl
V) CA 4f) CL
LA
I
Lu -4

ul
> cc > m>
VEHICLES ALLOWEID

60-
It

..0

co q _7
A,@
F:L N
E PAZ
4

It
10

"rid 1 4-
12

9 0 7
OFA
Otter Point

4,
P14
115,

-24, -21

SM 15

looll
t
-26 r u
r
29,

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

gh ch -4
f: I@D
(am

L A,

flap 23. ORV use in Curry County.

STATE PIRK

CAPE SEBASTIAV
X
STATE PAR@V

kkk
ST

30@

CAPE SEBASTI
STATE PAR

7
r-ape Sebastian
N

>
>
Hunters' OW@,

Hunters lk, @11
Y%
14 33--, 2

>
r@z, vls@l
6@,V
'o

X -I

m
93

_4 25

+ -

0 V@
3
101 @A
Cro Point,*-OA@
BM
dd(e 90

Map 24. ORV u--c in Curry Counlty.

000
01:7@
41

1 Y6

.
0
130

FAM
IA, 1; -00
'ARK
I
'32
Ox

TA*,
to *@i
rib""

94;
I cp

Chetco ave
C IDI
41

Ov
IA,

',22

Map 25. ORV use in Curry County.

X. RECOMMENDATIONS AND RATIONALES

A. General

1. Off-Road Vehicl e Advisory Such bodies would provide real-
Councils should be established istic and informed advice to
including ORV club representatives develop and implement legis-
and individual participants, land lation. It could serve a
managers, interested representatives similar function on a local
from environmental groups, and park level.
and recreation personnel on both a
local and-state level.

2. State legislation should be It would provide for and manage
adopted which would comprehen- an activity that presently
sively provide for and manage ORV exists.
recreation within Oregon. The
legislation should:
a. Recognize ORV use as a legit- Acceptance of legitimate ORV use
.imate form of recreation; will promote more effective
management of ORV activities.
b. Provide for ORV area develop- This would provide for ORY recrea-
ment that would meet the needs tion and not necessarily reduce
of the ORV participant (such the areas open to ORVs. The
areas should be located in benefits of limiting ORV use to
close proximity to the major- designated areas would be to bring
ity of the participants); the multitude of management and
environmental problems into a more
C. Restrict the use of ORVs reasonable realm. User conflict
to.maintained roads and trails 'will be reduced. Hidden environ-
and areas designated for the mental impacts would be less likely
various types of ORV activities; to occur, and the impact that would
d. Require establishment of environ- occur in a designated area could
mental monitoring plans that be monitored and dealt with.
suit an area's needs and the Nuisance use would be minimized.
impacts of the ORV activity; Law enforcement would be facilitated
since there would be no question
whether an area was open or closed
to ORV use. The need for manage-
ment could be focused at a given
area. De facto use would be
reduced-,fo-rinstance at South
Beach and on Yaquina Head (hill-
climbing on the slope east of the
lighthouse by motorcycles and
four-wheel drive vehicles). Pro-
viding good facilities for ORV
recreation and stopping random
use would increase the quality

@of the ORV experience, increase
its compatibility, and reduce its
environmental impacts.

e. Register vehicles used off- Registration would provide vital
roads that are not otherwise information on the number of OkVs
registered; and ORV users to better assess
(1) this should include a fee their needs. It would raise@money
which should be held ac- specifically to provide, ORV
countable in'a special recreation.
ORV fund;
(2)-the gas taxes from vehicle
use off-road should be de-
termined and placed in the
ORV fund;
(3) the ORV funds should be
expended for:
(a) provision of ORV areas
and facilities,
(b) management and enforce-
ment of ORV areas,
(C) environmental monitoring
programs,
(d) ORV related research
(environmental impacts,
user needs, etc.),
(e) user education programs
(which would be devel-
oped by ORV participants,
land managers, etc. and
include nature inter-
pretation).
(f) local grants to develop
ORV areas;

f. Registration should require vis- Such markings would facilitate
ible vehicle identification in law enforcement. The mobility
some form; and anonymity of ORVs make
enforcement difficult.

g. Give state ORV planning responsi- Recognize ORVs as legitimate
bilities to the Park and Recrea- recreational activity.
tion Branch;

h. Provide specific operating Safety and resource protection
conditions regulating conduct would be promoted.
and equipment;

i. Provide that all law enforce- A broad approach is necessary to
ment personnel from different cover multi-jurisdictional areas
agencies (federal, state, and and ORV mobility. Uniform

local) have the power to en- regulations would be easier.for
force ORV regulations which people to comply with.
should be coordinated and
uniform.

B. Specific
1. South Jetty Hill (within the This would promote public safety.
NRA) should be closed to pedes- People unfamiliar with ORV use
trians by posting it as a vehicle in the area should be informed
play area. People should be in- of the potential hazard from
formed and discouraged from vehicles.
entering such a hazardous area.

2. A pedestrian corridor should Promotion of public safety.
be created from Cleawox Lake to
the beach, and pedestrians should
be warned they are entering a
vehicle play area and to stay
within the corridor. Vehicles
should only be allowed to cross
the pedestrian corridor in open
sand areas of high visibility
(east of the Goose Pasture).

3. ORV planning between the Although the NRA is federal land,
Oregon Dunes National Recreation it can have a very direct effect
Area, State, and local agencies on adjacent land. Any significant
should be coordinated. change in vehicle status within
the NRA would have an impact on
other areas.

4. To provide for ORV use on The vast majority of open sand
open sand, no additional sub- dunes on the Oregon coast are
stantial ORV closures should be located within the Oregon Dunes
implemented within the Oregon National Recreation Area. Further
Dunes National Recreation Area. closure of those areas open to
ORVs would shift the use to
smaller dune areas typically less
suitable. Closures could result
in the curtailment of some ORV
use.

5. The north spit of the Coos The need for ORV areas in addition
River may be suitable for vehicle to the forty-seven per cent of the
access corridor designations and NRA is not considered here. Such
perhaps a vehicle play designation. a determination should be made by
One access corridor might run down a community and the appropriate
the beach or foredune with one or land holding agencies. There is
two crossovers to the bay side in no management available from the
the most appropriate places Corps of Engineers.so an alternate

74
(considering critical,habitat source must be fo und if the 61
and user interests). Vehicle area is -to be suitable. The
play may be potentially suitable county and the ORV clubs may
on the open sand dunes. These fill the management need.
uses should be conditional upon: This could be a realistic
(1) development of a management chance for ORV recreationalists
plan including enforcement of to demonstrate their capabili-
the access corridor designations ties of self-management.
and.the vehicle play area's
boundaries, and (2) the perfor-
mance,of users and the effective-
ness of the management plan.
The latter conditions can be
monitored by field observations
and aerial photography. If the
conditions are not met, then the
vehicle designation would be
inappropriate. A local ORV
advisory council should be
formed to develop a complete
ORV plan including the South
Coast Beach and Dune Recrea-
tionalists, the Corps of
Engineers, the County, the
private landholders involved,
andany other appropriate
parties.

6. A major ORV facility should This would provide for ORV
be developed.near'the Portland recreation and increase the
area. The use of dredge spoils viability of restricted ORV
may facilitate this; Perhaps use. It should relieve the
hills and other challenging user pressure at Sand Lake
topography could be formed, and allow for its eventual
Potentially ORV funds could be phase out regarding ORV use.
used to help develop such a
project.

REFERENCES CITED

Baldwin, Malcolm R., and Dan H. Stoddard, Jr. 1973. The Off-Road
Vehicle and Environmental Quality. 2nd Ed. The Conserva-
tion Foundation. Washington, D. C. 61 pp.

Bennett, Shaun. 1973. A Trail Rider's Guide to the Environment.
The American Motorcycle Association. Westerville, Ohio.
60 pp.

Bess, Fred H. 1973. "The Effectiveness of Helmets for EAR Protec-
tion", Proceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off The Road
Vehicle Research Symposium. Donald F. Holecek, ed.
Department of Parks and Recreation Resources Technical
Report No. 9 (147-149), Michigan State University. 3 pp.

Blodget, Branford G. 1978. The Effect of Off-Road Vehicles on Least
Terns and Other Shorebirds. National-Park Service Coopera-
tive Research Unit Report No. 26. University of Massachu-
setts, 79 pp.

Bury, Richard L., Robert C. Wendling, and Stephen McCool. 1976.
Off-Road Recreation Vehicles-- A Research Summar
,y, 1969-1975.
MP-1277. Texas Agriculture Experiment Station. Texas
A & M University. 84 pp.

Bush, George. 1976. "Soil Management Services Report--Sand Lake
Recreation Area". USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National
Forest, Hebo Ranger District, Corvallis, Oregon. 16 pp.

California.Department of Parks and Recreation. 1978. Off-Highway
Vehicle Recreation in California. Sacramento, Calif. 96 pp.

Carter, James E. 1977. "Off-Road Vehicles on Public Lands",
U. S. Presidential Executive Order 11989. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1 p.

Cooper, William S. 1958. Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington.
Geological Society of America Memoir 72. New York, N. Y.
169 pp.

.Geological Society of America 1977. "Impacts and Management of Off-
Road Vehicles". Boulder, Colorado. 8 pp.

Godfrey, Paul J., Stephen P. Leatherman, and P. A. Buckely. 1978.
"Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems",
is Coastal Zone '78 Symposium on Technical, Environmental
Socioeconomic and Regulatory Aspects* of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment, Volume 11 (581-600). American Society of Civil
Engineers, New York, N. Y. 20 pp.

Harrison, Rob. 1973. "ORV Noise Effects and Measurements", Pro-
ceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off The Road Vehicle
Research Symposium. Donald F. Holecek, ed. Department
of Parks and Recreation Resources Technical Report No. 9,
(135-145), Michigan State University. 10 pp.

Komar, Paul. Personal Communication November 29, 1978, Newport,
Oregon.

Lodico, Norma Jean. 1973. Environmental Effe cts of Off-Road Vehicles:
A Review of the Literature. Bibliography Series No. 29.
Office of Library Services, U. S. Department of the Interior.
Washington, D. C. 112 pp.

McCool, Stephen F., and Joseph W. Roggenbuck. 1974. Off-Road
Vehicles and Public Lands: A Problem Analysis. Department
of Forestry and Outdoor Recreation and the Institute for
the Study of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Utah State
University, Logan. 109 pp.

McEwen, Douglas N. 1978. Turkey Bay Off-Road Vehicle Area at Land
Between the Lakes: An Example of New Opportunities for
Managers and Riders. Department of Recreation Research
Report No. 1, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
28 pp.

Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. 1978. 1978 Motorcycle Statistical
Annual. Newport Beach, California. 46 pp.

Muntz, E. P., T. L. Deglow, and D. H. Campbell. 1972. "Public
Lands and Off-Road Motorized Recreation". School of Engin-
eering, Environmental Engineering Programs Bulletin 100.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 18 pp.

Neidoroda, A. 1975. The Geomorphologic Effects on Off-Road Vehicles
on Coastal Systems of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. National
Tark Service Cooperative Research Unit Report No. 17,
University of Massachusetts. 100 pp.

Nixon, Richard M. 1972. "Use of Off-Road Vehicles on the Public
Lands", U. S. Presidential Order 11644. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 2pp.

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. 1978. Handbook for
Environmental Quality Elements of Oregon Local Comprehensive
Land Use Plans, Noise. Portland, Oregon. 28 pp.

Oregon Department of Transportation, Parks and Recreation Branch.
1977. Oregon Outdoor Recreation Needs Bulletin, 1977.
Technical Document III of the Statewide Comprehensive
Outdoor Recreation Plan. Salem, Oregon. 183 pp.

Peine, John D. 1973. "Off-Road Vehicle Use in Tucson, Arizona".
Proceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off The Road
Vehicle Research Symposium. Donald F. Holecek,
Department ot ParKs and Kecreation Resources Technical
Report No. 9 (9-33). Michigan State University. 24 pp.

Rasor, Robert. 1978. Five State Approaches to Trialbike Recreation
Facilities and Their Management. American Motorcycle
Association. Westerville, Ohio. 64 pp.

Stebbins, Robert C. 1974. "Off-Road Vehicles and the Fragile
Desert". American Biology Teacher 36(5):294-304. 14 pp.

Stupay, Arthur M. 1971. "Growth of Powerized Vehicles in the 19.70's".
Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off The Road Vehicle
Research Symposium. Michael Chubb, ed. Department of Park
and Recrea-1-1-o-n--Fe-sources Technical Report No. 8. Michigan
State University.

Ternyik, Wilbur E. Personal Communications, September-December, 1978,
Newport, Oregon.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1976. "Travel Plan
for Off-Road Vehicle Use--Siuslaw National Forest".
Corvallis, Oregon. 4 pp. + Maps.

U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1970.
Operation ORVAC: Recommendations and Guidelines for the
Management of Off-Road Vehicles on Public Domain Lands
in California. Sacramento, California. 40 pp.

Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1976. "Operating All-
Terrain Vehicles in the State of Washington". Olympia,
Washington. 14 pp.

79
0.

APPENDIX A

Executive Orders 11644 and

11989

EXECUTIVE ORDER 11644 February 8, 1972

USE OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON THE PUBLIC LANDS

An estimated 5 million off-road recreational vehicles--motorcycles,
minibikes, trail bikes, snowmobiles, dune-buggies, all-terrain vehicles,
and others--are in use in the United States today, and their popularity
continues to increase rapidly. The widespread use of such vehicles on
the public lands--often for legitimate purposes but also in frequent
conflict with wise land and resource management practices,, environmental
values, and other types of recreational activity--has demonstrated the
need for a unified Federal policy toward the use of such vehicles on
the public lands.

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President
of the United States by the Constitution of the United States and in
furtherance of the purpose and policy of the National Environmental Policy
Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321), it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Purpose. It is the purpose of this order to establish
policies and provide for procedures that will ensure that the use of
off-road vehicles on public lands will be controlled and directed so as
to protect the resources of those lands, to promote the safety of all
users of those lands, and to minimize conflicts among the various uses of
those lands.
Sec. 2. Definitions. As used in this order, the term:
(1) "public lands" means (A) all lands under the custody and control
of the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture, except
Indian lands,,(B) lands under the custody and control of the Tennessee
Valley Authority that are situated in western Kentucky and Tennessee and
are designated as "Land Between the Lakes", and (C) lands under the custody
and control of the Secretary of Defense;
(2) "respective agency head" means the Secretary of the Interior, the
Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Board of Directors
of the Tennessee Valley Authority, with respect to public lands under the
custody and control of each;
(3) "off-road vehicle" means any motorized vehicle designed for or
capable of cross-country travel on or immediately over land, water, sand,
snow, ice, marsh, swampland, or other natural terrain; except that such
term excludes (A) any registered motorboat, (B) any military, fire, emer-
gency, or law enforcement vehicle when used for emergency purposes, and (C)
any vehicle whose use i expressly authorized by the respective agency
head under a permit, lease, license, or contract; and
(4) "official use" means use by an employee, agent, or designated
representative of the Federal Government or one of its contractors in the
course of his employment, agency, or representation.
Sec. 3. Zones of Use. (a) Each respective agency head shall develop
and issue regulations and administrative instructions, within six months
of the date of this order, to provide for administrative designation of the
specific areas and trails on public lands on which the use of off-road
vehicles may be permitted, and areas in which the use of off-road vehicles
may not be permitted, and set a date by which such designation of all public
lands shall be completed. Those regulations shall direct that the designation

81
of such areas and trails will be based upon the protection of the
resources of the public lands, promotion of the safety of all users of
those lands, and minimization of conflicts among the various uses of
those lands. The regulations shall further require that the designation
of such areas and trails shall be in accordance with the following--
(1) Areas and trails shall be located to minimize damage to soil,
watershed, vegetation, or other resources of the public lands.
(2) Areas and trails shall be located to minimize harassment of
wildli"fe or siggificant disruption of wildlife habitats.
(3) Areas and trails shall be located to minimize conflicts between
off-road vehic16 use and other existing or proposed recreational uses of
the same or neighboring public lands, and to ensure the compatibility of
such uses with existing conditions in populated areas, taking into account
noise and other factors.
(4) Areas and trails shall not be located in offi.cially designated
Wilderness Areas or Primitive Areas. Areas and trails shall-be located in
areas of the National Park system, Natural Areas, or National Wildlife
Refuges and Game Ranges only if the respective agency head determines that
off-road vehicle use in such locations will not adversely affect their
natural, aesthetic, or scenic values.
(b) The respcetive agency head shall ensure adequate opportunity
for public participation in the promulgation of such regulations and in
the designation of areas and trails under this section.
(c) The limitations on off-road vehicle use imposed under this
section shall not apply to official use.
Sec. 4. Operating Conditions. Each respective agency head shall
develop and publish, within one year of the date of this order, regulations
prescribing operating conditions for off-road vehicles on the public lands.
These regulations shall be directed at protecting resource values, pre-
serving public health, safety, and welfare, and minimizing-use conflicts.
Sec. 5. Public Information. The respective agency head shall ensure
that areas and trails where off-road vehicle use is permitted are well
marked and shall provide for th6 publication and distribution of informa-
tion, including maps, describing such areas and trails and explaining the
conditions on vehicle use. He shall seek cooperation of relevant State
agencies in the dissemination of this information.
Sec. 6. Enforcement. The respective agency head shall, where author-
ized by law, prescribe appropriate penalties for violation of regulations
adopted pursuant to this order, and shall establish procedures for the
enforcement of those regulations. To the extent permitted by law, he may
enter into agreements with State or local governmental agencies for
cooperative enforcement of laws and regulations relating to off-road
vehicle use.
Sec. 7. Consultation. Before issuing the regulations or administrative
instructions required by this order or designating areas or trails as
required by this order and those regulations and administrative instructions,
the Secretary of the Interior shall, as appropriate, consult with the Atomic
Energy Commission.
Sec. 8. Monitoring of Effects and Review. (a) The respective agency
head shall monitor the effects of use of off-road vehicles on lands under
their jurisdictions. On the basis of the information gathered, they shall
from time to time amend or rescind designations of areas or other actions
taken pursuant to this order as necessary to further the policy of this order-
(b) The Council on Environmental Quality shall maintain a con-
tinuing review bf..-the implementation of this order.

RICHARD NIXON
The White House,
February 8, 1972.

EXECUTIVE ORDER 11989 May 24, 1977

OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON PUBLIC LANDS

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and
statutes of the United States of America, and as President of the
United States of America, in order to clarify agency authority to
define zones of use by off-road vehicles on public lands, in furtherarce
of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42
U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), Executive Order No. 11644 of February 89 1972,
is hereby amended as follows:

Section 1. Clause (B) of Section 2(3) of Executive Order No.
11644, setting forth an exclusion from the definition of off-road
vehicles, is amended to read "(B) any fire, military, emergency or
law enforcement vehicle when used for emergency purposes, and any
combat or combat support vehicle when used for national defense
purposes, and".

sec. 2. Add the following new Section to Executive Order No. 11644:
"Sec. 9. Special Protection of the Public Lands. (a) Notwithstanding
the provisions of Section 3 of this Order, the respective agency head
shall, whenever he determines that the use of off-road vehicles will cause
or is causing considerable adverse effects on the soil, vegetation,
wildlife, wildlife habitat or cultural or historic resources of particular
areas or trails of the public lands, immediately close such-areas or
trails to the type of off-road vehicle causing such,effects, until such
time as he determines that such adverse effects have been eliminated and
that measures have been implemented to prevent future recurrence.
"(b) Each respective agency head is authorized to adopt the policy
that portions of the public lands within his jurisdiction shall be closed
,to use by off-road vehicles except those areas or trails which are
suitable and specifically designated as open to such use pursuant to Section
3 of this Order.".

JIMMY CARTER
The White House
May 24, 1977.

APPENDIX B

Proposed Bureau of Land
Management Regulations

29412 PROPOSED RULES

[4310-841 More than 1,300 comments were re- into law with the passage of the Fed-
ceived on the proposed rulemaking eral Land Policy and Management Act
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR and 140 comments were received on of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq,). The
bureau of Land management the draft environmental impact state- rulemaking has been amended to
ment. Based on careful consideration strengthen the provision for public
[43 CFR Part 62901 of the comments received a final Envi- participation. Comments also stressed
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ronmental Impact Statement has been the need for the Bureau to improve its
prepared by the Heritage Conserva- public distribution of maps. brochures
Use of Public Lands tion and Recreation Service, formerly and other information concerning the
the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. location of Public lands Lnd ORV land
AGENCY: Bureau of Land Manage- Of the more than 1,300 comments use designations. The Bureau agrees
ment, Interior. received on the proposed rulemaking with these suggestions and will strive
ACTION: Proposed rulemaking. approximately 830 were mailgrams to improve commun cation with the
SUMMARY: This proposed rulemak- and letters addressed to the President, public during the land use planning
Ing is developed to provide for man- later referred to the Bureau. asking phase as well as the use phase of the
agement and control of off-road vehi- that Executive Order 11644 be amend- management cycle for a particular ad-
ed or rescinded. The Bureau does not ministrative unit.
cle recreation on public lands. Concen-
trated off-road vehicle recreation on have the authority to amend or re-
public lands has,.in some areas, caused scind the Executive order but is in fact PER ITS
excessive damage to natural resources under order by the courts to issue reg- The majority of the comments ad-
and disrupted more passive land uses. ulations that will conform to the Ex- dressing the provisions for Issuing per.
Management of off-road vehicle activi- ecutive order. However, the President mJts requested that the 25 vehicle
ties will provide for continuation of has recently amended Executive Order limit be eliminated or substantially in-
off-road vehicle recreation under con- 11644, and the regulations have been creased, that family-tYPe, non-com-
ditions that will protect natural re- amended as appropriate to include mercial, and non-competitive events be
sources and other resource users and provisions under the amended Execu- exempt from permit requirements,
promote public safety. tive order. and that the term "organized events"
DATE: Comments by September 5, of the remaining comments re- be deleted or amended to be less inclu-
ceived, totalling more than 470, many sive. A few cornmentors wanted per-
1978. commentors were generally opposed to mits for all ORV use. A permit system
ADDRESS: Send comments to: Direc- the entire proposal and offered few, if Is felt to be necessary for management
tor (210), Bureau of Land Manage- any, suggested amendments. In addi- and control of ORV's. The permit pro-
ment, 1800 C Street NW., Washington, tion to changes to include provisions visions have been amended, removed
D.C. 20246. Comments will be availa- of the amendments to Executive from this part. and placed in part 6260
ble for public review in Room 5555 at Order 11644, changes have been made of this chapter. The provisions require
the above address from 7:45 a.m.-4:15 in the proposed rulemaking in re- permits for (1) commercial events (2)
p.m. on regular working days. sponse to public comments received on competitive events for which partici-
FOR FURTER IN-FORMATION the July 28, 1976, publication of pro- pants register, and (3) events involving
CONTACT: posed rulemaking. Public comments 50 or more ORV's. The amendment
Larry Young, 202-343-9353. and suggestions are invited regarding also requires that applications for per-
the amended proposed rulemaking. mits be submitted on forms approved
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Final regulations will reflect any ad- by the Director and be made no less
On April 15, 1974, final rulemaking ditional comments received on the than 120 calendar days in advance of
was published in the FEDERAL REGISTER amended proposed rules. the intended use unless a shorter time,
(FR 13613) establishing regulations to DiscussioN OF MAJOR COMMENTS RE- is authorized by the authorized offi-
control and direct the use of ORV's on CErVED ON THE PROPOSED RULEMAKING cer. The lead time is required for pre-
public lands. By decision and order paring the necessary environmental
issued by the U.S. District Court for OF JULY 28, 1976 reports, statements and conditions of
the District of Columbia on May 2, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AM INFORMATION use, and to provide that the applicant
1975, these regulations were declared receive an approved permit 30 days in
to be in violation of Executive Order The need for improved public par- advance of the use date.
11644 and to have been promulgated ticipation and dissemination of Infor-
without adequate consideration of al- mation was of maJor concern to many CONDITIONS OF USS
ternatives as required by the National commentors. They felt the Bureau Interest in the przvisions relating to
En,viromental Policy Act. The court had not done an adequate job of in- conditions governing use centered on
further ordered that after adequate forming the public and obtaining the licensing and supervision provi-
consideration of alternatives, as re- public input in the planning and man- sions. Commentors asked that the re-
quired by the National Fnvironmental agement of the ORV program- Re- quirement be deleted or modified. This
Policy Act, regulations be issued which quest was made to amend the pro- provision has been amended to provide
did meet the requirements of Execu- posed rules to insure that the public an exemption from the licensing and
tive Order 11644. Under the direction would be involved in the planning supervisions requirement for an indi-
of the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, system and in the designation proce- vidual who has been certified by an
the Off-Road Vehicle Environmental dures. It was also suggested that desig- agency of State government as compe-
Impact Statement was revised to nation notices be available in local tent to drive an ORV as a result of
expand the alternatives as ordered by Bureau Offices at all times and that successfully completing a State en-
the court. A draft statement was made maps and other information informing dorsed operators training program.
available to the public on July 19, the public of designations and other The licensing and supervision require-
1976, and open to public comment conditions of use be readily available ment is also waived for areas in Alaska
until October 7, 1976. On July 28, and widely distributed. designated by the State Director for
1976, proposed Off-Road Vehicle regu- It has been the procedure of the Alaska. Executive Order 11644 re-
lations were published in the FEDERAL Bureau to obtain public participation quires that the ORV regulations pro-
REGisnm (FR 31518) and the public in Its planning process. Guidelines for vide for safety provisions. Because
was given until October 7, 1976, to planning, which reflect the Bureau's many of the deaths and injuries asso-
submit comments on this proposal. planning process, have been signed ciated with ORV use have occurred to

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 43, NO. 1131-FRIDAY, JULY 7, 19n

PROPOSED RULES 29413

younger drivers, the training, licensing Division of Administration after first Area presently sustains about half of
and supervision provisions required for obtaining approval of such delegation the total ORV use occurring on the
individuals under 18 years of age from the State Director and after pub- public lands administered by the
should provide for greater safety to licWng the delegation In the F@mmtAL Bureau. Other major ORV use areas
users of the public lands. REGISTER. are also receiving timely planning and
COmmentors also suggested that As suggested in a comment, the word management attention.
ORV use should be In harmony with "designated" has been added to clarify Executive Order 11644 directed that
other authorized uses of the public the definitions of open, limited and officially designated wilderness and
lands. The proposal has been amended closed areas and trails. primitive areas be closed to ORV use
to provide that ORV use be managed and need not be designated under the
to minirnize conflicts with other au- DESIGNATION-CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES three ORV designations defined in
this part. Additional closures may be
thorized uses of the public lands. A great diversity of public concern justified through the Bureau planning
Comments suggested that the terms was demonstrated in the comments system. The Federal Land Policy and
reckless ... .. careless," and "negligent" dealing with designation. Many com- Management Act of 1976 has directed
were too broad and could be the basis mentors were opposed to any designa- that by October 21, 1991, the Secre-
of arbitrary decisions. These are terms tion while others wanted all lands tary shall review those roadless areas
that are commonly used in State vehi- closed to ORV use until designated. of 5,000 acres or more and roadless is-
cle operating requirements. They have Some commentors wanted immediate lands of the public lands identified
been retained In the proposal. The closures not only on "wilderness" and during the inventory required by the
terms have been used extensively "primitive" areas but also on "natu- Federal Land Policy and Management
enough that vehicle users have a gen- ral" areas, special cultural areas. and Act as having wilderness characteris-
eral understanding as to what the other areas having fragile or scenic tics as described in the Wilderness Act
terms mean and can use them as a values. Other commentors suggested a6 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.). Once identi-
guide in the operation of their vehi- keeping open to ORV use only those fied, these areas having wilderness
cles. areas presently being used. Some com- chaxacteristics; shall continue to be
Suggestion was made to improve the mentors expressed strong disagree- managed during the review period so
safety provisions relating to the use, of ment with the designation deadline as not to impair the suitability of such
headlights and taillights. A change date of 1987. This date was felt to be areas for preservation as wilderness,
was made in the proposal to require too distant and allowed an unwarrant- subject, however, "to the continuation
lighted headlights and tafflights when ed period of time to bring ORV use of existing mining and grazing uses
operating during night hours from under adequate control and manage- and mineral leasing In the manner and
sunset to sunrise. This will reduce the ment. degree in which the same was being
Possibility of an ORV operating in the The status of the public lands prior conducted on the date of approval" of
dark without lights when coming to or to designation in conformance with the Federal Land Policy and Manage-
going from an ORV use area. Executive Order 11644, under the ment Act. The ORV designations of
DEFINITIONS terms of the District Court Order of lands identified as potential wilderness
May 5, 1975, is simply undesignated. areas are being rhade consistent with
The definition section of the propos- -This means that those areas which these provisions of the Federal Land
al Prompted many comments. Of have previously been open, closed, or Policy and Management Act.
major interest was the definition of an limited shall generally remain so until Request was made to clarify the
"ORV." It was suggested that there be designated under E.O. 11644 or 11989. status of current ORV designations.
separate definitions for the different However, this does not preclude the Designations made to date under 43
types of ORV's (snowmobiles, two- use of other existing authorities to CFR Part 6290 are null and void.
se; or limit areas as needed
wheel, four-wheel, etc.). As the De- open, clor United States District Court, District
partment is under court order to con- for reasons other than ORV use. Clo- of Columbia Court Order 74-1215,
form its regulations to Executive sures or limitations might be because dated May 2, 1975, declared 43 CFR
Order 11644, the definition of ORV of withdrawals for habitat preserva- Part 6290 in violation of Executive
Order 11644. Therefore, any designa-
was amended only slightly. The tion. public safety, resource protec- tions made under those regulations
changes made are the insertion of the tion, etc. Wilderness areas, big-game also were in violation of the Executive
word "motorized." the deletion of the wintering areas, critical watersheds, Order. ORV closures and conditions of
words "deriving motive power from etc., can be protected even though the uses made under subpart 6221-Primi-
any source other than muscle," and Executive Order 11644 designations ti,e Areas, �6010.4-Closure of lands
deletion of the exception provision have not been made. and subpart 6261-Rules for Visitor
exempting as an ORV a vehicle oper- To correlate the management of the Use of Developed Recreation Site-%.
ating under a special recreation permit several resources uses of the public remain valid and in effect@.
issued in accordance with Part 6260 of lands, the Bureau of Iand Manage- As suggested in the comments, the
43 CFR. It was not the intent of this ment uses a coordinated multiple use provision for monitoring ORV use has
rulemaking to exclude, as an ORV, planning system approach. The desig- been clarified bystating that the au-
motorized vehicles permitted tinder nation of ORV areas must be accom- thorized officer or his delegate shall
the provisions thereof. plished in harmony with this planning monitor the effects of ORV use. The
The term "authorized officer" was system. Action necessary to make des- types of temporary designation
deleted because it is already defined in Ignations is beginning immediately. All changes , have been expanded by
43 CFR Part 1810. Several commen- areas will be designated by 1987. It is adding that temporary designations
tors expressed concern over the broad estimated that 40 percent of the total may also "open" areas previously
authorities of the authorized officer designation process will be accom- closed. The paragraph dealing with
and wanted to know who he is and to plished by 1981. This 40 percent will withdrawals has been deleted since the
whom he is subject. Bureau Order No. cover 60 percent of the major ORV withdrawal procedures referred to do
701 is the official delegation document use areas. For example, the Federal not comply with the provisions of the
for the Bureau. Under section 3.9 of Land Policy and Management Act of Federal Land Policy and Management
this Order all ORV actions have been 1976 designated the California Desert Act of 1976.
delegated to'the District Manager. Conservation Area and. directed that a VEHICLE STANDARDS
Under section 3.1 of the Order the Dis- comprehensive management plan be
trict Manager may redelegate his au- completed and implemented by Sep- Commentors suggested reducing the
thority to Area Managers or the Chief. tember 30, 1980. This Conservation required level of vehicle operating

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 43, NO. 131-FRIDAY, JULY 7, 1978

29414 PROPOSED RULES

standards as required In the proposal, and Management Act of 1976 was en- PART 6290-OFF-ROAD VEHICLES
feeling that the standards were exces- acted. This law provides the Bureau of Subpart 62"- General
sive. Snowmobile interests as well as Land Management with broad law en-
other ORV groups wanted the spark forcement authority. Not only may Sec.
arrester requirement removed. Re- BLM personnel be given law enforce- 6290.0-1 Purpose.
quest was made to delete the require- ment responsibilities, but the act pro- 6290.0-2 Objectives.
inents for having brakes in good work- vides for the use of local law enforce- 6290.0-3 Authority.
ing condition as no one would operate ment personnel through compensation 6290.0-5 Definitons.
an ORV without good brakes. The pro- by the Bureau. 6290.0-7 Enf orcement.
vision of the proposal covering noise A few commentors wanted limits es- 6290.0-8 Applicability.
standards appeared to some commen- tablished for temporary designations. Subpart 6291 -Xondlf ions of Use of Public Lands
tors as excessive since the Environ- Generally, such designations would be 6291.1 Regulations governing use.
mental Protection Agency did not Jor a season-for deviation from 6291.2 Special rules.
have established noise standards. normal wildlife use patterns, climatic
Some commentors read the proposal conditions, public safety, etc., which Subpart-6292-Areas and Trails Designation
as saying that all ORV's required most often would not exceed a year in 6292,1 Designation criteria.
lights. Some commentors; suggested duration. 6292.2 Designation procedures.
that state standards be followed in Some commentors expressed con- 6292.3 Designation changes.
lieu of Federal standards. The provi- cern that the proposed regulations
sion requiring minimum vehicle stand- would hinder access to Isolated tracts Subpart 6293-Vehicl* Operation
ards was retained because it is felt of State or private lands within large 6293.1 Standards.
that basic vehicle standards are neces- blocks of public lands. The Bureau
sary. Even though states may have ve- does not intend to hinder lawful and Subpart 6294-Pormits
hicle standards there is a lack of con- proper ingress and egress to such 6294.1 Permit requirements.
sistency of standards among states. lands. Owners of such lands' who AUTHORITY: 43 U.S.C. 1201, National Envi-
The broad standards in the regula- desire access to their lands may work ronmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C.
tions are the minimum standards and with local Bureau officials to arrive at 4321; 43 Ti.S.C. 2, 1201; and Executive Order
will prevail where State law and regu- solutions to their access needs. A 11644 (37 FR 2877); Executive Order 11989
lations do not exist or are less strin- number of commentors, including (42 FR 26959) (43 U.S.C. 1701 et. seq.)
gent. many who have mineral interests and Subpart 62"-Goneral
The proposal requires that an ORV holders of rights of way permits, sug-
have a spark arrester only when the gested the proposed regulations be � 6290.0-1 Purpose.
authorized officer requires it. The pro- amended to specifically allow for the
posal his been amended to waive the use of motorized ve 'hicles in exploring The purpose of this part is to estab-
spark arrester requirement where and prospecting for minerals and for lish criteria for designating public
three or more inches of snow are on inspection and maintenance of rights- lands as open, limited or closed to the
the ground. The provision on noise of-way. The definition of an "off-road use of off-road vehicles and for estab-
standards has been amended to re- vehicle" specifically excludes vehicles. lishing controls governing the use and
quire compliance with Environmental expressly authorized by the author- operation of off-road vehicles in such
Protection Agency standards when ized officer or otherwise officially ap- areas.
they are established and become avail- proved. Examples of situations where
able to the public. The requirement authorized and approved use of motor- � 6290.0-2 Objectives.
for lights on ORV's was apparently ized vehicles would be excluded from The objectives of these regulations
misunderstood. It requires ORV's op- the definition of an ORV are: the spe- are to protect the resources of the
erating during night hours from cific conditions of motorized vehicle public lands, to promote'the safety of
sunset to sunrise to be equipped with use contained in a right-of -way permit, all users of those lands, and to mini-
and use lights. Vehicles operated only an approved plan of operation as de- mize conflicts among the various uses
during daylight hours are not required scribed in the proposed regulations of those lands.
to have lights. dealing with the surface management
of public lands under the U.S. mining � 6290.0-3 Authority.
OTHER COMMENTS laws as published in the FEDERAL REG- The provisions of this part are
The law enforcement provision drew ISTER on December 9, 1976, or a condi- issued under the Federal Land Policy
several comments that the Bureau tion of use in a grazing license. and Management Act of 1976 (90 Stat.
lacked both personnel and the author- PRINCIPAL AUTHOR 2743; 43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); the
ity to conduct law enforcement activi- Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315a);
ties. The proposal used as the authori- Larry Young of the Bureau of Land the National Environmental Policy
ty the act of September 15, 1960 as Management, Washington Office, Di- Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.): the En-
amended (16 U.S.C. 670 et seq.), soine- vision of Recreation Management. dangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531
times referred to as the Sikes Act. INFLATION IMPACT STATEMENT et seq.); the Wild and Scenic Rivers
This act provides authority to enforce Act (16 U.S.C. 1281c): the act of Sep-
the regulations issi4ed to control ORV The Department of the Interior has tember 15, 1960. as amended (16 U.S.C.
use on those specific designated areas determined that this document does 670 et seq.); the Land and Water Con-
of public land within a State on which not contain a major proposal requiring servation F@md Act (16 U.S.C. 460 1-
conservation and. rehabilitation pro- preparation of an Economic Impact 6a); the National Trails System Act
grams are to be implemented. The Analysis under Executive Order 11821 (16 U.S.C. 1241 et seq.) and E.O. 11644
other authority on which the law en- and OMB Circular A-107. (Use of Off-Road Vehicles on the
forcement provisions was based was It Is proposed to amend 43 CFR Part Public Lands), 37 FR 2877, 3 CPR 74,
the Land and Water Conservation 6290 as set forth below. 332, as amended by E.O. 11989 42 FR
Fund Act (16 U.S.C. 460 I-6a) which Dated: June 28,1978. 26959 (May 25, 1977).
provides for enforcing the collection of
fees and permit requirements. Guy R. MARTIN, � 6290.0-5 Definitions.
After this proposed rulemaking was Assistant Secretary of the Interior. As used in this part:
printed in the FEDERAL REGISTER on 1. Part 6290 is revised to read as fol- (a) "Off-Road Vehicle" means any
July 28, 1976, the Federal Land Policy lows: motorized vehicle capable of, or de-

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 43, NO. 131-FRIDAY, JULY 7, 1978

29416 PROPOSED RULES

their natural, esthetic, or scenic formation so obtained, and whenever arrester shall have' an efficiency to
values. the authorized officer deems It neces- retain or destroy at least 80 percent of
sary to carry out the objectives of the carbon particles for all flow rates, and
6292.2 Designation procedures. part, designitions may be amended, which includes a requirement that
(a) Public participation. The au- revised, revoked, or other actions such spark arrestor has been warrant-
thorized officer shall. to the extent taken pursuant to the regulations in ed by its manufacturer as meeting
Practical, designate and redesignate this part. - such requirement for at least 1,000
areas and trails in conjunction with (b) Temporary action. The author- hours subject to normal use, with
the Bureau planning system for the ized officer may temporarily open, maintenance and mounting in accord-
formulation of multiple-use manage- close, or limit public use and travel in ance with the manufacturer's recom-
ment plans. Plans shall consider cur- accordance with the provisions of mendation. A spark arrester Is not re-
rent and potential impacts of specific � 6010.4 of this chapter as to public quired when an off-road vehicle is
vehicle types on all resources and lands which have been designated or being operated in an area which has 3
users in the region of the area under redesignated in accordance with this or more inches of snow on the ground.
consl ,deration. Prior to making desig- subpart, and as to public lands which W Vehicles operating during the
nations or redesignations, the author- have not been designated. time specified In � 6291.1(g)(5) shall
ized officer shall consult with Interest- comply with the following'. (1) Head-
ed user groups, Federal, State, county, Subpart 6293-Vehicl* Operations lights shall be of sufficient power to 11-
and local agencies, local landowners luminate an object at 300 feet at night
and other parties in a mariner thai � 6293.1 Standards. under normal. clear atmospheric con-
provides an opportunity for the public (a) No off-road vehicle may be oper- ditions. Two- or three-wheeled vehicles
to express itself and have those views ated on public lands unless equipped or single-tracked vehicles will have a
taken into account. with brakes in good working condition. minimum of one headlight Vehicles
(b) Identification of designated (b) No off-road vehicle equipped having four or more wheels or more
areas and trails. The authorized offi- with a muffler cutout, bypass, or simi- than a single track will have a mini-
cer shall take action by posting and lar device, or producing excessive noise mum of two headlights, except double
other appropriate measures to identify exceeding Environmental Protection tracked snowmachines with a maxi-
designated areas and trails so that the Agency standards, when established. mum capacity of two people may have
public will be aware of locations and may be operated on public lands. only one headlight. (2) Red taillights,
limitations applicable thereto. Public (c) The authorized officer may, by capable of being seen at a distance of
notice of designations or redesigna- posting appropriate signs or by mark- 500 feet from the rear at night under
tions; shall be given at the time of des- ing a mar) which shall be available for normal, clear atmospheric conditions,
ignatlor, or redesignation through public inspection at local Bureau of- are required on vehicles in the same
publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER fices, indicate those public lands upon numbers as headlights.
and local news media. Copies of such which no off-road vehicle may be oper-
notices shall be available to the public ated unless equipped with a properly Supart 6294-Parmits
in local Bureau offices. The author- Installed spark arrester that meets and
ized officer will make available to the is qualified to either the U.S. Depart- � 6294.1 Permit requirements.
public other information material as ment of Agriculture-Forest Service Permits are required for certain
may be appropriate. Standard 5100-la, or the 80-percent types of ORV use and shall be issued
efficiency level when determined by in accordance with the special recrea-
� 6292.3 Designation changes. the appropriate Society of Automotive tion permit procedures under part
(a) Monitoring use. The authorized Engineers (SAE) Recommended Prac- 6260 of this chapter.
officer shall monitor effects of the use tices J335 or J350, which standards in-
of off -road vehicles. On the basis of in- clude the requirement that such spark [FR Doc. 78-18478 Filed 7-6-78; 8:45 am]

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 43, NO. 131-FRIDAY, JULY 7, 1978

APPENDIX C

Applicable (36 CFR 295);
(36 CFR 261.13) and revoked
(36 CFR 295.6-295.8) Forest
Service regulations.

PART 29S-LISE OF OFF-ROAD
VEHICLES will analyze and evaluate alternatives
to enable decisions which best provide
295.1 Applicability. for the protection of the natural and
295.2 Definitions. historic resources, promotion of safety
295.3 Planning designation of areas and for all users. minimization of use con.
trails. flicts, and accomplishment of all of
295.4 Public participation. the other resource obJectives for Na-
295.5 1@ublic information. tional Forest System lands. Analysis
295.6-295.8 [Reserved] and evaluation of off-road vehicles
295.9 Monitoring effects of off-road vehicle uses will take into consideration fac-
use. tors, such as noise, safety, quality of
AUTHORITY: 30 Stat. 35. as amended; 16 the various recreational experiences
U.S.C. 551. 50 SLat. 525. as amended: 7 provided. protential Impacts on soil.
U.S.C. 1011; 83 Stat. 852; E.O. 11644. watershed, vegetation, fish, wildlife,
SOURCE: 38 FR 26723. Sept. 25. 1973. fish and wildlife habitat. and existing
unless otherwise noted. or proposed recreational uses of the
same or neighboring lands. Regional
295.1 Applicability. Foresters and Forest Supervisors are
The regulations in this part pertain authorized to designate areas and
to administrative designation of specif- trails for off-road vehicles use. use re-
ic areas and trails of National Forest strictions, and closures to any or all
System lands on which the use of off- types of such use.
road vehicles shall be allowed, restrict- (38 FR 26723, Sept. 25, 1973, as amended at
ed, or prohibited and establishing con- 39 FR 10431. Mar. 20, 19741
trols governing the use of off-road ve-
hicles on such areas. The use of off- �295.4 Public participation.
road vehicles in National Forest Wil-
derness and Primitive Areas is gov- The public shall be provided an op.
erned by ��293.1 through 293.17 of portunity to participate in the desig.
this Title. nation of areas and trails relating to
off-road vehicle use. Advance notice
� 295.2 Definitions. will be given to allow review by the
(a) "Off-road vehicles" mean any public of proposed designations or re-
motorized vehicles designed for or ca- visions of designations of any areas or
pable of cross country travel on or im- trails for off-road vehicle use, for re-
mediately over land, water. sand, strictions, or for closures to such use.
snow, ice, marsh, swampland, or other Adequate time will be allowed for
terrain which would include, but not public response prior to any designa.
be limited to. such vehicles as four tions or revisions. In emergency situa-
wheel drive, motorcycle, snowmobile, ticns, designation or revision of desig-
a.mphibious, and air cushion vehicles; nation may be made without public
except that such term excludes (1) any participation to protect natural re-
registered motorboat, (2) any military, sources and to provide for public
fire, emergency or law enforcement ve- safety.
hicle when used for official or emer- �295.5 Public information.
gency purposes, and (3) any vehicle
whose use is expressly authorized by Areas and trails may be marked with
the Chief, Forest Service, under a appropriate signs to control off-road
permit, lease, license. or contract. vehicle use. All notices issued concern-
(b) "National Forest System lands" ing the regulation of off-road vehicles
means National Forests, National shall be posted so as to reasonably
Grasslands, and other lands and inter- bring them to the attention of the
ests in land administered by the public, and a copy of the notice shall
Forest Service. be kept available to the public in the
(c) "Official use" means an employ- offices of the District Rangers and
ee, agent, or designated representative Forest Supervisors. Information and
of the Federal Government or one of maps will be published and distributed
its contractors In the course of his em. describing the conditions of use and
ployment, agency, or representation. the time perlods when areas and trails
(d) "Trail" means a designated path are: (a) Open to off-road vehicle use,
or way of varying width which is com- (b) restricted to certain types of off-
monly used by and maintained for road vehicle use, (c) closed to off-road
hikers, horsemen, snow travelers, bicy- vehicle use.
clists or for motorized vehicles with a
total width of 40 Inches or less. �� 295.6-195.8 [Reserved]
� 295.3 Planning designation of areas and � 295.9 Monitoring effects of off-road ve-
trails. hicle use.
On National Forest System lands The effects of off-road vehicle use
the continuing resource planning pro- on National Forest Sjstern lands will
cess will - provide for designation of
specific areas and trails for off-road be monitored by the Forest Service.
vehicle use, use restrictions, and clo- Designation, use restrictions, and oper-
sures to any or all types of sach use. ating conditions will be revised as
This process will include coordination needed to meet changing conditions.
with appropriate Federal, State. and
local agencies. The planning process PARTS 296-299 [RESERVED]

'4195.6 Operating conditions. Engineers (SAE) Recommended Practices J335
The following acts are prohibited or J350. Qualification or spark arresters PART 261 -PROHIBITIONS
when off-road vehicles are operated on to either the Forest Service Standard of Subpart A-General Prohibitions
areas or trails of National Forest SAE Recommended Practices shall be deter-
System lands: sec.
(a) Operation without a valid mined by the Forest Service; 261.1 Scope.
(j) Operation without an operable 61.2 Definitions.
operator's license or learner's permit 2101.3 interfering with forest officers Pro-
if required by the laws of the State in braking system; hibited.
(k) Operation from one-half hour after 201.4 Disorderly conduct.
which the vehicle is being operated for sunset to one-half hour before sunrise with- 261.5 Fire.
that particular type of off-road vehicle; 01.6 Timber and other forest products.
(b) Operation by an unlicensed person out working headlights and taillight; 1261.7 Uvestock.
(1) Operation which does not comply with: 201.8 Fish and wildlife.
under 18 years of age unless accompanied 261.9 Propertr.
by or within the sight of a responsible (1) Any applicable noise emission 261.10 Occupancy and use.
adult who h* standard established by the Administrator, 261.11 Sanitation.
as a valid operators license 261.12 Forest development roads and trails.
if a license is required by the State for Environmental Protection Agency, under 211.11; ,.5e of vehl=_off roa.
D'v7
e oped ea
n sues.
the type of vehicle being operated; authority of section 6 of the Noise Con 261.15 Admission. recreation use and
(c). Operation in a manner disregarding trol Act of 1972 (PL 92-574); cial recreation permit fees.
the rights and safety of*others, or so as (2) Any applicable U. S. Department of 261.16 National Forest wilderness.
261.17 Boundary waters canoe Area. Su-
to endanger, or be likely to endanger, any Agriculture or State standards for per- Perlor National Forest.
person or property; missible levels of environmental noise. 261.18 Pacific Crest National scenic Trail.
2 1.19 National Forest primitive areas.
(d) Operation in excess of established In case of overlapping standards, the most 2:1.20 unauthorized use of "Smokey Bear"
speed limits; stringent standards will govern. and "Woodsy IOwl" symbol.
(e) Operation while the operator is (39 FR 10431, Mar. 20, 19741 %UJI Use of vehicles off roads.
under the influence of alcohol or drugs; 295.7 Restricted and prohibited use. It is prohibited to operate any vehi-
M Operation in a manner creating ex- Except as provided in 295.8, and except cle off Forest Development. State or
cessive damage or disturbance of the land, for use in connection with mining activities County roads:
wildlife, or vegetative resources; under the provisions of the General Mining (a) Without a valid license as re-
(g) Operation not in conformance with j quired by State law. operable braking
Act of 1872, the use of off-road vehicles is I (b) Without an
applicable State laws and regulation re- prohibited in areas and trails on National system.
(c) From one-half hour after sunset
quirements established for off-road vehicles; Forest System lands during any period when to one-half hour before sunrise unless
(h) Operation when an internal com- such areas and trails have been closed to equipped with working bead and tail
bustion engine is not equipped with a vehicles or certain types of vehicles pur- lights.
(d) In violation of any applicable
properly installed muffler in good working suant to these regulations. noise emission standard established by
condition; any Federal or State agency.
(i) Operation when an internal or ex- 295.8 Off-road vehicle permits. (e) While under the influence of al.
ternal conbustion engine is not equipped Use of off-road vehicles on National cohol or other drug;
with a properly installed spark arrester, Forest System lands where the use of off- (f) Creating excessive or unusual
provided that such equipment is specified road vehicles is*prohibited may be allowed smoke;
when an area or trail is designated for use for official use or with prior authoriza- (g) Carelessly, recklessly, or without
z regard for the safety of any person, or
by off-road vehicles. Such spark arrester tion by means of an Off-Road Vehicle permit. In a manner, that endangers, or Is
shall meet and be qualified to either the OffrRoad Vehicle permits may be issued by likely to endanger, any person or prop-
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service the Chief or authorized official of the erty.
Standard 5100-la, or the 80 percent effici- Forest Service, and such permits shall be
ency level when determined in accordance revocable for violation of the rules and
with the appropriate Society of Automotive regulations governing the National Forests.

I .

1 93
0

APPENDIX D

Oregon Revised Statutes that
apply to off-road vehicles and
snowmobiles.

OFF-ROAD VEHICLES
(c) A windshield wiper if the off-road
483.833 Definitions for ORS 483.833 to vehicle is equipped with a windshield,
483S47. As used in ORS 483.833 to 483.847, (d) A flag of a type specified by the admin-
"off-road vehicle" means any motorized vehi- istrator of the division when the off-road
cle designed for or capable of cross-country vehicle is operated on Rand.
travel on or immediately over land, water, (e) Such other safety equipment as is
sand, snow, ice, marsh, swampland or other required by rule adopted by the administrator.
natural terrain.
11975 c.89 �21 (2) Paragraphs (c) and (d) of subsection (1)
4K3.835 11973 c.580 �5; 1975 c.287 �6; renumber .ed of this section shall not apply to motorcycles.
487.755) 11975 c.89 �41
483.837 Equipment requirements 483-840 [1973 c-580 �6; repealed by 1975 c.451 �2911
when operated on certain public lands. 483.843 Headlight and taillight re-
Except as provided in ORS 483.847, an off- quirements. Every off-road vehicle operating
road vehicle is not in violation of laws goverm- in an area specified in ORS 483.837 at any
ing equipment on motor vel-Licles if the off- time from one-half hour after sunset to one-
road vehicle complies with the requirements half hour after sunri 'se shall be equipped with
of ORS 483.839 and 483.843 and is operated and display headlights and taillights.
within the Oregon Dunes National Recrea- 11975 c.89 �51
tional Area on: 483-845 [1973 c.580 �7; repealed by 1975 c.451 �291)
(1) Lands and roads under the custody and 483.847 Operation vAtbout required
control of the Secretary of the United States equipment- Operation of an off-road vehicle
Department of Agriculture; or in an area specified in ORS 483.837 in viola-
(2) That portion of the ocean sbore open to tion of ORS 483.839 or 483.943 or any rule
vehicular traffic. adopted pursuant to ORS 483.839 is a Class C
[1975 c.89 �31 misdemeanor.
483.839 Required equipment. (1) 11975 c.89 �61
Every off-road vehicle operating in an area 483.850 [1973 c.W �8; repealed by 1975 c.451 k2911
specified in ORS 483.837 shaU be equipped 483.8W [ 1973 c.580 �9; repealed by 1975 c.451 �2911
with:
483.860 [1973 c.580 �10; 1975 c.287 �8; repealed by
(a) A muffler which permits the vehicle to 1975 c.451 �2911
meet standards for noise emissions adopted by 483.865 11973 c.580 �11; 1975 c.451 �127-, renurn-
the Environmental Quality Commission. bered 487.7751
(b) Brakes of a type specified by the Ad- 483.8M [1973 c.580'�12; 1975 c.451 �129; renum-
ministrator of the Motor Vehicles Division. bered 487.785]

@NOWMOBMES

483.705 [1969 c-598 �9; repealed by 1971 c.618 �281
483.710 Operation of snowrnobile to
hunt; while under the influence of liquor the issuance of certificates. The division shall
or drugs; "dangerous drugs" defined. (1) by regulation prescribe reasonable fees to be
No person shall operate a snowmobile in a collected in the administration of the pro-
manner so as to run down, harass, chase or gram. Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this
annoy any game animals or birds or domestic section, a person may operate a snowmobile
animals. No person shall hunt from a snow- while taking such a course from an instructor.
mobile. This subsection does not apply to [1971 c-618 �181
officers of the State Fish and Wildlife Com-
mission, to persons under contract to the 483.730 Prohibited acts. It shall be
commission in the performance of their offi- unlawful for any person to operate any snow-
cial duties or to individuals who have secured mobile:
a permit from the commission for purposes of (1) At a rate of speed greater than reason-
research and study. able and proper under the existing conditions.
(2) No owner or other person having (2) While under the influence of intoxicat-
charge or control of a snowmobile shall know- ing liquor, dangerous drugs or narcotic drugs.
ingly authorize or permit any person to oper- (3) In a negligent manner so as to endan-
ate the snowmobile across a highway who is ger the person or property of another, or to
incapable by reason of age, physical or mental cause injury or damage to either.
.disability or who is under the influence of (4) Without a lighted headlight and tail-
intoxicating liquor or controlled substances. light.
1 (3) As used in ORS 483.730, "dangerous
drugs" means any drug designated a con- (5) Without an adequate braking device
trolled substanpe by the Committee on Con- which may be operated either by hand or foot.
trolled Substances. (6) Without an adequate and operating
1969 c.598 010, 13; 1971 c.618 �23; 1977 c.745 �501 muffling device which shall effectively blend
Note: The amendments to 483.710 by section 50, the exhaust and motor noise in such a mariner
chapter 745, Oregon Laws 1977, take effect July 1, 1978. so as to preclude excessive or unusual noise
See section 56, chapter 745, Oregon I-awB 1977. and, on snowmobiles manufactured after
48&715 [1969 c.598 �11; repealed by 1971 c.618 �281 January 4, 1973, which shall effectively
483.725 Operator's license or certifi- maintain such noise at a level of 82 decibels or
cation required; age limit for operators; below on the "A" scale at 100 feet under
snowmobile safety education courses. (1) testing procedures established by the Depart,
No person shall operate a snowmobile unless: ment of State Police; however, snowmobiles
(a) He has an operator's license issued used in organized racing events in an area
under ORS chapter 482 or has been certified, designated for that purpose may use a bypass
as provided by subsection (3) of this section, as or cutout device.
qualified to operate a snowmobile; and (7) Upon the paved portion or upon the
(b) He hason his person at the time he is shoulder or inside bank or slope of any high-
operating the snowmobile his license or evi- way, or upon the median of any divided high-
denoe of such certification. way or upon any portion of a highway right of
way under construction, except as provided in
(2) No person under 12 years of age shall ORS 483.735 and 483.740.
operate a snowmobile on or across a highway
or a railroad right of way. (8) On or across a railroad right of way,
(3) A person who does not have an opera- except as provided by ORS 483.735 and
tor's license issued under ORS chapter 482 483.740; however, this subsection does not
may operate a snowmobile if he has taken a apply to snowinobiles being operated by
snowmobile safety education course and been officers or employes or authorized contractors
certified as qualified to operate a snowmobile. or agents of a railroad in the course of their
The course shall be one given by an instructor employment I.
designated by the division as qualified to (9) In any area or in such a manner so as
conduct such a course and issue such a certifi- to expose the underlying soil or vegetation, or
cate. The division shall adopt regulations to to injure, damage or destroy trees or growing
provide for the designation of instructors and crops.

(10) With a firearm in his possession, impractical;,or
unless the firearm is unloaded, or with a bow, . (e) When traveling along a designated
unless the bow is unstrung. snowmobile trail.
(11) A person who violates subsection (1) (2) Notwithstanding subsection (2) of ORS
or subsections (3Y to (10) of this section com-
mits a Class B traffic infraction. 483.725 and ORS 483.735, it shall be lawful to
operate a snowmobile upon a railroad right of
(12) A person who violates subsection (2) way:
of this section commits a Class A traffic
infraction. (a) Where the right of way is posted to
(1971 c.618 �15; 1977 c.882 �261 permit snowmobiles; or
483.735 Crossing two or three lane (b) In an emergency.
highways. It shall be lawful to drive or (3) A person who violates this section
operate a snowmobile across a two or three commits a Class C traffic infraction.
lane highway or a railroad right of way when: 11971 c.618 �17; 1977 c.882 �281
(1) 'Me crossing is made at an angle of 483.745 Accident reports required.
approximately 90 degrees to the direction of The operator of a snowmobile involved in any
the highway or railroad right of way and at a accident resulting in injury to or death of any
place where no obstruction prevents a quick person, or property damage in the estimated
and safe crossing; amount of $200 or more, or a person acting for
(2) The snowmobile is brought to a com- the operator or the owner of the snowmobile
plete stop before entering the highway or having knowledge of the accident, should the
railroad right of way; operator of the snowmobile be unknown, shall
submit such reports as are required under
(3) rMe operator of the snowmobile yields ORS 483.602 to 483.614, and ORS 483.602 to
the right of way to vehicles using the highway 483.612 are applicable to such reports when
or equipment using the railroad tracks- and
submitted.
(4) The crossing is made at an established 11971 c.618 �19; 1975 c.451 �26M
public railroad crossing or at a place that is 483.750 Enforcement of ORS 483.725
greater than 100 feet from any highway to 483.740. ORS 483.725 to 483.740 shall be
intersection. enforced by all police officers, game wardens
(5) A person who violates this section and all other state law enforcement officers
commits a Class C traffic infraction. within their respective jurisdictions.
[1971 c.618 �16; 1977 c.882 �271 [1971 c.618 �201
483.740 Operation of snowmobile 483.755 Regulation of snow-mobiles
upon highway or railroad right of way. (1) by cities, counties, political sulaclivisions
Notwithstanding subsection (2) of ORS and state agencies. Notwithstanding any of
483.725 and ORS 483.735, it shall be lawful to the provisions of ORS 483.725 to 483.740 and
operate a snowimbile upon a highway: subsection (3) of 483.991, any city, county or
other political subdivision, or any state agen-
(a) Where the highway is completely cy, may regulate the operation of snowmobiles
covered with snow or ice and has been closed on public lands, waters and other properties
to motor vehicle traffic during the winter under its jurisdiction, and on streets or high-
months; ways within its boundaries by adopting regu-
(b) For the purpose of loading or unload- lations or ordinances'of its governing body, if
ing when such operation is perfon-ned with such regulations are not inconsistent with
safety and without causing a hazard to vehi- ORS 483.725 to 483.740 and subsection (3) of
483.991.
cular traffic approaching from either direction [1971 c.618 �22; 1977 c.475 �61
on the highway;
(c) Where the highway is posted to permit
snowmobiles-,
(d) In an emergency during the period of
time when and at locations where snow upon
the highway renders travel by automobile

APPENDIX E

Oregon Revised Statutes and
administrative rules relating
to ORV noise.

98
NOMCONTROL

467-010 Legislative findings and poli- of noise emissions which shall be enforceable
cy. Ilie Legislative Assembly finds that the by order of the commission.
increasing incidence of noise emissions inthiS 11971 c.452 �2; 1973c.107 11; 1973 c-935 01591
state at unreasonable levels is as much a
threat to the environmental quality of life in
this state and the health. safety and welfare
of the people of this state as is pollution of the
air and watexs of this state. To provide protec-
tion of the health, safety and welfare of
Oregon citizenBfrom the hazards and detAerio-
ration of the quality of life imposed by exces-
sive noise emissions, it is hereby declared that
the State of Oregon has an interest in the 467.100 Local regulation of noise
control of such pollution, and that a program sources. (1) Pursuant to this chapter, in order
of protection should be initiated. To carry out to protect the health, safety and welfare of its
this purpose, it is desirable to centralize in the citizens, a city or county may adopt and en-
E@nvironrnental Quality Cornmission the force noise ordinances or noise standards
authority to adopt reasonable stat-L-wide otherwise permitted by law. A city or county
standards for noise emissions permitted may also adopt such standards for a class of
within this state and to implement and en- activity exempted by the commission or -noise
force compliance with such standards.
[1971 c.452�11 emission sources not regulated by the commis-
sion.
467.020 Emission of noise in excess of (2) 'Me conunission may by rule withdraw
prescribed levels prohibited. No person from enforcement any or all of its rules or
may emit, cause the emission of, or permit the standards adopted pursuant to this chapter
emission of noise in excess of the levels fixed within the boundaries of any city or county, if
therefor by the Environmental Quality Com- the commission finds such city or county:
mission purusant to ORS 467.030.
[1971 c452 �31 (a) Has adopted noise standards that are
467.M Adoption of noise control at least as stringent as and no less protective
rules, levels and standards. (1) In accord- than those standards adopted by the state; and
anoe with the applicable provisions of ORS (b) Has a program of active enforcement
chapter 183, the Environmental Quality of such standards wl-dch, in the commission's
Commission shall adopt rules relating to the view, is at least as protective of the public
control of levels of noise emitted into the health, safety and welfare as would be the
environment of this state and including the enforcement provided by the department.
follovAng: (3) The commission may modify or repeal
(a) Categories of noise emission sources, such a rule as is made in accordance with
including the categories of motor vehicles and subsection (2) of this section with regard to
aircraft. any particular city or county if it finds materi-
(b) Requirements and specifications for al change in any of the circumstances relied
equipment to be used in the monitoring of upon by the commission in making such rule.
noise emissions. Such rulemaking shall be in conformance
(c) Procedures for the collection, reporting, with the provisions of ORS chapter 183.
interpretations and use of data obtained from (4) Nothing in this section is intended to
noise monitoring activities. preclude contnactual arrangements between a
(2) The Environmental Quality Commis- city or county and a state agency for services
provided for the enforcement of state or local
sion shall investigate and, after appropriate noise emission control standards.
public notice and hearing, shall establish [1977 c.511 �41
maximum permissible levels of noise emission
for each category established, as well as the 467.990 Penalties. Violation of any
method of measurement of the levels of noise provision of this chapter or rules or orders
ernission. made under the provisions of this chapter is a
(3) The Environmental Quality Commis- Class B misdemeanor. Each day of violation
sion shall adopt, after appropriate public shall be considered a separate offense.
notice and hearing, standards for the control (1971 c.452 �6; 1973 c.835 �161]

Department of Environmental Quality (18) "Noise Level" means weighted Sound Pressure Level measured by use
of a metering characteristic with an "A" frequency weighting network and
Chapter 340, Oregon Administrative Rules reporting as dBA.

