[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]










              TTHOUSAND ACRE MARSH BIOTIC COMPOSITION AND NATURAL
                                   COMMUNITY TYPES EVALUATION



                                                   Final Report


                                                   Submitted to:


                                             Division of Soil and Water
                            Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control


                                                       By:


                                        Delaware Natural Heritage Inventory
                                          Division of Parks and Recreation
                            Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control






                                                   March 1994














                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                               Pacte No.


            INTRODUCTION   ...............................................          1

              survey objectives     ........................................        1

            METHODS  ....................................................           1


            RESULTS AND DISCUSSION    ..........................                    2

              Survey Site Descriptions..     ....                                   3
              Rare Plant Species Discovered at 1000 Acre Marsh...           ...... 12
              Zoological Inventory.......... ... o     ..... oo ....... o-   ..... 13

            MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMENTS       ...................    o 15

              Zoological Impacts...........      ..... -  ..........  o.o .....  o. 15
              Botanical Impacts..    ..... o...... oo-   ........  o....... o .... 16

            SU?1MARY ...... -oo ..... o ....................................       17


            FIGURES 1-6   ................................................         18


            APPENDICES   .................................................         24

             .Appendix I. Vascular Plant Check List        ....................    24
              Appendix II. Animal Species at 1000 Acre Marsh          ...........  27










                                                       INTRODUCTION


               A biological inventory of 1000 Acre Marsh, New Castle County, Delaware was conducted
               during the 1993 growing season by the Delaware Natural Heritage Inventory (DNHI). The
               survey was requested and funded by the Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Department
               of Natural Resources and Environmental Control to address the biological components of this
               marsh and any impacts from proposed long term wetland management plans.

               The 1000 Acre Marsh (Fig. 1) is located north of the town of Port Penn and is bounded on the
               north by the Dutch Neck Road and the C. & D. Canal, and on the east by Delaware Rte 9. The
               southern and western boundaries are located on private and state owned property bounded by
               Thowrnton Road, St. Georges-Port Penn Road, and Dutch Neck Road. The Marsh proper
               includes approximately 1288 acres.

               Thousand Acre Marsh " ... may best be described as a large, fresh to slightly bracIdsh (salinity
               0 to 6 ppt), highly productive, low level wetland impoundment which has been experiencing a
               general decline in habitat quality for approximately two decades. The initial high wildlife value
               which resulted from stabilization of water levels and reduction of salinity has been gradually
               yielding to the longer term detrimental consequences of impounding and restriction of tidal flow,
               Similar to nearly all of Delaware's wetland impoundments constructed in the 1950s and 1960s,
               the marsh area is evolving toward a shallow, sediment-laden, open water area, devoid of
               vegetation important for waterfowl, waterbirds, muskrats, and most other wildlife species"
               (Carter unpublished report).

                  Survey Objectives:

               (1) to determine and map the gross biotic composition of the marsh, in terms of dominant
               vegetative cover, using field data and recent color infrared photographs.

               (2) to undertake a detailed biotic inventory for rare and endangered plants. Specific locations will
               be mapped-

               (3) to undertake a general biotic inventory of the marsh for rare and endangered animals.

               (4) to evaluate the impact of various management actions (such as tidal flushing, Phragmites
       rt-     spraying, marsh channelization, etc.) on listed threatened or endangered species, and State
       @O      species of special concern that may be found to occur in the marsh.

                                                           MEETHODS


               During the months of July through October 1993, several field surveys were undertaken at 1000
               Acre Marsh. It was expected that much of the survey work could be done by small boat along
               the shoreline, however water levels were generally too low until very late in the season for boats
               to be used. The initial survey was conducted partially by canoe, but it was impossible to find









                 deep enough water in most of the marsh for this survey method to be practical. The remaining
                 surveys were conducted on foot; access to the marsh was gained from the adjacent upland of
                 private landowners.

                 Thirteen individual sites, numbered 1-13, were surveyed (Fig. 2). Natural community types,
                 described below, were determined for each survey site. In addition, each survey site is described
                 on a data sheet, or set of sheets (available upon request).

                 At each survey site, notes were taken on plant species observed and their relative abundancies.
                 Dominant and sub-dominant species in each community were also noted. Plants that could not
                 be identified to the species level were collected. and, if possible, were identified later. Uncertain
                 species identification are indicated on the data sheets (and on the species list) by an sp. after the
                 genus name.

                 Upon completion of field surveys, the dominant vegetation types were determined and mapped
                 (Figs. 3-4) from the survey data and by utilizing 1992 color infrared aerial photography of the
                 1000 Acre Marsh as an aid. In addition, a location map for plant species of special concern is
                 included (Fig. 5). Faunal surveys were incomplete, and preliminary, as staff time was limited.
                 Fish data were collected from four individual seining locations (Fig. 6). Due to their mobility,
                 and the cursory nature of the data, locational maps for animals are not included in this report
                 (contact DNHI staff for additional information).

                                                 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


                 The vegetation in the eastern section of the marsh was dominated by dense Phragmites australis
                 communities that were virtually monospecific. From the start of the survey in July until
                 approximately early October, the water level was relatively low, water temperature was high,'
                 and algal blooms were common. In portions of the eastern section of the marsh there is a
                 narrow ffinge of emergent vegetation, that includes Peltandra Wrginica, Pontederia cordata,
                 Echinochloa walteri, and other common brackish-to-fresh water emergents.

                 In spite of the low plant species diversity in this area, it was heavily used by wading birds, shore
                 birds, raptors, waterfowl, etc. over the entire season; see animal species list (Appendix II). On
                 the whole, animal surveys were incomplete, but do include observational data from studies
                 undertaken by Manomet Bird Observatory staff. A map showing approximate localities of
                 animals observed is available from the DNHI upon request.

                 In general, the vegetation in the western portion of the marsh is more diverse than elsewhere.
                 In much of this area Phragmites is only a minor component of the vegetative communities. More
                 rare species are found in the western section, the water quality appears to improve, and the plant
                 communities are richer in species. This is especially true in the coves that are somewhat
                 separated ftom the marsh's open water. Some of the areas that may have the most potential for
                 rare species and high quality could not be surveyed due to lack of land owner consent, or lack
                 of time. For a species list of plants observed at 1000 Acre Marsh see Appendix I.


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              There were four basic vegetative community types found on the marsh (see Figs. 3-4 for
              locations); several of these consisted of two or more community associations:

              1. Mixed Herbaceous Emergent Wetlands

                *  Schoenoplectus tabemaemontani-Typha spp. Wetland Association
                *  Schoenoplectus pungens-Cyperus odoratus Wetland Association
                *  Typha spp.-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani-Leersis oryzoides Wetland Association
                *  Peltandra virginica-Leersia oryzoides Wetland Association
                *  Peltandra virginica-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Wetland
                *  Nuphar lutea-Peltandra virginica Wetland Association
                *  Decodon verticillatus-Peltandra virginica-Zizania aquarica Wetland Association
                *  Typha spp. Wetland Association
                *  Polygonum arifolium-Impatiens capensis Wetland Association
                *  Panicum dichotomiflorum Wetland Association

              2. Hibiscus moscheutos Wetland Association


              3. Scrub-Shrub Wetlands


                * Cephalanthus occidentalis Scrub-Shrub Wetland
                * Alnus serrulata-Cephalanthus occidentalis Scrub-Shrub Wetland
                * Mixed Shrubs/Mixed Herbaceous Scrub-Shrub Wetland


              4. Phragmites australis-dominated Wetland

              The Phragmites-dominated wetlands identified from field surveys are very consistent with those
              Phragmites colonies identified from aerial photography by L. Pomatto (Wetlands and Aquatic
              Protection Branch, Division of Water Resources).

