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PUGET SOUND WETLANDS AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM: SECOND YEAR OF COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH Sarah S. Cooke Klaus Richter Richard R. Horner Resource Planning Section of King County Parks, Planning and Resources Department July 1989 Property of CSC Library U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 The preparation of this report was financially aided through a grant from the Washington State Department of Ecology with funds obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and appropriated for Section 306b of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. QH 87.3 .C66 1989 ABSTRACT 1.Title: Puget Sound Wetlands and-Stormw,ater Management Research Program: SECOND YEAR OF COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH 2.Author(s): Resource Planning Section, King County Parks, Planning and Resources Department, 707,Smith Tower Building, 506 Second Avenue, Seattle, Wa. 98104 3.Subject: Final grant completion report describing the implementation of a long-term research program to determine the feasibility of using urban freshwater wetlands for stormwater management and nonpoint source pollution control. 4.Date: July 1989 5.Name of the Department and participating localities: State of Washington Department of Ecology, and King County Parks, Planning and Resources Department. 6-Sources of copies: Available from the Author. 7.WDOE Project Number: G0089028 8.Series Number: 9.Number of Pages: 43 plus 83 appendices 10.Abstract: This report describes the accomplishments under the fourth phase of a research program for the Puget Sound region concerning the role of wetlands in urban stormwater management, and the implications for wetlands ecosystems. The project is guided by regional interdisciplinary, interagency committee and is being carried out by regional experts in each sub-study field. Goals accomplished during this phase are: 1) final selection of experimental wetlands pairs (urbanizing sites and controls); 2) implementation of comprehensive long-term research on the impacts of urban stormwater on the soils, microbial activity, and zoology of wetlands ecosystems; 3) collection o f the baseline year's data (some seasonal) for each sub-study; and 4) analysis of results from the research to date and incorporation of those results and their tentative interpretation in a management system that is being developed under other funding. Pending receipt,of funding support, the next steps will be to continue to conduct the research outlined above to determine the short- and long-term impacts of urban stormwater runoff on wetlands ecosystem functioning. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pacre INTRODUCTION Project Background 1,2 Objectives General 2,3 Specific Work Plan 3 Research Site Selection Process 3-5 EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF ON WETLANDS SOILS, BASELINE INVESTIGATION Introduction 6 objectives and Hypotheses 6,7 Research Methods Schedule 7 Sampling Soil Cores' 8 Sampling Microtox 8 Sampling Litter Decomposition 8 Analyses Soil Cores 8 Litter Decomposition 9 Results Physical Characteristics 9-10 Chemical Characteristics 11 Microtox 11 Litter Decomposition .11 References 12 EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF ON WETLANDS ZOOLOGY, BASELINE INVESTIGATION Introduction 13 objectives 13,14 Macroinvertebrates Hypotheses 14,15 Research methods 15 Results 15-19 Amphibians Hypotheses 20 Research methods 20 Results 20-24 Birds Hypotheses 25 Research methods 25 Results 26-32 Small mammals Hypotheses 33 Research methods 33 Results 34-41 Page References 42,43 APPENDICES A. Soils Methodology 1. core sampling 1-4 2. Microtox Analysis 5 3. Redox Potential Sampling 6 4. Redox Potential Laboratory Analysis 7-10 5. Particle Size-Analysis 11-19 6. Organic Content, Nitrogen, Total 20-24 Phosphorus 7. Metals Analysis 25 .8. Litter Content Analysis 26-37 B. Soils Data 1. Particle Size Analysis 38,39 2. Cores, Redox Potential, pH, Color 40 3. Nitrogen and Phosphorous, and LOI 41,42 4. Metals 43-49 5. Microtox 50 6. Litter Content 51 C. Zoology Data 1. Aquatic Invertebrates 65 2. Aquatic Invertebrate Taxonomy 66-72 3. Adapted Bird Protocols for 1989 73-74 4. A Proposed Methodology for Monitoring 75-82 Mammalian and Herpetofaunal Populations in King County D. Project Publications 83 TABLES 1. Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater 5 Management Research Program Study Sites 2. Wetland Soil Types 10 3. Emerging Arthropod Densities 18,19 4. Common, Scientific, and Code Names 21 of Amphibians Identified in Surveys of 14 Wetlands 5. Fall 1988 Summary of Adult Amphibians 22 Captured in Sherman and Pitfall Traps 6. Spring 1988 Summary of Amphibian Egg 23 Cluster Counts Within the Wetlands Surveyed 7. Amphibian Life History Information 24 S. Code and Common Names for Birds That May 27 Use Wetlands in the Puget Sound Area 9. Numbers of Bird Species Identified in 28 Autumn 1988 and Early Spring 1989 10.Distribution and Abundance of 1988 29,30 Pacfe 1O.Distribution and Abundance of 1988 29,30 Autumn Censused Birds 11.Distribution and Abundance of Early 31,32 Spring 1989 Censused Birds -12.Common,, Scientific and Code Names of 35 Mammals Identified in Surveys of 14 Wetlands 13.Fall 1988 Pitfall Trap Capture Summary 36 14.Fall 1988 Sherman Trap Capture Summary 37 15.Fall 1988 Pitfall Trap Capture Summary 38 per 100 Trap Nights 16.Fall 1988 Sherman Trap Capture Summary 39 Per 100 Trap Nights 17.Fall 1988 Summary of Mammals Found Dead 40 in Sherman and Pitfall Traps FIGURES 1. Predicted Seasonal Macroinvertebrate 17 Emergence Phenology INTRODUCTION PROJECT BACKGROUND In response to accelerating development, and stormwater management problems, and the potential effects of these occurrences on remaining County wetlands, King County began a wetlands research program in 1986. The program was initiated because of the expectation that development patterns will change the quantity and quality of stormwater entering some wetlands via natural drainage courses. Stormwater management utilities in King County and elsewhere have raised the possibility of relying on wetlands in some instances to store and control the runoff rate of urban stormwater. It is postulated that wetlands could also remove and hold pollutants in stormwater, to the benefit of downstream water quality in Puget Sound, the ultimate sink. Wetlands are recognized as biologically productive ecosystems offering extensive high-quality habitat for a diverse array of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, as well as having multiple b6neficial uses for humans. While the potential of urban stormwater to affect the productivity, habitat quality, and beneficial use of wetlands can be hypothesized, there have been very few studies to document the existence or lack of such effects. This information gap may preclude more effective use of wetlands as nonpoint pollution control mechanisms and endanger overall wetland functioning. With these problems in mind the following general goal was established for the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Program: *To determine the effects of urban stormwater discharge on wetlands, and as a corollary, the effect of wetlands on the quality of urban stormwater. *To use the knowledge gained about these effects to develop sound policies and guidelines for effective utilization of wetlands for urban stormwater management and nonpoint source water pollution control. To achieve this goal will require both gathering extensive scientific data and interpreting these data to devise policies and management guidelines that protect wetlands, and downstream water bodies. A comprehensive program has been designed to acquire the necessary data through investigations based on commonly accepted scientific practices, and then to apply the findings toward regulation. With Coastal Zone Management (CZM) grants from the Department of Ecology, King County has completed several phases of a multiphase research program to investigate the viability of freshwater wetlands for use in urban surface water management and nonpoint pollution control. Phase I was completed in June, 1986; Phase II was completed in June 1987; Phase III was completed in June 1988; and Phase IV was completed in June of 1989. In preparation for the detailed research that began in 1988, the preliminary Phases I and II were completed. Phase I consisted of a comprehensive literature review (Stockdale-1986a, and b, Stockdale and Horner 1987) concerned with the questions of urban stormwater impacts on wetland functions and water quality changes occurring when urban stormwater drains through wetlands. Phase II involved comprehensive observation, sampling, and analysis of 73 King County wetlands to assess if they have been impacted by urban stormwater runoff. Data analysis and development of some preliminary and tentative management guidelines was also a product of Phase I and II. Phase III entailed initiation of the two major components of the research program: 1. Study of the long-term urban stormwater effects--as a multiyear monitoring experiment with replicate control/treatment units (unaffected by urban runoff versus affected wetlands) to investigate long-term ecological effects. The study of long-term effects involves monitoring of water level fluctuation; water quality; physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wetland soils; and population and community characteristics of plants and animals. 2. Incremental research--laboratory or microcosm scale and short-term field experiments designed to meet specific objectives identified by the management needs survey conducted during Phase II. The scope of work for Phase IV covered only specific tasks of the overall long-term project. These tasks involved the monitoring of the soils and the wetland animal communities, as well as some general staff support for the overall program. The remaining tasks were funded from other sources. OBJECTIVES General The general objectives of Phase IV of the work were: 1. To implement the long-term research study in the specific areas of wetland soils and zoology. The initial implementation consisted of establishing permanent transects and stations for the respective tasks in each wetland pair previously selected. 2. To collect data for each sub-study during the July 1988- June 1989 field seasons. 3. To analyze the data generated during the 1988-1989 surveys of wetland pairs for baseline conditions in each wetland.- Specific Work Plan 1. Physical and chemical analyses of soils collected from approximately three locations in 14 wetlands on one visit during the summer of 1988 (additional sites were added later). Analyses included texture, organic content, nutrients, and metals. 2. Establishment of a litter decomposition study to examine long-term effects on soil microbial processes. The study involves three litter types with ten replicates each. 3. Censusing of birds present in all of the selected wetland sites on four occasions during the year. 4. Systematic survey of herpetofaunal eggs in each wetland during the spring. 5. Systematic fall survey of mammals in each wetland. 6. Identification and enumeration of emerging aquatic invertebrate taxa continuously collected in each wetland by emergence traps. 7. Analysis of the data collected during the baseline year for all of the sub-studies. FINAL RESEARCH SITE SELECTION Appendix A from the 1988 CZM report contains several documents used in the comprehensive study-site selection process followed prior to field work in 1988. These documents present the selection criteria, a preliminary list of sites selected, a form used for the initial assessment of candidate sites! and a right- of-entry form given to property owners. Table 1 lists the final wetland pairs selected. A pa--',r includes a wetland that will be affected sometime after the summer 1988 survey (baseline year), and another wetland that matches the first in size and vegetation community complexity and that will most likely remain unaffected by urban development during the course of the study. The sites are designated as in the King County 1981 Wetland Inventory, or the Bellevue Wetland Inventory. The sites were paired on the basis of morphological characteristics and vegetation community composition (open water, emergent, scrub/shrub, and forested community types). Due to lack of similarity in all characteristics, pairing was imperfect, but was attempted in order to allow potential comparisons between 3 .pair members in many cases, as well as between aggregate control and treatment groups. The baseline year measurements will also be used to compare subsequent changes in sites where urban stormwater will be added. Five of the sites were added at the end of 1988 and so have no baseline data for 1988. Their baseline data will be from the 1989 field season. Table 1. Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program Study Sites ---------------------------------------------------------------- Affected sites Control sites a Big Bear Creek 24 (BBC24) Snoqualmie River 24 (SR24) Lower Puget Sound 9 (LPS9) Lower Cedar River 93 (LCR93) Snoqualmie River 24 (SR24) Raging River 5 (RR5) East Lake Sammamish 61 (ELS61) Mid Green River 36 (MGR36) East Lake Washington 1 (ELW1) Harris Creek 13 (HC13) East Lake Sammamish 39 (ELS39) *Soos Creek 4 (SC4) *Tuck Creek 13 (TC13) *Soos Creek 84 (SC84) *Klahanie East (KE) *Ames Lake 3 (AL3) Bellevue 31 (B31) Patterson Creek 12 (PC12) Forbes Creek 1 (FC1) unpaired Jenkins Creek 28 (JC28) unpaired Sites added late in 1988. a Urbanization of the watershed will not occur in the early years of the program. EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF ON WETLANDS SOILS, BASELINE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION There have been few studies to document the existence, or lack, of effects of urban stormwater on the health of wetland ecosystems (Stockdale 1986). As part of this research, the soil- mineral, organic, and microbial components are being studied in order to understand better how these wetland components function in the overall maintenance of the ecosystem, and what happens to them when they are affected by urban runoff. Soils are important in an ecosystem as they provide the medium in which plants grow, and can also hold and store pollutants from stormwater. Alterations such as an increase in heavy metal content, increase in silt content over organics, change in redox potential, and/or change in pH, (especially lowering) can effect the quality of the vegetation growing on those soils and their suitability to support animal populations (Boto and Patrick 1979). The quantification of these soil and vegetation changes resulting from urban stormwater runoff will help researchers to understand its effects on soils, and the corresponding effects on the.wetland vegetation communities. OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES The work discussed in this report represents the establishment of a baseline for a long-term data base that is being collected to achieve the following objectives: 1. To document the baseline soil conditions in the selected wetlands for pH heavy metal content, particle size distribution, organic content, nutrient regime, redox potential, and microbial activity. 2. To determine the degree to which urban stormwater affects these wetland soils characteristics, and to determine the rate at which these changes occur. 3. To gain an understanding of the mechanisms of change in the wetland soils subject to urban stormwater, with emphasis on the relative susceptibility of the representative soil types to change. 4. To gain an understanding of how any changes in the soils of these wetlands affects the different vegetation community types. These objectives suggest a number of hypotheses that will be tested in the course of the long-term research, as follows: 1. Water whose quality is modified by urban stormwater runoff will change the chemical, physical and/or structural characteristics of the wetland soils under some, but not all conditions. 2. Flood storage and the attendant hydrologic modifications will change the redox potential and possibly the pH and chemical composition of the soils in those wetlands under some but not all conditions. 3. Metal accumulation will be found to some degree in the soils of wetlands with urban stormwater input. 4. Flood storage and subsequent silt loading will increase the small particle composition of the soils in some but not all conditions. 5. Habitat value for some plant communities and some plant species will decrease when wetlands are used for stormwater storage, due in part to changes in soil properties directly related to the stormwater storage. RESEARCH METHODS Schedule Soil core samples were collected during the month of August 1988. The soil cores will be sampled at approximately the same period in subsequent years. It is planned that -monitoring will continue until it is established whether or not long-term effects occur in the soils of the affected wetlands. It is expected that five years of monitoring will be necessary. The litter decomposition experiment was established in September 1988. Samples will be removed in subsequent Septembers (1989, 1991, and 1993). Microtox samples were collected during the fall of 1988. Samples will be collected each August for the remaining years of monitoring. Sample Collection Detailed description of methodologies are in Appendix A. soil cores. (Appendices Al and A3). Soil cores were collected for assessment of physical and chemical soil characteristics. P V C pipes, 6.5 cm (2-9/16 inch) diameter were used to collect 15 cm long (minimum) soil cores in wetland soils at every point along the vegetation transect where the soil or vegetation types appeared to be transitional or to change completely. The cores were collected at a 3 meter offset from the transect line, and sample locations were accurately marked so that cores can be taken from the same area in succeeding years. These soil core samples were placed in air-tight sample bags and refrigerated. Microtox. (Appendix A2). Microtox analysis is intended for use in determining acute toxicity in aqueous samples. The analyzer is used to make quantitative measurements of the response of living bioluminescent bacteria to toxic samples as evidenced by changes in the light produced by the bacteria (Beckman 1982). Litter decomposition study. (Appendix D2 of the 1988 Phase III CZM report). The litter decomposition study is used to determine soil microbial activity. Litter was collected in four wetlands during the 1988 Summer field season. Black plastic dropcloths were laid on the ground and conifer and broadleaf deciduous litter was collected from these during the Fall. Shrub litter was collected from the shrubs themselves at the end of the summer preceding leaf d--,op. Phalaris, an emergent herbaceous plant, was collected in the field and mixed with the shrub litter. The samples of 1) conifer litter; 2) broadleaf deciduous litter; and 3) emergent/shrub litter were each placed in large plastic bags and mixed so that each type was a homogeneous mixture. These samples were dried overnight at 382 C, weighed, and sewn into labeled polyester netting bags. Thirty replicates of each litter type were then placed along each wetland edge. Random samples were collected from each litter type for baseline chemical analysis. The sample bags are left in the field and ten bags will be removed after each of the firstf third and fifth years of the study. Dry weight loss and nutrient content will be measured and will give a quantitative assessment of the effect of soil microbial activity. Analyses soil cores. (Appendix A4). Soil pH, color, and redox potential were measured within six hours of collection. Cores were subsampled for the different analyses: particle size distribution (Appendix A5), organic carbon content assessment (Appendix A6), nitrogen and phosphorus (Appendix A6), and heavy metals (Appendix A7). Litter decomposition. -(Appendix A6, AS). Litter decomposition analysis consisted of digestion of the litter samples (Appendix ASa), analysis for carbon content (Appendix A6), nitrogen content (Appendix A8c, A8d), phosphorus content (Appendix Me), and copper content (Appendix A8b). RESULTS Soil data can be located in Appendix B. The following section summarizes these data-and includes s.ome comments regarding their significance. Soil cores-physical characteristics Particle size analysis results are listed in Appendix B2. Particle size analysis Particle size analysis was performed on the cores taken from each wetland. Table 2 lists the soil types described in the wetlands based on their particle size distribution. Table 2. Wetland Soil Types ---------------------------------------------- I------------------ Wetland Soil Types Encountered B31 sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam BBC24 loamy sand and sandy clay loam ELS39 sedge peats ELS61 sandy