Division 35 (19) "Noise Sensitive Property" means real property on, or in, which
people normally sleep, or on which exist facilities normally used by people as
Noise Control Regulations schools, churches, or public libraries. Property used in industrial or agri-
cultural activities is not defined to be Noise Sensitive Property unless it
Amended March 1, 1978 meets the above criteria in more than an incidental manner.

General .................................................................................

(21) "Off-Road Recreational Vehicle" means any Motor Vehicle, including
35-005 POLICY. In the interest of public health and welfare, and in water craft, used off Public Roads for recreational purposes. When a Road
accordance with ORS 467.010, it is declared to be the public policy of the Vehicle is operated off-road, the vehicle shall be considered an Off-Road Recre-
State of Oregon: ational Vehicle If it is being operated for recreational purposes.
()) to provide a coordinated state-wide program of noise control to protect .................................................................................
the health, safety, and welfare of Oregon citizens from the hazards and deteri-
oration of the quality of life imposed by excessive noise emissions; (26) "Propulsion Noise" means that noise created in the propulsion of a
Motor Vehicle. This includes, but is not limited to, exhaust system noise,
(2) to facilitate cooperation among units of state and local governments induction system noise, tire noise, cooling system noise, aerodynamic noise
in establishing and supporting noise control programs consistent with the State and, where appropriate in the test procedure, braking system noise. This does
program and to encourage the enforcement of viable local noise control regula- not include noise created by Road Vehicle Auxiliary Equipment such as power
tions by the appropriate local jurisdiction; take-offs and compressors.
(3) to develop a program for the control of excessive noise sources which (27) "Public Roads" means any street, alley, road, highway, freeway,
shall be undertaken in a progressive manner, and each of its objectives shall thoroughfare, or section thereof in this state used by the public or dedicated or
be accomplished by cooperation among all parties conterned. appropriated to public use.
.................................................................................. (28) "Quiet Area" means any land or facility designated by the Commission
as an appropriate area where the qualities of serenity, tranquility, and quiet
35-015 DEFINITIONS. As used in this Division: are of extraordinary significance and serve an important public need, such as,
without being limited to, a wilderness area, national park, state park, game
(1) Ambient Noise' means the all-encompassing noise associated with a reserve, wildlife breeding area or amphitheater. The Department shall submit
given environment, being usually a composite of sounds from many sources near areas suggested by the public as Quiet Areas, to the Commission, with the
and far. Department's recommendation.

............. ................................................................ (29) "Racing Events" means any competition using Motor Vehicles, conducted
under a permit issued by the governmental authority having jurisdiction or, if
(11), "In-Use Motor Vehicle" means any Motor Vehicle which is not a New such permit is not required, under the auspices of a recognized sanctioning body.
Motor Vehicle. This definition includes, but is not limited to, events on the surilact-of land
and water.

(30) "Racing Vehicle" means any Motor Vehicle that is designed to be used
(14) "Motorcycle" means any Motor Vehicle, except Farm Tractors, designed exclusively in Racing Events.
to travel on not more than three wheels which are in contact with the ground. (31) "Road Vehicle" means any Motor Vehicle registered for use on Public
(15) "Motor Vehicle" means any vehicle which is, or is designed to be Roads, including any attached trailing vehicles.
self-propelled or is designed or used for transporting persons or property. This
definition excludes, airplanes, but Includes water craft. .................................................................................

.................................................................................

(33) "Sound Pressure Level" (SPL) means 20 times the logarithm to the base
10 of the ratio of the root -mean-squa re pressure of the sound to the reference TABLE 0
pressure. SPL is given in decibels (dB). The reference pressure is 20 micro-
pascals (20 micronewtons per square meter). Off-Road Recreational Vehicle S
......................................................................... Allowable Noise Limits

35-030 NOISE CONTROL REGULATIONS FOR IN-USE MOTOR VEHICLES Maximum Noise Level(dBA) and
Distance from Vehicle to
(1) Standards and Regulations: Measurement Point
Vehicle Type Model Year

.........................................................................
Moving Test
(b) Off-Road Recreational Vehicles. Stationary Test at 50 Feet
20 Inches(1/2 Meter) (15.2 Meters)
(A) No person shall operate any off-road recreational vehicle which
exceeds the noise level limits specified in Table D. Motorcycles 1975 and Before 102
After 1975 99
(B) No person shall operate an off-road recreational vehicle with any of
the following defects: Snowmobiles 1971 and Before 86
1972-1975 84
(i) no muffler 1976-1978 80
After 1978 77
(ii) leaks in the exhaust system
Boats
(iii) pinched outlet pipe Underwater Exhaust All 84
Atmosphere Exhaust All 100 84

All Others
(d) Ambient Noise Limits Front Engine All 95
Mid and Rear Engines All 97
(A) No person shall cause, allow, permit, or fail to control the operation
of motor vehicles. including motorcycles, on property which he owns or controls,
nor shall any person operate any such motor vehicle if the operation thereof
increases the ambient noise level such that the appropriate noise level specified
in Table E is exceeded as measured from either of the following points, if TABLE E
located within 1000 feet (305 meters) of the motor vehicle: Ambient Standards for Vehicles Operated Near Noise Sensitive Property
(i) noise sensitive property, or
Allowable Noise Limits
(ii) the boundary of a quiet area.
Time Maximum Noise Level, dBA
(B) Exempt from the requirements of this subsection shall be:
(i) motor vehicles operating in racing events; 7 a.m. 10 p.m. 60
10 p.m. 7 a.m. 55
(ii) motor vehicles initially entering or leaving property which is more
than 1000 Feet (305 meters) from the nearest noise sensitive property or boundary
of a quiet area.

(iii) motor vehicles operating on public roads; and

(iv) Motor vehicles operating off-road for non-recreational purposes.

.............................................................................

101
0

APPENDIX F

Oregon Revised Statutes relating
to vehicle zones on the ocean

shore.

OCEAN SHORES, STATE 102 390.615 Ownership of Pacific shore;
RECREATION AREAS declaration as state recreation area.
(General Provisions) Ownership of the shore of the Pacific Ocean
between ordinary high tide and extreme low
390.605 "Improvement," 40ocean tide, and from the Oregon and Washington
shore," and "state re@reation area" de- state line on the north to the Oregon and
fined. As used in ORS 390.610, 390.620 to California state line on the south, excepting
390.660, 390.680, 390.690, and 390.705 to such p6rtions as may have been disposed of by
390.770, unless the context requires other- the state prior to July 5, 1947, is vested in the
wise: State of Oregon, and is declared to be a state
(1) An "improvement" includes a struc- recreation area. No portion of such ocean
ture, appurtenance or other addition, modifi- shore shall be alienated by any of the agencies
cation or alteration constructed, placed or of the state except as provided by law.
made on or to the land. [Fwm-wxly 274,070 and then M.7201
(2) "Ooean shore" means the land lying
between extreme low tide of the Pacific Ocean 390.668 Motor vehicles and aircraft
and the line of vegetation as established and use regidated in certain zones; zone inark-
described by ORS 390.770. ers; proceedings to establish zones. (1)
The Department of Transportation may
(3) "State recreation area" means a land estabhsh zones on the ocean shore where
or water area, or combination thereof, under travel by motor vehicles or landing of any
the jurisdiction of the Department of Trans- aircraft except for an emergency shall be
portation, pursuant to subsection (3) of ORS restricted or prohibited. After the establish-
366.205, used by the public for recreational ment of a zone and the erection of signs or
purposes- markers thereon, no such use shall be made of
[Formerly 274.065 and then 390.710] such areas except in confonnity with the rules
390.610 Policy. (1) 7be Legislative of the department.
Assembly hereby declares it is the public (2) Proceedings to establish a zone:
policy of the State of Oregon to forever pre- (a) May be initiated by the department on
serve and maintain the sovereignty of the its own motion; or
state heretofore legally existing over the (b) Shall be initiated upon the request of
ocean shore of the state from the Columbia 20 or more landowners or residents or upon
River on the north to the Oregon-California request of the governing body of a county or
line on the south so that the public may have
the free and uninterrupted use thereof. city contiguous to the proposed zone.
(2) The Legislative Assembly recognizes (3) A zone shall not be estabhshed unless
that over the years the public has made fre- the department first holds a pubbc hearing in
que Int and uninterrupted use of the ocean the vicinity of the proposed zone. The depart-
shore and recognizes, further, that where such ment shall cause notice of the hearing to be
use has been legally sufficient to create rights given by publication, not less than seven days
or easements in the public through dedication, prior to the hearing, by at least one insertion
prescription, grant or otherwise, that it is in in a newspaper of general circulation in the
the public interest to protect and preserve vicinity of the zone.
such public rights or easements as a pen-na- (4) Before establishing a zone, the depart-
nent part of Oregon's recreational resources. ment shall seek the approval of the local
government whose lands are adjacent or
(3) Accordingly, the Legislative Assembly contiguous to the proposed zone.
hereby declares that all public rights or ease- [Formerly 274.090 and then 390.7301
ments legally acquired in those lands de- 390.670 [1967 c.601 �8; 1969 c.601 �13; repealed by
scribed in subsection (2) of this section are 1971 c.780 �71
confinned and declared vested exclusively in
the State of Oregon and shall be held and M.680 [1967 c.601 �9; 1969 c.601 �17; repealed by
administered as state recreation areas. 1973 c.732 �51
(4) The Legislative Assembly further 390.770 Vegetation line described.
declares that it is in the public interest to do Except for the areas described by ORS
whatever is necessary to preserve and protect 390.760, ORS 390.640 applies to all the land
scenic and recreational use of Oregon's ocean located along the Pacific Ocean between the 0
shore. Columbia River and the Oregon-California
[1967 c-601 ��1, 2(l),(2). (3); 1969 c-601 �4] boundary between extreme low tide and the
lines of vegetation as established and de-
scribed according to the Oregon Coordinate
System, as defined by ORS 93.330, as follows:
Description given in statute.

103

APPENDIX G

Cooperative agreement between
Tillamook County and the U. S.
Forest Service.

104

coOPERATIVE AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

TILLAMOOK COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT
TILLAMOOK, OREGON

AND

FOREST SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SIUSLAW NATIONAL FOREST
P. 0. BOX 1148
CORVALLIS, OREGON

Under the Act of August 10, 1971 (P. L. 92-82).

Whereas, the Forest Service, hereinafter referred to as the Service, has the
responsibility for the enforcement of the Federal laws and regulations rela-
tive to the National Forest System, and other lands administered by the
Forest Service, and,

Whereas, the Service recognizes that public use of such lands, which are-
usually located in remote or sparsely populated areas, are attracting large
numbers of visitors, and,

Whereas, the Tillamook County Sheriff's Department, hereafter referred to
as the Cooperator, has the authority to enforce the State and local laws for
Tillamook County on such lands, and,

Whereas, the Siuslaw National Forest is partially located in Tillamook
County for which the cooperator has the responsibility of enforcement of
State and local laws, and,

Whereas, the cooperator is limited by level of financing as to the amount of-
protection, patrol and investigation that can be provided at the more remote
areas within Tillamook County,

Now therefore, the parties hereby mutually agree that it is desirable to
cooperate in better utilizing, the resources of both agencies while providing,
for more adequate protection of persons and property as follows:

A. The Tillamook County Sheriff's Department agrees:

1. To continue to enforce the civil and criminal laws of the State
and/or county on lands within or a part of any unit of the National
Forest System within the normal scope of its duty without reimburse-
ment by the Service.

2. Upon specific request of the Service, to provide special services
beyond those provided under Clause A-l for the enforcement Of state
or local laws relating to the protection of persons and their
property in accordance with the operating and financial plan.

105

3. To furnish the Service at intervals mutually agreed upon itemized
statements of expenditures incurred.

4. To maintain accounting and performance records of the reimburse-
able expenses in a manner that will facilitate an examination by
officials of the Service or other Federal officials who may be
required to examine such records. Such records will be retained
for a period of three years following the year the expenditures
were incurred, unless disposition is otherwise agreed to in
writing.

5. That all officers assigned to fulfill the services under this agree-
ment will meet the sane standards of training required of-other
officers in his jurisdiction or where State Peace Officer Standards
of Training (P.O.S.T.) exist, will meet those standards.

6. Mien Forest Service radio frequancies are utilized, acquire Federal
Communication Commission licenses.

B. The Service agrees, within availability of funds and established Service
regulations and policies:

1. To enforce the Federal laws and regulations relating to the
National Forest System.

2. To provide support and cooperation to the Tillamook County Sheriff's
Department in enforcement of State and local laws on lands within
or a part of any unit of the National Forest System.

3. To reimburse the Tillamook County Sheriff's Department for the
special or support services provided under CLause A-1 and A-2 at
the rates established in Clause B-2.

4. Obtain required licenses for operating radio on cooperator frequencies..

C. The parties mutually agree:

1. To provide the maximum cooperation possible, within the availability
of funds and established laws, regulations, and policies governing
the respective agencies that will assure the protection of persons
and their property on land within or a part of any unit of the
National Forest System.

2. To prepare and/or update annually an Operating and Financial Plan
specifying the cooperation on behalf of both parties and the terms
for reimbursement for the services referred to. This plan when
signed by both parties is attached to and made a part of this
agreement. Each party will designate in the plan a specific
individual and alternate(s) to make or receive requests for special
services under this agreement.

106

3. Tnat officers of the Tillamook County Sheriff's Department perform-
ing services under this agreement in enforcing State and local laws
are, and will remain under the supervision, authority, and respon-
sibility of the Tillamook County Sheriff. Such services provided.
by the cooperator and its employees shall not be considered as
coming within the scope of Federal employment and none of the bene-
fits of Federal employment will be conferred under this agreement.

4. In connection with the performance of work under this agreement,
the provisions of Form AD-369, Equal Opportunity, attached, are
hereby included as a part of this agreement. On Form AD-369,
"Contractor" means "Cooperator." "Contracting Officer" and "Con-
tracting Agency" mean "Forest Service."

5. No member of, or delegate to, Congress, or Resident Commissioner,
shall be admitted to any share or part of this agreement or to any
benefit that may arise therefrom; but this provision shall not be
Construed to extend to this agreement if made with a corporation
for its general benefit.

6. The period of this agreement shall be from the date of-execution
until terminated by mutual agreement, or on 30 days' written notice
from either party to the other.

7. Any changes in the provisions of this agreement which are necessary
and proper will be made by formal amendment

COOPERATOR FOREST SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Chairman, Board of Date Forest Supervisor Date
Commissioners Siuslaw national Forest
Tillamook County
Approved
Sheriff, Tillamook County Date

107

APPENDIX H

Agreement between Tillamook
County and Northwest Trail and
Dune Association,

108

BEFORE THE BOARD OF COUNTY C0MMISSIONERS

FOR TILLAMOOK COUNTY, OREGON

S P E C I A L U S E L I C E N S E

Permission is hereby granted to NORTHWEST TRAIL AND DUNE
ASSOCIATTON of 1150 Iris Lane N.W., Salem, Oregon 97304, hereinafter
called the Licensee, to use the property shown on the attached map
marked "Exhibit A" and made a part hereof to the same extent as if
set forth in full. This license is issued for the purpose of allow-
ing the Licensee to stage seven (7) drag races only between April I
and October 15 each year for the duration of the license, and is
subject to and contingent upon compliance with the conditions set.
forth below.

1. In consideration for this use, the Licensee shall pay
to Tillamook County, Oregon the sum of One thousand dollars ($1 , 000.
per year for the duration of this license, said first Year sum paY_
able upon execution of this agreement. Subsequent yearly payqments
shall be payable on or before the 31st day of March each year.

2. Development Plans: layout or construction plans For
this area must be approved in advance and in writing by the Chairman
of the Board of County Commissioners or his designee. Trees, shrubs,
and other plants may be planted in such manner and in such places
about the premises as may be approved by the Chairman of the Board
of County Commissioners or his designee.

3. The Licensee shall maintain the improvements and prom-
ises to Tillamook County standards of repair, orderliness, neatness,
sanitation, and safety acceptable to the Chairman of the Board of
County Commissioners or his designee.

4. The Licensee shall provide necessary fenciing i accord-
ance with and under the direction of Siuslaw National Forest and in-
cluding the licensed area of Tillamook County.

109

5. The Licensee, in exercising th e privile-gcs grant.ed by
this license, shall comply with the regulations of thQ' Di@partllli?nt of
Agriculture and all Federal, State, county, and municipal laws, ord-
inances, or regulations which are applicable to the area or opera-
tions covered by this license.

6. The Licensee shall take all reasonabl.e-pr(!cautions to
prevent and suppress forest fires. No material shall be disposed
of by burning in open fires during the closed season established
by law or regulation without a Iwritten permit from the Chairman of
the Board of County Commissioners or his designee.

7. The Licensee shall1exercise diligence in protecting
from damage the land an'd property of Tillamook County covered by
and used in connection with this licen�e.,, and shall pay Tillamook
County for any damage resulting from negligence or f 'rom the viol.ation
of- the '-terms@:-.,_ of this license, or of any law or regulation ap-
plicable to County lands by the Licensee, or by any agents or em-
ploye's of the Licensee acting within the scope of their agency or
employment.

8. The Licensee shall fully repair all damage, other than
ordinary wear and tear, to roads and trails caused by the Licensee
in the exerei-ceof the privilege granted by this license.

9. Upon abandonment, termination, revocation, or c ancel-
lation of this Jicense.. the Licensee shall remove wit),iin a reasonable
time all stuctures or improvements, and shall restore the site, un-
less otherwise agreed upon in writing or in this license. If the
Licensee fails to remove all such structures or improvements within
a reasonable period, they shall become the property of Tillairjook
County, but.tbat will not rolieve the Licensee of liability for the
cost of their removal and restoration of the site. .

10. This license is not transferable. If the Licensee
through voluntary sale' or transfer, or through enforcement of con-
tract, foreclosure, tax sale, or other valid legal proceeding shall
cease to be the owner of the physical improvements other than those
owned by Tillamook County situated on the land described in this
license and is unable to furnish adequate proof of ability to redeem
or otherwise reestablish title to said improvements@ this license shall
be subject to cancellation. But if the person to whom title to said
improvements shall have been transferredin either manner provided is
qualified as a Licensee and is willing that his future occupancy of
the premises shall be subject. to such new conditions. and stipulations
as existing or prospective circumstances may warrant., his continued
occupancy or the premises may be authorized by license to him if, in
the opinion of the issuing officer or his successor,-issuance of a
license is desirable and in the public interest.

110
11. In @nse of. change of address.,, the Licensee shall im-
mediately notify the Board of County Commissioners of Tillamook
County, Oregon.

12. This -license may be terminated upon breach of any' of
the conditions herein or at the discretion' of the Board of County
Commissioners, Tillamook County, Oregon.

7
13'. In the event of any conflict'between any.of the pre-
ceding printed clauses or any provisions tliereof and aiiy of the
following clauses or any provisions thereof . the following clauses
will control.

.14. The Licensee shall protect the scenic aesthetic values
of the area under this license, and the adjacent land, as far as possible
with the autboyized use, during construction, operation and mainten-
ance of the improvements.

15. This license is issued.with the understanding and on
the condition that, unless sooner terminated or revoked for cause,
it will expire on October 15, 1983 and all structures and improvements,
except those owned by Tillamook County', shall be moved' in accordance
with Clause 9 of this license. For the purpose of this license,- two
months after termination of the license will be considered a reasonable
period in which to remove the structure and improvemen'ts. Thi� :term-
ination date shall'_n6t-be extended.

No additional improvements shall be constructed without prior written
approval of the Board of County Commissioners of Tillamook County,
Oregon.

This is strictly a license for the period hereinbefore designated only.

16. Licensee shall not cause, permit, or allow alcoholic
beverages or illegal drugs to be sold., used or kept on the premises.

17. During the term of this license, the Lidonsee agrees:

a. In connection witb the performance of work under
this license, including maintenance and operation
of the facility, the Licensee shall not discrimin-.
ate against any emp'loyee or applicant for employ-
ment because of race, color, religion, sex or.
national origin.

b. The Licensee.-and his employe's shall not discrim-
inate by segregation or-otberwise against any per-
son on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or
national origin by curtailing or refusing.to fur-
nis-h accomodation, facilities, services, or use
U
pri-vileges offered to the public generally.

The Licensee shall include and require compliance
with the above non-discri .mination'provisions in
any subcontract made with respect*to the operations
under this license.

d. Signs setting forth this poli'dy of no'n'-discrimin-
ation will be: conspicuously displayed at the public
entrance to the premises.

18. The Licensee shall have in force public liability in-
surance coveting: (1) property damage in the amount@of Five thou-
sand dollars ($5,000.), and (2) damage to persons in the inin .imum.
amount of One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.) In the event of
death or injury to more than one individual. The coverage shall
extend to property damage, bodily injury, or death 'arising out of
the Licensee's activities under the licenseincluding, but ziot lim-
ited'to, the o6cupancy or use of the land and the construction,,
maintenance, and operation of the structures, facilities, or equip-
ment authorized by this license. Such insurance shall also name the
.County of Tillamook as a co-insured and provide forispecific cover-
age of the Licensee's contractually assumed obligation to indemnify
the County of Tillamook. The Licensee shall requite the insuYance
company to sendan authenticated copy of its insuran@_-e policy to
Tillamook County immediately upon issuance of the policy. The policy,
shall also contain a specific provision or rider to the effect that
thepolicy will not be cancelled or its provisions changed or deleted
before thirty (30) days written notice to the County Clerk of Tilla-
mook County, Oregon.

19. The operation and maintenance of all sanitation, food
service and water-supply methods,.systc'ms and facilities shall
comply @ith the standards of the local department of health and the
United States Public Health Service.

The Licensee shall dispose of all garbage and refuse in
a place outside of the Sand Beach area.

20. The Licensee agrees to take all reasonable precaution to
avoid damage to property and resources of Tillamook County, and dil-
igently to undertake suppression action in the event of fire resulting
from the exercise of the privileges herein granted.

21. No fireworks or explosives of any kind or nature shall be
stored or used on the land covered by this license, or in the stuc-
tures thereon.

22. The Licensee shall restrict all parking to areas approved
by the Tillamook County Board of Commissioners, and comply with the
traffic control requirements on National Forest.land as outlined in
the Forest Service Special Use Permit.

23. No signs or advertising devices, except as required.by
paragraph 17, item D, shall be erected on the area,covered by this
license, or highways leading thereto, without prior.approval by the
Tillamook County Board of Commissioners as to location, design, size,
color and message., Erected signs -shall be maintained or renewed as

112

as necessary to neat and presentabile standards.

24. The.Licensee or designated representative shall be
present on the premises at all times when the facilities are open
to the public. The Licensee will notify Tillamook County Board of
Commissioners in writing who the representative..will be.

25., To provide for public safety, resource protection,
orderliness, neatness, and sanitation acceptable to' 'Tillamook County,
the following plan is hereby made a part of the License:

PUBLIC SAFETY AND ORDERLINESS

a. RACE COURSES: Staging area (pits) will be staked and
delineated by rope or other like substance and flagged to warn
spectators and to keep them out. Size of area to be staked shall be
based upon 200 square feet for each vehicle registered for competition.

b. DRAG STRIPi The entire racing area including starting
line, finish line, and deceleration area will be roped off so as to
restrict access by those vehicles not racing. A return route to the
pits will be marked by flags or some like means.

have adequaie mufflers instal
C. MUFFLERS: Vehicles ..must' led
unless they are operating in the pit area, of the r@ace course.

d. PUBLIC INFORMATION: By use of the public address system or
other suitable means, the Licensee shall, at least every two hours,
inform the public and participants of the following:
1. Vehicle travel is restricted to op@n sand areas.

2. Fire danger is high in beach grass. Be careful with
fire.

3. Mufflers are required for all non-contest vehicles.

4. Deposit litter in bags and cans.

e. COURSE POLICINGi. The Licensee will take steps to assure
that straying vehicles or people are not on the race course while a
competitor is racing. This will include barring non-racing traffic
from the course for periods of time, up to 1/2 hour.

f. All events will be held in open sand areas. No clear-
ing of vegetation is permitted except in areas designated and ap-
proved by the Board of County Commissioners.

g. The construction of permanent structu res will not be
permitted.

h. SANITATION:

1. At least four (4)-chemical toilets shall be avail-
able for public use adjacent to the sp ectators or other
locations deemed more feasible by the Chairman of the
Board of Commissioners of Tillamodk County, Oregon.

2. Large plastic bags shall be ivell distributed in the
spectator and pit areas for the purpose of collecting
litter, and other garbage and rubbish. The Licensee
shall also pick up all remaining litter, garbage, and.
refuse following the close of each day's events within
the permit area.

i. PARKING FOR DAY USE: Licensee'shall furnish security for
the parking lot and control entry to,race vehicle@; or participants.
Control can be accomplished by use of barricades or like devices.- Signs
informing the general public that the area is under 'license to the
NORTHWEST TRAIL AND DUNE ASSOCIATION will be displayed on the barri-
.cades.

TRAFFIC CONTROL: Traffic control will be the responsi-
bility of the Licensee who will supply a man at the road juliction,of
the campground and beach road on Sundays, one (1) hour before the race
until 4:00 p.m. If additional time is needed, it will be on a request
basis by the Chairman of the Board of County Commiss'loners of Tillamook
County.

26. Tillamook County designates the Chairman of the Board of
County Commissioners of Tillamook County as supervisor and contact
person pertaining to all matters under this License, whose address is
P.O. Box 152, Tillamook, Oregon 97141

DATED this day of 1978.
LICENSEE: BOARD@O-F COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
FOR TILLAMOOK COUNTY, OREGON

e L. Ho mes Ctai
,.4-man, Chas. D. Ba'
President
Northwest Trail and Dunes
Association F.E. Kni/ghi@

Granville Simmons
1-B

115

EXHIBIT I

Grievances associated with

off-road vehicle use in the-
Sand Lake area, Tillamook
County, Oregon.

116

May 31, 1976
This memorandum is being submitted so that there will be a documentation
on file in your records of the property owners' complaints..
,The Forest Setvice has created a monster on the sand dunes at Sand Lake
that is a menace to the property and possibly the lives of those who
live in this are@.

The following list of complaints indicates the seriousness of the problem.

Tearing up of pasture land.
Pulling up fence posts.
Cutting trees and stealing wood.
Dumping sanitary bags and garbage on property.
Using private property for bathrooms,
Urinating in front of homes..
Tearing down "No Trespassing" signs.
Building fires in private w6ods, thus putting forests and homes in jeopnrd
Camping on private property.
Threatening personal injury and property damage when asked to get off of
property.
All-night running without mufflers.
Exceeding the speed limit on county roads.
Creatin sanitary hazards to private water systems.
9
Tearing up the sand stabilizing cover.
Endangering a child's life.
Threatening future damage to person and pronerty.
No Forest Service or police patrol on the Derrick Road during the 3-day
holiday.

What the property owners want to know is this: Does the Forest Service
plan to take action to protect the property and lives of the residents
of this area?

Signed. by eleven local residents on the front of this page and eight on
the back of it.

This list of grievances was submitted to.the author December 15, 1978,
with a cover letter dated December 9, 1978, reiterating their concerns.
The letter was signed by eleven area residents and is on file at the OCZMA
offic e in Newport, Oregon.

This intern report was read and accepted by a staff member at:
Agency: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
Address: 132 West Olive
Newport, Oregon 97365

This report was completed by a WICHE intern. This intern's project
was part of the Resources Development Internship Program administered by
the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE).
The purpose of the internship program is to bring organizations
involved in community and economic development, environmental problems
and their students in the West for the benefit of all.
For these organizations, the intern program provides the problem-
solving talents of student manpower while making the resources of universities
and colleges more available. For institutions of higher education, the
program provides relevant field education for their students while building
their capacity for problem-solving.
WICHE is an organization in the West uniquely suited for sponsoring
such a program. It is an interstate agency formed by the thirteen western
states for the specific purpose of relating the resources of higher education
to the needs of western citizens. WICHE has been concerned with a broad
range of community needs in the West for some time, insofar as they bear
directly on the well-being of western peoples and the future of higher
education in the West. WICHE feels that the internship program is one
method for meeting its obligations within the thirteen western states. In
its efforts to achieve these objectives, WICHE appreciates having received
the generous support and assistance of the National Endowment for the
Humanities, the Economic Development Administration and by more than one
hundred and fifty community agencies throughout the West.

For further information, write Resources Development Internship Program,
WICHE, P. 0. Drawer 'P', Boulder, Colorado 80302 or call (303) 443-6144.

8421451000045100:
3.25C:179:T&C:WICHE:2H564

Sand Removal
Planning & Management Considerations
For The Oregon Coast

a '41 5 Y@''.,
P
V
W-1
LA 4--
v
J

iNi

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on'the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental'Research, Eugene,

Cover photo by Jay Rasmussen, Toledo, Oregon; cover design by
Arlys Bernard, Newport, Oregon.

SAND REMOVAL

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

FOR THE OREGON COAST

by
Carl A. Lindberg
Project Director
Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S.W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

June, 1979

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of beach and dune sand removal on the Oregon Coast conducted by the
Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. This report constitutes
one element of an overall analysis of planning for and managing beaches
and dunes as required by Oregon"s Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Carl Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
Project Director, with assistance from other Study Team members composed
.of Christianna Crook, Research Associate, Wilbur Ternyik, Project
Coordinator, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary, and Kathy Fitzpatrick,
Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering CommitteeI composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Cathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Additionally, OCZMA extends special appreciation to Peter Bond, Parks Planner,
@Parks and Recreation Branch of the Oregon Department of Transportation,
and Stan Ausmus, Administrator, Mineland Reclamation Division, for their
valuable review of and significant contributions to this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

'Chapter Page

Preface .................. ............
List of Tables and Figures ................................. iv
I. Introduction ............................................... 1
II.' Sand Removal On The Oregon Coast ............................ 2
A. Historical Sand Removal Activities
B. Historical Controls On Sand Removal
III. Sand Removal Activities and Potential Impacts .............. 113
A. Sand Flow Patterns
B. Sand-formed Lakes
C. Groundwater Supplies
D. Aesthetics
E. Wildlife Habitats
F. Adjacent Property and Associated Structures
IV. Planning and Managing Sand Removal Activities .............. 16
V. Identification of Areas Suitable for Sand Removal .......... 17
VI. References Cited ........................................... 19

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A - ORS 517.750-.990, Reclamation of Mining Lands
Application for Operating Permit or Exemption
Reclamation Plan Guideline ........................... 23

Appendix B - State Statutes 390.655 and 390.725
Application--Removal of Sand, Rock, Minerals,
Marine Growth or Other Natural Products
of the Oregon Shore .............................. 39

Appendix C Cooperative Regional Planning Processes
developed by the National Parks Service .............. 43

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Sites registered or under permits issued by the
Oregon Department of Geology-and Mineral Industries
pursuant to ORS 517.750-.990 ........................... 9

2. Sand removal permits issued by the Oregon Parks and
Recreation branch of the Oregon Department of
Transportation pursuant to ORS 390.725 ................. 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Minerals found on the Oregon coast ..................... 3

2. Blowing sand caused problems for Gearhart property
owners in 1935 when sand piled up to the second
floor of many residences ............................... 4
3. Sand being removed just west of Highway 101 between 5
Glenada and Dunes City .................................

4. This,migrating sand dune is constantly spilling onto
the highway just north of Woods in Tillamook County .... 6

5. Sand removal activity along the Southern Pacific
Railroad Line on the north slough of Coos Bay .......... 6

I. INTRODUCTION

Sand removal as used in this report is a term identifying a wide
range of man-made actions including the mining of sand for the extraction
of ores and for use in the production of glass, concrete and ceramics,
for sand blasting or-for fill material. Additionally, sand is oftentimes
removed from one location during excavation of a building site, to
improve a view, or to protect a natural.or man-made environment from
inundation by migrating sand dunes.

There exists little in the way of published data on the topic of
sand removal from beach and dunes areas, especially within the context
of Oregon'@s Beaches and Dunes Goal. One researcher who has produced
several reports over the years on the environmental geology of the Oregon
coast has noted that only recent concerns have brought the topic into
the fore (Beaulieu, 1979). Only one article was identified that compre-
hensively addressed sand removal from a beach or dune situation (Magoon,
et al., 1972). This article addressed the commercial mining of sand in
Northern California and identified two major uses for such sand--aggregate
for concrete and fill, and speci-ality purposes (glassmaking - 65%, ,
sandblasting - 13%, and grinding and polishing - 6%). In their conclusion
the authors note two problems associated with the activity of sand
removal--a depletion of the sand resource and a conflict with the
recreational use of coastal sand areas.

One authority on shoreline processes, while noting that mining,
activities in shore areas is an important industry in some specific
areas, does state a similar observation to that of Komar, (1978); Rea,
(1977), and Magoon, et al.., (1972), in that:

"Mining of beach and dune sands has further depleted
this source, while the entrapment of coastal materials
by harbors, groins, and jetties has placed sand in
short supply on beaches where it provides an essential
element of protection of the coast from the erosive
action of waves. Further, sand is a valuable recreational.
asset that is now in very short supply." (Inman, 1978,
P. 2269).

Although little written information on sand removal is available,
the issue was brought into focus when it was first mentioned as a concern
in beach and dune areas in the January 1975 Progress Report published by
the Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission (OCCDC, 1975,
p. 53). This same concern was carried over into the first draft of the -
Coastal Goals pro 'posed by the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and
Development which stated that:

"d. Removal of sand from sand areas should be permitted
only when it is necessary to protect private or
public property from sand damage or when such removal
will not adversely affect the environment or the
stability of adjacent areas as determined by a site
investigation." (DLCD, 1975, p. 5).

In its'final form, the adopted Beaches and Dunes Goal (#18) does
not specifically require such a comprehensive examination of sand
removal proposals and their impacts, but rather focuses on protection
of life and property, which would necessitate a review of sand removal
impacts.

II. SAND REMOVAL ON THE OREGON COAST

A. Historical Sand Removal Activities

Along the Oreg6n coast, sand has typically been removed for four
major reasons: industrial purposes, construction activities, site
alteration, and protection of structures, property.and/or habitats.

1. Industrial processes

The sand or mineral(s) within the sand have been used in some
industrial process. Such processes include the extraction of chromite,
zircon, platinum, gold, etc. (von Bernewitz, 1930; Dasher, et. al.,
1942; Beaulieu and Hughes, 1975), and the use of sand for ceramics,
container glass, foundry molding, and sand blasting (Sterrett, 1958;
Carter, et. al., 1962 and 1964; Beaulieu and Hughes, 1975; Gray, 1978).

Most of the mineral bearing sands are found in Coos and Curry
Counties on Oregon's South Coast. Figure 1 illustrates the general
.locations of these and other minerals found on the Oregon coast. In
these southern counties, beginning with "black sand" mining at Whiskey
Run Creek in 1852, a series of surface mining operations was carried
out until the end of World War II. These sands were mined generally for
their chrome and gold content. Depending on future prices and avail-
abilities, some of these sites may again become viable for production
within the future.

2. Construction activities

The sand has been used in construction activities such as fill and
concrete (Ketchum, 1972; Beaulieu and Hughes, 1975; Gray, 1978). The
removal of sand for construction purposes has occurred at scattered
locations up and down the coast as has the ad hoc removal of a bucket

or pickup lbad of sand. The most publicized removal for-this purpose
was at School House Creek in the Gleneden Beach area of Lincoln County.
This operation did not have its beach sand removal permit renewed when
it was found to possibly be related to the coastal erosion immediately
to,the north at Salishan Spit (Gray, 1978; Komar, 1978). This sand
removal project was estimated to have removed between 43% to 75%
(112,000 to 196,000 cubic meters) of the new sand being supplied to this
area of the beach, (Rea, 1974, P. 74).

Astoria
OREGON COASTAL
Cl tsopl
RESOURCE ANALYSIS 26 1
Sa

BX
Tillamook- > S te Pc
e Cern A
SG
LEGEND
Steel
State boundary Gem Gemstones
F Clay
County boundary GT Geothermal wells Cs
Capital Hg Mercury SALEM
City Ls Limestone
101 SG

Intracoastal waterway Ni Nickel ore Newport lbany
1 Railroad Pb Lead ore @SG Ti
Lincoln- orvallis
Road Per Perlite
Interstate highway Pt, Platinum
U.S. highway Pum Pumice Lane SG Si
Mineral Symbols SG Sand and Gravel -_r Eugene
Ag Silver ore Si Silicon plant
Aluminum plant Steel Steel plant Douglas Au Ag
Au Gold ore Ti Titanium plant Cu Pb Zr
U Uranium ore
Bx Bauxite Coos B
Cem Cement plant Zn Zinc ore C at 5
Zr Zirconium plant Roseburg
Clay Clay Concentration of mineral Cr Pt Au
Coal Coal t I operations Coos N i Riddle
C r Chromium ore 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 miles
Cu Copper ore i Cr
0 20 40 60 80 100 kilometers
Dia Diatomite Pt
J Au
Ni -J Grants Pass

199 Medford i
Figure 1. Minerals found on the Oregon Au %
co Curry Au Ashlanc
ast (from U. S. Bureau of Plines, 1978). eN1
Cu 5

3. Site alteration

Sand has been removed to alter a site prior to construction or to
improve a view that is continually blocked by blowing and accumulating
sand (Gray, 1978; Ternyik, 1978). This activity of site alteratiow goes
on continually with each new structure erected and later, in some cases,
to maintain a view. Removal related to construction should be reviewed
in the future to ensure that it meets the goal requirements. Removal
related to view protection should be analyzed to determine if such
removal is necessary, the degree of hazard involved, and if it can be
better treated by a stabilization program.

4. Protection of structures, property and/or habitats

Sand has been removed to protect man-made and natural environments
from in-migrating sand (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1975; Brown,
1978; Ternyik, 1978). Protecting man-made and natural environments from
in-migrating sand has been going on for some time. A massive program,
coupled with plantings for stabilization, was carried out in the Clatsop
Plains area in the 1930's (see Figure 2). Since then, there have been
many cases of sand removal to protect highways and roads (Highway 101

..........

Figure 2. Blowing sand caused problems for Gearhart
property owners in 1935 when sand piled up to the second
floor of many residences. Removing sand, sometimes
several times a year, proved expensive (from Warrenton
Dune Soil and Water Conservation District, 1966).

at Humbug Canyon, seven miles south of Port Orford, along Highway 101
between Glenada and Dunes City, about one mile north of Woods, along
Highway 101 near.Rockaway and Arch Cape, and within Cannon Beach and
Seaside), to protect parking lots (Del Ray Beach State Wayside north
of Gearhart), to protect buildings (at a dune tour concession in the
Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area), and to protect railroad lines
(about one mile south of Menasha on the north slough of Coos Bay),
(Brown, 1978; Ternyik, 1978), (see Figures 3-5). It is suggested
that provisions for such necessary protective actions be included in
local plans and ordinances.

N Z

Figure 3. Sand being removed just west of Highway
101 between Glenada and Dunes City. Throughout this
stretch of Highway 101, migrating dunes are withi.n
several hundred feet of the pavement.

Herb Schlickdr, an engineering geologist with the State of Oregon's
Department of Geology and Mineral Indus-tries notes: "Removal of sand
provides only a temporary solution and may have to be repeated frequently
at considerable expense" (Schlicker, 1972, p. 68). In areas which are
known to experience sand accumulation problems, it might be-wiser to
either establish a stabilization program or to limit the location of
permanent structures and roads.

7-4

7@,

Figure 4. This migrating sand dune is constantly
spilling onto the highway just north of Woods in
Tillamook County.

Figure 5. Sand removal activity along the Southern
Pacific Railroad Line on the north slough of Coos Bay.
Notice the layers of sand and the exposed trees that were
buried by this in-migrating dune.

B. Historical Controls on Sand Removal

1. Local controls

Historically, there has been an interest in having some control or
standards for sand removal activities on the Oregon coast. For example,
in 1910 the coastal City of Newport adopted an ordinance prohibiting the
removal of sand and gravel from its ocean beaches. Later in 1928, Newport
repealed this ordinance in spite of the following State Attorney General's
opinion:

"The City of Newport may by ordinance regulate or forbid
the taking of sand and gravel from the ocean beach on the
grounds that such taking interferes with the safety, order
and general welfare of the inhabitants of the City",
(13 OR. Op. A.G. 515 [19281).

The interest in such standards arose again in 1938 when the City Attorney
of Newport was asked for an opinion on the City's ability to adopt a sand
removal ordinance. The City Attorney's advice was affirmative, and later
that year the editor of The Mineralogist, a national magazine, sent a
letter to the City Council with stated concerns about sand and gravel
operations on Newport's beaches, (Marsters, 1938; Dake, 1938).
More rece'ntly, the City of Fl orence adopted Ordinance #464 in
January of 1968. Section VIII, "Securing Loose, Open or Raw Sand" of that
ordinance states; - '

"No person, firm, or corporation shall make any excavation
or remove any natural or planted ground cover, trees and shrubs
or grass, or any existing building or str 'ucture when any such
action will expose loose, open, or raw sand which would be
susceptible to movement or displacement onto any public way
or public or private land, by the action of wind or running
water unless provisions are made to prevent such movementor
displacement."

The above ordinance seeks to maintain stability at the site of any activity
within a sand area. Similarly, in August of 1978, the City of Seaside
authorized their Public Wor*ks Department to remove sand that had been
accreting on the beach and blowing inland onto yards and public rights-.
of-way, (The Daily Astorian, 1978).

2. State controls

Generally speaking, sand removal from beaches and dunes is not
permitted in most states (The Conservation Foundation, 1975, p. 107;
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1975, pp. 1-21). However, on the
West Coast, the State of Washington has recognized the importance of
commercial sand and gravel mining "as a necessary industry" and calls.
for careful management (Washington Department of Ecology, 1971, pp. 31-32).
Under the general guidelines of t he Washington Shoreline Management Act,
the state's two southern coastal counties, where a large amount of
acc'retion is taking place, allow the removal of beach sand (to eighteen
inches depth in Pacific County and to twelve inches depth in Grays Harbor
County), however, much of this removal is related to the local cranberry
bog operations (Ruef, 1979).

Within Oregon, three agencies are involved in sand removal activities
and issue permits allowing such actions, The Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries under the surface mining regulations of Chapter
517 is given the-duty to issue permits for certain surface mining
activities and set standards for reclamation. Such activities can take place
in sand areas, but require a permit if:

(1) they remove more than 2500 cubic yards of,minerals per year,
and/or
(2) they affect at least one acre of land within a period of
twelve consecutive months; and
(3) the material is not used on-site for construction-purposes.

When an applicant applies for the surface mining permit, he must
also include a "Reclamation and Development Plan" pursuant to ORS 517.
750-517.990. This plan is to include site plans, cross'sections, aerial
photos, and any other drawing necessary to illustrate the present and
proposed final configuration of the site. The Department also requires
a performance bond not to exceed $500.00 per acre, and a permit fee of
$265.00. Copies of Chapter 517.750-.990, Reclamation Plan Guidelines,
and the Application for Operating Permits or Grant Exemption under
ORS 517-are included in Appendix A. Table 1 lists sites of known sand
removal and current permits issued by the Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries.

Another state agency having permit authority over sand.removal on
the coast is the Parks and Recreation Branch of the Oregon Department of
Transportatio 'n. Chapter 390 of the Oregon Revised Statutes requires
permits for removal of products along the ocean shore (west of the state's
surveyed "zone line"). Except for exemptions for fish, wildlife, agates
or souvenirs, no other natural mineral or animal product can be taken
from the state controlled beach area without the expressed permission of
the Department of Transportation. Furthermore, state law (ORS 390.725)
requires that such permission be granted only after consultation with
the State Fish and Wildlife Commission, the State Department of Geology

and Mineral Industries, and the Division of State Lands. Approval of the
permit must contain any necessary provisions to protect the areas from
any use, activity.or practice adverse to the conservation of natural
resources or public recreation. Copies of the most applicable provisions
of the state statute and of the Permit Application for Removal of Sand,
Rock, Minerals, Marine Growths, or Other Natural Products of the Ocean
Shore are included in Appendix B. Table 2 lists those permits issued by
the Oregon Parks and Recreation Brach pursuant to ORS 390.

Table 1. Sites registered or under permits issued by the Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries pursuant tio ORS 517.750-.990*

Location Amount Permittee Purpose

Clatsop
Sec 8 T8NRlOW up to 2500/yr Individual Construction
(TE-04-0040) material**
NW 1/4 unlimited Oregon Portland Sandstone
Sec 19 T8NR6W Cement quarry
(LE-04-0012)
Sec 3 T7NRlOW unlimited Individual Construction
(SMP-04-0024) material

Tillamook
SW 1/4 18 T4SRlOW unlimited Federal Hwy. Adm. Construction
NW 1/4 19 (SMP-29-0060) material
Sec 6 T3NRlOW unlimited Individual Sandstone and
(LE-29-0036) Rock-quarry
Sec 18 T4SR10W unlimited Individual Construction
(SMP29-0066) material

Lincoln
SE 1/4 sec 22 T7SR11W unlimited Oceanlake Sand Construction
and Gravel Co. material
(LE-21 -0011 )
Sec 27 T7SR11W IN VIOLATION Ford, Frank & Construction
Lewis material
(21-0036)

Lane
Sec 15 T18SR12W unlimited Individual Construction
(LE-20-0068) material

Table I continued

Location Amount Permittee Purpose

Coos
Sec 34 T24SR13W unlimited CooSand Corp. Construction
(SMP-06-0007) material

*from Ausmus, 1979.
**construction material--includes fill material, concrete, etc.

TE-total exemption--activity does not fall within the permitting purview
of DOGAMI (e.g. less than 2,500 cu yd/yr, etc.)

LE-limited"exemption--activity initiated prior-to reclamation requirement.
reclamation plan not required.

SMP-surface mining permit--activity falls within DOGAMI's permitting
authority; reclamation plan required.

Table 2. Sand removal permits issued by the Oregon Parks and Recreation
branch of the Oregon Department of Transportation pursuant to
ORS 390.725*

Date Location Amount Permittee Purpose

1970 Brookings, Not Individual Removal for
Curry County stipulated construction and
fill purposes

1970 Brookings, 10,000,cu. yd. Port of Removal of sand
Curry County Brookings to clear channel

1973 Beaver Creek 4,800 cu. yd. Lincoln County Rechannelization
at Ona Beach of mouth of Beaver
State Park, Creek
Lincoln County

*from Bond, 1979.

Under ORS 541.605-665, the Oregon Division of State Lands maintains
permit authority for fill and removal.activities within waters of the
state. ..Pursuant to this statute, the Division coordinates with the
Parks and Recreation Branch on removal activities within beach areas.
Additionally, the Division of State Lands is charged with administering
the transfer of dredge spoils with proceeds from such sales going to
the common school fund. Inquiries regarding use of dredge spoils and
negotiation of'fees,.,should be directed to the Division (Johnson, 1979).

Local governments should arrange to review and comment on all
appl i cati ons f i I 6d under these state programs wi thi n, or adjacent
to, their jurisdictional boundaries. However, it should be noted that
many sand@removal activities that should be addressed under the
provisions-of
, .,,eal.#18 do not fall under the jurisdictional provisions
of these two state agencies. Therefore, local governments should require
a site investigation'report for most sand removal activities. Those
minor activjties exempted from the site investigation report requirement
could be specifically listed with a blanket finding to support their
-exemption.

3. Federal controls

The major-federally controlled beach and dune area is the forty-one
mile long Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area on Oregon's central
coast. This sand area of large migrating sand dunes was made a national
recreation area by an act of Congress on March 23, 1972. The Siuslaw
National Forest of the U.S. Forest Service maintains the administration
of this unique area.
Accordi.n g to the Final Environmental Impact Statement concerning
the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area Management Plan (January, 1977),
the sand removal-policy is:

"J. Minerals

The sand within the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area
is of high enough quality for making some varieties of glass.
In re.cent,years, an individual filed thirty-five mining claims
covering 4,640 acres of this sand. Of these claims, twenty-
five sinvolving 3,160 acres were subsequently declared invalid,
since the claimant had not established a market for this sand.
Although'the claimant had not established a market for the
sand on the remai-ning ten claims prior to the effective date
of the NRA Act, the validity proceedings are in progress, but
have not been completed at this time. Since then, all lands
within the NRA have been withdrawn from entry under both the
mining and mineral leasing laws, subject to valid existi.ng
[email protected] (U. S, Forest Service, 1977, pp. 22r23)

The Environmental Impact Statement suggests that although private
lands within the NRA have not been withdrawn from mineral entry, this
potential activity is not considered a threat. Section 7 of PL
92-260 provides for industrial or commercial purposes that are proposed
for private lands after December 31, 1970, to be certified as being
compatible with or furthering the purposes of the Act, if the property
owner is to retain his protection from condemnation. However, sand
mining is incompatible with the purposes of the Act since it would
negatively impact one of the elements that makes the Oregon Dunes NRA
unique--the sand dunes.

The Impact Statement notes further that while "the NRA Act provides
for no consequences should the state or counties decide to allow sand
removal for glass manufacturing purposes, a cooperative relationship
is expected to prevent this from happening." (U. S. Forest Service, 1977, p. 55).

Within the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area there exists only
one sand removal project. It is a mining operation, removing the sand
for glass, foundry molding and traction sandl. The NRA management
position is to use stabilization instead of removal in situations where
potential inundation poses hazardous conditions. However, when sand
migrates off NRA lands, it is no longer within the jurisdictional
realm of the U. S. Forest Service. Thus, future removal or stabilization
would be up to adjacent property owners, such as the Oregon Department
of Transportation, when removing sand from Highway 101 just north of
Siltcoos (Czmerys, 1979).

4. Intergovernmental coordination

The maintenance of open sand by various jurisdictional parties and
the public can lead to a variety of planning and management conflicts.
It is vital that adjacent property owners participate in the planning
and management of dune forms to'ensure the compatibility of management
approaches and techniques. Local, state and federal jurisdictions
would do well indeed to work cooperatively and jointly in coordinating
their planning and management of beach and dune areas. A cooperative
regional planning approach specific to shoreland areas has been developed
by the National Parks Service and is included in Appendix C as an aid
to coastal jurisdictions involved in a coordinated approach to beach and
dune planning and management. Indeed, the federal consistency provisions
of the Coastal Zone Management Act, coupled with Oregon's state coordina-
tion program, ensure that local jurisdictions have ampl-e opportunity
to coordinate their planning needs and efforts with state and federal
agencies.

117raction sand - sand placed in front of the driving wheels of
railroad locomotives for improved traction.

III. SAND REMOVAL ACTIVITIES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

There are six major concerns related to the activity of sand removal
in beach and dune areas. These areas of concern are the impact(s) of a
proposed sand removal activity on sand flow patterns, sand-@ormed lakes,
groundwater supplies, aesthetics, wildlife habitats and adjacent property
and associated structures.

A. Sand Flow Patterns

The removal of sand from the beach and dune area may.lbad to erosion
of neighboring landforms either down the littoral drift system of the
beach or in-areas leeward of the removal activity. The energy levels and
directions of wind, tide and currents are constantly impacting on the
beach. A reservoir of sand, especially the beach and foredune, is
needed to ensure that a supply of sand is available to maintain a buffer
between land and sea (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1975, pp. 5-21).

"The key to the natural protective quality of t!-!;e beachfront
is the sand held in storage and yielded to the storm waves to
dissipate the forces of their attack on the beachfront. When-
ever the total volume of sand held in storage is reduced, the
ability of the beachfront to absorb the energy of the storm waves
is reduced. If the forces of a storm exceed the restorative
capabilities of the beach, then extensive long-term erosion
and'alteration of the [beach] profile are likely results."
(The Conservation Foundation, 1977, p. 103).

Decision-makers should review the sand budget of an area to
determine if an historic surplus of sand exists before permitting sand
removal. Removal should be conducted in such a manner as to minimize
the interference with the free movement of sand or which would adversely
affect the vegetative cover or modify the landscape.topography in a
manner which promotes erosion, unwanted sand migration, an over-
steepened slope situation, alterations in driftwood accumulation patterns,
or breaches in the foredune. Such considerations should be addressed
within a site investigation report.

B. Sand-formed Lakes

Sand-formed, or dune-dammed lakes as they are sometimes called, are
most commonly exposed areas of the water table in dune areas. As such,
the main concern to their viability is the encroachment on them by
in-migrating dunes. At Cleawox Lake, such migration is so rapid that in
a period of several years the lake depth at a narrow section went from

twenty feet to five feet (Ternyik, 1978). The importance of these lakes
for wildlife habitat, recreation and aesthetics should mandate protection
and restoration measures including sand removal and dune stabilization.

In as much as these lakes are commonly exposed areas of the water
table, the considerations mentioned below for the groundwater should
also be reviewed when planning and managing such coastal lakes.

C. Groundwater Supplies

Sand removal excavations may intersect the local groundwater table.
If a removal project is large enough, it may lower the local water table.
Chemicals such as fuel and lubricating oil from heavy equipment may be
introduced into the groundwater if the groundwater table is exposed
during the removal project.

D. Aesthetics

The major resource study relating to Oregon coastal aesthetics is
Visual Resource Analysis of the Oregon Coastal Zone produced by a firm
of landscape architects under contract with the Oregon Coastal Conser-
vation and Development Commission in 1974. While this study categorizes
typical coastal landscapes as they relate to the land-water interface,
it does not provide decision-makers with specific standards in this
highly subjective area. "Shoreline Site Planning and Design" by Roy
Mann is an excellent source of information on this subject (Clark, 1977).

Relying somewhat on the two sources mentioned above the following
factors for the evaluation of a proposed sand removal project from an
aesthetic standpoint include:

(1) the character of the sand features to be altered. (Is it
representative of a typical or common landscape, or is it
an obviously unique and important feature?);

(2) the size of the landform. (Would it be possible to remove a
portion of the feature without altering its aesthetic value(s)?);

(3) impact of the removal on the site and the surrounding area.
(Would the proposed sand removal be a detrimental, neutral or
positive action to the general aesthetic values of the site
and surrounding area?); and,

(4) other land use goals and planning objectives. (Would the
removal be consistent with local plans and other land use
objectives such as those expressed in Goal #5, Open Space,
Scenic and Historic Areas and Natural-Resources?).

-E. Wildlife Habitats

The beach and dune system provides a living environment for a
large number of plants and animals, the sensitivity of which varies
under various habitat conditions. The scale and intensity of sand
removal envisioned under existing constraints, in comparison with the
total sand area, does not appear to pose any significant threat to the
general habitat picture. Site investigations should give special
attention to identified critical habitat areas and species. In fact,
through a program of sound management, such asvegetation, restoration
and sand removal (to protect habitats), improvement in the quality of
habitat may be realized. In the past, largely due to a lack of beach
and dune management on'the coast, several wildlife habitats, including
lakes and wetlands, have been smothered by migrating dunes such as at
Cleawox Lake. Local decision-makers should be aware of local wildlife
needs when reviewing@proposals for sand removal to ensure that local
key areas are not adversely affected, or to direct removal to areas
where habitats may be restored.

F. 'Adjacent Property and Associated Structures

Other than'the obvious impacts of noise, dust, fumes and traffic on
adjoining properties, the dangers of eliminating lateral supportl and the
inundation of such properties by reactivated sand migrating downwind
from the site of the removal project are also present. Local decision-
makers should thus ensure that all such problems are considered within
the site investigation report.

After a sand removal project has been terminated there are two
future alternatives. First is to attempt to return the site to a
somewhat natural settina for rural land uses by the re-introduction of
native vegetation. The second alternative is the development of the site
for other urban land uses. Several helpful studies have been produced
by the National Sand-and Gravel Association which address reclamation:

(1) "Site Utilization and Rehabilitation Practices," by Shellie
and Rogier;

(2) "Simultaneous Excavation and Rehabilitation of Sand and Gravel
Sites," by Bauer; and

(3) "Practical Operating Procedures for Progressive Rehabilitation
of Sand and Gravel Sites," by Johnson.
lLateral support-the general support offered a parcel of ground by
that land immediately surrounding it; a very important feature considering
the unconsolidated nature of the sand.

IV. PLANNING AND MANAGING SAND REMOVAL ACTIVITIES

The beach and dune system consists of dynamic and fragile landforms
in various stages of stability. Because of this variability of
stability and the inherent possibility of adverse impact on the beach
and dune system by sand removal projects, most sand removal projects
should be accompanied by a site investigation report to be evaluated
and considered before a final decision is made. This report should
clearly identify impacts and suggest techniques and modifications to
the original proposal designed to eliminate the adversities as much.
as possible, or to mitigate the impacts if circumstances warrant.

Site investigation reports for proposed sand.removal projects should
demonstra@te by reliable and probative evidence that:

(1) the beach and dune system is capable of supporting the
proposed removal activity including impacts@associated with
transportation, noise, site devegetation and disturbance,
alteration of groundwater levels, contamination of surface
and groundwater, erosion, and destruction of wildlife habitat;

(2) the proposed sand removal activity is compatible with
existing or proposed use of the site or contiguous areas and
structures including impacts associated with lateral support,
noise, dust, blowing sand, traffic and aesthetic qualities; and,

(3) the proposed sand removal activity is compatible with all
applicable local, state and federal plans, regulations or
ordinances, and standards including local comprehensive plans
and implementing ordinances.

Additionally, it is suggested that volumes of sand may be redistributed
from one area-to an adjacent area during the alteration of a particular
site with the approval of the local jurisdiction if all of the following
conditions are met:

(1) all involved property owners (those involved with the proposal)
are in written agreement;

(2) the sand mass on one property is so great that existing
development is threatened or that construction of future
development would be prohibitive without some reduction of the
sand mass; and

(3) the action as proposed would not weaken the overall dune system
and that consideration be given to the resulting topography
and stabilizing factors.

Finally, restrictions should be developed for excavations in sand
areas to prevent:

(1) moisture loss and root damage to plants in the surrounding area;

(2) exposing sand areas to prolonged erosion; and

(3) creating or causing slope instability. (That is, no slope
should be left unattended that could fail and cause serious
injury or death; all such areas should be posted.)

At the same time, however, local decision-makers should heed and
consider the following observation by ensuring the opportunity for
future sand removal activities as needs @and demands dictate.

"Although the land use planning and coastal zone management
programs provide for mineral development, they have been criticized
for not stressing adequately the importance of minerals in over-
al.1 planning for future population growth and as to national
interests. The result is that current investigations of mineral
depos,its.are discouraged by doubts about future development and
mining restrictions." (U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1978, p. 14).

Given the importance of sand in the natural coastal zone processes,
as well as its importance to the developing coastal economy, other
sources and approaches to management must be explored by policy makers.
The use of dredge spoils for fill material or beach nourishment is one
area needing further consideration. Additionally, studies currently
under way by the Portland District Corps of Engineers and by the
Department of Civil Engineering at Oregon State University, Corvallis,
may shed further light on the need and uses for coastal sand including
dredge spoils.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS SUITABLE FOR SAND REMOVAL

It is difficult to comprehensively identify areas suitable for sand
removal because the associated impacts are dependent upon the landform
type, historic sand supply, recent erosion or accretion patterns, the
surrounding natural and man-made environment(s) and the extent of the
sand removal operation.

Three general types of circumstances may at times allow or neces-
sitate the removal of sand; they are areas where:

(1) in-migrating sand is posing a threat to structures, habitat
and/or property;

(2) significant accretion is known to occur (however, due to a
possible zero net littoral drift and limited sources of new

sand supplied to bregpnls be-aches, removal of sand even from
areas of historic accretion is not generally recommended.) and;

(3) dredge spoils have been deposited or stored.

Jurisdictions should allow sand removal from ocean beach and sand
dune areas only when the following factors are addressed by the developer:

(1) the removal is necessary to protect life or property;

(2) a site investigation report demonstrates that the removal will
have minimal adverse impact on the environment and adjacent
land uses, and

(3) attention is given to anticipated potential impacts and subsequent
rehabilitation of the site.

While it is important for jurisdictions to recognize-the necessity
or importance of sand removal activities for mineral extraction, industrial
processes, construction, and protection of property, local plans should
not attempt to specifically identify sites having sand removal potential.
Rather it is suggested that jurisdictions act upon sand removal applications
following a review of all facts included in a site investigation report
and rehabilitation program. Following such review, and given local
input, sand removal proposals can be modified as necessary to satisfy
the objectives of both the developer and local citizenry,

Presently, few coastal jurisdictions are in a position whereby they
can affect sand.removal proposals, with the exception of those projects
requiring state agency permit(s). As a result of Oregon's land use
program, state coordination, and the federal consistency provisions of
the Coastal Zone Management Act, coastal jurisdictions are now afforded
an opportunity to comment on sand removal proposals in their locale.
It is strongly recommended, however, that those jurisdictions containing
areas of beach and dune landforms adopt ordinances allowing them review
authority of sand removal proposals falling outside the realm of state
purview.

Because-local governments are called upon to fill the void between
state regulation,of sand removal and areas not covered by state statutes,
it is incumbent upon jurisdictions to adopt reasonable standards and
policies to ensure that future sand removal activities are designed in a
manner which meets local economic, social and environmental demands while
complying with the intent of the Beaches and Dunes Goal.