                 SURVEY SITE DESCRIPTIONS


              Ile following contains brief descriptions and locations of all the survey sites (Fig. 2). The
              descriptions includes data on species compositions, dominant and sub-dominant species, an
              application of a natural community name (if possible), and any additional notes.

              SITE I (Shingle Landing North)

              This site includes the northern shoreline of a point identified as Shingle Landing (Fig. 2), and
              is accessed via automobile. Travel north on Rte 9 from Port Penn. Just before reaching bridge,
              take road to the canal and Dutch Neck Road (RD 417), continue west on Dutch Neck RD to first
              dirt road on left. Take this road to Shingle Landing (access is required from land owner or State
              of Delaware personnel). Survey took place along the northeast shore of Landing. Water levels
              were low on survey date.


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               A narrow fringe of emergent vegetation is found along this shoreline. The natural community
               may be characterized as a Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanU-Typha spp. Emergent Wetland
               [softstent buh-ush-cattail wetland). The cattails that were observed here include T. angustifolia,
               T latifolia, and T. x glauca. In addition to the above dominant species, other common species
               (which in some places may be quite abundant) include Leersia o?yzoides, Echinochloa walteri,
               Qperus esculentus, and C. strigosus. Less common species observed here included Impatiens
               capensis, LudiWgia palustris, Lemna minor, Pontederia cordata, Peltandra virginica, Lythnan
               salicaria, Rumex crispus, Eleocharis parvula, Hypericum sp., Phragmites australis, Hibiscus
               moscheutos, Pluchea cf. odorata, Sagittaria calycina, Cephalanthus occidentafts, Juncus sp.,
               and Lycopus sp.

               This narrow, but diverse, emergent marsh fringe occurs in a saturated to inundated mucky
               subtrate and occurs immediately adjacent to a tree and shrub upland. The overall habitat quality
               could be described as fair to good.

               Species of Special Concern:

               Only one Species of Special Concern was observed at this site: an arrowhead, Sagittaria calycina
               (S2). A total of eight individuals were observed; all were found to be growing in fairly exposed
               substrate along the shoreline.

               SrM 2 (Shingle Landing South)

               This site includes the shorelines south and west of Shingle Landing (Fig. 2). The vegetation of
               this site occurs in three fairly distinct zones (Zones 1-3) along the length of the shoreline: Zone
               1 consists of woody vegetation or Amgmites austmUs-dominated wetlands that are generally
               found along the upland edge; Zone 2 is a narrow or broad emergent marsh; and Zone 3 consists
               of low diversity exposed substrate extending into the open water.

               This zonal pattern is a common feature of 1000 Acre Marsh, where the upland is divided from
               the broad open water by a relatively narrow shoreline. However, some of the area surveyed in
               this portion of 1000 Acre Marsh, were along edges that graded from woody upland to broad
               herbaceous marshes. Zonation was not a distinct characteristic of these areas, except possibly
               on a scale not detected in our survey. The eastern portion of Site 2 is a somewhat disturbed area
               that appears to be used mainly for recreational purposes, with a small camp with mowed grass
               leading to the shoreline.

               Zone I is comprised of areas of abundant Phragmites australis pockets that give way to woody
               thickets of Salix nigra, Acer rubnan, A. negundo, and Viburnum dentatum, among woody taxa.
               Other species present here include Boehmeria cylindrica, Juncus effusus, Scutellaria sp.,
               Onoclea sensibilis, Vielypteris palustris, Eupatoriwn maculatum, Solidago rugosa, and Panicum.
               cf. boscil. The firm substrate was composed of rock/gravel extending out into the open water.
               Moisture conditons in Zone 1 varied from moist to saturated.




                                                                4








               Zone 2 may be described as an Hibiscus moscheutos Wetland Association [rose mallow
               wetland]. This zone may be sparsely vegatated in some areas, and is typically dominated by
               Hibiscus throughout. Other species present include Salix nigra, Bidens laevis, Cephalanthus
               occidentalis, Cyperus odorarus (abundant), Erechtites hieracifolia, Impatiens capensis,
               Phragmites australis, Boehmeria cylindrica, Panicum scoparia, Polygonum pensylvanica,
               Parthenocissus quinquefolius, and Cornus amomum. The exotics Lythrum salica and
               Potygonum persicaria were also noted here. This zone had a firm, saturated substrate.

               Zone 3 is a community dominated by Schoenoplectus pungens-Cyperus odoratus Wetland
               Association [three square-umbrella sedge marsh]. This zone is exceptionally diverse, more
               so than Zones 2 and 3, and include such additional species as Bidens laevis, Cyperus strigosus,
               Impatiens capensis, Lemna minor, Leesia oryzoides, Leptochloa fascicularis, Ludwigia
               pepioides, Lycopus americanus, Lythrum salicaria, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Peltandra
               virginica, Pluchea odorata, Polygonwn arifolium, P. persicaria, P. pensylvanica, Pontederia
               cordata, Rumex verticillatus, Sagittaria latifolia, S. calycina, Schoenoplectus robustus, S.
               tabernaemontani, Yypha angustifolia, and T. latifolia.  This zone was inundated with 2 to 5 cm
               of water on survey date.

               Habitat Quality: Fair to good

               Species of Special Concern: Sagittaria catycina (S2), and Leptochloa fascicularis (S1) were
               observed in Zone 3 at this site.


               SITE 3

               This site, located along a narrow tributary west of Site 2 (Fig. 2), consists of a high quality,
               diverse scrub-shrub wetland with small, herbaceous openings. The community can be
               characterized as a Cephalanthus occidentalis Scrub-Shrub Wetland. The buttonbush is
               dominant throughout the site. Other sub-dominant species include Carex stricta, C. stipata, C.
               comosa, C. crinita, Leersia oryzoides, Eleocharis palustris, Boehmeria cylindrica, and Hibiscus
               moscheutos, while less abundant species include Apios americana, Bidens frondosa, Asclepias
               incarnata, Cicuta maculata, Decodon verticillatus, Impatiens capensis, Iris versicolor, Juncus
               canadensis, J. effusus, Ludiwigiapeploides, L. palustris, Lycopus americanus, Lythrum salicaria,
               Nuphar lutea, Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata, Rosa palustris, Rumx verticillatus,
               Schoenoplectus tabemaemontani, and Sium suave, to mention a few.