loam and loamy sand with pockets of mucky peat ELW1 sandy loam, loamy sand, and silty loam FC1 sandy loam, silty loam, loamy sand, and peat HC13 sand and loamy sand JC28 silt, loamy sand, and peat LCR93 peat and mucky peat LPS9 sand and mucky peat MGR36 loamy sand, sandy loam, and silty loam PC12 loamy sand, silty loam with pockets of sedge/grass peat, and mucky peat RR5 loamy sand SR24 sand and sandy loam with pockets of black mucky peat Many of-the wetlands contained, at a minimum, some pockets of peat soils, of primarily sedge/grass origin. sandy soils were most often located in the stream beds that flowed through the wetlands. Examples of this soil type are B31, HC13, LPS9, and SR24. The soils which had high silt content, were often at the edge of a flood input area. Examples of the latter are ELWI, where there is a drainage ditch that enters the wetland from a golf course, JC28, and PC12 both of which currently receive runoff from a drainage culvert. Soil Cores-Chemical characteristics. Redox Potential, and pH. (Appendix B2). As expected, the wetlands that contained standing water had the most negative redox potentials. These include B31, BBC24, SR24, and MGR36. There were portions of each of the other wetlands that were under standing water for the entire summer, and areas that had drained by the end of the season. This condition is reflected in the different redox potentials recorded from the different cores sampled in each wetland. Values of pH were acidic for all the wetlands, as would be expected for most soils in the King County climatic regime. The pH readings tended to be more alkaline in the inundated soils and more acidic in the soils that were drained for part of the year. This is especially obvious in ELS39 and LPS9 which are very acidic (pH less than 5.5), versus B31 and BBC24, which have an almost neutral pH (6.51 to 6.6). N, P, organic carbon content, and soil metal content. (Appendix B3, B4). There is no apparent pattern to nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal content(s) for the different soil cores in the wetlands. They vary with the location of the cores sampled. These values will be used as the baseline contents. organic carbon content (as indicated in the loss on ignition (LOI) value) of the soils is, as would be expected, related to the soil type. The peat soils contain the highest carbon content, and the sandy soils the least organic carbon. This value will be used to monitor siltation during the monitoring period as an independent assessment from changes seen in the particle size distribution. Microtox. Data for the Microtox analysis are reported in Appendix B6. It appears that the more urban sites already display toxic properties. These include ELW1, FC1, JC28, and ELS61. There are no data for B31 and ELS39, but it would be expected that they too would have relatively toxic values. A few of the more rural sites display more toxic properties than would be expected considering their location. These include MGR36, BBC24, and PC12 (where there is a old dump located above the wetland). The rural sites RR5, LPS9, LCR93, HC13, and SR24 all showed high Microtox values, indicative of low toxicity, as would be expected. Litter decomposition study. Appendix B7 reports the baseline chemical analyses for the litter samples. Healthy decomposition will result in loss of chemical content and dry weight over time. REFERENCES Beckman Instruments Inc. 1982. Mictotox System Operating Manual. Beckman Instruments Inc.- Microbics Operations. Carlsbad, CA. Boto, K.G. and W.H. Patrick Jr. 1979. Role of wetlands in the removal of suspended sediments. Pp. 479-489 in Geeson, P.E., J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark (eds.), Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our Understanding, American water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN. Horner, R.R., F.B. Gutermuth, L.L. Conquest, and A.W. Johnson. 1988. Urban stormwater in Puget Trough wetlands. Pp. 723- 746. in Proc. First Annual Puget Sound Research Meeting, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, Seattle, WA. Klute, A. (ed.) 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Ed. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI. Parkinson, J.A., and S.E. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plan Ann. 6 Pp. 1-11. Stockdale, E.C. 1986. The use of wetlands for stormwater management and nonpoint pollution control: A review of the literature. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Technicon Industrial Systems. 1971. Autoanalyzer nitrate and nitrite in water and waste water. Tech. report # 100-70W. Technicon Instruments Corp. New York, NY. Technicon Industrial Systems. 1971. Orthophosphate in sea water. Tech. report # 155-71W. Technicon Instruments Corp. New York, NY. Technicon Industrial Systems. 1972. Low level ammonia in fresh and estuarine water. Tech. report # 108-71W Technicon Instruments Corp. New York, NY. Ugolini, F.C. 1986. Soil Analysis Laboratory Manual. College of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes, EPA-600/4-70-020. Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF ON WETLAND ZOOLOGY,- BASELINE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION The values and natural functions of wetlands have attracted increasing attention in the past decade (Goode et al. 1978, Greeson et al. 1979) Wetlands are now considered sensitive habitats of diverse functions that are protected at federal, state and local levels. of the many functions wetlands exhibit, theirability to provide reting, feeding and breeding habitat for a wide diversity of animals is among the most noticeable and widely appreciated. Wetlands are disproportionately used by birds and mammals and are, therefore, the single most productive habitat for wildlife. Wetlands, because of their wildlife populations, have thus become an important component of open space values, enriching the quality of life in our ever urbanizing landscape. Nevertheless, many hectares of marshes, swamps and bogs are lost each year, since the biologic values of these wetlands are still not well documented. Animals in wetlands are also significant in ecosystem dynamics. The distribution and abundance of invertebrates in running waters and lakes has long been recognized as an important tool in describing and assessing the general "health" of these aquatic ecosystems. Recent research focusing on aquatic invertebrates in wetlands, indicates the importance of insects in energy and nutrient transfer within these ecosystems (Rosenberg and Danks 1987). Macroinvertebrates are primary consumers of a complex wetland food web. They also provide food,for salmon and trout, the basis of several commercial and sport fisheries, and comprise the nutritional requirements of amphibians and birds. Aquatic insects, because of their protein content, are frequently the exclusive diet of young birds, without which survival would be impossible. Studies of amphibians, birds and mammals similarly have shown the importance of these vertebrate dlasses to wetlands. Amphibian eggs and adults are eaten by a wide variety of wetland birds and furbearers. Additionally, the role that beavers and other wetland mammals play in shaping aquatic ecosystems has been well documented (Naiman 1988, Naiman et al. 1988). OBJECTIVES The invertebrate and wildlife studies of the Puget Sound Wetlands @nd Storm Water Runoff Research Program intend to document the impacts that urban stormwater inputs and urban development have on wetland communities and also the impact that wetlands and its 13 biota have on water quality. specific research objectives for this program are to: 1. Document the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates, amphibians, birds, and mammals associated with-distinct wetlands in Puget Sound. This task requires identifying all species present (richness, Tramer 1969), counting the numbers of each species (relative abundance, Bull 1981), integrating the total number of species with the actual numbers of each species (diversity, Tramer 1969, Poole 1975) and identifying the wetl and class in which animals were observed.- 2. Identify wetland features and underlying ecological processes that account for the animal populations observed by correlating animal distribution and abundance data with water quality and vegetation data. 3. Document constancy or change in animal species associated with these wetlands over time. 4. Determine threshold characteristics for members of various animal classes and trophic levels. 5. Develop and test scientific hypotheses that account for the observed animal distributions and abundances within wetlands and also account for differences in numbers in affected and unaffected wetlands. The diversity of animal classes, each with unique life histories and adaptations to survive in wetland environments requires that class-, guild-, and even species-specific hypotheses be formulated for testing the relationship between affected and unaffected sites and the role of habitat change on animal distribution and abundances. Since information on changing wetland communities is limited, this research project is also a pioneering study on the animal communities found in palustrine wetlands of this region. Combined, the achievement of these objectives will enable us to determine the effects of urbanization and storm water runoff on wetland animal populations and lead to an increased understanding of the stress that human activities place on these ecosystems. MACROINVERTEBRATES Hypotheses Hypotheses regarding macroinvertebrates assume that aquatic invertebrates display a high diversity of habitat preferences; primarily respond to wetland hydrology and secondarily water quality; are uniquely adapted to detritivore, herbivore and predatory trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems; and, because immatures and some adults are constantly in water, integrate the effects of pollution within their tissues. Therefore, 1. Macroinvertebrate species and their respective abundances over time should reflect changing land uses, environmental pollution, and general health of wetland ecosystems. 2. Human activities will impact wetland ecosystems by altering relationships between primary consumer, secondary consumers and carnivore trophic levels. 3. Population numbers of Plecoptera, Trichoptera and some Diptera, including certain chironomids, that may be sensitive to toxic stress or nutrient enrichment should decrease in numbers in treated as compared to unaffected wetlands. 4. Population numbers of sensitive indicator species will parallel changing water flows and water quality. Methods In September 1988 traps continually capturing and preserving. emerging aquatic macroinvertebrates were installed in seasonally flooded emergent vegetation habitat of 14 wetlands. Traps were added to an additional five wetlands in May 1989. Three emergent traps, each with a 0.25 square meter basal area (Wisseman 1989), were clustered in each wetland. Starting in September 1988 traps were emptied of macroinvertebrates semi-monthly. Traps were not emptied from mid-November 1988 to March 1989 because of low or non-existent winter emergence. Obligate aquatic invertebrates were rigorously classified and quantified utilizing taxonomic keys. Dipterans (true flies) were assigned to the aquatic group, since it is thought that the vast majority of taxa within this order have larval stages developing in water or in saturated soils. Wetland-associated terrestrial insects were also identified and relative abundance data recorded. A taxa list was maintained to provide information on these mostly herbivorous insects. Results Arthropods were captured in traps as soon as they were installed in September but decreased significantly by mid-November. A cursory descriptive statistical analysis of the high numbers of emerging insects captured during the fall of 1988, combined with estimates of variability, indicate that trapping data is providing a good census of emerging aquatic insects (See Appendix Cl). These capture data further suggest that robust statistical comparisons of macroinvertebrate emergence data are possible by combining replicates at each site. Nevertheless, increasing the number of replicates would be desirable. Emergence most likely occurs from mid-March through November, with major hatching months in May and June followed by a second peak in September through early November, as determined by - extrapolations from 1987 survey data, 1988 intensive November sampling, and from knowledge of invertebrate natural history phenomena (Figure 1). A summer slack period most likely occurs, and as expected, few invertebrates emerged in winter between mid- November and mid-March. A total of approximately 8,200 adults was captured from mid- September through mid-November in 42 traps representing 14 palustrine wetlands. Total numbers of emerging adult aquatic insects ranged from 147 to 11,135 per square meter (Table 3). Three out of five macroinvertebrate classes were captured, including 12 insect orders. Many of these, however, have strong terrestrial affinities and are classified as terrestrial forms. only three insect orders, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera, with strong aquatic affinities were present. Roughly 80% of the insects captured represent emergence of adults whose larvae are found in aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. Total insect numbers varied widely in wetlands surveyed, ranging from a low of 147 at East Lake Washington I to a high of 11, 135 at East Lake Sammamish 61 (Table 3). Diptera dominated the fall emergence period, with the Chironomidae, the midge family, being most abundant. Other common dipteran families captured included the Psychodidae, Tipulidae, and Empididae. Habitat affinities for the major macroinvertebrate taxa captured in emergence traps are presented in the 1988 research'program report and are reported in Appendix C2. The broad habitat tolerance of some insect orders and families described in this Appendix C2 indicates that for some groups the more restrictive genus level needs to be investigated for meaningful insect habitat correlations. Figure 1. Predicted Seasonal Macroinvertebrate Emergence Phenology Spring Peak Fall Peak Total Emergence Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Table 3. Emerging Arthropod Densities (Numbers/M2 (14 September to 8 November 1988) PALUSTRINE WETLAND SITES TAXA BV31 BB24 CR93 FC1 GR36 HC13 JC28 Plecoptera 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Trichoptera 1 .1 36 3 0 1 1 Diptera Nematocera 132 365 1187 660 348 1085 396 Brachycera 153 21 551 12 57 171 47 TOTAL AQUATIC 287 388 1778 675 405 1285 44 4 Collembola 53 25 8 108 9 8 16 Psocoptera 41 152 128 0 31 24 21 Thysanoptera 8 5 16 11 3 0 0 Hemiptera 3 0 3 0 1 1 1 Homoptera Aphidae 52 7 43 185 27 8 0 Cercopidae 4 1 89 9 4 12 0 Cicadellidae 0 1 23 20 9 3 0 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 8 0 1 1 0 1 0 Coleoptera 1 12 28 3 13 5 1 Lepidoptera 1 0 1 3 1 5 0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 Parasitoids 53 19 205 19 39 100 17 Arachnida 1 5 16 49 8 7 0 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 231 228 563 408 145 175 57 GRAND TOTAL 517 616 2341 1083 551 1433 501 Table 3. continued... PALUSTRINE WETLAND SITES TAXA PC12 PS9 RR5 LS39 LS61 SR24 LW1 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trichoptera 1 3 8 5 3 1 0 Diptera Nematocera 332 963 4489 2392 10415 415 75 Brachycera 129 336 236 59 717 73 72 TOTAL AQUATIC 462 1301 4733 2456 11135 489 147 Collembola 135 49 79 800 63 11 73 Psocoptera 7 3 37 .1 60 3 39 Thysanopte.@a 13 4 9 13 4 9 0 Hemiptera 0 3 1 1 3 0 0, Homoptera Aphidae 20 2023 23 55 12 4 4 Cercopidae 35 7 56 23 15 2.8 7 Cicadellidae 52 9 33 29 17 27 4 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coleoptera 19 21 200 11 107 1 5 Lepidoptera 0 0 16 0 4 0 0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Parasitoids 75 91 89 91 163 40 32 Arachnida 11 1 9 17 3 1 4 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 365 2211 559 1041 451 124 168 GRAND TOTAL 827 3512 5292 3497 11585 613 315 iq AMPHIBIANS Hypotheses Most amphibians exhibit an aquatic phase that requires water for breeding, egg development and larval growth. The presence of water, its depth and changing quality may therefore reflect amphibian taxa who are adapted to breed and develop under specific conditions of these parameters. Methods The distribution and relative abundance of amphibians associated with the wetlands under study were determined from traps and egg mass counts. Pitfalls and Sherman traps were installed to capture small mammals (see Mammals section), also served to capture amphibians. In each wetland, coffee can pitfalls were buried above the high water mark in two transects of 10 pitfalls each. Traps were separated by 10 meters and transects marked. Plastic collars inside cans prohibited amphibians from crawling out, whereas a roofing shingle supported above the opening kept out rain and debris. Traps were checked every morning and evening for two weeks. Trapped amphibians were identified to species and released. Spring egg surveys were used to determine amphibian breeding in wetlands. In April 1988 the palustrine open water (POW) adjacent to diverse shoreline habitat types (PSS, PEM and PFO) within each wetland was searched for egg masses. If eggs were found, transects measuring 5 meters long and 2 meters wide were established. Between April 3 and 21 in 1989, all wetlands were again surveyed and additional transects were established wherever egg masses occurred outside of previously established transects. The numbers of eggs within each egg mass was estimated and both length and width measurements were taken to the nearest centimeter. A maximum of five POW transects with as many different shoreline vegetation types as possible were established in each wetland. The life form (i.e., the plant community and successional stage in which amphibians reproduce and feed) and the versatility rating (i.e., the sensitivity of an identified amphibian to habitat change) were taken from Brown (1985). Life history phenomena were taken from Nussbaum et al. (1983). Results Ten amphibian species were either captured in traps or identified as egg clusters (Table 4). Nine species were captured as adults utilizing the wetland edge and nearby terrestrial environments (Table 5) and only four species 0 Table 4. Common, Scientific, and code names of Amphibians Identified in Surveys of 14 Wetlands ------------------------------------------------------------ Common Name Scientific Name Code Name Northwestern Ambystoma gracile AMGR salamander Long-toed Ambystoma macrodactylum AMMA salamander Pacific giant Dicanptodon ensatus DIEN salamander Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzi ENES Western redback Plethodon vehiculum PLVE salamander Roughskin newt Taricha granulosa TAGR Western toad Bufo boreas BUBO Pacific treefrog Hyla regilla HYRE Red-legged frog Rana aurora RAAU Cascade Frog Rana cascadae RAOA Table 5. Fall 1988 Summary of Adult Amphibians Captured in Sherman and Pitfall Traps ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- SPP B31 BBC ELS39 ELS ELW FC HC ic LCR LPS MGR PC RR SR 24 39 61 1 1 13 28 93 9 36 12 5 24 AMMA 3 1 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 AMGR 0 3 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 BUBO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 DIEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ENES 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 HYRE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 PLVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 0 0 0 RAAU 0 2 1 3 0 0 4 0 10 2 4 2 3 0 TAGR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- TOT NUM 3 6 1 8 0 5 6 4 14 8 17 4 9 3 TOT SPP 1 3 1 3 0 2 .3 4 4 5 5 3 3 2 were observed to breed-in the surveyed wetlands.as determined from egg cluster searches (Table.6). This difference between adult and breeding populations is currently being-investigated in the context of amphibian life history phenomena (Table 7), wetland hydrology, and water quality. Amphibian species and shifts in their use of a wetland may be indicative of changing water flows or water quality in wetlands. The most abundant amphibians captured were the red-legged frog, long-toed salamander, Northwestern salamander and Western red- backed salamander. Total species and relative abundance numbers of captured amphibians, however, varied widely by wetland. Suprisingly, no amphibians were captured in East Lake Washington 1. Five species, the highest diversity in surveyed wetlands, were found at Lower Puget Sound 9 and Mid-Green River 36. Regardless, wetland amphibian data need to be carefully analyzed in the context of animal biology. To initiate this correlation, life history phenomena for amphibians captured by pit traps in autumn or identified as adults or eggs during spring egg surveys are presented in Table 7. Table 6. Spring 1988 Summary of Amphibian Egg Cluster Counts Within the Wetlands Surveyed. ------------------------------------------------------------ NUMBER OF EGG CLUSTERS SPECIES WETLAND Northwest Red-legged Cascade Pacific Unknown Salam. Frog Frog Treefrog Species BBC24 18 1 1 ELS61 5 2 MGR36 1 PC12 32 5 RR5 3 9 SR24 14 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ TOTAL 41 33 1 23 5 TABLE 7. Amphibi an Life History Information ------------------------------------------------------------ SPECIES TIME IN MONTHS AQUATIC BREEDING EMBRYONIC LARVAT TOTAL PHASE (TIME PERIOD METOMORPH. REQ. (REQ.) (EGG DEV.) PERIOD N.W. YES J_>M 1-2 12 13 SALAM. 