REFERENCES CITED

Ausmus, Stan. Personal Communication. 1979. Administrator, Mineland
Reclamation Division, Oregon Department o" Geology cLnd Mineral Industries.

Bauer, Anthony M. 1965. "Simultaneous Excavation and Rehabilitation of
Sand and Gravel Sites." National Sand and Gravel Association, Silver
Springs, Maryland. 80 pp.

Beaulieu, John D. Personal Communication. 1979. Deputy State Geologist,
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.

Beaulieu, John D. and Paul W. Hughes. 1975. Environmental Geology of
Western Coos and Douglas Counties, Oregon. Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 148 pp.

Bernewitz, M. W. von. 1930. "Treatment and Sale of Black Sands."
Information Ci,rcular 7000. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington,
D. C. 21 pp.

Bond, Peter. Personal Communication. 1979. Parks Planner, Parks and
Recreation Rranch, Oregon Dpnartm(,nt of Transporta-,.-ion.

Brown, B. E. Personal Communication. 1978 District Engineer, Oregon
State Highway Division.

Carter, George J., H. M. Harris and K. G. Strandberg. 1964. "Beneficiation
Studies of the Oregon Coastal Dune Sands For Use as Glass Sand." RI 6484
U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.,
21 pp.

Carter, George, Hal J. Kelly and E. W. Parsons, 1962. "Industrial
Silica Deposits of the Pacific Northwest." Information Circular No.
8112. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington,
D.C. 57 pp.

Czmerys, John. Personal Communication. 1979. NRA Wildlife Specialist,

Dake, H. C. 1938. Letter to City Council of Newport, Oregon, November 23,
1938. 2 pp.

Dasher, John, Foster Frass and Alton Gabriel. 1,942. "Mineral Dressing of
Oregon Beach Sands: Concentration of Chromite, Zircon, Garnet, and
Illmerite." RI 3668. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D.C. 19 pp.

Erickson, Robert, et al. 1974.@ Visual Resource Analys s of the Oregon
Coastal Zone: Experimental Qualities of Oregon Coastal Environments.
The Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, Florence,
Oregon. 135 pp.

Gray, Jerry. Personal Communication. 1978. Geologist, Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries.

Inman, Dougl.as L. 1978. "The Impact of Coastal Structures on Shorelines."
Proceedings of Coastal Zone 78. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, New York. pp. 2265-2272. 8 pp.

Johnson, Craig. 1966. "Practical Operating Procedures for Progressive
Rehabilitation of Sand and Gravel Sites." National Sand and Gravel
Association, Silver Springs, Maryland. 75 pp.

Johnson, Earl. Personal Communication. 1979. Oregon Division of State
1ands.

Ketchum, Bostwick H., ed. 1972. The Water's-Edge. MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. 393 pp.

Komar, Paul D. 1976. Beach Processes and Sedimentation. Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood, N. J. 429 pp.

Komar, Paul D. Personal Communication. 1978. Professor of Oceanography,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Magoon, Orville T., John C. Haugen and Robert L. Sloan. 1972. "Coastal
Sand Mining in Northern California, U.S.A." Proceedings of the 13th
Coastal Engineering Conference. American Society of Civil -ine-ers,
New York, New York. pp. 1571-1595. 25 pp.

Mann, Roy. 1977. "Shoreline Site Plannin g and Design." John Clark, Ed.
Coastal Ecosystem Management: A Technical Manual for the Conservation
of Coastal Zone Resources,, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.
928 pp.

Marsters, C. L. 1938. Letter to City Council of,Newport, Oregon,
"ovember 23, 1938. 2 pp. I

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1975, "Draft
Regional Land Use Planning Goals and Guidelines for the Coastal Zone."
Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission, Salem, Oregon.
8 pp.

Rea, Campbell. 1974. "The Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon." Unpublished
MA Thesis, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 105 pp.
Reuef, Michael. Personal Communication. 1979. Shorelines Division,
Washington State Department of Ecology.

Schlicker, Herbert G., et al. 1972. Environmental Geology of the Coastal
..Region of Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, Oregon. Bulletin 74,
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon
164 pp.

Shellie, Kenneth L. and David A. Rogier, 1963. "Site Utilization
and Rehabilitation Practices," National Sand and Gravel Association,
Silver Springs, Maryland. 80 pp. I

Sterrett, Chester K. 1958. "Industrial Silica for Pacific Northwest
Industries," Resource Report No. 1, Raw Materials Survey, Inc.,
Portland, Oregon. 14 pp.

Ternyik, Wilbur. Personal Communication. 1978. Owner, Wave Beach Grass,
Nursery, Florence, Oregon.

The Conservation Foundation. 1977, Physical Management of Coastal Flood-
plains: Guidelines for Hazards and Ecosystems Management.. The
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. 179 pp.

The Daily Astorian. 1978. "Seaside Approves,Land-use Plan Changes."
September 13, 1978. Astoria, Oregon.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual, Volume I.
Second edition. U. S. Amy Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 508 pp.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1977. Final Environmental
Statement, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.
200 pp.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.'S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1978. "Minerals
in the Economy of Oregon." SMP-21. U. S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. 14 pp.

U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1978.
Management Policies. U. S. Department of the Interior, National
Parks Service, Washington, D. C. 175 pp.

Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District, Clatsop County,
Oregon. 1966. "Thirty-one Years of Progress, 1935-1966."
Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District, Astoria,
Oregon. 17 pp.

APPENDIX A

ORS 517. 750 .990
Reclamation of Mining Lands

Application for Operating
Permit or Grant of Exemption

Reclamation Plan Guideline

MINERAL RESOURCES

means a cessation of surface mining operation
that was not set forth in a permittee's plan of
operation or similar written notice extending:
(a) For more than 24 consecutive months;
or
(b) For a period of less than 24 consecutive
months in length, determined by the depart-
ment to be sufficient to char-acterize such
cessation of the surface mining operation as
an abandonment of surface mining and where
the permittee fails to submit sufficient evi-
dence to the department that such operation
has not been abandoned within 30 days after
his receipt of written notification from the
department of its intention to declare the
operation abandoned.
(2) "Board" means the governing board of
the State Department of Geology and Mineral
Industries.
(3) "Completion" means termination of
surface mining activities including reclama-
tion of the surface-mined land in accordance
with the approved reclamation plan and
operating permit.
(4) "Department" means the State Depart-
ment of Geology and Mineral Industries.
(5) "Landowner" means the person pos-
sessing fee title to the natural mineral deposit
being surface mined.
(6) "Minerals" includes soil, coal, clay,
stone, sand, gravel, metallic ore and any other
solid material or substance excavated for
commercial, industrial or construction use
from natural deposits situated within or upon
lands in this state.
(7) "Operator" means any individual,
public or private corporation, political subdivi-
sion, agency, board or department of this
state, any municipality, partnership, associa-
tion, firm, trust, estate or any other legal
entity whatsoever that is engaged in surface
mining operations.
(8) "Overburden" means the soil, rock and
similar materials that lie above natural
deposits of minerals.
(9) "Reclamation" means the employment
RECLAMATION OF MINING in a surface mining operation of procedures,
LANDS reasonably designed to minimize as much as
practicable the disruption from the surface
517.750 Definitions for ORS 517.750 to mining operation and to provide for the reha-
517.900. As used in ORS 517.750 to 517.900 bilitation of any such surface resources ad-
and subsection (4) of 517.990, unless the versely affected by such surface mining
context requires otherwise: operations through the rehabilitation of plant
cover, soil stability, water resources and other
(1) "Abandonment of surface mining" measures appropriate to the subsequent

MINING AND MRONG CLADIS

beneficial use of such mined and reclaimed tion, reconstruction or maintenance of access
lands. roads and excavation or grading operations
(10) "Reclamation plan" means a written conducted in the process of fanning or ceme-
proposal, submitted to the department as tery operations, onsite road construction or
required by ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and other onsite construction, or underground
subsection (4) of 517.990 and subsequently mmes; and also excluding rock, gravel, sand,
approved by the department as provided in silt or other similar substances removed from
ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of the beds or banks of any waters of this state
517.990, for the reclamation of the land area pursuant to permit issued under ORS 541.605
adversely affected by a surface mining opera- to 541.660.
tion and including, but not limited to the (13) "Surface mining refuse" means all
following information: waste materials, soil, rock, mineral, liquid,
(a) Proposed measures to be undertaken vegetation and other materials resulting from
by the operator in protecting the natural or displaced by surface mining operations
within the operating permit area, including
resources of adjacent lands. all waste materials deposited in or upon lands
(b) Proposed nwasures for the rehabilita- within such operating permit area.
tion of -the surfaoe-mined lands and the proce- [1971 c.719 �2; 1975 c.72,4 �1; 1977 c.59 �11
dures to be applied. 517.755 Mining operations affecting
W The procedures to be applied in the more than five acres. Notwithstanding the
surface mining operation to control the dis- yard and acre limitations of subsection (11) of
charge of contaminants and the disposal of ORS 517.750, as soon as any mining operation
surface mining refuse. begun after July 1, 1975, affects more than
(d) The procedures to be applied in the five acres of land the provisions of ORS
surface mining operation in the rehabilitation 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of
of affected stream charinels and stream banks 517.990 apply to the mining operation.
to a condition minimizing erosion, sedimenta- [1975 c.724 �1al
tion and other factors of pollution. Nott-_ 517.755 was enacted into law by the Legisla-
(e) The map required by paragraph (e) of tive Assembly but was not added to or made a part of
ORS chapter 517 or any series therein by legislative
subsection (1) of ORS 517.790 and such Other action. See the Preface to Oregon Revised Statutes for
maps and supporting documents as may be further explanation.
requested by the department. 517.760 Policy. (1) The Legislative
(f) A proposed time schedule for the com- Assembly finds and declares that:
pletion of reclamation operations. (a) The extraction of minerals by surface
(11) 'Spoil bank" means a deposit of . .
mining oper-ations is a basic and essential
excavated overburden or mining refuse. activity making an important contribution to
(12) 'Surface minmg" includes all or any the economic well-being of the state and
part of the process of mining minerals by the nation.
removal of overburden and the extraction of (b) Proper reclamation of surface-mined
natural mineral deposits thereby exposed by lands is necessary to prevent undesir-able land
any method by which more than 2,500 cubic and water-conditions that would be detrimen-
yards of minerals are extracted or by which at tal to the general welfane, health, safety and
least one acre of land is affected within a property rights of the citizens of this state.
period of 12 consecutive calendar months, (c) Surface mining takes place in diverse
including open-pit mining operations, auger areas where the geologic, topographic, climat-
mining operations, production of surface ic, biological and social conditions are signifi-
mining refuse, the construction of adjacent or cantly different and that reclamation opera-
off-site borrow pits (except those constructed tions and the specifications therefor must
for use as access roads), and prospecting and vary accordingly.
exploration, activities coming within the
quantity or area specifications set forth herein (d) It is not practical to extract minerals
or when such activities affect more than one required by our society without disturbing the
acre of land for each eight acres of land pro- surface of the earth and producing waste
spected or explored; but excluding excavations materials and that the very character of many
of sand, gravel, clay, rock or other similar types of surface m ining operations precludes
materials conducted by the landowner or complete restoration of the affected lands to
tenant for the primary purpose of construc- their original condition.

MINERAL RESOURCES

(e) Reclamation of surface-mined lands as ORS 517.770, any landowner or operator
provided by ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and conducting surface mining on July 1, 1972,
subsection (4) of 517.990 will allow the mining shall pay the permit fee as provided in ORS
of valuable minerals in a manner designed for 517.800.
the protection and subsequent beneficial use [1971 c.719 �171
of the mined and reclaimed lands.
(2) The Legislative A-sisembly, therefore, 517.780 Effect on local zoning laws or
declares that the purposes of ORS 517.750 to ordinances; local reclamation permit and
517.900 and subsection (4) of 517.990 are: fee in lieu of state permit and fee; certain
operations exempt. (1) The provisions of
(a) To provide that the usefulness, prod- ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of
uctivity and scenic values of all lands and 517.990 and the rules and regulations adopted
water resources affected by surface mining tbereunder shall not supersede any zoning
operations within this state shall receive the laws or ordinances in effect on July 1, 1972;
greatest practical degree of protection and however, if such zoning laws or ordinances are
reclamation necessary for their intended repealed on or after July 1, 1972, the provi-
subsequent use. sions of ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsec-
(b) To provide for cooperation between tion (4) of 517.990 and the rules and regula-
private and governmental entities in carrying tions adopted thereunder shall be controlling.
out the purposes of ORS'517.750 to, 517.900 The department may adopt riles and regula-
and subsection (4) of 517.990. tions with- respect to matters presently cov-
[1971 c.719 �11 ered by suth zoning laws and ordinances.
517.770 Application of ORS 517.750 to (2) In lieu of the permit required by ORS
517.900. (1) Nothing in ORS 517.750 to 517.790, an operator may conduct surface
517.900 and subsection (4) of 517.990 applies mining provided such surface mining is done
to: pursuant to a valid pen-nit issued by the
(a) The r eclarnation of lands within the appropriate authority of a city or county in
surfaces and contours of surface mines as of which the mining is taking. place, if such
July 1, 1972, or to vertical extensions of those authority has adopted an ordinance, approved
surfaces and contours. The surfaces and by the department, requiring reclamation of
contours of surface mines shall not include land that has been surface mined.
those areas over which the mining operator (3) City or county operated surface mining
merely leveled terrain or cleared vegetative operations which sell less than 2,500 cubic
cover. yards of minerals within a period of 12 consec-
(b) Dredging operations, conducted pur- utive calendar months, are exempt from the
suant to ORS 517.611 to 517.700. Provisions of ORS 517.750, 517.755, 517.770,
517.810, 517.830, 517.860, 517.865 and this
(c) A landowner or operator who, on July section provided the city or county adopts an
1, 1972, is a party to a valid contract,. in ordinance which shall include a general
existence on January 1, 1971, to surface mine; reclamation scheme for all surface mining
but this exemption will not apply to existing within the boundaries of the city or county,
contracts upon expiration, or in. instances which shall provide for the means and meth-
where a fiduciary relationship exists between ods whereby reclamation is to be achieved.
the contracting parties, and in no case will the
exemption continue after January 1, 1981. (4) A city or county may determine and
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of collect fees for any function performed pur-
subsection (1) of this section, if in the judg- suant to subsection (2) of this section. Howev-
ment of the department meaningful reclama- er, no such fee shall exceed the amounts
-ment Prescribed in ORS 517.800. A city or county
tion cannot be accomplished the deparl. shall issue a permit for each regulated surface
may waive the permit and reclamation re- ... ng activity within its jurisdiction, and all
quirements of ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and m1m
subsection (4) of 517.990 even, though the such permittees are subject to the payment of
mine surfaces and contours as of July 1, 1972, any fee charged by the city or county. Howev-
have been extended horizontally. er, those activities described in ORS 517.770
[1971 c.719 �15; 1973 c.709 �1; 1975 c.724 �21 are not required to comply with mined land
reclamation plans. City or county fees shall be
517.775 Permit fee for certain land- in lieu of any surface mining perrmit fees
owners and operators. Notwithstanding assessed by the department.
the provisions of subsections (1) and (3), of [1971 c.719 �16-11975 c.724 �3; 1977 c.524 �11

AIINING AND MINING CLAIMS

517.790 Operating permit required 517.8DO Fees. (1) Each application for
for surface mining on certain lands; appli- an operating permit under ORS 517.750 to
cation for permit; proposed reclamation 517.900 and subsection (4) of 517.990 shall be
plans. (1) Except as otherwise provided by accompanied by a fee of $265.
subsection (2) of ORS 517.780, after July 1, (2) Annually on the anniversary date of
1972, no landowner or operator shall permit or each such operating permit, each holder of an
engage in surface mining on land not surface operating permit shall pay to the department
mined on July 1, 1972, without having first a fee of $165.
applied for and received an operating permit [1971 c.719 V; 1973 c.709 �3; 1977 c.524 �21
from the department for such surface n-dning
operation. A separate permit shall be required 517.810 Bond or security deposit re-
for each separate surface mining operation- quired of applicant; public and govern-
Prior to receiving an operating permit from mental bodies exempt; other security in
the department the landowner or operator lieu of bond from landowner. (1) Before
must submit an application on a form pro- issuing or reissuing an operating permit for
vided by the department that contains infor- any surface mining operation, the de@artment
mation considered by the department to be shall require that the applicant for such
pertinent in its review of the application, permit file with it a bond or security deposit,
including but not limited to: conditioned upon the faithful performance of
(a) The name and address of the landown- the reclamation plan and of the other require-
er and the operator and the names and ad- ments of ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsec-
dress as
,es of any persons designated by them tion (4) of 517.990 and the rules and regula-
their agents for the service of process. tions adopted thereunder in a sum equal to
the estimated cost of the completion of the
(b) The materials for which the surface reclamation work. The applicant may deposit
mining operation is to be conducted. with the department, in lieu of a bond, cash or
(c) The type of surface mining to be em- other security in a sum satisfactory to the
ployed in such operation. department. In no event shall such bond or
(d) The proposed date for the initiation of deposit of cash or security exceed the sum of
such operation. $500 per acre of land to be surface mined
under the terms of the operating permit
(e) The size and legal description of the therefor. The amount of the bond shall be
lands that will be affected by such operation, determined by the department.
and, if more than 10 acres of land will be (2) Nothing in this section shall apply to
affected by such operation and if the depart, any public or governmental agency.
ment considers the conditions to warrant it, a
map of the lands to be surface mined that (3) In lieu of the bond or other security
shall include the boundaries of the affected required of the applicant in subsection (1) of
lands, topographic details of such lands, the this section, the department may accept a
location and names of all streams, roads, similar security from the landowner, includ-
railroads and utility facilities within or adja- ing a mortgage or trust deed equal to the
cent to such lands, the location of all proposed estimated cost of reclamation as deten-nined
access roads to be constructed in conducting by the department, not to exceed $500 per
such operation and the names and addresses acre. The cost of title or mortgage insurance,
of the owners of all surface and mineral or costs for title searches or examinations
interests of the lands included within the necessary to insure the department's security
surface mining area. shall be the responsibility of the applicant.
(f) If economically practicable, a plan for [1971 c.719 �8; 1975 c.724 �41
visual screening by vegetation or otherwise 517.820 Extensions of time for sub-
that will be established and maintained on the mission of proposed reclamation plans;
lands within such operation for the purpose of time limit for reclamation completion;
screening such operation from the view of consultation with state agencies. (1) Upon
persons using adjacent public highways, good cause shown, thedepartment may grant
public parks and residential areas. reasonable extensions of time for the comple-
(2) The application referned to in subsec- tion by the landowner or operator and his
tion (1) of this section must also contain a submission to the department of a proposed
proposed reclamation plan that is acceptable reclamation plan required by subsection (2) of
to and approved by the department. ORS 517.790. Each reclamation plan submit-
(1971 c.719 �4; 1973 c.7109 �21 ted to the department must provide that all

MINERAL RESOURCES

reclamation activities shall be completed department for such reclamation plan or file
within three years after the termination of with the department a notice of appeal from
mineral extraction from the surface mining the decision of the department with respect to
operation conducted within each separate area such reclamation plan. If a notice of appeal is
for which an operating permit is requested. filed with the department by the applicant,
Each such reclamation plan shall be approved the department may issue a provisional per-
by the department if it adequately provides mit to such applicant.
for the reclamation of surface-mined lands. (4) An operating permit issued by the
(2) The department, prior to approving a department under this section shall be grant-
proposed reclamation plan, shall consult with ed for the period required to mine the land
all other interested state agencies and appro- described in such pen-nit and shall be valid,
priate local planning authorities. subject to payment'of the renewal fee, until
[1971 c.719 �5; 1977 c.59 �21 the surface mining operation described in the
517.830 Inspection of operating site; operating permit is completed or abandoned.
approval of application for operating per- Each such operating permit shall provide that
mit; effect of failure to approve or refusal the reclamation plan described therein may be
to approve reclamation plan; appeal from modified upon agreement between the depart-
denial of plan; transfer of permittee's in- ment and the permittee to change the recla-
terest. (1) Upon receipt of an application for mation plan included within the operating
an operating per-mit, the department shall permit.
cause the operating site described therein to (5) When a person succeeds to the interest
be inspected. Within 30 days after the date on of. a permittee in any uncompleted surface
which such application is received and upon mining operation by sale, assignment, lease or
receipt of the required permit fee, the depart- other means, the department shall release the
ment shall issue the operating permit applied permittee from the duties imposed upon him
for or, if it considers such application incom- under his operating permit if his successor
plete, return the application to the applicant assumes fully the duties of the former permit-
for correction of the deficiencies indicated by tee with respect to the reclamation of the
the department. surface-mined lands. Upon the assumption by
(2) Failure by the department to act upon such person of the duties of the permittee as
the reclamation plan submitted with an provided in this subsection, the department
application for an operating permit within the shall transfer the operating permit to the
30-day period referred to in subsection (1) of successor upon the approval of such succes-
this section shall not be considered a denial by sor's bond or security deposit as required
the department of the operating pen-nit ap- under ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection
(4) of 517.990.
plied for. The department, pending final [1971 c.719 �6; 1975 c.724 �51
approval of a reclamation plan, may issue a
provisional permit subject to reasonable 517.840 Administration and enforce-
limitations that may be prescribed by the ment of ORS 517.750 to 517.900. The board
department and conditioned upon the appli- shall administer and enforce the provisions of
cant's compliance with the bond and security ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of
requirements established by ORS 517.810. For 517.990 and may:
all operations ongoing as of July 1, 1972, a (1) Conduct or cause to be conducted
provisional permit shall be issued except in investigations, research, experiments and
those instances where there is reason to demonstrations and may collect and dissemi-
believe that a reclamation plan will not be nate information related to surface mining
approved and the operating permit ultimately and the reclamation of surface-mined lands.
denied.
(3) If the department refuses to approve a (2) Cooperate with other governmental
reclamation plan in the fonn submitted by the and private agencies of this state or of other
applicant, it shall notify the applicant,- in states and with agencies of the Federal Gov-
ernment, including the reimbursement for
writing, of its reasons for the refusal to ap- any services provided by such agencies to the
prove such reclamation plan, including addi- department at its request.
tional requirements as may be prescribed by
the department for inclusion in such reclama- (3) Apply for, accept and expend public
tion plan. Within 60 days after the receipt of and private funds made available for the
such notice, the applicant shall comply with reclamation of lands affected by surface
the additional requirements prescribed by the mining in accordance with the purposes of

MD41NG AND MMING CIAIMS

ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of abandonment of surface mining has occurred
517.990. on any segment of the pen-nit area,
(4) In accordance with the applicable the department may perform the reclamation
provisions of ORS chapter 183, adopt rules required by the reclamation plan, complete
and regulations considered by the board to be such reclamation and give written notice that
necessary in carrying out the provisions of the amount of the reasonably necessary costs
ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of and expenses so incurred is due and payable to
517.9W. However, such rules and regulations the department by the permittee. In perform-
shall be subject to existing rights under any ing the reclamation under this subsection the
permit, license, lease or other valid authoriza- department shall be limited to expending
tion granted or issued by a governmental funds to complete the reclamation plan, but in
entity. no event shall the expenditure exceed $500
[1971 c.719 �31 per acre. If the amount specified in the notice
517SW Inspection of permit area. At is not paid within 30 days following such
such reasonable times as the department may notice the Attorney General, upon request of
elect, the department, after reasonable ad- the department, shall institute proceedings to
vance notice has been given to the pennittee, recover the amount specified in the notice.
may cause the permit area to be inspected to (3) If the landowner has given security as
determine if the permittee has complied with provided in subsection (3) of ORS 517.810 and
the reclamation plan and the rules and regu- 'the permittee is in default as specified in
lations of the department. subsection (2) of this section, the landowner
[1971 c.719 �91 shall be held responsible for complying with
517.W Failure to comply with recla- the reclamation plan of the permitee. The
mation plan; notice of noncompliance; department shall furnish written notice of the
performance period; extension; depart- default to the landowner and require the
ment may perform work and assess costs landowner to complete the reclamation as
against permittee or landowner. (1) If specified in th *e pern-littee's reclamation plan
acceptable to the department. If the lando"M-
from inspections conducted pursuant. to ORS er has not commenced action to rec Itify the
517.850, or from any other source the depart- deficiencies within 30 days after receiving
ment shall determine that the permittee, has notice, or if he fails to diligently pursue
not or is not complying with the reclamation reclamation in conformance with the plan, the
plan or the rules and regulations of the de- department may complete the. reclamation
partment, it shall give written notice thene-of and otherwise proceed as provided in subsec-
to the pennittee, specifically outlining the tion (2) of this section, or the department may*
deficiencies. Within 30 days thereafter, the bring suit to compel the landowner to com-
permittee shall commence action to rectify plete the reclamation plan.
those deficiencies and diligently shall proceed [1971 c.719 � 10; 1975 c.724 �6-1 1977 c.59 �31
until they are all corrected. However, the
department may extend performance periods 517.865 Failure to faithfully perform
for delays occasioned for causes beyond the reclamation; insufficient bond; lien; no-
permittee's control, but only when the permit- tice; priority; foreclosure. (1) If a permittee
tee is, in the opinion of the department, mak- fails to faithfully perform the reclamation
ing a reasonable effort to comply. required by his reclamation plan and if the
(2) (a) If the permittee has not commenced bond or security deposit required by ORS
action to rectify the deficiencies within said 517-810 is not sufficient to compensate the
period of time, and after notificati@n by the department for all reasonably necessary costs
department, or and expenses incurred by it in performing the
reclamation required by the reclamation plan,
(b) If the permittee has commenced such the amount due, not to exceed $500 per acre,
action and fails to diligently pursue it, or shall be a lien in favor of the dbpartment upon
(c) If reclamation is not properly complet- all property, whether real or personal, belong-
ed in conformance with the reclamation plan ing to the permittee.
within three years after surface rnining on (2) The lien shall attach upon the filing of
any segment of the permit area has terminat- a notice of claim of lien with the county clerk
ed, or of the county in which the property is located.
(d) If reclamation is not properly complet- The notice of lien claim shall - contain a true
ed in conformance with the reclamation plan statement of the demand, the insufficiency of
upon determination by the department that the bond or security deposit to compensate the

MINERAL RESOURCES

department and the failure of the permittee to provide for the completion of the reclamation
perform the reclamation required. of the lands affected by such operation.
[1971 c.719 �121
(3) The lien cr,@@.Led by this section is prior
to all other liens and encumbrances, except 517.890 Appeals. Appeals from deter-
that the lien shall have equal priority with minations made by the department in carry-
tax liens. ing out the provisions of ORS 517.750 to
(4) The lien created by this section may be 517.900 and subsection (4) of 517.990 and the
foreclosed by a suit in the circuit court in the rules and regulations adopted thereunder
manner provided by law for the foreclosure of shall be conducted in the manner provided by
other liens on real or personal property. the applicable provisions of ORS chapter 183
[1975 c.724 �81 for appeals from orders in contested cases.
[1971 c.719 �131
517.870 Adjustment of bond or secu- 517.900 Information submitted by
rity deposit of permittee upon satisfactory operators and landowners is confidential.
completion of reclamation work. Upon Operatorg' reports aiid other information
request of the permittee, and when in the submitted by operators and landowners as
judgment of the department the reclamation required under ORS 517.750 to 517.900 and
has been completed in accordance with the subsection (4) of 517.990, with the exception
reclamation plan, the pern-littee shall be of the reclamation plan as approved by the
notified that the work has been found to be department, shall be confidential.
satisfactorily performed and is acceptable and (1971 c.719 �141
his bond or security deposit shall be adjusted
accordingly.
[1971 c.719 �111 PENALTIES

517.880 Order for suspension of sur- 517.990 Penalties. (1) A person who
face mining operation operating witbout violates ORS 517.450 shall be guilty of theft
required permit; enjoining operation and punished as provided in ORS 164.045 or
upon failure of operator to comply; com- 164.055.
pletion of reclamation by department (2) Violation of any rules, regulations and
When the department finds that an operator orders made pursuant to subsection (4) of ORS
is conducting a surface mining operation for r,17.5.40 is punishable, upon conviction, by a
which an operating permit is required by ORS fine of not less than $25 nor more than $250,
517.750 to 517.900 and subsection (4) of or by imprisonment in the county jail for not
517.990, but has not been issued by the de- more than 60 days, or both.
partment under the provisions of ORS 517.750
to 517.900 and subsection (4) of 517.990 or by (3) Any person conducting a dredging
the rules and regulations adopted thereunder, operation in violation of the provisions of ORS
it may order such operator to suspend such 517.611 to 517.700 is guilty of a misdemeanor.
operation until an operating pen-nit has been (4) Any landowner or operator who shall
issued by the department for such surface conduct a surface mining operation, for which
mining operation or until such time as the a permit is required by ORS 517.750 to
department is assured that such operator will 517.900 and this subsection, without a valid
comply therewith. If the operator fails or operating pennit therefor shall be punished,
refuses to comply with such order, the Attor- upon conviction, by a fine of not more than
ney General at the request of the department $1,000. '
shall initiate any necessary legal proceeding [Amended by 1953 c.188 �2; subsection (3) enacted as
to enjoin such surface mining operation and to 1957 c.580 �11; 1971 c.743 �398; subsection (4) enacted as
1971 c.719 �181

STATE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES
Identification No.
1129 SE south santiam Road
Albanny, Oregon 97321 Office Use Only
Telephone: 967-2039

APPLICATION FOR OPERATING PERMIT OR GRANT OF EXEMPTION UNDER ORS 517.750 - 990
1. Responsible Parties 2. Identification of Site
A. Operator 1/4 sec. Section Township Range County

Name
Distance in Direction Nearest
Street or Box No.
miles from Community
City State
Zip Telephone Type of site- 1. Pit 0 5. Prospect
3. Landowner (it other than operator) (Check all 2. Stockpile 0 6. Refuse Disposal
that apply)
Name 3. Plant 7. Other
Street or Box No. 4. Quarry
city, state 4. Application is hereby made for: (complete only one - see
instructions)
A. Operating permit - operator claims no exemptions
3. MINERAL DEPOSIT CHARACTERISTICS I apply for a surface mining operating permit under
A. Description ORS517-790 date
Type of overburden (signature) Title-
Approximate depth of overburden B. Grant of limited exemption based on: (check one or both)
Approximate depth of mine 0 Prior mined ORS 517.770-la
Primary mineral to be removed 0 Va ORS 517.770-lc
Estimated quantity of mineral (yards) I apply for a grant of limited exemption from the
requirement for a reclamation plan and bond, but not
B. Size the fees Signature
Date Title
Size in acres of any areas presently affected by
C. Grant of total exemption.
surface mining
How such of the above was affected I apply for a grant of total exemption from the require-
before 7/l/72 ments of a reclamation plan, bond, and the fees under
ORS 517.750(12) and 517.770 (2) because:
before 7/1/75 1. Al11 mining activity takes place between the
Has any of the above area been reclaimed? banks cf a stream. (The vegetation line
If yes, how much and when? defines the bank).
2. Access road's borrow pit or quarry.
Approximate acreage to be affected by surface
mining during the ensuing 12 months 3. On-site construction.

C. Volume 4. The site is less than one acre, and
* Total CubiC yards excavated 7/1/72 to date' 5. a total of less than 2,500 cubic-yards of
material have been, or will be, removed.
* During ensuing permit year. what is the scheduled
total cubiC yards to be excavated 6. The site is inactive.
7. Other
D. Status date
Active Date mining began (signature) Title
Inactive Date mining will D. Even though entitled to exemptions as shown above, a
New begin -reclamation plan is submitted voluntarily.

Yes.

NOTICE
If more than 50 Cubic yards cf material are to be removed or placed in fill within the bed and banks of a
natural waterway, a permit from the Division of State Lands, 1445 State Street, Salem,Oregon 97310,
telephone: 378-3805, is required.
*INFORMATION TO BE CONSIDERED CONFIDENTIAL (ORS 517.900)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THIS FORM ARE ON THE REVERSE SIDE SIDE

SMLR-1 071476

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES
MINED LAND RECLAMATION DIVISION

RECLAMATION PLAN GUIDELINE

A. NAME, ADDRESS AND TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE OPERATOR OR HIS AGENT:

B. NAME AND ADDRESS OF LANDOWNER:

C. LIST OF KNOWN MATERIALS FOR WHICH THE OPERATION IS TO BE CONDUCTED:

1. PROPOSED STARTING DATE:

2. PROPOSED ENDING DATE (IF KNOWN):

D. OPERATIONAL PLAN:

1. METHOD TO BE EMPLOYED:

a. SINGLE BENCH c. DREDGE

b. MULTIPLE BENCH d. OTHER

2. TYPES OF EQUIPMENT TO BE USED:

3. DISPOSITION OF OVERBURDEN:

E. WHAT WILL BE THE PLANNED SUBSEQUENT "BENEFICIAL USE" OF THE
PERMIT AREA? THIS CAN INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO,
CONSTRUCTION SITE, SANITARY LAND FILL, PARK, WATER IMPOUNDMENT,
AGRICULTURAL USE (BE SPECIFIC, EXAMPLE: GRAZING LAND, CROP TO
BE PLANTED, ETC.), FOREST LAND.

SMLR-16 072776

33
F.1. a Reclamation will begin days following completion of mining.
b Reclamation will be concurrent with mining. _ yes no

F.2. PROVISION FOR RECLAIMING MINED LANDS ON A CONTINUING.BASIS WHERE FEASIBLE.

G. RECLAMATION PROCEDURES

1. WHAT WILL YOU DO TO INSURE GROUND STABILITY?

2. PROVISION FOR REVEGETATION. (Minimal survival rate is 75%
uniformly distributed.)
(a) HOW WILL YOU SAVE AND STORE TOPSOIL?

(b) WHAT MEASURES WILL YOU TAKE TO PREVENT EITHER WIND OR WATER
EROSION OF TOPSOIL DURTNG STORAGE?

(d) HOW WILL YOU PREPARE SEED BED PRIOR TO PLANTING?

(e) WHAT TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF GRASS SEED WILL YOU USE PEER ACRE
AND HOW WILL THIS BE PLANTED?

(f) WHAT TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER, MULCH, AND LIME WILL
YOU USE?

(g) WHAT TYPES AND AM0UNTS OF SEEDLINGS AND SHRUBS WILL YOU PLANT?

(h) WHEN WILL SEEDING AND PLANTING TAKE PLACE? (SEASON OF YEAR)

H. WATER AND DRAINAGE

(a) WHAT PROVISION WILL YOU TAKE TO INSURE PROPER DRAINAGE?

(b) WHAT PROVISION HAS BEEN TAKEN FOR SILT CONTROL?

I. VISUAL SCREENING

(a) WILL YOU EMPLOY VISUAL SCREENING? (IF NO, EXPLAIN)

(b) WHAT TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF PLANTS WILL YOU USE?

J. PROVISION FOR REMOVING STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT, AND REFUSE FROM THE PERMIT
AREA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RECLAMATION PLAN.

K. MAP OF AERIAL PHOTO REQUIREMENTS

(a) WILL AREA PHOTO BE SUBMITTED? YES NO

SCALE,

(b) MAP(S) REQUIREMENTS. THE MAP SHOULD SHOW, BUT IS NOT
LIMITED TO:

(1) SCALE: ( 1" = 400' to 600' )

(2) NORTH SHALL BE INDICATED

(3) QUARTER SECTION, SECTION, TOWNSHIP AND RANGE

(4) DISTANCE AND DIRECTION TO NEAREST MUNICIPALITY

(5) LOCATIONS AND NAMES OF ALL STREAMS, ROADS,
RAILROADS, UTILITIES

35
(6) LOCATION AND NAMES OF ADJACENT LANDOWNERS

(7) ALL OCCUPIED HOUSES WITHIN 500 FEET

(8) LOCATION OF ALL PROPOSED ACCESS ROADS

(9) LOCATION OF PLANT, OFFICE AND MAINTENANCE FACILITIES

(10) SHOW BOUNDARIES OF AREA TO BE PERMITTED

(11) TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION OF PRESENT GROUND LINE AND
PROJECTED GROUND LINE AFTER RECLAMATION

(12) CONTOUR INTERVAL, DATE OF MAP PREPARATION, NAME OF
PERSON PREPARING MAP.

(13) AREA FOR TOPSOIL STORAGE, WASTE DISPOSAL

(14) A SEPARATE MAP SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION OF THE OPERATING
AREA (NOT LARGER THAN 8 1/2" x 11")

L. IF APPLICABLE, WHAT PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR STREAM CHANNEL, BANK
STABILIZATION AND REHABILITATION?

M. EVIDENCE, IN WRITTEN FORM, STATING THAT ALL OWNERS OF A LEGAL, EQUITABLE ,
FIDUCIARY OR POSSESSORY INTEREST IN THEE LAND CONCUR WITH THE PROPOSED
SUBSEQUENT USE FOR ANY MINING OPERATION COMMENCING SUBSEQUENT TO
JULY 19 1972.

N. OTHER PERMITS IF APPLICABLE:

DIVISION OF STATE LANDS NO. DATE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY NO. DATE
COUNTY USE PERMIT NO. DATE
OTHER (IDENTIFY)

0. OTHER COMMENTS:

(SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT)

TITLE DATE

WATER IMPOUNDMENTS

(1) HOW LARGE WILL THE SURFACE AREA BE, IN ACRES?

(2) WHAT PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR PUBLIC SAFETY?

(3) WHAT PROVISIONS HAVE YOU MADE TO PREVENT WATER STAGNATION?

(4) WHAT IS THE WATER SOURCE FOR THE IMPOUNDMENT?

(5) WILL THERE BE PUBLIC ACCESS FOR FISHING?

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CROSS-SECTION

1. THE TWO EXAMPLES SHOWN ARE "TYPICAL" CROSS-SECTIONS OF A WATER
IMPOUNDMENT LEFT AFTER EXCAVATION IS COMPLETE.

2. IF ONE OF THE PLANS SHOWN IS TO BE USED, PLEASE INDICATE WHICH
ONE AND PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION ON THE PLAN SELECTED.
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO RE-DRAW THE CROSS-SECTION.

A. SURFACE ELEVATION TO THE NEAREST 5 FEET.
B. SLOPE OF THE BANK (MAXIMUM IS 2:1 OR 27 0).

C - G. THE DIMENSIONS IN FEET.

Typical Cross - Section(s) of Water Impound

TYPE I

A,SURFACE ELEVATION
HIGH WATER

C
D
LOW WATER E
B, SLOPE
F

TYPE I[

A, SURFACE ELEVATION
HIGH WATER

C D
LOW WATER E
B. SLOPE

APPENDIX B

State Statutes 390.655 and
390.725

Permit Application@-Removal,
of Sand, Rock, Minerals
Marine Growth or Other
Natural Products of the
Oregon Shore

PARKS; RECREATION PROGRAMS; WATERWAYS; TRAILS 579

390.655 Standards for improvement (3) On request of the governing body of
permits. The State Highway Engineer shall any coastal city, or county, the Department of
consider applications and issue permits under Transportation may grant a permit for the
ORS 390.650 in accordance with standards removal of sand or rock from the area at
designed to promote the public health, safety designated locations on the ocean shore to
and welfare and carry out the policy of ORS supply the reasonable needs for essential
390.610, 390.620 to 390.660, 390.680, 390.6,90, construction uses in such localities if it ap-
and 390.705 to 390.770. The standards shall pears sand and rock for such construction are
be based on the following considerations, not otherwise obtainable at reasonable cost,
among others: and if such removal will not materially alter
the physical characteristics of the area or
(1) The public need for healthful, safe, adjacent area , nor lead to such changes in
esthetic surroundings and conditions; the subsequent seasons. Before issuing a permit
natural scenic, recreational and other re- the department shall likewise take into con-
sources of the area; and the present and sideration the standards described by ORS
prospective need for conservation and develop- 390.655. The department may grant a pen-nit
ment of those resources. to take and remove sand, rock, n-dneral or
(2) The physical characteristics or the marine growth from the area at designated
changes in the physical characteristics of the locations. The department shall also issue
area and suitability of the area for particular permits to coastal cities or counties to remove
uses and improvements. or authorize removal of sand from the ocean
shore, under the standards provided by ORS
(3) The land uses, including public recrea- 390.655, if the city or county determines that
tional use if any, and the improvements in the the sand accumulation on the ocean shore
area, the trends in land uses and improve- constitutes a hazard or maintenance problem
ments, the density of development and the to the city or county.
property values in the area. (4) The terms, royalty and duration of a
(4) The need for recreation and other permit under this section are at the discretion
facilities and enterprises in the future devel- of the department. A permit is revocable at
opment of the area and the need for access to any time in the discretion of the department
particular sites in the a@ea. without liability to the permittee.
1969 c.601 �111 (5) Whenever the issuance of a permit
under this section will affect lands owned
privately, the Department of Transportation
shall withhold the issuance of such permit
until such time as the pennittee shall have
390.725 Permits for removal of prod- obtained an easement, license or other written
ucts along ocean. shore. (1) No sand, rock, authorization from the private owner, which
easement, license or other written authority
mineral, marine growth or other natural must meet the approval of the department,
product of the ocean shore, other than fish or except as to the compensation to be paid to the
wildlife, agates or souvenirs, shall be taken private owner.
from the state recreation areas@ described by (1969 c.601 �231
ORS 390.635, except in compliance with a rule 390.730 [Fon-nerly 274.090; 1969 c.601 �18; renurn-
of or pennit from the Department of Trans- bered 390.668]
portation as provided by this section. Permits
shall provide for the payment of just compen- 390.735 [1969 c.601 �25; repealed by 1973 c.642 �131
sation by the permittee as provided in subsec- 390.740 [Formerly 274.100; renLunbered 390.665]
tion (5) of this section. 390.750 [Formerly 274.110; 1969 c.601 �19; renum-
(2) Rules or permits shall be made or bered 390.685]
granted by the Department of Transportation
only after consultation with the State Pish
and Wildlife Commission, the State Depart-
ment of Geology and Mineral Industries and
the Division of State Lands. Rules and per-
mits shall contain provisions necessary to
protect the areas from any use, activity or
practice inimicable to the conservation of
natural resources or public recreation.

STATE OF OREGON - PERMIT APPLICATION

REMOVAL OF SAND, ROCK, MINERALS, MARINE GROWTH OR OTHER NATURAL PRODUCTS OF THE OCEAN SHORE
Department of Transportation (DOT)

Name & Mailing Address of Applicant
Aerial Map
2. Location of Material: Section Township_______Range_ W.M. Reference

3.
Description and Amount of Material to be removed

4. Purpose of Removal

Any permit application for the removal of sand or rock to be used for construction
purposes must be accompanied by a letter from the appropriate unit of local city or
county government requesting that a permit be granted and certifying that:

(a) The sand or rock is essential to meet the reasonable needs for essential
construction uses in the area;
(b) The sand or rock for such construction is not otherwise obtainable at reasonable
cost; and
(c) The removal of the sand or rock will not materially alter the physical
characteristics of the area or adjacent area, nor lead to such subsequent changes
in subsequent seasons.

5 Method of removal and equipment involved:

6. Location of the removal site must be plainly delineated on the ground for inspection.
Please give name, address, and telephone number of the person who is to be contacted to
give assistance.

Name Address Phone

7. Month Year J Month Year
Estimated date of the .starting and completion of project.

8. The following items are to be included with the permit application:
A. Copy of deeds or other documents showing ownership and legal description or
easement, license or other written authorization from owner(s) of lands from which
the material is to be removed.
B. Plot plan showing detailed location of proposed removal site in relation to
property boundaries and beach zone line.
Note: Data on beach zone line available in the County Courthouse or from the Region Parks
Office. This application will be reviewed for consistency with the Statewide
Planning Goals and/or acknowledged local comprehensive plan and also against the
'Beach Improvement Standards and comments received from DOT notification review.

9.
Signature of Applicant Date

FOR OFFICE USE

Application Received By:
Regional Park Supervisor

Comments:
01 @77 A1 A CO

APPENDIX C

Cooperative Regional
Planning Processes
developed by the
National Parks Service

"COOPERATIVE REGIONAL PLANNING

"The plans of outside agencies and interests affect and are affected
by proposed actions within units of the National Park System.
Cooperative planning, therefore, is needed to integrate the park
into its regional environment and to ensure that potential conflicts
between interdependent actions are minimized or eliminated.

"Joint agency planning may be undertaken when a park is adjoined by
Indian reservations, other Federal lands, State lands, or lands
subi'ect to State, regional or local planning or regulation.
Formal written agreements to establish joint planning efforts with
planning agencies and other governmental agencies shall be negotiated
where appropriate.

"Cooperative planning on specific proposals will be done to ensure
that various points of view are considered in formulating.proposals
and that potential sources of conflict are discovered and, if
possible, resolved. Cooperative planning normally will be accomplished
utilizing periodic informal workshops in which park planners and
representatives of affected interests can frankly discuss matters
of mutual concern.

"SHORELINE PROCESSES

"In natural zones, shoreline processes--erosion, deposition, dune
formation, inlet formation, etc.--will be allowed to take place
naturally, except where control measures, required by law or
Service commitment, are necessary to protect life and property in
neighboring areas.

"In historic zones, control measures, if necessary, will be
predicated on thorough studies taking into account the nature and
velocity of the shoreline processes, the threat to the cultural
resource, the significance of the cultural resources, and alternatives,
including costs, for protecting the cultural resource. Such studies
must alsodetermine if and how control measures would impair
resources@ and processes in natural zones, in order that management
may make an informed decision on the course of action to be
followed.

"In development zones, management should plan to phase out, systemat-
ically relocate, or provide alternative developments to facilities
located in hazardous areas that cannot be reasonably protected.
New developments will not be placed in areas subject to flood or
wave erosion or active shoreline processes unless it can be demon-
strated that they are essential to meet the park's purpose, that
no alternative locations are available, and that the development
will be reasonably assured of surviving during its planned lifespan
without the need of shoreline control measures, Before development

in such areas is provided the requirement of Executive Order 11968,
'Floodplain Management' must befulfilled.

"Where erosion control is required by law, or where present
developments must be protected to achieve park management objectives,
the Service will employ the most natural appearing and effective
method feasible.

"Most shoreline areas of the National Park System are part of larger
physiographic systems, and the processes of these larger systems
directly affect the management of those NPS areas contained therein.
Therefore, the Service shall seek to obtain the assistance of
appropriate Federal, State and local agencies in carrying out the
management objectives of NPS shoreline areas.

"The*Service will cooperate with State and other Federal entities
to develop strategies for maintaining existing transportation and
utility links on barrier islands in the event of storm damage or
inlet formation.

"Where these links are interrupted by inlet formation, the Serv'ice
will recommend, within the limits of practicality, reestablishment
in a manner that allows the unimpeded operation of inlet formation
and closures.

"Where navigation channels are established in NPS waters, the Service
will work with the responsible agency to see that necessary dredging
is carefully controlled and that dredged material is disposed of in
such a manner as to.have the least adverse impact on the aquatic
ecosystem and to optimize the value of spoil deposit as wildlife
habitat."

U. S. National Park Service, 1978
pp. 11-5, IV-22, and IV-23

Oregon"s Coastal Beaches & Dunes:

Usest Impacts,

a e -ions
ment Consider'64''

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, loc.

I. BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach and Dune Aysical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregon?s Coastal Beaches
and Dunes

IIJ. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune PZanning and Management: An Annotated BibZiography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under se arate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
P
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,

Cover design by Jay Rasmussen, Toledo, Oregon.

OREGON'S COASTAL BEACHES AND DUNES:

IMPACTS, USES AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

by
Carl A. Lindberg, Project Director
and ,
Christ ianna Stachelrodt Crook, Research Associate
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2n.d Street, Suite C - P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for this study was provided by the Office of Coastal
Zone Managment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
under Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development.

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of appropriate uses and potential impact of activities within beach and
dune areas as conducted by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association,
Inc. This report constitutes one element of an overall analysis of planning
for, and managing, coastal beaches and dunes as required by Oregon s
Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Carl A. Lindberg, OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
Study Team Project Director and Christianna Crook, OCYA Beaches and Dunes
Study Team Research Associate, with assistance from other Stud 'v Team
members composed of Wilbur Ternyik, Project Coordinator, Arlys Bernard,
Project Secretary, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of
Transportation, Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and.Water
Conservation Commission
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
,Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathleen Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

Additionally, OCZMA extends special appreciation to Marilyn Adkins,
City of Florence Planning Department, for her timely and detailed review
of this product.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface ............................................... i

I. Introduction .......................................... 1
II. Major Use Or Activity ................................. 2
A. Agriculture and Forestry
B. Residential Development
C. Commercial Development
D. Industrial Development
E. Recreational Activities
F. Sand and Driftwood Removal
G. Fish and Wildlife
III. Accessory Uses or Activities ........................... 7
A. Transportation
B. Beachfront Protection and Management
C. Groundwater, Sewage Disposal and Other Utilities
D. Site Preparation and Construction
E. Stabilization and Restoration
F. Aesthetics and Design
G'. Off-road Vehicles
IV. References Cited ....................................... 17

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A - Matrices of Uses For Oregon's Coastal Beaches
and Dunes ........................................ 21

Appendix B - Soil Conservation Service Soil Interpretations:
Active Dune Land, Westport and Netarts Series .... 63

Appendix C - Oregon Transportation Commission Beach
Log Removal Policy ............................... 71

Appendix D - Oregon Transportation Commission Beach
Improvement Standards ............................ 75

1 INTRODUCTION

The determination of appropriate uses is the final planning procedure
identified within the Oregon Beaches and Dunes Goal. After completing
inventories of existing beach and dune types and characteristics, coastal
jurisdictions are then directed to:

"establish policies and uses for these [beach and dune] areas
consistent with the provisions of this goal." (LCDC, 1977)

Furthermore:

"Uses shall be based on the capabilities and limitations of.beach
and dune areas to sustain different levels of use or development,
and the need to protect areas of critical environmental concern,
areas having scenic, scientific, or biological importance, and
significant wildlife habitat." (Ibid) -

The purpose'of this report is to provide extracts of information
from a wide range of sources that focus both on the iMDact,of uses in
beaches and.dunes and on considerations for designina such uses so as
to minimize negative impacts on the beach and dune systems. However,
it is important to note that when planning for beach and dune areas,
attention must be given to Oregon's eighteen other statewide planning
goals prior to making the ultimate determination of an
propriate land
uses for land parcels. In other words, after a beach and dune area is
determined to be urban or rural (Goal #14-Urbanization),planned for
general land use categories (Goal #3-Agricultural Lands, Goal #4-Forest
Lands, Goal #5-Open Spaces, Scenic and Historic Areas, and Natural
Resources, Goal #8-Recreational Needs, Goal #9-Economy of the State,
Goal #10-Housing, and Coal #17-Coastal Shorelands), then other
considerations (Goal #6-Air, Water and Land Resources Quality, Goal
#7-Areas Subject to Natural Disasters and Hazards, Goal #11-Public
Facilities-and Services, Goal #12-Tra.nsportation, Goal #13-Energy Conser-
vation, Goal #16-Estuarine Resources, and Goal #18-Beaches and Dunes)
are applied to determine,the necessary or appropriate levels of uses and
supporting services.

Rather than portray uses which are generally appropriate for
various beach and dune formations utilizing a matrix, it was felt to
be more valuable to present the rationale for why various uses and
activities are, or are not, appropriate for beach and dune areas.
Matrices have been prepared in the past, however, to assist with ap"
propriatelocation of activities within nregon's coastal beaches and
dunes, and are included in Appendix A preceded by a conversion table which
correlates the various dune classification systems developed to,date.
Additionally the USDA Soil Conservation Service soil int ,erpretations
for active dune land, stabilized dunes and-older stabilized dunes is
included in Appendix B. Actual implementation of various dune

designations and associated permissible activities may be enunciated
within the local comprehensive plan policies, be addressed within
implementing ordinances, and/or be reviewed on an individual basis
utilizing site investigation report requirements.

II. MAJOR USE OR ACTIVITY

A. Agriculture and Forestry

Agriculture and forestry practices can have direct impact(s) on
sand stabilizing vegetation as well as on the quality of surface and
groundwater in beach and dune areas.

Considerations:

1. Forestry

1. Al'1 1'ogging activities should be performed in s6ch a manner as
to protect'sand stabilizing vegetation (Clark, 1977, p. 377).
2. Buffer strips of natural vegetation should be required along
coastal beach and dune systems and water bodies (Clark, p. 377).
3. Slash burning should not be allowed in active or surface
stabilized *dune areas due to the possibilities of.vegetation
destruction and subsequent sand activation (Ternyik, 1978).

2. Agriculture

1. Farm operations should be monitored to protect beach and dune
vegetation and groundwater from damage by fertilizers, biocides,
erosion, altered runoff and sedimentation (Clark, pp. 291-296).
2. The grazing of domestic animals on foredunes should be
prohibited to minimize damage to stabilizing vegetati-on.

B. Residential Development

The demand for shorefront residential property is constantly
increasing. The residential land buyer seeks only a small parcel for
which many are willing to pay dearly. In the past, residential
subdivisions have been approved with little regard for natural beach
and dune processes. As these developments begin to fill in, and as
developmental pressures increase, the impact on beaches and dunes
accelerates producing potentially deliterious results (Olsen and Grant,
1972, p. 39).

Considerations:

1. Residential development should be prohibited from locating in
foredunes because they are subject to wave overtop'ping and/or
undercutting.
2. Residential development should be discouraged from locating in
deflation plains because (1) they are commonly subject to
flooding, and (2) they have naturally-high water tables.
3. Residential density should be based on the carrying capacity
of the site and adjoining area, and should take into consideration
the aesthetic qualities of the site. The carrying ca.Dacity would
be a function of the physical and biological characteristics of
the landform as addressed in a site investigation report or as
identified during the inventory process.
4. Residential development should ensure access to beach.areas.
Public rights-of-way should be designed at frequent intervals
and should be posted (Clark, p. 270; Olsen and Grant, p. 39).
5. Residential development proposed for flood prone areas must
comply with the federal flood insurance program if the jurisdiction
is a participating entity. Non-participating jurisdictions
should have authority to regulate housing within flood prone
areas to minimize structural damage and water pollution problems.
6. In areas of known geologic hazard, special constraints such as
set-backs, etc., should be developed to minimize unnecessary
protection programs. lilhere beachfront protection measures cannot
be avoided, beach protection programs for existing waterfront
development should be incorporated@into a comprehensive,
coordinated plan and not left up to individual waterfront
residents (Battelle, 1971, p. 1-35; Clark, p. 477).. - .
7. Because the Oregon Department of Transportation, Parks and
Recreation Branch, has jurisdiction over beachfront protection
only in areas west of the beach zone, local jurisdictions may
wish to enact provisions giving them authority to regulate
beachfront protection structures outside DOT's purvue.
Additionally, jurisdictions should coordinate closely with DOT
on permit issuance for beachfront protection structures to
ensure compatibility with adjacent areas.
Jurisdictions should consider designating areas for cluster
developments designed so as to maximize open space in sensitive
beach and dune areas (Battelle, p. 1-34 and 1-36).

C. Commercial Development

Commercial development along the Oregon coast provides general
retail/wholesale services to developed areas and ofte*n is associated
with tourist-related development. Such d6velopment, can become a problem
when it reaches concentrations that preclude other 'necessary and desired
uses that seek or require an oceanfront location within a beach and dune
area or when it is located in hazardous areas (Olsen and Grant, p. 40).

Considerations:,

1. Commercial uses of beach and dune areas which do not reouire or
are not substantially enhanced by an oceanfront location.should
be dis6ouraged (Olsen and Grant, p. 40).
2. Land use controls should place limitations and standards on
oceanfront commercial development consistent wit'h the Shorelands
Goal.
3. Commercial development,should be prohibited from locating in
foredunes be-cause they are. subject to, wave overtopping and/or
undercutting-
4. Commercial development should be discouraged from locating in
deflation plains because (1) they are commonly subject to
flooding, and (2) they have naturally high water tables.
5. Attention should be given to the various impacts of locating
commercial development within dune areas. Such impacts .
include: aesthetic, pedestrian, parking lots and roads, etc.
Additionally, plans should address dune stabilization and
maintenance.

D. Industrial Development

For the most part, industrial development along the Oregon coast is
related to agriculture, fisheries a,n-d timber. Most of these industries
are located in conjunction with operating ports and transform raw
materials into semi-finished materials.

Considerations:

1. Water-depehdent industry should be located within or adjacent
to areas'presently occupied and committed to industrial use
wherever possible (Clark, p. 392).,- Such areas should include
room for expansion of industrial facilities.
2. A site investigation report shou 'ld address potential impact(s)
.in ecologically sensitive areas. Likewise, the site investigation
report should consider possible impact(s) on dune landforms such
cis-(1) reactivation, (2) pollution of groundwater from chemical
and industrial effluent (sand.is-a poor filtering anent for such
compounds), and (3) groundwater withdrawal if approp riate.
Additionally, development plans.should address dune stabilization
and maintenance.

E. Recreational Activities

Recreation is a necessary and valuable use of the-beach and dune
areas-of the Oregon coast. Recreational pressures on the coast have
doubled in theIast decade;.tourism has become the number three industry
in the State. The State's coastal park and wayside day.user count for
.1978 exceeded twelve,million people. The'coastal jurisdictions containing.
these recrea tional attractions face continuing' demands on the limited
natural resources.

Considerations:

1. Recreational use in surface stable, conditionally stable or
active prone-dunes should be limited if it is the desire to
maintain stable landforms. Access to beaches and dunes which,
traverse sensitive areas should be provided via raised board-
walks. Paved trails and parking lots are not suitable for
unconsolidated sand areas as they are susceptible to inundation
and undermining due to.deposition and erosion activities. Access
areas should be posted with explanations describing the importance
of limited access routes.
2. Jurisdictions may wish to consider regulation of driftwood fires
adjacent to beach grass areas to avoid destruction of beach
grass resulting in reactivation of unconsolidated sands and
possible erosion of sand in areas of human habitation.
3. Federal, state and local jurisdictions should cooperate to
develop efficient traffic flow patterns, parking arrangements
and policing requirements for areas on and adjacent to beach
and dune areas, especially parks and access areas (Olsen and
Grant, p. 40). This is especially important in areas of off-road
vehicle use.
4. Multiple use of an area by clustered compatible recreational
facilities should be encouraged to permit joint use of ancillary
facilities and provide a wide range of recreational choice among
users. Such clusters should not overload the carrying capacity
of the area (Battelle, p. 1-3).

F. Sand and Driftwood Removal

Indiscriminate removal of sand (for mining or mineral extraction)
or driftwood from the beach and dune area can disrupt the natural system
and,initiate or accelerate erosion. Removal of driftwood diminishes the
amount available for incorporation in, and frontal protection of, the
foredune resulting in increased vulnerability of the foredune to erosion.

Considerations:

1. Tourists and residents should be informed of the protective
qualities of driftwood in foredune stabilization. This could
be accomplished through the posting of information signs (Phipps
and Smith, 1977, p. 44). Additionally, citi.zens and jurisdictions
should be aware of the Oregon Department of Transportation's
Beach Log Removal Policy (Appendix C) which regulates removal
of driftwood for commercial endeavors. Through the state's
coordination program between local governments and state
agencies as required by the Land Conservation and Development
Commission, jurisdictions should participate as appropriate
in reviewing such permit requests.
2. When sand removal activities are proposed, the accompanying site
investigation report should address the following potential
impacts.(Lindberg, 1979):

a. sand flow patterns
b. sand formed lakes
c. groundwater supplies
-d. aesthetics
e. wildlife habitats
f., adjacent property and associated structures.
3. Development plans shoul-d address site reclamation,,dune
stabilization, and maintenance. While the Department of
Transportation, Division of State Lands and Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries all bear some responsibility
for sand removal activities, their mandates are limited.
Therefore, jurisdictions may be well.-advised to develop
techniques allowing them the opportunity to regulate sand
removal activites falling outside the scope of legislative
mandate. Further, jurisdictions should-consider coordination
with the appropriate state agencies in the review of sand
removal activities affecting their locale.
4. Jurisdictions should endeavor to.ensure the safety of
residents and workers in areas of sand removal by requiring
the maintenance of moderate slope within excavation sites.

G . Fish and Wildlife

There are many areas of significant wildlife habitat in beach and
dune areas. Although the stabilized dune forests contain the greatest
species diversity, deflation plains and wet interdune areas provide
unique habitat values (Burley, 1978;'Pinto, et al., 1972).

Considerations:

1. The beach and dune nesting and breeding habitats should be
protected during identified breeding and nesting seasons by
temporary restriction of.access wherever possible (Clark, p. 34;
The Conservation Foundation, 1977, p. 111). (For-example,
pedestrian and vehicular traffic should be limited during
the'nesting season of the snowy plover [April - June].in
appropriate beach areas.)
2. Site investigation reports should be required for developments
proposed near identified critical habitats to assist in
evaluating d'evelopment impact and in modifying design criteria
as appropriate.
3. Attention should be given to the enhancement and/or restoration
of fish and wildlife,habitats, particularly with regard to
deflation plain areas (e.g., seeding to provide improved food
and habitat for migrating and resident waterfowl).

III. ACCESSORY USES OR ACTIVITIES

A. Transportation

Transportation includes roadways (vehicular and rail), pedestrian
and equestrian paths and accesses. Such traffic can disrupt the dune
vegetation resulting in activation of unconsolidated sands,and erosion.
Additional problems associated with transportation include trespass,
litter and vandalism.

Considerations:

1. In areas of unconsolidated sand, foot traffic should be
serviced by wood walkways, preferably elevated (Clark, p. 270;
Koppelman, 1978, p. 98). Vehicular traffic should be serviced
by wood or paved roads and protected by vegetation (Clark, p. 270).
2. The use of common access pathways over dune areas by shorefrontT
property owners should be encouraged.
3. Control the number of vehicle access points to beach areas and
select access points which can maintain the natural form and
profile of the beach and dune so impacted.(Ruef, 1975, 'op. 20-21).
4. Identify existing public access points to the beach and post
these routes with explanations as to why such paths are,necessary
(Olsen and Grant, p. 29 ).
5. Provide adequte parking, disposal and sanitar facilities at
heavily used access points (Olsen and Grant, p. 29).
6. Establish clear responsibility for beach litter removal and
vandalism repair(Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA,
and Department of Natural Resources, Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, 1978, pp. 88-89). Provide litter-and vandalism reduction
methods including (Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA,
and Department of Natural Resources, Commonwealth of Puerto
Ri.co., pp. 88-89; Olsen and Grant, p. 29):
a. persuasion: there should be a continuing,public
education campaign.
b. assistance: trash containers should be placed at
beach access points, convenient to the'public;
arrangements for emptying should'be made.
c. enforcement: anti-litter and anti-vandalism laws
should be enacted and strictly enforced by cooperation
between appropriate local, state and federal agencies.
7. Roadways should,not impinge on floodplain areas except under
strict environmental constraints, such as elevated causeways to
allow for movement of flood waters.
8. Roadway design should not require inordinate amounts of landfill.
The natural water flow should be maintained through the use of
culverts and bridges.
9. Roadways should be planned and located so as to avoid encroach-
ment by dunes.