               Along the margins of this scrub-shrub wetland is found a narrow forested wetland consisting of
               a typical Acer rubrum Swamp Forest. This is a second growth forest dominated by red maple
               with an understory comprised of Lindera benzoin, Viburnum nudum, Woodwwardia areolata,
               Impatiens capensis, Ilex verticillata, and Symplocarpus foetidus. This habitat was only briefly
               surveyed.

               Habitat Quality:



                                                              5
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                Overall, the scrub-shrub marshes of this site are of very high quality.

                Species of Special Concern:

                No rare species were observed at this site, but additional surveys should be undertaken.

                SITE 4


                This site consists of several highly diverse vegetation communities. On the north side of the
                narrow peninsula that juts out into the open water of 1000 Acre Marsh (see Fig. 2, labelled A)
                occurs an emergent marsh described as a pha sp4p.Schoenopkaus tabernaemontani-Leersia
                orywides Wetland Association [cattail-softstem bush-rice cutgrass; marsh]. The cattails
                include T. angustiflia, T. folia, and possibly T. x glauca. The above species may form dense
                monospecific colonies, or occur in a more dispersed condition. Less common species include
                the following: Bidens tripartita, B. coronata, Asclepias incarnata, Apios ameficana, Acer
                rubrum, Cephalanthus occidentafts, Cornus amomum, Echinochloa water, Eleocharis obtusa,
                E. sp., Operus odoratus, C. erythrorhizos, Decodon verticillatus, Impatiens capensis, Hibiscus
                moscheutos, Lemna minor, Panicum dichotomiflonan, Peltandra Wrginica, Pontederia cordata,
                Polygonum hydropiperoides, P. arifiblium, P. pensylvanicum, Rumem verricillatus, Phragmites
                australis, Lythnan salicaria, Sagittaria latifolia, Boehmefia cylindrica, and Polygonum
                densiflorum.

                On the south side of the peninsula (Fig. 2, labelled B) occurs a Mixed Shrubs/Mixed
                Herbaceous Scrub-Shrub Wetland. There does not appear to be any true dominants. Common
                shrubs include Cephalanthus occidentalis, Alnus seqrndata, Cethra alnifolia, Ilex verticillata,
                fyfica cefifera, Acer rubrum, and ATyssa sylvatica. Herbaceous species include Asclepias
                incarnata, Bidens spp. (coronata, qtilpartita), Cyperus erythrorhizos, C. strigosus, Decodon
                verticillatus, Echinchloa walteri, Eleocharis sp., Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, Ifis
                pseudacorus, Leersia oryzoides, Lemna minor, Limnobium spongia, LudqMgiapalustris, Lythnim
                salicafia, Pettandra virginica, Phragmites austrafts, Pontederia cordata, Polygon
                densiflonan, Rumex verricillatus, Sagiqnaria latifolia, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Spirodela
                polyrhiza, ypha angustifolia, T latifolia, and Wooa brasiliensis, among others. Further
                towards the west occurs additional species such as Lobelia cardinalis, Nuphar lutea, Sparganium
                sp., zelypteris palustris, Onoclea sensibilis, Galium sp., Dulichium arundinaceum, and
                Hypeficum Wrginicum-

                Habitat Quality:

                Moderately high quality, diverse wetlands.

                Species of Special Concern:

                Ile rare species identified from this site include tick-seed sunflower, Bidens coronata (S2),
                American frog-bit, Limnobium spongia (Sl), and dense-flowered smartweed, Polygonum


                                                               6









                 densiflorum (Sl).

                 SITE 5


                 This site (Fig. 2) consists of two basic vegetation community types, described in some detail
                 below:


                 (1) Alnus serrulata-Cephalanthus occidentaUs Scrub-Shrub Wetland dominated by the alder
                 and buttonbush but with scattered Acer rubrum, Rosa palustris, Wburnwn recognitum, Cornus
                 sp., and Saa nigra. The scrub-shrub is a very diverse community which includes additional
                 species such as Asclepias incantata, Aster vimineus, Bidens coronata, B. Idevis, Carew crinita,
                 Decodon verticillatus, Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, Leersia oryzoides, Nuphar
                 lutea, Peltandra virginica, Polygonum punctatum, Limnobium spongia, Siwn suave, 2)?pha
                 angustifiblia, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, and Zizania aquatica, to name just a few. This
                 community is rather narrow, varying from 15-50 feet in width.

                 (2) the Peftandm Wrginica-Leersia orywides Wetland Association, though dominated by arrow-
                 arum and rice cutgrass also is quite diverse and contains many of the same species as in the
                 scrub-shrub community. Additional species not listed above include qperus odoratus, Lemna
                 minor, Phragmites australis, Polygonum arifolium, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Sium suave,
                 and Typha latifolia. This is also a relatively narrow community that extends along the shoreline
                 in a southwest direction (further west up the gut the emergent marsh expands and broadens out
                 (it also becomes more scrubby in physiognomy).

                 Habitat Quality:

                 Excellent quality emergent marsh and scrub-shrub wetland. High diversity.

                 Species of Special Concern:

                 Several species of special concern have been identified from this site, including tick-seed
                 sunflower, Bidens coronota (S2); and American frog-bit, Limnobium spongia (Sl).

                 SITE 6

                 This site consists of an extensive emergent mar  sh of relatively high diversity (though less so than
                 previously described communities). Common reed, Phragmites australis becomes dominant
                 further from the shore. Landward a narrow wooded thicket comprised of Acer rubnon and Salix
                 sp. borders the marsh.

                 The area labelled A (Fig. 2) consists of a Mixed Herbaceous Wetland Association that is quite
                 diverse and not easily classified. Dominant and sub-dominant species include Decodon
                 verticillatus, Leersia oryzoides, Nuphar lutea, Peltandra virginica, and 7ypha latifolia. Less
                 abundant species include Ocuta maculata, Hibiscus moscheutos (though may be locally


                                                                   7









                abundant), Iris pseudacoms, Lemna minor, Lythnun salicaria, Pontederia cordata, Rumex
                verticillatus, Sagittaria latifolia, Schoenoplectus tabemaemontani, and Zizania aquatica. Shrubs
                such as Cephalanthus occidentafts, Rex verticillatus, and Alnus serrulata are scattered throughout
                this community.

                Further west (labelled B, Fig. 2) occurs similar emergent marsh habitat but with a different suite
                of dominant species. This marsh may be characterized as a Decodon verticiUatus-Peftandra
                virginica-Btania aquatica Wetland Association. Extensive stands of wild rice, amid arrow
                arum and water willow are present. In some areas qypha latifolia forms extensive colonies. The
                upland edge is composed of the typical woody thicket of Acer rubrum, Salix nigra, and
                Viburnum recognitum, among others. Other species found in the marsh include Asclepias
                incarnata, Bidens sp., Hibiscus moscheutos, Juncus effiaus, Lemna minor, Nuphar lutea,
                Pontederia cordata, Limnobium spongia, and Boehmeria cylindrica, to name a few.

                Habitat Quality:

                Good to excellent.


                Species of Special Concern:

                The only species of special concern observed at this site was the American frog-bit, Limnobium
                spongia (SI).