3 LONG-TOED YES F->A 2-4 2-14 4->18 SALAM. 1-3 PAC. GIANT YES SP.+FALL <6 18->24 ? SALAM. 6->7 ENSATINA NO F->A 5-6 2.5 36 3 WEST. RED- NO N->M 4-5 ? ? BACK SALAM. 6 ROUGHSKIN YES J_>M 1 2 3 NEWT 3 PACIFIC YES J_>M 1 2 @3 TREEFROG 3 RED-LEGGED YES F_>M 1* 3->4 4->5 FROG 2 BULLFROG YES M->A <1/4 12 12 WESTERN YES 1/4 ? ? ? TOAD BIRDS HYPotheses The bird hypotheses assume that bird distribution and abundance are functions of vegetation structure and diversity. Therefore, we may hypothesize that: 1. Bird species richness, diversity, and relative abundance are correlated with the number and diversity of vegetation community types (controlled for size). 2. Relatively undisturbed wetlands should exhibit a greater portion of native as opposed to naturalized species. 3. The proportion of bird species with life forms 2 and 3 (wetland species) should be the same in control and in treatment wetlands and should remain unaffected over time if water levels and quality remain the same. 4. The proportion (abundance and distribution) of species with low versatility ratings should be the same in control and treatment wetlands and should remain constant over time if water levels and quality remain the same. 5. The number and size of nesting territories within wetlands remain constant if wetland conditions remain unaltered. There may be a high variability with a concomitantly unacceptably wide confidence interval for predictive level of significance in the bird data, therefore, some of these hypotheses may not be easily tested. Methods Relative abundance of birds was determined per unit sampling effort according to protocols outlined by Orians (Horner et. al. 1988 CZM Report). as adapted by Gracz (Appendix C3). Briefly, birds were identified by non-terretorial calls, territorial song, pecking and drumming, visual sightings and flyovers during 15 minute observations at permanent census stations. Different ornithologists surveyed the same sites on consecutive mornings. Life forms, the plant community and successional stage in which identified birds reproduce and feed, and versatility ratings, describing the sensitivities of bird species to habitat change were taken from BrowntL985). Results A total of approximately 106 species of birds may be found in Puget Sound Wetlands (Table 8). Roughly half of this total number have been observed during each census. The data presented in Tables 9,10 and 11, however, indicate that the seasonal bird use of wetlands is complex and requires careful analysis. For some wetlands species are seasonally replaced although total species number remains relatively constant (e.g., SR24 and ELS39). For other wetlands there is a dramatic change in species number between seasons. For example, FC1 is used by 37 species in autumn but only five species in early spring. Spring breeding data will further increase species numbers within these wetlands. 2- Table 8. Code and Common Names for Birds That May Use Wetlands in the Puget Sound Area. ACCI ACCIPITER SPP. MERL MERLIN AMBI AMERICAN BITTERN MEGLI MEW GULL AMGO AMERICAN GOLDFINCH KOBL MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD AGWT AMERICAN GREEN-WINGED TEAL NAWA NASHVILLE WARBLER AMRO AMERICAN ROBIN NOR NORTHEN FLICKER AKWI AMERICAN WIDGEON NOOR NORTHERN ORIOLE BAEA BALD EAGLE NORA NORTHERN RAVEN BASW BARN SWALLOW NOSH NORTHERN SHRIKE BEKI BELTED KINGFISHER OSFL CLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER BEWR BEWICKIS WREN DCWA ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER BCCH BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE PECO PELAGIC CORMORANT BHGR BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK PBGR PIE-BILLED GREBE BGWA BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER PIWO PILEATED WOODPECKER BWTE BLUE-WINGED TEAL, PISI PINE SISKIN BRCO BRANDT'S CORMORANT PINT PINTAIL BR8L BREWER'S BLACKBIRD PUFI PURPLE FINCH 8RCR BROWN CREEPER RAIL RAIL SPP. SHCO BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD RECR RED CROSSBILL BUFF BUFFLEHEAD RBME RED-BREASTED MERGANSER BUSH BUSHTIT RBSA RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER CAGO CANADA GOOSE R8NU RED-BRESTED NUTHATCH CEWA CEDAR WAXAING RTHA RED-TAILED HAWK CBCH CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE RWBL RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD CHIC CHICKADEE SPP RBGL1 RING-BILLED GULL COCR COMMON CROW RNDU RING-NECKED DUCK COGO COMMON GOLDENEYE RODO ROCK DOVE COME COMMON MERGANDER RCKI RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET COTE COMMON YELLOWTHROAT RUDU RUDDY DUCK COHA COPOERIS HAWK RUGIZ RUFFED GROUSE DEJU DARK-EYED JUNCO RUHU RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD DIPP DIPPER RSTO RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE OCCO DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANT SSHA SHARP-SHINNED HAWK DOWD DOWNY WOODPECKER SMF1 SMALL FINCH SPP. DUCK DUCK SPP. SOSP SONG SPARROW EVGR EVENING GROSBEAK SORik SORA FALC FALCON SPAR SPARROW SPP. FINC FINCH SPP. STAR STARLING FOSP FOX SPARROW STJA STELLER'S JAY GADW GADWALL SWTH SWAINSON-S THRUSH GWGU GLAUCUS-WINGED GULL THRU THRUSH SPP GCKI GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET TOWA TOWNSEND'S WARBLER GBHE GREAT BLUE HERON TRSW TREE SWALLOW GRHE GREEN-BACKED HERON UNK UNKNOWN GULL GULL SPP. VATH VARIED THRUSH HAWO HAIRY WOODPECKER VIRA VIRGINIA RAIL HAFL HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER WAVI WARBLING VIREO HAWK HAWK WEFL WESTERN FLYCATCHER HETH HERMIT THRUSH WETA WESTERN TANANGER HEWA HERMIT WARBLER WWPE WESTERN WOOD PEEWEE HEGU HERRING GULL WSWU WHITE-SREASTED NUTHATCH HOKE HOODED MERGANSER WCSP WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW HOFI HOUSE FINCH WIFL WILLOW FLYCATCHER HOSP HOUSE SPARROW WIWR WINTER WREN HLIVI HUTTON'S VIREO WODU WOOD DUCK KILL KILLDEER WOOD WOODPECKER SPP. LESC LESSER SCAUP YEWA YELLOW WARBLER LISP LINCOLN'S SPARROW YRWA YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER MALL MALLARD MAWR MARSH WREN Species found in most wetlands and most often in fall and early spring include common crow, golden-crowned kinglet, winter wren, American robin, hairy woodpecker and rufous-sided towhee. Least common at this time are spring breeders including Brewer's blackbird, gadwall, wood duck, Lincoln's sparrow and several swallow species. Significant sightings included those of raptors such as osprey in MGR 36 and kestrel in LCR93. Table 9. The Number of Bird Species Identified in Autumn 1988 and Early Spring 1989. ------------------------------------------------------------ WETLAND AUTUMN EARLY SPRING BBC24 26 19 RR5 20 17 SR24 28 26 ELW1 25 11 MGR36 17 13 KE 12 TC13 10 AL3 8 HC13 15 11 PC12 20 20 ELS39 16 14 B31 23 14 LCR93 is 14 LPS9 27 30 SC4 15 SC84 20 JC28 28 18 ELS61 25 8 FC1 37 5 Table 10. Relative Distribution and Abundance of 1988 Autumn- Censused Birds. ------------------------------------------------------------ SITE E L B H M R P S E E J L B F L C B C G R C R L L C P 3 C S R C 1 R 5 1 2 S W 2 S 1 1 6 9 2 3 3 2 4 3 1 8 9 . . 1 3 4 . 6 9 . . . . . SPECIES RELATIVE ABUNDANCE CBCH 1 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 1 1 1 3 2 - BRBL - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - GADW I - - - - - - - - - - - - - KEST - - - - - - - - - - - - SORA 1 - - - - - - - - - - - VIRA 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - EVGR 1 3 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 UNK 2 - 1 - - - - 1 - PIWO 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - GBHE - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - LISP - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - MERL - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - NORA - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - RUGR - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - ACCI - - - - - - - - - - 1 BRCR - - - - - 1 - - 1 CEWA - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - GULL - - - - - - - - - HEGU - - - - - - - - - SMFI - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - DEJU - - - 1 - 3 2 3 2 - - DOWO - - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - FOSP - - 1 - - - - - - - - STJA 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - VATH - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - COCR 2 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 - GCKI 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 WIWR 2 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 2 2 3 3 1 3 AMRO 1 2 1 - - 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 2 2 RSTO 3 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 BEWR - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 1 - 1 HETH 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 BCCH 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 CHIC - 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - PISI 4 3 4 - - 2 4 1 2 3 2 4 2 3 RCKI 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 3 SOSP 4 3 3 1 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 BEKI - - 1 - 1 1 - I - 1 BUSH - 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 - 3 3 HAWO 1 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 - - 1 1 4 - MAWR 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 3 NOFL 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 2 HOFI 4 - - - - - - 1 - - 3 2 RTHA 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 1 RWBL 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 2 HUVI - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 PINT - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 RBSA - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 SSHA - - - - i - - - - - - - - I MALL 1 - 3 - 2 2 - - - 2 - 2 1 4 BUFF 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 COHA - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 DCCO - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 HOSP - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - PECO - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RAIL - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RBGU - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RBME - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 STAR - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 3 4 HOME - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 AMCO - - - - - - - - - 1 3 PUFI - - - - - - - - - 1 3 - AMGO - 1 - - - - - - - - - 4 4 1 CAGO - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 FINC - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 4 GWGU - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 SWTH - - - - - - - - - - Key: 0 sightings, No Data, 1 = 1 sighting, 2 = 2 sightings, 3 = 3-5 sightings, 4 = 6-10 sightings, 5 = >10 sightings Table 11. Distribution and Abundance of Early Spring 1989-Censused Birds. ------------------------------------------------------------ SITE B R S E M K T A H P E B L L S S J E F B R R L G L C L C C L 3 C P C C C L C C 5 2 W R E 1 3 1 1 S I R S 4 8 2 S 1 2 . 4 1 3 . 3 . 3 2 3 9 9 . 4 8 6 4 . . . 6 . . . . . 9 3 . . . . I SPECIES RELATIVE ABUNDANCE HOME 1 2 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 OCWA 2 - 2 1 - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 HUVI - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 PIWO 1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 1 WCSP I - 2 - - - - 1 1 - - FINC - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - SMFI 4 1 4 - - - 1 1 - - 1 - 3 2 1 1 WOOD - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - BTGW - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FALC 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GREB - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - HAWK 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NORA - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - RNDU - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SWAL - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - WCKI - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - WDDU - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CBCH 3 1 3 3 2 2 - - - 1 - 1 3 - - 1 1 1 - GCKI 4 4 4 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 1 1 HAWO 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - DEJU 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 - - HETH 1 - - 1 1 - - RBNU - - - - - - - 1 - - RBSA - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - STJA 3 - 3 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 - 2 3 2 - - WIWR 3 4 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 - - 3 1 2 2 3 - 1 YRWA 1 - 1 - - - - 1 GBHE 1 - - - I RUGR - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - VATH - 3 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 2 - - COSN - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - HUMM - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - OSPR - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SSHA - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - SWTH - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 WETA - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHIC - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - AMGO - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 4 4 2 - - 1 AMWI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - BRBL - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - RECR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - RUHU - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - TOWA - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - WAXW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 WWPE - - - - - - - - - - -- - 1 - - - - - - EVGR 2 - - - - - --- - - - - - 1 - 2 4 - - PISI - - 4 - - 1 1 2 - 4 4 1 2 - - HOFI 1 - - - - - 1 1 3 3 1 - 1 1 RSTO 1 2 - 1 1 - I- - 1 2 1 - 1 3 3 2 1 1 AMRO 3 3 3 3 3 1 11 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 HOSP - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - PECO - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RAIL - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RBGU - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 RBME - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 STAR - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 3 4 HOME - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 AMCO - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 3 PUFI - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 3 - CAGO - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 FINC - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - 4 GWGU - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 SWTH - - - - - - - - - - I Key: 0 sightings, No Data, 1 = 1 sighting, 2 = 2 sightings, 3 = 3-5 sightings, 4 = 6-10 sightings, 5 = >10 sightings MAMMALS Hypotheses Small mammals, similar to macroinvertebrates, amphibians and birds, are indicators of the environmental health of wetlands. They also exhibit the ability to shape wetlands through their influence on soil, water and plants. Methods The initial methods used to census mammal populations are described in'the proposed methodology paper provided in Appendix C4. Unless discussed in this report, procedures followed this original design. The most significant departure was the deletion of spring trapping. Without spring sampling there is no way to distinguish habitat sinks (habitats in which populations become seasonally extinct) from continuously occupied or "survival" habitats. Initially four people were scheduled to sample 14 wetlands, travel time between sites however rendered this approach unworkable. Traps could not be checked frequently enough, resulting in excessive mammal deaths. Therefore, two people were added to the crew. If experienced animal trappers can not be found to operated these traps in the future, six people must be considered a minimum crew. Even with the added personnel, traps were not checked at time intervals short enough to avoid high trap mortality of insectivores. Wood stakes instead of alluminum were used to mark trapping locations. Blue flagging was used to distinguish the trap sites from locations of other censuses. The trapping transects have been included on maps being prepared for each wetland. To minimize the adverse effects of soil water on pitfall traps, i.e., flooding and ejection of cans due to hydrostatic pressure, pitfall transects were located above spring high water level were possible. The Sherman traps were placed as near the land- water interface as practical. Pitfall traps were operated for 14 days, as originally planned. Groups of 50 Sherman traps were alternately operated between wetlands for three consecutive days for a total of six days trapping per wetland. When only two wetlands were sampled, Sherman trapping was completed in 12 days. This period extended to 18 days when three wetlands were sampled. Life form, the plant community and successional stage in which a captured small mammal reproduces and feeds, the versatility ratings, and the sensitivities of small mammals to habitat change were taken from Brown (1985). Results Seventeen mammalian species were captured in the pitfall and Sherman live traps (Table 12). The most abundant mammals overall were the two deermice, Peromyscus maniculatus and P. oreas, the two voles, Microtus oregoni and M. townsendii, and the three shrews, Sorex monticolus, S. trowbridgii, and S. vagrans. The most unusual capture was of the masked shrew, Sorex cinereus, a fairly rare species in this area. Total captures indicated by trapping technique are given in Tables 13 and 14 and are standardized on catch per unit effort (captures per 100 trap nights) in Tables 15 and 16. Altogether 573 mammals were captured. As expected from biases of each trapping technique, there were consistent differences in the capture totals between pitfall and Sherman live trapping (cf Tables 13 and 15 with Tables 14 and 16). Pitfall trapping resulted in the capture of 14, and Sherman trapping in the capture of 18, mammal species. Pitfall traps captured a high proportion of insectivores and relatively few of the larger rodents, a pattern reversed for Sherman trapping. The range of species diversity among wetlands was wide (Tables 13 and 14), varying from a low of just one species in East Lake Washington 1 to a high of 16 in Lower Cedar River 93. Some of these sites have already been severely altered by urbanization, and harbor minimal populations of native species, e.g., East Lake Washington 1 and Bellevue 31. Trap deaths for both techniques were high (Table 17). This is not a necessary outcome of these techniques, but rather reflects the inexperience of trappers and the excessively long intervals between trap checks. As explained in the study design, insectivores often do not survive beyond about four hours unless well provided with food and thermal protection. Although sufficient food and synthetic fiber should have been provided in each trap, some traps were not checked for 12-14 hours. This period was too long, and not only did insectivores die but even rodents died. Table 12. Common Scientific Names of Mammals Identified in Surveys of 14 Wetlands and Code. ------------------------------------------------------------ Common Name Scientific Name Code Name Marsh shrew Sorex bendirii SOBE Masked shrew Sorex cinereus SOCI Montane shrew Sorex monticolus SOMO Trowbridge's shrew Sorex trowbridgii SOTR Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrans SOVA Shrew-mole Neurotrichus gibbsii NEGI Townsend's mole Scapanus townsendii SCTO Deermouse Peromyscus maniculatus PEMA- Forest deermouse Peromyscus oreas PEOR Southern red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi CLGA Long-tailed vole Microtus longicaudus MILO Creeping vole Microtus oregoni MIOR Townsend's vole Microtus townsendii MITO Black rat Rattus rattus RARA Townsend's chipmunk Tamias townsendii TATO Douglas squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii TADO Ermine Mustela erminea MUER TABLE 13. Fall 1988 Pitfall Capture Summary SPP B31 BBC24 ELS39 ELS61 ELW1 FC1 HC13 JC28 LCR93 LPS9 MGR36 PC12 RR5 SR24 TOT SOBE 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 6 soci 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 SOMO 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 3 5 0 1 16 SOSP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 SOTR 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 3 5 1 1 9 3 27 SOVA 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 3 0 1 15 NEG1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 SCTO 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 PEMA 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 4 3 1 0 1 15 PEOR 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PESP 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 7 0 1 0 16 CLGA 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 MILO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 MIOR 0 1 7 2 0 8 0 0 1 0 5 2 3 0 29 MITO 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 10 RARA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RASP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TATO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TADO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MUER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOT MAX 2 2 24 5 0 11 8 1 16 is 21 14 is 6 TOT SPP 2 2 7 3 0 2 5 1 7, 5 7 7 4 4 TABLE 14. Fall 1988 Sherman Trap Capture Summary SPP B31 BBC24 ELS39 ELS61 ELW1 FC1 HC13 JC28 LCR93 LPS9 MGR36 PC12 RR5 SR24 TOT SOBE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 soci 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 somo 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 7 SOSP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 SOTR 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 1 0 0 10 SOVA 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4- NEGI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SCTO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PEMA 2 7 0 0 0 23 23 21 14 48 10 0 9 5 162 PEOR 0 0 0 2 0 0 15 12 6 3 4 0 2 3 47 PESP 0 0 27 30 0 0 0 3 35 8 4 10 8 3 128 CLGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 MILO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 MIOR 0 3 5 3 0 11 7 0 01 0 5 3 2 0 39 MITO 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 13 RARA 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 RASP 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 TATO 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 TADO 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 MUER 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 TOT VJ@H5 11 44 33 4 36 46 38 62 66 30 21 22 11 TOT SPP 2 3 6 4 1 4 4 4 6 8 8 5 5 3 Table 15. Fall 1988 Standardized Pitfall Trap Capture Summary ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- SPP B31 BBC ELS ELS ELW FC 11C ic LCR LPS MGR PC RR SR TOT 24 39 61 1 1 13 28 93 9 36 12 5 24 SOBE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0.7 0 0 0 0.7 0 2.1 SOCI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.3' SOMO 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0.4 0 1.1 0.4 1.1 1.8 0 0.4 5.7 SOSP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0.3 SOTR 0 0.4 0 0.7 0 0 0.7 0 1.1 1.8 0.4 0.4 3.2 1.1 @9. 