B. Beachfront Protection and Management

It is a natural process for sand to erode from dune and sea
cliff areas. Such erosion acts to replenish beaches which are the
first line of defense from storm wave attack. Consequently, protecting
dunes and cliffs from erosion in one area will necessarily result in
beach starvation and associated erosion problems in another. The
problems and impacts of beachfront protection strategies are well
explained in the Oregon Soil and Water Conservation Commission's
two volume work, "Oregon'Coastal Management Program: Shoreline
Erosion Management Policies and Procedures," (1978). Additional
information on beachfront protective devices and their impacts can
.be obtained from the Oregon Department of Transportation and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, both of which maintain.regulatory authority
for placement and design of such activities under certain conditi.ons
(Appendix D).

Considerations:

1. Federal, state and loca 1 agencies with shoreline construction
permit and review powers.should.consider removal or modification
of protective structures when such structures are not-performing
their intended functions (Koppelman, p.,103).
2.. Design coastal erosion protection-plans so as to allow, to the
Maximum extent possible, the continuation of natural geomorph-1c
processes responsible for the maintenance of coastal landforms.
It should be recognized, however, that such plans-for culturally
manipulated and developed shorelines may result in an adjustment
of the natural processes (Koppelman, p. 96).. Such coastal
erosion protection plans should be developed on the basis of
shoreline type, use and extent of cultural development.
3. Emphasis should be directed toward non-structural solutions to
erosion control problems; structural solutions should be
advanced only as@supplements to a non-structural program and
where there is no other alternative (Clark,.p. 322; Koppelman,
p. 97).
4. Jurisdictions may want to enact provisions giving them review,
authority for beachfront protection activities outside the
purvue of the Oregon Department of Transportation and/or the
U.S. ArTny,Corps of Engineers. In s.ome instances, jurisdictions
may want to adopt certain minimum standards for beachfront,
protection, similar to- those of NOT and the Corps, or may
wish to require certification of protection activit.ies from a
registered engineer at,the developer's expense.

C. Groundwater,.Sewage Disposal and Other Utilities

For the most part, human development activities require a range of
support activities generally labelled as utilities. These utilities
include such services as public water and sewer, telephone, electricity,
natural gas and,cable television. In some areas, water and/or sewage
disposal is handled on site.

The placement of utility li'nes either above or under ground can
accelerate erosion at the site if stabilizing vegetation is not properly
replaced. Furthermore, temporary stabilization practices should be used
during construction. Buried lines are vulnerable to wind or wave
excavation at any time in the future should stabilizing vegetation be
destroyed or not maintained. Other development problems, such as
flooding, flotation and failure of subsurface structures, can be
encountered in areas of high water tables (Crook, 1979). Some quick-
sand areas-occasionally occur in high water table areas resulting from
subsurface hydrostatic pressure and the precipitation of sand into
ponded sites. The construction of underground utility lines parallel
to the beach may harrass or eliminate wildlife species and habitats.
Construction activites in general'can harrass snowy plover if concwcted
during periods of nesting (April - June). Harrassment of deflation
plain wildlife will also result from construction adjacent to foredunes,
within the deflation plain, or in adjace'nt hummock dune areas. Finally,
utility lines located above ground are not compatible with the natural
landscape and can be detrimental to the enjoyment of the scenic values
characteristic of beach and dune areas.

On site water and sewage disposal require additional considerati-on.
High density development dependent on local wells could deplete the
groundwater table and damage or kill surface stabilizing vegetation;
saltwater intrusion may destroy stabilizing vegetation as well as
contaminate the water supply (Ruef, p.,19). Domestic wastes in
sufficient volumes can lead to eutrophication of dune lakes and
marshes and may contaminate the limited groundwater supply includinq
wells. Dune sand manifests some serious limitations as a medium for
septic tank drainfields. While bacteria are adequately filtered by
sand, viruses, non-natural chemical compounds, and nitrate nitrogens
may not be adequately dealt with. Subsurface facilities should avoid
areas of high water table. Flooding, flotation, uneven settlement, and
rupture of structures is likely to occur. Further, the potential for
septic tank failure is extremely high at such sites.

Considerations:

1. Utilities
a. All utilities should be located under ground wherever
Dossible.
b. Utility easements should be permitted and timed to
coordinate with site preparation and construction.
C. Areas of quicksand and hiah groundwater tables should be
avoided.

2. Water Supplies
a. Piped water should be provided whenever possi'ble (Clark,
p. 268).
b. When permittinq private wells, the water table level
necessary to sustain the stabilizing veaetation and prevent
saltwater intrusion should be determined and water
withdrawals limited accordinqly. Controls on groundwater
withdrawal should be addressed in a comprehensive water
management program where appropriate (Battelle, p. 1-16;
'Brower, et al., 1976, p. 37; Beaulieu & Hughes, 1975, p. 58;
Clark, pp. 269 &@ 384; Ruef, p. 21; Schlicker, et al., 1974, D. 87).
3. Sewage Disposal
a. A municipal sewer service should be used whenever possible.
b. Sewer lines should not be located so as to be vulnerable to
storm wave action.
c. Residential density should be contolled when sewer service
is not provided (Clark, p. 269).
d. Septic tank systems should be located and maintained so as
to avoid water pollution (Ruef, p. 21; Clark, p. 502.,).
e. Septic tank systems should be installed only when the highest
annual groundwater level is at least six feet below the
absorption field. (Refer to@Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality subsurface sewage disposal systems for further
information.)

D. Si@e Preparation and Construction

Man-made changes to a site are considered under this broad topical
category to be one of three activities:

(1) Activities related to studying, analyzing and siting.the
development prior to development. Such activities include
exploration, investigation, surveying and site planning. For
the most part these activities are accomplished on foot with
a minimum impact on the site.
(2) Activities relating to preparing the site for development such
as clearing, grading, excavating and filling. These activities
can affect the entire site and beyond, and generally are
accomplished with the use of heavy, earth moving.machinery.
(3) Activities relating to the actual construction that most
developments have in common, such as stock piling of construction
materials, traffic of construction personnel and equipment,
and the construction of foundation and vehicle access and
parking.

The construction of any development typically requires that the
natural setting be modified in preparing the site. When preparing a site
on a sand landform the actions involved often.destroy the stabilizing
vegetative cover exposing the underlying sand to the forces of erosion.

This erosion weakens the structure of the sand landform and decreases
its value as a sand reservoir and buffer (Olsen- and Grant, p. 31).
Examples of specific actions and impacts are:

(1) The lowering of foredune increases the washover potential,
salt spray kill-off and wind erosion;
(2) The disruption of dune vegetation can result in destabilization
and blow-outs.
(3) The construction on certain foundations in this windblown
environment may cause erosion/accretion activities similar to
those of jetties by having sand accumulate on the lee side
and eroded on the windward side. Certain alignment of
structures may also alter wind flows causing similar
erosion/accretion activities in the immediate vicinity.

The exact design of a development should be consistent-with the features
and limitations of a particular site. Additional information on
elevated residential structures is available in "Elevated Residential
Structures," (U.S.D.H.U.D., Federal Insurance Administration, 1977).

Considerations:

1. The potential impacts of erosion and accretion should be
considered within the framework of the site plan (Koppelman, p. 105).
2. Developers should be required to obtain the advice of a qualified
sand expert concerning minimizing the impact of the proposed
development by the use of erosion control measures,.such as
stabilization and improved site designs (Koppelman, p. 71).
3. Schedule construction phases to avoid critical periods of
hazard (storm season), important biologi-cal activity (snowy
plover nesting season) and other impacts (excavation during
planting season) (Clark, p. 268; Ruef, D. 20;:Ternyik, 1978).
4. Restri:ct construction to areas inland of the foredune; where
construction is permitted or exists in the foredune area,
require planting and concomitant maintenance of.open sand areas
(Clark, P. 268; Schlicker, et al.., 1973, p. 132; Ternyik, 1978).
5. Provide technical assistance and convenient information on
sources of beach grass and other stabilizing measures to
property owners (Clark, p. 268; Olsen and Grant, p. 31;
Ternyik, 1978).
6. Require additional stabilization around existi.nq and proposed
development when needed to avoid hazard (Clark, p. 268; Olsen
and Grant, p. 31).
Encourage secondary plantings in areas where beach grass-has been
.used for initial stabilization to reduce fire hazards and
subsequent erosion potential.
8._*Review the cumulative impact of the.linear arrangement of
structures along the shoreline. Such alignments could lead to
large scale variations in the local dynamics of ground level
airflow that could likely have negative erosive effects on
adjacent areas (Ruef, p. 20).

9. Exercise strict controls on erosion during site preparation
and construction (Clark, P'. 534). Buffer strips of natural
vegetation and artificial temporary stabilization retention
systems should be used to control erosion (Clark, p. 535).
Ground surfaces should be stabilized immediately after ahy
action that destroys or removes the vegetative cover and
leaves the underlying unconsolidated sands exposed to erosion
(Clark, P. 537; Ruef, p. 20).
10. Buildings should be built on inactive dunes, and then on-ly
if sand movement patterns and vegetation are not seriously
affected. Disturbance to the surface should be minimized
and stabilizing vegetation should be established and
maintained (The Conservation Foundation, pp. 95 and 109)'.
11- The filling or draining of wetland areas in deflation plains
should be restricted due to loss of wildlife habitat, water
problems, and associated construction.problems. If deflation
plains are drained, it is likely that wetland vegetation will
no longer be able to survive, and erosion potential will be
increased due to wind scouring of the area.
12. Restrict development-on beaches, foredunes and deflation plains.
Establish bui-lding setbacks based on topographic, geologic, and
meteorologic characteristics. Setbacks should be entirely
landward-of the shiftina foredunes. They should also be far
enough inland to allow @or the recession of the shoreline.
Development in areas of eroding shorelines should be set back
to allow for safe occupancy of the.structure during its
estimated life. Setback requirements should not be relaxed
without a favorable site investigation report in those
instances where new structures are proposed at sites,along a
partially developed shoreline. Existing structures located
seaward of the setback line should be designated as non-.
conforming and criteria and regulations. should be developed to
limit reconstruction, and/or expansion when the structure is
damaged or destroyed.
13. The adverse impacts of sand erosimand accretion can be
minimized by restricting developments and topographical alter-
ations in areas of high wave and wind energy. Site inve 'stigation
reports in beach and dune areas should include consideration of:

(1) the potential for wind an.d wave erosion and
deposition;
(2) foundation specifications; and,
(3) sewage disposal.-

Prosp.ective developers and buyers should be-informed of the
hazard potential; a disclosure of all known hazards and likelihood
of obtaining building permits shoul 'd1be made available to al-I
potential purchasers of land within foredune and defl.ation plain
areas (Beaulieu, and Hughes, 1975, p. 109; Koppelman,.p. 98; Olsen
and Grant, p. 31; Schlicker, et al., 19,72, pp. 128-130; Schlicker,.
et al., 1973, P. 132; Schlicker, et al, 1974, p. 53).

14. In areas of older dunes containing iron or clay ban-ding and/or
buried soils, ponding, high water table, septic tank failures,
and slumping are common problems which must be addressed and
dealt with.

E. Stabilization and Restoration

Restoration and stabilization programs may be desired to:

(1) stabilize a site prior to, during, or following
construction;
(2) to repair storm damage in foredune and deflation plain
areas;
(3) to enhance and maintain an area undergoing constant
impact such as a park or an area that was developed
some time ago without regard for the need to maintain
control over moving sands.

Considerations:

1. Stabilization activities within active sand areas to accommodate
construction should always be encouraged if the construction
activity is within the limitations of the local comprehensive
plan. However, it should be noted that attempts to build
dunes to unnatural heights or in unnatural configurations can
be counter-productive as such features may interfere with,
rather than facilitate, natural processes (The Conservation
Foundation, p. 97).
2. Stabilization should be performed within accepted planting
seasons, utilizing accepted planting procedures and,followed
by an accepted maintenance schedule (Ternyik, 1979). Again,
the adequacy of stabilization proposals should be evaluated
within the site investigation report.

F.- Aesthetics and Design

The greatest attraction of the beach and dune areas is its natural'
scenic beauty. Therefore a real concern is the impacts of developments
on this bas-ic attraction (Ruef, p. 21). "High-rise buildings built
adjacent to a beach were found to be physchologically dominating thus
detracting from the beach's appeal as a natural recreation site. A
subjective element to determine when buildings dominate beaches by their
height was found. Because of an individual's normal cone of vision, a
building set back 2.5 times its height would not appear to confine or
dominate the beach." (Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA, and
Department of Natural Resources, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 1978,
p. 83).

Considerations:

1. Setback: The greater the setback for development from beach
and dune features (beach, foredune, bluff crest, etc.) the less
is the likelihood of adverse aesthetic impact upon all shore
users.
2. Height: Generally, the higher the structure (especially ones
of rigid geometry), the more prominent and obtrusive it will
appear. The most compatible structures would be those of one
to two stories in height depending on topography.
3. Spacing: The more uneven and irregular the spacing of dwellings
along the shoreline, the greater the degree of harmony with
the natural setting. The clustering of dwellings surrounded by
open natural areas is suggeste.d.
4. Roof types: Roofs having ridges and slopes best mirror and
harmonize with the undulating topography of the coast.,
5. Exterior materials and colors: Depending on site conditions
and the urban/rural context, exteriors and colors keeping with
those associated with or found naturally along the coast are
preferable.
6. Site landscape: Natural or re-constructed (following excavation,
construction, etc.) dunes can effectively mask-low and medi.um
.profile structures as well as enhance the natural setting.
Site layout-of buildings within given property boundaries may
be varied to permit the preservation of fragile.beach and dune
features. Site conditions should be carefully studied to
determine optimum plan alternatives. Shore vegetation should
be retained for aesthetic, as* well as ecological values, and
for landform stability (Battelle, pp. 1-17 and 1-48 to 1-53).

G. Off-road Vehicles

All recreational uses of the beach and dune areas can have impacts,
but off-road vehicle (ORV) users have a far greater impact than their
pedestrian counterparts. The ORV impacts are greater because:

(1) ORVs are of greaterwei@ht and power,-
(2) the area of impact is multiplied due to the speed and
range of the ORV, and
(1) the noise of the ORV's engine expands the real and
perceived impact beyond the-range of its physical presence.

ORV's have been observed to have the following impacts on beach and dune
landforms and ecosystems:

(1) Alteration of the topography of affected dunes by
increasing the 'down slope sand transport.,

(2), Loss of stabilizing vegetation due.to ORV activity,
which in turn leads to increased wind erosion and sand
migration. Few vehicle passes are required to begin
destroying beach grasses and other plant species.
Once removed, other ORV users feel the open area is a
"legitimate" trail, and vegetation removal progresses.
The loss of stabilizing vegetation is especially critical
on the foredune because such activities can leave the
foredune susceptible to winter stom wind and wave damace
and erosion.
(3) During dry periods on the dunes the fire hazard in beach
grass areas is@extremely high and the added risk of fires
from ORV emission sparks constitutes a likely ignition
source (Ternylk, 1978).
(4), Exc'essive,stress may be placed on local wildlife., livestock
and residential inhabitants by unruly ORV use (8urley, 1978;
Fowler, 1978, pp. 20-22).@

General ly speaking, ORV.traffic has' the least environmental impact
when it is restricted.to the summer berm and intertidal zone of.the beach
or to existing open sand areas. ORV traffic also creates problems when
it becomes so intense as to interfere with other users. ORV use can
be used as a management tool where a stabilized area is planned for
re-activation, or active sand landforms are the management objective.@
The use of ORVs can be a relativel 'y inexpensive and harmless way of
removing vegetation, and will negate the need for herbicides and/or
other costly mechanical means (Olsen and Grant, p. 28).

Considerations:

1. Work with the ORV recreationalist to select ORV sites and
management programs (Fowler, p. 71).
2. The access corridors to ORV areas should be controllable. The
capacity to control access is important to:

(1) limit the density of the users to the carrying
capacity of the site for reasons of safety, public
.health, resource damage, and law enforcement;
(2) obtain accurate user counts; and,
(3) facilitate distribution of important information for
users (Fowler, pp. 22-27; Koppelman, p. 107; Olsen
and Grant, p. 28; Phipps and Smith, p. 42).

3. ORV areas should be chosen with the ability to be delineated
by natural or man-made boundaries that are easily recognized
and controlled (Fowler, pp. 22-27).
4. ORV activities adjacent to estuaries should be carefully
montiored and controlled because such activities can result in
deposition of sand into estuaries, and can conflict with habitat values
(noise and harrassment). Additionally, ORV activity within
estuarine areas should be consistent with the Estuarine Resources
Goal and the LCDC Estuarine Classification system.

5. ORV areas, trails-and beach access routes should be monitored.
If a site exhibits harmful deterioration, the trail or access
should be relocated and consideration given to relocation of the
activity (Fowler, p. 33; Koppelman, p. 108).
6. During periods of extreme high tide, discourage ORV use of
beach areas to prevent ORVs from driving up on the foredune
resulting in possible reactivation of stabilized foredune*
areas (Koppelman, p. 108).
7. Identify nesting areas of birds considered as being a critical
resource. Traffic near such areas durina breeding and nesting
seasons should be discouraged. Warning signs could be posted
at least 300 feet from the outer perimeters of such areas
(Burley, 1978; Fowler, pp. 20-22; Koppelman, pp. 108-109).
8. Consideration should be given to requiring registration of
ORVs, or requiring ORV permits for ORV use within beach and
dune areas. This should include fees to be used for beach and
dune restoration projects, enforcement costs, and an educational
program for ORV users as to their responsibilities toward the
sensitivities of the beach and dune environment and other beach
and dune users (Fowler, p. 72; Olsen and Grant, p. 28).

IV. REFERENCES CITED

Battelle Institute. 1971. Shoreland Management Guidelines to Grays
Harbor Regional Planning Commission, Aberdeen, Washington.
_ffattelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington.
95 pp.

Beaulieu, John D. and Paul W. Hughes. 1975. Environmental Geology of
Western Coos and Douglas Counties, Oregon. Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 148 pp.

Brower, David, Dick Frankenberg and Francis Parker. 1976. Ecological
Determinants of Coastal Area Management, Volume Il. Sea Grant
Publication UNC-SG-76-05. North Carolina State University5
Raleigh, North Carolina. 379 pp.
Burley, Bill. Personal Communication. 1978. The Nature Conservancy,
Portland, Oregon.

Clark, John. 1977. Coasfal Ecosystem Management: A Technical
Manual for the Conservation of Coastal Zone Resources. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. New York, New York. 928 pp.

Crook, Christianna. 1979. "Dune Groundwater Planning and Managem@_@nt
Considerations for the Oregon Coast," In: Beaches and Dunes
Handbook for the Oregon Coast. Kathy Fitzpatrick, Ed.
6regon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc., Newport, Oregon.
16 pp.

Fowler, Timms R. 1978. "Off-road Vehicle Planning and Management On
The Oregon Coast," In: Beaches and Dunes Handbook for the
Oregon Coast. Kathy Fitzpatrick, Ed. Oregon Coastal Zone
Management Association, Inc., Newport, Oregon. 117 pp.

Koppelman, Lee E. 1978. "A Coastal Erosion Subplan for Nassau and
Suffolk Counties." Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board,
Hauppauge, New York. 116 pp.

Lindberg, Carl A. 1979. "Sand Removal Planning and Management
Considerations-for the Oregon Coast," In: Beaches an-d Dunes
Handbook for the Oregon Coast. Kathy Fitzpatrick, Ed. Oregon
Coastal*Zone Management Association, Inc., Newport, Oregon.
41 pp.

Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA and Department of Natural
Resources. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 1978. United States
Department of Commerce Final Environmental Impact Statement,
Coastal Management Program for the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 194 pp. +
appendices.

Olsen, Stephen B. and Malcom J. Grant'. 1972. Rhode Island's Barrier
Beaches: Volume I: A 'Report on a Managenfe-nt Problem and an
Evaluation of Op-tions. Marine Technical Report No. 4. University
Of Rhode Island, Kingston,.Rhode Island. 118 pp.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Oregon Department of Land
Conservation and Development, Salem, Oreqon. 24 pp.

Phipps, J. B. and J. M. Smith. 1978. Coastal Accretion and Erosion in
Southwest Washington. PV-11. Washington State Department of
Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 75 pp.

Pinto, Carlos, Eugene Silovsky, Fed Henley, Larry Rich, Jack Parcell,
Don Boyer., 1972. Resource Inventory Report for the Oregon Dunes
National Recreation Area, Siuslaw National Forest. U.S. Department
of Aqriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland,
Oregon. 294 pp.

Ruef, Michael H. 1975. "Coastal Sand Dunes Study: Pacific and Grays
Harbour Counties, Washington." State of Washington, Department of
Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 31 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J.. Deacon, John D. Beaulieu, and Gordon W.
Olcott. 1972. Environmental Geology of the Coastal Region of
Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, Oregon. Bulletin 74, Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 164 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, Gordon W. Olcott, and John D.
Beaulieu. 1973. Environmental Geology of Lincoln_County, Oregon.
Bulletin 81, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 171 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G. and Robert J. Deacon. 1974. Environmental Geology
of Coastal Lane County Oregon. Bulletin 85, Oregon Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 116 pp.

Ternyik, Wilbur. Personal Communication. 1978. Owner, Wave
Beachqrass Nursery, Florence, Oregon.

Ternyik, Wilbur. 1979. "Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods
and Criteria," In: Beaches and Dunes Handbook for the Oregon Coast.
Kathy Fitzpatrick, Ed. Oregon Coastal Zone Management.Association,
Inc., Newport, Oregon.

The Conservation Foundation. 1977. Physical Management of Coastal
Floodplains: Guidelines for Hazards' and'Ecosystems Management.
The Council on Environmental Quality, Washington,. D.C. 179 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. 1974. Coastal
Reconnaissance Study - Oregon and Washington. Battelle Pacific
Northwest, Richland, Washington. 474 pp-.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975.
Beaches and Dunes of the Oreqon Coast. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp..

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance
Administration. 1977. Elevated Residential Structures: Reducing
Flood Damage Through Building Design: A Guide Manual. U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
114 pp.

APPENDIX A

Matrices of Uses For.Oregon's
Coastal Beaches and Dunes

BEACH AND DUNE CLASSIFICATION CONVERSION TABLE

Currently there are three majo r beach and dune class.ification
systems developed for the Oregon coast. Thefirst classification
was produced in 1972 by the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S.
Forest Service. This document was a resource inventory of the Oregon
Dunes National Recreation Area and included both a system (called
mapping units) of thirty eight classifications and a detailed set of
management considerations.

'The second system, published in March of 1975 by the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service for the Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development
Commission, contained thirteen classifications along with two matrix
tables demonstrating compatibility and tolerance for managing the use of
beaches and dunes.

The third classification system is a product of the Beaches and
Dunes Study commissioned by the Oregon Land Conservation and Development
Commission and conducted by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association
in 1979. "The system was developed to.meet the requirements of the
Beaches and Dunes Goal (Goal #18) and local planning needs.

In addition to the aforementioned classification systems, the U-S.
Army Corps of Engineers developed a matrix for recreational uses on
beaches and dunes of the Pacific Northwest in 1974.

In order to assist local deci.sion-makers, planners and citizens
An utilizing the management information generated to date, a classification
conversion table is presented in Table 1. Following the conversion table
are copies of the three matrices developed to date:

.NRA (U.S. Forest Service) ............. ........ page 24

Soil Conservation Service ...................... page 58

U.S. Corps of Engineers ........................ page 61

Table 1. Beach and Dune Classification Conversion Table

LCDC Dune Form Goal NRA Classification SCS Classification
OCZMA System Designations Symbols Symbols

Beach Beach Beach B

Foredune Active/recently stabilized FD FD, FDA

Interdune Forms
Deflation Plain Interdune Forms "D" Series WDP
Occasionally Wet Inter- Interdune Forms "D" Series w
dune

Vegetated Interior Dunes
Hummock Active/recently stabilized "H" Series H
Surface Stabilized Recently stabilized "DS" Series DS
Older Stable Dune Older Stabilized "DS" Series ODS
Parallel Ridge Recently Stabilized HWS IFD

Open Sand Interior Dunes
-T'ra'n'sverse-ridge Active "T" Series OS
Oblique-ridge Active OA OS

Recently reactivated:
Bloi4 Out Active
Parabola Active PA OS

Discussion of Mapping Utiits Which Include
Geomorphic Feature, Plant Community, Wildlife,
and Visual Resource Descriptions and'Interpretations*

A. Introduction

In this section, a description of each mapping unit with its geomorphic
features and physical characteristics., associated plant commu@nity(ies),
wildlife species, and visual resources can be found. Factors important
to management of these units of land are also listed. Following this
narrative description are photographs,of typical sites, and tables of
interpretation for each mapping unit.@ Each table of interpretation
lists the different facilities or activities (i.e., road construction,
horse cross-country @ravel, etc.) which might occur on the unit. The
.major considerations or limitations that the geomorphic feature, plant
community, wildlife or visual resource has upon the facility, use, or
activity is briefly listed. To aid the planning team, some possible
alternatives or treatments are given to overcome these limitations or
considerations. These are a guide orlsampling of some alternatives
which could be considered and are not.intended to be absolute or the
only alternatives or treatments! Possible negative results from the
specific alternatives or treatments are also given where applicable.

Delineations which encompassed similarigeomorphic features, (landforms
of similar development or erosional pr Iocesses), plant communities and
the related wildlife habitats were made on aerial photographs. In
some cases, a mapping unit has an exclusive plant community; inothers
the mapping unit has two or.more plant1communities; or in some instan-
ces, a specific plant community grows,on different mapping units.
Wildlife species are more closely related to the plant communities
to the geomorphic features. The delineated areas were coded and briefly
described as to their physical characteristics. These, thenj served as
a basis, or point of reference, for all resource data-collection and
interpretations, Interpretations important to the management and rec-
reational development of the area were@based on an understanding of the
processes and interrelationship of,the,sand supply, shoreline and dune
topography, climatic regime permanent!and seasonal water table' vege-
tation, and wildlife.

In the process of making interpretations, a variety of man-caused acti-
vities, facilities or uses were observed,'cause and effect relationships
were established,, and the. interpretation and/or predictions of man'.s ac-
tivities were then made. Three-rating'systems for each expected activity,
facility, or use, such as road-construttion or campground developments,
were then developed through the observations,, interpretations and knowl-
edge of each of the specialists involved.

The physical suitability ratings .are based on the physical ability of
the geomorphic feature and plant community to absorb the impact of a
specific activity, use, or facility. The tolerance ratings are based
on the ability of the wildlife or visual resource to withstand the,im-
pact of a specific facility and/orman's influence.

*From Pinto, et al 1972.

These ratings range from 1_@most suitable or most tolerant) to 5 (least
suitable or least tolerant),

B. Activity, Facility or Use Elements, Column 1:

1. Road Construction: This is a consideration of the effect of a
road upon the land. A double-lane width, hard-surfaced road,
resting on a minimal ballast import (5") and/or minimal culvert
spacing and designed on less than 4 percent gradient was consid-
ered as a standard.

"Turnpiking" was not considered as basic.design but is recognized
later as an "alternative or treatment" since it represents added
road construction and design costs.

2.' Parking Lots: This facility is defined as having paved spaces
for no more than 50 cars. In addition to the effect which the
parking lot has on the land, the reverse was also-considered.
Wind direction, deposition, submergence, erosion, etc., were fac-
tors that were recognized.

Parking lots increase peo ple concentrations on adjacent areas.
This is reflected by the Human Occupancy - Day Use Activity. Both
must be considered when determining the effect of a parking lot.

3. Drainfields: Specifications for drainfields established by county,
State and Federal regulations served as the basis for this facility
evaluation. Water tables, bedrock and/or impervious layers in ex-
cess of 8 feet below the surface were considered as suitable condi-
tions. The contamination hazard of the ground wa7ter reservoir or
estuary was also considered. It 'should be emphasized that this
facility requires intensive onsite investigations beyond the scope
of this inventory.

4. Campgrounds: This facility is defined as an overnite recreation
development, exclusive of sanitation features or buildings. Natural
vegetation protection and maintenance were also recognized where
they applied. Plantings were considered as an "alternative or treat-
ment." The measure of man's influence becomes the impact created
by 15 people per acre during a time period of 4 hours or more.

5. Human Occupancy - Day Use: This considers concentrated day use ac-
tivities and their impact on the land, waters and related resources.
The measure of man's influence becomes the impact created by 50 or
more people/acre during active period of 1 to 4 hours.

6. Human Occupancy - Pedestrian Access: The impact of pedestrian ac-
cess, from one point to another, including cross-country and/or
trail traffic, and dispersed activity was considered here. The
measure becomes the impact created by 5-people per acre during the
time period,of I to 5 hours.

7. Cr oss-country Travel - Horses: This is defined as saddle horse
movement from one point to another. "T 'railing" can be expected
in the densely vegetated and steeper portions of the,area, while
dispersion can be expected in the open sand and possibly the de-
flation plain areas. Where "trailing" was expected, notations
were made on each geomorphic-plant community type.

8. Cross-country Travel - Vehicles: It is definid as vehicle move-
ment (particularly Dune Buggies) from one point to another. The
tendency for trailing.was recognized. The establishment of trails
through sensitive,or densely vegetated areas was considered only
as an alternative or treatment.

9. Buildings., Continuous Foundation: These are defined as being one-
story, wood frame structures secured to a concrete or similar foun-
dation.

10. Buildings, Pole Foundation: These are defined as being similar
to above except secured to poles or stilts.

11. Powerline Tower Installations: This facility considered the clear-
7
ing swath necessary (60-80' width), erosional status, -service
road, and the foundation capabilities of the soil mantle.

.12. Buried Pipeline Installations:- This facility considered al-1 sub-
surface utility installations including water, electricity (up to
38,000 volts) and sewage. Water table levels, salt water erosion,
.clearing swaths (60-80' width) erosional status of the soil mantle
and service road were considered.

13. Vegetative-Stabilization: This facility was considered as an area
suitable for "dune grass" plantations, which includes the European
beachgrass, scotch broom and shorepine species.
Considerations and Limitations, Column 2: This column includes b;ief
statements of *the naturally occurring conditions which act as limita-
tions to the specific activities, facilities, or uses. Recreational
opportunities, such as viewing wildlife, where applicable, are also
listed.

Some of the conditions mentioned are severe limitations or constraints,
while others can be overcome by increased con 'struction costs, engineer-
ing expertise, or maintenance, etc. The rating value in Column 3, pro-
vides an overall evaluation of the degree of severity of the conditions
listed based on the physical resource. The rating values in columns 4
and 5 indicate the degree of severity of the conditions listed based on
the wildlife or visual resource.

D. Physical Suitability Ratings, Column 3:

'All physical suitability ratings were based on a projected 10-year
period, including expected visitor use, average climatic events, and
the usual level of man-caused impact to the soil and.native plant resources

27.

within the limits of reasonable use. All ratings were based on the
physical resource considerations, only.

Most Suitable Least Suitable

At the "most" suitable end of the range, it was felt that no severe
or irreversible resource damage would occur as the result of a specific
activity.

At the "least" suitable end of the scale:

1. Additional or sophisticated treatment measures would need to be
employed to protect the site or prevent excessive damage to the
resource, or

2. The-site is too sensitive to survive without incurring irreversible
.damage, or

3. Damages to the improvement or facility could be expected..

The "least suitable" rating is not meant to be construed as "impossible"
but only serves as the means to "red-flag" certain activities

E. Wildlife Tolerance Ratings, Column 4:

The tolerance rating for wildlife indicates the impacts a proposed fa-
cility(ies) and/or activity(ies) would have on the wildlife species
utilizing a habitat. The tolerance rating was assigned to the habitat
type (the unit with which the land manager works). The tolerance rat-
ings range from 1 (no significant effect on wildlife anticipated) to 5
(a significant detrimental effect on wildlife).

The following major considerations were used to develop the tolerance
ratings:

1. The nature, magnitude and trends in present and anticipated recre-
ational use of the Oregon Coast and N.R.A. A 5-percent average
annual rate of increase (probably a minimal estimate) in recrea-
tional use of the N.R.A. was anticipated during the next 10 years.

2. The acreage, shape, and location of habitat types.

3. The life histories and behavior of wildlife species utilizing the
habitats, especially endangered, rare and unique species. Toler-
ance ratings of 5 and 4 emphasize the need to (1) avoid the devel-
opment of recreational facilities in all or certain portions of
these habitats, (2) limit the type and magnitude of recreational
use these habitats-receive, and (3) develop sophisticated treat-
ments and procedur'es when it becomes absolutely necessary to de-
velop portions of-these habitat types (work closely with wildlife
biologist on a case-by-case basis).

F. Visual Tol(%rance Ratings, Column 5.

The tolerauce ratings for the visual resource indicates the antici-
pated impact of proposed facilities or activities on the character-
ist,ic' landscape. The entire N.R.A. is used as a base of reference.
The impacts the-proppsed-'-facility or activity would-have on the dominant
factors (form, line, texture, color and in some.cases, motion) we re
considered. The degree of visual harmony a facility or activity.has
with the dominant features of the characteristic landscape is rated on
a scale of 1 (generally compatible with the characteristic.landscape)
to 5 (starkly incongruous with the dominant features of the charac-
teristic landscape).

G. Some Alternatives or Treatments, Column 6:

Listed here, as a guide, are -some possible alternatives or treatments
that correspond to the limitations and considerations listed in Column 2.

H1. Possible Ne&ative Results, Column 7:

These are the expected negative results of the alternatives or treat-
ments listed in Column 6.. Where the 'results are unknown, a question
mark is used. In those cases where no particular negative re'sults
are expected, a dashed line is used.

MAPPING UNIT LEGEND

Map
Symbol Description

FD Foredune
HWS Hummuocks, Occ. Wet , Stabilized
HW Hummocks, Occ6. Wet
HA Hummocks . Dry
DG Deflation Plain; grasses, rushes and sedges
DGL Deflation Plain; low shrubs
DT Deflation Plain; tall shrub thicket
DST Deflation Plain; shorepine forest
TW Transverse Ridge, Occ. Wet
TDA Transverse Ridge, Dry
OA Oblique Ridge System
PA Pabola, Active
DS/TF Stabilized Dune Surface; transition forest
DS/TFO Stabilized Dune Surface; transition forest, old-growth
DS/TFC Stabilized Dune Surface; transition forest, clearcut, 2-12 years
DS/TFS Stabilized Dune Surface; transition forest, second-growth, 12-50 yrs.
DS/SFR Stabilized Dune Surface; shorepine forest of stabilized dunes
DSA/TF Stabilized Dune Surface;, Eroding; transition forest
DSA/TFS Stabiilized Dune Surface, Eroding; transition forest, second-growth
DSA/SFR Stabilized Dune Surface, Eroding; shorepine forest of stabilized dunes
PRS/TF Precipitation Ridge - Slip Face; transition forest
PRS/SFR Precipitation Ridge - Slip Face; shorepine forest of stabilized dunes
PRA Precipitation Ridge - Active Slip Face
PRX Precipitation Ridge - Active Slip Face, Threatening
SC Conditionally Stable Slip Face
RS Rolling, Partially Stabilized Dune Surface
FA Flood Plain, Active
FA/SM Flood Plain, Active; salt marsh - meadow
FS/SFR Flood Plain, Stabilized; shorepine forest of stabilized dunes
FS/TF Flood Plain, Stabilized.; transition forest
MSM Mountain Front; shoreline marsh
MMV Mountain Front: marshy valley fill
MDW Mountain Front; narrow drainageway
MSS/TF Mountain Front, Steep side slope; transition forest
MSS/TFO Mountain Front; Steep side slope; transition forest, old-growth
MSS/TFC Mountain Front, Steep side slope; transition forest, clearcut
MSS/TFS Mountain Front,, Steep side slope; transition forest, second-growth
NTL/TFS Mountain Front, Tableland; transition forest, second-growth
Marsh
L or Lake Lakes and Ponds
Beach
Named Rivers and stream courses
PLANT Plantations, with years since planted
Land-use boundary
Gradation boundary between plant communities
Approximate N.R.A. boundary
Mass movement, headwall escarpment

Foredune(FD)

Biologi-
Facility Physicol cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Toleranc( Some Alternatives or Treatments
Rating Levels
Biol. vi.

Road Con- a. "Unst able" - subj ect to wave erosion & log jams 5 a. Hiprep seaward side a. Potentialfor undercutting- visual
struction impact
b. Uneven and abrupt relief - requires cuts b. Fill depressions with ballast b. Erososion on adj. areas- visual impact
c. Opens beach to vehicle access c. Enforce reg. & construct barriers c. Neg.visual impact an admin. require.
d. Not compatible with char. landscape 5 6. None d.--
e. Excesive snowy plover* harassment (rare species 5 e. Locate perpendicular to beach e. Some harrasment will persist
in State) when located parallel to beach

Parking a. "Unstable" 5 a. Riprap seaward side a. Potential for undercutting persists
lots visual impact
b. Uneven and abrupt relief b. Fill depressions with ballast b. Erosion on adj areas
c. Inadequate size of area c. Landfill on inland side c. Increased runoff- neg visual impact
d. Increased airflow problem d. Plant larger species d.--
e. Not compatible with char. landscape 5 e. None e.--
f. Snowy plover harassment (rare species in State) 5 f. None f.--

Drain- a. Slope, relief & shape unsuitable 5 a. Provide vault or sew. collection a . Disp
fields system
b. Inadequate size of absorption area b. Landfill b. Neg.
c. Pollution hazard estuaries, ground water & 1 c. Sewage collection system c. Disp
wildlife

Camp a. Neg. visual impact. 5 5 a. None a.--
grounds b. Inhospitable recreat. environ.(wind & moisture) 4 b. Construct artificial windscreen b. Neg. visual impact
(24 hr. c. Inadequate size of area
occup.) d. Hazard of wave breaching c. Landfill c. Extended scouring action to adj land
d. Riprap d. Potential for unsafe cond. persists
e. Snowy plover* harassment (rare species in State) 5 e. None e.--

Human a. Inhospitable'environment (wind,& moisture) 5 3 a. None a.--
Occupancy b. Low carrying capacity, b. Provide reinforcement b. Neg. visual impact
(Day use) c. Snowy, plover* harassment (rare species in State 5 c. Identity & protect areas April- c. Reduction of recreat. land base
June$ I&E program
Vegetation sensitive to trampling, d. None d. --

Human a. Vegetation sensitive to trampling 4 a. Provide bridging or paving a. Slight change in visual
Occupancy b. Trail-rutting susceptible I b. b." " " "
Ped. C. Low carrying capacity C.
access d. Snowy plover* harassment (rare species in State) 3 d. Identify & protect areas Apr-June; d. Reduction of recreation base some
I&E harrassment will persist
*The snow plower does not use the foredune itself. It uses the driftwood tangle on the beach and the sand spits of the river and
are adjacent to the foredune. Any activity on the foredune would directly effect the snowy plover.

Foredune(FD)-

Blologi-
Ficility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alterna@ives or Treatment's Possibl., Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol. Vis,
Cross- a. Low carrying capacity 4 a. Provide bridging or pave a. Visual impact
country b. Tendency ,for trailing 2 b. of to b. Slight change in vislual
travel c. Trail-rutting susceptible C. it so C. 1. 11 11 11
(horses) d. Snowy plover harassment (rare species in State) 5 d. Identify & protect areas Apr.-June;, d. Reduction of recreation base; some
I&E program harassment will persist

Cross- a. Vegetation sensitive to wheel traffic 5 a. Bridging a. Negative visual impact
country b. Tendency for trailing - visual 4 b. Barrier b. Modification of visual character.
Travel c. Snowy plover harassment (rare species in State) 5 c. Identify & protect areas April-Junel C. Reduction of recreation base; some
(Vehicles) I&E program harassment will persist

Buildings a. "Unstable" due to wave erosion 5 a. Riprap a. Potential for undercutting persists;
(Contin. visual impact
founda- b. Sand deposition on lee side b. Maintenance b.
tion) c. Wind scouring on windward side c. Plantings C.
d. Not compatible with charact. landscape 5 d. None d.

Buildings a. Not compatible with char. landscape 5 4 a. None a.
(Pole b. "Unstable" due to wave erosion b. Riprap b. Potential for undercutting persists;
founda- visual impact
tion) c. Highest velocity wind exposure c. None C.

Powerline a. Not compatible with char. landscape 5 5 a. Buried pipe a.
Tower b. "Unstable" due to wave erosion b. Riprap b. Potential for undercutting persists;
Install. visual impact
c. Highest velocity wind exposure C. None C.
d. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat and harass- 5 d. None d.
ment if located parallel to beach, especially
snowy plover.

Buried a. "Unstable" due to wave erosion 5 1 a. Riprap a. Potential for undercutting persists
Pipeline b. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat and harass- 5 b. None b.
Install. ment if located parallel to beach, especially
snowy plover

Vegetative
Stabiliz
(dunegrasal

Hummocks, Occ. Wet, Stable (HWS)

Biologi-
F.-icility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Considerations and Limitations lity loleranct Some.Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
B 10 1 yls@
Road a. High water table (annual consid.) occ. flooding 2 a. Turnpike or seasonal restrictions a. Neg. visual impact
Construc- b. Increased turbulence & wind veloc.(effect on 5 b. Plantings on adj. areas; sand b.
tion vi'sitor) removal program
c. Margin .ally compatibl e w/char. landscape 3 c. Design to fit landscape C.
d. Alignment difficult to maintain w/o excess cuts 4 d.'Low-speed roads fit to landscape d. Safety hazard
e. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 5 e. LocAte perpendicular to beach, re- e. Some loss df habitat & harassment
,if parallel to beach. strict use Oct-May; I&E Program will occur
Parking a. Hig'h water table 2 a. Land fill a. Possible subsurface d .rainage impeden.
Lots b. Increased turbulence & wind veloc. 3 b. Plantings, on adj. acres, of wind b.
(effect on visitor) screen species
c4 Sand deposit-ion (onsite) c. Sand removal program C.
d. Marginally compat. with char. landscape 4 Id. None d.
e. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 4 e. Limit number of visitors; restrict e. Some habitat loss & harass.will occur
use Oct-May; I&E

Drain- a. High water table 4 a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitations
fields b. Ground water contamination hazard 1 b. b.
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries,& deflation-plain 5 C. C.

camp- a. High water table (seasonal consid.) 4 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
grounds b. Inhospitable environment (wind) 5 b. Construct artificial wind screens b. Neg. vis'ual impact
(24-hr. c. Veg. sensitive to trampling , c. Barriers - plant with stronger sper, C. -
Pccup.) d. Lose of habitat & harassment of wildlife 4 d. Limit number of visitors; restrict d. Reduction of recreation base; some
-use Oct-Mayj I&E harassment will persist

Human Oc- a. Veg. sensitiveto tramplin3 4 a. Barriers, fertilization & stronger a.
cupancy a pecies
(Day use) b. High wa.ter.table b. Land fill b. Slight visual impact
c. Inhospitable environment 4 C. ? C.
d. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 4 d. Limit number of visitors; restrict d. Reduct. of recreat. base; some harass
use Oct.-May - I&E ment will persist

Human,Oc- a. Veg. sensitive to trampling 3 a. Provide bridging or paving a. Slight visual impact
cupancy b. Trail rutting on steeper portions 2 b. 11 11 b. .1 11
(Pe.d. c. Wildlife harassment 2 c. I&E program c. Some harassment will persist
access)

Hummocks, Occ. Wet, Stable (HWS)

Biologi-
F.icilitv Physical cal & I
or Suit3bi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerancc Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Nt!63tive Results
Rating Levels
io I

Cross- a. Tendency for trailing 3 2 a. Provide bridging & paving a Slight visual impact
country b. Trail-rutting on steeper portions 3 5. b.
Travel c. Vegetation sensitive to trampling 3 C. C.
(horses) d. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 5 d. Restrict to trailsl I&E,* zone d. Some harassment will persist
activicy@

Cross- a. Trail-rutting on steeper portions 4 3 a. Provide bridging & paving a. Slight visual impact
country b. Veget. sensitive to wheel traffic 4 b. 11 11 b.
Travel c. Conflict in recreat. experience 4 c. Zone-specific areas C.
(vehicles J. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 5 d. Restrict to trdils;I&E;zone act,* d. Some harassment will persist

I
Buildings a .High water table 4 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
(Cont. b. Subject to high veloc. winds & turbulence 4 b. None b.
found.) c. Wind-scouring & deposition hazard c. Plantings C.

Buildings a. Subject to high veloc. winds & turbulence 3 4 a. None a.
(Pole
found.)

Powerline a. Not compatible with char. landscape 3 5 a. Buried pipe a. Temporary destruction of wildlife
Tower In- habitat
stall. b. Subject to salt water corrosion near estuaries b. Buried, corros.-resi.stant pipe b. ?
c .Subject to high-veloc. wind c. None C. -_
d. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 5 d. Locate perpendicular to beach;,re- d. Some loss of habitat & harassment
if parallel to-beach strict use of service road; I&E will occur

Buried a. Subject to salt water corrosion near estuaries 3 1 a.Corrosion-resistant pipe a.
Pipeline b. High water table b. Pumping 6, corros-resistant pipe b. Safety hazard
Install. c .Excessive loss of wildlife habitat &. harassment 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach-re- c. Some loss of habitat & harassment will
if parallel to beach strict use of service road; I&E occur

Vegetat.
Stabiliz.
(Dunegras%

*See wildlife overlays for critical habitat areas.

Hummocks, Occ. Wet (11W)

iologi-
F3ci.L itv Physical cal &
oil Suitabi- isual
Act i,) ity Considerations and Limitations lity oleranci Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating evels
Biol. Vis.
Road a. High water table (annual consid.), flooding 4 a. rurnpike or seasonal restrictions a. Sli,-ht visual impact
Construc- b. Wind-scouring to water table level (offsite) b. Plantings on adjacent area b. Modification of charac. landscape
tion C. Sand deposition c. Plantings on adjacent areas & sand c.
removal program
d. Alignment difficult to maintain without excess. 3 d. Low-speed roads; fit to landscape d. Safety hazard
Cuts
e. Increased wind velocities & turbulence (effect 3 e. Wind-screen plantings on adj. areas@ e.
on visitor)
f. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 5 f. Locate perpendicular to beach I&E' f. Some loss' of habitat & harassment
when located parallel to beach program will occur

Parking a. High water table (annual.consid.). flooding 4 3 a. Landfill a. Medium visual impact
Lots b. Increased wind velocities-& turbulence 3 b. Wind-screen plantings b. Change in characteristic landscape
(effect on visitor)
c. Wind-scouring hazard (offsite) c. Plantings on adjacent areas C.
d. Sand deposition (onsite) d. Sand removal program d.
e. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 3 e. Limit number of visitors; I&E e. Some habitat loss 6 harass.will occur

Drain- a. High water table 1 a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitation
fields b. Ground water contamination hazard b. b. 11
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries C.
d. "Quicksand" areas d. None d.
C,

Camp- a. High water table (annual consid.), flooding 5 3 a. Landfill a. Slight visual impact
grounds b. Veg. sensitive to trampling (on hummocks) b. Barriers; plant hardier species, b.
(24-hr. fertilize
occup.) c."Ouicksand" areas
d
,.hos c. Si gning; seasonal restrictions C.
. pitable environment (wind) 4 d. Construet artificial wind screens d. Slight visual impact
e. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 3 e. Limit number of visitors; I&K e. Some habitat loss & harassment
will occur

Huma 11 a .Veg. on hummocks sensitive to trampling 4 a. Barriers; plant hardier species, a
Occupancy fertilize
(day-use) b .High water table (annual consid.), flooding b. Landfill b'. Slight visual impact
C .Inhospitable environment (wind and water) 3 c. Construct artificial wind screens C.
d. "Quicksand". areas d, Signing; seasonal restrictions d.
e. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 3 e. Limit number of visitors; I&E e. Some habitat loss & harass.will occur

Human a. Quicksand areas 2 a. Signing; seasonal restrictions a.
Occupancy b. Veg. on hummocks sensitive to trampling 1 b. Barriers; plant hardier species, b.
(Ped. ' fertilize
access) c. High water table C. Bridging or seasonal restriction C.
I d. Harassment of wildlife d. I&E program d. Some harassment will persist
See wildlife overlays for critical habitat areas.

Hummocks, Occ. Wet (HW)

Biologi-
F3cility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Toleranct Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Ritinp: !,eve Is
,Biol. Vis
Cross- a. Seasonal high water table 2 1 a. Seasonal restriction a.
t;ountry b. "Quicksand" areas Signing-, seasonal restriction b. Maintenance
Travel c. Veg. on hummocks sensitive to trampling c. Barriers C. 1.
(h0 rae s) d. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 3 d. Restrict to trailsl I&E. Zone* d. Reduct. of rec. land base; some
activity harassment will persist

Cross- a. Seasonal high water table 2 2 a. Seasonal restriction a. --
country b. "Quicksand'' areas b. Signing; seasonal restriction b. Maintenance
Travel c. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 3 c. Restrict to.trails; I&E. Reduct.of rec. land base; some
(vehicles, Zone activity harassment will persist
Butldings a. High water table 5 a. Landfill a: Modification of charac. landscape
(Contin. b. Wind-scouring hazard & sand deposition 4 b. Plantings & sand removal program b
found.) 6. Subject to high velocity winds & turbulence c. None C.
d. Marginally compatible w/charac. landscape d. Design to fit landscape d.
Ul

Buildings a. Subject to high velocity winds & turbulence 4 a. None a.
(Pole b. Marginally compatible w/charac. landscape 3 b. Design to fit landscape b.
found.)
Puaerline a. High water table a. Buried pipeline a.
Tower b. Quicksand area 4 b. None b.
Install.) c. Not compatible w/charac. landscape 4 c. Buried pipeline C.
d. Excessive loss of wildiiie habitat & harassment 51 d. Locate perpendicular to beach; I&E d. Some loss of habitat & harassment
if parallel to beach will occur

Buried a. High water table 3 a. Pumping, corros. resist. pipe a. Safety hazard
Pipeline b. "Quicksand a rea s" I b. None or avoid b.
Install.) c. Excessive less of wildlife habitat harass- 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach; I&E c. Some loss of habitat & harassment
ment if parallel'to beach will occur

Vegeta. a. Lack of nutrients on hummocky portion 2 1 a. Fertilize a.
Stabiliz.,
(dunegras')

See Wildlife overlays for critical habitat areas.

Hummocks, Dry(HA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical Cal &
or Suitabi- Visual Some Alterations or Treatments Possible Negative Results
.Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance I a. Plantings on adjacent areas a. Reduction of open sand areas
Construc- b. Undulating relief; requires cuts ". Balanced cut & fill to fit landsc. b.--
tion c. Marginally compatible with characteristic I andsc 2 c. Design to fit landscape C.--
d. Occas. areas of high water table & flooding d. Fill; seasonal closure d. Reduced recreation oppoertunities

a. Sand deposition (onsite) e.' Sand removal program e. --
f. increased wind velocities & turbulence (effect 3 f. Windscreen plantings on adj. areas f. ?
on visitor)
a. Some loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 9. None g.--

Parking a. Increased wind veloc. (effect on visitors) 4 a. Plantings, on adj. areas of wind- a. Reduction of open sand areas
screen species
Lots
b. Sand deposition (onsite) b. Sand removal program b." " " "
c. Creates runoff area & wind-scouring(offsite) 3 C. P1antings on adjacent areas C." " "" ""
d. Marginally compatible with charac. landscape d. Design to fit landscape d." " " " "
e. Occasional area of high water table & flooding e. Land fill e.--
f. Loss of habitat &,harassment of wildlife 2 f. Limit number of visitors; I&E prog f. Some habit loss & harass. will occur

Drain- a. Wind-scouring hazard 5 1 a. Plantings a, Reduction of open sand areas
fields b. Ground water contamin. hazard-some locations I b. Fill 6'12' b. Visual impact

Camp- a. Veget. on hummocks sensitive to trampling 4 a. Plantings with fertilizer treatmenqj a. Reduction of open sand areas
grounds b. Harsh environment (wind) 4. b. Construct artificial windscreens b. Negative visual impact
(24-hr. c. wind-scouring hazard & sand deposition c. Plantings & sand removal program c. Reduction visual impact
occup. d. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 2 Limit number of visitors; I&E prog d. Some habit loss & harass. will occur
Human' a. Vegetation hummocks sensitive to trampling 3 a. Barriers, plantings a. Re duction of open sand areas
Occupancy b. Wind-scouring hazard & sand deposition b. Plantings & sand removal program b." " " "
(day use) c. Inhospitable environment (wind)
3 c. Construct artifical windscreen c. Negative visual impact
d. Low carrying capacity (whole area) d. Restrict numbers of visitors d. Administrative problem
e. Loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 2 e. Limit number of visitors I&E prog e. Some habitat loss & harrasment will
0ccur
Human a. Veget. on hummocks sensitive to trampling 2 a. Barriers, plantings a. Reduction of open sand areas
Occupncy b. Trall or path-rutting suscept. on steeper port. 2 b. Plantings b." " " "
(Ped.
c. Some harassment of wildlife I c. I&E program I C. Some harrassment will persist
access)

Hummocks, dry (HA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal & I
or Suitabi- Visual Some Alternatives, or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Activity Considerations and Limitations ity Tolerance
Rating
Biol Vis
Cross-. a. Low carrying capacity 2 a. Restrict numbers a. Administration problem
Country b. Tendency for trailing 2 b. Provide paved trails b.Negative visual impact
Travel c. Trail-rutting on steeper portion s 3 c. Plantings & barriers C.--
(horses) d. Some loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 2 d. Restrict to trails; I&E d. Reduct of rec. landbase; some
harassment will persist

Cross- a. Veget. on nummocks & grassy areas sensitive to 2 3 a. Barriers & paving a.
country wheel traffic
Travel b. Some loss of habitat & harassment of wildlife 2 b. Restrict to trails: I&E b.
(vehicles

buildings a. Wind-scouring hazard & sand deposition 5 a. Plantings a.Reduction of open sand area
(Cont.. b. Occas. area of high water table b. Land fill b. Visual impact
found.) r. Subject to high velocity wind & turbulence 4 c. None C. --
d. Marginally compatible with charac. landscape 3 d. Design to fit landscape d. --

Buildings a. Subject to high velocity winds turbulence 4 4 a. None a. --
(Pole b. Increase wind turbulence & scouring 3 b. Plantings b. Reduction of open sand areas
found. c. Marginally compatible with charac. landscape c. Design to fit landscape C. --

Powerline a. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 4 a. Buried pipeline a.--
Tower b. Subject to high velocity winds & turbulence b. None b.--
Install.) c. Wind-scouring hazard & high water table C. Plantings C.Reduction of open areas
d. Some loss of wildlife habitat harassment 2 d. None d.--

Buried a. Wind-scouring hazard 4 1 a. Plantings a.Reduction of open areas
Pipeline b.. Occas. wet area b. Pumping & corrosion-resist. pipe b.Safety hazard during construction
c. Clearing would accelerate deflation plain process c. Avoid destruction of hummocky C.--
portions
d. Some loss of wildlife habitat; harassment 2 d. None d.--
I
Vegetative a. Fertility moisture lacking 2 1 a. Fertility & plant adaptab. species a.--
Stabaliz.
(clune-
grass)

Deflation Plain, grasses rushes, sedges(DG)

Biologi-.
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results Rating Levels
biol. Vis

Road a. High water table(annul consId.). flooding 3 a. Turnpike, 'seasonal restriction a. Impede subsurface drainage vis. impact
Con- b. Interference with water movement (when located b. Construct on causeway b. Negative visual impact
struction perpendicular to beach)
c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat &, harassment 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach, C. Some habitat loss & harassment
If located parallel to beach I&E program' will occur
d. Not visually compatible 5 d. None d. --

Parking a. Highwater table (annual consid), flooding 4 a. Land fill a. qIm
Lots
b. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 b. None b.
c. Subsurface drainage restrictions c. Design through-1ow c. ?
d. Loss of wildlife habitat; harassment 5 d. None d. --

Drain- a. High water table (annual consid.) 5 a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitations
fields - b. Ground water contamination hazard I b. b." " "
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries & wildlife 5 C. C." " " "

Camp- a. High water table (annual consid.) flooding 5 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
ground b. Mosquito habitat 3 b. Biological control b.--
(24hr c. Loss of wildlife habitat c. None C.--
occup.) d. Inhospitable environment (wind) 4 d. Construct artifical windscreens d. Susceptible to wind damage: modifica-
tion of charac. landscape

Human a. High watertable, (annual consid.). flooding 4 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
Occupancy b. Mosquito habitat 3 b. Biological control b.--
(day use) c. Loss of wildlife habitat; harassment 5 c. None C.--
d. Modification of charac. landscape 3 d. Specialized design d.--

Human a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 3 2 a. Land fill or boardwalks a. Possible negative visual impact
Occupancy b. Wildlife harassment 4 b. Restrict use Oct-May-, I&E Program b. Reduction of recreat. base; some
(Ped. harassement will persist
access)

Deflation, grasses, rushes, sedges (DG)

Biologi-
Facility Physicalcal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Toleranca 'Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol. Vis

Cross- a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 3 a. Seasonal restriction a.--
count ry b. Wildlife harassment 4 2 b. Restrict use Oct-May; confine to b. Reduction of recreation base; some
harassement will persist
Travel estab. trails; I&E
(horses)

.Cross- a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 3 a. Seasonal restriction a.--
country b .Veg.' sensitive to to wheel traffic rutting 3 b. Confine to estab. improved trails b. Interference with water movement
Travel c. Wildlife harassment 4 c. Restrict use Oct-May,, confine to c. Reduction of recreationbase; some
harassmen will persist
(vehicles) estab. trails,- I&E

Buildings a. High water table (annual consid.) 5 a. Land fill I a. Impede subsurface drainage
(Cont. b. Subject-to high velocity winds b. None b.--
found.) c. Not visually compatible 5 c. None C.--
d. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 4 4d. None d.--

Buildings a. Subject to high velocity winds 4 a. None a.--
(Pole b. Not visually compatible 5 b. None b.--
found.). c. Loss of wildlife habitat -& harassment 4 c. None C.--

Powerline a. Not compatible with charac. landscape 3 5 a. Buried pipeline a.--
Tower b. High water table b. 11 1 b.--
Install. c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat if located 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach, con- c. Some loss of habitat & harassment
will occur
parallel beach; harassment struct July to Sept.; restrict
use of service road; &E

Buried a.
a. High water table 2 Pumring required - corros-resis. pipe
5 b. Locate perpendicular to beach: con b. S
Install. parallel to beach; harassment struct July-Sept., restrict use of
service road, I&E

Vegetative a. Undesirable plant composition 4 a. Plant with native or adapt. species. a.--
Stabaliz. b. Loss of shorebird & waterfowl habitat by speed- 5 b. Plant with grasses other than beachgr b.--
(Dunegrass Ing up plant succession

Deflation Plain, low shrubs([)G@)

Biologi-
.i'_1 --L I i ty Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Pesults
Rating Levels
Biol. Vis
Road a. High water table (annoal consid), flooding 3 a. Turnpike, seasonal restriction a. Impede subsurface drainage
Construc- b. Interference with water movement (when located b. Construct on causeway b. Negative visual impact
tion perpendicular to beach)
c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat & harass- 5 c. Locate perpendicul-ir to beach, I&E C. Habitat loss & harassment will occur
ment if located parallel to beach program
d. Not visually compatible 5 d. None d.

Parking a. High watertable (annual consid.), flooding 3 a. Land fill a. Impede subsurface drainabe
Lots b. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 b. None b.
c. Subsurface drainage restriction c. Design through-flow C. ?
d. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 4 d. None d.

Drain- a. High water table (annual consid.) 2 a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitations 41:-
fields b. Ground water contamination hazard b. b. CD
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries & wildlife C. C.

Camp- a. High water table (annual consid.), flooding 4 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
grounds b. Mosquito habitat b. Biological control b.
(24-hr. c. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 4 c. None C.
Occup.) d. Inhospitable environment (wind) 4 d. Construct windscreen d. Susceptibility to wind damage

I
Human a. High water table (annual consid.),flooding 3 3 a. Land fill a. Slight visual impact
Occup. b. Mosquito habit b. Biological control b.
(day use) c. Loss of wildlife habitat; harassment 4 c. None
C'

Human a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 2 2 a. Land fill or boardwalks Poss ible negative visual impact
b. Wildlife harassment 3 b. Restrict use certain areas Oct-t a: ction of recreation base; some
Occup. lay, b Redu
(ped. I&E program harassment will persist
access)

Deflation Plain, low shrubs(DGL)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Ratinig Levels
Biol..Vis.

Cross- a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 2 2 a. Seasonal restriction a.--
,count ry b. Wildlife harassment b. Restrict use of certain At. a5 t- b. Reduction of recreation base some
harassement will persist a
Travel may; confine use.to esti). trials
horses) I&E program

Cross- a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 3 a. Seasonal restrictions a.--
country b. Vegetation sensitive to wheel traffic-rutting 3 b.Confine to, established, improved b. Interference with water movement
Travel trails
(vehicles) c. Wildlife harassment 4 c. Restrict use of certain areas Ct- c. Reduction of recreation base.
May; confine to est. trails; harassment will persist

Buildings a. High water table (annual consid.) 5 c. Land fill a. Impede subsurface drainage
(Cont. b. Subject to high velocity winds h. None b.--
found. ) c. Not visually compatible 5 c. None C.--
d. Loss of wildlife habitat 4 . None d.--

Buildings a. Subject to high velocity winds 4 a. None a.--
(Pole b. Not visually compatible 5 b. None b.--
found.) c. Loss of wildlife habitat c. None C.--

Powerline a. Not compatible with carac. landscape 3 5 a. Buried pipeline a.--
Tower b. High water table b. b.--
Install. c. Excessive loss of-wildlife habitat if located c. Locate perpendicular to beach C.Some loss of habitat & harassment
will occur
parallel to beach; harassment construct July-Sept; restrict use
of service road; I&E

Buried a. High water table 2 2 a. Pumping required corros.-resis.pipe a. Safety hazzard during construction
Pipeline b. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat if located 5 b. Locate perpendicular to beach; con- b. Some loss of habitat & harassment
will occur
Install. parallel to beach; harassment struct Jul-Sept.; restrict use of
service road-, I&E

Vegetat. a. Undesirable plant composition 4 3 a. Plant with native or adapt. species a.--
Stabiliz. b Accelerate loss of shore-bird-waterfowl habitat 5 b. Plant with grasses other than beach b.--
(dunegrass by speeding up plant succession

Deflation Plain, tall shrub thicket(DT)

Facility Biologi-
Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Toleranc( Some Alternatives or Treatments Possib.le Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol. Vi'F'
Road a. High water table (annual consid.), flooding 3 a. Turnpike, seasonal restriction a. Interference with subsurface drainage
Construc- b. Interference with water movement (when located b. Construct on causeway b. Slight visual impact
tion perpendiculAr to beach)
c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach-, c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
If located parallel to beach IF-E Program occur
d. Questionable visual compatibility 3 d. Sensitive location & design d. --
I I
Parking a. High water table (annual consid.), flooding 3 a. Land fill a. Impede subsurface drainage
Lots b. Marginally compatible with charac. landscape 3 b. Design & locate to fit vegetation b. --
c. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassmnt 3 c. Limit number of visitors;I&E prog. c. Reduction of recreation base-, some
harassment will persist
d. Interference with subsurface drainage d. Design through-flow d. ?