                SITE 7


                The marsh at this site (see Fig. 2) consists of two more or less different natural community
                types. One consists of a Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland Association, while the other may be
                characterized as a Hibiscus moscheutos-Leersia orywides-Typha Wolia Wetland Association.
                The scrub-shrub grades into the mixed herb wetland.

                The Mixed Scrub-Shrub community is comprised of abundant Cephalanthus occidentafts. Other
                species include Boehmeria cylindrica, Echinochloa walteri, Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens
                capensis, Juncus efflaus, Leersia oryzoides, Lythnun salicaria, Nuphar lutea, Pettandra
                virginica, and ypha latifolia.

                The Hibiscus moscheutos-Leersia oryzoides-Typha Wolia Wetland is dominanted by these
                three species, but also has an assemblage of species that includes those found in the Mixed
                Scrub-shrub. Small stands of Phragmites australis are present along the shore.

                Habitat Quality:

                Good to excellent quality-

                Species of Special Concern:


                                                                 8


0







                None observed at this site.


                SITE 8

                This site consists of several habitat types that vary considerably; these will be described in some
                detail. Along the eastern tip of the peninsula (area labelled A, Fig. 2) occurs a rip-rapped steep-
                sloped shoreline that abruptly changes to open water. A narrow zone of wetland vegetation,
                dominated by Phragmites australis, is found growing through the rip-rap. Additional species
                occurring here, though not as abundant as the reed grass, include Rhus copallina, Viburnum
                dentatum, Echinochloa walteri, Hibiscus moscheutos, Pluchea odorata, and Potygonum
                punctatum. Further west (labelled B, Fig. 2), where there are several small coves, occurs a
                Pe6Uandra virginica-Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Wetland Association. Because farming
                occurs right to the edge of the emergent wetland, the water is eutrophic as evidenced by its
                dense algal bloom. Phragmites and purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria or-cur in abundance in
                some area along the shore. This area consists of a diversity of species including Bidens
                tripartita, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cperus erythrorhizos, C. strigosus, Echinochloa walteri,
                Hibiscus moscheutos, Juncus spp., Leersia oryzoides, Lemna minor, Limnobium spongia,
                Panicum dichotomiflorum, Pontederia cordata, Sagitraria calycina, Scirpus americanus, ypha
                angustiolia, and T latifolia.

                T8he deep cove-like area surveyed on the south side of the peninsula (labelled C, Fig. 2) consists
                predominately of a Typha angusoa-T. Wofia Wetland Association. Other less abundant,
                but nevertheless common, species include Schoewplectus tabernaemontani, Echinochloa walteri,
                Erechtites hieracifolia, Impatiens capensis, and Panicum dichotomiflorum. Phragmites may be
                found in abundance, especially near upland edges.

                To the extreme western portion of this site (labelled D, Fig. 2) occurs an Hibiscus moscheutos-
                Leersia oryzoides Wetland Association. In this area of the site vegetation cover and species
                diversity varies considerably, towards the south end there are relatively few species present,
                while in the north end there is a diversity of species and many small "pools" of Nu2phar lutea
                and Peltandra virginica. Additional species present in this portion of the marsh include
                Boehmeria cylindrica, Caresp., Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cyperus spp., Dulichium
                a4nindinaceum, Impatiens capensis, Lemna minor, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Rumex verticillatus,
                Sagitraria latifolia, and  pha lati2folia. Phragmites occurs here rather sparingly.
                                          

                Habitat uality:

                Good to excellent.


                Species of Special Concern:

                Several rare species were observed at this site, including American frog-bit, Li08mnobium spongia
                (S8I), and arrowhead, Sagittaria calycina (S2).



                                                                 9
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               SITE 9:


               In the southeastern uadrant of the 1000 Acre Marsh occurs a diverse Mixed Herbaceous
               Wetland Association (Fig. 2) where there appears to be no true dominants. Those species that
               are abundant include Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, Leersia oryzoides, Lemna minor,
               Ludwigia peploides, Panicum dichotomiflonan, Peltandra virginica, Polygonwn arifolium, P.
               punctatum, Rumex venicillatus, Sagittaria latifolia, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, and ypha
               spp. Other, less abundant species include Carex lurida, Decodon verricillatus, Erechtites
               hieracifolia, Eclipta prostrata, Eupatorium dubium, If is versicolor, Mikania scandens, Panicwn
               virgatum, and Pluchea odorata. The edges of the open water are dominated by Phragmites and
               Typha spp.; Phragmites is also abundant across the nearby channel.

               Habitat uality:

               Moderately good uality.

               Species of Special Concern:

               No rare species were observed at this site.

               SITE 10

               A combination of what may be described as low and high marsh is present at this site (Fig. 2).
               The northern side of this site consists of sparse vegetation comprised primarily of Polygonwn
               ari6folium and Impatiens capensis. Several plant associations were identified from this area,
               including the above Polygonum atifolium-Impatiens capensis Wetland Association; a Nuphar
               lutea-Peuandra Virginia Wetland Association. Several area are dominated by Hibiscus
               moscheutos and Phragmites australis.

               This diverse site also contains such species as Asclepias incamata, Cornus amomum, cuta
               maculata, Decodon verticillatus, Echinochloa walteri, Eleocharis spp., Erechtites hieraci6folia,
               Iris pseudacorus, Juncus canadensis, J. effusus, Leersia oryzoides, Lemna minor, Ludwigia
               atternifolia, Polygonum: hydro8piperoides, P. scandens, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia,
               Setaria magna, Solidago rugosa, Typha angustifolia, T. Wfolia, and Wolffia brasiliensis.

               Zones of Phragmites are common, especially along the upland edge. In addition, this site
               contains a number of large coves in the southwest end.

               Habitat quality:

               Moderately good quality; zones of Phragmites lower habitat quality.

               Species of Special Concern:



                                                              10


0







                None observed at this site.


                SITE 11

                This site (Fig. 2) was surveyed by canoe. The vegetated habitat was only viewed from the boat,
                due to the soft, mucky substrate, and monospecific community, comprised of a Ph8mgmites
                austm2Us dominated wetland (occurring throughout this region of the impoundment). On survey
                date (3 Jul 1993) the water was extremely shallow (between 4-20"), making canoing very
                difficult.


                Habitat uality:

                Extremely poor quality; Phragmires infested; eutrophic waters with an abundance of
                phytoplankton.

                Species of Special Concern:

                None observed at this site.


                S8r8M 12


                This site is located in the northeastern portion of 1000 Acre Marsh (Fig. 2). In the southern
                region of the site (labelled A, Fig. 2) occurs several small to medium-sized pools that are
                typically fringed by an abundance of Ph6mgmites-dominated wetlan2d. Other species observed
                here include Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cyperus odoratus, Echinochloa walteri, Erechtites
                hieracifiblia, Hibiscus moscheutos (common in areas), Juncus effiaus, Leersia orywides, Lycopus
                sp., Lythrum salicaria, Panicum dichotomiflorum, P. scoparium, Pluchea oddrata, Polygonum
                arifiblium, P. punctatum, Rumex verticillatus, and Typha latifiblia. In some areas one finds
                scattered individuals of Diospyros virginiana, Sassaftas albidum, Sambucus canadensis,
                Baccharis halamifiblia, Rhus copallina, and R. typhina.