6 SOVA 0.4 0 1.8 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 1.1 0.4 1.1 0 0.4 5.3 NEGI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.3 SCTO 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 PEMA 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 1.1 0 0 1.4 1.1 0.4 0 0.4 5.3 PEOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PESP 0 0 0.4 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.8 0 0 2.5 0 0.4 0 5.7. CLGA 0.4 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 MILO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 o 0 0 0 0 0.3 MIOR 0 0.4 2.5 0.7 0 2.9 0 0 0.4 0 1.8 0.7 1.1 0 10.:; MITO 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0.4 0 0 3. 57'. RARA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RASP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TATO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TADO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 MEUR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: 300 total trap nights - the number with different species and recaptures = total adjusted trap nights (TAT). For each species, total captures/TAT = total captures/available trap night. TABLE 16. Fall 1988 Sherman Trap Capture Summary Per 100 Trap Nights SPP B31 BBC24 ELS39 ELS61 ELW1 FC1 HC13 JC28 LCR93 LPS9 MGR36 PC12 RR5 SR24 TOT SOM0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1.1 0.4 0 2.8 SOTR 0 0.4 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.9 0 1.0 1.2 0.4 0 0 4.3 SOVA 0 0 0.4 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.5 0.4 0 0 0 1.7 PEMA 0.7 2.4 0 0 0 8.4 9.1 8.4 7.8 19.4 3.8 0 3.4 1.7 65.1 PEOR 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 6.1 5.0 3.5 1.5 1.5 0 0.8 1.0 20.2 PESP 0 0 10 10.3 0 0 0 1.3 17.4 3.9 1.5 3.5 3.0 1.0 51.9 CLGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 MILO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 MIOR 0 1.1 2.0 1.1 0 4.2 3.0 0 0 0 1.9 1.1 0.8 0 15.2 MITO 0 0 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1.4 0 0 5.1 RARA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 RASP 0 0 0 0 1.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 TATO 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 TADO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0.8 0 0 0 1.4 MUER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.8 NOTE: 300 total trap nights - the number with different species and recaptures = total adjusted trap nights (TAT). For each species, total captures/TAT total captures/available trap night. Table 17. Fall 1988 Capture Summary of Mammals Found Dead in Sherman and Pitfall Traps. ----------------------------------------------------------- TRAP TYPE TOTAL TOTAL PERCENT SPECIES PITFALL SHERMAN DEAD CAPTURED OF TOTAL AMGR 1 0 1 11 9 PLVE 1 0 1 12 8 RAAU 1 0 1 31 3 SOBE 5 1 6 6 100 SOCI 1 0 1 1 100 SOMO 10 5 15 23 65 SOSP 1 0 1 1 100 SOTR 19 5 24 37 65 SOVA 10 2 12 19 63 PEMA 1 13 14 177 8 PEOR 0 4 4 47 9 PESP 1 6 7 144 5 MIOR 2 8 10 68 15 MITO 4 1 5 23 22 ----------------------------------------------------------- TOTALS 57 45 102 600 PERCENT DEAD OF MAMMALS 99 OF 573 17 PERCENT DEAD INSECTIVORES 59 OF 87 68 With proper attention to minimizing the time intervals between trap checks, trapping techniques are working well in the monitoring of mammals. To improve survivability we recommend using hamburger instead of suet because insectivores accept it more readily. We also suggest that traplines be checked more frequently and inspected in spring to ensure that the pitfalls are indeed located above spring high water and again later in summer to see if lines are functional for upcoming autumn censuses. Concerns center on the overall design of the survey, which excludes the spring sampling period. Without a spring sample, understanding of the temporal use of the sites is lost. For example, we are unable to establish if wetlands are inhabited in average years and unable to support populations in severe years. Given that funds are not available for spring sampling, we are analyzing the possibility of eliminating a number of wetland sites not providing valuable information from future trapping and in turn substituting spring surveys at more productive sites. Specifically, we suggest eliminating sites with low diversity or low abundance of mammals, as these sites are most likely inhabited just in fall, the season of peak numbers. We are also analyzing the current pairings of wetlands for future comparisons. We are unsure that the chosen pairing criteria are relevant to small mammal analyses. For example, matching Harris Creek 13 with East Lake Washington 1 would prove unfortunate, as East Lake Washington I has no species diversity. Its mammal fauna consist exclusively of old-world rats. In this light, the vegetation and other features of wetlands need to be identified and accounted for in future work. REFERENCES General Ecolocfy Good, R.E., D.F. Whigham, and R.L. Simpson. 1978. Freshwater wetlands: Ecological processes and management potential. Academic Press, New York, NY. Greeson, P.E., J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark (eds). 1978. Wetland functions and values: The state of our understanding. Proceedings, National Symposium on Wetlands. American Water Resource Association, Minn. MN. Macroinvertebrates Batt, B. D. J., P. J. Caldwell, C. B. Davis, J. A. Kadlec, R. M. Kaminski, H. R. Murkin and A. G. van der Valk. 1983. The Delta Waterfowl Station-Ducks Unlimited (Canada) Marsh Ecology Research Program. Pp. 19-23 in Boyd, H. (ed.), First Western Hemisphere Waterfowl and Waterbird Symposium, May 25-28, 1982, Edmonton. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, ONT. Rosenberg, D. M. and H. V. Danks. 1987. Aquatic Insects of Peatlands and Marshes in Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. No. 140. 174 pp. Good, R.E., D.F. Whigham and R.L. Simpson (eds.). 1978. Freshwater Wetlands. Ecological Processes and Management Potential. Academic Press, New York, NY. 378 Pp. Greeson, P.E., J.R. Clark and J.E. Clark (eds.). 1979. Wetland Functions and Values: The State of our Understanding. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN. 674 pp- Murkin, H.R. and B.D.J. Batt. 1987. The interactions of vertebrates and invertebrates in peatlands and marshes. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 140:15-30. Wisseman, R.W.. 1988. Macroinvertebrate Study Plan: Urban stormwater and Puget Trough wetlands study. Resource Planning, King County, Washington. Wisseman, R.W. (in prep.). A new insect emergence trap design for use in wetland research. Wrubleski, D.A..1987. Chironomidae (Diptera) of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 140: 141-161. Amhibians 4 Brown, E.R. tech.-ed.. 1985. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region. Part 1 Chapter Narratives 332pp, Part 2 Appendices 302 Pp- Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie Jr.,-and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. Idaho Press. 332 Pp. Birds Brown, E.R. tech. ed.. 1985. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region. Part 1 Chapter Narratives 332pp, Part 2 Appendices 302 pp. Bull, E.L. 1981. Indirect estimates of abundance of birds. Pages 76-80 in C.J. Ralph and J.M. Scott, eds.,Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. Studies in Avian Biology No. Allen Press, Inc. , Lawrence, KA. 630pp. Tramer, E.J. 1969. Bird species diversity; components to Shannon's formula. Ecology 50:927-929. Mammals Brown, E.R. tech. ed.. 1985. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region. Part 1 Chapter Narratives 332pp, Part 2 Appendices 302 pp. R.J. Naiman 1988. Animal influences on ecosystem dynamics. BioScience 38:750-752 R.J. Naiman, C.A. Johnston and J.C.Kelly 1988. Alteration of North American streams by beaver. BioScience 38:753-762. 0 APPENDICES 0 0 Appendix Al Soils Methodology- Core Sanpling KING COUNTY WETLANDS SURVEY SAMPLING OF SOILS OR NON-SOIL SUBSTRATES (Full and Partial Coverage Sites) 1. Select 10 sampling locations according to the following general plan: 2 in PFO (forested) zone 2 in PSS (scrub-shrub) zone 2 in PEM (emergent) zone 2 in POW (open water) zone 1 in major inlet channel (it any) 1 in major outlet channel (it any) if zone(s), inlet, or outlet are not present. allocate samples to zones that are present in proportion to the approximate percentage of the total wetland area that they cover. Multiple locations in the same zone should be spaced as widely apart as feasible. Use one of the aerial photographs to show these locations (mark this photograph Soil Samples). 2. Take a soil core 15 cm in length at each of the 10 locations and perform field characterization of texture (see following procedure) 3. At full coverage sites only, take a second 15 cm soil core at five of the 10 loca- tions according to the following general plan: 1 in PFO (forested) zone 1 in.PSS (scrub-shrub) zone 1 in PEM (emergent) zone 1 in POW (open water) zone 1 in major inlet channel (if any) or major outlet channel (if inlet absent) If zone(s), inlet, or outlet are not present, allocate samples as directed above. Mark these locations on the aerial photograph. Seal these samples to exclude air and return to the laboratory for analysis of particle-size distribution, organic content, and pH/redox potential. 4. At full coverage sites only, take a third 15 cm soil core at three of the 10 locations according to the following general plan: 1 in PEM (emergent) zone in vicinity of major inlet (if any) 1 in POW (open water) zone in vicinity of majbr inlet (if any) 1 in major inlet channel (if any) or major outlet channel (it inlet absent) If zone(s), inlet, or outlet are not present, allocate samples as directed above. Mark these locations on the aerial photograph- Return these samples to the laboratory for analysis of nutrients, metals, and Microtox. KING COUNTY WETLANDS SURVEY FIELD CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS OR NON-SOIL SUBSTRATES (Full and Partial Coverage Sites) 1. General Classification: Estimate proportions of boulders, cobbles, gravel, and finer grained soils (sand, silt, clay). boulders >12" cobbles 3 to 12" gravel 3" down to -#14 sieve (4 openings per inch) IL Soil Type Description: Sand, sift, and clay components. Silt and clay make up the fines. Silt is non-plastic Clay is plastic Typical soil types are: sandy silt Sandy clay Silty clay etc. (See attached summary sheet for the Unified Soil Classification System) Use the visual soil identification system that follows. Visual Identification of Soil Types Sand, silt, and clay content of a soil can be determined in the field using several manual tests, all of which should be performed if time permits. 1. Shaking and jarring a wet pat of soil in the palm of your hands, then squeezing the pat between your fingers: Sand Quick reaction; water appears quickly when shaken and disappears quickly when squeezed. Silt Moderately quick reaction; water appears with vigorous jarring of hand and looks glossy. Clay No reaction 2. Biting a bit of moist soil with front teeth. Sand - Feels gritty 3. Dry strength. Dry a moist pat in the sun, on your car hood, engine block, muffler, etc., then snap the pat. Sand - Little strength Silt Harder to snap, but still not difficult Clay Tough; difficult to snap 4. Feel of dry powered soil between fingers: Silt - Feels soapy or like flour. Sand - Feels gritty 5. Toughness. Moisten and mold pat to consistency of putty. Roll between hands or on hard surface to a thread 1/8 inch in diameter. Fold and re-roll repeatedly until it crumbles. Mold into lump. Sand Cannot be rolled to 1/8" diameter. Silt Thread not strong, final lump stiff, hard to roll out. Clay Thread tough, final lump very stiff. Organic Clays - Weak and spongy feel when reaches plastic limit (after folding and re-rolling thread until it crumbles). 6. Tests for high organic content: a. Fresh wet samples have odor of decomposed material. Can be accentuated by heating. b. Dark color. 7. Smear test. Smear a moist sample between thumb and forefinger. Clay - Will stain fingertips Organic material Will leave dark coating on fingertips, but easy to remove. Also watery, less sticky than clay. UNIFIEO SOIL CLASSIFICATION IUCLUDINO IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION FIELD IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES GROUP INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION (f,clud,ng Part-CICS larger than 3 aischtS and basing fractions on estimated eight%) SYMBOLS TYPICAL NAMES DESCRIBING SOILS CRITERIA Wide ong, a grain Sir# and Substantial amounts GW Well graded gravel$. 91-41-so-d -I.res. Give typical name , lmd-call opp'Otilsoff C. Greater than 4 .11,niermed-oft particle Sizes little a, .0 Is..$ PerEt-Iaq,S of Sand old grovel, it, 4-le. angularity. S., face coad,tat. Cc onc and I and hardness at the coarS* gre o' P'sidscirm.-Ily art sit a a, 0 10-90 of I.I*S Poorly graded g-ols. g,o,el-soad m..Iu,.%, 7 G P local or geologic Maine and Ofh4r Not metti,rig all gradation requ,t-onts #at Gw with some niermed,off SIIIS missing 1.1111 0, no lines porlintnt desel,lifive hlo-ohom; z - ---- - old symbol so porisrilhoses, a lion-MaShi: lines Ifnr identification pro-claros Salf 910-tiS,Poolly graded grovel-tand- v:2 Y sm.2z S GL4 - .. 1; Stt ML IstIO.) Silt E Ab..1 'A' $,a@ ..fh Z z or of I"S IN.. 011 be t .*. n 4 and F ca. @@qqq. For undisturbed Soils add inl-ittion c- -!!t Co.'s -soAd- II - E Plastic tints line idenliftEolion procedures Coo 0 AlIllbeq limits obo.# I.,# requiring use of d..I Fi Set CL below) GC Cyey grovel%. poorly graded grovel lay an 11talificolain. degree of compact -JhPI 9,.0111 than ? symbol% Conditions 2 P and d,O-g. chr,,acl-shct. -h is Wide page 1. grain s,tes old s.bsl.nl,ol Sur Well graded sands, gravelly Sands, little or ZV Ct, Dm - Groot*, than IS amounts of oil infe-tilsols particle sites. Ias$. no Cc Hirt-m ont and 3 t DON 0 - Poorly graded sands. gravelly sands, little or CK--PLL-- C. 4, 0 Predominantly one site 0, a .age of Islas with SP z stant .111mods.it %,its iSS,ng .0 (,a.% @Dt gravelly about 20% hold Not loohnii .16 9,odal- to, to ang.10, 9'...1 po'l-0.9 I .. mdo- z or Sit@ o.nd.d old Subolg.lal sold J1 Nrai-plastic lines (for identification procedures i -- --- -- - - - -s - sm Silly %.ads. poorly graded sand. %.It -N,os groins cocass to Isms; about 15% man. c. 'Z @o All,,b,,g limits bislo. 's' I,m4 AbOm,. -A' Is., with C 2! itit UL bel..) pl.%IK times ..Ih saw dry strength; Or Fit lots too. FI b.t.". 4 ad I a " ?.1 -. it'. lig'd is ano'st Y. sAisc%, _9,1.aR F '2 " aZ --L-- - - --- - --,- - ..It to-potted old 0 oll-al Sold; ISM) T r 5 ;" 11, " it" lllOIc Islas Ifor d.mldacsf- froe.d.-S SC Clayey sands. poorly graded Sood-clay no,alu,#S 6 Allslb.,g 1-t, ab- W Isms as C L below). with PI ii-I., than 1 IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES ON FRACTION SMALLER THAN Hiss SIEVE SIZE w DRY SIRE"Ol" Olt ATANCY "tc)"O " NESS ICRUSHING JR(AC(ION ONSISIC1,11.1 C" IC' ARACIERISF @l 10 SHAKINGI NEAR PLASIOC(lUlfl I-q-, SO% old ell file Sp.dS lack It- Silly &,* typical ...6 rid.coto d.g'.1 Old c@ Name 10 Slight Glass, to floor None ML 'PIOSI or cloyey tint Sands with Slight 161S, ch.-I., of plast.oty. amount and groirts.color "O.-M."a "$ of COO'Se of as soof coaditi....d.r .4 any. total or a Ino,gans cclays at lo. to medium PlostIC-1r. gravelly geologic a-,. ad Other Med-um to high Plane to very slow Me it, um CIL CIOS.sam.ly,toy%. silly Clays. eon crisis So ........ desc,ipt- mlo-otat-i and symbol y a. Slight 1,11% and orgon;C till-ClOYS Of low 0 Slight 10 atedisals slow OL if z plasticity Far uad-Itu,b.4 $.-IS add -olo-01101 clur.. so sl'u i undisturbed and remofdod states, n 1-9-ic %ills, narictout or J,aiOm0t*O4S lilt moisture and drainage conditions. SI.qhI to medium Slow to none Slight 10 rred,uso FAII 4, in Sandy I $,fly $0.1%. elastic S'lls Isis 1. Cc EXA.PLE;- OL 1641, to ve, y high None Ifigh Cif inorganic clays of high plasticity. far clays slightly plastic. mail percentage .1 $.me sold. so rm ....a L-I numerous erf,col -Ot hole 1; 1, PLASTICIT Y and dry so place; lB.ss,f'Ll Ct4AR I Medium to high frame to -y Ots. Slight to raed.a. off Ovsjo- clays f medium to high plasticity HIGIfLy ORGAP41C SOILS 11sin-Illy Id-lihed be color. odor. spongy feel and Pt Pe.1 p,aJ other highly Organic $--It frequently by fibrous I#, tu, I 660PILD BY -COAPS or E"G'-Ff-S fs-t- "I "o,s J-11A., Diandary CIOS5'f' -CO-101S 'SO"s possessing choractollsf,cs of Isms groups Of@ diis,gooled by cumb,nol,ons of group symboft I., ..n-Pit G"GC. vitil graded gros,11-S.-A m,.t.lt -11h clay bild-1 m' Ibis chart are US standard Figure 7-Unified %oil claisil'scalion cl'Orl. from drawing 103-D-347. 5297-1 1 0 60 ( III I)()( kel) Appendix A2 Soils Methodology- Microtox Analysis Protocol for Soil Sampling for Microtox Analysis 1. Select 3 locations in the permanent flow channel or inte rmittently inundated zone within 20m of each inlet. if there is no inlet, select 3 locations in the open water or intermittently inundated zone. 2.-Collect the top 10cm of soil at each location selected in step 1, using a soil cover (or trowel, if sample will not stay in corer). Composite all sample from a wetland and nix thoroughly. Use a clean bottle and teflon stirrer. Rinse stirrer with distilled water after use. 3. Put an aliquot of thoroughly mixed sample in a small vial. Label with wetland name and date. 4. Deliver as many vials as possible (up to 10-12) at a time to Metro for analysis. Deliver same day as collection. Appendix A3 Soils Methodology- Redox Potential Sample Preparation Redox Potential To measure redox potential of soil, take a core with a 3 - 5 cm sampling tube. Push out core with large dowel. Mark the 10cm to 25cm depth portion of the core. Measure here. Insert the platinum electrode of the redox probe into the core sufficiently to allow contact with the sintered glass electrode on the body of the device. Allow the reading to stabilize. Record. Repeat at 9 other points on core. Average. Warning: roots export oxygen to the soil, increasing redox potential; do not make measurements in a clump of roots. Correct redox (EH) readings to a standard pH (6 or 7) using the conversion below. * If transporting to the lab, store cores in a jar into which the core fits snugly. Top off with water. Keep cool and out of the sun. *Eh increases by 59mv for each unit of pH decrease. Redox may be converted to E6 or E7- Appendix A4 Soils Methodology- Redox potential METHOD OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (REDOX) EQUIPMENT REQUIRED 1. Platinum combination electrode. 