Drain- a. High water table (annual consid.) 5 a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitations
fields b. Ground water contamination hazard 5 3 b. b.
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries 5 C. C.
4@*

Camp- a. High water table (annua *I consid) flooding 3 a. Land fill a.
grounds b. Pine pitch moth infestation susceptibility b. Individual tree treatment b. Aesthetic loss
(24-hr c. Western gall rust susceptibility c. Tree removal or treatment C.
occup.) d. Marginal recreat. envir. opportun Iity for wildlif3 3 d. Trails required d.
viewing
e. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 3 e. Limit numbers of visitors; I&E prog, e. Some habitat loss & harassment will
occur
I I

Human a. High water table 3 3 a. Land fill a.
Occupanc) b. Mosquito habitat b. Biological control b.
(day use) c. Pine pitch moth & western gall rust & suscept. c. Tree removal or treatment c. Aesthetic loss
d. Loss of wildlife habitat & harassment 3 d. None - I&E program d. Some harassment will persist
e. Opportunity for wildlife viewing e. Trails required e.

Human a. High water table (seasonal consid.) 2 2 a. Land fill a.
Occup. b. Wildlife harassment 2 b. I&E Program b. Some harassment will persist
(ped. c. Opportunity for wildlife viewing c. Trails, required C.
access)

Deflation Plain, tall shrub thcket(DT)

Bologi-
facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations 1ity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
Bic, IIV
Cross. a. High water table (seasocal consid.) 2 a. Land fill a.--
country b. Tendency to trail 2 b. Reinforce trails b. Slight visual Impact
Travel c. Wildlife harassment .2 c. I&E Program c. Some harassment will persist
(horses)

C ross- a.. High water table (annual consid.) a. Land fill a.--
country b. Tendency to trail, 4 b. Restrict or confine to reinforced b. Slight visual Impact
Travel trail
(vehicles, c. Wildlife harassment 2 c. I&E Program c. Some harassment will persist

buildings a. High water table (annual consid.) 4 a. Land fill a.--
(Cont. b. Subject to wind turbulence b. Utilize natural windscreening b. Slight visual impact
found.) c. marginally compatible 3 c. Design & locate to fit vegetation c. Custom design required for each
building complex

Buildings a. Subject to wind turbulence 2 a. Utilize natural windscreening a.--
(Pole b. Marginally compatible 2 b. Design & locate to fit vegetation b. Custom design each blg. complex
found.)

Powerline a. High water table 2 a. Buried pipeline a.Slight visual impact
Tower b. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 b. It b. --
Install. c.Excessive loss of wildlife habitat if parallel 5 c. Locate perpendicuar to beach I&E c. Some habitat loss: harassment will
to beach; harassment occur

Buried a. High water table 2 a. Pumping required ,corros-resis.pipe a. Safe hazard during construction
Pipeline b. Clearing required 4 b. b. --
Install. c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat if parallel c. Locate perpendicular to beach; I&E c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
to beach occur

Vegeta. a. Undesirable plant composition 4 a. Plant with native or adapt. specie
Stabl.
(dunegrass)

Deflation Plain, shorepine forest (DST

Facility Physicall Cal &
or Suitabi- Vistual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating levels
Biol. Vis

Road a. High water table (annal consid.) flooding 3 a. Turnpike; seasonal restriction a. Impede subsurface drainage: not com
Construc- patible with chaerac. landscape
tion F. Interference with water movement (when located b. Construct on causeway b. Slightly negative visual Impact
perpendicular to beach) 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach; re- c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat, especially tain snags; I&E Program occur
snags, if located parallel to beach, harass-
ment
d. Modification of characteristic landscape 3 d. Alignment d. Cost construction problems

Parking a. High water table (annual consid), flooding a. Land fill a. Visual impact
Lots b. Alteration of characteristic landscape 4 b. -- b. --
c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags; 4 c. Retain snags limit number of park- c. Reduction of recreation base some
harassment ing lots; I&E Program harassment will persist

Drain- a. High water table (annual consid.) a. Sewage collection system a. Disposal site limitations
fields b. Ground water contamination hazard b. " " " b." " "
c. Pollution hazard to estuaries 5 C. " " " C ." " " "
d, Noncompatible with charac. landscape 4 d. None d." " " "

Camp- a. High water table, flooding 3 3 a. Land fill a. Impede subsurface drainage visual
impact
grounds
24 hr. b. Mosquito habitat b. Biological control b. --
occup.) c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags; 4 c. Retain snags; limit number of c. Reduction of recreation base: some
harassment campgrounds, I&E harassment will persist

Human a. High water table, flooding 3 a. Land fill a. Impede subsurface drainage visual
Occupancy
(day use) b. Inhospitable envirornent 3 b. None b. --
c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags; 4 C. Retain snags-, limit number of c. Reduciton of recreation base: some
harassment facilities; I&E harassment will persist

Human a. High water table, flooding (seasonal consid.) 2 a. Land fill or turnpike trails a. Poss. subsurface drainage interference
Occupancy visual impact
(ped. b. Impenetrable vegetation 2 b. Paths & trails required with reinf, b. Negative visual impact
access C. Possibility for nature trail development C. -- C. -- d. Wildlife harassment d. I&E Program d. Sqi

d. Some harassmentr will persist

Deflation Plain. shorepine forest (DST)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or suit3bi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations Rating Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating levels
Biol. Vis-
Cross- a. High water table (seasonal consid.) 2 a. Landfill or turnpike trails a. Possible subsurface drainage imped.;
count visual impact
Travel b Vegetation is a natural barrier 2 b. Provide reinforced trai1s b. --
2 c.I&E Program c. Some harassment will persist
(horses) c. Wildlife harassment

Cross- a. Vegetation is a natural barrier a. Trails required with reinforcement a. Negative visual impact
count ry b. Water table (annual consid.) b. Turnpike b. Possible subsurface drainage impendence
Travel c. Visual impacts from trailing C.
C.--
(vehicles; d. Wildlife harassment 2 d, I&E Program d. Some harassment will persist

Building a. High water table (annual consid.) 4 a. Land fill a. Visual impact
(Contn. b. Slight visual impact 2 b. Custom design,careful placement b.--
found.)

Buildings a. Slight visual impact 2 2 a. Custom design, careful placement a.
(pole
found.)

Powerline a. Not compatible with charac. landscape 2 5 a. Buried pipe a. Slight visual impact
Tower b. High water table b. " " " " b.--
Install. c. Quantity of clearing required c., Fit to landscape C.--
d. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat, especially 5 d. Locate perpendicular to beach; re- d. Some habitat loss & harassment
snags, if located parallel to beach; harassment tain 5nags-, I&E will occur

Buried a. High water table 2 a. Pumping required; corros.-res.pipe a. Safety hazard during construction
Pipeline b. Quantity of clearing required 4 b. Fit to landscape b. Increased construction cost
Install c. Excessive loss of wildlife habitat when located 5 c. Locate perpendicular to beach; re- c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
occur
.parallel to beach, especially snags tain snags; I&E

Vegeta a. Undesirable plant composition 4 3 4 a. Plant with natives or adapt. a.
tive species
Stabiliz.
(dunegrass)

Transverse Dunes, Dry (TDA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating.,Levels

Cross-
Country
Travel
(Horses)

Cross-
Country
Travel
(Vehicles)

Buildings a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
(Contin. b. Creates wind turbulence (scouring & deposition) b. Plantings sand removal program b. Reduction of open sand area
founda- c. Not compatible w/char. landscape- 5 c. None C. -
tion)
I

Buildings a. Actively eroding landscape 4 a. Planting a. Reduciton of open sand area
(Pole b. Creates wind turbulence (scouring) b. " b. "
Founda- c. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 c . None C. -
tion)

Powerline a. Wind excavation 5 a . Plantings a-- Reduction of open sand area
Tower I
b. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 b. Buried pipelines b.-
Installa-
tio

Buried a. Wind excavation 2 1 a. Plantings place below water a. Reduction of open sand areas
Pipeline table level
Instlla
tion

Vegetative a. Lack of moisture & fert. 3 a. Fert. & possibly irrigation a.--
Stablize. b. Loss of open sand area b. None b.--
5 C. I & E Program c. Loss of open sand
(Dunegrass) c. Not compatible w/char. landscape

Transverse Dunes, Dry (TDA)

Biologi-
F.icility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
.\Ctivity Considerations and Limitations lity Toleranc( Some Alternatives or Treatments. Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol. Vi-
Road Con- a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Planting a. Reduction of open sand area
struction b. Wind scouring hazard (offsite) b. 11 b.
c. Increased surface runoffq ditcheros. (off-site) C. Planting, and lined ditch C.
d, Sand deposition (on-site) d. Sand removal progress d.
e. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 e. None e.

Parking a. sand deposition (on site) 5 a. Sand removal progress a.
lots b. Actively eroding landscape b. Planting b. Reduction of open sand area
c. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 c. None C.
d. Increase in wind velocity and sand blasting d. Plantings and artif. wind screen d. Neg. visual impact
(effect on visitor)

Drain- a. Wind excavation hazard 5 1 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
fields b. Excessive slopes in some areas b. Sew. Collection system b. Disposal site limitation'

Camp- a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand azea
grounds b., Inhospitable environ. (wind & sand blasting) 5 b. Construct artif. wind screens b. Neg. visual impact
(24-hr. c. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 c. None C.
occup.) d. Sand deposition (on-site)

Human a. Actively eroding landscape 4 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
Occupan 'cy h. Inhospitable environ. (wind & sand blasting) 4 b. Construct artif. wind screens b. Neg'. visual impact
(day_use) c. Not compatible w/char. landscape, 5 c. None C.

Human
Occupancy
(Fed.
access)

No biological tolerance levels were deemed necessary for these geomorphic units. Their wildlife value can only be meaningful when studied with
neighboring geomorphic units.

Oblique Ridge System (OA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal. &
or Suitabi- Visual:
Activity Considerations and Limitations 'lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treitmetits 12 os1 .1 '@cgorivr- R ults
Rating Levels
Biol. Vis

Road Con- a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
struction b. Wind scouring hazard (off-site) b. Plantings b. Reduction of open sand area
c. Increased surface run off, ditch eros. (off- c. Plantings & ditch lining c. Reduction of open sand area
site)
d. Sand deposition (on-site) d. Sand removal program d. Reduction of open sand area
e. Steep slopes, requires ext. cuts, activ. e. Plantings & retaining walls e. Reduction of open sand area; visual
failures impact

f. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 f. None

Parking a. Wind scouring hazard (off-site) 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
lots b. Steep slopes, requires extensive excavation b. Plantings b. Reduction of open sand area
c. Increased surface run-off (off-site) c. Plantings and dispersal system c. Reduction of open sand area
d. Sand deposit in (on-site) d. Sand removal d.
e. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 C. None e.

Drain- a. Wind excavation 5 1 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
fields b. Excessive slope in most locations b. Sew. collection system b. Disposal site limitation

Camp- a. Wind scouring hazard (off-site) 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
grounds b. Sand deposition (on-site) b. Sand removal program b. --
(24-hr. c. Inhosp. enviroT--nt (wind & sandblasting) c. Construct artif. wind screens C. Neg. visual impact
occup.) d. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 d. None d. --

Human a. Windscouring hazard (off-site) 5 1 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
Occupancy b. Inhosp. errvirn. (wind & sandblasting) b. Construct artif. wind screens b. Neg. visual impact
(day-use) c. Sand deposition (on-site) c. Sand removal program C.
d. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 d. None d.

Humn
Occupancy
(Ped.
access)
*,No biological tolerance levels were deemed necessary for these geomorphic *nits. Their wildlife value can only be meaningful when studied with
neighboring geomorphic units

Oblique Ridge System (OA)

Biologi-
i cy Physical cal &
ZO:7 Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Toll er inci! Somp. Alternatives at Trc.%'.rr.,2ntF Possible R, ,ulLs
Ra t in)?, Level E7

Cros's
Country
Travel
(Horses)

Cross-
Country
Travel
(Vehicles)

Buildings a. Wind excavation 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
(Contin. b. Sand deposition & scouring b. Plantings b. Reduction of open sand area
founds- c. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 C. None C.
tion)

Buildings a.' Wind excavation 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
(Pole b. Not compat. w/char landscape 5 b. None b.
Founds-
tion)

Powerline a. Wind excavation 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
Tower b. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 b. None b. --
Installs-
tion

Buried a. Wind excavation 4 1 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
Pipeline b. Steep slopes - machinery limitation b. Limit mach. size b.
Installs-
tiolt

Vegetative a. Los s of open sand area 2 a. None a.
Stabiliza. b. Lack of moisture & fert. b. Fert. & possibly irrig. b. Modification of charac. landscape
5 c. I & E Program c. Loss of open sand area
(Duniegrass) c. Not compatible w/char. landscape

Parabola, active (Pk)

Biologi-
F.3cility Physical cal &
1: Suitabi- Visual
Activity 'Conniderstions and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Rc_jults
Ratinje Levels
[Vis
Road Con- a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
struction b. Slope & relief often excessive requiring ext. b. Plantings b. @I " " . n
C. Wind scouring hazard (off-site) cuts c. Plantings C. of
d. Sand deposition (on-site) d. Plantings d. 1.
to
e. Increased surface runoff, ditch eros. (offaite) e. Plantings ditch lining e.
f. Not compatible w/chan. landscape 5 f. None f. slight visual impact

Parking a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
lots b. Slope & relief often excessive, require. ext. b. b.
excavator
c. Increased surface run-off (off-site) c. Plantings & Dispersal system C.
d. Sand deposition (on-site) d. Plantings d.
e. Wind scouring hazard (off-site) e. e. U1
f. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 f.' None f. CD

Drain- a. Wind excavation hazard 5 1 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
fields b. Slope & relief excession, most locations b. Sew. collection system b. Disposal site limitation

Camp- a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
grounds b. Slope & relief excessive,.most locations b. Locate on more than 107 slopes b.' Decrease in density, inc. in cost
(24-hr. c. Harsh site (wind & sand blasting) c. Construct artificial wind screen c. Slight Neg. visual impact
occup.) d. Veg. on fringe sensitive to trampling d. Barriers & plantings I d. Interference w/natural process
e. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 e. None e. --

Human a. Actively eroding landscape 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand area
Occupancy b. Slope & relief excessive, most locations b. Locate on 107 slope b. Decrease in density, inc. in cost
(day-use) c. Harsh site (wind & sand blasting) c. Construct artif. wind screen I C. Slight neg. visual impact
d. Veg. on fringe sensitive to trampling d. Barriers & plantings d. Interference v/natural process
e. Not compatible w/char. landscape 5 e. None e. --

Human a. Veg. on fringe sensitive to trampling 1 a. Barriers plantings a. Interference w/natural process;
Occupancy slight visual impact
(Ped. T
access)

*No biological tolerance levels were deemed necessary for these gemorphic units. Their wildlife value can only be meaningful when studied with
neighboring geomorphic units.

Parabola, active (PA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual Some Alternatives and Treatments Possible Negative Results
Activity Consideration and Limitations lity Tolerance
Rating, levels
Biol. Vis
Cross- a. Vag. on fringe sensitive to trampling I I a. Signing or barriers a. Slight visual impact
country
Travel
(horses)
Cross- a. Vag. on fringe sensitive to trampling I a. Signing or barriers a. Slight visual impact
country
Travel
(vehicles)
Buildings a. Actively eroding landscap 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand areas
(Contn. b. Subject to high velocity winds (venturl affect) b. None b.--
found.) c. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 c. None

Buildings a. Subject to high velocity winds 5 a. None a.--
(Pole b. Actively eroding landscape b. Plantings b. Reduction of open sand areas
found.) c. Not compatible with charac. landscape 4 c. None C. --

Power I e a. Actively eroding landscape (wind excavation) 5 a. Plantings a. Reduction of open sand areas
Tower b. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 b .None b. - -
Install. c. Burial of powerlines c .Plantings

Burled a .Actively eroding landscape (wind excavation) 5 1 a .Plantings a .Reduction
Pipeline
Install
(Dune a .Molsture-limiting 3 a. irrigate, possibly a. --
Stabil. b. Undesirable plant composition b .Plant with natives or adapt. species
b. Modification of charac. landscape
(Dune- c. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 c .I&E Program c. Loss of open sand
grass)

(DS)
Stabilized dune surface, transition forest (TF)

Biologi-
F acility Physical cal &I
Suitabi- Visual
or lity olerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Considerations and Limitations Rating Levels
Activity
Road a. Slope & relief require extensive cuts (some 2 a. Design to fit landscape a.--
Construc- areas) I
tion b. Creates surface runoff, ditch erosion b. Line ditches; keep below 6% grad. b.--
c. Airflow velocities increase when Ioccated paral- c. Vary alignment c. Safety hazard
lei to prevailing winds
d. High water tables in some areas d. Turnpike d. Visual impact
e.: Loss of wildlife habitat-, especially snags 4 e. Limit number of visitors;retain e. Reduction of recreation base
snags
Parking a. Size limitation due to slope & relief in some 2 4 a. Specialized design a. Decrease parking stlls increase in
Lots areas (> 15%) land base loss
b. High water table in some areas b. Turnpike or land fill b. Visual impact
c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags 4 c. None C.--

Drain- a., Slope & relief variable,often excessive (7%) 3 1 a. Ot her collection system a.Increased D&H costs
feilds b. High water table in some areas b. Sewage collection system b. Disposal site limits
c. Visual 'impact from clearing 4 c. Limited clearing. c. Decreased effiency
I
Camp- a. Area size limitations due to slope & relief, 2 a. Locate on more than 10% gradients a. Decrease in density of units increas
grounds some areas
(24-hr. b. High water table in some areas b. Land fill b .Visual impact
occup.) c. Moderate visual impacts 3 c. Careful design C. --
d . Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags 4 d. None d.--

Human a. -Areal size limitations due to slope & relief, 2 a. Locate on more than 10% gradients a .Decrease in density of units, increase
Occupancy some areas in cost
(Day use) b . Vegetation dense & impenetrable b. Provide clearings b. Visual impact
c. Trails required c Provide reinforced paths c. Visual impact
d. Moderate visual impact 3 d. Careful design d.--
e. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags 4 e. None e .--

Human a. Vegetation Is natural barrier 2 2 a. Provide reinforced paths a. Source of surface runoff; visual impact
Occupancy b . Wildlifearassment 2 b. I&E Program b. Some harassment will persist
(Ped.
access)

Stabilized dune surface, transition forest DS
TF

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Level
Biol. Via
Cross- a. Vegetation Is a natural barrier 2 2 a. Provide reinforced trails a. Source of runoff; slight visual impact
country b. Wildlife harassment 3 b. I&E Program b. Some harassment will presist
Travel
(horses)
Vegetation is a natural barrier 5 4 a. Provide reinforced & drained running a. Source of runoff; visual impact
Cross- surface (see Road Construction)
country
travel b. Conflict in recreational experience 3 b. None b. --
Vehicles) c. Wildlife harassment c. I&E Program c. Some harassment will persist

Buildings a. Slope & relief variable & steep (>15%) some areas 1 a. Custom planning a. 7
(Contin. b. High water table in some areas b. Land fill b. Visual impact
found) c. Visual impact 3 c. Custom design c. --

Buildings a. Visual impact 2 a. Custom design a. --
(Pole
found.)

Powerline a. Quantity of clearing required 3 5 a. Design to fit landscape a. Loss of aesthetic values
Tower b. Occasional area of high water table b. Buried pipe b. Visual impact
Install. c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags; 4 c. Locate perpendicular to stand; c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
harassment restrict use of service road; I&E occur

Buried a. Quantity of clearing required 3 3 a. Design to fit landscape a. Loss of aesthetic values
Pipeline b. Occasional area of high water table b. Corros-resist. pipe; pumping req, b. Safety hazard during construction
Install. c. Loss of wildlife habitat, especially snags, 4 c. Locate perpendicular to stand; re- c. Some habitat loss & harassment will
harassment strict use of service road; I&E occur

Vegeta. a. Undesirable plant composition 4 3 4 a. Plant with natives or adapt species a. --
Stabiliz. b. Shading & plant composition b. -- b. --
(Dunegrass)

Rolling, partially stabilized dune surface (RS)

Biologi-
r.lcility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity I rolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments POisible Nee_aLive Re gilts
Ratinp @,evel s
Biol

Road a. Some areas of high water -table 2 a. Turnpike a Visual impacts
Conistruc- b. Rolling, with considerable relief b. Design to fit landscape b
tion c. Some snag areas critical habitat for cavity 4 c. Identify and protect specific areasi c. Reduction of recreation base
nesters
d. Visual Impacts 3 d. Design to fit landscape d.

Parking a. Some areas of high water table 2 a. Land fill a. Visual impact
Lots b. Rolling, variable relief b. Major excavations b. Resource losN visual impact
c. Some snag areas - critical habitat for cavity 4 c. Identify and protect specific areas c. Reduction of recreation base
nesters
d. Visual impact 4 d. Design to fit landscape d. Limited parking volume
I

U1
Drain- a. Onsite invest. needed (high water table, slopes) 3 a. a. --
fields b. Some snag areas - critical habitat for cavity 4 b. Identify & protect specific areas b. Reduction of recreation base
nesters
C. Visual impact from clearing 4 c, Limited clearing c. Limit efficiency

Camp- a. Veg. sensitive to trampling 4 4 2 a. Reinforce pathways; barriers a. Admin. & enforcement; visual impact
grounds b. Gall rust susceptibility b. See I&DC for treatments b -_
(24-hr. c, Some areas of high water table c. Land fill c. Visual impact
occup.) d. Surface area lacking d. Specialized design d. Decrease in density; increase in cost
e. Some snag areas-critical habitat for cavity nest. 4 e. Identify & protect specific areas e. Reduction of recreation base

Human a. Veg. sensitive.to trampling 3 4 2 a. Reinforce pathways, barriers a. Admin. & enforcement; visual impact
Occupanc) b. Gall rust susceptibility b, See 111C for treatments b.
(Day use) c. Some areas of high water table c. Land fill C. Visual impacts
d. Some sn.ag areas-critical habitat for cavity nest. 4 d. Identify & protect specific areas d. Reduction of recreation base

Human a. Veg. sensitive to trampling 2 2 1 a. Reinforce pathways, barriers a. Admin. enforcement; slight vis.impact
Occupancy b. Wildlife harassment 2 b. I&E Program b.
(Ped.
access)

Rolling, partially stabilized dune surface (RS)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations, and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol. Vis
Cross- a. Veg. sensitive to trampling 3 5 2 a. Reinforce pathways, barriers a. Admin. & enforcement; slight vis, impact
country b. Wildlife harassment 3 b. I&E Program b. --
Travel
(horses)

Cross- a. Vag. sensitive to wheel traffic 4 5 4 a. Provide reinforced & drained running a. Source of runoff (some areas; visual
country surface (See Road Construction) impact
Travel b. Wildlife harassment 4 b. I&E Program b. --
(vehicles)

Buildings a. Some areas of high water table 2 a. Land fill a. Destruction of snag areas; critical
(Contin. habitat; visual impact
found.) b. Some snag areas - critical habitat for cavity 2 b. Identify & protect specific areas b. Reduction of recreation base
nesters
c. Visual Impact 3 c. Custom design c. --

Buildings a. Some snag areas - critical habitat for cavity 1 2 a. Identify & protect specific areas a. Reducction of recreation base
(Pole nesters
found.) b. Visual Impact 3 b. Custom design b. --

Powerline a. Clearin swath required 4 4 a. Design to fit landscape a. Destruction of snag areas--crit. habitat
Tower b. Marginally compatible with charac. landscape b. None b. --
Install. c. Some snag areas--critical habitat for cavity 4 c. Identify & protect specific areas C. --
nesters
Buried a. Clearing swath required 3 4 a. Design to fit landscape a. --
b. Loss of sensitive & pioneering plant cover
Pipeline b. None b. --
Install. c. Some snag areas--critical habitat for cavity 4 c. Identify & protect critical areas c. --
nesters

Vegetative a. Undesirable plant community 3 3 4 a. Restore with natives or adapt. species, a. --
Stabiliz.
(Dunegrass)

Flood plain Active (FA)

Biologi-
Facility Physical cal &
or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results
Rating Levels
Biol Vis

Road a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat& harassment 5 5 a. None; I&E program a.--
Construc- b. Flooding& water erosion hazard b. Binwalls, gabions & riprap b. Loss of critical wildlife habitat:
tion visual impact
c .Water table (poor bearing strength) 5 c. Ballast & land fi11 c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
visual impact
d. Modification of charac. landscape d. None d.--

Parking a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat & harassment 5 5 a. Nonei I&E Program a.--
Lots b. Flooding F. water erosion hazard b. Binwalls, gabion& riprap b. Loss of critical wildlife habitat:
visual impact
c. Water table (poor bearing strength) c. Ballast & land fill c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
visula impact
d. Modification of charac. landscape 5 d. None d. --

Drain- a. Estuary pollution hazard (high water table) 5 5 a. Sewage collection system a. Limited disposal sites
fields b. Critical wildlife habitat, destruction I b . " " " b." " "
c. Subject to water erosion C. " " " C." " "

Compounds a .Flooding & water erosion hazard 5 a. Binwalls, gabion, riprap a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
(24-hr. b. Water table b. Land fill b. " " " "
occupancy visual impact
c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat & harassment 5 c. None, I&E Program C.--
d. Modification of charac. landscape 5 d. None d.--
Human Oc- a. Flooding & water erosion hazard a. Binwalls, gabions, riprap a . Loss of critical wildlife habitat
cupancy b. Water table b. Land fill b." " " "

(day use) visual impact
c-Loss of critical wildlife habitat & harassment c. None-, I&E Program C.--
d. Modification of charac. landscape 5 d. None d.--

Human a. Subject to flooding (seasonal limitations) I I a. Seasonal restriction (natural) a.--
Occupancy b. Low carrying capacity b. Signing & regulation b. Admin. & enforcement
(ped. c. Critical wildlife habitat, harassment 3 c. Restrict access-, I&E c. Reduct of rec. land base some harass
access) ment will persist

Flood Plainactive (FA)

Biologi-
Physical cal &
Or Suitabi- Visual
Activity Considerations and Limitations lity Tolerance Some Alternatives or Treatments Possible Negative Results Rating levels
Biol. Vis
Cross- a. Subject to flooding (season*) limitation) I a. Seasonal restriction (natural) a.--
country b. Critical wildlife habitat, harassment 5 b. Restrict access; I&E Program b. Reducing of rec land base some ,
Travel harassment will persist
(horses)

Cross- a. Subject to flooding (seasonal limitation) I a. Seasonal restriction (natural) a.--
country b. Critical wildlife habitat, harassment 5 1 b. Restrict 'access; I&E Program b. Reduct. of red land base some
Travel harassment will persist
(vehicles

Buildings a. Flooding & water erosion hazard 5 a. Binwalls, gabions, riprap a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
(Contn. b. Water table b. Land fill b." " "
found.) impact
c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat 5 c. None C.--
d. Modification of charac. landscape 5 d. None d.--

Buildings a. Flooding & water erosion hazard 5 a. Binwalls, gabions, riprap a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
b. Water table b. Land fill b." " "
(Pole
found.) impact
c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat 5 c. None C.--
d. Modification of charact. landscape 5 d. None d.--

Powerline a. Flooding & water erosion hazard a. Binwalls. gabions, riprap a. Loss of critical wildlife habitat
Tower b. Water table b. Lane fill b." " "
Install impact
c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat c. None C.--
d. Not compatible with charac. landscape 5 d. None d.--

Buried a. Flooding & water erosion hazard 5 1 a. Binwalls,.gabions, riprap a. Loss of
Pipeline b. Water table b. Land fill b.
Install visual impact
c. Loss of critical wildlife habitat c. None C.--

Vegea. a. Flooding & water erosion hazard 5 a. None a.--
Stabilz b. Loss of critical wildlife habitat b. None b.--
-

MAJOR IMPACTS IN MANAGEMENT*

Urban Development Recreation
Mapping Units Wildlife General Density Undeveloped Deve
Symbol Name Habitat Mining Grazing Agriculture Logging Low Med. High Pedestrian ORV Equestrian

8 Beach 3 2A - 0 0 0 3 3 3

DC Dune complex of OS, 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
OSC, DS, and W

DS Younger stabilized dunes 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 3

FD Recently stab ilized 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1
foredunes

FDA Active foredune 3 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

H Active dune hummocks 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3

O0S Older stabilized dunes 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3

Os Open dune sand 1 3 - - - 0 0 0 3 3 3

0SC Open dune sand condi- 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
tionally stable -

W Wet interdune 3 1 1 1 1 1A 0 0 2C 0 1

WDP Wet deflation plain 3 0 1 3B - IA 0 0 ZC O 1

IFD Inland foredune 3 0 2 1 1. 2 0 0 3 1 1
OFD Old er foredune 3 0 2 3A 3A 3 2 3 2 3

*From U.S.D..A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCDC, 1975
-Not applicable
0 No tolerance.
1Toleracne level low
2Tolerance level medium
3Tolerance level high
A Site Specific
B Specialty Crop
C Seasonal

MAJOR IMPACTS IN MANAGEMENT (continued)

Debri s Vegetative Stabilization
Filling Road Vegetative Fire Deep Stream Ocean Removal Enhancement
Mapping Units Construction Removal Hazard. Excavation Undercutting Undercutting (driftwood) (Chance of successO
-Sy--b-ol Name
Beach 0 0 1A 3k 3A
DC Dune com plex of OS, - 0 0 1 1 0 0 2
OSC, DS, and W
2 2A 2 1 1 1 3
DS Younger stabilized dunes
FD Recently stabilized 1A 0 1 0 0 0 3
foredunes
0 0 1 0 0 0 1
FDA Active foredune
1 0 2 0 0 0
H Active dune hummocks I
nes 2 3 2A 2 2 2 2 3
DOS Older stabilized du
0 - 3 0 0 1-2
05 Open dune sand
0 0 1 1 0 0 3
OSC Open dune sand condi-
tionally stable
0 1A 2 2 0 0 3
W Wet interdune I
0 1A 2 2 0 0 - 2A 3
op Wet deflaiion plain
1FD 1nlIand foredune - 1A 2 2A 0 0 3
3A 3A 2 3A 2 3
OFD Older foredune

- Not applicable
0 No tolerance
1 Tolerance level low
2 Tolerance level medium
3 Tolerance level high
A Site Specific'
B Specialty Crop
C Seasonal

60-

ACTIVITY COMPATIBILITY OR CONDITION*

DESIGNATED PCTIVITY OR CONDITION

a C; - L) C
(0 a) U Q) 0 4-3 Cr
-0 C cl@ aj of to ea 0)
of 4j S- 0 C (a
ea (V 0 0 > Ln 4-)
W 4-@ C1 - 0 C 4--) 4-@ >
+J U :3 S- >) ZD Q) Of O-S-- 0 4-@ 0 = -4-) 0 (0
U -f-) CL C) LU U < .- U .- U 4-)
> (V M =3 cy-' 4--) S.- FD Ln
ro S.- !L. > 0 +J -0 -0 -a 0:! W S- -aM(D S- of
:3 Cr 4-) C*- W W a) CU 4-3 W S- > 10W W
(n *@ (D V) 0- a CL -0 U o > M M C-0-0 >
omaooowmm C: , N U := = 0
4- C CU - rj.- - 0 1-- 4- 0) 0 4-> (VX :D 0
C:r C: eOC (IJ E CM a) W 0 S- C: U ra = LLJE 3: to
>- > > - S- = *- 4--) rO C 4-) 4-)
A- W W W W 0 0--0 Q) a) CL 0) rO 4- Q)
tZ 9-- M -0 01 -0 -0 -0 > 4-3 -0 - CO M S-- (V S- a) -
S.- W0 0 W,- C C C W ro = -- 0 Q) -- W 4-3 U S--
CWPETING CONDITION n. 2: CD CV -i -j 2:: :D -_3 :n Ln _-_-I kn Ll- fnc :::. LL- in V) CD M

Wildlife Habitat 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Mining (Surface) 0\0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 Ill 11 20 -0 201 1 2 0
Grazing 1 1 \1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 - - 0 0 0 11 0 0 2 1
-General Agriculture 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 - 2 0 1 1 10 0 0 2 1
Logging 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 - 2 1 1 2 01 i- F -2 OF
1 0 1 1 00 0 0
Low Density Urban 1 .1
Medium Density Urban 0 0 0 00 - 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 0 0 1 1
High Density Urban 0 010 00 - 1 0.0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 00 0 0 1 0
Undeveloped Ped. Rec. 2 2 2 22 2 \ 1 2 1 1 01 0 10 2 1
Undeveloped ORV Rec. 0 0 1 01. 0 10 0 1\\ 1 0 1 1 1 00 0 0 0 0
Undeveloped Equ. Rec. 2 12 1 1 0 2 1 \1 1 1 1 01 0 0 2 0
Developed Recreation 0 00 00 1 0 0 2 0 1 - 1 1 1 1 00 0 0 1 1
Water Table Alteration 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \1 - 1 1- 10 - - 2 1
Subsurface Disposal 2 12 22 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1 0 0 2 2
Filling 0 01 11 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 - 1 1 10 0 0 0 0
Road Construction 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\1 1 11 0 0 1 1
Vegetative Removal 1 21 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 \ 1 1 0
Fire Hazard 10 10 00 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0 2\@ 1 -0 0- - 0
Deep Excavations F11 0 010 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 - 0 0
0 0 0 010 0 0 010 0 0 0 O@O 0 010
Stream Undercutting 0 0 0 -\O - - 0-
Ocean Undercutting 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 - 0
Driftwood Removal 1 01 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 - - 0 1 1 00 0 0\0 1
Vegetative Stabilization 1 Oll 00 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 - 0 1 0 00 0 0 1 N

- = Not Applicable
0 = Activities which conflict with the designated uses.
I = Activities which may conflict with the designated use
depending upon site characteristics and use intensities.
2 = Activities which do not hinder the designated use.

*From U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCDC, 1975.

Habitat Tolerance to Recreation Use*

Nab i tat Types
W
< 99
>

u
a I x 0 W X 0 4 X 0
Z A
Acti.- 0 `Q a W U W A I. Z 0: 0

camping L 0 1 1 1 3 1 - - - - - - - - -
(Informal) M 0 1 1 2 0 3 2 - - 2 2 - - - - - - -
S 0 1 2 0 3 2 2 2 - - - - - -

Picnicking L 0 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 0 0
(Informal) M 1 2 0 3 2 2 2 0
S 0 1 2 - - - 0 3 2 2 2 0 2

Sunbathing L 0 '0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
M 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0
S 0 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 0 0

Viewing L 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 3 2 0 3 0 0
M - - - 0 - - - 0 3 2 0 3
S - - - 0 0 3 2 0 3

outdoor Games L 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 3 0 0
S 0 2 0 3 0 '0

Beachcombing L 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
M 0 2 - - - - - - 1 0 1 0 1 0
S 0 2 - - - - - - - 2 0 2 0 2 0

Hunting and L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trapping M 0 0 0 0 0 0 - C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
S 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Fishing L 0 - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M 0 - - - - - - - 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
5 0 - - - - - - - 0 0, 1 2 1 0 0

Swimming L - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - - -- 0 -
M - - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - - - - 0
S - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - - - 0

motorized L - - - - - - 7 - - - 0 - - - - - 0
Boating- M - - - - - 0 - - - - - 0.
S - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 0

Hiking L 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
M 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 1, 0 1 0 1 0
S 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 0

Nature Walking L 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
S 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 - 2 0

Walking for L 0 0 1 0 - 1 0 2 1 - - 1 1 - 0 - 1 0 - 0
Pleasure M 0 0 1 1 - 2 0 3 2 - - 1 2 0 - 2 0 - 0
S 0 1 2 2 - 2 0 3 3 2 2 0 - 3 0 0

Bicycling L 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
M 0 - - - - - -- 0
S 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Motor Vehicle L 1 3 2 - - 1 3 1 - - 2 1 1 1
Riding M 1 3 3 - - 2 3 2 - - 1 2 1
S 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 3

Motorcycling L 1 3 2 1 3 1
M 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1
S 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 - - - - - - - 1 3

*Non-motorized boating is considered to have no detectable impact.
KEY: 0-No detectable impact
I-Slight impact--detectable impact but habitat recovers easil (<12 months)
2-Moderate impact-recavers slowly (I to 3 years)
3 Severe impact--setback in successio
- Not applicable
L large spacing between participants
X moderate spacing between participants
S small spacing between participants

*From U.S. Amy Corps@@of Engineers, 1974.

APPENDIX B

Soil Conservation Servi,ce
Soil Interpretations:
Active Dune Land, Westport and
Netarts Series

OR-SOILS-1 12/72
FILE CODE SOILS 12 SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR OREGO111 U.S.D.A. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
DATE; January, 1974 GBT, GEO Active Dune Land SERIES SOILS: Acave Dune Land
This land type consists of wind-drtfted sand in the form of dunes. ridges, or hummocks. The material is not 0
stabilized and has no vegetation established on it. Dunes are generally 5 to 40 feet high; they have a
maximum elevation of about 180 feet. The relief is a succession of irregularly distributed dunes and ridges,
which rise above the intervening wind-formed valleys and swales. Dunes are bare of vegetation or the growth
is not dense enough to protect the sand and to prevent It from blowing. The dunes are constantly shifting
under the Influence of strong ocean winds. Elevation is 0 to about 180 feet. -Average annual precipitation
is 60 to 80 inches, average annual temperature is 50 to 520F.; and the frost-free period is about 202 days.
Active Dune Land consists of grayish-brown. single grained, porous,sand and fine sand.

This land type is used primarily for wildlife habitat and recreation. This soil occurs in the Coast Range
and Valley Resource Area (Al).
(Classification: Entisol)

ESTIMATED SOIL PROPERTIES
DEPTH
CLASSIFICATION COARSE % OF MATERIAL AVAIL. SOIL SHRINK
FROM FRACT. PASSING SIEVE PLAS- PERMEA- WATER REAC- SWELL
SUR- USDA UNI- OVER- LIQUID TICITY BILITY CAP. TION POTEN-
FACE TEXTURE PIED AASHO 3 IN. #4 #10 140 #200 LIMIT INDEX (in/hr) (in/in) (pH) TIAL
(in.)
042 Fine sand SM-SP A-2 0 100 100 60-75 10-30 Nonplastic 6.0)20.0 .05-.07 4.6-5.( Low
or sand

DEPTH CONDUCTIVITY CORROSIVITY SION WIND FLOODING HIGH WATER TABLE HYDRO_
(in.) (mmhos/6m) 'i-n ELCONCRETE FACTORS EROD. FREQUENCY DURATION DEPTH KIM MONTHS LOGIC
GROUPS "S GROUP
0-72 Low High 5 1 Nong A
COMTED PAN BEDROCK REMARKS
DEPTHI H .ARDNESS DEPTH I nk@UESS

SANITARY FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SOURCE MATERIAL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEA7URE
SEPTIC TANK'
ABSORPTION 1 Severe Percolates rapidly ROADFILL 1 Good
FIELDS
SEWAGE 1 Severe Percolates rapidly SAND 1 Fair Excess fines
LAGOONS

SANITARY
LANDFILL I Severe Percolates rapidly GRAVEL 1 Unsuited Excess fines
(TRENCH)
SANITARY
LANDFILL 1 Severe Percolates rapidly TOPSOIL 1 Poor Too sandy
(AREA)
DAILY POND
COVER FOR 1 Poor Too sandy RESERVOIR 1 Severe Percolates raptdly
LANDFILL AREA
EMBANKMENTS
SHALLOW I Severe Too sandy DIKES AND 1 Severe Low strength, piping,
EXCAVATIONS LEWES percolates rapidly
DWELLINGS STT9Tt__f0_
WITHOUT I severe Slope DRAINAGE Not needed
RAqVMVNTR
DWELLINGS
WITH I Slight to Slope, soil blowing IRRIGATION 1 Not needed
BASEMENTS severe
SMALL TERRACES
COMMERCIAL 1 Slight to Slope, soil blowing. AND Not needed
_j9a121NQ_ seve're DIVERSIONS
LOCAL
ROADS AND I Severe Soil blowing GRASSED Not needed
STREETS WATERWAYS

AWyc Dme.. LaLid SERIES,
CONTINUATION SHEET OR-SOILS-I 12/72

RECREATION
1W USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES_
CAMP AREAS Severe Too'tandy, soil Severe Too sandy. soil blowi6(
blowing PLAYGROUNDS
Severe Too sandy, soil PATHS I Severe Too sandy, soil blowin,
PICNIC AREAS blowing AND
TRAILS

CAPABILITY AND PREDICTED YIELDS - CROPS AND PASTURE,(HIGH LEVEL MANAGEMENT)

CAPABILITY RE%tARKS
SOIL
NIRR IRR NIRR IRR NIRR JIRR NIRR IRR NIRR JIRR NIRR JIRR NIRR 1RR__

1 VIIIe

WOODLAND SUITABILITY
POTENTIAL PRODUCTTVITY WOOD MANAGEMENT PROBLE24S
SOIL SPECIES SITE INDEX SUIT. EROSION EQUIPMENT SEEDLING WINDTHROVII PLANT NATIVE SPECIES
GROUP HAZARD LIMIT. MORTAL COMPET.

None

lei I _j
WINDBREAKS
SOILS SPECIES HT. PERFOR- SPECIES HT. PERFOR- SPECIES HT. PERFOR-
AGE 20 MANCE AGE 20 MANGE AGE 20 MANGE

None

WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY

POTENTIAL FOR HABITAT ELEMENTS POTENTIAL AS HABITAT FOR:
SOIL GRAIN & GRASS 61 WILD HARDWD CONIFER SHRUBS WETLAND SHALLOW OPENLAND WOODLAND WETLAND RANGELA14D
SEED LEGUME I HERE. TREES PLANTS PLANTS WATER WILDLIFE WILDLIFE 14ILDLIFE WILDLIFE

I Very poot Very Poor Very Very Very Very Very.poor Very poor,Very poor
poor Poor poor poor poor

RANGE

POTENTIAL YIELDS NORMAL SEASON
RANGE SITE NAME SOIL KEY SPECIES AIM % COVER TOTAL USABLE GROWING GRAZING
IblAc Ac/AUM

None

FOOTNOTES

66
OR-SOILSl 12/72
FILE CODE SOILS 12 SOIL INTERPRETATIONS POR OREGON. U.S.D.A. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
DATE; 1/74 GBT-GEO WESTPORT SERIES SOILS: 1. Westport fine sand 0 to 12 percent slopes
excessively drained soils 2. WestPort sand, 12 to 30 percent
The Westport series consists of deep,
3. Westport fine sand, 12 to 30 percent
that formed:in wind-deposited material on nearly level to steep 4. Westport fine sand, 30 to 70 percent slope
stabilized dunes. The vegetation is Sitka spruce, shore pine, 5. Westport loamy sand, 0 to 12 percent slope
manzanita.- evergreen huckleberry, dune grass, forbs and other 6. Westport laomy sand, 12 to 30 percent slope
tion is 60 to 100 inches, average annual air temperature is 50 percent slopes
530 F. The frost-free period at 320 F. is 200 to 250 days. 8. Westport-Duneland complex, 12 to 30 percen
A mat of mosses. litter and roots is on top of the mineral soil. slopes
Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish-brown and dark
grayish-brown fine sand to loamy fine sand about 16 inches thick. The subsoil is brown to olive gray fine sand to
,depths greater than 60 inches.
Permeability is very rapid. Runoff is slow from.all units. The erosion hazard is high for all units, assuming the
vegetation is removed. The total available water holding-capacity is 3 to 4 inches. The water supplying capacity
is 18 to 20 inches. Effictive rooting depth is over 60 inches.
,Westport soils are used for homesites, wildlife habitat, and recreation. These soils are in the Northern Pacific
Coast Range and Valleys Land Resource Area (MLRA-Al).
(Classification: Typic Udipsamments; mixed, mesic family)

ESTIMATED SOIL PROPERTIES
DEPTH CLASSIFICATION COARSE 2 OF MATERIAL AVAIL. SOIL SHRINK
FROM FRACT. PASSING SIEVE PLAS- PERMEA- WATER RFAC- SWELL
SUR USDA UNI- OVER LIQUID TICITY BILITY CAP. TION POTEN-
FACE.. TEXTURE FIED AASHO 3 IN #4 100 040 #200 LIMIT INDEX (in/hr) (in/in) (pH) TIAL
(in.)
0-60 fine sand SM A-2 0 100 100 65-80 20-35 non-plastic 6.0- .05-.07 5.176. low
> 20.0

EROSION WIND HIGH WATER TABLE 11YDR
_DEPTH- CONDUCTIVITY CORROSIVITY ACTORS EROD FLOODING DEPTH LOCIC
(in.) (mmhos/cm) 2LCONCRETE I FREQUENCY DURATION MONTHS KIND MONTHS
K T GROUPS (ft.) I I I GROUP
none > I A
Low Moderate 5 1 CEMENTED P REMARKS
AN BEDROCK FROST
DEPTH I DEPTH
HARDNESS I HARDNESS ACTION
(in.) (in.)
>60

SANITARY FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SOURCE MATERIAL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES
SEPTIC TANK 1.5- slight-Mod Slope 1,5 Good
ABSORPTION 1) 2,7 Slight to Slope ROADFILL 36 Fair-Poor Slope
Severe
FIELDS .3.4 ,6.8 Severe Slf)
dP 214.718 Poor Slope
SEWAC E I; . 2;314, Severe Percolates rapidly, SAND. 1:2:3 4, Poor Excess fines
LAGOONS 5, 2 slope 5 6 7:8
SANITARY 1, 2,3 4, Percolates rapidly, 1 2 3 4,
LANDFILL 1/ 5:6-7:8 Severe too sandy, slope GRAVEL 5:6:7:8 Unsuited Excess fines
(TRENCH)
SANITARY 1,5 Severe Percolates rapidly 1 2 3 4,
LANDFILL 1/ 2,3,4,6, Severe Percolates rapidly, TOPSOIL 5:6:7:8 Poor Too sandy
(AREA) 7.8 OPP
DAILY 1,5 Poor Too sandy POND 1,2,3,41
COVER FOR -2,3,4,6, Poor Too sandy, slope RESERVOIR 5,6,7,8 Severe Percolates rapidly
LANDFILL 7. 8 A
SHALLOW 1q,2q.5 Severe Too sandy EMBANKME1;TS 1,2,3,4,
3,4.6,7, Severe Too sandy, slope DIKES AND 5,6,7,8 Severe Piping, percs rapidly
EXCAVATIONS 8 LEVEE
DWELLINGS 1,2,5 Moderate Slope 1 2,3,4,
WITHOUT 3,4,6,7, Severe Slope DRAINAGE 5:6,7,8 Not needed
BASEMENTq' 8
DWELLINGS 1,2,5 Moderate Slope 1,2,3,4, Not needed
WITH 3,4,6,7, Severe Slope IRRIGATION 5,6,7,8
BASEMENTS 8
SMALL 1,2,3,4, TERRACES 1,2,3,4,
COMMERCIAL 5.6978 Severe Slope AND 5,6,7,8 Not needed
BUILDINGS DIVERSIONS
LOCAL T' 6' Slight - 1,2 3 4,
moedrate Slope GRASSED Not needed
ROADS AND evere WATERWAYS 1,2,3,45,,6,7,8
STREETS 2 4 7 8 severe slope

6,7

C&NTINUATION SHEET OR-SOILS-1 12/72 WESTPORT _SERIES

RECREATION
_SOIL RATING RESTUIETIVE FEATURES USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES
I's Moderate Too sandy 1.2.3,4.
CAMP AREAS 2,3,4,6. Severe Slope PLAYGROUNDS Severe Too sandy, slope
5,6.7,8
_iK;-drt. Too sandy PATHS T.-T.-T-77- Severe Too sandy
PICNIC AREAS 2,3,4.6, Severe. Slope AND 6,7,8
7.8 TRAILS 4 Severe -Slope, too sandy
CAPABILITY AND PREDICTED YIELDS - CROPS AND PASTURE 4HIGH LEVEL MANAGEMENT)
CAPABILITY Pasture
SOIL AUM/Ar I - REMARKS
NIRR IRR IRR
NIRR IRR NIRR IRR NIRR IRR HIRR IRR NIRR NIRR IRR
I's Vle 1 3

2,3,4,6. me - 1
7.8

I L I I

WOODLAND SUITABILITY
POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY WOOD MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
SOIL SUIT. EROSION EQUIPMENT SEEDLING WINDTHROW PLANT NATIVE SPECIES
SPECIES SITE INDEX GROUP HAZARD LIMIT. MORTALITY HAZARD COMPET.
1,2,3.4,5, Sitka spruce Severe Severe High High Slight Sitka spruce,
6,7,8 shore pine

W114DBREAKS

HT. PERFOR- _HT. PERFOR-
SOILS SPECIES AGE 20 MANCE SPECIES AGE 20 HANCE SPECIES AGE 20 HANCE
1,2,3,4.5, Shore pine 30 Fair Sitka spruce 30 Fair
6,7,8

WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY

POTENTIAL FOR HABITAT ELEMENTS POTENTIAL AS HABITAT FOR:
SOIL GRAIN GRASS WILD BARDWD CONIFER gBXUBS WETLAND SHALLOW OPENIAND WOODLAND WEILAND RANGELA14D
SEED LEGUME HERB. TREES PLANTS PLANTS WATER WILDLIFE WILDLIFE WILDLIFE WILDLIFE
1.2,3,5, Poor Poor Fair - Poor Poor V.poor V.poor Poor Poor V.poor -
6,7,8

4 V.poor V.poor Fair - Poor Poor V.poor V.poor Poor Poor V.poor -

RANGELAND

POTENTIAL YIELDS NORMAL SEASON
RANGE SITE NAME SOIL XEY SPECIES AND Z COVER TOTAL USABLE GROWING GRAZING
lb/Ac Ac/AUH

None

FOOTNOTES
I/ Ground water Pollution hazard

68
OR-SOILS-1 12/72
FILE CODE SOILS 12 SOIL. INTERPRETATIONS FOR OREGON. U.S.D.A. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
DATE March 1974 GEO- Netarts SERIES SOILS: 1. Netarts fine sandy loam, 7-30% slopes
2. Netarts" sandy loam, 0-72 slopes
3. Netarts sandy Loam, 12-40% slopes
4. Netarts sandy fine sand, 0-30 slopes
The NetartS series consists of well drained soils formed on old stabilized sand dunes. Slopes are 7 to 30
percent. Where not cultivated, the vegetation is shore pine, sitka spruce, salal, huckleberry, rhododendron
and manzanita. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. Average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, average annual
air temperature is about 52F. and the frost-free period is about 180 to 210 days.
The surface layer is fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand about 13 inches thick. The subsoil is fine sand about
39 inches thick. The substratum is fine sand many feet thick.
Permeability is moderately rapid. Runoff is slow; the wind erosion hazard is severe. The.total available
water holding capacity is.3.5 to 5.0 inches. Water supplying capacity is 20 to 24 inches. The effective
rooting depth is over 60 inches.
These soils are used mainly for forestry, homesites, and recreation. They are in the Coast Range and Valleys
Resource Area (Al).
(Classification: Entic Haplorthods; sandy, mixed, mesic family).

ESTIMATED SOIL PROPERTIES
DEPTH CLASSIFICATION COARSE % OF MATERIAL AVAIL. SOIL SHRINK
FROM FRACT PASSING SIEVE PLAS- PERMEA- WATER REAC- SWELL
SUB- USDA UNI_ OVER LIQUID TICITY BILITY CAP. TION POTEN-
FACE
On.). TEXTURE FIED AASHO 3 IN #4 85-100' #40 #200 LIMIT INDEX (in/hr) (in/in) (pH) TIAL
0-13 Loamy fine SM A-2 0 100 85-100 6S-80 20-35 - NP 2.0-6.0 .09-10 4.5-5.C Very low sand
13-52 Pine sand Sm A-2 0 100 85-100 55-70 15-30 - NP 2.0-6.0 OS-.07 5.1-5.5 Very low

52-65 fine sand SM A-2 0 100 100 60-75 20-30 - NP 6.0- .05-07 5.1-5.5 Very low
20.0

DEFTH
(in.)
h CONDUCTIVITY CORROSIVTTY EROSION WIND FLOODING HIGH WATER TABLE HYDRO-
(in.) (mmbos/cm) STEEL CONCREYZ FACTORS EROD. FREQUENCY DURATION MONTE DEPTH KIND MONTHS LOGIC
I K T GROUPS (ft.) I I GROUP
-13 High I High 17 5 2 None 6 1 1 A
13-52 High High .20 CEMENTED PAN BEDROCK FROST- REMARKS
DEPTH HARDNESS DEPTH HARDNESS ACTION
52-65 High High .20 (in. (in.)
60

SANITARY FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SOURCE MATERIAL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES USE SOIL RATING RESTRICTIVE FEATURES
SEPTIC TANK Slight to moderate - Slope 2 Slight
ABSORPTION 1,4 Moderate to severe - Slope ROADFILL 1,3,4 Moderate Slope

FIELDS 1/ 3 Severe Slope to severe
SEWAGE 1,2,3,4 Severe Slope, percolates SAND 1,2,3,4 Poor Excessive fines
LACOONS I/ Irapidly
I SANITARY 2 Severe Percolates rapidly
LANDFILL 1,3,4 Severe Slope, percolates GRAVEL 1,2,3,4 unsuited Excessive fines
TRENCH) I/ rapidly
SANITARY 2 Severe Percolates rapidly
LANDFILL 1,3,4 Severe Slope,percolates TOPSOIL 1,2,3,4 Poor Too sandy
REA) I/ _ rapidly
DAILY 2 Fair Slope, too sandy POND
COVER FOR 1,4 Fair to poor Slope, too sandy RESERVOIR 1,2,3,4 Severe Percolates rapidly
LANDFILL 3 Poor Slope AREA
SHALLOW 2 Slight to moderate Slope EMBANKMENTS
EXCAVATIONS l,3 Moderate lo severe Slope DIKES AND 1,2,3,4 Moderate Piping, percolates
4 severe Too sandy slope rapidIv
DWELLINGS 2 Slight to Slope
moderate
WITHOUT 1,3,4 Moderate Slope DRAINAGE 1,2,3,4 Not Needed
BASEMENTS to severe
DWELLINGS 2 Slight to slop
WITH moderate IRRIGATION 1,2,3,4 Unsuited Droughty
1,3,4 Moderate slop:
BASEMENTS to severe
2 Slight to Slope TERRACES
COMMERCIAL severe
SMALL
AND 1,2,3,4 Not Needed
BUILDINGS 1,3,4 Severe Slope DIVERSIONS
LOCAL 2 Slight GRASSED
ROADS AND 1,3,4 Moderate Slope WATERWAYS 1,2,3,4 Not Needed
STREETS to-severe

69
CONTTNUATTON SHEET OR-SOI I-S-1 12/72 WAAU -SERIES

RECREATION
USE SOIL RATING @ RESTRICTIVE FEATURES USE soll. RATING RESTRICTIVT FEA-TI)RES
2 Slight to moderate - Slope 2 Slight tc Slope
CA.%IV AREAS 1,4 Moderate to severe -.Slo too PLAYGROUNDS severe
I v w-5 10A Severe Slope
2 Slight to erate - Slope PATHS 2 Slight
PTCNTC AREAS 1,4 Moderate severe - Slope, too AND 1,3,4 Moderate Slope.
TRAILS Ito severef
CAPABILITY AND PR.FDICTED Y7ELDS -CROPS AND PASTURE (HIGH LEVEL IIANAGEMENT)

CAPABILITY
L, RLMARKS
NIRR IRR NIRR IRR NIRR. IRR NIRR 1RR NIRR IRR NISR IRR _1,IRRTIRR

1,3,4 Viie

2 VIe

WOODLAND SUITABILITY
POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY 1400D '1ANACEMENT PROBLEMS NATIVE SP .ECIES
SPECIES SITE JNDEX SUIT. EROSION EQUIPMENT SEEDLING IITNDTIIROIY PLANT
CROUP HAZARD LIMIT. MORTALITY ILAZARD COMPET.

I Sitka spruce 150 (est) 20 Severe Slight Slight to Slight to Slight Sitka spruce,
moderate moderate shore pine

WINDBREAKS

HT. PERFU-1- 11T. PERFOR- Iii,. PERFOR-
SOILS SPECIES SPECIES SPECIES
AGE 20 MANCE AGE 20 MANGE AGE 20 MANCE

1,2,3,4 Shore Pine 35-40 Fair Sitka Spruce 35-40 Fair Western Red '35-40 Fair
Cedar -

WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY

POTENTIAL FOR HABITAT ELEMENTS POTENTIAL AS HABITAT FOR:
SOIL GRAIN 6. GRASS 61 WILD HARDWD CONIFER SHRUBS WETLAND SHALLOW OPENLAND WOODLAND WETLAND RANGELA14D
SEED LEGUME HERB. TREES PLANTS PLANTS WATER WILDLIFE WILDLIFE W1LDLIFE WILDLIFE

I Very Very Fair Poor Good Very Very Poor Poor Very poor
poor poor poor- poor

RANGELAND

POTENTIAL YIELDS NORMAL SEASON
RANGE SITE NAME SOIL KEY SPECIES AND % COVER -TOTAL USABLE GROWING GRAZING
lb/Ac Ac/AUM

None
@
v
light
r.
e:t s

FOOTNOTES
I./ Ground water pollution hazard

APPENDIX C

Oregon Transportation Commission
Beach Log Removal Policy

State of Oregon TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION

BEACH LOG REMOVAL POLICY 7 Adopted March 30,-1976

Ocean Shore Management Goal

To assure continuation of scenic and recreational values for public

enjoyment at the ocean shore and to protect marine life and intertidal

resources, beach logging as a general practice shall be prohibited unless

such removal can be shown to provide a significant public benefit.

Proposals for beach log removal shall be considered in light of the

following beach management objectives:

1. Management to protect scenic and recreational use values of

driftwood. Enhance recreation by opening access routes where

necessary, improving scenic values or providing needed beach

use area.

2. Management to protect the traditional practice of gathering

firewood and ornamental driftwood as long as these activities

are compatible with the overall recreation and scenic uses of

the beach.

3. Management to provide for the orderly retrieval of branded logs

by the legal owner(s).

4. Management to protect shorelines subject to erosion.

5. Management to protect clam beds, intertidal marine life and

wildlife habitats.

6. Management to promote public safety by reducing critical fire

hazards, reducing critical hazards to shoreline structures or

eliminating other public hazards.

7. Management to assist in fish passage or flood control.

73
BEACH LOG REMOVAL POLICY (continued)

8. Management to provide opportunities for public participation

in decision making on proposed projects.

9. Management to protect legal interest of upland property owners

and the state.

10. Management to minimize adverse impacts of log loading and

hauling operations.

Individual beach areas where log removal would be permitted and the

time period allowed for such removal will be determined by the state after

.evaluation by the State Parks and Recreation Branch, consultation with

local government, the upland property owner and affected state agencies

(State Land Board, State Fish Commission, State Wildlife Commission,

State Geology and Mineral Industries, State Department of Environmental

Quality, State Department of Forestry, State Land Conservation and

Development Commission) to establish interests to be protected and considered.

Adequate public notice and provision for hearings will be handled in

the same manner as beach improvement applications under the State Beach

Law, as set forth in ORS 390.650.

The.granting of emergency permits necessary to ensure public safety

or the emergency retrieval of branded logs or lumber will be handled in the

same manner as emergency beach improvements under the State Beach Law, as

set forth in ORS 390.650.

- Removal permits would be planned and executed to minimize adverse

operational impacts and with adequate provisions for public safety,

liability insurance'and consideration of private property rights.

Regulations and supervisory control in this regard will be determined by

the State.

APPENDIX D

Oregon Transportation Commission
Beach Improvement Standards

76
STATE OF OREGON TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION

BEACH IMPROVEMENT STANDARDS

The overall policies and guidelines for the protection of public rights
and interests at Oregon's ocean shore have been described by the State
Legislature in the Oregon Beach Law (ORS 390.605 - 390.770) which was passed
in 1967 and revised in 1969. The law identifies existing state rights in
the ocean shore areas seaward of a surveyed beach zone line which are to be
protected for the free and uninterrupted use of the public.

The State Highway- Division (whose State Parks Branch has jurisdiction over
ocean beaches as recreation areas) was given the responsibility for considering
applications and issuing permits for construction seaward of the beach zone line.
Because of some concurrent jurisdictions, the Highway Division includes the
Division of State Lands in such beach permit reviews. Reviews may also include
the State Dept. of Geology, the State-Fish and Wildlife Commission, Local
Government, and other governmental agencies where applicable.

The Oregon Beach Law provides basic standards to be considered in the
evaluation of beach improvement permit applications. These standards are
presented in ORS 390.655 as follows:

The standards shall be based on the following
considerations, among others:

(1) The public need for healthful, safe, esthetic
surroundings and conditions; the natural scenic,
recreational and other resources of the area; and
the present and prospective need for conservation
and development of these resources.

(2) The physical characteristics or the changes in
the physical characteristics of the area and the
suitability of the area for particular.uses and
improvements.

(3) The land uses, including public recreational
use, if any, and the improvements in the area, the
trends in land uses and improvements, the density
of development and the property values in the area.

(4) The need for recreation and other facilities
and enterprises in the future development of the
area and the need for access to particular sites
in the area.