                On the north side of this site near the intersection of Dutch Neck Rd and Canal RD occurs
                somewhat disturbed but diverse habitat; many dead Phr8agmites canes were observed indicating
                that this area may have been treated with herbicides. Towards the west (labelled B, Fig. 2) the
                marsh is composed of a Hibiscus moscheutos Wetland Association dominated by Hibiscus
                moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, and Phragmites. Less common species include Aster subulatus,
                Erechtites hieracifiblia, Leersia orywides (locally abundant), Lythrum salicaria, Peltandra
                virginica, Pluchea odorata, Polygonum arifi6blium, Rumex verticillatus, and Typha spp., to name
                a few.


                The area to the east (labelled C, Fig. 2) is a Panicum dichotomiflrum Wetland Association
                that grades, towards the road, to a shrub-thicket. This area (including Area B above) consists
                of relatively diverse shoreline. In addition to the panic grass, other species include Bidens
                triparrita, Cyperus odoratus, Echinochloa walteri, Erechtites hieracifolia, Hibiscus moscheutos,

                                                               2121
 

0







                Impatiens capensis, Juncus e2f2f2itsus, Lem4na minor, Lyco8pus america4num, Pluchea odorata,
                Rumex maritima, R. verticillatus, Schoe4no8plectus tabernaemontani, 7y8pha angusti6folia, and T.
                lati2folia.

                Habitat uality:

                Relatively diverse, but apparently disturbed; Phragmites abundant in areas.

                Species of Special Concern:

                None observed at this site.


                SITE 13

                This area of the marsh (Fig. 2) consists of a diverse Mixed Herbaceous Wetland. Species in
                abundance at this site include Amaranthus cannabinus, Bidens laeis, Cyperus of. odoratus,
                Erechtites hieracifolia, Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, Lythrum salicaria, Panicum
                dichotomiflorum, Leptochloa fasciculans, Phragmites austrafts, Pluchea odorata, Rumex
                verlicillatus, and Typha latifiblia. Less common species here include Amorphafiwescens, Apios
                americana, Boehmeria cylindrica, Calystegia sepium, Euthamia tenuffiblia, Onoclea sensibilis,
                Polygonumpunctatum, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Verbena hastata, and Zizania auatica.

                Habitat uality:

                Moderately good uality.

                Species of Special Concern:

                There was only one rare species observed in this area of the marsh: Leptochloafascicularis var.
                maritima (SI)

                  RARE PLANT SPECIES DISCOVERED AT 1000 ACRE MARSH

                Only a brief discussion regarding the occurrence of each of the following rare species at 1000
                Acre Marsh will be given. Likewise, only brief mention is made of the ecology/biology of the
                species.

                B2idens coronata (48L.) Britton, tick-seed sunflower, S2

                       B. coronata, a member of the Asteraceae (aster family) is an annual species of fresh to
                brackish tidal and non-tidal swamps, marshes, andriver shores. The native, geographical range
                of B. coronata is from Massachusetts, southern Ontario, northern Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota,
                south to North Carolina, Kentucky and Nebraska. In Delaware, this species is found from the
                fall-line, south to Sussex County. B. coronata flowers in Delaware from August to October.


                                                              12
 








                 Within the 1000 Acre Marsh, B. coronata was infrequently observed at Site 4 and Site 5 (Fig.
                 5).

                 Leptochloafasciculafis (Lam.) Gray, sprangle-top, S1

                        L. fasciculafis, a member of the Poaceae (grass family) is a tufted annual, that grows
                 near the coast, from Massachusetts, south to Florida, in fresh, brackish or alkaline conditions.
                 Habitat for L. fasciculafis varies: wet to well drained soils, ponds, lake-beds, marshes, alluvial
                 sands, peaty mucky shores, shallow water and cultivated and disturbed places. L. fascicularis
                 is rather widespread throughout its native range, but here in Delaware, at this time, it appears
                 to be rare to uncommon. Within the 1000 Acre Marsh, it is found growing abundantly at Site
                 2 and Site 13 (Fig. 5).

                 Limnobiwn spongia (Bosc.) Steudel., American frog-bit, S1

                        L. spongia, a member of the Hydrocharitaceae (frog-bit family) is a monotypic species,
                 which is near the northern extent of its range in Delaware. Its overall distribution is from
                 Florida, north to southern New Jersey. Habitat is described as shallow, freshwaters and marshy
                 borders. Prior to L. spongia's 1993 rediscovery in the nearby Dragon Run Marsh, it had not
                 been collected in Delaware since 1939. The Dragon Run Marsh and the 1000 Acre Marsh are
                 the only known sites for L. spongia in Delaware today. This aquatic perennial is found rooted
                 in the mud and has floating, emergent leaves; reproduction is sexual and asexual. In the 1000
                 Acre Marsh L. spongia is abundant at Site 4, infrequent at Site 5, frequent at Site 6, and
                 frequent at Site 8 (Fig. 5).

                 Potygonum densiflorum Meissner, dense-flowered smartweed, S1

                        P. densiflorum, a member of the Polygonaceae (smartweed family) is a rhizornatous
                 perennial of freshwater swamps, marshes and shallow water of the coastal plain, from New
                 Jersey to Florida and Texas. In the 1000 Acre Marsh, P. densiflorum was found to be common
                 at Site 4 (Fig. 5).

                 Sagittafia catycina Engelm. Mississippi arrow-head S2

                        S. calycina, a member of the Alismataceae (water plantain family) is an annual species,
                 naturally distributed in the drainage of the Mississippi River, to Michigan and east to Delaware.
                 S. calycina is found growing in fresh to brackish tidal marshes. In the 1000 Acre Marsh, S.
                 calycina occurs at Site 1 (where a total of 8 plants were observed), and was found to be
                 infrequent at Site 2 (Fig. 5).

                    ZOOLOGICAL ENVENTORY

                 Limited zoological inventory work was undertaken at 1000 Acre Marsh during 1993 (from
                 middle to late summer). Due to the brief and restricted nature of this inventory, it is difficult


                                                                 13








               to speculate to what extent this system provides crucial feeding or breeding habitat for many of
               the animal species present. Future zoological inventories should be aimed at determining the
               significance of 1000 Acre Marsh-to breeding birds, migratory birds, invertebrates (dragonflies,
               Lepidopteran species, etc.) and fish. A list of animal species observed during this brief survey
               period can be found in Appendix 11.

               The most notable zoological occurrences at 1000 Acre Marsh were continuous use by wading
               waterbirds (herons, egrets). While none of these species were thought to have nested in this
               system, 1000 Acre Marsh does, apparently, provide important feeding areas for these species.
               Pea Patch Island, which lies approximately 2.5 miles northeast of 1000 Acre Marsh, is the
               largest multi-species heronry on the Atlantic coast north of Florida. Preliminary results from a
               study undertaken on Pea Patch Island in 1993 (Manomet Bird Observatory) to determine critical
               foraging areas for these species, indicates that 1000 Acre Marsh is providing important feeding
               habitat for this colony. In particular, 1000 Acre Marsh seems to experience high use by Snowy
               Egrets (Egrelta thuld) during the breeding season (generally April to July). In addition, Great
               Egrets (Casmerodius albus) and Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodeas) also use 1000 Acre Marsh
               on a regular basis. Higher numbers of Great Blue Herons were seen at 1000 Acre Marsh in
               August than in any other month. It is possible that Great Blue Herons increase their use of 1000
               Acre Marsh during the post-nesting period as adults and juveniles disperse from Pea Patch Island
               and other regional heronries.