2.pH electrode. 3. Two pH meters. 4. Nalgene triys REAGENTS REQUIRED 1. Fisher 4M Potassium Chloride (KC1) solution saturated with AgCl. Fisher No. So-P-135. CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS 1. Calibrate the pH meter using two standards. DETAILS OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE 1. Check that the electrolyte level in the platinum (Pt) electrode is 1/4 inch below the filling hole. Use the'4M KC1 saturated with AgCl if needed. 2.-Remove the red cot from the bottom of the electrode and rinse off the salts. Gently dry with a Kimwipe and be sure that the porous plug is gently blotted dry. 3. In order for the Pt electrode to function correctly, there must be a flow of filling solution through the porous plug located towards the bottom of the electrode. Lower. the rubber sleeve until the filling hole is exposed. Place thp_ elect'rode upright in an empty beaker. You should be able to see moisture in the porous plug area within several minutes after blottinS dry. If you do not, see the troublshooting section below. 4. once flow -of electrolyte has been established, connect the electrode to the Altex 71 pH meter. 5. With the rubber sleeve below the filling hole, insert -the electrode into the soil core until the'porous plug is covered. Avoid areas that are thick with roots, and avoid rocks. 6. Press the CLEAR button, then the Crel mV3 button on the meter. 7. When the readin,Q record the mV reading. ME-AHOD OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (REPOXI 8. Repeat this 7 or 8 times in various areas of the soil core.- 9. Take a pH reading in the tore and record the value. IG. Gently remove as much soil, from the electrode before taking read- ings on the next core. Rinsing the electrode should be avoided. If you must rinse, allow the electrode to equilibrate before recording the next reading. 11. When finished with the electrode, slide the rubber sleeve to cover the filling hole, rinse the electrode well, and place the red cot on the end until the porous plug is covered. TROUBLESHOOTING THE ELECTRODE 1. If unable to establish flow of elect@olyte through porous plug: -hold electrode (cap up) at a 45 angle between thumb and forefinger on left hand, so that filling hole faces out and is directly opposite base of thumb. -Insert the soout of the filling solution bottle into the filling hole, do not allow contact of the spout with the internal element. -Make sure that electrode is supported by base of thumb, then firmly press spout into filling hole to make an airtight seal. -While maintaining se@l, squeeze filling bottle firmly so that electrode become pressurized. Liquid should appear at the plug .in about 30 seconds. If flow does not occur in several minutes, see the rejuvenation section below. 2. If the liquid junction should become partially blocked: -inspect reference cavity for crystallization. -if crystals are evident: a) remove filling solution by shaking it out through filling hole. b) rinse cavity with DDW until all crystals are disolved. c) refill cavity with electrolyte solution. -if the above does not work: - a) soak electrode overnight in 0.1M KC1. b) boil @unction in 0.1M KC1 for 10 minutes. c) care--fully sand or file the porous plug junction. CLEANING 'i ET HOD OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (REDOX).. STI.MPLE CLEANING 1. Wash electrode surface with a good detergent, rise well. 2. Polish platinum wire with scouring powder (gently!), rinse well. REFERENCE Ugolini, F.C. 1986. Soils Analysis Laboratory Manual. College of Forestry University of Washington, Seattle, Wa.. The measurement of soil P11 is one of the easiest and most common soil chemical determinations. Soil pH determines, in part, the availability of most soil nutrients. The pH gives an indication of the amount of water passing through the soil profile. The soil acidity has an inverse relationship with base saturation. In spite of the importance of this measurement, there is no single universally accepted method for making it. The soil:water ratio recommended by various investigators varies from a saturated soil paste to a 1 to 10 soil suspension. Various solutions are recommended for suspending the soil. pF1 values are therefore only qualitative unless the method used as well as the value determined are specified. We propose to measure the p17L of the samples using a L) glass electrode pH meter. We will do two determinations on each sample. One with the soil sample saturated and one with a 1 to 1 soil to solution ratio. In both cases, the soils will be mixed with 1 molar solution of potassium chloride. This breaks down the electric double layer surrounding the soil particles and equalizes the-distribution of hydrogen ions throughout the solution. Procedure 1 to 1 weight percent soil solutions and saturated soil paste will be prepared with 1 M potassium chloride. These will be allowed to stand for 1 hour. The pH meter will be calibrated with standard pH4 and 7 solutions. The electrodes will be inserted in the soil paste and the pH will be determined. Appenaix 7-.5 Soils Ylel_-hodology- Pa-ticle Size Analysis PARTICLE FRACTIONATION AND PARTICLZ-SIZE ANALYSIS Purpose- This procedure involves the dispersion and subsequent fractionation of soil samples into proportions of distinct classes according to size. It is to be used following the removal of organic materials, amorphous iron (and if necessary, imogolite*), which tend to act as binding agents for soil particles. Particle-siZe analysis involves: 1. the use of sedimentation rates to determine silt and clay fractions. 2. dry sieving to determine sand fractions. isolation of clay samples for use in x-ray analysis (optional). See the oxalic acid treatment procedure - this may,"be necessary for Soils derived from volcanic ashes, especially those from the B horizon. A. Pre-Daring the samples. 1. Beginning with approximately 50 g of each sample, remove the organic material and iron oxides using the procedures outlined elsewhere in this manual. . 2. After these removal procedures, carefully pour each sample Lrom the centrifuge bottle into a large evaporating dish. With distilled water, rinse as much soil from the bottom and sides of the bottle as possible into the dish (the less water you can do this with, the shorter the drying time). Transfer the labels from the bottles to the dishes. 2. Place the evaporating dishes on top of the oven and allow the water to evaporate almost entirely. This may take a couple of days. 3. The samples will harden as they dry, and will need to be disaggregated. To do this, moisten with a slight amount of distilled water to soften the soil. Wait a few minutes and then gently.scrape your sample off the sides and bottom of the disht making a pile in the center of the dish. Remember three things: - Scrape off any clay that may form a ring around the inside of the bowl. A few squirts of distilled water will facilitate this. - Go easy on'the amount of water used as you-do not want to wind up back at step two. Go easy on the scraping as you do not want to crush particles and thus throw off your analysis. 4. Allow your samples to dry on top of the oven one more time and then gently break up the pile so that it is well disaggregated and piled into the center of the bowl. B. Preparing the Cylinders I. The sedimentation cabinet holds eleven 1000 ml cylinders at a time, one of which is your standard. For each sample, weigh out 40 g of soil into a 400 ml plastic beaker, recording both the sample number and the exact weight of the soil used. Save what remains of each-sample for dry weight analysis (See Section C). 2. Add 200 ml of distilled water to the beaker and place the mixture under the Braun Sonicator. Sonicate for 15 to.,20 seconds to disaggregate all the particles and then pour off into one of your cylinders. Rinse the sides and the bottom of the beaker into the cylinder with a squirt bottle to get all of the remaining particles. Label the cylinder. 3. At this point you will need to prepare a solution of 10% Calgon that you will add a portion of to each cylinder, including the standard cylinder. Calgon is a softening agent that will aid in the dispersion of the sample. To prepare the Calgon solution, either use commercial Calgon, or Add 10 g of sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)s to 1 liter dH20 and adjust to a pH = 8.3 with sodium carbonate (NaZ.CO3):@ (See Black, et al, eds., 1965, Methods of Soils AnalvTis, p. 550 for more information on this procedure.) 4. Once you have prepared the Calgon solution, add 5 mls to each cylinder, including the standard cylinder, so that the final concentration after bringing the cylinders up to volume (1 liter) will be 0.5 5. After adding 5 mls of 10 % Calgon, bring the cylinders up to volume, label, and place into the sedimentation cabinet. Insert the hydrometer into the standard cylinder, and lower it into the back right corner of the cabinet (looking from'the control panel on the cabinet) near the thermometer. There is no clip for this cylinder. .7. Once all of the cylinders are in the sedimentation cabinet, bring the volume of water in the tank up so that it more than covers the pump intake (the vertical pipe in the center of the tank) and.turn on the pump. DO NOT RUN THE PUMP DRY!!! If you -are running the pump for an extended period of time, be sure to frequently check the water level, adding more when needed. 8. Allow your cylinders to equilibrate to 300C overnight. C. Dry Weight Analysis. 1. Place what remains of each sample into a weighed, labelled tin boat. Record the weight of each sample minus the weight of each boat. 2. Dry the samples overnight in an oven at 1050C. Reweigh and record the dry weight of each sample. The percent change in weight is used as a correction factor for your samples in the sedimentation cabinet. D. Particle Size Analysis. 1. Record the hydrometer reading for the distilled water cylinder. The hydrometer scale is read at the top of the meniscus as the customary technique of viewing the stem from beneath the surface of the liquid is not possible with soil suspensions. You can determine the position of the meniscus and the reading on the scale by viewing the stem from an angle of 10 to 20 degrees above the plane of the liquid. Be consistent in your reading technique from sample to sample. 2. You will be taking hydrometer readings for each sample at 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 90, 270, and 720 minute intervals. It is most convenient to do the 1, 3, and 5 minute readings one sample at a time. The rest of the readings can be done for all samples together. Begin by taking the long metal plunger and inserting it into the first cylinder. The object is to completely mix the sediment throughout the water column. To do this, move the plunger up and down with a simultaneous twisting at the bottom of the stroke (the plate at the bottom end of the rod is designed to get under any sediment on the bottom of the cylinder without crushing particles). Mix well with the plunger bringing sediment to the top of the cylinder while being careful not to splash any, sample over the sides. 3. When the sediment is well-mixed, perform one final upward stroke, remove the plunger, giving it a quick, twisting rinse at the top of the water column, and immediately star your timer. 4. To take your one minute reading, remove the hydrometer f,-o: the distilled water cylinder, allow it to drip for a fe., seconds and carefully lower it into the center of you: sample cylinder (this is done slowly so as not to stir u-, the settling particles). You should make a guess as t" your one minute reading and lower the hydrometer to tha, estimated point on the hydrometer scale. This minimize! endless bobbing of the bulb. If you mis-guess this point, you can always remove the hydrometer, mix again, and re-do. 5. At one minute, record your reading. 6. Slowly remove the hydrometer from the cylinder, hold it suspended just above your sample water level, rinse it with distilled water, and return it to the distilled water cylinder. 7. Give yourself about 30 seconds before each of your 3 and 5 minute readings to remove the hydrometer from the distifled water cylinder, and place it into your sample cylinder. Use your previous reading as a guide for depth of release. 8. The 10, 30, and 90 minute readings can be done with all.the cylinders as follows: Set your clock at 1 hour and 40 minutes. Remix the mixture in the first cylinder. After removing the plunger, start the clock. You will take the ten minute reading for this cylinder in exactly ten minutes. In the meantime, wait thirty seconds and then begin stirring the next sample. Stir it for 30 seconds, remove the plunger, wait 30 seconds, stir the next sample for 30 seconds, remove the plunger, wait 30 seconds, stir the next sample for 30 seconds, and so on down the line. At I hour , 30 minutes and 30 seconds, remove the hydrometer from thd distilled water cylinder, lower it into your first cylinder and take your reading at 1 hour 30 minutes. Remove the hydrometer, rinse, and at 1 hour, 29 minutes and 30 seconds, lower it into your second cylinder and take your reading at 1. hour 29 minutes. Continue taking readings on the minute for the remainder of your samples. Similarly, at 1 hour 10 minutes and 30 seconds, begin taking readings for the 30 minute interval. At 10 minutes 30 seconds, begin taking the 90 minute interval readings. 9. The final two readings can be done in a similar fashion. Due to the length of the intervals, it is wise to remix the cylinders in the morning, take the 270 minute reading in the afternoon and the 720 reading the following morning. E. Drawing off clay fractions for x-ray analysis. G. The Calculations. Refer to Table 4 at the end of this section for the data record sheet and listing of the necessary calculations. The lab also has a program written for an HP programmable calculator that will perform these calculations. The tables given below are ultimately derived from Stoke's law, where: To determine the terminal velocity (Q) of a particle settling in a liquid medium - 2a2 (Ds - Di 9v where D, = specific gravity of the sphere (usually 2.65) Di = specific gravity of the liquid (usually 1.00) v = viscosity of the liquid at the given temp. a = sphere radius Terminal velocity is attained when the drag force acceleration due to gravity. TABLE I Sedimentation times* for particles of 2, 5 and 20U diameter, settling through water for a depth of 10 cm. Temperature Settl,.nq.time with indicated particle diar,,-.eter 0C 2 inicrons S micron- 20 micrcnE hr. min. hr. min.. hr. min. 20 8 00 4 48 1 17 21 7 49 4 41 1 15 22 7 38 4 35 1 13 23 7 27 4 28 1 @11 24 7 17 4 22 1 10 25 7 07 4 16 1 OE 26 6 57 4 10 1 07 27 6 48 4 04 1 0: 28 6 39 4 00 1 0-@ 29 6 31 3 55 1 0" 30 6 22 3 49 1 0. 31 6 14 3 44 1 OC .Values calculated from Stokes' equation, assuming a particle density of 2.60 g/cm3. The figure for particle density is arbitrary and has been chosen to satisfy simultaneously the two definitions of the clay fraction, vis., particles having an effective diameter of 2 microns and a settling velocity of 10 cm. in 8 hours at 20O.C. (International Society of Soil Science, 1929). TABLE 2 Sedimentation Times Particle Centrifuge Time Diameter Speed (minutes (microns) (rpm) on timer) 0.2 2700 41.2 2.0 750 5.3 5.0 300 5.3 20.0 0 4.3 TABLE 3 Values of 0 for determination of particle size from observed hydrometer readings (Day, 1956). R 0 R 0 R 0 -5 50.4 -4 50.1 11 46.4 26 42.2 -3 49.9 12 46.2 27 41.9 -2 49.6 13 45.9 28 41.6 -1 49.4 14 45.6 29 41.3 0 49.2 15 45.3 30 41.0 1 48.9 16 45.0 31 40.7 2 48.7 17 44.8 32 40.4 3 48.4 18 44.5 33 40.-1 4 48.2 19 44.2 34 39.8 5 47.9 20 43.9 35 39.5 6 47.7 21 43.7 36 39.2 7 47.4 22 43.4 37 38.9 8 47.2 23 43.1 38 38.6 9 47.0 24 42.8 39 38.3 10 46.7 25 42.5 40 38.0 Particle Size Separati.on: r:alculations t R C v'---"- T 0 P S a me rn i n9 C ------------- --------- --------------------------------------------- '-lake a table like the one above for your calculations. t = t i m e o f r e ad I r, = h---drometer reading R hydrometer r e a d i n g od i s t i 11 e L C' = concentration of suspension C = R - (R L) P = of size f-raction P = K/C 0) C -corrected soil weight (oven dry basis) 0 T = temperature of suspension i - sedimentation parameter (from table 3) VFV -/ V = viscosity of suspension V 17300C PSu particle -size, uncorrected Psu PS particle size, corrected PS = PSu V '-lake a graph of each sample, -/P vs. PS (particle size) Ugolini, F.C. 1986. Soils Analysis Laboratory Manual. College of Forestry University of Washington, Seattle, Wa. Appendix A6 Soils Methodology- Organic Content, Kjeldahl N, Total P 29-2 TOTAL CARBON tion procedures. The relative advantages and disadvantages of manual and instrumental methods should be considered before initiating total C analy- 29-2.1 Introduction sis. From a cost standpoint, manual procedures can be set up, in many case, with apparatus already present in most laboratories; however, they Analytical procedures used for determing total C in soils must are time-consuming and tedious and require use of careful analytical tech- quantify both inorganic and organic forms. In humid regions where ex- nique. In contrast, instruments are costly (ranging from $3,000 to tensive leaching of the soil profile has occurred,organic Cwill be the pre- >$20,000)but are capable of analyzing a large number of samples with dominant form present. In arid or semiarid regions, carbonate minerals minimal variability due to oeprator error. (e.g.,calcite,dolomite)along with soluble carbonate salts will constitute a The methods presented for total C are essentially identical to those pro- significant percentage of the total C. posed by Allison et al.(1965)in the first edition of Methods of Soil Analysis Two basic approaches are used to quantify total C in soils, namely,dry (Black et al., 1965). Much of the text presented is used with only minor combustion and wet combustion. In both instances, the CO, liberated from alterations to update the equipment available and the literature cited. A organic and inorganic C is determined through volumetric, titrimetric, brief description has been added on the principles employed in various com- gravietric, or conductimetric techniques. An apparatus for performing mercially available total C analyzers. total C analysis by dry combustion can be fabricated from conventional laboratory glassware and a medium-temperature (-1000C) resistance 29-2.2 Total Carbon by Dry Combustion furnace. Dry combustion procedures using either high-temperature (-1,500C) or inductin furnaces are most commonly found in com- 29-2.2.1 INTRODUCTION mercially available automated total C analyzers. The majority of dry com- bustion methods employ gravimetric determination of CO,. Wet combus- The dry combustion method is based on oxidation of organic C and tion methods for total C employ a strong oxidant (K,Cr,O,) in an acid thermal decomposition of carbonate minerals in a medium-temperature se- digestion mixture for quantitative oxidation of organic C and dissolution of sistance furnace. The CO, liberated is commonly trapped in a suitable re- carbonate minerals. A comparison of principles, advantages, and disad- agent and determined titrimerically or gravimetrically. Volumetric and vantages of commonly used methods for total C determination is given in conductimetric procedures are used in some commercial instruments for Table 29-1. CO, determination. Alternatively, the CO,released can be reduced to CH, The developments in instrumental methods in recent years should be using H, and a Ni catalyst and quantitated by gas chromatograph fitted assessed before a procedure for determining total C in soils is chosen. The with a flame ionization detector(Geiger & Hardy,1971). This approach has majority of insturments are automatd versions of primarily dry combus- been incorporated into the Dohrman total C analyzer (section29-2.2.5.2). The following description of medium-temperature dry combustion is that presented by Allison et al.