Supplementary to the standards presented in the Oregon Beach Law, the
Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission's Beaches and Dunes Goal
(Goal No. 18, Implementation Requirements, Sec. 5) prescribes the following
beach improvement criteria:

(5) Permits for beach front protective structures
shall be issued under ORS 390.605 - 390.770, only
where development existed on January 1, 1977. The

Oregon Department of Transportation, cooperating
with local, state and federal agencies shall develop
criteria to supplement the Oregon Beach Law (ORS 390.605
390.770) for issuing permits for construction of beach
front protective structures. 'The criteria shall provide
that:

(a) visual impacts are-minimized;

(b) necessary access to the beach is maintained;

(d) long-term or recurring costs to the public are
avoided.

In accordance with ORS 390.650, the State Highway Engineer shall grant the
permit if approval would not be adverse to the public,in'terest.

To aid in the review of these standards, the following definitions as
presented in ORS 390.605 and the State Planning Goals and Guidelines apply:

An "improvement" includes a structure, appurtenance or
other addition, modification. or alteration constructed,
placed or made.on or to the land. (ORS 390.605)

110cean shore" means the land,lying between extreme low tide
of the Pacific Ocean and the line of vegetation as established,
and described. by ORS 390.7,70. (ORS 390.605)

"Develop" - To bring about growth or availability to construct
or alter a structure, to conduct a mining operation,.to-make
a physical change in the use or appearance of land, 'to divide
land into parcels, or to create or terminate rights of access.
(State Planning Goals and Guidelines)

"Development" - The act, process, or result of developing.
_(Sta Planning Goals.and Guidelines)

Pursuant to the above directives and the evaluation of more than 100 permit
applications since 1967, the State Parks.Branch has formulated beach improve-
ment standards. These standards are presented in the form of concerns to
be evaluated priorto reaching a decision on permit approval or denial.

BEACH IMPROVEMENT STANDARDS

Each site on the ocean shore presents different conditions and applicants
have varying project ne 'eds. Evaluations point up the relative significance of
the general, scenic, recreational, safety, and other interests of the public.

The physical characteristics or the changes in the area which are important
to the project will be reviewed. (These may.include bank alignments, topography,
shoreline materials and stability, width of the beach, past erosion, storm
water levels, sand movement, water currents, adjoining structures, beach access,
land uses, etc.)

Public opinion in response to public notice or hearings on the subject will
be considered in evaluating each of the following concerns.

Considered together, these assist in the overall decis-ion for granting,
denying, or modifying the beach permit application in accordance with the intent
of the legislature.

A. GENERAL CONCERNS EVALUATED - The following general concerns will be
considered:

1. PROJECT NEED - There must be a critical need or a dequate justifi-
cation for the project to come seaward of the-beach zone line and
alter the ocean shore area.

2. PROTECTION OF PUBLIC RIGHTS - Public ownership or use easement
rights seaward of-the beach zone line will be adequately
protected.

3. PUBLIC LAWS The applicant must comply with federal, state, and
local laws and regulations affecting the project.

4. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS - There are no reasonable project modifications
that would better protect the public rights, reduce or eliminate
problems, or avoid long term cost to the public.

5. PUBLIC COSTS - There are no reasonable special measures which
might reduce or eliminate significant public costs. Alternatives
such as nonstructural solutions, provision for ultimate removal
responsibility for structures when no longer needed, reclamation
of excavation pits, mitigation of project damages to public interests,
or a time limit on project life to allow for changes in public
interest have been considered.

6. COMPLIANCE WITH LCDC GOALS - In accordance with the Statewide
Land Conservation and Development Commission Goal #18 for Beaches
and Dunes, permit applications for beachfront protective structures
seaward of the beach zone line will be considered only where
development existed on January 1, 1977. The proposed project will
be evaluated against the applicable criteria included within Goal #18
and other appropriate statewide planning goals.

The project must be consistent with local comprehensive plans where
such plans have been approved by LCDC.

-79,-
B. SCENIC CONCERNS EVALUATED - Projects seaward of the beach zone line
should be designed to minimize damage to the scenic attraction of the
ocean shore area.

1. NATURAL FEATURES - The project should retain the scenic attraction
of key natural features. (Beaches, headlands, cliffs, sea stacks,
streams.)

2. SHORELINE VEGETATION - The project should retain or restore existing
vegetation seaward of the beach zone line when vital to scenic values.

3. VIEW OBSTRUCTION - The project should avoid or minimize obstruction
of existing views of the ocean and beaches from adjacent properties.

4. COMPATIBILITY WITH SURROUNDINGS - The project should blend in with
the existing shoreline scenery. (Type of construction, color, etc.)

C. RECREATION USE CONCERNS EVALUATED - The project should not eliminate
significant public recreation use or access within the ocean shore area.

1. RECREATION USE - The project should avoid eliminating significant
public recreation use opportunities within the ocean shore area.

2. RECREATION ACCESS - The project should avoid blocking off or obstructing
important public access routes within the ocean shore area.

D. SAFETY CONCERNS EVALUATED - The project should be designed to avoid or
minimize safety hazards to the public and shoreline properties.

1. STRUCTURAL SAFETY - The project should not be a safety hazard to
the public due to inadequate structural foundations, lack of bank
stability, or the use of weak materials subject to rapid ocean
damage.

2. OBSTRUCTIONAL HAZARDS - The project should not be an obstruction to
pedestrians or vehicles going onto or along the ocean shore area.

3. NEIGHBORING PROPERTIES - The project should be designed to avoid
or minimize ocean erosion or safety problems for neighboring
properties.

4. PROPERTY PROTECTION - Beachfront property protection projects should
be designed to accomplish a reasonable degree of increased safety
for the on-shore property to be protected.

E. OTHER RESOURCE CONCERNS EVALUATED - Projects seaward of the beach zone
line should avoid or minimize damage to especially significant resource
sites or ocean shore conditions for the following where it is applicable:

1. SIGNIFICANT FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITATS
2. ESTUARINE VALUES AND NAVIGATION INTERESTS
3. SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
4. SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS (Vegetation or Aquatic Features)
5. AIR AND WATER QUALITY OF THE OCEAN SHORE AREA.

RIM:aw
3/28/78

Dune Stabilikation & Restoration

Methods & Criteria

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department.of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,
Cover photo by Wilbur E. Ternyik, Florence, Oregon.

DUNE STABILIZATION AND RESTORATION:
METHODS AND CRITERIA

by
Wilbur E. Ternyik
Wave Beachgrass Nursery
Florence, Oregon

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal'Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S.- W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

June, 1979.

Funding for this study was provided by the 0ffice of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrat'ion, under
Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon
Department of Land Conservation and Development.

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of sand stabilization methods for use on beach and dune areas on the
Oregon Coast. This report was prepared under the auspices of the
Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association and constitutes one element
of an overall analysis of planning for, and managing, coastal beaches
and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Wilbur E. Ternyik, Wave Beachgrass
Nursery, Florence, Oregon, with assistance from OCZMA's Beaches
and Dunes Study Team composed of Carl Lindberg, Project Director,
Christianna Crook, Research Associate, Arlys Bernard, Project
Secretary, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made on portions
of this product by the Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee composed
of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army.Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water'Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon-Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathleen Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface ................................................. i
List of Tables and Figures .............................. iv
I. Introduction ............................................ 1
II. Use of Dune Management Areas ............................ 2
III. Stabilization Methods - Vegetative ...................... 5
A. Foredune Area
B. Deflation Plain or Wet Interdune Area
C. Inner Open Dune Areas
D. Older Stabilized Dunes
IV. Stabilization Methods - Temporary ....................... 33
A. Brush Matting
B. Oil Penetration
C. -Wire Net
D. Straw Mat
E. Rock, Gravel, Clay or Topsoil
F . Bark
G. Log Placement
H. Lath and Wire Sand Fencing
V. Conclusion ................................................ 39

VI. References Cited ........................................ 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Recommended specifications for planting European
beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) .......................... 7

2. Basic recommended native plant material chart for dune
stabilization ......................... : ................... 9
3. Transplants needed with varied spacing requirements ...... 10

4. Recommended specifications for,planting hairgrass
(Deschampsia caespitosa) ................................. 17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. An example of the approach used by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers in identifying-dune management
areas and units .......................................... 3

2. Potential dredge material disposal sites and vegetative
stabilization areas for the Coos Bay North Peninsula
Area illustrating the management area and management unit
k
concept proposed herein ................................... 4

3. Cross section of a foredune illustrating the (a) frontal
section of the foredune or frontal slope dune area facing
the beach; (b) the top surface of the foredune or frontal
area; and (c) the lee side of the foredune ............... 5

4. European beachgrass planting on foredune frontal area .... 6

5. Man-created foredune in the Warrenton Soil and Water
Conservation District dune stabilization project several
years after initial European beachgrass plantings ........ 12

6. Deflation plain planting for establishment of wildlife
habitat three weeks after seeding ........................ 13

7. Five-month old deflation plain planting for supplemental
waterfowl feed, South Jetty Road, Florence, Oregon ....... 14

Figure Paqe

Marsh planting operations at Millers Sand Island,
Clatsop County, Oregon ................................. 15

9. Hand planting slough sedge (Carex obnupta) for marsh
habitat establishment, Millers Sand Island, Clatsop -
County, 1976 .......................................... @16

10. First season's growth of hairgrass (Deschampisia
caespitosa) planting for establishment of new marsh
habitat, Millers Sand Island, Clatsop County., Oregon ... 16

11. The Warrenton dune stabilization project near Delaura.
Beach, 1937, 1942 and 1955 ......................... ZO

12. The Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District
stabilization project after initial 'plantings of beach
grass, 1937 ............................................. 21

13. Machine planting of European beachgrass in Iopen dune
area .................................................... 22

14. Use of pattern planting to avoid in-row blowout
of initial beach grass plantings, Carter Lake, Douglas
County .......................................... ......... 22

15. U.S. Forest Service dune stabilization project at North
Bend, Oregon, illustrating initial beach grass,machine
planting four months after planting ..................... 23

16. A blowout failure on the northwest edge of an
European beachgrass planting in Lane County .. ........... 23

17. Two year,old planting of European beachgrass at
Siltcoos OutletS Lane County ............................ 24

18. Dune stabilization project threatened with total.
failure due to lack of fertilizer ........................ 25

19.. A secondary planting of permanent grasses and legumes
in an European beachgrass stabilized area in Clatsop
County ............................. ....................... 26

20. A secondary planting of woody species.in an European
beachgrass stabilized area, Wax Myrtle Campground, Lane
County ................................ .................. 26

21. The Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District
dune stabilization project be fore stabilization in
1931 andafter p1antings of initial stabilization and
secondary plantings of permanent grasses and legumes ... 28

Fiqure Page

22. The result of insufficient sand stabilization in
a development project .................................. 29

23. An illustration of the difference between one culm
or single stem of beach grass, and several culms
attached forming a clone ............................... jO

24. A comparison (1962 and 1979) of the Salishan
development, Li.ncoln County, illustrating the site
prior to stabilization and following initial and
secondary stabilization efforts ........................ 30

25. The road pictured above in Lane County was located
so as to avoid the necessity for massive vegetation
restoration and to protect the visual appearance of
the area ................................................ 32

26. Use of brush mat to stabilize beach grass planting
blowout, south bank of the Siuslaw River, Lane County 33

27. Use of straw mulch to provide temporary sand
stabilization in development project ................... 34

28., The use of ground bark to provide out of season
stabilization in late European beachgrass planting,
Lane County, Oregon .................................... 35

29. An example'of a bark stabil-ization failure, off
site sand has filled all the voids and created a
smooth, hard surface that accentuates sand transport ... 36

30. An illustration of the use of logs to stabilize
a cut bank in a development project, Lane County,
Oregon ................................................. 36

31. Warrenton Soiland Water Conservation District,
Clatsop County , dune stabilization project illustrating
use of sand fences to create foredune .................. 37

32. Illustration of sand fencing used to raise a
roadbed across a wet deflation plain near Florence,
Oregon ................................................. 38

33. Snow fencing placed flat on the ground can provide
temporary stabilization on cut banks, such as that
performed above in Lane County,' Oregon ................. 38

I. INTRODUCTION

Sand.dune stabilization is one dune management option. It is
a necessary tool that when used properly can assist planners and
developers in achievi'ng-the objectives of the Beaches and Dunes
Goal. Dune stabilization should be used only where appropriate to
accomplish a useful purpose, however.

Current knowledge and techniques are adequate to solve,most
wind erosion problems utilizi.ng various stabilization techniques.
The Oregon coast still benefits from the massive dune stabilization
effort of the Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District in
Clatsop County. In recent years, however, dune stabilization projects
in the Coos Bay dune sheet south of Florence have exceeded the
Warrenton project..

Even though the technical knowledge 'is sound, not all Oregon
coastal stabilization projects were necessary or desireable. Care-
ful evaluation of site investigation reports in the future should
help to avoid unnecessary stabilization endeavors. In short, dune
stabilization projects should be used to accomplish the following:

(1) Protect natural features, lakes, wetl ands, forests, estuarine
habitats, etc.
(2) Protect manmade improvements such as highways, parks, shipping
channels, structures , etc.
(3) Create deflation plain wetland'habitat or upland habitat.
(4) Provide needed beach access.
(5) Serve as a tool to overcome hazardous situations in an effort
to allow-for beach and dune uses consistent with the Beaches
and Dunes Goal.

Dune stabilization projects should not be used to promote the following:
(1) Creation of.social program jobs.
(2) Creation of total vegetative cover for no valid given reason.

Where possible, dune stabilization efforts should be kept to the
minimum amount required to accomplish the,protection or.enhancement
needed. It should be required that consideration be given to small
island or protective strip plantings as opposed to the Warrenton Dune
project total vegetative cover approach. In some areas, after careful
study, it may be appropriate to remove vegetation inappropriately
placed in years past.

The bottom lineAn dune stabi,lization is think before you act,.
because stabilization actions can have a drastic impact on the entire
dune sheet involved. Always bear in mind that-all forms of dune
stabilization are-but a thin bl'anket of security over a sti,11 liv.ing
dynamic landform waiting to be reactivated.

II. USE OF DUNE MANAGEMENT AREAS

It is suggested that due to the living,-always moving, nature of
coastal dune systems, that they be divided into identified management
areas. A dune management area is a region established on the basis
of significant natural or manmade boundaries that clearly separate it
from interaction with surrounding well-defined zones of contiguous
landform types such as foredune, deflation plain, open dunes and older
stabilized dunes. The same management area should also be divided into
defined areas of proposed future use reflecting the carrying capacity
of that area in concert with the needs and long range objectives of
the entire dune sheet.

Although not specifically addressed by the Beaches and Dunes
Goal, such an approach would greatly assist in managing dunes for health
and safety of human inhabitants and for the integrity of the overall
dune system.

Dune management areas can be easily identified by focusing on
existing natural or manmade boundaries such as,highways, rivers,
estuaries, etc. These barriers prevent major dune changes taking place
in one area from affecting the adjoining areas. For example, in Lane
County, a dune management area might be described as:

from Siltcoos Outlet where it meets the Pacific Ocean
upstream to U. S. Highway 101, then north using the
Highway 101 as the eastern boundary to the south bank
of the Siuslaw River, then downstream to the Pacific
Ocean along the bank line, then south along the ocean
beach back to the pointlof origin.

A dune management area in Coos County might be described as:

from where Coos Bay meets the Pacific Ocean along the
north bank upstream to U. S. Highway 101 at Menasha
Causeway, then north to Tenmile Outlet, then downstream
to the Pacific Ocean, and south along the beach to the
point of origin.

The dune management area approach was addressed by the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers in their 1974 Coastal Reconnaisance Study which
presents an excellent,.detailed example of the technique and-benefits
from such an analysis. One example of this approach is the Corps'
evaluation of the Coos Bay North Peninsula Area. The Table of Contents
for this section clearly illustrates the systematic approach for
management proposed by the Corps (see Figure 1). Careful study of
the evidence developed in such a thorough approach allows for value
judgements leading to specific use recommendations as shown in Figure 2.

The clear advantage i'n this approach is the visual identification
of management objectives and a factual written background forming the
basis of decision-making. Regardless of whether dune landforms are
identified as management areas composed of various management units,

it is essential that dune stabilization efforts take into consideration
the potential impact(s) of stabilization on the overall dune sheet or
management area.

SITE NO. 9

COOS BAY NORTH PENINSULA AREA

CONTENTS

Page
Description of the Area .............................................................. 305
Location Size and Public Access .................................................. 305
Physiographic Features .......................... ................ I ............. 305
G .eneral .................................. & ................................. 305
Geology ...................................................... 308
Soils ...................................................................... 309
Biology .................................................................... 310
Historic and Cultural Features ....................... ............................ 322
Unique and Outstanding Features ............................................... 323

Current Status ..................................................................... 324
Project Uses .................................................................... 324
Project Structures .............................................................. 326,

Site Recommendations ............................................................. 326
Management Options ........................................................... 326
Option A Management Units ................................................ 327
Option B Management Units ................................................... 328
Utilities ..................................................................... 334
Amelioration, Enhancement, or Restoration ...................................... 335
Site Summary .................................................................. 336

Impact of Recommendations ........................................................ 339
Project Uses ................................................................... 339
Adjacent Land Uses ............................................................. 340
Scenic and Esthetic Values ..................................................... 340

Effect of Adjoining Land Uses on Recommendations .................................. 340

Figure 1. An example of the approach used by the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers in identifying dune management areas
and units (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1974, p. 303).

N -

lot - - - -

:-,STABILIZATION SITE NO. 1

-DISPOSAL SITE NO. 1

04
STABILIZATION SITE NO. 2

STABILIZATION SITE NO. 3

STABILIZATION SITE NO. 4

0 2000 4000

SCALE IN FEET

A:
COOS BAY
NORTH PENINSULA AREA

-:5- Site boundary
Road

Figure 2. Potential dredge material
DISPOSAL SITE NO. 2 disposal sites and vegetative stabiliza-
tion areas for the Coos Bay North Pen1nsu1,a,,,,,'
Area illustrating the management area and
management unit concept proposed herein
(U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1974, p. 337).

III. STABILIZATION METHODS VEGETATIVE

Due to the distinctly different growing,conditions and physical
problems. associated with beaches and. dunes such as proximity to the
ocean, wave energy, wind exposure, soil fertility, etc., vegetative
stabilization. of dune landforms is discussed'based on classification
oft-he dune landform1ocation. The following four major classifica-
tions-,are addressed:
(1) Foredune area--that area from the high tide*line to.the
toe of the slope on the lee si-de of the foredune. In
the event that-a foredune is.not present, the a@ea 200
yards back from the high tide line is considered as the
frontal area.
(2) Deflation plain area or wet inner dune area.
(3) Inner open dune areas not subject to ocea"n'influence.
(4) Older stabilized dunes.

A. Foredune Area

@.Foredune areas along the Oregon coast"wil'l continue to be built
on regardless of the potential risk. Recent court decisions in Lincoln
County regarding Salishan Spit, and the City of Manzanita's decision to
take an exception to allow buildings on the foredune area are only two
examples. It is therefore the purpose of this section to suggest a
sound vegetative management program'to minimize the potential for hazard
in such areas where development has occured or is allowed to locate.

For the purpose of this discussion, the foredune area is divided
into.three sections 'in order to address varying growing conditions:
.the frontal area, the top surface, and the lee side or reverse slope.
These areas of the foredune are generally illustrated in Figure 3.

b
LJ

t
p surface
oo Sur

a c
frontal lee side or
surf everse
slope

Figure 3. Cross section of a foredune illustrating the
(a) frontal section of the foredune or frontal slope dune area
facing the beach; (b) thetop surface of the'foredune or frontal
.area; and (c) the.leb side of the foredu .ne (that portion that
receives protection from the wind).

1. Front of the Foredune

The front section of a foredune or frontal slope is best stabilized
c
sid
Za
,frontal e or
surf
everse
sl'

using European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) as indicated in Figure 4.
Planting procedures would follow specifications for planting as noted

Planting procedures would follow specifications for planting as noted
in Tables 1-3.

Figure 4. European beachorass planting on foredune frontal
area. Note planting pattern and density required to minimize
erosion on this severely exposed site.

If the forward slope is steep or the problem is stabilizing coastal
sand sea cliffs, then the density of planting and fertilizer requirements
differ from the specifications noted in Tables 1-3 as follows:

Density: Density of planting should be at a spacing of 12" x 12"
between hills and four to five culms per hill.

Fertilizer: Fertilizer rate would increase to 400 lbs. of 21-0-0
per acre. Application must take place immediately after planting.
Failure to fertilize on the day of planting will result in all
fertilizer ending up at the bottom of the slope where it is not
needed.

.Site Preparation: It should be recognized that failure to adequately
control water erosion at the base of the foredune or sea cliff areas,
makes it totally useless to stabilize frontal or top foredune areas.
The water erosion from wave energy can cause massive slope failures
and-eventually wash away all the grass planted.
Where natural or manmade breaches in the foredune occur, the placement
of sand fences parallel to the dune will normally collect enough wind-
blown sand to repair the hole or depression. These fences should be
used until the breached area is level with the average height of the
foredune. Fence installation should be four foot'lath woven wire
fence with six foot steel fence posts every ten feet. Front fence
should be braced at the end posts and at twenty foot intervals.
Placement of two fences twenty to thirty feet apart is essential.

Table 1. Recommended specifications for planting European beachgrass
(Ammophila arenaria). Specifications are also applicable to American
beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) and Sea Lyme-grass (Elymus mollis)

INSPECTION: 1. Inspections should be made by the Contracting Officer or
his authorized representative. A representative cross
section of not less than 5% of the planted,areas should
be inspected to ensure compliance with the contract
requirements.

2. Nonconformance with any specifications classifies a plant
hill as unsatisfactorily planted. A tolerance of 5% or
5 unsatisfactory plant hills per 100 is satisfactory.
However, any amount over 5% should be applied as an equal.
percentage reduction of the acreage planted (payments
being made on the basis of net acreage). When'the de-
ficiencies are 10% or over, the contractor should be ex-
pected to take steps to correct them.

PLANTING
STOCK:- 1. The stock to be planted is European Beach Grass
,(Ammophila arenaria). The source and quality of the
planting stock should be approved by the Contracting
Officer or the authorized representative.

DIGGING,
STRIPPING AND
TRIMMING: 1. The plants should be thoroughly cleaned by shaking sand
and sil't from-the roots. Dead stalks ana trash should
be removed from the culms by stripping. The underground
stems should be broken back so that one or two nodes
remain. The grass culms should be sorted and tied into
bundles weighing approximately 10 pounds; tops should be
cut back so that the overall length of the planting.stock
measures about 20 inches.

PLANTING-, 1. The grass is planted in hills with three live culms per
hill.

2. The spacing between hills should average 18 inches.

3. The grass should be planted to a depth of 12 inches,
with sand or silt for cover compacted to exclude air from
the roots (nodes). The top of the plant should be upright
and extend approximately,eight inches above the ground.

4. No planting should be done on any area until the moisture
is within three inches of the ground surface. Nor should
any planting be done when the temperature exceeds 60
degrees F. or when freezing conditions prevail.

Table 1, continued.

5. All areas planted should be fertilized with coarse
particle ammonium sulfate commercial fertilizer, applied
at a rate of forty two pounds of available nitrogen per acre.
Fertilizer should be applied when the wind is calm and
the rain is steady; irrigation may be substituted for
rain. The fertilAzer should be applied at the time
directed by the Contracting Officer of the authorized
representative.

STORAGE: 1. The planting stock should be planted within eight hours
of removal from the nursery areas or heeling-in beds.
The heeling-beds should be a well-drained damp trench
with the roots (nodes) covered to a depth of at least
eight inches. Stock should not be held in heeling-in
beds for a period exceeding two weeks. The supply of
stock at the planting site must be kept in a cool shady
place or otherwise protected against damage from
excessive drying.

TRANSPORTATION
AND
HANDLING: 1. The planting stock should be handled and transported
by any method that does not damage the planting stock
or area.

Table 2. Basic recommended native plaint material chart- for dUne stabilization

SPECIES C S BR B&B SEED 1-0 2-0 2TO 10 SIZE A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 CA FC SP Season

AMMORPHILA arenaria - European beachgrass x x x 20" x x x x x 18"x18" Nov. 15-March 15
Ammophila breviligulata - American beachgrass x x x 20" x x x X 18"x18" Nov. 15-April 15
Elymus mollis -sea lyme grass x x x 20" x 18"x18" Nov. 15-Feb. 15
Poa macrantha- seashore blugrass x x 15lb cc Sept-or Apr-June
Lupinus littorialis - seashore lupine x x 7lb x x x x cc Sept. or Apr-June
Lathyrus maritiimus - purple beach pea x x 15lb x x x x cc April- June
Carex obnupta slough sedge x x 12" x 18"x18" April-July
Deschampsia caespitosa - hairgrass x x 12" x 18"x18" April -July
Kimcis acuminatus- sharp fruited rush x x 12" x x 18"x18" April-July '
Juncus effusus tussock x x 14" x x 18"x18" April-July
Lupinus arboreus-tree lupine x x 30lb x x x x cc April-June
Gaultheria shallon -salal x x x 1gal. x x x 3'x3' Dec-Feb
Vaccinium ovatum -evergreen huckleberry x x x 1gal. x x x 3'x3' Dec-Feb
Cytisus scoparius scotch broom x x x 14" x x x 8'x8' Dec-Feb
Myrica californica -wax myrtle x x x 1gal-10' x x x 8'x8' Dec-Feb
Picea sitchensis- sitka spruce x x x x 12'-10' x x x 8'x8' Dec-Feb
Pinus contorta - shoreline pine x x x x 12"-20' x x x 8'x8' Dec-Feb
C-colonizer-initial stabilizer
S-secondary -permanent S
BR - bare root stock
B&B balled and burlapped
1-0-one year old
2-0-two year old
2 to 10- two to ten years old
Size -height or pounds per acre
A-1 foredue or frontal areas
A-2 deflation plain or wet interdune
A-3 open sand areas
A-4 older stabilized dunes
CA -commercially available
FC- field collection
SP- spacing inches, feet, cc-complete cover
Season- planting dates (optimum)

Table 3. Transplants needed with varied spacing requirements

Transplant Type Spacing 1,000 sq. ft. 1 Acre 100 Acres

Beachgrass - 3 culms per hill 12"xl 2" 3,004 130,680 13,068,000

Beachgrass - 3 culms per hill 18"xl 8" 1,335 58,080 5,808,000

Beachgrass - 3 culms per hill 24"x24" 751 32,670 3,267,000

Beachgrass - 3 culms per hill 30"00" 480 20,880 2,088,000

Beachgrass - 5 culms per hill 1 2"xl 2" 5,006 217,800 21,780,000 CD

Woody species - 1 transplant per hill 3'x3' ill 5,840 484,000

Woody species - 1 transplant per hill 6x6' 28 1,210 121,000
Woody species - 1 transplant per hill 8'x8' 1 16 680 68,000
Woody species - I transplant per hill 12'xl2' 7 302 30,200

Note A word of caution: Always order 3% more to offset heavy planting.

Maintenance: Continual maintenance is.required on beach grass
for about the first two years; after that, only periodic main-
tenance is required. If a large blow-out develops, the most
effective maintenance procedure is to replant with beach grass
and then spread brush on the steep edges. Refertilizing all
weak areas seems to bring back sufficient cover if the plant
root systems have not been uncovered.

2. -Top Surface of the Foredune or Frontal Area

Normally the top surface of the foredu,ne experiences severe wind
erosion and sand accretion. For this reason, European beathgrass is
the recommended plant material for vegetative stabilization. Like the
steep frontal areas '@ 12" x 12" spacing.and fertilizer application of
400 lbs. per,acre of 21-0-0 are recommended (see.Tables 1-3).

Secondary plantings-of other species are not recommended'due to
the hostile environment'normally present at these sites. Annual
application of 200 lbs.-per acre of 21-0-0 applied,in March during
the rains will.provide adequate maintenance.

3. Lee Side of theForedune

The reverse slope or back area, if open sand, should be stabilized
using European beachgrass planted to �tandard specifications (e. g.,
three culms per hill using 18" x 18" spacing, see Tables 1-3).

Planted in well established beach grass stands, the following
secondary plant material will provide some permanent vegetative cover
and alleviate some of the fire hazard associated with'old, dense stands
of beach grass. Refer to Table 2 for planting specifications pertaining
to the following secondary plant material.

Gaultheria shallon salal
Vaccineum ovatum evergreen huckleberry
Pinus contorta shore pine

In addition, the following plant species can be seeded and will provide
some fire protection:

Lathyrus maritimus purple beach pea
Lupinus littoralis sea-shore lupine
Lupinus arboreus tree.1upine

Figure 5 illustrates a. man-created foredune resul-ting from the
Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District project. The foredune
was created using a combination of the stabilization techniques
described herein, including.sand fences and plantings of European
beachgrass. The foredune, established in 1935, has continued-to
maintain itself while affording protection.to inland areas.

Figure 5. man-created foredune in the Warrenton Soil
and Water Con'servation District dune stabilization project
several years after initial European beachgrass plantings.
Note the vigorous growth resulting from the fertilizing
effect of the annual wind-blown beach sand entrapped by
the beach grass.

B. Deflation Plain or Wet Interdune Area

Most of the vast open sand deflation plains along the Oregon
coast have become vegetated by natural plant invasion. This natural
plant succession process is the result of the introduction of European
beachgrass from Holland in the early 1900's. Plantings and natural
spreading of this species quickly resulted in the establishment of
foredunes that created living barriers cutting off the supply of wind-
blown beach sand to the interior areas. Wind erosion in areas back
of the foredune scoured the areas down to the water table creating
a perfect seed bed. Wind-blown and animal carried seeds quickly
became established in these plains of deflation, and entire areas
were soon vegetated. The introduction of beaver in the Oregon Dunes
National Recreition Area hastened this process of vegetation establish-
ment by damming up drainages which raised the water table and created
conditions even more attractive to vegetative establishment.

In some areas of the Oregon coastal dunes, open areas of sand
behind the foredune still exist. Other open sand areas may appear
on the sce'ne as a result of man's interference with the dune system
or natural causes such as fire.

Due to the high water table which characterizes the deflation plain
areas, very little building activity is expected to occur in this area.
Further, septic tank problems, interference with waterfowl habitat, and

HUD Floodplain"Insurance Program regulations will probably make it
difficult to build on this landform. However,, stabilization'efforts
may be needed to protect some adjoining feature or to provide the
opportunity for creation or enhancement of wetland habitat.. With
this in mind, the following vegetative stabilization methods are
recommended.

1. Wildlife Habitat and
Permanent-Vegetation Stabilization

Carefully selected areas that have scoured down to the summertime
water table can be seeded with.a mixture of grasses and legumes to
accomplish the creation or enhancement of vildlife habitat or stabili-
zation of areas to protect adjoining features. Such seedings should
take,place in late May or early June, depending.*on wind condition "s.
Planting too early*can result in a planting failure due to the lowering
water table withdrawing moisturefrom the plant roots. -Such planting
failures are usually irregular, causing uneven erosion and deposition
over the*entire area, and compounding the problem.of revegetating the
area sometime in the future.

The seed and fertilizer mixtures recommended hav'e proved successful
for many years in' the Oregon Du'nes National Recreation Area,.a.s is
evidenced in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6. Deflation plain planting for establishment of.
wildlife habitat three weeks after seedinq. The seeding was the
result of a cooperative effort between the land owner, the U. S.
Forest Service, and the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Department, and
was conducted near the Siltcoos Outlet, Lane County, Oregon.

Figure 7. Five-month old deflation plain planting for
supplemental waterfowl feed, South Jetty Road, Florence, Oregon.
Note stand of barley that will soon be flooded by winter rains.

Suggested Seed Mixture:

Species Common Name lbs./acre
Hordeum barley 100
Lolium perenne perrenial ryegrass 7
Festuca arundinacea alta fescue . 22
Lotus corniculatus birdsfoot trefoil 4

All seeds suggested are available.from commercial seed sources. In
addition, any one of the three native species listed in Table 2 for
possible use in deflation plain plantings could be added to the mixture
noted above. However, all three species must be field collected.
commercially available seed
Since collection sites are not identified
is the least costly approach at this time.

Fertilizer applied at the time of seedings should be at a rate
of 200 lbs per acre of 13-13-13. The seed and fertilizer are usually
applied using a tractor drawn double disc drill and fertilizer spreader.
One should be aware that pockets of semi-quicksand exist in the deflation
plain areas; in the past costly delays have been experienced by equip-
ment sinking.

2. Pacific Flyway Supplemental Feed Plantings

In this application, permanent grasses are not seeded. Instead
barley (Hordeum) is seeded annually at a rate of 100 lbs. per acre
in an attempt to provide feed for migrating waterfowl. Since seed
production is desired, the recommended fertilizer rate is 400 lbs. per

acre of 15-15-15. If the site is used year after year, then site
preparation in the form of discing is advisable prior to planting.
In most areas, slough sedge (Carex obnupta) usually invades the
planted areas. Thousands of migratory waterfowl have benefited from
this type of dune stabilization efforts in the Oregon Dunes National
Recreation Area.

C. Marsh Creation

The opportunity exists in sand spit deflation,plains that are
tidaly influenced or where dredge material storage areas are located
for marsh creation or enhancement (see Figures 8, 9, and 10). Four
plant species have been tested by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station for this purpose. In this regard, Ternyik
(1978) developed specifications for planting four marsh species
(see Table 4) as follows:

Carex obnupta slough sedge
Deschampsia caespitosa_ hairgrass
Juncus acuminatus sharp-fruited rush
Juncus effusus tussock

Note that the specifications deal only with transplanted materials rather
than seeding. Ternyik (1978) indicated total failure after extensive
seeding research efforts. It should be clearly under-stood that these
recommendations are for freshwater marsh creation 'sites only.

Figure 8. Marsh planting operations at Millers Sand
Island, Clatsop County, Oregon. Note method of marking
required spacing.

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N,

Figure 9. Hand planting slough sedge (Carex obnupta)
for marsh habitat establishment, Millers Sand Island, Clatsop
County, 1976.

-Ml
HIS

Figure 10. First season's growth of hairgrass (Deschampsia
caespitosa) planting for establishment of new marsh habitat,
Millers Sand Island, Clatsop County, Oregon.

Table 4. Recommended specifications for planting hairgrass
(Deschampsia cae itosa). Specifications are also applicable
to slough sedge Fcarex obnupta), sharp-fruited rush (Juncus
acuminatus), and Tussock (Juncus effusus).

INSPECTION: 1. Inspections should be made by the Contracting
Officer of authorized representative. A represen-
tative cross section of not less than 5% of the
planted areas should be inspected to ensure com-
pliance with the contract requirements.

2. Nonconformance with any specifications classifies
a plant hill as unsatisfactorily planted. A
tolerance of 5% or 5 unsatisfactory plant hills per
100 is satisfactory. Any amount over 5% should be
applied as an equal percentage reduction of the
acreage planted (payments being made on the basi 's of
net acreage). When the deficiencies are 10% or over,
the contractor should be expected to take steps to
correct them.

PLANTING
STOCK: 1. The stock to be planted is hairgrass (Deschampsia
caespitosa). The source and quality of the planting
stock should be approved by the Contracting Officer
or authorized representative. Age of planting stock
should not exceed two years.

DIGGING
AND TRIMMING.: 1. The plants are dug by passing a shovel under the root
system and prying upward. Plants should then be
dipped in water to clean the root system. The plant
is then separated into sprigs of four to seven culms.
The tops should be cut back so that the overall'top
growth length of the planting stock is eight to nine
inches. The roots should be cut back so that the
overall length does not exceed five to six inches.
Plants should not be tied into bundles.

STORAGE: 1. The planting stock should be planted within four hours
of removal from the nursery areas or intertidal
storage areas. All transplants should be stored in
ventilated plastic container*s that allow free flow
of tidal water. Containers should be pl'aced in holes
dug in the upper one-third of the tidal range. Tidal
waters should cover the plants at high tide. Root
systems should be protected from excessive drying at
all times. Plants should not be stored in tight
containers; nor should they be stored over seven days.

TRANSPORTATION
AND HANDLING: 1. The planting stock should be handled and transported

Table 4, continued.

by any method that does not damage the planting stock
or surrounding marsh areas. Planting stock root
systems must be kept cool and moist at all times.
Main plant stems must not be broken. Dry root systems
or broken main stems are grounds for rejection of
planting stock prior to planting.

PLANTING: 1. The grass should be planted in hills and there should
be four to seven live culms (stems) per hill. All
culms should have a minimum top height of eight inches.

2. The spacing between hills should average one-half,
meter.

3. The grass should be planted to a depth of five to six
inches. The sand or silt used for cover should be
firmly compacted to prevent float outs. The opening
must be large enough to prevent J rooting. The top
of the plant should be upright and should extend seven
to eight inches above the ground.

4. No planting should be done on any area until tidal
waters have been off the surface for one hour. Nor
should any planting be done when temperature exceeds
65 degrees F. or when freezing conditions prevail.
The Contract Officer or representative should have
full authority to halt work when conditions become
unfavorable.

5. Planting should be done by hand or by machine provided
that machines used do not cause excessive damage to
the benthic community. The Contracting Officer or
representative should make the decision on an allowable
method.

FERTILIZATION: 1. All areas planted should be fertilized with commercial
fertilizer 12-12-12 applied at the rate of 800 lbs.
per acre. The fertilizer should be applied no sooner
than two weeks after planting and on a day when the
wind is calm. Fertilizer can be broadcast by hand or
machine. The fertilizer should be applied at the time
directed by the Contracting Officer or representative.

CHANGES: 1. Any changes in the specifications should take place
only after the Contractor has received written orders
from the Contracting Officer.

C Inner Open Dune Areas

Contrary to popular belief, the open dune areas present less of
a problem for establishing vegetative stabilization than older stabilized
dunes. The reason for this is that the landform can be changed
before plantings begin. Physical changes, such as leveling, filling,
slope alteration, etc. can be accomplished without disturbing the
existing plant community root systems since the area is void of vege-
tion to begin with. In addition, debris from construction activities
such as preconstruction clearance, is not present. However, due to the
multitude of different individual site problems, great care must be
taken to select the proper stabilization program for the individual pro-
ject proposed. This information should be in the content of the site
investigation report. In addition to@proper plant species selection
and planting techniques, site preparation is advisable. Vast areas of
open sand have been successfully stabilized with dramatic results as
was the case in Clatsop County as a result of the Warrenton Dune
Stabilization Project illustrated in Figures 11 and 12.

Due to the size of the job and short planting seasons, a tightly
followed work schedule must be adhered to. While it is true that this
is one of the easiest dune forms to stabilize, it is also the area with
the best opportunity for making costly mistakes. Foolish mistakes such
as planting out of season, use of poor plant material, failure to
contour, or improper fertilizer programs, will lead to predictable
stabilization failures costing hundreds of thousands of dol,lars. Added
to this is a normally unsightly mess that is extremely difficult to
restabilize. For this reason, pay strict attention to the recommendations
covered in this section.

.In general, stabilization procedures are as follows:

Site preparation: Site preparation, if needed, may consist of leveling
extreme humps, ridges, or steep slopes utilizing a dozer. Hummocks
are normally left intact, or sometimes are created in order to give
the area more character. In most cases, it is desirable to maintain
the general contour of the dunes with only slight surface modification.
Rough dune areas usually require a greater amount of hand planting
and special treatments leading to increased-costs of initial
stabilization and maintenance.

Planting technique: Initial stabilization of open dune areas along the
Oregon coast is normally accomplished by planting European beachgrass
(Ammophila arenaria) (see Tables 1-3). In recent years, due to
increased labor costs, all large areas (five acres or more) are
planted by machine. One operator on a tractor and four skilled people
feeding two planting units can, under optimum conditions, plant
180,000 culms of beach grass in one day (see Figure 13). The same
amount would take a crew 'of 25 to 30 hand planters. Bear in mind
that a 100 acre dune stabilization project planted to European beach
grass will require 5,800,000 culms of beach grass. The source and
availability of the planting stock must be identified well in advance
of the proposed project and should be included within the site

.20

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lop"
...........

77
;,V

A.L.,

. . ...... ...

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Figure 11. The Warrenton dune stabilization project near De'laura Beach,
1937, 1942 and 1955. Photographs illustrate area prior to stabilization
efforts, following initial stabilization with European beachgrass and
secondary plantings, and after plantings of shore pine.

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A
MR MI

Figure 12. The Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District
stabilization project after initial plantings of beach grass, 1937.
Note that the deflation plain and open dune areas have all been
treated with beach grass. Lower photo illustrates the same area
five years following initial stabilization. The stabilization
Mam", P,

effort has resulted in complete protection of the Sunset Lake Beach
access road. Note the solid band of plantings of scotchbroom
providing a fire break.

Figure 13. Machine planting of European beachgrass in
open dune area.

investigation report.

Contoured Plantings: Large areas with severe wind exposures and
bowl areas should be planted in irregular patterns as
illustrated in Figure 14. If hand planting, rows should be
alternated from diagonal to parallel. When machines are
used, rows should not be parallel to prevailing winds (see
Figure 15). Plantings that are done without regard to wind
patterns and the appropriate pattern planting can blowout
within 24 hours (see Figure 16).

Figure 14. Use of pattern planting to avoid in-row blowout
of initial-beach grass plantings, Carter Lake, Douglas County.

MT@ 'X 6'@ Mi",

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n

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Figure 15. U. S. Forest Service dune stabilization project
at North Bend, Oregon, illustrating initial beach grass machine
planting four months after planting. Note the contoured rows
planted to prevent in-row erosion.

H
T iT T

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'W"
"IM

TI,
I;Ab

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'W;g "I"',

. ........ ..

Z@' 5'A
..........

1@ -@jj . ......

Figure 16. A blowout failure on the northwest edge of
an European beachgrass planting in Lane County. Failure to
restabilize this blowout could lead to eventual destruction
.of the entire planting.

Planting dates: Planting dates are critical in open sand areas. While
the ideal season is November 15th to March 15th, the best success
.is with plantings put'Jn by January 31. There are, however,
exceptions to this rule in open sand areas. If summer winds have
created a,multitude of transverse-ridge dunes, and winter winds
have not yet begun, it is better to postpone planting until the
natural leveling process has taken place. If the area is exposed
only to southwest winds, then late plantings in February and March
can avoid possible damage from severe southwest wind storms of 45
to 80 miles per hour. In areas subject to northwest winds, plantings
should be performed.i@ earlyflovember to'January 15th for best
results.

Fertilization: Fertilizer application is a critical factor in establish-
ing dune vegetation as illustrated in Figure 17. The timing of
fertilizer application with regard to rains can be critical in the'
success or failure of a stabilization project. Steep,banks or slopes
must be fertilized at the time of planting; other areas should be
fertilized within two weeks of planting. Fertilizer application
prior to planting can be successful., however, if it becomes dry and
windy, the fertilizer will shift from the higher elevations to the
.lower spots and in some cases may blow off the area entirely. It
is therefore best to fertilize during rain storms when the wind
is less than five miles per hour.'

Figure 17. Two year old planting of European beachgrass
at Siltcoos Outlet, Lane County. Light area in center of
photograph received zero fertilizer application while the rest
of the planting received the normal 200 lbs. per acre 21-0-0
application at time of planting.

The method of fertilizer application can also be crucial t o the
success of the project. Hand broadcasting of fertilizer is the

surest method of obtaining the total desired coverage. Spreading
by airplane, while fast and cost efficient, can result in problems
with drifting. Fertilizing by tractor is not feasible in large
areas as the weight of the tractor destroys the planted vegetation.
Ideally, aerial application by helicopter should be used in large
projects.

Recommended rates and mixtures for beach grass plan@tings is 200
lbs. of ammonium sulphate 21-0-0 per acre. However, in all plantings
put in after February 15th, or on steep banks, the rate should be
400 lbs. of 21-0-0 per acre. Careful selection of a coarse grain
fertilizer can help alleviate windshift problems.

Finally, if for some reason secondary permanent plantings are not
put into the initial beach grass planted areas, a continuing
annual fertilizer program is a necessity. Failure to do this can
result in a threat to the entire stabilization project and any
development investment put in (see Figure 18).

Figure 18. Dune stabilization project threatened with total
failure due to lack of fertilizer. No secondary permanent plantings
were made and beach grass has starved out. The water tower, pipes
and road are threatened by the lack of a vegetative maintenance
program in this situation at.Clear Lake in Lane County.

Irrigation: If.irrigati6n is not available and winter rains cease, the
fertilizer will be displaced in a windshift pattern. All
depressions will receive the fertilizer and higher elevations where
it is most needed will have none. Water is necessary to make the
fertilizer available to the root system; if this does not occur,
there will be no new growth and massive blowouts can occur.

Secondary plantings: After the area has been initially stabilized with
European beachgrass, it is only conditionally stable -- the dune
area has been temporarily tamed by a blanket of grass. Any
disturbance to the grass cover can initiate the erosion process.
Therefore, permanent secondary plantings should be added into the
sand stilling grass stands following the second growing season.
Secondary plantings can be either woody species or permanent grasses
and legumes (see Table 2). Figures 19 and 20 illustrate-secondary
stabilization options. A constant vegetation maintenance program
should be a part of the development and stabilization plan. Because
open dune areas are generally removed from ocean salt spray
influence, a wide variety of plant materials can be used for
secondary plantings. Plant size will depend on wind exposure.

Figure 19. A secondary planting of permanent grasses and
legumes in an European beachgrass stabilized area in Clatsop
County. 'Such secondary plantings provide excellent fire protection
and permanent stabilization of the entire area.

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Figure 20. A secondary planting of woody species in an
European beachgrass stabilized aeea, Wax Myrtle Campground, Lane
County. Open grass areas provide for varied habitat.

In contrast to the general stabilization procedures noted thus
far, specific specifications for secondary or permanent stabilization
in inner open dune areas is presented in the following discussion.

In most areas, the beach grass plantings are two years old,
when follow-up plantings of 1-0 scotchbroom (Cytisus scoparius) and
2-0 shore pine (Pinus contorta) are planted o'n eight foot.centers.
Planting season is normally December to February. The scotchbroom
is used as a temporary plant with varied benefits. First, its growth
is more rapid than the pine so it provides early wind protection for
about eight years. Since it is a legume, it provides some nitrogen
while also providing good upland bird cover and feed. Finally, it is
very fire resistant.

The scotchbroom is usually shaded out by the shore pine between
the 10th and 12th year. This method results in a dense shore pine
forest habitat with natural intrusion of other woody species from
nearby plant communities. Great care should be taken to plan for
vegetative firebreaks in large plantings of this kind. Two species
are most commonly used. The best is purple beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus)
seeded in a'permanent grass mixture; seed treatment is H2SO4 or scarify.
Fires with intense heat rarely burn over twelve feet into a stand of this
plant. The other plant is scotchbroom (Cytisus scoparius) 1-0 nursery-
grown stock planted on three foot centers in solid bands 50 feet wide.
The latter is very expensive due to nursery costs.

The second method used mainly in the Clatsop Plains project is
first discing of beach grass followed by seeding to permanent grass
mixture (see Figure 21). Due to undependable rain in the Spring, a
fall planting should be considered. Seed mixture for upland drier
sites is as follows:

Suggested Seed Mixture:

Species Common Name lbs./acre

Lupinus littoralis seashore lupine 7
Poa macrantha seashore bluegrass 15
Lathyrus maritimus purple beach pea 15
Festuca rubra creeping red fescue 8

If the above first three native species are not available, then an
alternate mixture of seed normally available on the commercial market
would be as follows:

Alternative Seed Mixture:

Species Common Name lbs./acre

Festuca rubra creeping red fescue 8
Lolium multiflorum annual ryegrass 5
Vicia villosa hairy vetch 25
Festuca arundinacea alta fescue 10

All seedings should receive fertilizer application at 300 lbs. 12-12-12
per acre.

When selecting sites for upland habitat improvement, one should
consider the complete habitat for all expected users. A mixture of
forest, grasslands, and open sand is most desireable. The upland dry
dune sites lend themselves to complete multiple use management for wild-
life habitat and human recreation. Long range effects of creating new
vegetative habitats should be carefully analyzed before planting.

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Figure 21. The Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District
dune stabilization project before stabilization in 1937 and after
plantings of initial stabilization and secondary plantings of perman-
ent grasses and legumes. Area is now set aside for wildlife habitat.

Other considerations that must be addressed whe n stabilizing
inner open dune areas are as follows:

(1) Because of varying growth rates due to unpredictable
weather conditions, it is recommended that no construction
take place until a vegetation expert advises that the area
is ready to accommodate safely construction acti.vities. The
period of time normally required is a minimum of two years.

(2) If complete stabilization has not taken place, drifting
sand trapped in streets may completely plug city storm
drain systems, as illustrated in Figure 22. This can be
avoided by constructing curbs after stabilization is
complete.

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Figure 22. The result of insufficient sand stabilization
in a development project. Sand build-up in streets' will be flushed
into city storm drain systems when rains occur; could lead to
serious failure.of storm drain system completely off the property.

(3) The most common problem associated with use of Tables 1 and 3
is the lack of understanding of the term "beach grass culm".
Figure 23 illustrates what is meant by a culm. The mistake
of identifying a clone as a culm leads to costly overplanting
with little or no added benefit.

(4) Firebreaks in older stands of beach grass are a necessity.
Structures built in areas of beach grass stabilization should
have all beach grass within five feet removed or fire retardant
species should be introduced by seeding,

The open dune management recommendations as presented herein, when
followed carefully, can provide for man's use of dynamic dune forms.
An excellent example of what can be accomplished by adhering to stabiltzation

criteria and maintenance requirements is reflected by the development
of Salishan, Lincoln County (see Figure 24).

Figure 23. An illustration of the difference between one
culm or single stem of beach grass, and several culms attached
forming a clone. All plant requirements shown in work specifi-
cations will indicate number of culms required.

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Figure 24. A comparison (1962 and 1979) of the Salishan
'development, Lincoln County, illustrating the site prior to
stabilization and following initial and secondary stabilization
efforts.

D. Older Stabilized Dunes-

This area, because oflits stable appearance, is where most development
pressures are likely to occur. In defining older stabilized dunes, most
people include well stabilized dunes with a 100 year old climax vegetative
cover even if there has not been significant soil development. This leads
to the misplaced confidence that no substantial stabilization problems
exist.

Actually, in some of the older vegetated ridge systems or sea cli'ff
back areas, major problems can be encountered. Older, mature woody species,
because of a usually low water table, tend to develop extensive root
systems. Construction activities even 40 feet away can kill portions of
this vegetation. Stands of large trees such as shore pine (Pinus contorta)
and sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) contain tremendous weight and cause
slope failures when construction takes place down hill from them. Due to
summertime drying effect these areas are subject to extreme danger from
fire. Too much vegetation removal of trees can cause large scale blow
downs of forest vegetation. Removal of forest duff or brush can cause
increased groundwater evaporation killing stands of 40 foot"to 100 foot
trees.

As an example, the Rhodo Dunes Golf Course east of Florence, contained
an area of older stabilized dunes dividing the fairways. Present was a
dense cover of salal (Gaultheria shallon), huckleberry (Vaccinum ovatum),
manzanita (Arctostaphjlos columbi@ainaa@nd forty foot shore pine (Pinus
contorta). Customers lost their golf balls in this dense cover and were
unhappy. The owner's solution was to remove all the brushy species and
leave the beautiful stand of pine trees. All the pine trees died the first
summer because of water loss to evaporation. Placement of bark mulch
three inches to four inches thick can prevent this kind of water evapor-
ation problem.

Most problems associated with development in older stabilized dunes
can be avoided by careful selection of development sites (see Figure 25).
Extreme care should be taken to consider vegetation needs. The vegetation
should be part of all structure, roadway, and utility locations. If
changes to the development plan are made during construction, the advice
of a vegetation specialistshould be sought so as to assess the possible
impacts of those changes. This is very important to the developer's
interest; one hasty decision to re-route a road without consulting a
vegetation expert can cost thousands of dollars. As a general practice,
roads should be kept off the side hills and should be designed to avoid
the creation of wind tunnels. Likewise, it is important to be aware of
existing root structures and to avoid subsurface damage to vegetation in
the area. Finally, the overcut of vegetation can result in massive blow
downs of existing forest cover.

Stabilization efforts in older stabilized dunes are similar to
open dunes in back areas. However, if development creates minimum
disturbance to the vegetative cover, problems are usually minimal.
All large areas opened-up to possible wind erosion should be restabilized
using methods outlined in the section on open dune areas. The only
exception to this would be use of taller, older woody plant materials.

This is possible because of the dense climax vegetation usually present
on older stabilized dune landforms. The maximum size of woody species
suggested for use are presented in Table 2. If any severe winds are
expected.be'cause of exposure, a sand fence should be installed for the
first year. In addition, all woody species over four feet in height
should be staked and wired to prevent wind tip. Large woody species
also require topsoil to retain enough moisture while establishing their
new root systems.

Figure 25. The road pictured above in Lane County was
located so as to avoid the necessity for massive vegetation
restoration and to protect the visual appearance of the area.

IV. STABILIZATION METHODS - TEMPORARY

On occasion, temporary stabilization may be necessary. However,
it should be fully understood that temporary stabilization methods are,
as the word implies, temporary. Care should be taken not to allow the
use of temporary stabilization methods as a substitute for permanent
stabilization.

The methods identified herein have been used on the Oregon coast
for years with varying degrees of success. Careful selection of the
correct method(s) is essential to avoid possible major wind or water
erosion problems during the construction period of a project.

A. Brush Matting

An accepted temporary measure in the past, brush matting entails
the complete coverage of an open area by placing a four to six inch
mat of branches and leaves on the area (see Figure 26). The material
can.be obtained from coastal greenery trade reject material. This
technique is generally unsightly and later on becomes a difficult
planting bed for permanent species. Consequently it is not recommended
as a viable temporary stabilization measure.

. . . . . . . . . .

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Figure 26, Use of brush mat to.stabilize beach grass
planting blowout, south bank of the Siuslaw River, Lane County.

B. Oil Penetration

Oil is used as a sand stabilizer mainly at cuts associated with
highway or railroad construction, It is strictly a temporary measure,
and is easily destroyed by human or animal activity. At The Dalles,
Oregon, the Oregon State Highway Commission tried to stabilize a
100 acre active dune with this method. After two attempts and several
years time lapse, the open dune area is now double in size. Failure

at any portion of the area treated can result in rough, uneven terrain
increasing the cost of follow-up stabilization efforts.

C. Wire Net

Chicken wire netting is normally used to hold down either brush
or straw matting on steep slopes. While the application is effective,
it contributes to higher costs in vegetative stabilization efforts that
follow due to the difficulty of planting through the wire. While
wire net stabilization is almost always done during the summer season
when vegeta'tive efforts are impossible, it is also an effective method
of getting immediate relief from wind erosion. The wire must be
laced together and staked down at ten foot intervals to be effective.

D. Straw Mat

This method entails the placement of a three to four inch cover or
rye grass straw over the entire area to be stabilized (see Figure 27).
The work must be done on a calm day with no wind. On large areas the
straw is punched into the sand with a sheepfoot roller or large farm
'dis,c. On cut banks or areas of extreme wind exposure, wire netting may
have to be used to secure the straw. Permanent grasses and legumes
can be seeded directly into the cover in the fall.

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Figure 27. Use of straw mulch to provide temporary sand
stabilization in development project.

E. Rock, Gravel, Clay or Topsoil

Normally four to six inches of these materials are applied. This
treatment is strictly temporary on slopes due to traffic damage or water
erosion problems unless followed-up by permanent plantings. However,
on flat areas, this practice sometimes leads to natural vegetation
stabilization. Rock or gravel is the preferred material for narrow

disturbed areas between new roads and existing vegetation. It will not
ignite from carelessly thrown cigarettes and can also serve as a good
fire break in residential areas. The width of a rock or gravel fire
break should be at least five feet and four inches in depth.

F. Bark

In recent years, fir or hemlock bark has been used for temporary
stabilization. This material is much more tolerant of traffic than
rock. However, on steep banks the same problems exist. Bark can be
applied by hand or blown-on out of the transportation truck. This
material, though expensive, provides an attractive visual appearance
(see Figure 28). It is also an excellent material to prevent moisture
loss.from sand underneath. Bark is available in several sizes, from
bark rock (a coarse one to three inch bark) down to bark mulch (a
finely ground soil-like material). Bark rock should be used on areas
of strong'wind exposure and bark mulch sould be used in back or protected
areas.

Figure 28. The use of ground bark to provide out of
season stabilization in late European beachgrass planting,
Lane County, Oregon.

Three cautions should be noted when using bark for stabilization:

(1) The entire area must be covered or adjoining sand will
quickly fill all the voids and speed up the sand transport
(see Figure 29).
(2) The bark should be kept back at least five feet from all
wooden structures% Bark poses a significant fire hazard to
wood structures or adjoining vegetation and can smolder for
hours before igniting into full flame.
(3) Do not place unperforated plastic sheeting under bark cover.
Because bark is bouyant, the heavy winter rains will result

in displacement of the bark. Additionally, bark placed on plastic
on slopes has a tendency to slide to the bottom of the slope, especially
during the rainy season.

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Figure 29. An example of a bark stabilization failure,
off site sand has filled all the voids and created a smooth,
hard surface that accentuates sand transport.

G. Log Placement

In recent years, cut banks have been stabilized with beach logs
to accomplish stabilization that some find visually attractive. If
large voids exist between the logs, vegetation should be planted.
The weight of the logs helps prevent natural slumping (see Figure 30).

Figure 30. An illustration of the use of logs to stabilize
a cut bank in a development project, Lane County, Oregon.

H. Lath and Wire Sand Fencing

Sand fencing is an important temporary stabilization method used
for years on the Pacific Coast. It is normally used to gain temporary
relief from large windblown movements of sand from open dunes areas
or recently disturbed areas. Sand fences have also been used.to create
foredunes or fill breaches'(Figure 31). In some cases, fences have
been used to raise roadbeds across soft, wet deflation plai*hs where
equipment.could not work (Figure 32).

The fencing material ranges from 1" x 4" individual pickets to
4' wire and lath snow fence (see Figure 33). Fence installat *ions are
effective when placed in two parallel rows about thirty feet apart.
Proper position of the fences is critical if desired results are to be
obtained. Improperly placed they may result in inundation of areas
needing protection. Fences should be installed using six foot heavy
duty steel posts driven into the sand eight feet apart; end posts should
be anchored in three directions. The fence wire should be firmly attached
to each post at the top, middle.and bottom.

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Figure 31. Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District,
Clatsop County, dune stabilization project illustrating use of
sand fences to create foredune.

Fences four feet in height placed thirty feet apart across prevailing
winds have in some cases filled-in in one week. The-lee side of such a
fence will sometimes experience fifty feet of sloping sand from accretion.
It is consequently recommended that fences-be used only where experienced
advice is available, since the results of sand fence placement can be
phenomenal.

Figure 32. Illustration of sand fencing used to raise a
roadbed across a wet deflation plain near Florence, Oregon.

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Figure 33. Snow fencing placed flat on the ground can
provide temporary stabilization on cut banks, such as that
performed above in Lane County, Oregon.

V. CONCLUSION

In. the final. anal sis, all areas covered by the Oregon Beaches
y
and Dunes Goal can., wi'th pro4per,procedures, be stabilized. In fact,
dune stabilization has been successfully accomplished throughout the
world sinc-6'the days of the Roman Empire. The question we face in
Oregon today is not whether to stabilize dunes, but,rather.is
stabilization appropriate given the direction of the Beaches and
Dunes- Goal? This.question must be a,nswered with findings-of-fac -t
that will substantiate the compatibility of the proposed dune
stabilization project with the local comprehensiveland use plan
and the Ore'g7on Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Furthdr information pertaining to dune stabilization is found
within the following publications:

Beaches and Dunes of the"Oregon Coast, 1975, by the USDA Soil
Conservation Service and Oregon Coastal Conservafion and
Development Commission

"Controlling Coastal Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwest", 1942,
by Willard T. McLaughlin and Robert L. Brown, Nursery Division
of the USDA Soil Conservation Service

and, Plants of the Oregon Coastal Dunes, 1974, by Alfred Wiedemann,
LaRea Dennis, and Frank Smith, Department of Botany, Oregon
State University,

VI. REFERENCES CITED

McLaughlin, Willard T., and Robert L. Brown. 1942. "Controlling
Coastal Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwest." Circular No. 660.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 46 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. 1974. Coastal
Reconnaissance Study: Oregon and Washington. Battelle Pacific
Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington. 478 pp.

U.S. Department of Agricultu re, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
@Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.

Weideman, Alfred M., Dennis J. LaRea, and Frank H. Smith. 1974.
Plants of the Oregon Coastal Dunes. Oregon State University
Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. 117 pp.

Implementation
Ai Techniques
I

Beach & Dune

Implementation Techniques:

.................................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FINDI NGS - OF- FACT

..........................

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

IV. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Off-road Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast
Sand Removal Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes: Uses, Impacts and Management
Considerations
Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,

Cover illustration by Arlys Bernard, Newport, Oregon.

BEACH AND DUNE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:

FINDINGS-OF-FACT

by
Carl A. Lindbprg, Project Director
OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P. 0. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon - 97365

May, 1979

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of findings-of-fact as they relate to activities in beach and dune areas,
conducted by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc. This
report constitutes one element of an overall analysis of planning for
coastal beaches and dunes as required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Carl A. Lindberg-, OCZMA Beaches and
Dunes Study Team Project Director, with assistance from OCZMA's Beaches
and Dunes Study Team composed of Christianna Crook, Research Associate,
Wilbur Ternyik, Project Coordinator, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary
and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made by the Beaches
and Dunes Steering Committee composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of I-and Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathleen Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. Introduction ........................................... I
II. Checklist For Findings-of-Fact ......................... 3
III. For Further Information ................................ 5

IV. References Cited ....................................... 7

I INTRODUCTION

FINDING--a determination or coneZusion based on the
evidence presented and prepared by a hearings body
in support of its decision. A zoning board of ad-
justment or governing body is usuaZZy required by Zaw
to hoZd a pubZie hearing to hear evidence when it
receives a petition for a variance, speciaZ 'pe2-9i?it,
rezoning, or appeaZ of an administration officiaZ's
decision. When it presents its decision, the body
is often required to demonstrate in writing that
the facts presented in evidence support its decision
in conformance with the Zaw. (,3o7nit, 1077).