               An additional noteworthy occurrence, was the continuous presence of the Federally endangered
               Bald Eagle (Haliaeetw leucocephalus). An adult and juvenile were observed at 1000 Acre Marsh
               repeatedly during the nesting season, indicating the apparent importance of this marsh as a
               primary feeding site for these birds. It is unclear where the adult was nesting, or even if this was
               a nesting eagle.

               Several additional State rare or uncommon species were seen at 1000 Acre Marsh (Appendix II) -
               The importance of this marsh to these species is unclear. Nevertheless, their occurrence indicates
               that they are indeed using this system to some degree. Many nonbreedmig species were found
               using 1000 Acre Marsh during the migratory months, indicating the importance of the marsh for
               these migratory species. Many bird species will show strong site fidelity to migratory stopover
               areas. Therefore, the future management of 1000 Acre Marsh may play an important role for
               these species in Delaware.

               Four separate locations were seined (Fig. 6) to assist in determining fish species compositions
               at 1000 Acre Marsh. The locations were chosen on the basis of accessibility to different portions
               of the marsh, and were thought to be representative of different habitat conditions. Results of
               seining activities:

                                                           Number
               SnT A                                       of fish


               'Common carp (Cypfinus carpio)                 5


                                                                14








               Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)              6
               Banded Id1lifish (Fundulus diaphanus)         1
               Inland silverside (Menidia beryllina)         I

               SITE B


               White perch (Morone americana)               19 (several different age classes)
               Inland sUverside (Menidia beryllina)          3

               SITE C


               White perch (Morone ameficana)                3
               Common carp (Qpfinus carpio)                  1

               srrE D


               Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)                 1
               Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)               1
               Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)                I

                  MANAGEMENT RECOAIMENDATIONS AND COAIMENTS


               Zoological Impacts

               The quality of wildlife habitat management will dictate the future significance of this system to
               all animal species which may potentially breed at 1000 Acre Marsh or may utilize this wetland
               while migrating to wintering grounds farther south. The location of, 1000 Acre Marsh along the
               Delaware River provides prime habitat for a multitude of avian species of concern, on both a
               local and regional scale. In addition, 1000 Acre Marsh provides important feeding habitat for
               a variety of resident breeding birds and non-breeding birds which pass through Delaware in
               spring and fall. This wetland system also hosts an array of additional vertebrate and invertebrate
               species. The future of 1000 Acre Marsh as a naturally functioning system may depend largely
               on the quality of the water (determined by the degree of seepage from surrounding land use and
               other sources of contamination, as well as pH levels and oxygen levels).

               The proposed disturbance of subaqueous botto    ms and the creation of islands within 1000 Acre
               Marsh, will initially have negative impacts to water quality (disturbance of sediment will likely
               release contaminant build-up and increase turbidity), however, long term benefits will outweigh
               short term costs. Channelization and island creation will improve water quality and foraging
               habitat, respectfully.

               Reintroduction of tidal flushing at 1000 Acre Marsh, will also improve water quality. This will
               have a direct positive impact on submerged aquatic vegetation, which, in turn will improve
               aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate diversity and abundance. Improving the quality and quantity


                                                               15








                of this natural preybase, will improve the value of 1000 Acre Marsh for the species which rely
                on this wetland system as a primary feeding site. Promoting native marsh plant species will
                provide longterm positive effects by increasing species diversity and abundance, and enhancing
                nesting and feeding substrate for avian species of concern.

                Habitat alteration should be conducted during the non-breeding season (late August to April) in
                order to minimize disturbance to species which are dependent on this system for feeding and/or
                nesting.

                Botanical Lnpacts

                There is little, if any, literature regarding affects of various water-level management techniques
                that would be specific to the rare plant species identified in this marsh. Therefore the comments
                presented below are more genenal in nature, and in some instances are purely speculative.

                  Reintroduction of Tidal Flushing

                As long as salinity levels remain low, and the substrate is not exposed for any lengthy duration,
                it is believed that tidal-flushing will have no deleterious effects on the rare plants found in this
                marsh system, and as mentioned above should improve water quality dramatically. However,
                monitoring should be in-place to ensure that high salinity and exposed substrates are not
                encountered.


                  Phragmires Spmying

                It can be stated, unequivocally, that severe negative impacts will result to any herbaceous plant
                species (including the rare species) if they are inadvertently sprayed with a non-selective
                herbicide used in the control of Phragmites austratis. Application of herbicides to treat
                Phragmites should be undertaken either on the ground, or in such a manner that will minimize
                drift to non-Phragmites areas.

                  Channelization

                Since all of the rare species are located in the upper reaches of 1000 Acre Marsh, it is unlikely
                that channelization activities will impact individual populations, or plants. Nevertheless, care
                should be employed when accessing the marsh with heavy equipment and the locations of the
                rare plants should be noted prior to channelization work, and those areas should be avoided.

                  Dredging and Island Creation

                There should not be any negative impacts to the existing flora by dredging and island creation
                operations, as long as the spoil material is deposited on top of bare soil rather than onto
                vegetation. If dewatering of the marsh is required to undertake this activity, the DNHI is
                concerned that this may have negative impact to several rare species (particularly Limnobium and


                                                                 16








               Sagiuaria). Island creation should be undertaken either late or early in the year, when plants
               have died back or prior to new growth in the Spring.

               Another concern of the DNHI is to what extent may these newly created islands be susceptible
               to Phragmites invasion? And what precautions are being taken to avoid an invasion of this
               noxious plant?

                                                          SUNEM"Y


               Surveys undertaken in 1993 revealed the majority of 1000 Acre Marsh to be rather degraded.
               Ile degraded portion of the marsh is primarily a shallow, open water impoundment devoid of
               vegetation, with generally very low water quality and an over-abundance of algae. However,
               many areas of surprisingly high quality were discovered in the western portion of the marsh.
               These high quality, and usually diverse, herbaceous and scrub-shrub wetlands occur along the
               small finger-like embayments that extend westward. While scattered colonies of Phragmites
               australis were found in these areas, this noxious species was most abundant in the eastern half
               of 1000 Acre Marsh.


               On the whole, biotic surveys were incomplete (compare total area surveyed versus unsurveyed
               on Fig. 2), and much additional inventory work is needed to fully assess status of rare species
               in the marsh. Animal data presented in this report are primarily cursory.

               As discussed above (in the NIANAGUMWENT RECONDUNDATIONS AND CONEMMNTS
               section), as long as certain precautions are undertaken, marsh restoration activities should have
               minimal impacts on the various vegetation communities and rare species found in the western
               portions of the marsh. The primary concerns are that salinity levels remain low, that the
               substrate not be exposed for lengthy periods, that heavy equipment remain off the emergent and
               scrub-shrub communities, that disturbance activities not be undertaken from May through
               August, and that islands be created on top of bare substrate.