(1965) A B C D E F G H I J 29-2.2.2 PRINCIPLES A - O, cylinder and regulator H - Gas scrubber-to remove oxides of B - O, purifying train-to remove impuri- nitrogen and sulfur,halogens,and In the dry combustion procedures described here,the sample is burned ties from 0, stream watervapor from gas stream in a stream of purified O, and the CO,in the effluent gas stream is ab- C - Flow meter I - CO,absorpilon bulb-to absorb CO, sorbable gases formed during combustion are removed from the O, stream D - Resistance of induction furnace for weighing before they reach the CO,absorption bulb. A typical combustion train is E - Dust trap-to remove particulate J - Bubbler trap-to seal the train from comprised of 10 basic elements as diagrammed in fig.29-1. The make-up matter the atmosphere in case of back pres- of these elements recommended here are modifications (AOAC,1975: F - MnO, trap-to remove sulfur and sure caused by excessive oxygen de- Chemists U.S.Steel Corp., 1938; Salter,1916; Winters & Smith, 1929) of halogen gases mand during the combustion and to those recommended by Fleming (1914) for the rapid determination of C in G - Catalyst furnace-to oxidize CO to indicate flow of all gas Fe and steel. CO, The O, supply(commercial compressed O,)is first scrubbed by passage through a train consisting of concentrated H,SO, to remove NH, and hydrocarbons, an absorbent such as soda lime to remove CO. and anhy- drous Mg(C1O,), to remove water vapor. The rate of O, flow is controlled by a needle valve and is measured by a flow meter. A furnace provides the heat necessary for combustion of the organic C absorbed in a suitable bulb containing Ascarilc or other absorbent backed to CO, and for decomposition of carbonates. In a resistance furnace, the by anhydrous Mg(CIO.), to ensure that water vapor pressure is tile same in sample is heated by radiation, conduction, and convection in a tube sur- exit gas as in entering gas. rounded by heating elements made of high-resistance materials such as Nichrome (in medium-temperature models) or silicon carbide (in high 29-2.2.3 METHOD USING MEDIUM-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE temperature models). In an induction furnace, the source of energy is high- FURNACE frequency electromagnetic radiation. Ferrous metals and certain other materials can be heated to high temperatures by electromagnetic induction 29-2.2.3.1 Special Apparatus (Letters Refer to Units Shown in if enough energy is present. Materials such as soil that do not heat by induc- Fig. 29-1), tion can be heated indirectly by radiation, conduction, and convection from 1. Oxygen cylinder and pressure regulator (A). susceptors (materials that do heat) in the induction field. The susceptor may 2. Oxygen purifying train consisting of concentrated II,SO,for removal take the form of Fe or Sn chips that are mixed with the sample to be burned. of NII, and hydrocarbons, Ascarite for removal of CO, arid acid gases, or a radiator (e.g., the Pt cage of Simons et aL. 1955, or the quartz-enclosed and anhydrous MG(CIO.), for removial of water vapor (B). C crucible) that will surround a crucible containing the sample to be burned, 3. Flow indicator and needle valve for 0, control (C) Recent results with the LECO automatic 70-scc C analyzer (LECO Corp., 4. Furnace unit (D) St. Joseph Mich.) (Tabatabai & Bremner, 1970; Carl. 1973) indicate that a. Resistance furnace equipped will temperature controller and eqiva- reliable soil total C data are obtained using Fe, Sn, and Sn-coated Cu ac- cator (Lindberg multiple-unit combustion-tube furnace Or equiva- celerators. lent) for operation at 900 to 1,000 C. The type of furnace determines the packing of the combustion tube. b. Sample inserter (LECO no. 501-062 or equivalent). With medium-temperature furnaces, CuO or another accelerator is mixed c. Combustion tube, 2.5 cm diam. by 75 cm (zircon ceramic or equiva- with the soil to aid in combustion of the organic matter and elemental C. lent With high-temperature furnaces, the organic and elemental C is generally 5. Dust trap (LECO no. 501-010 or equivalent) inserted in the exit end of oxidized to CO, by gaseous 0, without special assistance. When medium- the combustion tube (E). temperature furnaces are used, catalysts must be included in the combustion 6. Sulfur trap filled with activated MnO, (LECO no. 503-033 or tube at the rear of the heated zone to ensure essentially complete oxidation equivalent) (F). of CO or other volatile C compounds. Platinized asbestos or CuO wire may 7. Catalyst furnace and tube (LECO no. 507-010 or equivalent) (G). be used as the catalyst. However, with any type of furnace, some CO may 8. Gas scrubber (11) pass through. For this reason, a low-temperature (-250*C) catalyst a. Sulfuric acid tower to absorb most of tile water vapor and to pro- furnace, with catalyst supplied by the manufacturer. should follow the main long the life of the anliydrous Mg(CIO.), trap that follows (especial- combustion tube to convert any CO to CO,. ly desirable when combutions of organic materials are made). Medium-temperature combustion is not entirely satisfactory for soils b. Water vapor trap filled with anhydrous Mg(CIO.), (LECO no. 598- containing alkaline-earth carbonates because these minerals release CO, 157 or equivalent). slowly at 950*C (CO, may not be released completely in 30 min). High- 9. Carbon dioxide absorption tube, a Nesbitt, Fleming, or Turner bulb temperature combustion, on the other hand, causes rapid and quantitative packed with an indicating CO, absorbent arid anhydrous Mg(CIO.) (1). release of CO, from both Na,CO. and alkaline-earth carbonates. The bulb contains front botton to top: (i) glass wool, (ii) 3-cm layer of The gas stream leaving tile furnace is freed of particulate matter by a 8- to 14-mesh absorbent (e.g., Ascarite), (iii) 2-cm layer of 14- to 20- dust trap in the exit end of the combustion tube, The removal of nitrogen mesh absorbent, (iv) I-cm layer of anhydrous Mg(ClO.), and (v) oxides, sulfur oxides, and halogen gases can be effected in several ways. glass wool (also described in section 29-2.3.3. 1). Activated MnO, appears satisfactory as a dry absorber for tile oxides of N 10. Bubbler trap to seal the train from the atmosphere and indicate flow of and S and the halogens (Robertson et aL, 1958). To protect tile catalysts in exit gas (J). the catalyst furnace from being poisoned by these substances. a trap of acti- 11. Alternative arrangements vated MnO, must be inserted at the combustion tube outlet. Liquid a. The 0, purifying train (B) and tile flow indicator (C) arc available absorbers for these interfering gases include H,SO.-CrO,, Ag,SO., and K1 as a combined unit (LECO no. 516-000). (See section 29-2.3.3.1 for one such combination). These are not recom- b. The scrubber-absorption train described in section 29-2.3.3.1 (units mended for insertion ahead of the catalyst furnace. Most of the water vapor F-K) can substitute for units 11. 1, and J (items 8-10). formed during commbustion is removed by a concentrated I I,SO. tower im- c. If the catalyst furnace G is omitted, alternative b will also substitute mediately following the catalyst furnace, The little vapor passing through is for F(item 6). Tile MnO, trap is required to protect the catalyst in trapped by a tower of anhydrous Mg(CIO,), next in line. The CO, is finally catalyst funace. When C in soil extracts or other liquids is to be determined, the sample water vapor trap. These traps should then be examined and repacked or re- may be evaporated and dried, preferably under vacuum at 60 C in proce- placed as necessary. lain or Ni boats of 5- or 10-ml capacity. Liquids will slowly seep through the Temperature > 1,000 C mustt be avoided. Heating elements will be usual grade of cermic boats. Porcelin boats are short lived, even at subject to burnout, and fusion of CuO is likely to occur and cause slagging 950 C. Unglazed boats way be rended leakproof by treating with a and tube rupture on cooling. Attention to this is especially important if a glazing mixture and filing in a laboratory furnace (Lindbeck & Young temperature controller is not used. 1964). A supply of boats can be rendered C free by preliminary ignition in a Combustion tubes eventually develop fine cracks in the hottest region muffle furnace at 850 to 900 C. These ignited boats should then be kept in and need to be replaced. Erratic results are one indication of a cracked com, bustion tube. After every 50 or 100 analyses, the tube should be tested for dust-free storage until used. leaks under operating pressure by stoppering the exit and observing if 0. 29-2.2.4 METHOD USING HIGH-TEMPERATURE INDUCTION passes the H.SO. lower in the purifying train. Combustion tube life is pro- FURNACE longed if. during comtemplated daily use, the furnace is kept on continuous- ly. 29-2.2.4.1 Special Apparatus (Letters refer to units shown in A standard C source, such as analytical reagent or primary standard Fig. 29- 1). quality glucose or benzoic acid, should be run from time to timto check 1. Oxygen cylinder and regulator (A). the apparatus. The organic standard should be diluted and covered with 2. Oxygen purifying train (13). Alundum or Sinderile to prevent explosion. 3. Flow meter and needle valve (C). Explosive combustion will blow stoppers, and even the boat, from the 4. Furnace unit combustion tube. After an explosion, it is essential to burn off the C de- a. Induction (high-frequency) furnace (LECO no. 521-100 or equiva- posits from the cooler areas inside the tube before additional analyses are lent) for operation at 1,400 to 1,600 C. made. b. Combustion tube (LECO no. 550-122 or equivalent). A two tube furnace is advantageous even though only one tube is used c. Crucible (LECO no. 528-031 or 528-035) with cover or quartiz-en- routinely. The second tube serves as a reserve in the event the otheacks closed graphite crucible (LeCO no. 550-182) plus zircon insert during a series of analyses or when C deposits resulting from an explosion (LECO no. 501-045). must be burned out. 5. Dust trap for induction furnace, external (LECO no. 501-010 or The insert dust trap should bo cleaned and refilled with glass wool after equivalent). 40 or 50 determinations or more frequently if deposits appear in the exit 6. Sulfur trap filled with activated MitO, (LECO no. 503-033 or equiva- tubing. lent). Platinized asbestos is preferable to CuO as a catalyst for oxidation of 7. Catalyst furnace and tube (G). CO to CO,. it is equally efficient, easier to pack in the tube, and has less 8. Gas scrubber (11). tendency to become compact and to retard gas flow. 9. Carbon dioxide absorption tube (1). The MnO, used to remove SO, from the combustion products before 10. Bubble trap (1). they enter the catialyst furnace sbould be changed after about 50 determina- 11. Alternative arrangements tions or before all the granules appear gray or agglomerated. Peterson a. The 02 purifying train (B) and the flow indicator (C) are available (1962) pointed out that the accumulation of combustion reaction products as a combined unit (LECO no. 516-000). on the MnO, changes its CO, absorption-desorption pattern so that longer b. The LECO 521-100 induction furnace actually is a complex unit flushing times must be used, as in the gasometric determination of C. Peter- that combines the furnace (D), dust trap (E), S trap (F), and catalyst son recommended a specially prepared PbO, as a substitute for MnO,. He furnace(G)(items 4-5 above), in a single unit. demonstrated the efficiency of PbO, for SO, removal but presented no c. Various combinations of the 10 basic elements that comprise the evidence concerning its capacity to absorb oxides of N or the haolgens. train (Fig. 29-1) are available under various trade names such as Air-dry samples; are preferred to oven-dry samples, because lower LECO and Coleman. The output of the furnaces (induction and values for total C may be obtained on some oven-dry samples than on air- catalyst) call be pit through a water vapor trip (11, a simple U-tube dry samples. filled with Anhydrone into a CO, absorption tube (1). No exat A slight pressure in the scombustion tube will be noticed when the combination of units is prescribed here since many suitable com- stopper is removed after a determination. If this pressure becomes pro- binations are possible. nounced, it indicated increased resistance to gas flow in the S trap or in thehe 12. Analytical balance (Neither H3l AR or equivalent). 29-2.2.4.2 Reagents sorption bulb, after correction for the blank, should be due to CO, released 1. Reagents 1,2,3,7,8, and 9 described in section 29-2.2.3.2. from the soil sample. Flush the train (without the CO, absorption bulb) 2. Tin metal accelerator (LECO no. 501-076 or equivalent). with O1 for about 1 min between successive runs. Determine the blank for 3. Iron chip accelerator, C free (LECO no. 501-077 or equivalent). the crucible and accelerators using the same procedure. 4. Tin-coated Cu accelerator (LECO no. 501-263 or equivalent). Calculation: 5. Scoop for adding 1 g of accelerators (LECO no. 503-032 or equivalent). Total C,% = [g Co, (sample)] - [g CO, (blank)] x 0.2727 x 100. (3) 29-2.2.4.3 Procedure Using Quartz-Enclosed Carbon Crucible. Free g water-fre soil the insert zircon crucibles of C by ignition for 30 to 60 min at 850 to 900 C in an ordinary muffle furnace. Handle the crucibles subsequently with for- 29-2.2.4.5 Comments. Comments under section 29-2.2.3.4 on ceps. Condition each quarz-enclosed C crucible (QECC) by firing it in the weighing of absorption bulbs and on simple grinding are fully applicable to furance for 5 min with an 0, flow of 500 ml/min, following the manufac- this procedure. Other comments under section 29-2.2.3.4 are also appli- turrs instructions for furnace operation. Handle the QECC with forceps cable. from this point forward. Under optimum conditions, the two procedures yield comparable re- Weigh the CO, absorption bulb on the analytical balance, insert lite sults. Adequately high temperature (> 1,650 C) can be developed with the bulb in the train, and open the stopcocks. Set the 0, flow at the rate of 1.5 proper additions of Sn and Fe, but the temperature maximum is held only the induction furnace. Fire the furnace. following the manufacturer's in- with the sample, and thereafter, it falls rapidly. Occasionally this tempera- structions, for 5 min. At the end of the combustion period, remove the ture rise and fall occurs before thermal decomposition of C is complete, crucibles, turn off the 0, flow, and then close off and remove the CO, ab- perhaps because of inadequate contact between the sample and the sus- sorption bulb. Weigh the CO, absorption bulb (section 29-2.2.3.4). Repeat ceptor material. For most soils, this does not appear to be a major problem this process until a blank reproducible to 0.2 mg is obtained. since Fe, Sn, and Sn-coated Cu accelerators ( - I g of each/sample) have Transfer a 0.5000 g simple of soil that passes through a 100- or 140- been found to yield accurate total C values in a range of calcareous and mesh sieve to an ignited insert crucible. Place the crucible containing the soil noncalcarcoos soils and standard carbonate minerals (Tabatabai & in a QCC, and insert the pair in the induction furnace, Follow the proce- Bremner, 1970). More recently, vanadium pentoxide has been used as a dure used for the blanks. After correction for the blank, the increase in catalyst in an automated induction furnace apparatus operated at weight of the CO, absorption bulb should be due to CO, released from the = 1,000 C (l,ECO no. 737-700). A limited amount of data has been col soil sample. Flush the train (without the CO, absorption bulb) with 0, gas lected on soils using this instrument. for about 1 min between successive runs. The calculation is as follows: When the QECC is used as the susceptor, somewhat lower tempera- tures are developed, because the softening temperature of quartz (1,679 C) Total C, % = [g CO, (sample)] - [g CO, (blank)] x 0.2727 x 100. (2) must not be exceeded; however, the temperature can be maintained for as g water-free soil long as is necessary to fully decompose all carbonates. When the preliminary steps of igniting both the insert zircon crucibles 29-2.2.4.4 Procedure Using Iron, Tin, and Tin-coated Copper Ac- and the QECC are followed, blank values approaching zero are ordinarily celerators. Condition the train as described in the second paragraph of sec- obtained once the CO, absorption bulb is equilibrated with the atmosphere tion 29-2.2.4.3. but omit use of the insert zircon crucible. Alternatively, and the 0, steam. ignite two or more blanks (crucible containing 1 scoop each of Fe chip, Sn, If the organic matter content of the soil is high, the sample weight and Sn-coated Cu accelerators) until a blank reproducible to 0.2 mg is should be reduced appropriately. Organic materials can be analyzed by this obtained. technique, but sample weights must be reduced to 20 or 30 mg if explosions Transfer a 0.5000-g sample of soil that passes through a 100- or 140- are to be avoided. Alternatively, lite organic material in amounts up to 60 miesh sieve to a crucible. Add 1 scoop of metal accelerator, 1 scoop of Fe mg can be mixed and covered with Alundum or Sinderite as described in chip accelerator, and I scoop of Sn-coated Cu accelerator. and cover the section 29-2.2.3.3. crucible. Insert the covered crucible in the induction furnace. Set the 0, The ignited soil in the zircon crucible appears as a sintered, bricklike flow at a rate of 1.5 liters/min. Fire the furnace according to the manu- mass. It can be removed readily, and the crucible can be reused. facture's instructions. At the end of the combustion period, remove the The gravimetric determination of CO2, following combustion with the crucivle, turn off the flow of 01, and close off, remove, and weigh the CO, LECO induction furnace was found by Carr (1973) to yield total C levels absorption bulb (section 29-2-2.3.4). The increase in weight of the CO, ab- comparable with manual wet and dry combustion methods. In addition to gravimetry, an automated CO analyzer (LECO no. 761-100) based on 29-2.2.5.2 Dohrman DC-50. The Dohrman DC-50 (Dohrman, Santa thermal conductivity measurements of the effluent gases is applicabe to soil Clara, Calif.) is designed to analyze liquid samples, although an alternative analysis (Tabatabai & Bremner, 1970). This system allows a single operator sample injection boat system allows analysis of suspensions (i.e., finely to analyze total C in 15 to 20 samples/hour. Alternatively, a titrimetric ground soil suspended in water or another suitable dispersant). The system method was developed to allow estimation of both total C and "C in soil involves injecing a 30-pl sample into a sample boat containing CoO, fol- samples amended with "C compounds (Chen & Farrow, 1976). A bypass lowed by vaporization of H2O at 90 C and combustion of organic and in- valve and 125-ml gas washing bottle (e.g. Corning 31760) are used in organic C at 850 C. Purified He is used as the carrier gas to sweep the CO, place of the CO, absorption bulb of Fig. 29-1. All CO, released by com- formed through a column (350 C) containing alumina coated with Ni where bustion is trapped in 50 ml of 0.5N NaOll followed by removal of 1 aliquot H, is introduced to reduce the CO2 to CH. After removal of H2O by a for liquid scintillinion counting to qualify "CO, and a second aliquot for CaSO, column, the CH, is determined by a flame ionization detector. The lilration with standard HCI to determine total C. The total C data obtained peak area is integrated automatically, and the results (milligrams of C per were compariable with a wet combustion procedure. liter) are displayed on a digital read-out. The instrument has a linear response range of approximately 1 to 2,000 mg of C/liter. The instrument 29-2.2.5 OTHER INSTRUMENTAL METHODS was designed for injection of liquid samples and thus should be more amen- able to total C analysis of soil extracts than intact soils. Ultrapure He, air, The following section describes three additional commerical instru- and II, must be employed with the instrument. Various aspects of this ments for determining total C in soils. They were chosen to illustrate the instrument have been described by Takahashi et al. (1972). principles involved in instrumenting total C analysis. The inclusion of the following three instruments does not imply that they are superior or inferior 29-2.2.5.3 Coleman Model 33. Coleman Model 33 (Coleman Instru- to others currently being marketed. As with all instruments, various evalu- ments Division, Perkin-Elmer Corp., Oak Brook, III.) is an automated ver- ation procedures should be used to determine if the instrument selected is sion of the medium temperature resistance furnace method described in compatible with the types of samples requiring analysis. section 29-2.2.3 and determines both C and H. Compressed O2 is purifed by Mg(ClO4)3 and COSORB traps before entry into a combustion tube. A 29-2.2.5.1 Perkin-Elmer 240. The Perkin-Elmer 240 (Perkin-Elmer sample placed in the combustion tube is heated to - 1,000 C by a resistance Corp., Instrument Division, Norwalk, Conn.) simultaneoulsy measures C, furnace, and the gases formed are passed over CnO, platinized asbestos, H, and N using the principles employed in the traditional Pregl and Dumas silver vanadate, and Ag gauze. Scrubbers are used to remove interfering procedures. A sample contained in a Pt boat is oxidized with O2 at -1,000 C gases (e.g., H). Two traps in series containing COSORB and Mg(ClO2), re- for 2 min in a combustion tube in the absence of carrier gas (He) flow. After tain CO1 and H2O, respectively. Both C and H traps are removed from the combustion, He flow is initiated and the CO2, H2O, and N2 gases are produced instrument and weighted manually. by combustion are passed over CuO to convert CO to CO3 and Ag mesh (silver vandate on Ag wool) to ermove S and halogen gases. The gases 29-2.3 Total Carbon by Wet Combustion then flow into a tube maintained at 650 C and packed with Cu granules between end plugs of Ag wool, where quantitative reduction of N oxides 29-2.3.1 INTRODUCTION N3 occurs. The gases are brought to constant pressure and volume in a gas mixing chamber and then allowed to expand into the analyzer portion of the The wet combustion analysis of soild by chromic acid digetion has instrument. The analyzer consists of three thermal conductivity (TC) de- long been a standard method for determining total C, giving results in good tectors connected in series and separated by two traps. The sequence of TC agreement with dry comustion. The main advantages for wet combustion detectors and traps enabling quantification of H,C, and N is as follows: are that the cost of apparatus is but a small fraction of the cost for dry com- 1) TC detector 1 (output equals total gas composition). bustion equipment and that the parts needed to assemble the apparatus are 2) Magnesium perchlorate trap to remove H2O. standard equipment in most laboratories. The chief disadvantage of the 3) TC detector 2 (decrease in output from detector 1 is proportional to earlier wet combustion procedures (e.g., Heck, 1929) is that they use macro H content). occupies considerable bench space more or less permanently. Wet com- 4) Soda asbestos plus Mg (ClO1)2 trap to remove CO2. bustion is also used when the special manometric Van Slyke-Neil apparatus 5) TC detector 3 (decrease in output from detector 2 proportional to (Van Slyke & Folch, 1940; Bremner, 1949) is employed to estimate total C in C content). soils. 