The above definition defines "findings" as the technique which is
commonly used throughout the United States. In Oregon,, the requirement
for adequate findings has been brought into sharper focus, however. The
1976 decision of South of Sunnyside Neighborhood League et al., v.
Board of Commissioners of Clackamas County (27 Or. App. 647) set forth
three specific requirements for local governments to use when determining
an activity's conformance with relative land use policy criteria. The
Court of Appeals noted: (27 Or. App. 647, p. 656)

"To prove conformance, findings should at least:

"(1) explain which criteria are considered relevant;
11(2) state the facts which were relied upon in rendering
a decision; and,
"(3) explain why the decision made is justified."

Since this Court of Appeals decision, the 1977 Oregon Legislature
enacted ORS 654 that not only codified the case law, but also rea 'uired
that findings be made for both approvals and denials. In addition, the
law required that the criteria used for discretionary land use decisions
be set forth within the appropriate ordinance so that the relationship
between the criteria and existing standards is indicated, and so that such
criteria is readily available to all interested parties (Bureau of
Governmental Research, 1977, p. 2).

Within the context of the Beaches and Dunes Goal it is suggested
that "local government adopt strict controls for carrying out the Imple-
mentation Requirements of this goal. The controls could include:

110) requirement of a site investigation report financed by the
developer;
"(2) posting of performance bonds to assure that adverse effects
can be corrected; and,
(3) requirement of re-establishing vegetation within a specified
time." (LCDC, 1977).

Becaus6 of this guideline, jurisdictions may adopt requirements that
site investigation reports be prepared, and base their "finding", or
decision on the information supplied within the report. The following
pages include criteria which decision-makers should address when making
findings-of-fact in beach and dune areas, and is applicable to jurisdictions
that do or do not require the developer to prepare a site-investigation
report.

Remember, however, that it is the developer's responsibility to
prepare and present the facts; it is the decision-maker's responsibility
to ensure that all facets of the proposal are considered, and that the
ultimate decision is based on fact.

Findings-of-fact are the catalogued evidence that is used to
substantiate a decision. Such information must be made a part of the
public record accompanying any of the situations outlined within the
implementation requirements of Oregon's statewide planning goals.
A three step process for arriving at findings-of-fact is as follows:

(1) Review all relative information available pertaining to a
proposed action that is presented by interested parties
(proponents, 6pponents and staff). Such informational
sources might include special studies, existing plans and
inventories, staff reports and completed applications.

(2) Determine what basic facts (those facts that when taken together
lead to a final conclusion) can be obtained from the pertinent
information. Such information should be supported by reliable
and substantive evidence, i.e., hard facts and not casual
opinions.

(3) Prepare a conclusion that includes the basic facts and a summary
of the procedure used to arrive at the conclusion. Such
documentation should demonstrate that all relevant require-
ments (i.e., state law, administrative 'rules, court decisions,
local plans and ordinances) were considered and should include
a summarization of the information considered. The final
conclusion should reflect an opinion based upon available
information concerning the proposed action and le'gal requirements.

Decision-makers may adopt findings recommended to them by staff
or any other person or body including those of either the proponents or
opponents providing that such findings are supported by the evidence
and testimony found in the record of the proceeding. If findings are
prepared by the staff, the decisio n-making body may allow interested
partiesto comment on such-findings (Oregon State Bar, 1976, pp. 11-13).

In the final analysi s, it is important to remember that it is the
applicant's-responsibility,to justify a proposed action as bein.g consistent
with federal, state and local regulations. Fu.rthermore, the decision
rendered bythe,governing body must be supported by factual information
which is used to substantiate the decision Or "findi,ng" that is made.

II. CHECKLIST FOR FINDINGS-OF-FACT

The Oregon Beaches and Dunes Goal requires that "local governments
and state and federal agencies shall base decisions on plans, ordinances
and land use actions in beach and dune areas, other than older stabilized
dunes, on specific findings that shall include at least (LCDC, 1977):

"(a) the type of use proposed and the adverse effects it might
have on the site and adjacent areas;

"(b) temporary and permanent stabilization programs and the
planned maintenance of new and existing vegetation;

11(c) methods for protecting the surrounding area from any
adverse effects of the development; and

"(d) hazards to life, public and private property, and the natural
environment which may be caused by the proposed use."

For this reason, the following checklist for findings-of-fact is
divided into five categories: type of use, potential impacts of
activity on site and adjacent sites, stabilization programs, methods
for protecting surrounding area, and hazards which might be caused
by the proposed use or activity.

The checklist notes that information which should be readily
available to the decision-making body to assist in formulating a
decision based on findings regarding proposed activities in beach and
dune areas.

Type of Use:

- Nature of Activity.
- Extent of Activity (major/minor in the context of potential impact(s)).
- Location of Activity.
- Will activity conform with natural landform pattern?
- Will activity conform with the natural shoreline configuration?
- Ability of jurisdiction to provide services (enforcement, fire
protection, schools, sewage, etc.).
- What federal, state and local regulations apply?

Impact of Activity on Site and Adjacent Sites:

- Classification of dune landform(s) within the site of the proposed
activity.
- Surrounding dune types, continuity and heights.
- Location of activity with respect to other environments (estuaries,
urban areas, etc.).
Effect of project on particularly sensitive environmental resources.
Type of vegetation (deep-rooted, shallow-rooted; pioneer, succession;)
quantity of vegetation (biomass)).
Existing man-made developments in the area such as structures, roads,
agriculture, etc.

Potential effect on air and water quality and ambient noise levels'
(does proposal require a variance from established environmental
standards for air, water and noise?).
Effect on potential use, extraction or conservation of a scarce
natural resource.
Potential effect of water drawdown or the pollution of groundwater
which would lead to the loss of vegetation and/or the intrusion
of saltwater, etc.
Potential extent of impermeable structures (roofs, pavement, etc.)
on groundwater aquifer (resulting in saltwater intrusion or
increased freshwater flows resulting in site-specific erosion).
Potential effect of subsurface waste disposal (resulting in possible
contamination of groundwater or beach areas).
Potential effect of solid waste disposal (resulting in possible
contamination of groundwater and beaches, or unsightly wind-
blown debris).
Potential effect of fertilizers for farming, forestry or landscaping
(resulting in possible contamination of groundwater).
- Potential aesthetic impacts.
- Potential effect of recreational pressures such as congestion,
ability of area to accommodate degree of anticipated use, etc.

For projects with potentially serious adverse impacts the following
should be evaluated:
- Affected project area.
- Effect on the immediate adjacent ecosystem.
- Effect on area ecologically affected by the project itself and by
combinations of secondary activities induced by the project.

Stabilization:

- History of dune stabilization of the area including:
(1) past activities;
(2) whether vegetation has burned, if so, when and how; and,
(3) nature and degree of success of attempts at artificial
stabilization both physical and biological, at the site.
- History of uses (grazing, vehicular, pedestrian and associated
problems).
- How will proposed use affect (1) saltwater intrusion, (2) decreased
or increased freshwater runoff, (3) subsurface disposal of
harmful compounds, and (4) fire, as they relate to the stabili-
zation proposed?
- Are plantings of a species and size that will survive in the
particular location?
- Is timing of planting proposed appropriate?
- Are appropriate allowances and 'Plans made for required fertilization
and irrigation?
- Is spacing adequate to promote stabilization?
- For physical-stabilization efforts, are the specifications, locations
and maintenance programs as proposed generally proven and
acceptable methods?

Methods of Protecting Surrounding Area:

- What aesthetic considerations are addressed by the proposal
(setbacks, cluster development, height restrictions,
landscaping, etc.)?
- What type of stabilization is proposed and are the methods generally
acceptable and proven?
What considerations are given to sewage disposal?
What considerations are given to potable water?
What considerations are given to limited access to sensitive dune
areas? Conversely, what consideration is given to public
access?
What consideration is given to protective structures? Does the
project require the placement of protective structures, or will
such placement be necessary?
Are proposals to protect the site and surrounding areas from adverse
effects accepted sound professional approaches to provide
necessary protection?

Hazards which might be caused by proposed use or activity:

- Geologic history of dune areas including sand availability and
source, erosion and accretion.
- Presence of erosion on site or in surrounding area (rate of
erosion and composition of eroded materials).
Patterns and forces of surface winds.
- Susceptibility of area to geologic hazards including storm surge,
ocean wave flooding, slides, erosion, accretion, floodplains,
etc.
- Impact on slope stability and or deviation of ground under existing
developments.
- Exposure of stable and/or conditionally stable areas to erosion
either by excavation or by vegetation removal.
- Impact of sand transport modification either by blockage of riverine
sedimdent transport or by beach protective structures.
- Change in shoreline configuration resulting from dikes, building
sites, jetties, etc.
- Do protection proposals address all noted adverse impacts, all known
geol,ogic hazards, and all known landform limitations as
identified in inventories, site investigation reports, etc.?

III. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Additional information on the nature of findings in general,
what they are, why they are necessary, and what constitutes adequate
findings is available in:

"What are 'Adequate' Findings for a Land Use Decision?," 10,75,
by the Bureau of Government Research and Service and

"Codification of Case Law 'Findings' Requirement," 1977, by
Bureau of'Government Research and Service.

Basic information on considerations for activities withi,-n beach
and dune areas is available in:

"Research Report on Shoreline Management Guidelines.to the Grays
Harbor (Washington) Regional Planning Commission," 1971,
by Battelle Pacific Northwest.

"Sand Dunes," The Coastline, 1977, by L. A. Boorman.

"The Oregon Environment: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Analysis and
Planning Procedures," 1975, by 1,!illiam Clark, Thomas Byrer, Ronald Eber.

Coastal Ecosystem Management: A Technical Manual For the
Conservation of Coastal Resources, 1977,.by John Clark.

Guidelines for Beachfront Construction With Special Reference to
the Coastal Construction Setback Line, 1977, by Courtland A.
Collier.

IV. REFERENCES CITED

Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1971. "Research Report on
Shoreline Management Guidelines to the Grays Harbor (Washington)
Regional Planning Commission." Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, Richland, Washington. 110 pp.

Boorman, L. A. 1977. "Sand Dunes." The Coastline, R.S.K. Barnes, Ed.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. pp. 161-197, 37 pp.
I

Bureau of Governmental Research and Service. 1975. "What are 'Adequate'
Findings For A Land Use Decision?" Planning Note #4, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 19 pp.

Bureau of Governmental Research and Service, 1977. "Codification of
Case Law 'Findings' Requirement." Planning Note #4, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 11 pp.

Clark, John. 1977. Coastal Ecosystem Management: A Technical Manual
For the Conservation of Coastal Resources. John Wiley and Sons,
New York, New York. 928 pp.

Clark, William, Thomas Byrer, and Ronald Eber. 1975. "The Oregon
Environment: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Analysis and
Planning Procedures." Department of Urban Planning, University of
Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 56 pp.

Collier, Courtland A. 1977. Guidelines for Beachfront Construction
With Special Reference to The Coastal Construction Setback Line.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida. 68 pp.

.Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development, Salem, Oregon. 24 pp.

Oregon State Bar. 1976. 'Land Use. Committee on Continuing Legal
Education, Oregon State Bar, Portland, Oregon.

Solnit, Albert. 1977. The Job of the Planning Commissioner. University
Extension Publications, University of California, Berkeley,
California. 195 pp.

II. BEACHES AND DUNES SITE 1NVESTIGATION - PHASE I

INITIAL PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION CHECKLIST

LOCATION: Beach & Dune

Y ES N0 LOCAL ZONING REGULATIONS

Does the proposd development site plan conform to
city or county zonning Regulation setback

lines and other code provisions? (Contact, the City
or County Engineer for details.)

Y ES NO, 2 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SETBACK LlNE OR DESIGNATION
a, Has a Coastal Construction Set-back Line (CCSBL)
been adopted for this County or City? (Inquire
from the County or City Engineer.)
b. If a CCSBL has been adopted for this County or
City is the proposed site seaward of the CCSBL?
c. If the proposed site is seaward of the adopted
CCSBL, has application for a variance or exception
been made to the Planning. Comission having,
jurisdiction?
YES NO Site Investigation, Reports
a. Has any portion of the property been identified as
being affected by any potential or existing
geological hazard, (Contact County or City
Planning Departments for information published by
the State Department of Geology and Mineral industries,
U.S. Department(of Agriculture-Soil Conservation
Service, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, and other government agencies).
b. Are any of the following identified hazards present?
1. Active foredune

2. Water erosion
3. F1ooding
4. Wind erosion
5. Landslide of sluff activity
c. Are there records of these hazards over being present
on the site?

If answe to any of the above is Yes then full details of location,
extent, type, and possible remedies will be required

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

This report was prepared as part of a larger document addressing various
beach and dune planning and management considerations and techniques.*
Other segments of the document and additional materials are:

I. BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach and Dune Physical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregon's Coastal Beaches
and Dunes
III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes
IV. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
off-road Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast
Sand Removal Planning and Management Considerations, for the
Oregon Coast
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes. Uses, Impacts and AA=gement
Considerations
Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene.

BEACH AND DUNE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:

SITE INVESTIGATION REPORTS

by
Wilbur E. Ternyik
Wave Beachgrass Nursery
Florence, Oregon

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon - 97365

June, 1979

PREFACE

The following report presents the results of an in-depth analysis
of site investigation reports as a tool for use by local jurisdictions
in evaluating proposals for beach and duneareas. This report was
prepared under the auspices of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management
Association and constitutes one element of an overall analysis of
planning for, and managing, coastal beaches and dunes as required
by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

In addition, valuable review and comments were made on
portions of this product by the Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee
composed of:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S..Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation,
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar B.artl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathleen Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

OCZMA extends special appreciation to Dick Benner, Project Attorney
for 1,000 Friends of Oregon, Dr. Jim Stembridge, Coastal Specialist,
Oregon Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and Marilyn Adkins
and Carl Jennings, Planners for the City of Florence, for their
timely and thorough review of this material. Their comments were
instrumental in producing a product which OCZMA hopes will be
useful and beneficial to coastal jurisdictions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface .................................................
List of Figures and Tables ..............................
1. The Site Investigation ................................... I
Ii. Beaches and Dunes Site Investigation - Phase I
Initial Proposed Development Application Checklist ...... 3
III. Beaches and Dunes Site Investigation - Phase 2
Development Application Checklist ....................... 7
A. State and Local Zoning Regulations
B. Identified Set Back Line or Designations
C. Identified Hazardous Conditions
D. Existing Site Vegetation
E. Fish and Wildlife Habitat
F. Floodplain Elevation
G. Historical and Archaeological Sites
H. Condition of Adjoining Areas
I. Development Impacts
J. Proposed Design
K. LCDC Coastal Goal Requirements
IV. A Procedure for Implementing Beach and Dune Planning
Requirements ............................................ 17
V. Roles and Responsibilities in the Preparation and
Review of Site Investigation Reports .................... 19
A. Applicants Responsibility
B. Planning Staff and Commission Responsibility
C. Citizen's Input
D. Local City Council or County Commission
Responsibility
E. Land Use Appeals Board
VI. Evaluation of Site Investigation Reports ................ 20
VII. Qualifications for Consultants or Investigators ......... 24
VIII. Performance Standards ................................... 25

Ix. The Disclosure Statement ................................ 26

X. References Cited ........................................ 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Procedural flowchart ................................... 17

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Pros and cons of various apDroaches in the preparation
and review of site investigation/environmental impact
reports ................................................ 20

I. THE SITE INVESTIGATION

Suggested within the Guidelines of the Beaches and Dunes Goal as one
possible method that local governments might use to direct beach and dune
development is the "site investigation report" (LCDC, 1977):

"LocaZ governments shouZd adopt strict'controZs for
carrying out the impZementation Requirements of [the
Beaches and Dunes GoaZ... ineZuding] requirement of a
site investigation report financed by the deveZoper."

For the purpose of this report, the site investigation report is intended to
provide a systematic process for developer and jurisdiction review of the fol-
lowing types of information:

(1) the identification of possible negative impacts caused by
geologic hazard accentuated by or impacting the proposed
development, adjoining property, and overall dune sheet;

(2) to suggest solutions or remedies to identified problems to
overcome geological hazard or to accommodate other environmental
considerations; and

(3) to identify consistency or conflict with local, state and federal
regulations, including the Oregon Beaches and Dunes Goal and other
statewide planning goals, and the local comprehensive plan.

In this regard, the site investigation report would serve to provide planning
staffs and decision-makers with all the pertinent information necessary in
any deliberation concerning beach and dune areas to arrive at a decision
based on findings-of-fact.

The purpose of the site investigation report in beach and dune areas is
'to provide information on geologic hazards and environmental constraints
which may affect or be affected by the proposed development, in addition to
-identifying pertinent regulations affecting the development proposals.
Because Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal suggests that local governments
require SIRs to assist in "evaluating beach and dune plans and actions,"
additional information pertaining to impacts of the proposed development,
over and above potential geologic constraints, is noted within the following
material. However, the primary objective of the Beaches and Dunes Goal
and the SIR is to ensure development that is compatible with the beach and
dune lan'dforms. In this.regard, benefits to be derived from a project,
whether social,economic, environmental, recreational, or otherwise, should
not solely be used to determine the appropriateness of a proposal f-hatis
clearly inconsistent with identified hazards. However, cities and -counties
may find such information to be useful in evaluating other aspects of the
proposed development once it is determined to be compatible.with the landform.
For this reason, and to ensure compliance with existing regulations,-the
material presented herein has been developed in a fashion that comprehensively
evaluates development proposals in an effort to assist both the developer and
the local decision-maker. In short, the SIR is intended to provide a
systematic analysis of proposed uses in beach and dune areas that are
"consistent with their ecological, recreational, aesthetic, water resource,

and economic values, and consistent with the natural limitations of beaches,
dunes and dune vegetation for development" (LCDC, 1977).

In order to maintain sound management of Oregon's coastal beach, dune
and cliff areas and still provide for acceptable development, data must be
collected to allow for wise decision-making. Even more important is the
accuracy of the data due to possible later legal challenges to decisions made.
Great care should be taken to ensure that the evidence developed and used for
"findings-of-fact" will stand up in court and reflect a true method of
implementing the Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission's state-
wide planning goals and local land use regulations affecting uses in coastal
beach, dune and cliff areas. Because of the report's use in developing
f.i,ndings-of-fact that may be tested in court, the jurisdiction should give
clear direction on all necessary information needed.

It is recommended that the Site Investigation Report (SIR) contain two
phases. The first would be a simple "yes" or "no" development proposal
handout checklist available from local planning offices. If significant
hazards are identified as a result of the Phase I SIR, or if there are possible
compliance problems.with state or local land use regulations, then a Phase 2
SIR would be required.

Although the use of the short form Phase 1 SIR should quickly eliminate a
large share of proposals from full site investigations, careful review of the
Phase 1 SIR would be required of the local planning staff in order to determine
if a Phase 2 investigation should be required. Official planning commission
action should determine if the full site investigation report is required (or
such authority could be delegated to the planning staff).

Once the determination is made that there is sufficient reason to require
a Phase 2 SIR, the development proposal will.be subjected to intense scrutiny.
The applicant should be notified by certified mail of the need to conduct a
Phase 2 SIR and what his/her responsibilities will be. Additionally, it is
important that the applicant be informed of the various roles and responsibilities
of the agencies involved.

For the purpose of the site investigation report, major and minor impacts
are not distinguished by size, but rather by their cumulative impacts on
coastal landforms and/or hazard potential. The smallest project can have a
major impact, whereas a large project can have a minor impact depending on
location and associated design modifications.

Finally, due to the dynamic nature of Oregon's coastal beach and dune
systems, the interdependencies of the system, and the intent of the Beaches and
Dunes Goal, it is necessary that public agency (federal, state and local)
development proposals within the beach and dune area be required to follow the
site investigation report procedure with local units of government as identified
herein. If this is not done, management of Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes
will be uncoordinated and haphazard, without regard for the integrity of the
dune system or the regulations which mandate balanced management of these unique
systems.

While the format and emphasis of any particular site investigation-report
will vary with location and situation, it is recommended that the site inves-
tigation report generally include the following types of information:

I. Purpose of the Site Investigation Report
II. Scope of the Investigation including methods and commissioning party
III. Site Data and Identification including project description and location
IV. Site Investigation Report
A. State and Local Zoning Regulations
B. Identified Set-back Lines
C. Identified Hazardous Conditions
D. Existing Site Vegetation
E. Fish and Wildlife Habitat
F. Floodplain Elevation
G. Historical and Archaeological Sites
H. Condition of Adjacent Areas
I. Development Impacts
J. Proposed Design
K. LCDC Coastal Goal Requirements
V. Graphic Portrayal of Data
VI. Conclusions
VII. Recommendations
VIII. Other information including literature referenced, copies of approved
permits, etc.

While not specific to beaches and dunes, the City of San Jose, California has
developed guidelines for geologic and engineering geology reports that provide
an example of the format and contents of a site investigation report (Nelson, 1976).

II. BEACHES AND DUNES SITE INVESTIGATION - PHASE I
INITIAL PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION CHECKLIST1

LOCATION:

YES NO 1. LOCAL ZONING REGULATIONS
Does the proposed development site plan conform to
City, or County Zoning Regulations regarding setback
lines and other code provisions? (Contact the City or
County Engineer for details.)

YES NO 2. COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SETBACK LINE OR DESIGNATION
a. Has a Coastal Cons"truction Setback Line (CCSBL) been
adopted for this County orCity? (Inquire from the
County or City Engineer.)
b. If a CCSBL has been adopted for this County or City
is the proposed site seaward of the CCSBL?
c. If the proposed site is seaward of the adopted CCSBL,
has application for a variance or exception been made
to the Planning Commission having jurisdiction?

If answer to any of the above is Yes then full details of location,
extent, type, and possible remedies will be required.

YES NO 3. IDENTIFIED HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
a. Has any portion of the property been identified as
being affected by any potential or existing geological
hazard? (Contact County or City Planning Departments
for information published by the State Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, U.S. Department of
Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Geological
Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other government
agencies).
b. Are any of the following identified hazards present?
1. Active foredune

2. Water erosion
3. Flooding
4. Wind erosion
5. Landslide or sluff activity
c. Are there records of these hazards ever being present on
the site?

YES NO 4. EXISTING SITE VEGETATION
a. Does the vegetation on the site, afford adequate
protection against soil erosion from wind and,
surface water runoff?
b. Does the condition of vegetation present constitute a
possible fire hazard or contributing factor to slide
potential?
(If answer is Yes, full details and possible remedies will be
be required.)

YES NO 5. FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT
a. Does the site contain any identified rare or endangered
species or unique habitat (feeding, nesting or resting)?
b. Will any significant habitat be adversely affected by
the development? (Contact State Fish and Wildlife,
County and City Planning Staffs for inventory data.)

YES NO 6. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Are there any identified historical or archaeological sites
within the area proposed for development? (Contact local
planning office.)

YES NO 7. FLOOD PLAIN ELEVATION
a. If the elevation of the 100 year flood plain or storm
tide has been determined, does it exceed the existing
ground elevation at the proposed building site?
(Contact the Federal Insurance Administration, City
or County Planning Departments for information on
100 year flood plain information. Existing site
elevations can be identified by local registered
surveyor.)

YES NO
b. If elevation of the proposed development is subject to
flooding during the 100 year flood or storm tide, will
the lowest habitable floor be raised above the top of
the highest predicted storm-wave cresting on the 100
year flood or storm tide?

YES NO 8. CONDITION OF ADJOINING AND NEARBY AREAS
Are any of the following natural hazards present on
adjoining or nearby properties that would pose a threat
to this site?
a. Open dunes
b. Active foredunes

c. Storm runoff erosion
d. Wave undercutting or wave overtopping
e. Slide areas
f. Combustible vegetative cover
(Contact County and City Planning staffs for local hazard
information.)

YES NO 9. DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS
a. Will there be adverse off-site impacts as.a result of
this development?
b. Identify possible problem type
1. Increased wind exposure
2. Open sand movement
3. Vegetative destruction,
4. Increased water erosion (storm runoff, driftwood
removal, reduction of foredune, etc.)
5. Increased slide potential
6. Affect on aquifer
c. Has landforTn capabilify (density, slope failure, ground-
water, vegetation, etc.) been a consideration in preparing
the development proposal?
d. Will there be social and economic benefits from the
proposed development?
e. Identified benefits
1. New jobs
2. Increased tax base
3. Improved fish and wildlife habitat

YES NO

4. Public access
5. Housing needs
6. Recreation potential
7. Dune stabilization (protection of other features)

8. Other

YES NO 10. PROPOSED DESIGN
a. Has a site map been submitted showing in detail exact
location of proposed structures?
b. Have detailed plans showing structure foundations been
submitted?
c. Have detailed plans and specifications for the placement
of protective structures been submitted if need is
indicated?
d. Has a plan for interim stabilization, permanent revegeta-
tion and continuing vegetative maintenance been submitted?
e. Is the area currently being used by the following?
1. off-road vehicles
2. motorcycles
3. horses
f. Has a plan been developed to control or prohibit the
uses of off-road vehicles, motorcycles, and horses?

YES NO 11. LCDC COASTAL GOAL REQUIREMENTS
a. Have you read the LCDC Goals affecting the site?
(Contact LCDC, City or County office for copies of
Goals.)
b. Have you identified any possible conflicts between
the proposed development and the Goals or acknowledged
comprehensive plan? (If so, list them and contact
local planning staff for possible resolution.)
c. Have all federal and state agency consistency
requirements been met? (Contact local planning office.)
d. Has applicant or investigator determined that the
development proposal is compatible with the LCDC
Beaches and Dunes Goal and other appropriate
statewide landuse planning laws?

III. BEACHES AND DUNES SITE INVESTIGATION - PHASE 2
DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION CHECKLIST

The following are suggested inclusions of a full site investigation
report, with an explanation of the importance of the material requested
noted in italics.

A. State and Local Zoning Regulations

'I. Submit letter from city or county planning staff and/or engineer
certifying that the p'roposed development site plan conforms with
dpplicable city or county zoning regulations or plan designations.

2. Same letter must indicate approval of conformance with any special
code provisions.

3. If an exception to a statewide planning goal or a variance has been
previously approved for the particular locale, substantiate accordingly.

B. Identified Set Back Line or Designations

1. Identify on plot plan the 100-year floodplain line.

2. Identify on plot plan all established set back lines.

C. Identified Hazardous Conditions

1. Map to approximate scale all identified areas of wind erosion, water
erosion, and slide activity.

2. Provide written details on extent of hazard as follows:

a. Wind Erosion
(1) Size and slope of active sand area.
Size and sZope of open sand areas indicate required
stabiZization methods, deveZopment Zocation, and
probabZe Zength of time eZapse between intitiaZ
stabiZization and deveZopment construction.
(2) Delineate areas of sand loss or accretion.
Areas of sand Zoss or accretion indicate probabZe
continued erosion. Their size and Zocation indicate
probabZe rate of erosion. Location and wind exposure
wiZZ dictate appropriate stabiZization methods required.

(3) Identify off-site source of sand and probable movement
patterns and rate.of movement.
Off and on site wind data is used to determine continued
sand movement problems and their extent.
(4) Indicate wind exposure and estimated fetch length.
wind exposure is all importnat in determining possibZe
probZems with existing wind erosion or possibZe new erosion
potential caused by development activities. Road and path
location are in some cases determined by wind exposure at
the site. Temporary stabilization of open areas must be
immediate if they are located in northwest wind exposures
in the summer or southwest wind exposures in the fall and
winter. The fetch length is all importnat in weighing
probabZe wind@erosion relative to average wind veZocity..
Normally the shorter the fetch length. the less problem with
wind erosion.
(5) Indicate height of water table in relation to ground surface.
Water table height is important to plant species selection
and stabilization method selection.
(6) Identify plant species present and general location.
Plant identification is used to evaluate status of dune
movement and indicate seasonal water table influence.

b. Water Erosion
(1) Size and slope of areas affected.
Size and degree of slope are indicators of rate of erosion
and wave energy present. (The steeper cut-banks indicate
severe erosion needing corrective action. If height of out
bank is twenty feet or more in sand, then special setbacks
shouZd be considered if corrective measures cannot be taken.
(2) Delineate areas of material loss or deposit.
Areas of Zoss or deposit indicate possibZe future probZems
from water erosion. Careful study of those areas will also
indicate possibZe rate and extent of future erosion. This
information will then dictate proper corrective measures
to be taken.
(3) Identify off site conditions contributing to past or continuing
water erosion problems.
Off site conditions causing continuing water erosion might be
related to drainage, adjoining structures, jetties, groins,
riprap, construction activities, vegetation removaZ, driftwood
deposit or removal, etc. Assessment must be made to determine
if on site corrective measures will be sufficient to protect
the site..
(4) Submit photographic or other evidence of type of erosion
(i.e., wave, current, storm runoff, etc.)
Clearly identified photos of areas of water erosion should
aZZow for a determination of type and severity of water erosion
on the site. All photos should be dated. To ensure current
conditions, up to date photos taken within the past thirty days
shouZd be submitted along with-any historic photo record.

(5) Indicate width and slope of beach from mean low water to
beach line.
The width and slope of a beach influences the wave energy
delivered to the beachfront site. This information is
essential for proper design specifications in placement of
riprap.
(6) Identify all water presen't causing erosion (i.e., ocean,
rivers, lakes, seasonal flooding, etc.)
Photos of wave run-in during severe storms wouZd be vaZuabZe,
especially if taken at high tide. AZZ. potential significant
water areas need to be identified so that water management
plans can be developed to minimize problems.
(7) Produce evidence, if possible, of past erosion rates and give
investigator's prediction of future erosion rates.
AZZ areas that are currently "conditionaZZY stable" foredunes
have past histories of active water erosion. HistoricaZ
aerial photographs with scale and date will provide evidence
of past erosion rates and cycles.
(8) Indicate areas of vegetative cover on front of foredune area.
Vegetative cover Zimited to the upper slopes of foredune
areas often indicates previous erosion that has been restored
at the base of the slope by windblown sand. Caution must be
taken insuch cases as active foredune or unstable open dune
areas might be present. AZso-, Zook for sloughing, including
Zeaning vegetation, usuaZZy associated with sZides.
(9) Provide complete location mapping and actual work specifications
for all corrective measures proposed to alleviate future water
erosion problems. Furnish detailed cost estimates and post
performance bonds in that amount with the local jurisdiction.
Location, time schedule, and work specifications allow for -
determination of probable success and provide Zegal documentation
for ensuring compliance. Specifications should be compared
with U.S. Corps of Engineers suggestions for similar work.
Cost estimates should be compared with similar type work
performed within the last years to ensure that funds are
adequate to complete the job. The performance bond should
be adequate to allow the ZocaZ unit of government to perform
aZZ work not completed by the developer. Fal&`Zure to do this
might Zead to damage Zawsuits against the ZocaZ jurisdiction
filed by on or off site tenants or owners.

C. Slide Areas
(1) Identify areas affefted by slide or sloughing on site plan and
furnish dated photographs and/or other evidence showing all
such activity.
Identification of slide activity areas can be used to identify
areas safe for development. Photographs can be used to help
identify sZide type and ZeveZ of threat.

(2) Identify type of slide: rotation block, rockfall or soil
creep and nature of the instability.
Type of slide indicates degree of hazard and course of corrective
action needed.
(3) Identify area of occurrence such as foredune, sea cliff or
interior dunes.
Location of slide activity in dune sheet helps to identify
causes and assists in se-Zection of course of corrective action.
(4) Describe width, height, and degree of slope. Include types
of soil and u'nderlying bedrock.
Width, height and slope of slide help in establishing on-site
construction setback line. Type of-soil and underlying
bedrock helps to determine projected future movement rates.
(5) Describelocation and measurements of cracks, drainage patterns,
driftwood deposits, bedrock outcrops, wave undercutting, or
other major features.
Descriptions of visible cracks, drainage patterns, driftwood
deposits, etc. are all indicators used in determining historical
movement and predicting future movement.
(6) Describe probable cause and investigator's prediction of
future slide activity.
Description of cause of slide activity allows for quick
decision on possible corrective action.

D. Existing Site Vegetation

1. Map all major areas of vegetation and provide lists of dominant species
in each area.
Dominant species indicate stage of plant succession and indicate wet or
dry conditions.

2. Provide investigator's assessment of age, condition, and stability of
all vegetated areas.
Information on age and condition of species will indicate probability
of continued survival. In some cases, vegetation may indicate that the
area is returning to an open dune area unless carefully managed.

3. Identify on site plan any removal or modification of vegetative cover.
identification of areas of vegetative removal or modification is
necessary to determine probable success of stabilization or restoration
efforts.

4. Give brief description of vegetative cover on adjoining lands.
It is necessary to determine the possible impacts of development on
adjoining Lands. Cutting of pine forest on adjoining Lands might
increase wind erosion and storm run-off damage. Unmanaged beach
grass or gorse stands on adjoining Lands can pose serious threats to
development. Vegetation fire break plans using fire retardant species
is one possible soZution.

5. Identify and describe areas where vegetative cover poses a fire hazard.
List species and condition., Propose solution to fire hazard problem.
Furnish dated photographs of such areas.
Lee slopes of foredunes or high dunes with older stands of European
beachgrass (AmmophiZa arenaria) pose extreme fire ha2ards throughout
Oregon coastal dunes. the south coast has heavy stands of gorse
(.UZex europaeus) that is a significant fire hazard.

E. Fish and Wildlife Habitat

1. Describe and identify any rare or endangered species or unique habitats
present on the site.
Rare and endangered species and unique habitat protection is a priority
requirement of Oregon's Coastal Management Program., Federal and state
permits depend on resolving problems encountered by development in such
areas.

2. Describe any adverse impacts on significant habitat to be caused by the
proposed development.
other habitat. if it is mapped as significant in Oregon by the Oregon
Department of Fish and Wildlife, should b*e addressed and may cause
similar permit approval problems if not addressed.

3. If adverse impacts are anticipated, describe plans for minimizing such
impacts.
It is important to anticipate all potential problems and suggest
so Zutions.
4. Describe possible benefits to adjoining-habitats to be realized as a
result of the project.
Negative impacts, such as Lose of open sand, might be of
.fset by
stabilization of open dunes that are inundating wetZands, Zakes-,
woodlands, estuarine habitats., etc.

F. Floodplain Elevation

1. Identify on site plan 100 year floodplain or storm tide line. Give
elevation of same.
Information will assist in determining if applicant must meet HUD
FZoodplain Insurance Program requirements.

2. Identify on site plan the State of Oregon Beach Zone line.
Any work west or seaward of the established Oregon Beach Zone Line
must receive prior approval from the State of Oregon. Protective
structures such as riprap or seawalls that are identified as being
Located seaward of the Oregon Beach Zone Line must have proof of
written approval.

3. Give evidence that elevation of the lowest habitable floor will
be raised above the top o 'f the highest predicted storm wave or 100
year floodplain. Regi'stered surveyor or engineer signed report will
suffice.
This information is needed to ensure HUD building requirements are met
(the object being to minimize unnecessary risk to life and property).

G. Historical and Archaeological Sites

1. Describe and locate on site plan any identified historical or
archaeological sites.

2. Describe any protection measures that may be needed to protect,the
site(s)..
The requirement to protect historic areas for future generations is
a requirement of the LCDC "Open Spaces., Scenic and Historic Areas,
and Natural Resources" Goal (LCDC " 1977). UnZess an exception is taken
or the local comprehensive plan designates otherwise, historical and
archaeological areas should be protected.

H. Condition of Adjoining Areas

a. Open Dunes
(1) Give location of open dunes in relationship to the development
site.
Open dunes located adjacent to the site may pose insurmountable
probZerrs to the proposed development project.
(2) Indicate approximate size (acres), maximum elevation, direction
of movement, and predicted rate of movement of adjoining open
dune areas.
The Zocation and size will indicate the probable time a
problem might occur. In some cases the adjoining'dune might
bury the development (from one to twenty years). The
estimated rate of movement allows for determination of needed
stabilization and when it should occur.
(3) Indicate ownership of adjoining dunes and proposed future
management,,if known..
Ownership and proposed future management of adjoining dune
areas is necessary to verify that corrective action, if
needed, will indeed take place. Without this assurance,
a development permit should not be allowed.
(4) Indicate investigator's assessment of probable threat,to
development site. Furnish aerial photographs if possible.
Some person, in this case the investigator, must make a value
judgement based on the information gathered as to.the potential
Long or short term threat posed by adjoining areas. Aerial
photos assist the reviewer in his judgement of the investigators
conclusions.

b Active Foredunes
(1) Describe size (height and width) of active foredunes on
adjoining areas.
Height and width of active foredunes on adjoining areas
.indicates possible continuing accretion or erosion. This
allows for predicted impact on the development area.
StabiZizing areas within the development site may not alone
alleviate the threat posed by adjoining property.
(2) Describe any threat they pose to development site.
WiZZ the identified water or wind erosion on adjoining
foredunes spreadto the development site? Could wave
.overtopping on adjoining foredune.s pose fZood threat to
structures on adjoining site? Will wind Nown sand move
from adjoining active foredune areas and bury the development?
(3 Describe any plans for cooperative measures to alleviate
problems.
Corrective actions must be coordinated in order to avoid
adverse impacts. Riprap on adjoining active foredunes
might cause increased erosion and slope failure on development
site, or vice versa. Corective measures must be consistant
if desired protection is to be achieved.

c. Storm Run-off Erosion
(1) Describe any known storm run-off or flood velocity,hazards
on adjoining property that might adversely affect the site.
Examples might be stream, river, denuded watershed, etc.
These identified probZems could lead to wash outs, gullies,
slope failures, structure undermining, etc.
(2) Describe any plans for cooperative measures to alleviate
problems.
Proof of cooperative efforts to alleviate serious problems
identified above should be required.

d. Wave Undercutting or Wave Overtopping
(1) Describe extent of recent or historic undercutting, length of
area and height of cut.
Leng,th and height of current or historic wave undercutting wiZZ
indicate measures that must be taken to correct the problem
before development is allowed. Height of cut is useful in
determining proper setback recommendation.
(2) Describe area of wave overtopping and furnish.photographs or
other evidence.
Look for water flattened vegetation, new driftwood-deposit and
erosion channeZs on back side of foredune. Be carefuZ of using
old driftwood deposits as a gauge. Remember driftwood deposits
were present on all Oregon Beaches and deflation plain areas
before the recent formation of most foredunes by European beachgrass..
Wave overtopping evidence is distinctZy different to the trained eye.
it is recommended that great care be taken in evaluating this
potentiaZ danger!

(3) Describe historic stability of beaches in the 'general area.
Look for any sZow or sudden changes in beach erosion and identify
causes if possibZe. It is possibLe that a man-made action caused
a short term severe erosion probZem. It is aZso possibZe that
historic erosion cycZes are evident and the proposed deveZopment
wiZZ have predictabZe probZems.
(4) Furnish investigator's assessment of possible threat to the site.
The investigator's opinion is aZZ important in determining if the
ZeveZ of hazard can be overcome.

I. Development Impacts

1. Report should include the investigator's assessment of the site's overall
capability and suggest maximum use level that will not cause weight slope
failure, vegetation problems from too high a density of human population,
damage to aquifer, etc.
This is a judgement of ej@treme importance because the cumuZative effect
of minor impacts couZd resuZt in a totaZ dune project faiZure.

2. Describe any projected off site adverse impacts on adjoining or nearby
properties as a result of the development.
Anticipated off site adverse impacts shouZd be identified before construction
in order to avoid hard feeZings and possibZe Zaw suits. For exampZe, say
that Area A is stabiZized and@'deveZoped, thus cutting off the sand suppZy to
Area B. This resuLts in sand Zoss and what was a buiZdabZe eZevation is now
defZation pZain. Another exampZe might be that stabiZization efforts in Area A
were not timed properZy, so Area B received fifteen feet of sand'deposit in one
southwest storm and aZZ windows were sandbZasted and paint was removed.

3. Identify and list all benefits of the project:
(a) new jobs created (temporary construction and permanent);
(b) increased tax base or assessed valuation of completed project;
(c) Describe any newly created or restored habitat resulting from development;
and
(d) Describe any improvement to public access provided by the project.

(Information needed to evaZuate sociaZ economic gains as required by the Oregon
Economy of the State GoaZ (#9) and'coordination with possibZe area recreation pZan.)

4. Evaluate the impact of the proposed development on seasonal surface water and
drainage flow patterns and the potential impact of flooding problems resulting
from the development. If the development proposes to lower the groundwater
in the deflation plain, plans must accommodate problems associated with
changes in the landform. The SIR should address groundwater considerations
including high water table, ponding, saltwater intrusion, drawdown on sand
spits, and pollution potential.
FaiZure to address various groundwater considerations couZd resuZt in hazard
to the deveZopment andlor adjoining area. It is important to p1an appropriate-
ly for projected changes to the groundwater condition proposed by the project.
For exampZe, drainage of the defZation pZain necessitates that the pZan
accommodate upZand situations resuZting from a change in the vegetation
community (marsh to upZand habitat).

J. Proposed Design

1. Furnish a -site plan map using scale required by local planning office.
Show in detail exact location and size of all proposed structures.
Scale drawing of front, back and side views are required as well.
Scale of required plans should be consistent for ease of review.
Man-made structures, roads, paths, buildings, utilities, and drainage
systems should be included on site plan. Artists conception of back,
front and side views are useful in making determination of
development's impact on aesthetic values.

2. Submit detailed plans and specifications for structure foundation and
identify materials to be used.
Due to extreme variability in dune and ctiff,foundation strength,
foundations must be adequate to support the structure.

3. Furnish detailed plans and specifications for the placement of all.
protective structures proposed.
Protective structures are in many cases the very foundation of the
continued existence of the Zandform on which the development takes
place.

4. Provide complete location mapping and actual work specifications
for all initial, temporary, or maintenance stabilization plans
proposed.
Location, time schedule, and work specifications allow for
determination of probable success and provide legal documentation
for ensuring compliance.

5.' Furnish detailed cost estimates and post performance bond in that
amount with local jurisdiction to accomplish stabilization or
restoration proposed.
Cost estimates should be checked against comparabZe,type work
performed within the last year. Performance bond should be adequate
to allow local unit of government to perform aZZ needed stabiZioation
or restoration in case of-deveZoper default.

6. Identify legal responsibilities for long range vegetation maintenance
programs.
Dune vegetation at best is-a fragile cover requiring substantial
maintenance. Who will have responsibility to maintain vegetation once
it is established (e.g., developer or purchaser)? Will local government
be obligated if both the developer and purchaser fail to maintain
vegetation? This point needs to be clarified within the application
for development, and should be legal and binding.

7. Describe any benefits realized from dune stabilization or restoration
measures Proposed.
Dune stabilization may improve wildlife habitat, or afford protection
to other features such as lakes' rivers, harbors, wetlands, or
highways. The Oregon coast experiences extreme seasonal wind and.
wave energy. Work performed must foZZow specifications approved or
disasters will follow.

8. Furnish copies of necessary shorefront protection permits or completed
permit applications.
PiZings, fiNs, removals, andlor riprap usuaZZy require permits from
the Oregon Division of State Lands, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
andlor other-agencies.'

9. Furnish detailed plans and specifications for interim stabilization,
permanent re-vegetation, and vegetative maintenance as proposed.
While stabilization work is fairly simple, the complex nature of
Oregon's beaches and dunes demands precise methods for many different
situations. Only proven specifications should be used. The developer
shouZd'name in advance the firm proposed to do the work and furnish
his record of experience. Careful field checking of major proposals
will be necessary in order to determine if special problems exist.

10. Furnish detailed plan for off-road vehicle and pedestrian management.
Off-road vehicles, motorcyc*Zes, and horses constitute the largest
threat to vegetative cover. PZans shouZd detail access road or path
location and type of material used in construction. Motorcycles should
be prohibited in all areas except older stabilized dunes. Horses shoutd
not be allowed in deflation plains or conditionally stable dunes.
Off-road vehicZes shouZd be assigned to carefuZZy seZected open sand
areas.

11. Furnish detailed plan for required reclamation of areas disturbed for
sand removal, road construction, logging, etc.
Due to the sensitive nature of dune areas some consideration should be
given to reclamation. In some instances, this is required by state law.

K. LCDC Coastal Goal Requirements

1. Identify potential conflicts with Coastal Goals or LCDC-acknowledged
comprehensive plan, and Oregon's Coastal Management Program.

2. Identify efforts made in development design to resolve or minimize
identified conflicts.
Each applicant should be familiar with the Coastal Goals and other
statewide planning goals, and be encouraged to read the goals before
initiation of the site investigation report. First hand knowledge of
the content of the goals should help alleviate many problems for all
concerned. The applicant's written record of efforts made to resolve
identified conflicts will speed up the review process and will afford
the decision-making body insight into the method used in preparing
the STR.

IV. A PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTING BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING REQUIREMENTS

The following procedures should be observed in applying for, reviewing
and approving or disapproving a proposal for an activity within an identified
beach or dune area (see Figure 1).

1. Applicant prepares and submits a Phase I site investigation report.
to the local planning agency.

Additional
information ApprovalConditions
Planning Commission/
Disapproval
Approve
Comment: Approve \Oregon
Citizen_Planning Department Land Use
Agency Governing body Board of Court of
Other Public hearing Appeals Appeals
Conference Disapprrove
Disaprove
[Phase

Additional Approval-Conditions
information---Planning commission/
Public hearing Disapproval
Comment:
Citizen Planning Department
Agency
Other Phase I SIR I

Figure 1. Procedural flowchart.

2. Planning staff distributes copies of the SIR to affected governmental
units and agencies, citizen involvement committees, and other
interested parties, giving them a specific length of time (at least
three weeks) to review and respond to the development proposal.
3. Following the staff's review of the proposal and related comments,
the proposal is submitted to the Planning Commission for consideration
and public hearing. Staff recommends that SIR is adequate and decision
should be based on SIR as submitted, or staff recommends that SIR
appears inadequate and that further information is appropriate or that
a Phase 2 SIR should be undertaken.

4. The Planning Commission reviews the application at a public hearing
and develops findings-of-fact based on at least the following
requirements of the Beaches and Dunes Goal, weighing Beach and Dune
Goal requirements with other planning goals or comprehensive plan
requirements:
(1) the type of use proposed and the adverse impacts it might
have on the site and adjacent areas;
(2) temporary and permanent stabilization programs and the
planned maintenance of new and existing vegetation;
(3) methods for protecting the surrounding area from any
adverse effects of the development; and,
(4) hazards to life, public and private property, and the
natural environments which may be caused by the proposed
use.

5. The Planning Commission either approves the proposal based on the
Phase 1 SIR, requires the applicant to provide further information
within the Phase 1 SIR, or requires the applicant to prepare a Phase 2
SIR.

6. If the applicant is asked to prepare a Phase 2 SIR, at the applicant's
request, an informational conference between the applicant and planning
staff should be arranged. The purpose of such an informational
conference is to make the applicant aware of available inventory material
and other information relative to the site, to explain the purposes
and requirements of the Phase 2 SIR, and to discuss the critical
issues involved with the proposed activity in relation to the local
plan or statewide planning goals.

7. The process would be repeated for the Phase 2 SIR, as with the
Phase 1 SIR, (e.g., SIR sent out for review, staff recommendation
formulated, Planning Commission conducts public hearing and arrives
at a decision based on findings-of-fact).

8. If the proposal is approved, the Planning Commission may attach
conditions consistent with local zoning,ordinances if it finds that
such conditions are necessary to carry out the purposes and policies
of the Beaches and Dunes Goal or local comprehensive plan relating to
beach and dune areas.

9. All permits issued pertaini ng to an approved proposal should be
issued only in accordance with the approved final proposal.
Major changes to the approved final proposal should be considered
as a new application. Minor changes in the approved final proposal
may be approved by the staff provided that such changes do not in
any way raise a question as to whether the project is still
compatible with the Beaches and Dunes Goal, other statewide
planning goals, or the local comprehensive plan.

10. The decision made by the Planning Commission for the Phase 1
SIR or Phase 2 SIR is appealable to the City Council or County
Board of Commissioners.

11. The decision of the governing body (county or city).can be
appealed to the Land Use Board of Appeals and thence to the
Oregon Court of Appeals.

V. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN-THE PREPARATION
AND REVIEW OF SITE INVESTIGATION REPORTS

There are four basic avenues by which the site investigation report
may be prepared. One alternative is that used in the State of Minnesota
whereby local governments file an environmental assessment worksheet
(EAW) with the Minnesota Environmental Quality Council which is subject
to agency and interested party review. The other alternatives are similar
to those utilized within the State of California pursuant to the
California Environmental Quality Act of 1970. They are: (1) the
jurisdiction's staff conduct and evaluate an environmental impact report;
(2) the developer pays for the EIR, but the EIR is prepared under
contract with the local jurisdiction; and (3) the developer contracts
and pays for the EIR. Within California, EIRs must be prepared for all
projects having a "significant" environmental impact. The California
Resources Agency has prepared guidelines addressing the contents of the
.EIR, but the method used to produce an EIR is left up to local discretion.
According to Norman Hill, Assistant Secretary for Resources, all three
of the alternatives are widely used throughout the state.

While the environmental impact report approach utilized in
California is for environmental impact of development proposals
within the entire State of California, the approaches suggested in
obtaining needed information for findings-of-fact are applicable to the'
approaches Oregon coastal jurisdictions may wish to pursue in obtaining
information pertinent to the Beaches and Dunes Goal. Table 1 lists
the pros and cons of the various approaches based on the applicability
of the approach to Oregon's Coastal Management Program within the
context of the Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Table 1. Pros and cons of various approaches in the preparation and
review of site investigation/environmental impact reports

Approach Pros Cons

1. central office of --control over investigation --not consistent with Oregon's
State conducts --consistency in evaluations Coastal Manaqement Program
assessment of planning and implementing
plans at the local level
--sporadic review of proposals;
not a comprehensive approach

2. jurisdiction's staff --gives jurisdiction control --appears as a larger budget
prepares assessment over document, time and item on local budgets
and conducts evaluation; effort expended (despite collection of fees
jurisdiction may charge --allows for the compilation to offset cost)
developer to recoup of data useable for other --necessitates larger staff
cost assessments; --requires constant work load
--cost is generally lower than and thus is generally un-
hiring private consultant suitable for smaller juris-
dictions

3. developer pays cost of --allows for non-constant --contract administration
assessment; jurisdiction work load, thus is suitable selection process
oversees investigation for smaller jurisdictions --extra administrative steps
and evaluation --does not require expansion --jurisdiction may experience
of staff problems with quality of
--allows jurisdiction's the product
interjection of local views --in many instances, developer
hires own consultant anyway

4. developer responsible --easiest method for local --difficult to control quality
for preparation of government to administer of product
assessment; jurisdic- --no added cost to juris- --product may be slanted to
tion responsible for diction project developer's perspec-
evaluation tive

Within the State of Oregon, the fourth alternative is the approach that is
presently accepted and used, and for this reason, the following is a breakdown
of the various responsibilities of affected parties utilizing this approach.

A. Applicants Responsibility

1. Preparation of Site Investigation Report.

2. Selection of any investigators with demonstrated field experience
needed to complete report outline requirements.

3. Determine if investigator(s) are properly qualified.

4. Furnish all maps, photographs, soil tests and development specifications
required to meet Goal or plan requirements

5. Appear on request at Planning Commission meeting to answer questions
about content of Site Investigation Report.

6. All costs of the evaluation. (depending on local established policy)

7. Prepare modifications the Planning Commission deems necessary to
make the proposed development compatible with the LCDC Beaches and
Dunes Goal, other statewide planning goals and local requirements.

8. File any appeal if applicant disagrees with the decision of the Planning
Commission. (Appeals may be filed with appropriate city council or
county commission.)

9. File further appeal to the Land Use Board of Appeals or through the
judicial system.

B. Planning Staff and Commission Responsibility

-1. Furnish detailed outline of all information that will be needed in
the site investigation report before a decision can be considered.

2. Identify number of days that staff will need for evaluation.

3. Immediate notification of possible delay and reasons why.

4. All costs of evaluation. (Depending-on local established policy.)
5. Provide applicant with list, if known, of qualified investiqators.
Meet with applicant for informational conference as appropriate.
6. Verification of purported factual data contained in' report.

7. Render objective decision approving or d the development proposal
based on findings-of-fact developed from IR.

8. Yerify compliance with the Beaches and Dunes Goal element of the local
comprehensive plan, or the Beaches and Dunes Goal if the local plan
is not yet acknowledged.

9. Provide opportunity for citizen comment consistent with local program
for citizen's involvement.

C. Citizen's Input

1. Review and comment on SIRs as circulated for review.

2. Submit oral or written testimony to planning commission, governing body,
the Land Use Appeals Board or judicial body as appropriate.
As called for in the LCDC Citizen's Involvement Goal (#I), opportunities
for citizen review and input before the decision to grant the development
permit is essential. Published notice of all meetings where major or
controversial projects will be discussed should contain project name. All
information pertinent to the project should be available at the planning
office for citizen review. Comments, written or verbal, should be made
a part of the record of the project review.

D. Local City Council or County Commission Responsibility
1. Review all.material* used by the plannning commission in arriving at
findings-of-fact on@which they based their decision if appeal is made.

2. Generate other findings-of-fact that would justify modifying or over-
turning the planning commission decision.

3. Provide opportunity for citizen comment consistent with local program
for citizen's involvement.

4. Ultimate legal responsibility for implementing the intent of the
LCDC Goals and local comprehensive plan.

E. Land Use Appeals Board

1. Review on appeal any purported violation of the Beaches and Dunes
Goal or other Goals in the local comprehensive plan or the Goal
itself if plan -is not in compliance.

2. Seek comment and recommendation from the Oregon-Land Conservation
and Development Commission on any Goal policy issue.

3. Render a decision based on their own findings-of-fact.

VI. EVALUATION OF SITE INVESTIGATION REPORTS

It is not reasonable to assume that coastal planning staffs will
have the time or expertise to fa'irly evaluate the Phase II site
investigation reports. In such cases, outside consultation may be
mandatory. In view of this, it might be appropriate to have such
evaluations performed by an inter-disciplinary team of experts available
to all coastal jurisdictions. Conversely, a pre-approved list of such
experts could be made available to coastal jurisdictions, with the
jurisdiction hiring a reviewer on an on-call basis. Finally, a permanent
coastal implementation team could assist coastal jurisdictions. Such an
approach has been suggested through the pooling of any implementation
fund� received from the fpderal Office of Coastal Zone Management
(Bartl, 1978; Vian, 1979). Wh'atever the approach, it should be clearly
spelled out in contractual agreements that any reviewer may be called
upon to appear in court to substantiate conclusions.

Likewise, it is not reasonable to assume that coastal jurisdictions
can afford the financial burden of reviewing the Phase II SIRs. An
interdisciplinary team of experts could be made available to jurisdictions
with assistance,from the State of Oregon; a permanent coastal implementation
team would likely qualify for federal Coastal Zone Management assistance.
If jurisdictions are fated with reviewing Phase II SIRs, they may elect to

consult with outside experts with the financial burden placed on the
applicant. If the cost of such an evaluation is to be paid by the ap-
plicant, he should be notified in advance.

The following evaluation criteria and process are presented to
assist the local jurisdiction in evaluating site investigation reports:

Evaluation.Criteria

Before a building or use is established within an area identified
as under the provisions of the LCDC Coastal Beaches and Dunes Goals, the
petitioner must demonstrate that the development will meet the following
criteria:

1. The operating characteristics and intensity of land use shall be
compatible with and shall not adversely affect the site or adjacent
land uses.

2. The site planning and design shall be as attractive as the nature
of the use and setting will allow.

3. The development shall not adversely affect access to or land
partitioning of abutting properties.

4. The development shall include temporary and permanent stabilization
programs, and the planned maintenance of new and existing vegetation.

5. The development shall not subject hazards to life, public or private
property or the remaining natural environment.

6. The development shall be consistent with the Management Objectives
of the particular dune type.

7. The development shall be compatible with the general'purpose and
intent of the governing comprehensive plan.

Determination of Appropriate Use or Uses

It is suggested that the governing body consider the following
format when arriving at a decision of appropriate use.

1. Staff report on project:
a. General proposal statement.
b. Site investigation report on determination of dune type.
c. Recommendation on how the project relates to each of the
Evaluation Criteria.

2. The governing body shall make a finding-of-fact and approve or
deny the proposal by:
a. Evaluating the recommendations of staff and accepting or
rejecting the staff appraisals (rejected appraisals should
be replaced by appraisals acceptable to the governing body).
b. Evaluating the proposal statement by the applicant.
c. Consideration of public testimony.

3. Motion shall be made to approve,or deny the proposal requested by
stating the findings of the governing body after consideration of
2 a., b., and c.

VII. QUALIFICATIONS FOR CONSULTANTS'OR INVESTIGATORS

Information in the site investigation report provided by the
consultant will probably be the evidence used by the local planning
commission to arrive at findings-of-fact. In the event of a legal
challenge to these findings-of-fact, the consultant may be called
upon as an expert witness in court proceedings.

There is no cut-and-dry method of determining expertise. The
following are factors that indicate degree of expertise which the
developer and jurisdiction may find useful:

1. college degree(s)
2. publications on the subject
3. membership in related national or international professional
dune management groups
4. proof of consultation or information exchange with other
recognized experts
5. proof of past actual in-field dune management or evaluation
work. This should include a complete list of projects
worked on, the part the consultant played, and the nature of
the project.

Due to the complex nature of coastal landforms and dune management
problems, several fields of expertise may be needed and may include any
of the following:

1. geologist
2. oceanographer
3. hydrologist
4. botanist/agronomist
5. biologist
6. engineer
7. lawyer
8. stabilization specialist

It is doubtful that any one person will be knowledgeable in all fields
of dune management. Bear in mind that in a court situation, the opposing
attorney has the right to challenge the qualifications of any expert
witness. If the judge sustains his objection, the witness cannot testify.

The applicant has a legal right to hire a consultant of his choice;
it is th'e applicant's responsibility to assess the qualifications of the
consultant. In some instances, local government might assist the developer
by providing a suggested list of names of firms or individuals. However,
local government cannot legally force the hiring of a particular fi rm or
individual.

VIII. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The Beaches and Dunes Goal suggests that "local government
should adopt strict controls for carrying.out the Impl-ementation
Requirement of this (Beaches and Dunes) goal. The controls could
include... posting of performance bonds to assure that adverse
effects can be corrected;" (LCDC, 1977).

Assuming that the site investigation report has been found
complete and satisfactory, there is one other tool'needed to
ensure implementation.. All major and minor development projects
should require the posting of a performance bond before the develop-
ment perTnit is fssued. The dollar amount of the bond should equal
the amount estimated to carry out the intended restoration or
protective measures noted within the SIR.

All phases of actual construction should be closely monitored
by the local jurisdiction. Any departure from the proposed development
plan should be approved in writing and signed by both parties with
opportunity availed for review and comment by the appropriate agencies,
jurisdictions and citizens.

In the case of vegetation restoration or stabilization, the
performance bond should not be relaeased until one growing season
following the planting activities to provide an opportunity to
assess the effectiveness of the stabilization effort.

IX. THE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

Once the local comprehensive land use plans are acknowledged by
LCDC, they are considered to embody the requirements of the various
statewide planning goals, including the provisions of the Beaches and
Dunes Goal where appropriate. The Beaches and Dunes Goal very clearly
sets forth criteria whereby local jurisdictions will "conserve ... the
resources and benefits of coastal beach and dune areas (while) reducing
the hazard to human life and property from natural or man-induced
actions associated with these areas" (LCDC, 1977).

In this context, the local land use plan plays a determining role
in the reduction of hazardous situations and ensuring safe living
conditions. Because of this, local jurisdictions may find themselves
in the position of being legally responsible for catastrophes which occur
in areas of known hazard if it was the local governing body's decision
which allowed or provided for habitation of the area.

In areas of known geologic hazard where development is allowed to
take place or continue (vested rights, design modification minimizes
threat, etc.), it is strongly recommended that local jurisdictions
require signing of a disclosure statement in view of possible future
legal dilemmas. It is further recommended that such a disclosure statement
become an official portion of the deed for a particular parcel of land.

Following preparation and review of the Phase 1 or Phase 2 SIR,
the local jurisdiction should maintain the authority (within zoning
ordinances) to require that all property sold within the area of discussion
be accompanied by a signed disclosure statement at the time of sale.
The disclosure statement would note that the buyer recognizes that the
potential for hazard exists at the site, and that although protective
measures may be taken (pursuant to the approved project design) there
is still some degree of risk involved. Such a disclosure statement would
be required of developers or real estate personnel when acquiring or selling
property, and of purchasers.

In areas where development has taken place prior to acknowledgement
of local comprehensive plans, it is suggested that local jurisdictions
enact zoning ordinances.giving them authority to require similar
disclosure statements prior to issuance of a building permit. Such
statements should note that the building permit is issued.because of vested
rights in the property, and in no way implies that the jurisdiction has
evaluated or considered the potential of the area to accommodate
the proposed activity in light of hazardous conditions. Alternatively,
a jurisdiction may require submission of a registered professional engineer's,
registered professional geologist's or specially certified engineering
geologist's certification as to the safety of the project, as is the case
in Lincoln County, whfch forms the basis for decision-making (Granger, 1979).

X. REFERENCES CITED

Bartl, Rainmar. 1978. Memo to Coastal Planners, October 16, 1978.
2 pp.

Granger, Oscar. Personal Communication. 1979. Director Lincoln
County Planning Department, Newport, Oregon.

Hill, Norman. Personal Communication. 1979. California Resources
Agency, Sacramento, California.

Nelson, W. Todd. 1976. "Geologic and Engineering Geology Guidelines
City of San Jose." California Geology. November, 1976.
California Division @-f Mines and Geology, Sacramento, California.
pp. 249-251. 3 pp.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Salem, Oregon. 24 pp.

Vian, Bill. 1979. Letter to Wes Kvarsten, Director of Department of
Land Conservation and Development, January 23, 1979. 2 pp.

Vian, Bill. 1979. Letter to Dick Gervais, Chariman of Land Conservation
and Development Commission, May 29th, 1979. 2 pp.

Annotated
4 Bibliography

Beach & Dune

Planning & Management:

0 An Annotated Bibliography

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune implementation Techniques: Findinas-of-Fact
Beach and Dune ImpZementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune PZanning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental*Research, Eugene,

BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT:

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

by
Timms R. Fowler, Intern
Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education
and
Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary
Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy.Bridges Fitzpatric.k
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon-Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

June, 1979

PREFACE

The following annotated bibliography presents the results of
selected references pertaining to planning for and managing beaches and
dunes on the Oregon Coast conducted by the Oregon Coastal Zone Management
Association, Inc. This report constitutes one element of an overall
analysis of planning for and managing coastal beaches and dunes as
required by Oregon's Beaches and Dunes Goal.

This report was prepared by Timms Fowler, WICHE Intern and Arlys
Bernard, OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study Team Project Secretary, with
assistance from Carl Lindberg, Project Director, Christianna Crook,
Research Associate, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator.