               In order to ensure success with marsh restoration, the lack of an adequate buffer to the marsh
               needs to be addressed and remedied; in some areas agricultural land lies immediately adjacent
               to the wetland. Whenever possible, buffer should be added, either by plantings of trees and/or
               shrubs, or *by allowing natural succession to take place. Combined with the marsh restoration
               activities, adequate buffers should reduce the nutrient-loads in the marsh and help to ensure long-
               term marsh quality.










                                                                17





                                                                               -GIN, -


                                                                                      1000 ACRE



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                                                                                        MARSH



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            FIG. 1. LOCATION OF 1000 ACRE MARSH9 NEW CASTLE COUNTY9 DE.
                     Delaware City Quadrangle.











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                              FIG. 2. 1000 ACRE K4LRSH SURVEY SITES (see te.-,.t for details).



                                                                                                                19



                                                                             000 Acr-e Marsh












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                                                                           LEGEND

                                           Mixed Herbaceous Wetland Associations
                                           Scrub-shrub Wetiand Associations
                                           Hibiscus               moscheutos                     Wetlands                                                                          This map Is prepared            f., tute,,nd VYREC
                                                                                                                                                                                   -ourvo management PILTPDSCS. The Information
                                                                                                                                                                                   contained hee.n is             und is -bjeel to
                                                                                                                                                                                   eh. ge or modification of any time. Use of this
                                           Phragmites                   austral is-dom inated                             Wetlands                                                 I.f"-'  Hcm by others is at the[   @ rkk end (he
                                                                                                                                                                                   PYRRC in no tuav guarantees the accuracy of the inforniation.











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                    Fig. 5. Rare Plant locations at 1000 Acre Marsh (1, Bidens comnata; 2, Leptochloa
                                fascicularis; 3, Umnobium spongia; 4, Polygonum densiflorum; S, Sagitwia calycina).

                                                                                 22
















































                   wing
         Fig. 6. Sej*   iocations (A-D) at Thousand Acre Marsh.





                                     23


0







                APPENDIX I. A check list of vascular plant species observed at 1000 Acre Marsh during
                1993 field surveys.


                Acer rubnun                                                     red maple
                Acer negundo                                                    box elder
                Alnus senulata                                                  common alder
                Amaranthus cannabinus                                           water hemp
                Amorpha fruitcosa                                                false indigo (alien)
                Apios americana                                                 groundnut
                Asclepias incarnata                                               swamp milkweed
                  var. pulchra
                Aster vmineus                                                   small white aster
                Aster sp.                                                       aster
                Attiplex patuld                                                 sea-orach
                Baccharis halimifolia                                           groundsel bush
                Bidens coronara                         6S22                      crowned beggarticks
                Bidensftondosa                                                  beggarticks,
                Bidens laes                                                    smooth beggarticks
                Boehmefia cylindfica                                            false nettle
                Calystegia sepium                                               hedge bindweed (alien)
                Carex alata                                                     winged sedge
                Carex cyinita                                                   perfect sedge
                Carex comosa                                                    bearded sedge
                Carex lurida                                                    yellow-green sedge
                Carex scoparia                                                  broom-like sedge
                Carex stipata                                                   crowded-head sedge
                Carex stricta                                                   tussock sedge
                Cephalanthus occidentafts                                       buttonbush
                Ocuta maculata                                                  spotted cowbane
                Cethra alnifolia                                                sweet-pepper bush
                Commelina communis                                              Asiatic day flower (alien)
                Comus amomwn                                                    red-willow dogwood
                Commus ssp.                                                       a dogwood
                Cuscuta ssp.                                                     dodder
                Cyperus erythrorhizos                                            red-root nut-sedge
                Cyperus odoratus                                                 fragrant nut-sedge
                Cyperus stfigosus                                               straw-colored nut-sedge
                Decodon verliciflatus                                           swamp willow
                Diospyros Wrginiana                                             persimmon
                Dulichiwn anindinaceum                                          three-way sedge
                Echinochloa waltey                                             Walter's millet
                Eclipta prostrata                                               Yerba-de-tajo (alien)

                                                                   24
 

0






               Eleocharis obtusa                                             obtuse spike-rush
               Eleocharis palustris                                          marsh spike-rush
               Eleocharis panda                                            salt marsh spike-rush
               Epilobium coloratwn                                           purple-leaf willowherb
               Erechtites hieracifolia                                       fire-weed
               Eupatorium dubium                                            joe-pye-weed
               Eupatorium hyssopffiblium                                      hyssop leaf joe-pye-weed
               Eupatorium maculatum                                          spotted joe-pye-weed
               Eupatoriwn serotinwn                                          late flowering joe-pye-weed
               Ewhamia graminifolia                                         slender fragrant goldenrod
               Galzwn 0anctorum                                               common madder
               Hibiscus moscheutos                                           marsh mallow
               Hydrocotyle ranunculoides                                     water penny
               Hypericum mutilwn                                             St. Johnswort
               Rex verticillata                                              winterberry
               Impatiens capensis                                            jewel weed
               Iris pseudacorus                                              yellow iris (alien)
               Iris versicolor                                               blue-flag iris
               Juncus canadensis                                             Canadian rush
               Juncus effusus                                                smooth rush
               Leersia oryzoides                                             rice-cut grass
               Lemna minor                                                   duckweed
               Leptochloafascicularis                 6S1                     sprangle-top
               Limnobium spongia                      6S1                     American frog-bit
               Lindera benzoin                                               spicebush
               Lobelia cardinalis                                            cardinal flower
               Ludv Wdgia altern6Volia                                          seed box
               Ludv Wgia palustris                                            water purslane
               Ludv Wgia peploides                                            water primrose (alien)
               Lycopus amencanus                                             water horehound
               Lycopus europaeus'                                            gypsy weed (alien)
               Lysimachia terrestris                                         swamp candle
               Lythrum salicaria                                             purple loosestrife (alien)
               Mentha spicata                                                spearmint (alien)
               Microstegium Wminewn                                          alien grass (alien)
               Mikania scandens                                              climbing hemp-weed
               Myrica cerifera                                               bayberry
               Nuphar lurea                                                  spatterdock
               Nyssa sylvatica                                               black gum
               Onoclea sensibilis                                            sensitive fern
               Osmunda cinnamomea                                            cinnamon fern
               Osmunda regalis                                               royal fern
               Panicun cf. boscii                                            a panic grass
               Panicum dichotomiflanan                                       fall panic grass