6) The remaining gases in the sample are N,. The wet combustion method of Allison (1960), described here, em- All operations within the instrument are automatic. bodies important refinements from published procedures, such as simple Klute et. Appendix A7 Soils Methodology- Metals Analysis B. soils Analysis The following procedures shall be performed by the methods indicated: Method Digestion Nitric acid & hydrogen peroxide Dry Weight Gravimetric Cd GFAA Zn FAA Cu GFAA Pb GFAA Arsenic (As) GFAA 2. Results shall be reported in mg metal/kg dry soil and mg metal/kg wet soil. 3. Detection limits shall be: (1) Cd - 0.005; (2) Zn 0.2: (3) Cu 0.1; Pb - 0.05; and As -- 0.05 mg/wet kg. 4. Spiking levels shall be: (1) Cd - 5 ppb: (2) Zn 500 ppb: (3) Cu -250 ppb: (4) Pb 20 ppb: and (5) As 40 ppb. Appendix A8a- Litter Content Analysis Li SO MODIFIED KJELDAHL DIGEST PROCEDURE 2 4 PURPOSE: To digest solid samples to a liquid form for analysis on the AutoAnalyser for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and total phos- phorous, and analysis on the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for Cations and Metals. REAGENTS: Digestion Mixture To 350 ml of 30% H 0 (cold) add 0.42 9 Se powder and 14 g of 2 2 Li SO H 0. 2 4 2 Place container (preferably an ErIcnmeyer flask) in an ice hath and slowly! ! odd 400 ml of conc. H SO with liberal 2 4 swirlin-. Try to keep the mixture cold by adding the acid in small amts. If the mixture gets too hot some of the hydrogen peroxide will be lost. When all of the acid has been added, further chill the mixture in a refrigerator before use. note! To make larger amounts.multiply reagent amounts accordingly. PROCEDURE: 1) PRELIMINARIES: a) The digest tubes should be clean and drv. Otherwise the sample will.cling to the wall of the tubc. b) The solid sample should be ground to pass throu,gh a 20 mesh sieve on a Wiley mill if the sample is foliage or contains no rocks. The sample should be sieved through a 2= sieve if i-f is soil. (the pulverizer may also be used in the case of soil). 2) Weigh out about 0..Tg of each sample into the digest tubes and add one boiling bead to each tube. (this wt. is very flexible and can vary from 0.05 g to 1.2 g if necessary, but 0.5 g is the preferable amount due to acid volume used) 3) Add 7.5 mls of the chilled digest mixture. (use the repipet in M16 refrigerator to perform this addition) 4) If you have sufficient time let the samples predigest for several hours before heating. Placethe rack of tubes into the block heater. Parkinson J. A., S. E. Allen. 1975. "A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. & Plant Ann. 6 (1).Pp. 1-11. 041 Whatman 15.0 cm filter paper. Decant about 15 mis of the sample into the filter and catch the filtrate in the labeled 60 ml poly bottle. Cap shake and disgard. Decant the rest into the filter, collect the.filtrate, and cap and store. (normally one can arrange to filIter 5,at a time) 12) When you finish using the digestors, remove the fume hoods and wash with tap water in the sink. Store them in a corner of the room -to dry. Place the blue hose-from the scrubber into the bucket after rinsing the inside of the hose end with about 300 ml of distilled water. Let the water drip into the bucket provided. Appendix A8b- Litter Content Analysis COPPER Method 220.1 (Atomic Absorption, direct aspiration) STORET NO. Total 01042 Dissolved 01040 Suspended 01041 Optimum Concentration Range: 0.2-5 mg/l using a wavelength of 324.7 nm Sensitivit y: 0.1 mg/1 Detection Limit: 0.02 mg/1 Preparation of Standard Solution 1. Stock Solution: Carefully weigh 1.00 g of electrolyte copper (analytical reagent grade). Dissolve in 5 ml redistilled HN03 and make up to I liter with deionized distilled water. Final concentration is I mg Cu per ml (1000 mg/1). 2. Prepare dilutions of the stock solution to be used as calibration standards at the time of analysis. The calibration standards should be prepared using the same type of acid and at the same concentration as will result in the sample to be analyzed either directly or after processing. Sample Preservation 1 . For sample handling and preservation, see part 4.1 of the Atomic Absorption Methods section of this manual. Sample Preparation 1. The procedures for preparation of the sample as given in parts 4.1.1 thru 4.1.4 of the Atomic Absorption Methods section of this manual have been found to be satisfactory. Instrumental Parameters (General) I . Copper hollow cathode lamp 2. Wavelength: 324.7 nm 3. Fuel: Acetylene 4. Oxidant: Air 5. Type of flame: Oxidizing Analysis Procedure 1. For analysis procedure and calculation, see "Direct Aspiration", part 9.1 of the Atomic Absorption Methods section of this manual. Approved for NPDES Issued 1971 Editorial revision 1974 and 1978 from: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water; Wastes 1979. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. U.S. EPA Cincinnati, Ohio Notes 1 For levels of copper below 50 ugl I, either the Special Extraction Procedure, given in part 9.2 of the Atomic Absorption Methods section or the furnace technique, Method 220.2, is recommended. 2. Numerous absorption lines are available for the determination of copper. By selecting a suitable absorption wavelength, copper samples may be analyzed over a very wide range of concentration. The following lines may be used: 327.4 nm Relative Sensitivity 2 216.5 nm Relative Sensitivity 7 222.5 nm Relative Sensitivity 20 3. Data to be entered into STORET must be reported as ug1l. 4. The 2,9-dimethyl- 1, 1 0-phenanthroline colorimetric method may also be used (Standard Methods, 14th Edition, p. 196). Precision and Accuracy I . An interlaboratory study on trace metal analyses by atomic absorption was conducted by the Quality Assurance and Laboratory Evaluation Branch of EMSL. Six synthetic concentrates containing varying levels of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead and zinc were added to natural water samples. The statistical results for copper were as follows: Standard Number True Values Mean Value Deviation Accuracy as of Labs ug/liter ug/liter ug/liter % Bias 91 302 305 56 0.9 92 332 324 56 -2.4 86 60 64 23 7.0 84 75 76 22 1.3 66 7.5 9.7 6.1 29.7 66 12.0 13.9 9.7 15.5 Appendix A8c- Litter Content Analysis NITRATE AND NITRITE IN WATER AND WASTE WATER (RANGE: 0-2.0 ppm N) GENERAL DESCRIPTION NOTE: Alkaline water is prepared by adding just en- ough ammonium hydroxide to distilled water This automated procedure for the determination or to attain a pH of S.5. nitrate and nitrite utilizes the procedure whereby ni- trate is reduced to nitrite by a copper-cadmium reduct- COLOR REAGENT or column. 1.2 The nitrite ion then reacts with sul- (Technicon Nos. T11-5065, T01-5017) fanilamide under acidic conditions to form a diazo Sulfanilamide (C6H8N2O2S) 20 g compound. This compound then couples with N-1-naph- Concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 200 ml thylethlenediamine dihydrochloride to form a reddish- N-1-naphthylethylenedianmine dihydro- purple azo dye. chloride (C12H14N2 * 2HC1) 1.0 g The surface waters normallv encountered in surveil- lance studies, the concentration of oxidizing or reduc- Distilled water, q.s. 2000 ml in agents and potentially interfering metal ions are Brij-35 (Technicon No. T21-0110) 1.0 ml well below the limits causing interferences. When present in sufficient concentration. metal ions may pro- Preparation: duce a positive error. i.e., divalent mercury and di- To approximately 1500 ml of distilled water add valent copper may form colored complex ions having 200 ml concentrated phosphoric acid and 20 g of sul- absoprtion bands in the region of color measurement.3 fanilamide. Dissolve completely. (Heat if necessary.) Add 1.0 g of N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydro- chloride, and dissolve. Dilute to two liters. Add 1.0 PERFORMANCE AT 40 SAMPLES PER HOUR ml Brij-35 (Tech. No. T21-0110). Store in a cold, dark place. STABILITY: one month. USING AQUEOUS STANDARDS: Sensitivity (0.72) absorbance units 2.0 ppm N Coefficient of variation (95% confi- CADMIUM, POWDER (Technion No. T11-5063) dence level at 1.0 ppm N) 0.62% Use coarse cadmium powder (99% pure). Rinse the Detection limit 0.04 ppm N filings once or twice with a little clean diethyl ether or 1 N HCl followed by distilled water to remove grease REAGENT and dirt. Allow the metal to air-dry and store in a well-stoppered bottle. stoppered bottle. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE REAGENT (Technican No. T01-5064) Preparation of Reductor Column: Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 20g The reductor column tube is a U-shaped fourteen Alkaline water, q.s. 1000n inch length of 2.0 mm I.D. glass tubing (Technican Brii-35 (Technican No. t21-0110) 0.5l No. 189-0000). Before filling the column, prepare the cadmium in the following manner: Preparation: Wash about 8 g of previously cleaned cadmium with Dissolve 10 g of ammonium chloride in alkaline one liter of 2% W/V copper sulfate (CuSO * 5H2O) water and dilute to one liter. Add 0.5 ml of Brij-35 per (Technican No. T01-5068) for no longer than 2 minutes. liter. Wash thoroughly with distilled water to remove all of the colloidal copper which is present.A minimum of ten washings is usually required. Fill the reductor column tube with water to prevent the entrapment of air bubbles during the filling oper- 1 Armstrong. F.A.J., Sterns. C.R. and Strickland. J.D.H.. 1967 ation. Transfer the prepared cadmium granules to the Deep-Sea Res. 14. pp. 381-389. The measurement of upwelling column using a Pasteur pipette. When the entire column and Subsequent biological processes by means of the TeChnicon is filled with granules, insert glass wool in both ends AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. of the tube. Sleeve both ends with 0.090 I.D. Tygon 2 Grasshoff. K., Technicon International Congress. June, 1969. tubing and insert an N5 nipple on one side of the tube. 3 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Methods for Connect the other side of the tube directly to the A2 Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. November, 1969. debubbler by means of the 0.090 I.D. Tygon. TECHNICON INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS/TARRYTOWN. NEW YORK 10591 A DIVISION OF TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION/Tarrytown, New York 10591 2647-10-1-5 Start pumping reagents. When the pump tubes are if the sample is such that Whatman #4 or equivalent filled with reagents and all air is removed from trans- filter paper is satisfactory. (See Continuous Filter mission lines, attach the distal end of the tube to the Manual. No. CFO-I.) objection fitting (116-0489) using a short length of 34 I.D. Polyethylene tubing. 3. It is of the utmost importance that the water used in preparing reagents and standards be completly Preparing the column in this fashion keeps it effec- free of contamination. Reagents should be stored tive for hundreds of samples. in glass bottles and contact with air should be avoided. STANDARDS 4. In order to determine nitrate levels. the nitrite alone must be subtracted from the total (nitrate and STOCK STANDARDS: 100 ppm N nitrite). The nitrite value can be determined by Potassium nitrate, KNO3 eliminating the reductor column from the manifold. (Technicon No. T13-5074 0.72218 or by using the Technicon Methodology for Nitrite Distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml (102-70W) 5. The reductor column must be clean and have good Preparation. flow characteristics for the system to operate Dissolve 0.72 g of potassium nitrate in distilled satisfactorily. Colloidal copper is the primary water and dilute to one liter. Store in a glass bottle contaminant. with a few drops or chloroform as a preservative. Pre- pare standards ranging from O.04 to 2.0 ppm N in serial 6. For initial activation of the reductor column about dilutions. Working standards should be prepared daily. l00 ml or distilled water containing 1 ml of the stock standard should be pumped through the column. OPERATING NOTES 7. The efficiencv of the reductor column has been found to be 99%. 1. Samples should be processed and analyzed as soon as possible. If this cannot be done immediately. they S. Before running this method, switch the range on should be refrigerated at 5-10 *C or preserved the Digital Printer to 200. set the Mode Switch with 1 drop of chloroform per 100 ml sample. into Normal position. set the Sampling Rate Switch to 40 and place the Decimal Switch in the 0.00 2. Where particulate matter is present, the solution position. (See Instruction Manual TA1-027S-00.) must be filtered prior to the determination. This can be accomplished by having the Technicon Continuous Filter as an integral part of the system 9. Alternate ranges may be obtained by utilization of the Standard Calibration Dial on the Calorimeter. Appendix A8d- Litter Content Analysis INDUSTRIAL METHOD No. 108-71W/PRELIMINARY DATE RELEASED: MARCH 1972 LOW-LEVEL AMMONIA IN FRESH AND ESTUARINE WATER (RANGE: 0-0.5 mg/1) GENERAL DESCRIPTION The automated procedure for the determination of ammonia in water utilizes the Berthelot Reaction.in which the formation of a blue colored compound be- lieved to be closely related to indophenol occurs when the solution of an ammonium salt is added to sodium phenoxide. followed by the addition of sodium hypo- chlorite. A solution of potassium sodium tartrarc and sodium citrate is added to the sample stream to climi- nate the precipitation of the hydroxides of calcium and magnesium. 1,2,3,4,5,6 PERFORMANCE AT 60 SAMPLES PER HOUR USING AQUEOUS STANDARDS Sensitivity at 0.5 mg/l 0.43 absorbance units Coefficient of Variation at 0.4 mg/l 0.32% Dectection Limit 0.01 mg/l REAGENTS COMPLEXING REACENT --Potassium Sodium Tartrate (KNcC4H6O6 H2O) 33 g 66 --Sodium Citrate (HDC(COON0) (CH 2COONO) 2 .2H 20) 24 g 48 Distilled Water, g.s. 1000 ml 2000 Brij-35* (Technicon No. T21-0110) (0.5 ml -20 drops) Preparation: Dissolve 33 potassium sodium tartrare and 24 g sodium citrate in 95) ml of distilled water. Adjust the pH of this solution to 5.0 with concentrated sulfuric acid. Dilute to one liter with distilled water. Add 0.5 ml of Brij-35. 1 Van Slvke. D.D. and Hillen. A.J. BioChem. 162. 490. (1933) 2 Kaltman. S. Presentation at Div. 1 Meeting of ASTM Com- mittee E-3. April, 1967. San Diego, California. 3 Bolieter. W.T. Bushman. C.J. and Tidwell. F.N.. Anai. Chem. 33 502 (196). 4 Teliow. J.A. and Wilson. A.L. Analyst. 58. 453 (1944) 5 Tarugi. A. and Lenei F. Boil. Caim. Farm. 50. A-27 (1712). 6 FWPCA Methods of Chem. Anal. of Water and Wcare Water. Nov.. 1969. p. 137. *Registered trademark of Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc. ALKALINE PHENOL 400 g NaOH in -Phenol (C6 H5 OH) 83 approx 1500 ml H2O Sodium Hydroxide (NoOH)20% w/v 180 ml allow to cool. Add Distilled Water, q.s. 1000 ml 522 ml liquid phenol slowly- cool bring Preparaton: to 2l volume. Using a one-liter Erlenmeyer flask, dissolve 83 g of 200 and 276/10cc phenol in 50 ml of distilled water. Cool the solution under tap water. Cautiously add 180 ml of 20% sodium. hydroxide in small increments with good mixing. Dilute to one litcr with distilled water. 500c bottle =485 ml SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (Stock) (Technicon No. T01-0114) Any good commercially available household bleach having 5.25% available chlorine may be used.* SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (Working) Dilute 200 ml of stock sodium hypochlorite to one liter with water. SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE- (sodium Hydroferricynaide) Sodium Nitroprusside {No2 Fe (CN)5 NO 2H2 O} 0.5 g Distilled Water, q.s. 1000 ml Preporation: Dissolve 0.5 g sodium nitroprusside in 900 ml with distilled water and dilute to one liter. STANDARDS STOCK STANDARD, 100 mg N/1 5ml Stock---50ml B Ammonium Sulfate {NH4)2SO4} 0.4716 g ml B Distilled Water, q.s. 1000 ml .1 = 1ml----100ml .2 = 2 " .3 = 3 " Preparation: .4 = 4 " In a one-liter volumetric flask. dissolve 0.4716 .5 = 5 " ammonium sulfate in 900 ml or distilled water. Dilute to volume with distilled water. Prepare working stand- ards ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 mg/l for calibration. The working standards should be prepared fresh daily. OPERATING NOTES low NH4+ 2ml stock---50ml B 1. All water used in the preparation of reagezes ml B should be deionized. acid distilled water. .2ppm 5 ----100ml 2. For best results, the sample cups should be washed .16 4 " in deionized. acid distilled water and stored in .12 3 " plastic containers in an amnionia- free enviroment .08 2 " 3. The alkaline phenol reagent should be filtered .04 1 " through a glass filter prior to use. 4. Where particulate matter is present, the solution must be filtered prior to the determination. This can be accomplished by having the Technicon Continuous Filter as an integral part of the system if the sample is such that Whatman #4 or equivalent filter paper is satisfactory. 5. If the system is being run in an ammonia contam- inated environment, the air for segmenting the stream should he scrubbed through acid prior to its introduction into the system. 6. Before running the method, position the controls of the Vodular Printer as follows: CONTROL Position MODE Switch Normal SAMPLING RATE Switch 40 RANGE Switch 500 DECIMAL Switch 000. Details of Modular Printer Operation are provided in Technical Publication No. TAl-0278-10. 7. Alternate ranges may be obtained by utilization of the Std Cal control on the Colorimeter. STOCK STANDARD A, 1000 gat P/I 1. A blank reading for the particular sea of Anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosphate interest should be determined by sampling sea (Technicon No T13-5069) (KH2PO4) 0. 136 g water while running distilled water only through the Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml reagent lines. The blank reading obtained should then be subtracted from the readings of the unknowns. Preparation: 2. Glassware for the preparation of reagents and Dissolve the potassium phosphate in 500 ml of standards should be washed with one normal hydro- deionized, distilled water - in a volumetric flask. chloric acid and rinsed thoroughly with deionized. Dilute to one liter with deionized, distilled water. Add distilled Water in order to remove any traces of phos- 1 ml of chloroform as a preservative. phate. Sample cups should be treated in a similar manner and then rinsed with the solution to be meas- STOCK STANDARD B, 80 gat P/I Stock standard A 4 ml Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 50 ml 3. The ascorbic acid solution is Stable for about two , months if kept in a freezer or refrigerator. It is stable for about two weeks if not refridgerated. How- Preparation: ever, the container must be kept well stoppered. Dilute 4 ml of stock standard A in a volumetric flask to 50 ml with deionized, distilled water. Pre- 4. Samples which are not run immediately should pare fresh daily. be preserved with 1 ml 1 of chloroform. WORKING STANDARDS 5. The reagent baseline absorbance with reference to water should be approximately 0.015 absorbance ml Stock B gat P/I units. 6. Alternate ranges may be obtained by utilization 1.0 0.8 of the standard calibration the Colorimeter. 