This product represents the finalization of a preliminary
bibliography submitted to the Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development in December of 1978. In this regard, OCZMA acknowledges
and extends appreciation to Bob Cortright, Coastal Specialist for the
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development for his review.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface ................................................. i
1. Beach and Dune Planning and Management in Oregon ........ 1
II. General Information on Beach and Dune Systems ........... 4
III. Beach and Dune Planning and Management
Considerations .......................................... 7

A. Sand Removal
B. Stabilization and Restoration Methods
C. Groundwater
D. Off-road Vehicles
E. Sand Movement--Erosion and Accretion
F. Biological Information
IV. Beach and Dune Management Techniques .................... 24
A. Hazard Management
B. Considerations and Impacts
C. Implementation of Management Criteria
V. General Information (Including Beaches and Dunes) ....... 32
A. Coastal Zone Management Issues
B. Coastal Zone Management Bibliographies

I. BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN OREGON

Baldwin, Ewart M., John D. Beaulieu, Len Ramp, Jerry Gray, Vernon C.
Newton, Jr. and Ralph S. Mason. 1973. Geology and Mineral
Resources of Coos County, Oregon. Bulletin 80. Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portlan.d, Oregon. 82 pp. + maps.
This bulletin presents the geology of all of Coos County and
its mineral potential.

Battelle Institute. 1973. Oregon: Areas of Environmental Concern.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington.
104 pp.
A "701" report initiated by the State Executive Department
in 1972 to describe and depict Oregon's areas of environmental
concern on a statewide basis.

Beaulieu, J. D. and P. W. Hughes. 1976. Land-Use Geology of Western
Curry County, Oregon. Bulletin 90. Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 148 pp.
The report describes the geology of western Curry County,
.Oregon as it pertains to land-use.

Economic Consultants Oregon, Ltd. 1978. "State of Oregon Shorefront
Access and Preservation Planning Process." Executive summary.
State Department of Transportation,'Parks and Recreation Division,
Salem, Oregon. 15 pp.
This paper summarizes the major findings of an evaluation of
existing policies and programs for providing public access and
protection to beaches and other coastal areas. The paper includes
a section on "Areas Not Covered and Suggested Improvements."

Fitzpatrick, Kathy, Ed. 1979. Beaches and Dunes Handbook for the Oregon
Coast. Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc., Newport,
Oregon. 679 pp.
The document is a compendium of the following reports: Introduction
to Beach and Dune Physical and Biological Processes: A Summary of the State-
Of-The-Arts; A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregon's Beaches
and Dunes; Physical Processes 6nd Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast;
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes;
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations; Off-road
Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast; Sand Removal
Planning and Management Considerations for the Oregon Coast;
.Oregon's Coastal Beaches.and Dunes: Uses, Impacts, and Management
Considerations; Stabilization; Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques:
Findings-of-Fact and Site Investigation Reports.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1973. "Policies
and Standards for Fragile Sand Areas." Florence, Oregon. 10 pp.
This is a report to aid development of policies and standards
for management of fragile sand areas. It contains general policy
statements expressed by participants at OCCDC public involvement
workshops and suggested policies developed by the staff of SCS.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and,Development Commission. 1975. Progress
Re2ort. Florence, Oregon. 209 pp.
A report presented to the Governor's Office to provide an
accounting of the progress and scope of the OCCDC overall work
program. Pages 43 to 62 cover the beaches and dunes resources
and comprise the basic data from which Goal #18 Beaches and Dunes
was derived.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1976. "Draft
No. 3, Coastal Planning Goals and Guidelines." Salem, Oregon.
20 pp.
The third and final draft of the coastal goals before their
adoption on December 18, 1976; included the Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Salem, Oregon'. 24 pp.
This publication presents nineteen statewide planning goals
for Oregon. A list of definitions is also included.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Coastal
Goals: Response to Concerns." Salem, Oregon. 4*pp.
An explanation of why the Commission changed certain wording
within the four coastal goals prior to adoption. The two changes
to the Beaches and Dunes Goal explain the change of the site
investigation from a goal requirement to a guideline - replaced
by mandated findings-of-fact'and secondly the rewording to-
clearly prohibit residential, commercial or industrial development
on active or wave.overtopped foredunes.

Oregon State Highway Department, State Parks and Recreation. 1966.
Public Use Study: Oregon's Coastal Beaches. Salem, Oregon. 78 pp.
Provides information concerning recreational interests,
significance and physical characteristics on thirty-nine sections
of-beach. Noted as a preliminary and limited study it provides
basic data and aerial photos on beach use in 1966.

Stembridge, James E., Jr. 1975. "Shoreline Changes and Physiographic
*Hazards on the Oregon Coast." PhD dissertation. Department of
Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 202 pp.
This study analyzes, classifies, and inventories the
shoreline changes on the Oregon coast.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1971. National Shoreline Study: Inventory
Report Columbia-North Pacific Region Washington and OrRqon.
Portland, Oregon. 101 pp.
An inventory of the physical characteristics, historical changes,
ownership, and shoreline uses are provided for the Washington and
Oregon coast generally and by county. Many useful illustrated maps
are included.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers, Portland District. 1974. Coastal
Reconnaissance Study: Oregon and Washington. Battelle Pacific
Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington. 478 pp.
This is a reconnaissance level survey of fifteen Oregon and
Washington coastal projects to determine their potential recreation
and conservation use. Characterisitcs of each site presented
related to recreation, wildlife, land use, open space, and historical
and archaeological values.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest.
1977. Final Environmental Impact Statement,_ Oregon Dunes National
Recreation Area Management Plan. Washington, D.C. 80 pp. +
appendices.
The statement is a review of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation
Area within Coos, Douglas and Lane Counties. The results were that
none of the lands inthe Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area met
the requirement for designation as wilderness.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and.Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.S. Department of AgricuTture,
Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.
This study was produced for and with OCCDC to provide
resource data for land use decision making and for educational
information concerning the beach and dune environment. Beach
and dune landforms are explained and identified on aerial photos
of the Oregon coast. Proposed management policies are presented.

Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District Clatsop County,
Oregon. 1966. "Thirty-one Years of Progress, 1935-1966."
Astoria, Oregon. '17 pp.
This is an illustrated history of the Warrenton Dune Soil
and Water Conservation District dune management program with
some very good before and after photographs.,

Wilsey and Ham. 1978. Lane County: Coastal Resource Inventory.
Portland, Oregon. 180 pp.
This book includes a forty-two page section on beaches and
dunes covering topics such as topography, nature and stability
of the dunes area, hydrologic conditions, land use, public access
and recreation, economic significance and past and future development.

II. GENERAL INFORMATION ON BEACH AND DUNE SYSTEMS

Barnes, R. K. S., Ed. 1977. The Coastline. John Wiley and Sons,
New York, New York. 356 pp.
A highly useful systematic examination of the ecology and
physiography of coastal aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Land use and management problems are highlighted.

Bascom, W. 1964. Waves and Beaches. Doubleday, Garden City, New
York. 267 pp.
.Abasic introduction to the wave and beach processes from
a west coast study that included Oregon.

Bird, E. C. F. 1969. Coasts. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
246 pp.
The fourth and last volume of a series on landforms
treating landforms as parts of systems in which the interacting
processes are almost completely produced and altered by solar
energy. Thus the coastal situation is viewed in terms of waves,
currents and wind as agents in fashioning the coastal forms.
Chapter V-Beaches, Spits, and Barriers and Chapter VI-Coastal
Dunes give a general introduction to the morphology of these
landforms.

Buckler, William R. 1978. Dune Type Inventory and Barrier Dune
Classification Study of the Lake Michigan Shore. Preliminary
Draft submitted to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
Lansing, Michigan. 74 pp.
. A dune morphology classification is developed for the Great
Lakes and dune assemblages are mapped. The classification is
based on the dune form, relief, orientation, and relationship to
the underlying formation.

Bush, George. 1976. "Soils Management Services Report, Sand Lake
Recreation Area." -United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. Siuslaw National Forest, Hebo Ranger District,
Corvallis, Oregon. 16 pp.
Describes geo-environmental changes which have occurred at
Sandlake in historic times. Management recommendations designed
to enhance and protect the dunes and associated recreational
facilities are offered.

Carefoot, Thomas. 1977. Pacific Seashores: A Guide to Intertidal
Ecology. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
208 pp.
This work is a broad, well-illustrated guide to intertidal
ecology. There is one generally useful section on sand.dunes.

Cooper, W. S. 1958. Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington.
Geological Society of America Memoir 72, New York, New York.
169 pp.
Classic geomorphic description and interpretation of sand
dune morphology evolution, and historic development in coastal
Oregon and Washington; also, subdivides the Oregon coast into
four geomorphically dissimilar sand dune regions.

Inman, Douglas L. and Birchard M. Bush. 1973. "The Coastal Challenge."
Science. 'Washington, D.C. 181:20-32. 13 pp.
This article considers the coastal processes of currents, etc.
and man's interference with the natural processes. Highlighted
are shoreline stabilization, sand budget and transport.

Katz, Barbara A. and Stephen R. Gabriel. 1977. "Oregon's Ever-Changing
Coastline." Extension Marine Advisory Program. 5G 35.
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 7 pp.
This work provides a good non-technical introduction to the
ocean shore processes.

Komar, Paul. 1976. Beach Processes and Sedimentation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs., New Jersey. 429 pp.
A recent text that describes the physical processes of beaches
and the resulting sedimentary deposits on the Pacific Coast.

Lund, Ernest H. 1971. "Coastal Land Forms Between Florence and Yachats,
Oregon." 'The Ore Bin. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral
Industries, Portland, Oregon. 33(2)21-44. 24 pp.
The article provides an overview of the headland 'basalt
structures and the differential erosion. Sand dunes are briefly
mentioned.

Lund, Ernest H. 1973. "Oregon Coastal Dunes Between Coos Bay and Sea
Lion Point." The Ore Bin. Oregon Department of Geology and
Mineral Indust-r-ies, Portland, Oregon. 35(5)73-92. 24 PP.
The article'offers a good, short overview of the sand dune
types including useful photographs.
Lund, Ernest H. 1974, "Rock Units and Coastal Landforms Between
Newport and Lincoln City, Oregon." The Ore Bin. Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 36(5)69-92.
24 pp The article offers a useful, short background on the land
forms and basic geology including good photographs.
Pinto, Carlos, Eugene Silov-sky, Fred Henley, Larry Rich, Jack Parcell
and Don Boyer. 1972. The Or on Dunes NRA Resource Inventory -
Siuslaw National Forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
'@-ervice, Portland, Oregon. 294 pp.
This report provides excellent descriptions,.environmental
baseline data and carrying capacity guidelines for sand landforms
represented in the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area. Maps,
text and matrices are included.
Ranwell, D. S. 1975. Ecology of Salt Marshes and Sand Dunes. Halsted
Press, New York, New York. 258 pp.
This work is a detailed ecological study and considers
management of both salt marshes and sand dunes. Sand dune
management includes water extraction, species introduction, and
other factors.

Ruef, Michael H. 1975. Coastal Sand Dunes Stiudy: Pacific and Grays
Harbor Counties, WasHngton. State Department of Ecology, Olympia,
Washington. 31 pp.
A detailed study of Washington's coastal dunes that relates
vegetation to the sand landforms; provides analysis on ocean-dune
relationship, impacts of man, natural areas, and suggests some
management considerations.

Starr, Richard M., Richard A. Marston, and Madeline J. Hall. 1975. Environmental
Sensitivity of Oregon's Coastal Sand Areas. Department of Geography Resource
Paper 7. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 48 pp.
Coastal sand area types are placed in sensitivity classes.
These classes are given performance stan'dards to-guide development.
The specific study area is north of Florence and is mapped by
sensitivity class.

Weideman, Alfred M., Dennis J. LaRea, and Frank H. Smith. 1974.
Plants of the Oregon Coastal Dunes. Oregon State University
Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. 117 pp.
A very useful work which includes a brief but highly
informative introduction to the physical geography of Oregon's
coastal dunes. The primary emphasis is on the description of
sand dune plants with taxonomic key included.

Zen kovick, V. P. 1962. Processes of Coastal Development. -J. A. Steers,
Ed. Translated by De G. Frey. Oliver and Boyd@, Lo@_don. 738 pp-.
The most thorough-discussion of shore processes found in any one
single publication. The author adopts a wide regional approach to
the subject. Chapter 12, "Aeolian Processes on Sea Coasts" is
concise and covers the literature as well as the worldwide variants
of sand beaches and dunes.

III. BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND IMANAGEI";ENT CONSIDERATIONS

A. Sand Removal

Bernewitz, M. W. von. 1930. "Treatment and Sale of Black Sands."
Information Circular 7000. U.S. Department'of -Interior, Washington,
D. C. 21 pp.
The author provides background information on the nature of
black sands and experiences in mining and processing it from
several case studies.

Carter, George, Hal J. Kelly and E. W. Parsons. 1962. "Industrial
Silica Deposits of the Pacific Northwest." Information Circular
No. 8112. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Washington., D.C. 57 pp.
An evaluation report of data derived from field and laboratory
examinations of 82 silica'deposits. The Coos Bay dune sands was
one of five samples taken in Oregon. These sands were found to
be not of high quality but could be used as a source for the
manufacture of ceramic ware and'amber container glass.

Carter, G. J., H. M. Harris and K. G. Strandbert. 1964. "Beneficiation
Studies of the Oregon Coastal Dune Sands for Use as Glass Sand."
RI 6484. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D.C. 21 pp.
This study found the sand deposits in the Coos-Umpqua dunes
area to be suited for foundry, sand blasting, filler, ceramic use,
and for certain types of glass if properly treated.

Dasher,-John, Foster Fraes and Alton Gabriel. 1942. "Mineral Dressing
of Oregon Beach Sands, 1. Concentration of Chromite, Zircon,
Garnet and Ilmenite." Report of Investigation 3668. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 19 pp.
On the coast of southwestern Oregon, particularly in Coos
and Curry Counties, are numerous pockets of heavy sand that have
been deposited on the back of old beaches. The investigation
found certain levels of materials that could be extracted depending
on the market demands.

Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University. 1978.
"Notes From Brainstorming Meeting on Coastal Aggregates."
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 21 pp.
A series of notes outlining the goals of a three year
research project to study coastal aggregates. The goals a.s
presented were: a. identify, promising marginal aggregates,
b. evaluate benefication methods, c. develop specifications,
and d. establish economic limits for the use of these
aggregates.

Erickson, Robert, Roger Iwasaki, Russ Kellogg, Brian Mostue,
and Lawrence Walker. 1974. Visual Resource Analysis of the
Oregon Coastal Zone: Experimental Qualities of Oregon Coastal
Environments. The Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development
Commission, Florence, Oregon. 135 pp.
This report is one of ten for use in developing a resource
management plan for the Oregon Coastal Zone. The purpose of
th-is report is to identify the significant visual values on the
coast.and their management problems.

Inman, Douglas L. 1978. "The Impact of Coastal Structures on
Shorelines." Proceedings of Coastal Zone 78. American Society
of Civil Engineers, New York, New'York. pp. 2265-2272. 8 pp.
This article discusses the present crisis situation of
man.'s impingement upon the shoreline and his need.to rapidly
develop new technology and understanding of the problems.

Magoon, Orville T., John C. Haugen, and Robert L. Sloan. 1972.
"Coastal Sand Mining in Northern California, U.S.A." Proceedings
of the 13th Coastal Engineering Conference. American Society
of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. pp. 1571-1597.
26 pp.
This paper describes the history and character of sand
mining in California. Noting that sand removal is significant
at s-pecific locations, the authors point out that the:beaches
represent a major recreational asset.

Stephenson, E. L. 1 1945. "Magnetometer Surveys on Black Sands of the
Oregon Coast." RI 3814. -U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 18 pp.
This investigation located deposits of black sands in Coos
and Curry Counties, Oregon.

Sterrett, Chester K. 1958. "Industrial Silica for Pacific Northwest
Industries." Resource Report No. 1. Raw Materials Survey, Inc.,
-Portland, Oregon. 14 pp.
In a section of "Oregon Beach Sands" the report notes that
no specific studies on beach sands as a source of industrial
silica have been conducted. It was noted, however, that no
extensive deposits of pure white sands exist with a low
quartz content (forty percent with partial iron staining).

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1978. "Minerals in
the Economy of Oregon." SMP-21. Washington, D.C. 14 pp.
This is a report on the mineral resources of Oregon. It
includes tables on the quantity and value of mineral production
in 1976 and 1977 as well as Oregon's role in the U.S. mineral supply
in 1977.

B. Stabilization and Restoration Methods

Brown, Robert L., and A. L. Hafenrichter. 1962. "Stabilizing Sand
.Dunes on the Pacific Coast With Woody Plants." Misc.. Publication
No. 892. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service, Washington, D.C. 18 pp.
This describes the uses of woody plants as stabilizers, the
planning required, and the species used for stabilization.

Davis, John H., Jr. 1975. Stabilization of Beaches and Dunes by
Vegetation in Florida. Sea Grant Program Report No. 7.
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 52 pp-
The report discusses the role and methods of vegetation in
stabilizing beaches and dunes, with guidelines for property
owners and managers.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Metho ds for Beach
and Sand Dune Protection. Conference Report. Georgia Department
of Natural Resources, Atlanta, Georgia. 48 pp.
This is a collection of papers delivered during the conference
that relate to three basic topics: The Natural Functioning of
the Beach and Sand Dune System, Methods for Beach and Sand Dune
Protection, and Workshop Discussions and Recommendations.
Emphasis on East Coast experiences.

Green, Diantha L. 1965. "Developmental History of European Beachgrass
(Ammophila arenaria) Plantings on the Oregon Coastal Sand Dunes."
MS Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 64 pp.
The development from initial planting to takeover of natural
species is discussed. Data on the plots studied south of Florence
included various measurements of Ammophila, Pinus, and Cytisus
and the frequency of native species present.

Hafenrichter, A. L. 1967. "Lassoing the West's Rampaging Dunes."
Outdoors USA. U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
pp. 317-321. 5 pp.
A good introduction to the USDA Soil Conservation Service's
dune stabilization program on the Pacific Coast that includes the
Warrenton Soil Conservation District project.

Hafenrichter, A. L., John L. Schwendinan, Harold L. Harris, Robert S.
MacLauchlan, and Harold.W. Miller. 1968. Grasses and Legumes
-for Soil Conservation in the Pacific Northwest and Great Basin
States. Agriculture Handbook 339. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. 69 pp.
They explored various grasses and legumes for stabilization
.projects including beac-hes and dunes.

Illinois Department of Conservation. 1977. Illinois Beach State
Park Duneland Vegetation Rehabilitation and Restoration
Feasibility Study. Sp Iringfield, Illinois 57 PP.
A study of existing duneland degradaiion and destruction
with alternative policies- to solve identified problems. Many
problems identified are common to the Oregon coastal dunes
and proposed solutions may be of interest.

Knutson, Paul L. 1978. "Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and
Stabilization." Proceedings of Coastal Zone '78. Volume II.
American Society @Tf Civil Engineers,.New York, New York. pp. 762-779.
18 pp.
Several West Coast examples are given including the Clatsop
Plains.

McLaughlin, Willard T., and Robert L. Brown. 1942. "Controlling
Coastal Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwest." Circular No. 660.
U..S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 46 pp.
This describes the various techniques and the background of
the stabilization of the Pacific Northwest started in 1935.

Oertel, George F., and James L. Harding. 1977. Sand Stabilization on
the Dunes, Beach and Shoreface of a Historically Eroding Barrier
Island; Wassaw Island Erosion Study Part 111. Technical Report
Series Number 77-3. Georgia Marine Science Center, University
System of Georgia, Skidaway Island, Georgia. 46 pp.
This is a study of Wassaw Island, Georgia and the testing of
three synthetic methods (snow fences, sand bags, and patches of
beach straw) to modify the sediment budget of an historically
eroding shore area.

Swingle, Charles F. 1939. Seed Propogation of Trees, Shrubs and
Forbs For Conservation Planting- U.S."Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. 198 pp.
A compilation of information on number of seeds per pound,
germination percentages, recommended handling, and yield of plants.

Woodhouse, W. W., Jr. 1978. Dune Building and Stabilization With
Vegetation. Special Report No. 3. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
112 pp.
The report discusses dune stabilization including the use of
fences, vegetation and matting based on twenty years experimentation
in coastal areas.

Woodhouse, W. W., Jr., and R. E. Hanes. 1967. Dune Stabilization
With Vegetation On the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Technical
Memorandum No. 22. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 45 pp.
This memorindum provides results on experiments to develop
a more effective revegetation program. Plant species and methods
for planting are provided.

Woodhouse, W. W., Jr., E. D. Seneca, and S. W. Broome. 1976. Ten
Years of Development of Man-initiated Coastal Barrier Dunes in
Nor.th Carolina., Bulletin 453, North Carolina Sea Grant Program
Publication No. 77-01. North Carolina University Agricultural
Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. 55 pp.
Development of dunes by planting various vegetation is
described along with the results of such experiments. Dune
grasses, American beachgrass and sea oats were used.

C. Groundwater

Brown,'G. S. and R. C. Newcomb. 1963. Ground-Water Resources of the
Coastal Sand-Dune Area-North of Coos Bay, Oregon. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619-D.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 32 pp-
This report provides information on the hydr1ology of the
sand dune aquifer north of Coos Bay, Oregon including water quality
and water supply.

California Pollution Control Board. 1954. Investigation of Travel
of Pollution. Publication 11. Sacramento, California.
218 pp.
The capabilities of some soils and subsurface materials as
filtering agents of various pollutants are investigated.

Dugan, Patrick, Y. R. Nayudu, Daniel Bottom, and Kathy Fitzpatrick.
1976. A Study of Shoreland Management Alternatives - Inventory
of Five-Shoreland Areas. Oregon Coastal Conservation and
Development Association, North Bend, Oregon. 280 pp.
This study provides basic environmental baseline data on five
shoreland areas representative of Oregon coastal environments.
The following areas are examined: The Nehalem River, Woahink
and Siltcoos Lakes, the shoreline of Curry County, Yaquina Bay and
the Siletz River.

Frank, F. J. 1970. Ground Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains,
Sand Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon. U.S. Department of the
,Interior, Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899-A. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 41 pp.
This study provides a good picture of characteristics of the
Clatsop aquifer; includes geohydrology, water quality and
development problems.

Hampton, E. R. 1961. "Ground Water From Coastal Dune and Beach
Sands." Geological Survey Research. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey Professional Paper 424B. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. B204-B206. 3 pp.
A brief but informative introduction to Oregon coastal dune
groundwater characteristics is presented in this article.

Hampton, E. R. 1963. Ground Water in the Coastal Dune Area Near
Florence, Oregon. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey Water Supply Paper 1539-K. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 36 pp.
The occurrence, quantity and general quality of dunal
groundwater near Florence are investigated in this report.*.
Duneland aquifer characteristics are described and practical
withdrawal methods and considerations are discussed.

Larson, Douglas W. 1974. A Water Quality Survey of Selected Coastal
Lakes in the Sand Dune Region of Western Lane and Douglas Counties,
1972-1973. Final Report, Western Quality Studies. Oregon
Iffepartment of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon. 152 pp.
A technical stud of thirteen coastal lakes to document
I y
existing limnological characteristics to establish a baseline for
future planning and management.

Larson, Douglas William., 1970. "On Recontiling Lake Classification
With the Evolution of Four Oligotrophic Lakes in Oregon."
PhD Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
135 pp.
This study considers the responses of four Oregon lakes,
including Woahink Lake in coastal Lane County, to the ambient
physical environment and cultural use interattions; assesses
factors which encourage or inhibit eutrophication in each lake
and; proposes an alternative, diagnostic lake-classification system.

Robison, J. H. 1973. Hydrology of the Dunes Area North of Coos Bay,
Oregon. U.S. Department of the Interior, Ueological Survey,
7-o-M-and, Oregon. 62 pp.
A detailed study of the hydrology of a twenty square mile
area of dunes along the central Oregon coast. Within the study
an analog model was used to analyze current and projected water
levels.

Smith, David L. 1962. Lake and St ream Formation on Sand Dunes in the
Florence District, Oregon. University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
90 pp.
This study deals with the description-and interpretation of
lake and stream forms near Florence, Oregon.

Sweet, Randy H. 1977. Carrying Capacity of the Clatsop Plains Sand-Dune
Aquifer. A report for the Clatsop County Commission and Oregon
Environmental Quality Commission, Clatsop County, Oregon. 73 pp.
This study assesses the physical hydrogeological characteristics
of this area and proposes management recommendations.

D. Off-road Vehicles

Baldwin, Malcolm R., and Dan H. Stoddard, Jr. 1973. The Off-Road
Vehicle and Environmental Quality. 2nd Edition. The Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D.C. 61 pp.
Environmental concerns as well as other ORV problems are
discussed and good recommendations are offered.

Bennett, Shaun. 1973. A Trail Rider's Guide to the Environment. American
Motorcyclists Association, Westerville, Ohio. 60 pp.
The booklet is geared for the "biker" and is humorously
illustrated pointing out responsible use is a*must to ensure
off-road opportunities. Environmental considerations are mentioned
regarding soil and other elements.

Bess, Fred H. 1973. "The Effectiveness of Helmets for EAR Protection."
Proceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle
Research Symposium. Donald F. Holecek, Ed. Department of Parks
and Recreation Resources Technical Report No. 9 (147-149).
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 3 pp.
The potential hazards of ORV noise were mentioned and various
helmet brands were tested. None were particularly effective.

Blodget, Bradford G. 1978. The Effect of Off-Road Vehicles on Least
Terns and Other-Shorebirds, National Park Se-rvice Cooperative
Research Unit Report No. 26. University of Massachusetts. 79 pp.
A carefully conducted study specifically on Least Terns,
and other shorebirds. The study took place in an area of
extremely high ORV management.

Bury, Richard L., Robert C. Wendling, and Stephen McCool. 1976.
Off-Road Recreation Vehicle - A Research Summary, 1969-1975.
MP-1277. Texas Agriculture Experiment'Station, Texas A & M
University, College Station, Texas. 84 pp.
This review is very useful to rapidly become oriented in
ORV literature and problems. It covers all major areas.

California Department of Parks and Recreation. 1975. Pismo State
Beach and Pismo Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area -- General
Development Plan and Resource Management Plan. Sacramento,
California. 83 pp.
This plan is a good example of management of high use areas.
Many ORV problems are considered.

California Department of Parks and Recreation. 1978. Off-Highway
Vehicle Recreation in California. Sacramento, California.
96 pp.
A complete overview of the California system is provided.
It serves as a good example of an off-road vehicle system.

Carter, James E. 1977. "Use of Off-Road Vehicles on Public Lands."
U.S. Presidential Executive Order 11989. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. I p.
This order allows federal land managers to close an area
to certain ORVs if there are real or potential adverse
environmental effects.

Godfrey, Paul J., Stephen P. Leatherman, and P. A. Buckley. 1978.
"Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems." Coastal
Zone '78 Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic
and Regulatory Aspects of Coastal Zone Management. Volume II.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York.
pp. 581-600. 20 pp.
This summarizes the ORV effects on several coastal ecosystems
and appears to be the most comprehensive research effort in that
regard. It is very informative and serves to launch one into the
specific studies it summarizes.

Harrison, Rob. 1973. "ORV Noise Effects and Measurements." Proceedings
of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle Research Symposium.
Donald F. Holecek, Ed. Technical Report No. 9. Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan. pp. 135-145., 11 pp.
ORV noise measurement techniques are discussed as are effects.
ORV noise detectability is considered.

Lodico, Norma Jean. 1973. Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles:
A Review of the Literature. bibliography Series NO. 29. Mice
of Library Services, U.S.-Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 112 pp.
This work is useful and shows areas of environmental concern.
.At the time it was published, the number of authoritative studies
on ORV impacts was limited.

-McCool. S. F., and J. W. Roggenbuck. 1974. .Off-Road Vehicles and Public
Lands: A Problem Analysis. Department of Forestry and Outdoor
Recreation and Institute for the Study of Outdoor Recreation and
Tourism, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 109 pp.
This work comprehensively organizes the questions about ORVs
to identify the areas most needing research. It provides a quick
background on the multitude of ORV related problems.

McEwen, Douglas N. 1978. Turkey Bay Off-Road Vehicle Area at Land
Between the Lakes: An Example of New Opportunities for Mana, @ers
and Riders. Research Report Number 1. Department of Recreation,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. 28 pp.
The work shows many examples of how to successfully plan and
manage an ORV area.

Motorcycle Industry Council. 1978. 1978 Motorcycle Statistical Annual.
Newport Beach, California. 46 pp.
Statistics on the motorcycle market, manufacturers, use, and
ownership are presented. Off-road use is considered.

Muntz, E. P., T. L. Deglow, and D. H. Campbell. 1972. "Public Lands
and Off-Road Motorized Recreation." Environmental Engineering
Programs Bulletin 100. School of Engineering, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 18 pp.
The area of disturbance for a trail biker and a hiker is
quantified, compared, and related to the finite resource base.

Neidoroda, A. 1975. Geomorphological Effects on ORVs on Coastal
Systems of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. National Park Service
Cooperative Research Unit Report No. 17. University of
Massachusetts. 100 pp.
The study considers the causes and results of ORV downslope
sand transport., It suggests ways to limit such transport and ORV
related erosion.

Nixon, Richard M. 1972. "Use of Off-Road Vehicl.es on the Public Lands."
U.S. Presidential Order 11644. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 2 pp.
The order required federal agencies to develop management plans
for ORVs on their lands and consider several factors in doing so.

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. 1978. DEQ Handbook for
Environmental Quality Elements of Oregon Local Comprehensive Land
@se Plans. Portland, Oregon. 28 pp.
This loose-leaf work provides background on noise restrictions
that apply to ORVs.

Oregon Department of Transportation, Parks and Recreation Branch. 1977.
Oregon Outdoor Recreation Needs Bulletin 1977. Technical
Document III of the State Wide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan. Salem, Oregon. 183 pp.
This document considers the recreational statewide needs and
includes ORV use. The figures on availability of trails are
questionable, however, it does recognize ORV use.

Peine, John D. 1973. "Off-Road Vehicle Use in Tucson, Arizona."
Proceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle
Research Symposium. Donald F. Holecek, Ed. Technical Report No. 9.
Department of Parks and Recreational Resources, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan. 202 pp.
The paper is based on Peine's unpublished thesis. 'It
describes the ORV activity and develops a model for ORV preference.

Rasor, Robert. 1978. Five State's Approaches to Trailbike Recreation
Facilities and Their Management. American Motorcycle Association,
Westerville, Ohio. 64 pp.
Different systems for trail bike areas are discussed and useful
examples of management are provided. It shows trail bikes can be a
manageable form of recreation. The Appendixes are very useful
including the ORV legislation from the States of Washington and
California.

Stupay, Arthur M. 1971. "Growth of Powerized Vehicles in the 1970's."
Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle
Research Symposium. Michael Chubb, Ed. Tec-hnical Report No. 8.
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 196 pp.
It provides a background on the growth of ORVs.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1976. "Travel Plan
Off-Road Vehicle Use -- Siuslaw National Forest." Corvallis,
Oregon. 4 pp. + maps.
It describes the various vehicle designations and operating
conditions for each open area; the basis for these policies is
mentioned.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1970.
Operation ORVAC: Recommendations and Guidelines for the Management
of Off-Road Vehicles on Public Domain Lands in California.
Sacramento, California. 40 pp.
General guidelines are provided that are useful as is the
approach to the ORV problem through an advisory council.

Visco-, Christopher. 19 77. "The Geomorph'ic Effects of Off-Road Vehicles
on the Beach, Fire Island, New York." MA Thesis. State University
of New York, Binghamton, New York. 74 pp.
Describes how different factors relating to ORV travel on
beaches, such as speed, affect the net amount of sediment moved
down slope by vehicle tracks.

Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1976. "Operating All-Terrain
Vehicles in the State of Washington." Olympia, Washington. 14 pp.
This is an informational booklet on the all-terrain program in
Washington.

E. Sand Movement--Erosion and Accretion

Aguilar-Tunon, N. A., and P. D. Komar. 1978. "The Annual Cycle of
Profile Changes of Two Oregon Beaches." The Ore Bin. Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
40(2)25-39. 14 pp.
This study compares two beaches, Gleneden Beach and Devil's
Punchbowl Beach. The purposes of the study were'to examine annual
changes and relate these changes to wave conditions.

Beaulieu, John D. 1974. Geologic Hazards Inventory of the Oregon
Coastal Zone. Misc. Paper 17. Oregon Department or Geology
and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 94 pp.
This publication provides an excellent introduction to the
geologic hazard potentials along the Oregon coast. It is aimed at
the planner and planning official and includes test, maps and
matrices.

Beaulieu, John D. 1978. "Surfical Geologic Hazard Concept for Oregon."
The Ore Bin. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland,@Oregon. 40(3):41-56. 16 pp.
This article deals with hazards such as mass movement, slope
erosion, flooding, and stream erosion. It is a general introduction
to such hazards.

Beaulieu, John D. and Paul W. Hughes. 1975. Environmental Geology of
Western Coos and Douglas Counties, Oregon. Bulletin 87. Oregon,
Department of Geology and Mineral Industri-es, Portland, Oregon.
148 pp + maps.
The purpose of this report is to provide a data base concerning
land capabilities and limitations of coastal Coos and Douglas
Counties to allow for safe and responsible development.

Byrne, John V. 1963. "Coastal Erosion, Northern 0 regon." Essays in
Marine Geology in Honor of K. 0. Emery. University of Southern
California Press, Los Angeles, California. pp. 11-33. 24 pp.
The article discusses erosion on the Oregon coast including
the climatic, oceanographic and geologic features which control
erosion.

Byrne, John V. 1964. "An Erosional Classification for the Northern
Oregon Coast." Association of American Geographers Annals.
Association of American Geographers, Chicago, Illinois. 54:329-335.
7 pp.
The article proposes a classification procedure which subdivides
the northern coast of Oregon according to the geologic factors which
control erosion.

Collier, Courtland A., Kamran Eshaghi, George Cooper., and Richard S. Wolfe.
1977. Guidelines for Beachfront Construction with Special Reference
to the Coastal Construction Setback Line. Report No. 20. Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
72 pp.
The report discusses and illustrates problems encountered in
beachfront construction and criteria for evaluating variances that
will uphold the purpose and philosophy of the Florida Coastal
Construction Setback Line Law whenever construction seaward of that
line is justified.

Cooper, William S. 1967. Coastal Dunes of California. Memoir No. 104.
Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 131 pp.
This work completed a geomorphic investigation of the coastal
dunes of California which was originally published in 1958; includes
areas of northern Baja California.

Davis, J. L. 1977. Geographical Variation in Coastal Development.
Longman Group Ltd., London, England. 204 pp.
This publication includes generalized patterns of coastal
morphology and introduces the idea of climatic controls on regional
coastal geomorphology.

Davis, Richard A., Jr., Ed. 1978 Coastal Sedimentary Environments.
Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. 420 pp.
This publication is a thorough academic treatment of offshore,
beach, dune and riverine coastal sedimentary environments, with
geomorphological emphasis.
Dicken, S. N. 1961. Some Recent Physical Chanqes of the Oregon Coast.
Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-2771(04). Department of
Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 151 pp.
This report is concerned with the physical changes of the Oregon
Coast since white settlement, with special emphasis on beaches, dunes,
and tidal marshes in the estuaries.

Dickson, Samuel N., Carl L. Johannessen, and Bill Hanneson. 1961. Some
Recent Physical Changes of th -e Oregon Coast. Department of Geography,
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 151 PP.
The factors causing shoreline changes are discussed with the
emphasis being on the historical changes of the beaches, nearby dunes,
and estuaries since the time of white settlement. Vegetation changes
are considered in this rather comprehensive work.

Flawn, Peter T. 1970. Environmental Geology: Conservation, Land-Use
Planning, and Resource Management. Harper and Row, New York, New York.
313 pp.
A good introduction into planning rationales and the geologic
system. The author specifically deals with beaches and man's impacts
@in various sections of the document.

Hamilton, Stanley F. 1973. "Oregon Estuaries." Oregon Division of
State Lands, Salem, Oregon. 49 pp.
This publication presents maps and aerial photographs along
with information on Oregon's estuaries.

Hanneson, Bill. 1961. "Vegetation Changes of the Oregon Coastal Dunes."
Some Recent Physical Changes of the Oregon Coast. Office of Naval
Research Contract Nonr-2771(04). Department of Geography, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. pp. 77-99. 23 pp.
This article documents the alteration of the Oregon sand dunes
by man and discusses the processes by which man makes these changes.
Komar, P. D. '1977. "Beach Profiles Obtained With an Amphibious DUKW
on the Oregon and Washington Coasts." The Ore Bin. Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Port7land, Oregon. 39(11):169-180.
12 pp.
During a Navy study in 1945 and 1946 beach profiles were collected
at 15 Oregon and Washington locations using a DUKW. Included is
information on the outer bars and troughs and extends across the
entire nearshore zone.

Komar, P. D. 1978. "Wave Conditions On the Oregon Coast During the
Winter of-1977-78 and the Resulting Erosion of Nestucca Spit."
Shore and Beach. American Shore and Beach Preservation Association,
Miami, Florida. 46(4):3-8. 6 pp.
This article describes the wave erosion of Nestucca Spit during
unusually intense storm waves in the winter of 11977-78.

Komar, P. D., J. R. Lizarraga-Arciniega and T. A. Terich. 1976. "Oregon
Coast Shoreline Changes Due-to Jetties." Journal of Waterways,
Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division. American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York, New York. 102(WWI) Paper 11933:13-30.
18 pp.
This article discusses the role of jetties in erosion and
deposition, primarily in an,area of zero net li'ttoral sand drift.
The jetty systems of Nehalem River, Tillamook Bay, Yaquina Bay,
Siuslaw River mouth, the Umpqua River, Coos Bay entrance, the
Coquille River, Rogue River, and Chetco River mouth are included.

Lizarraga-Arciniega, J. R. and Paul 0. Komar. 1975. Shoreline Changes
Due to Jetty Construction on the Oregon Coast. Publication Number
ORES4-T-75-004. Oregon State University Sea Grant College Program,,
Corvallis, Oregon. 85 pp.
All nine jetty systems on the coast are included except those
on the Columbia River. The relationship between beach erosion,
accretion and jetty construction is discussed. A computer model is
provided to simulate shoreline changes resulting from the Siuslaw
River jetties.

McKinney, B. A. 1977. "The Spring 1976 Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon,
With an Analysis-of the Causative Wave and Tide Conditions."-
MS Thesis, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 66 pp.
This study documents the 1976 erosion of Siletz Spit and
contrasts it with early occurrences. The role of tides was investigated
and it was determined that storm surges did not contribute to the
spit erosion.

North, W. B. 1964. "Coastal Landslides in Northern Oregon." MS Thesis,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 85 pp.
This thesis explores the contributions of landslides to the
erosion of the northern Oregon Coast.

Phipps, John'B. and John M. Smith. 1978. "Pacific Ocean Beach Erosion
and Accmtion Report." Grays Harbor College, Aberdeen, Washington.
75 pp.
Historical shorelines of southwestern Washington,are mapped,
and the factors affecting erosion/accretion are considered in light
of a sand budget. A projected shoreline map is provided and dune
management is discussed.

Prestedge, G. K. 1977. "Stabilization of Landslides Along the Oregon
Coast." Engineering Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 53 pp.
This paper studies the landslide problem on the Oregon coast
in order to propose methods of stabilization for potential landslides.
An analytical model of the landslide mechanism is presented.

Rea, Campbell C. 1974. "The Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon." MS Thesis,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 105 pp.
A paper viewing the history of erosion and accretion with
comments on changes of the shoreline and sand budget. Recommendations
for controlling erosion are presented.

Rea, Campbell C. and Paul D. Komar. 1975. "The Erosion of Siletz Spit,
Oregon." Reference 75-4. School of Oceanography, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon. 105 pp.
This paper examines the history of erosion on Siletz Spit to
determine whether the erosion is long term or cyclical and to suggest
causes and remedies.

Schatz, C. 1965. "Source and Characferistics of the Tsunami Observed
Along the Coast of the Pacific Northwest on 28 March 1064." MS
Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 39 pp.
the thesis discusses the possibility that the 1964 tsunami
was caused by uplift and subsidence of submarine crustal blocks.
The degree and type of transformation of the waves as they reached
estuaries was based on the underwater and coastal features at the
estuary.

Schatz, Clifford E., Herbert Curl, Jr., and Wayne.V. Burt. 1964.
"Tsunamis on the Oregon Coast." The Ore Bin. Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Ind-ustries, Portland, Oregon. 26(12):231-232.
2 pp.
. The article reviews the effects of the tsunami of 1964. It
explains that the coast will probably be struck again and the
,estuaries are the areas most susceptable to damage.

Schlicker, Herbert G. and Robert J. Deacon. 1974. Environmental
Geology of Coastal Lane County, Oregon. Bulletin 85. Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
116 pp.
A geological background is provided along with geological
hazards and a well-illustrated section on sand dunes within this
work.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, John D. Beaulieu and Gordon W.
Olcott. 1972. Environmental Geology of the Coastal Region of
Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, Oregon. Bulletin 74. Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
164 pp.
A substantial geological background is provided a-long with
geological hazards, mineral resources including sand and gravel,
and engineering characteristics of the geological units.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, Gordon W. Olcott, and John
D. Beaulieu. 1973. 'Environmental Geology of Lincoln County, Oregon.
Bulletin 81. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 171 pp.
A substantial geological background is provided along with
groundwater, geological hazards, and mineral resources.

State Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 1978. Inventory:
Oregon Coastal Shoreline Erosion. Volume I. Salem, Oregon.
109 pp.,
A study of the shoreline erosion problem and related sources
of information including an annotated bibliography. The processes
and historic patterns are presented with a county by county approach.

Stembridge, James E. 1976. Recent Shoreline Changes of the Oregon Coast.
Accession.No. ADA048436. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia. 51 pp.
An analysis and classification of shoreline erosion along
Oregon's pacific coastline based on earlier research for PhD
dissertation at University of Oregon.

Terich, T. A. 1973. "Development and Erosion of Bayocean Spit, Tillamook."
PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 145 pp.
The thesis discusses the development of a resort on Bayocean
sand spit on the northern Oregon coast and the reasons for its
abandonment, primarily erosion of the spit due to construction of a
jetty.

Terich, T. A., and P. D. Komar. 1974. "Bayocean Spit, Oregon: 'History
of Development and Erosional Destruction." Shore and Beach.
American Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Miami, Florida.
42(2):3-10. 8 pp.
The article describes the development of Bayocean Park on
Bayocean Spit and its failure due to erosion of the Spit after
construction of a jetty in 1914-17.

F. Biological Information

Amos, William H. 1959. "The Life of a Sand Dune." Scientific American.
Scientific American, Inc. New York, New York. 201:91-99. 9 pp.
This article discusses the community of plants and animals
which live on a sand dune.

Byrd, N. L. 1950. "Vegetation Zones of Coastal Dunes Near Waldport,
Oregon." MS Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
44 pp.
This thesis discusses the effects of physical factors on
the zonation of vegetation on sand dunes in the area north of
Alsea Bay near Waldport Oregon.

Dyrness, C. T., J. F. Franklin, C. Ma@er, S. A. Cook, J. D. Hall, and
G. Faxon. 1975. Research Natural Area Needs in the Pacific
Northwest. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report, PNW-38
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. 231 pp.
The publication is a guide to describe a system of natural
areas for Oregon and Washington and to help coordinate the
preservation of natural areas and alert land planners to their
value.

Eilers, Peter, 111. 1974. "Plants, Plant Communities, Net Production
and Tide Levels; Ecological Biogeography of the Nehalem Salt
Marshes, Tillamook County, Oregon." PhD Thesis, Department of
Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 368 pp.
This is a detailed study of the coastal salt marsh at
Nehalem estuary in Oregon. The primary purpose is to understand
and establish the importance of these types of areas.-

Hitchcock, C. Leo and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
730 pp.
This is an illustrated, condensation of the five-volume
work, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, (below).
Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson.
1955-1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University
of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 5 volumes.
This is a five-volume technical description and discussion of
the vascular plant families of the Pacific Northwest including.keys
for their identification.

Kumler, M. L. 1969. "Plant Succession on the Sand Dunes of the Oregon
Coast." Ecology. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
50:695-70-4. 10 pp.
Perhaps the most thorough and comprehensive recent study of
coastal dune dynamics; especially appropriate for the central
Oregon coast.

Macdonald, Keith B., and Michael G. Barbour. 1974. "Beach and Salt
Marsh Vegetation of the North American Pacific Coast." Ecology
of Halophytes. W. H. Queen and R. J. Reimold, Eds. Academic
Press, New York. pp. 175-234. 60 pp.
The paper surveys beach and salt marsh vegetation between
Point Barrow, Alaska and Cabo San Lucas at the southern tip of
Baja California.

Oosting, H. J. and W. D. Billings. 1942. "Factors Affecting Vegetation
Zonation on Coastal Dunes." Ecology. Duke University Press,
Durham, North Carolina. 23:1@_1-142. 12 pp.
This article discusses the development of blow-outs along
areas of unconsolidated sands on the coast of North Carolina.
Several types of beach plants were planted on the dunes with various
treatments of the plants tried. The characteristics of the sand
and atmosphere were also discussed.

Wiedemann, Alfred Max. 1966. "Contributions to the Plant Ecology of the
Oregon Coastal Sand Dunes." PhD Thesis, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon. 255 pp.
This thesis investigates the ecological and economic aspects
of Oregon coastal dunes. A literature review is included on the
botanical and ecological aspects of the dunes. The deflation plain
is discussed in detail.

IV. BEACH AND DUNE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

A. Hazard Management

Coastal Zone Management. 1976. Natural Hazard Management in Coastal
Areas. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA. Washington D.C. 286 pp.
A handbook geared to provide guidance and.information to.coastal
planners and decision-makers on major natural hazards. The handbook
presents the material as: Major Coastal Hazards, Problems and
Recommendations, Hazard Management in the Coastal States, Annotated
Bibliography and a Directory of Selected Agencies.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1975 * Handbook: Building
in the Coastal Environment. Atlanta, Georgia.. 118 pp.
The handbook provides site specific guidelines including
site analysis, planning/design, construction, and land exchange.
The concepts are highly illustrated.

Kates, Robert W. 1978. Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 112 pp.
'A technical report that examines the present state of the
art with respect to coping with environmental risks. Existing
methods and modes of risk assessment along with the observed
trends and attitudes in assessing environmental threat are
presented.

State Soil and Water Conservation Commission., 1978. Oregon
Coastal Management Program: Shoreline Erosion Mana_qement
Policies and Procedures. Volume Il. Salem, Oregon. 113 pp.
A description of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management
program with a focus on management techniques for shoreline
erosion is presented. An evaluation of the current program
is given with suggestions for policy changes.

The Conservation Foundation. 1977. Physical Management of Coastal
Floodplains: Guidelines for Hazards and Ecosystems Management.
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. 179 pp.
A technical report that offers development and conservation
guidelines for the following coastal areas: coastal watersheds,
shoreland water systems, coastal floodlands, saltwater wetlands,
bluffs, dunes, beaches', basin floor, and coastal waters.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1966. Beach Erosion Control and Shore
Protection Studies. Engineering Manual No. 1110-2-3300. Office of
the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C. 19 pp. + appendices.
This manual discusses the types of information needed to
conduct beach erosion studies, such as program development and
data collection, to serve as a basis for planning remedial measures.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual Volume I.
Second edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 508 pp.
This is the first volume of a three volume manual. It
describes the physical environment o 'f the coastal zone and
discusses coastal engineering, wave mechanics, wave and water
predictions, and littoral processes.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual Volume II.
Second edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,.
Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 505 pp.
This volume of a three volume manual 'deals with planning,and
structural design in relation to the physical factors of Volume I.
An example is provided.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual Volume III.
Second Edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 141 pp.
This volume of the three volume manual contains the appendixes
(glossary, list of symbols, tables and plates, and subject index)
for the first two volumes.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.. 1977. Elevated
Structures/Reducing Flood Damage Through Building Design: A
Guide Manual. HUD-FIA-184(2). Washington, D.C. 108 pp.
The manual provides background information on the National
Flood Insurance Program and the hazards associated with building
in the floodplain. It reviews the existing alternatives to house
construction on raised foundations and offers performance
criteria for such foundation systems.

B. Considerations and Impacts

Alen, Ray, David Brower, B. J. Copeland, D. Frankenberg, and Francis
Parker. 1976. Ecological Determinants of Coastal Area Management.
Volume II. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
392 pp.
A comprehensive work that covers both the coastal ecological
systems and tools and techniques for coastal area management. While
having a bias for the North Carolina situation, this work does offer
valuable insight into the application of many tools upon several
coastal ecosystems.

Battelle Institute. 1971. Shoreland Management Guidelines to Grays
Harbor Regional Planning Commission. Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, Richland, Washington.. 95 pp.
A detailed study of the shorelands of Grays Harbor County,
Washington, that described the natural systems, land-use activities
and presented management guidelines including a checklist for
shoreland policy decisions.

Bella, David A. 1973. "Environmental Planning Methods." Coastal Zone
Management Problems. Water Resources Institute, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon. pp. 53-60. 8 pp.
An approach to coastal zone management planning that places
a high value on environmental variety is presented. The key to
this method is the preservation of future options enabling the
management authority to adjust decisions in relationship to
changing value systems and unanticipated environmental impacts.

Brahtz, J. F. Peel, Ed. 1972. Coastal Zone Management: Multiple
.Use With Conservation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, New York.
351 pp.
This book addresses a wide range of resource uses, conflicts
and problems of coastal zone management, each from the particular
viewpoint of a specialist in one of the classical problem areas.

Bright, Donald B. 1973. "Local Land Use: Management Concepts and
Problems." Proceedings of Coastal Zone Management and the Western
.States Future. William B. Merselis, Ed. Marine Technology Society,
Newport Beach, California. pp. 222-226. 5 pp.
The author presents three management concepts: ethical changes,
land as a resource and a commodity, and a cross-matching scheme.

Brower, David, Dirk Frankenberg,,and Francis Parker. 1976. Ecological
Determinants of Coastal Area Management--An Overview. Volume 1.
Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-76-05. North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina. 133 pp.
The work analyzes the ecological processes of the barrier
island system and lagoon-estuary system. Various management tools
are provided to preserve the components of the two main systems.

Canter, Larry. 1977. Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, New York. 331 pp.
An introductory text that presents a systematic approach to
the prediction and assessment of impacts on the physical, chemical,
biological, cultural and socioeconomic factors in the envir6nement.

Dickert, Thomas and Jens Sorensen. 1978. Collaborative Land-Use Plannin
for the Coastal Zone: A Process for Local Program Development.
Volume I. IURD Monograph No. 27. Institute of Urban and Regional
Development, University of California, Berkeley, California. 120 pp.
Collaborative planning in this work is presented as a midpoint
compromise between centralized and decentralized approaches in
which state and local units of government work jointly to prepare
and implement local, regional and state land use plans.

Dilton, Robert B., John L. Seymour, and G. C. Swanson. 1977. Coastal
Resources Management: Beyond Bureaucracy and the Market. Lexington
Books, Lexington, Massachusetts. 196 pp.
An overview of the main issues involved in coastal zone management.
The authors review current practices, future needs and describe
several case histories.. The main emphasis is on improved management
for multiple use.

Harrison, Pete. 1977. "The Pressure for Shoreline Development Spatial
Concepts in Review." Coastal Zone Management Journal, New York2
New York. 3(3):319-322. 4 pp.
The relationships between dispersed and concentrated shore-
line development, environmental carrying capacity and public access
are developed in a broad conceptual scheme.

Harvard University Graduate School of Design. 1967. Three Approaches
to Environmental Resource Analysis. The Conservation Foundation,
Washington, D.C. 102 pp.
An excellent view of three major approaches to &nvironmental
planning. Included are the works of G. Angus Hills, Philip H. Lewis, Jr.
and Ian L. McHarg. Although the work is dated, it is still a basic
source and contains an annotated bibliography.

Hendler, Bruce. 1977. Caring for the Land: Environmental Principles
for Site Design and Review. Report No. 328. American Society of
Planning Officials, Chicago, Illinois. 94 pp.
'A generalized approach to planning is provided including
environmental, site, and design considerations. It is a well-
illustrated and useful overview to thoughtful development.

Hermon, Barbara A. 1975. "The Environmental Review Team." Planners
Notebook. Volume 5. American Institute of Planners, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. 5(5).. 6 pp.
A report on the history and methodology of an interdisciplinary
environmental review team that was established in Eastern Connecticut
in 1968 to assist local governments and developers in*assessing the
environmental impacts of proposed large scale projects.

Jain, R. K., L. V. Urban, and G. S. Stacey. 1977. Environmental Impact
Analysis: A New Dimension in Decision-Making. Von Nostrand
Reinhold Company, New York, New York. 330 pp.
. A technical look at environmental impact statements that gives
insight into how to determine which of forty-nine bio-physical
and socio-economic factors, may be affected-by a given project. The
authors present methods'on how to identify and measure in advance
,impacts on these forty-nine attributes.

Komar, P. D. and B. A. McKinney. 1977. "The Spring 1976 Erosion of
Siletz Spit, Oregon, With an Analysis of the Causative Storm
Conditions." Shore and Beach. American Shore and Beach Preservation
Association, Miami, Florida. 45(3):23-30. 8 pp.
This study documents erosion on Siletz Spit, Oregon and-contrasts
it with earlier winter erosion periods. Tide levels and storm surges
are analyzed.

Komar, P. U., W. Quinn, H. C. Creech, C. C. Rea, and J. R. Lizarraga-
Arciniega. 1976. "Wave Conditions and Beach Erosion on the Oregon
Coast." 'The Ore Bin. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral
Industries, Portland, Oregon. 38(7):103-112. 10 pp.
Data from November, 1971 through June, 1975 has been analyzed
concerning the wave height at Newport, Oregon every six hours,
measured by a recording device that detects microseisms.

Komar, P. D. and.C. C. Rea. 1976. "Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon."
Shore and Beach. American Shore and Beach Preservation Association,
Miami, Florida. 44(l):9-1-5. 7 pp.
This article explains the erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon due
to rip currents eroding embayments on the beach.

Komar, Paul and Thomas A. Terich. 1976. "Changes Due to Jetties at
Tillamook Bay, Oregon." Proceedings 15th Coastal Engineering
Conference. American Society of Civil Engineering, New York,
New York. Chapter 104:1791-1811. 21 pp.
This paper explains that physical changes on the Bayocean
Spit are the results of local rearrangement of the beach, not
from a change in the net littoral drift.

Kulm, L. D. and J. V. Byrne. 1966. "Sedimentary Response to Hydrography
in an Oregon Estuary." Marine Geology. Elsevier Publishing
Company, Amsterdam. 4:85-118. 34 pp.
This article discussed two major realms of deposition of Yaquina
Bay, Oregon - marine and fluviatile and a third - marine-fluviatile
transition realm. Sediment transport and deposition is.discussed
as it relates to climatic and hydrographic variations.

Louisiana Coastal Resources Program. 1976.* A Process for Coastal
Resources Management and Impact Assessment. Louisiana State
Planning Office, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 72 pp.
The report is presented as a management handbook for elected
and appointed officials, citizens and private sector interests to
provide suggested methods of approaching some of the unique planning
problems of the Louisiana coastal zone.

McEvoy, James, III, and Thomas Dietz, Eds. 1977. Handbook for
Environmental Planning: The Social Consequences of Environmental
Change. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 472 pp.
This book contains papers addressing the legislative and
lega'l background of environmental impact statements, as well as
guidelines on how to address environmental impacts related to
demography, land use, economics, transportation, and sociocultural
activities. Also included is a chpater on social impact-information.

McHarg, Ian. 1972. "Best Shore Protection: Nature's Own Dunes."
Civil Engin0ering--ASCE. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, New York. pp. 66-70. 5 pp.
The author contends that constru'ction along the beach should
only occur where it will not endanger the coastal dune system.

McHarg, Ian L. 1969. Design With Nature. Doubleday and Company, Garden
City, New York. 1T7 pp.
A classic work that by mixing scientific insight with
constructive environmental design produces conservation and developmental
guidelines. The second chapter, "Sea and Survival," specifically
addresses beach and dune situations.

Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board. 1976. Integration of Regional
Land Use Planning and Coastal Zone Science: A Guidebook for Planners.
Long Island, New York. 304 pp.
An integrated methodology combining twelve methods used by
planners to analyze coastal environmental problems. Although the
methodology is appiied to the Long Island situation the approach
itself is transferable.

Olsen,,Stephen B. and Malcom J. Grant. 1972. Rhode Island's Barrier
Beaches: A Report on a Mana_gement Problem and an Evaluation of
Options. Volume I.- Marine Technical Report No. 4. University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island. 118 pp.
The report assembles and assesses the available information
on the barrier beaches along Rhode Island's coast to aid in
developing a plan for future use and management.

Owens, David W. and David J. Brower. 1976. Public Use of Coastal
Beaches. University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication
UNC-SG-76-08. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 356 pp.
A comprehensive investigation of the issue of public access
to coastal beaches in the United States that includes presentations
,on wet sands, acquisition and access issues as well as an
annotated bibliography of books, articles and related court
decisions.

Phipps, J. B., and J. M. Smith. 1978. Coastal Accretion and Erosion
in Southwest Washington. PV_11. Washington State Department o
Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 75 pp.
The coastal shoreline changes of southwestern Washington for
approximately 100 years have been mapped and the rates of accretion
or erosion have been caluculated. A shoreline map for the year
2000 is projected from recent shore changes.
Richardson, Dan K. 1976. The Cost of Environmental Protection:
Regulating Hous-ing D velopment tal Zone. Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey. 25b pp.
The author analyzes the impact of coastal zone management
regulations on housing develbpment within an overview of the entire
coastal zone management scheme focusing on the New Jersey situation.

RNKR Associates. 1978. Environmental Hazard Inventory of Coastal
Lirfcoln County, Oreg@_n. Lincoln County Planning Department,
Newport, Oregon. 66 pp. t maps.
This geologic hazards report contains general discussions on
sand areas, sensitivity classes and performance standards along
with an extensive bibliography and maps.

Runyon, Dean. 1977. "Tools for Community-Managed Impact Assessment."
Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Volume 43.
American Institute of Planners, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
43(2):125-134. 10 pp.
The author reviews twelve impact assessment techniques with
comments on their application either singly or in combinations.

C. Implementation of Management Criteria

Clark, John. 1977. Coastal Ecosystem Management: A Technical Manual
for The Conservation of Coastal Zone Resources. John Wiley and
Sons, New York, New York. 928 PP.
Probably the best known book on the subject in which ' Clark
analyzes coastal environments, identifies major conflicts providing
suggested solutions, and develops a complete management program
with extensive references. Of particular interest are his
Chapters on "Managing for Optimum Carrying Capacity" and "Guidelines
and Standards for Coastal Projects."

Roberts, William H. 1978. "Environmental Developmental Trade-offs in
the Coastal Zone." Proceedings of Coastal Zone '78. Volume IV.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York.
pp. 2773-2790. 18 pp.
The author presents environmental and developmental functions
in the planning process as mutually exclusive or conflicting
(where a potential for accommodation or trade-off exists) in an
approach to make coastal zone management programs effective.

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. and Kenneth G. Silliman. 1976. Coastal PlanEin
The Designation and Management of Areas of Critica-1 EnvironmentalI
Concern. University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication
UNC-SG-76-09. Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
This study reviews general legal limitations and suggests a
process to designate and manage areas of particular environmental
concern. Oregon's approach is included as are all states involved
with such legislation.'

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. and Ronald H. Rosenberg. 1976. "The Legal
Implementation of Coastal Zone Management: The North Carolina Model."
Duke Law Journal. Durham, North Carolina. 1:1-37. 37 pp.
The authors review several policy areas that affect coastal
management (planning, impact analysis, land use controls, permits,
various tax programs, and government acquisition and ownership).
Authors conclude that traditional land use legal tools are inadequate
and that they should be enhanced by new techniques coupled with a
strong intergovernmental cooperation strategy-.

Sorensen, Jens C. 1971. "A Framework for Identification and Control of
Resource Degradation and Conflict in the Multiple Use of the Coastal
Zone." *MA Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, California.
50 pp.
A useful introductory work that provides an approach to the
development of coastal planning,policy. The paper is divided into
five parts: (1) resource conflict and degradation, (2) development
of an impact system framework, (3) description of the parts
(4) applications of the framework, and (5) future heeds to improve
the framework.

Stockhom, John. 1974. Performance Standards: A Technique for Controlling
Land Use. Extension Service Special Report 424. Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon. 50 pp.
This paper examines performance standards as a land use control
technique available to supplement or replace zoning for plan
implementation.

Thurow, Charles, William Toner, and Duncan Erley. 1975. Performance
Controls for Sensitive Lands: A Practical Guide for Local
Administrators. ASPA Planning Advisory Service Report Nos. 307 and
308. American Society of Planning Officials, Chicago, Illinois.
156 pp.
This manual advocates the protection of environmentally
sensitive areas (streams and creeks, aquifers, wetlands, woodlands,
and hillsides) by using the police powers of local jurisdictions.
Also'provided is information on the importance of such areas,
performance standards, examples of existing ordinances, and a list of
technical assistance resources.

V. GENERAL INFORMATION (INCLUDING BEACHES AND DUNES)

A. Coastal Zone Management Issues

American Society of Civil Engineers. 1078. Coastal Zone '78, Proceedings
of the Coastal Zone '78 Symposium. Volumes I - IV. New York,
New York. 3091 pp.
This symposium proceedings conta'ins. 21'8 articles in twenty-six
general subject areas (i.e., Coastal Ecosystems, Environmental
Engineering, Impact Assessment Methodology, Coastal Hazards and
Coast Processes, etc.).

Ketchum, Bostwick H., Ed. 1972. "The Water,'s Edge - Critical Problems of
the Coastal Zone.." Proceedings of the Coastal Zone Workshop.
Woods Hole Oceanogra-phic Institution, Massachusetts. 393 pp.
This work provides a good overall basic introduction to the
many issues of coastal zone management including several sections
on beaches and dunes.

B. Coastal Zone Management Bibliographies

Ditsworth, George R. 1966. Environmental Factors in Coastal and
Estuarine Waters-Bibliographic Series, Coast of Oregon.
Volume 1. Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Corvallis, Oregon. 62 pp.'
A bibliography pertai.ning to the marine waters indexed
under; Marine Biology, Climate, Fisheries, Geology, Hydrology,
Chemical and Physical Oceanography, and Bibliographies. Useful but
somewhat dated.

NOAA COASTAL SERVICES M UMARY

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