                                                                25
 

0






                Panicum scopanwn                                              velvet panic grass
                Panic Wrgatum                                                switch grass
                Panhenocissus uinuefiblia                                   Virginia creeper
                Peltandra virginica                                           arrow arum.
                P8hragmites austrafts                                          reed grass
                Pluchea odorara                                               marsh fleabane
                Polygon ayifolium                                            tearthumb
                Polygon cespitosum                                           long-bristled smartweed (alien)
                Polygon densiflonan                   0S1                     smartweed
                Polygonum hydropiperoides                                     mild water pepper
                Polygonum lapathifoliwn                                       pale smartweed (alien)
                Potygonum pennsylvanicwn                                      Pennsylvania smartweed
                Polygonum persicarta                                          spotted ladysthumb (alien)
                Polygonum punctatum                                           water smartweed
                Polygonum sagiuatwn                                            arrowleaf tearthumb
                Polygonum sp.                                                 smartweed
                Pontedefia cordata                                            pickerelweed
                Rhus copallina                                                winged sumac
                Rhus typhina                                                  staghom sumac
                Rosa palustris                                                swamp rose
                Rosa mukiflora                                                multiflora. rose (alien)
                Rw crispus                                                   curled dock (alien)
                Rumer marItimus                                               golden dock (alien)
                Rumex verricillatus                                           swamp dock
                Sagiuaria calycina                    6S22                      brackish arrowhead
                Sagiuarta latifolia                                           broad-leaf arrowhead
                Salix nigra                                                   black willow
                Sambucus canadensis                                           elderberry
                Sassafras albidum                                             sassaftas
                Schoenoplectus pungens                                        three suare
                SchoenoPlectus robustus                                       saltmarsh sedge
                Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii                               bulrush (alien)
                ScIrpus cypefinus                                             woolgrass sedge
                Scutellaria latertflora                                       mad-dog skullcap
                Setafia glauca                                                yellow fox-tail (alien)
                Setaria magna                                                 giant fox-tail
                Setafia vifidis                                               green fox-tail
                Siwn suave                                                    water parsnip
                Sohdago rugosa                                               0mgose goldenrod
                Sohdago sempemrens                                            sea-beach goldenrod
                Sparganiwn sp.                                                bullfeed
                Spirodela polyrhiza                                           duck-weed
                Symplocarpus foetidus                                        skunk cabbage
                Thelypteris palustris                                         marsh fern

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0





              Toxicodendron radicans                                   poison-ivy
              Made0mn Wrginicwn                                         marsh St. Johnswort
              Thypha angustifolia                                       narrow-leaf cattail (alien)
              Thypha Wfolia                                             broad-leaf cattail
              Thypha x glauca                                           hybrid cattail
              0vemonia noveboracensis                                   New York ironweed
              0Verbena hastata                                          wild vervain
                                                                       southern arrow2ood
              Viburnum dentatum
               var. lucidum                                            naked witherrod
              Viburnum nudum                                           duckweed
              Woodwardia areolata                                     netted chain fern
              Woodwardia areolata                                      wild rice
              Zizania auatica
              139 species (including 2 varieties; 1 hybrid; 19 aliens)
























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               APPENDIX IL. Animal species observed at 1000 Acre Marsh during 1993 field surveys.



               Birds


               Little Blue Heron                   S2B                    Egretta caerulea
               Great Blue Heron                    S2B                    Ardea herodeas
               Black-crowned Night Heron           S2B                    Butorides striatus)
               Great Egret                         S2B                    Casmerodius albus
               Snowy Egret                         SIB                    Egretta thula
               Cattle Egret                        S2B                    Bulbulcus ibis
               Glossy Ibis                         S2B                    Plegadis falcinellas
               Canada Goose                        S3B, S5N               Branta canadensis
               Wood Duck                           S4B                    Aix sponsa
               Green-winged Teal                   S4B                    Anas crecca
               American Black Duck                 S4B                    Anas rubripes
               Mallard                             S5B                    Anas platyrhynchos
               Northern Pintail                    S4N                    Anas acuta
               Gadwall                             S3N                    Anas sterepera
               American Coot                       S2B, S3N               Fulica americana
               American Widgeon                    S3N                    Anas americana
               Common Merganser                    S3N                    Mergus merganser
               Laughing Gull                       S3B, S4N               Larus atricilla
               Great Black-backed Gull             S1B, S5N               Larus marinus
               Lesser Yellowlegs                   S3N                    Tringa flavipes
               Common Tern                         S1B, S3N               Sterna hirundo
               Black Tern                          S3N                    Chlidonias niger
               Caspian Tern                        S3N                    Sterna caspia
               Osprey                              S4B                    Pandion haleatus
               Bald Eagle                          S1B                    Haliaeetus leucocephalus
               Northern Harrier                    S1B, S3N               Circus cyaneus
               Sharp-shinned Hawk                  S3N                    Accipiter striatus
               Red-tailed Hawk                     S5B                    Buteo Jamaiccensis
               Red-bellied Woodpecker              S5                     Melanerpes carolinus
               Downy Woodpecker                    S5                     Picoides pubescens
               Northern Flicker                    S5                     Colaptes auratus
               Tree Swallow                        S4B                    Tachycineta bicolor
               Eastern Kingbird                    S5B                    Tyrannus tyrannus
               Blue Jay                            S5                     Cyanocitta cristata
               American Crow                       S5                     Corvus brachyrhynchos
               Marsh Wren                          S4B                    Cistothorus palustris
               White-eyed vireo                    S5B                    Vireo griseus
               Common Yellowthroat                 S5B                    Geothlypis trichas
               Yellow-breasted Chat                S5B                    Icteria virens


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               Northern Cardinal                    S5                     Cardinalis cardinalis
               Blue Grosbeak                        S5B                    Guiraca caerulea
               Indigo Bunting                       S5B                    Passerina cyanea
               Eastern Meadowlark                   S4                     Sturnella magna
               Common Grackle                       S5                     Quiscalus quiscula
               American Goldfinch                   S5                     Carduelis tristis
               Double-crested Cormorant             S4                     Phalacrocorax auritus
               Great-crested Flycatcher             S5B                    Myiarchus crinitus
               Belted Kingfisher                    S4B, S3N               Ceryle alcyon

               Fish


               Common carp                          SE                     Cyprinus carpio
               Mosquitofish                         S4                     Gambusia affinis
               Banded killifish                     S4                     Fundulus diaphanus
               Inland silverside                    S4                     Menidia beryllina
               White perch                          S5                     Morone americana
               Pumpkinseed                          S5                     Lepomis gibbosus
               Mummichog                            S5                     Fundulus heteroclitus
               Channel catfish                      S5                     Ictalurus punctatus
               Brown bullhead                       S5                     Ictalurus nebulosus


               Reptiles and amphibians

               Green tree-frog                      S3                     Hyla cinerea
               Spring Peeper                        S5                     Hyla crucifer
               Bullfrog                             S5                     Rana catesbeiana
               Southern leopard frog                S5                     Rana spenocephala
               Snapping turtle                      S5                     Chelydra serpentina
               Redbelly turtle                      S5                     Chrysemys rubriventris

               Mammals


               Virginia opposum                     S5                     Didelphis virginiana
               Raccoon                              S5                     Procyon lotor
               Eastern gray squirrel                S5                     Sciurus carolinensus
               White-tail deer                      S5                     Odocoileus virginianus
               Dragonflies

               Erythrodiplax berenice                S5
               Pachydiplax longipennis               S5




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