2.0 1.6 3.0 2.4 7. Before running, this method. switch the range on 4.0 3.2 the Digital Printer to 400, set the Mode Switch into 5.0 4.0 Normal position. set the Sampling Rate Switch to 30 and place the Decimal Switch in the 0.00 position. Preparation: ( See Instruction Manual No. TA1-0278.00 ) Pipette stock B into a 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to 100 ml with deionized. distilled water. Pre- The Colorimeter should be operated in the Damp pare fresh daily. ORTHO PHOSPHATE IN SEA WATER (Range: 0-4 gat P/I) MANIFOLD NO. - 116-D221-01 To Sampler IV GRN/GRN (2.00) WATER 157-B273-03 Wash Receptacle 37.5 C 5 Turns 5 Turns BLK/BLK (0.32) AIR 7.7 ml 170-0103 170-0103 BLK/BLK (0.32) WATER 0RN /0RN (0.42) SAMPLE Waste ORN/ORN (0.23) REAGENT WHT/WHT (0.60) FROM F/C Waste TO F/C SAMPLER IV RECORDER COLORIMETER Pump Tube POLYETHYLENE .034 I.D. 30/HR S1 Photo Tubes 2:1 885 nm NOTE: Numbers in parenthesis signify Flow Rate in ml/min. 50 mm x 1.5 mm F/C 199-B023-01 Technicon Instruments Corp. Tarrytown, New York. 10591 Appendix A8e- Litter Content Analysis AutoAalyzer II INDUSTRIAL METHOD No. l55-71W NOV. 1971 ORTHO PHOSPHATE IN SEA WATER (Range: 0-4 ugat P/1) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Deionized, distilled water, g,s. 1000 ml The automated procedure for the determination of Preparation: ortho phosphate in sea water depends on the formation Dissolve 40 g of ammonium molybdate in 800 ml of of a phosphomolybdenum blue complex which is read deionized, distilled water. Dilute to one liter with colorimetrically at 885 nm.1 deionized, distilled water. A single reagent solution is used consisting of an -ASCORBIC ACID acidified solution of ammonium molybdate containing Ascorbic acid, U.S.P. (Technicon ascorbic acid and a small amount of antimony. No. T11-5070) (C6H8O6) 9 g Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 500 ml Interference from copper and iron is insignificant. Change every month Silicon at a level of 100 ugat Si/1 causes an interfer- ence equivalent to approximately 0.04 ugat P/l. Preparation: Although arsenate produces a similar color to Dissolve 18 g of U.S.P. quality ascorbic acid in phosphate. sea water rarely contains arsenate in con- 800 ml of deionized. distilled water. Dilute to one centrations high enough to interfere. The salt error liter with deionized. distilled water. has been found to be less than 17. PERFORMANCE AT 30 SAMPLES PER HOUR -ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE Antimony potassium tortrate USING AQUEOUS STANDARDS: Sensitivity (0. 15 absorbance units) 4.0 ugat P/I [K (S60) C4H406 1,2H20] 3.0 g Coefficient of variation (95% confi- Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml dence level at 2 ugat P/1) 2.96% Detection limit 0.08 ugat P/1 Preparation: Dissolve 3.0 g of antimony potassium tartrate in REAGENTS 800 ml of deionized. distilled water. Dilute to one liter with deionized. distilled water. SULFURIC ACID, 4.9N COMBINED WORKING REAGENT Sulfuric acid, concentrated (sp. gr. 1.84) Sulfuric acid, 4.9N, 50 ml (H2SO4) 136 ml Ammonium molybate 15 ml Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml Ascorbic acid 30 ml Antimony potassium tartrate 5 ml Preparation: Add 136 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to 800 ml of deionized.distilled water while cooling. After this Preparation: solution has cooled, dilute to one liter with deionized, distilled water. Combine reagents together in the order listed above: 50 ml of sulfuric acid. 15 ml of ammonium molybdate. AMONIUM MOLYBDATE 30 ml of ascorbic acid and 5 ml of antimony potassium Ammonium molybdate tartrate. This reagent is stable for about eight hours. (NH2) 6M07O24 4H2O) 40 g WATER DILUENT To deionized, distilled water add 2.0 cc Levor Murphy, J.. and Riley, J.P., A modified Single Solution per liter Method for the Determination of Phosphatez in Natural Waters. Anal. Chim. Acta, 27, p. 30, 1962. TECHNICONINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS/TARRYTOWN NEW YORK 10591 A DIVISON OF TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION Tarrytown,New York 10591 INDUSTRIAL METHOD No. 155-7 NOV. 1971 ORTHO PHOSPHATE IN SEA WATER (Range: 0-4 ugat P/1) GENERAL DESCRIPTION Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml The estimated procedure for the determination of Preparation: a phosphate in sea water depends on the formation of phosaphomolybdenum blue complex which is read Dissolve 40 g or ammonium molybdate in 8OO ml of metrically at 885 nm.1 deionized, distilled water. Dilute to one liter with deionized,distilled water. A single reagent solution is used consisting of an solution of ammonium molybdate containing -ASCORBIC ACID acid and a samll amount of antimony. Ascorbic acid, U.S.P. (Technicon Interference from cooper and iron is insignificant. at a level of 100 ugat Si/1 causes an interfer- No. T11-5070) (C6H8O6) 9 g equivalent to approximately 0.04 ugat P/1. Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 500 ml Although arsenate produces a similar color to ,sea water rarely contains arsenate in con- Preparation: ditions high enough to interfere. The salt error Dissolve 18 g of U.S.P. quality ascorbic acid in been found to be less than 17. 800 ml of deionized Dilute to one liter with deionized. distilled water. PERFORMANCE AT 30 SAMPLES PER HOUR -ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE Antimony potassium tartrate G AQUEOUS STANDARDS: sensitivity (0.15 obsorbance units) 4.0 ugat P/I [K(SO) C4H4O6 1/2h2O] 3.0 g Deionized, distilled water, q.s. 1000 ml of variation (95% confi- dence level at 2 gat P1) 2.96% l Preparation: election limit 0.08 ugat P/L Dissolve 3.0 g of antimony potassium tartrate in 800 ml of deionized. distilled water. Dilute to one REAGENTS liter with deionized. distilled water. ACID, 4.9N COMBINED WORKING REAGENT sulfuric acid, concentrated (sp.gr.1.84) Sulfuric acid, 4.9N 50 ml (H2S04) 136 ml eionized, distilled water, q.s 1000 ml Ammonium molybdate 15 ml Ascorbic acid 30 ml oration: Antimony potassium tartrate 5 ml add 136 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to 800 ml onized.distilled water while cooling. After this on has cooled, dilute to one liter with deionized, Preparation: lled water. Combine reagents together in the order listed above: 50 ml of sulfuric acid. 15 ml of ammonium molybdate. ONIUM MOLBDATE 30 ml of ascorbic acid and 5 ml of antimonv potassium rronium molybdate tartrate. This reagent is stable for about eight hours. (NH4)6mo7o24 4H2o WATER DILUENT for the Determination of Phospahe in nutural To deinized, distilled water add 2.0 cc levor per liter. per liter. Anal,Chim, Acta 27 p. 30,1962 TECHNICON INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS, TARRYTOWN NEW YORK 0591 A DIVISION OF TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION Turrytown, New York 10591 Appendix B1 Soils Data- Particle Size Analysis KING CO4JNTY WETLAND STUDY SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 1938. SAMPLE SITE # DATE SAND SILT CLAY 8407 B31 0 110888 84.8 11.5 3.7 B399 831 S 110888 93.0 5.2 1.8 8406 B31 T 110888 86.8 12.0 1.2 8408 B31 V 110888 77.0 22.5 0.5 8430 B31 X 110888 86.2 13.2 0.6 8431 B31 Y 110888 75.8 24.2 0.0 8432 B31 Z 110888 84.7 13.3 2.0 1718 BBc24 S 160988 73.2 22.7 4.1 8424 BBc24 Y 160988 87.3 12.2 0.5 8425 BBC24 Z 160988 79.1 19.2 1.7 8397 ELS39 X 110888 BELOW BLANK 8398 ELS61 S 110888 83.1 13.6 3.3 P,385 ELS61 X 110888 81.7 18.1 0.2 8386 ELS61 Y 110888 70.1 26.0 3.9 8387 ELS61 Z 11 OM 81.9 16.7 1.4 2118 ELW1 S 181188 15.7 81.9 2.5 2118 ELW1 S 181188 81.9 15.7 2.5 8391 ELW1 X 181188 81.7 17.5 0.8 8391 ELW1 X 181188 17.5 81.7 0.8 B392 ELW1 Y 181188 46.5 51.0 2.5 8392 ELW1 Y 181188 51.0 46.5 2.5 8393 ELWI Z 181188 25.8 71.7 2.5 8393 ELW1 Z 181188 71.7 25.8 2.5 1621 FC1 S 20988 55.2 40.1 4.7 8417 FC1 X 250888 49.6 44.7 5.7 8417 FC1 X 250888 44.7 49.6 5.7 8417 FC1 X 250888 100? 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8418 FC1 Y 250BBS 68.9 27.4 3.7 8419 FC1 Z 250888 75.4 19.1 5.5 1719 HC13 S 160988 UNABLE TO CALC. SILT+CLAY < CLAY E394 HC13 X 160988 86.9 11.0 2.1 8398 HC13 Y 160988 99.1 0.0 0.9 HIGH ORGANICS 8396 HC13 Z 160988 87.9 7.3 4.8 8401 JC28 4 20968 10.3 87.4 2.4 8400 JC28 X 20988 80.2 14.5 5.3 84011 JC28 Y 20988 2 HR. READING < BLANK HIGH ORGANICS 8402 JC28 Z 20988 B2.6 6.0 1.4 8401 JC28 4 20988 87.4 10.3 2.4 8411 LCR93 S 250WS 1007 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8412 LCR93 T 20988 UNABLE TO CALC. SILT+CLAY < CLAY 8433 LCR93 X 250888 100.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8434 LCR93 Y 250888 100.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8435 LCR93 Z 250888 100.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8423 LPS9 S 20988 98.6 0.0 1.4 HIGH ORGANICS 8420 LPS9 X 20988 94.4 4.5 1.1 E-421 LPS9 Y 209a8 92.5 4.5 3.o 8422 LPS9 z 20988 91.4 7.8 0.8 8428 MGR36 S 180988 76.7 19.5 3.8 8388 MGR36 X 180988 37.0 62.7 0.3 E389 MGR36 Y 180988 79.6 19.0 1.4 E390 MGR36 Z 180988 49.0 48.7 2.3 8426 PC12 X 1809aB 88.1 0.8 11.1 8427 PC12 Y 180988 20.7 55.7 23.6 8403 RR5 X 180988 78.0 19.8 2.2 8404 RR5 Y 1809a8 85.9 0.0 14.1 8405 RR5 Z 180988 83.5 11.0 5.5 8409 SR24 S 2508M 89.7 3.0 7.3 8410 SR24 T 250888 100? 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8414 SR24 X 2508M 100? 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8415 SR24 Y 250888 100? 0.0 0.0 HIGH ORGANICS 8416 SR24 Z 250888 54.7 43.1 2.2 Appendix B2- SOIL CORE DATA WETLAND TRANSECT SAMPLE REDOX PH COLOR B31 AO+3W 8808430 -209 6.63 10YR 3/2 B31 A15+2W 8808431 -187 6.51 10YR 2/2 B31 A29+1W 8808432 -150 6.52 10YR 2/2 B31 A51+2W 8808399 -85 6.66 10YR 3/2 B31 A68+OW 8808406 -25 6.60 10YR 3/2 B31 BO+OW 8808407 -105 6.35 10YR 1/2 B31 B20+2W 8808408 -258 6.50 10YR 3/2 BBC24 ADAM -220 6.14 10YR 3/2 BBC24 A20+5S -173 5.78 10YR 2/2 BBC24 B15+3S -189 5.67 10YR 3/2 ELS39 A35+4W 8808398 245 4.34 10YR 2/2 ELS39 B17+1W 8808398 -.04 5.35 10YR 2/2 ELS61 AO+3N 8808385 27 5.50 10YR 3/2 ELS61 AORENH20 8808386 -9 5.73 10YR 4/2 ELS61 AO+50 8808387 71 5.84 10YR 3/2 ELW1 A35+1S 8808391 +373 6.35 10YR 3/2 ELW1 A60+1S 8808392 +356 5.32 10YR 3/2 ELW1 A5+2S 88032118 94 6.14 10YR 3/1 ELW1 A123+1S 8808313 -254 5.62 10YR 4/3,2.5Y2/0 FC1 ARIVER 8808417 -292 6.96 10YR 3/1 FC1 A39+1W 8808418 -222 6.26 10YR 3/2 FC1 A62+12S 8808419 +226 5.00 7.5YR 4/4 FC1 B38+1W 8808450 -400 6.11 10YR 4/2 HC13 A12+1S 8394 HC13 A42+1S 8395 HC13 A69+3S 8396 HC13 B69+3S HC13 B30+1W JC28 A68+2W 8808400 -222 5.94 10YR2/1, 5YR 3/2 JC28 A94+1N 8808401 145 5.87 5YR 2.5/1 JC28 B30+0 8808402 -20 5.73 5YR 2.5/1 LCR93 A27+1W 8808433 -102 5.90 5YR 2.5/1 LCR93 A60+1W 8808434 197 5.61 5YR 2.5/2 LCR93 A150+1E 8808435 -32 5.45 5YR 2.5/1 LCR93 A156+5E 8808412 -167 6.17 10YR 3/2 LCR93 A151+1W 8808411 -36 5.45 5YR 2.5/1 LPS9 POND 8808420 -201 5.60 10YR3/2 LPS9 POND2 8808421 -201 5.6 10YR3/2 LPS9 A12+1W 8808422 +242 4.00 5YR2.5/2 LPS9 B30+1W 8808429 +237 4.85 5YR2.5/1 Appendix B3 Soils Data- Nitrogen, Phosphorous L01 KING COUNTY WETLAND STUDY NITROGEN AND TOTAL PHSPWORUS ANALYSIS 1988. VOL LOSS ON WETLAND # DATE IN) [TP1 TOT SOL MST SLD SOL IGNITION E31 0 110835 2740.31 303.117 600000 40 60 62000 10333 E31 S 1100-38 2510.04 2&4.035 480000 51 48 77000 16.042 B31 T 1105SM 433.6 324.177 750000 25 75 68000 9.067 631 V 110888 604.87 434.229 590000 41 59 46000 7.797 1331 X 110385 502.75 393.553 350000 65 35 76000 21.714 631 Y 110SM 2146.56 304.707 330000 67 33 81000 24.545 831 Z 110888 2402.04 106.9&4 180000 82 18 80000 44.444 SBC24 S 160988 1638.67 69.534 290000 71 29 100000 34.483 BEC24 Y 160988 1524.57 151.536 430000 57 43 66000 15.349 ESC24 Z 160988 1692.43 154.235 660000 34 66 64000 9.697 SBC24 21188 280000 72 28 0.000 SBC24 101188 737.6 ELS39 X 110888 10739.1 204.985 530000 47 53 84000 15.849 ELS61 S 110888 3392.3 1177.383 310000 69 31 190000 61.290 ELS61 X 110888 2137.77 197.731 220000 78 22 92000 41.818 ELS61 Y 110888 2558.65 466.239 480000 52 48 75000 15.625 ELS61 Z 110888 2608.7 271.828 490000 51 49 69000 14.082 ELS61 311038 120000 88 12 0.000 ELS61 S 181188 6154.16 293.47 610000 39 61 50000 8.197 ELS61 101168 437.7 ELW1 101188 96.7 ELW1. X 181188 636.67 342.16 720000 28 72 38000 5.278 -LW1 Y 181188 3500.36 497.462 610000 39 61 92000 15.082 ELWI Z 181185 -7782.57 98.479 150000 &5 15 88000 58.667 ELW1 21158 650000 35 65 0 0.000 FC1 X 260888 2122.65 385.674 570000 43 57 62000 10.877 FC1 Y 250888 1737.6 409.701 400000 60 40 64000 16.000 FC1 Z 2508M 2052.56 288.475 600000 40 60 80000 13.333 FC1 S 20983 240.915 390000 61 39 49000 12.564 FC1 X 2098B 570000 -43 57 62000 10.877 FC1 Y 20988 390000 61 39 59000 15.128 FC1 Z 2098B 580000 42 58 B0000 13.793 FC1 S 30988 2021 FC1 21188 530000 47 53 0 0.000 FC1 X 181188 530000 47 53 63000 11.887 FC1 101185 551.7 HC13 S 160988 25!5.45 141.519 160000 84 16 120000 75.000 HC13 X 160988 2&47.07 254.044 64000 92 8.4 31000 36.905 HC13 Y 160988 3140.88 129.98 130000 87 13 91000 70.000 H.'13 Z 160988 2974.*a6 195.365 140000 96 14 88000 62.857 HC13 21188 180000 82 is 0.000 HC13 101185 1775.5 JC28 X 20988 2256.88 449.126 350000 65 35 85000 24.2a6 JC28 Y 20988 549.091 220000 78 22 140000 63.636 JC28 Z 20988 382.896 180000 82 18 130000 72.222 J1.28 Y 309a8 4909.53 JC28 309aS 3536.45 JC28 3110aS 150000 85 15 0,000 JC28 181188 220000 78 22 150000 68.182 X128 91188 955.8 LCR93 S 25088B 4007.04 124.421 160000 84 16 100000 62.500 LCR93 X 2508M 3589.67 203.078 170000 83 17 110000 64.706 LCR93 Y 250888 4375.21 140.595 160000 &4 16 120000 75.000 LCR93 Z 250888 3798.8.6 102r526 170000 83. 17 110000 64.706 LCR93 J 20988 203.213 LCR93 T 20988 170000 83 17 110000 64.706 LCR93 T 30983 4145.79 LCR93 311088 470000 53 47 0.000 LCR93 91188 1807.8 LPS9 S 20988 5896.04 433.17 350000 65 35 120000 34.286 LPS9 S 20988 5896.04 307.582 190000 81 19 150000 78.947 LPS9 X 20988 219.651 200000 80 20 110000 55.000 LPS9 Y 20988 2713.96 26,4.021 180000 82 18 110000 61.111 LPS9 Z 20988 351.83 316.688 420000 58 42 290000 69.048 LPS9 Z- 20988 351.83 310.353 420000 58 42 290000 69.048 LPS9 Z 20988 351.83 405.562 420000 58 42 290000 69.048 LPS9 S 309a8 4603.52 LPS9 X 30988 3397.93 LPS9 311088 1130000 87 13 0.000 LPS9 91188 1283.7 MGR36 S 180888 1048.04 371.249 620000 38 62 43000 6.935 MGR36 X 180888 1860.09 292.885 390000 61 39 68000 17.436 MGR36 Y 180888 2640.52 342.089 190000 81 19 68000 35.789 MGR36 Z 180838 1698.52 205.723 370000 63 37 64000 17.297 MGR36 311088 200000 80 20 0.000 MGR36 91188 544.2 PC12 X 180888 3246.86 179.488 170000 83 17 110000 64.706 PC12 Y 180888 2939.12 128.098 500000 50 50 65000 13.000 PC12 21188 250000 75 25 PC12 101188 372.2 RR5 X 180888 1783.38 196.527 430000 57 43 66000 15.349 RP5 Y 180888 3199.86 113.307 94000 91 9.4 83000 88.298 RR5 Z 180888 2736.64 140.042 260000 74 26 89000 34.231 RR5 311088 180000 82 18 0.000 RR5 110988 990.6 SR24 S 250888 2524.45 157.476 200000 80 20 94000 47.000 SR24 S 250888 2524.45 162.456 200000 80 20 94000 47.000 SR24 S 250888 2524.45 250.798 200000 80 20 94000 47.000 SR24 T 250888 3398.17 110.344 150000 85 15 100000 66.667 SR24 X 250888 3381.77 60.655 120000 88 12 110000. 91.667 SR24 X 250888 3462.72 60.655 120000 88 12 110000 91.667 SR24 Y 250888 3062.03 40.778 130000 87 13 120000 92.308 SR24 Z 250888 2427.34 115.594 130000 87 13 99000 76.154 SR24 21188 170000 83 17 0.000 SR24 101188 a86.1 ARSENIC ARSENIC CADN41UM CADMIUM COPPER COPPER LEAD LEAD ZINC WETWT DRYWT WETWT DRYWT WETWT DRY WT WET WT DRY WT WET ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B31 M=6.0 M=14.0 M=0.17 M= 0.6 M= 12.4 M=29.1 M=48.9 M= 120.3 M=4 STD=2.6 STD=7.3 STD=O. 14 STD=0.2 STD=2.8 STD=12.4 STD=26.8 STD=71.6 STD BBC24 M=2.7 M=8.8 M=O. 16 M=4.8 M=3.5 M=19.7 M=7.6 M= 15.0 M=9. STD=0.8 STD=7.1 STD=0.09 STD=7.9 STD=0.4 STD=2 1.0 STD=2.6 STD=10.0 STD ELS39 M=1.9 M=5.8 M=O.O &F-* M=4.7 M= 14.0 M=7.9 M=24.0 M=I. STD=0.0 STD=0.0 STD=0.0 S-ID--* STD=0.0 STD=0.0 STD=0.0 STD=0.0 STD ELS61 M=3.2 M= 12.2 M=O. 13 M=0.5 M=9.7 M=36.2 M= 10.5 M=38.3 M=l STD= 1.0 STD=8.3 STD=O. 10 STD=0.3 STD=6.3 STD=26.5 STD=4.1 STD=25.0 STD ELW I hl=S.3 M=12.2 hl=0.20 M=1.3 M=10.2 M=22.8 M=46.8 M=109.5 M=3 STD= 1.7 STD=6.3 STD=0.07 STD=1.3 STD=2.8 STD=7.7 STD=15.7 STD=62.9 STD FCI M=3.8 M=8.1 M=0.07 M=0.3 M=10.5 M=22.0 M= 18.4 M=39.7 M=2 STD=0.4 STD= 1.4 STD=0.09 STD=O.l STD=5.0 STD=8.0 STD=14.6 STD=26.6 STD lIC13 M=1.3 M=7.1 M=O. 18 M=0.9 M=4.8 M=24.8 M=4.1 M=27.2 M=4. STD=0.8 STD=4.3 STD=O. 14 STD=0.7 STD=3.2 STD=9.8 STD=4.1 STD=19.7 STD JC28 M=1.5 M=6.5 M=0.0 M=0.7 M=4.3 M=18.7 M=5.4 M=23.7 M=3. STD=0.9 STD=2.9 STD=0.0 STD=0.2 STD=I.3 STD=3.2 STD=3.4 STD= 14.4 STD= LCR93 M=1.4 M=8.3 M=0.0 Nl=* M=2.5 M=14.7 M=7.3 M=42.2 M=I. STD=0.6 STD=3.6 STD;--O.O SrD--* STD=1.2 STD=7.6 S'rD=2.0 STD= 11. 1 STD= ARSENIC ARSENIC CADMIUM CADMIUM COPPER COPPER LEAD LEAD ZINC WETNVT DRYNVT WE-TWT DRYWT WETWT DRY WT WET WT DRY WT NVET ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LPS9 M=6.0 M=23.0 M=O. 16 M=0.7 M=10.8 M=38.4 M=20.7 M=68.4 M=II STD=2.7 STD=9.9 STD=O. 16 STD=0.2 STD=6.1 STD=12.3 STD=17.4 STD=38.0 STD= MGR36 M=3.7 M=7.9 M=0.0 Nt=i* M= 17.5 M=36.5 M=5.3 M=11.2 M=31 STD=1.2 STD=2.8 STD=0.0 STD--* STD=2.1 STD=3.1 STD=2.0 STD=4.6 STD= PC12 M=3.5 M= 12.8 M=O. 11 M=1.4 M=7.4 M=27.0 M=19.0 M=104.0 M=15 STD=1.3 STD=7.4 STD=O. 15 STD=0.0 STD=2.4 STD=17.0 STD=12.8 STD=121.6 STD= RR5 M=1.8 M=6.2 M=0.06 M=0.5 M=4.5 M=14.7 M=7.7 M=42.3 M= 14 STD=0.2 STD=2.6 STD=0.05 STD=0.2 STD=3.2 STD=4.2 STD=1.9 STD=38.0 STD= SR24 M=1.5 M=10.5 M=0.06 M=1.0 M=5.1 M=32.2 M=23.1 M=194.3 M=6. STD= 1. 1 STD=7.2 STD=0.09 STD=0.0 STD=5.2 STD=27.5 STD=21.1 STD=128.4 STD= SOIL METALS DATA LAB WETCODEFIELD-ID AS-DW AS-DWDL CD-DW CD-DWDL CU-D'vl 1001-01 B31 AO+3W 11 0.55 33 1001-02 B31 A15+2W 19 0.77 47 1001-03 B31 A 12'9 + 111 19 0.67 40 1001-04 B31 0+011 25 0.83 27 1001-05 B31 20+2W 9.80 0.26 15 1001-06 B31 68+OW 3.20 0.14 13 1001-07 B31 68+1W ii 0.29 29 1089-03 BBC24 B15+2S 17 1.2 14 43 44 1089-05 BBC24 ADAM 3.9 0.12 6.5 1089-07 BBC24 A20+5S 5.5 0.36 8.7 1001-12 ELS39 A35+4W 5.80 0.42 14 1001-08 ELS61 OW 5.80 0.34 19 1001-09 ELS61 AOW+50 22 0.89 53 1001-10 ELS61 AO+3N 4.80 0.20 8.70 1001-11 ELS61 17+1W 16 0.82 64 1118-04 ELWI A5+2S 6.2 3.2 19. 1118-01 ELW1 A22+1S 21 1.1 34 1118-02 ELW1 A35+IS 12 0.32 17. 1118-03 ELTAT1 A60+1S 9.6 0.42 21 1051-07 FC1. A39+1N 9.30 0.19 20 1051-08 FCI ARIV 7.70 0.35 33 1051-11 FC1. A62+12S 6.30 0.21 14 1068-06 FCI B38 9.20 0.28 21 1089-01 HC13 B30 5.6 0.3 36 1089-02 HC13 A12-11S 6.8 1.1 30 1089-04 HC13 A42-1S 13 0.56 16 1089-06 HC13 A69+3S 2.8 1.8 17 1068-01 JC28 A94-'lN 7.60 0.48 21 1068-02 JC28 B30 3.20 @0.54 15 1068-09 JC28 A68+2W 8.60 0.35 20 1051-03 LCR93 A60+1W 6.30 0.59 12 1051-04 LCR93 A150+1E 5 0.66 12 1051-06 LCR93 A151+1W 6.60 0.56 13 1051-12 LCR93 A27+lW 14 0.57 28 1068-08 LCR93 A156+5E 9.60 0.64 8.70 1068-03 LPS9 POND2 21 0.81 31 1068-04 LPS9 POND 14 0.48 28 1068-05 LPS9 B69+1E 40 0.63 58 1068-07 LPS9 B30+lW 20 0.39 32 1068-10 LPS9 A12+1W 20 0.87 43 1032-01 MGR36 B57 6 0.23 40 1032-02 MGR36 B70 6.50 0.24 33 1032-03 MGR36 A2+1W 7.10 0.25 35 1032-04 MGR36 A243+1W 12 0.26 38 1032-08 PC12 A83-.E 18 1.40 39 1032-09 PC12 B38+2E 7.50 0.16 15 1032-05 RR5 A138+2W 5.50 0.35 18 1032-06 RR5 A2711E 9.10 0.60 10 1032-07 RR5 B40+6MW 4 0.21 16 1051-01 SR24 A14+2E 19 0.99 50 SOIL METALS DATA (contd 2) LAB WETCODEFIELD-ID AS-Dl,,7 AS-DWDL CD-DW CD-DWDL CU-DW 1051-02 SR24 C45+5NV 4.40 0.78 13 1051-05 SR24 43+6N 11 0.62 17 1051-09 SR24 E+0+5N 16 1 72 1051-10 SR24 C43+6N 2.30 0.54 9.20 LAB WETCODEFIELD-ID AS-WW AS-WWDL CD-WW CD-WTA7DL CU-I%IW 1001-01 B31 AO+3W 5.5 0.28 16 1001-02 B31 A15+2W 6.5 0.26 16 1001-03 B31 A29+1W 4.6 0.16 9.3 1001-04 B31 O+OW 11 0.35 12 1001-05 B31 20+2W 6.4 0.17 9.6 1001-06 B31 68+OW 2.7 0 0.11 11 1001-07 B31 68+1W 5 0 0.13 13 1089-03 BBC24 B15+2S 3.6 0.25 3 1089-05 BBC24 ADAM 2.2 0.07 3.8 1089-07 BBC24 A20+5S 2.3 0.15 3.6 1001-12 ELS39 A35+4W 1.9 0 0.14 4.7 1001-08 ELS61 OW 2.4 0.14 7.8 1001-09 ELS61 AOW+50 2.6 0 0.11 6.5 1001-10 ELS61 A0+3N 3 0.13 5.5 1001-11 ELS61 17+llq 4.7 0.24 19 1118-04 ELW1 A5+2S 3.2 0.10 9.8 1118-01 ELW1 @,22+1S 4.5 0.22 7.2 1118-02 ELWl A35-'lS 7.1 0.19 9.9 1118-03 ELW1 A60+IS 6.2 0.27 14 1051-07 FC1 A39+IN 3.8 0.08 8.3 1051-08 FC1 ARIV 4.2 0.2 is 1051-11 FCI A62+12S 3.7 0 0.12 8.2 1068-06 FC1 B38 3.3 0 0.1 7.5 1089-01 HC13 B30 0.81 0.04 5.1 1089-02 HC13 A12-11S 2.1 0.34 9.2 1089-04 HC13 A42-IS 2 0.09 2.5 1089-06 HC13 A69+3S 0.42 0.26 2.5 1068-01 JC28 A94-1N 1.7 0 0.1 4.7 1068-02 JC28 B30 0.61 0 0.1 2.8 1068-09 JC28 A68+2W 2.3 0 0.09 5.3 1051-03 LCR93 A60+lW 1.1 0 0.11 2.1 1051-04 LCR93 A150+1E 0.87 0 0.12 2.1 1051-06 LCR93 A151+1W 1.1 0 0.1 2.2 1051-12 LCR93 A27+lW 2.3 0 0.09 4.7 1068-08 LCR93 A!56+5E 1.6 0 0.11 1.5 1068-03 LPS9 POND2 4.5 0.17 6.7 1068-04 LPS9 POND 2.8 0 0.1 5.9 1068-05 LPS9 B69+1E 7.9 0.12 12 1068-07 LPS9 B30+1W 5.4 0.1 8.6 1068-10 LPS9 A12+1W 9.5 0.42 21 1032-01 MGR36 B57 3 0 0.11 20 1032-02 MGR36 B70 3.3 0 0.12 17 SOIL METALS DATA (contd 3) IzB WETCODEFIELD-ID AS-111TW AS-WWDL CD-WW C'D-WWDL CU-@@ 1032-03 MC-R36 7-.2+lW 3.1 0 0.11 15 .1032-04 MGR36 A243+1W 5.5 0 0.12 is 1032-08 PC12 A83+E 2.6- 0.21 5.7 1032-09 PC12 B38+2E 4.4 0 0.09 9.1 1032-05 RR5 A138+2W 1.5 0.1 5 1032-06 RR5 A2711E 1.9 0.07 1.1 1032-07 RR5 B40+6MW 1.9 0 0.1 7.4 1051-01 SR24 A14+2E 2.2 0.12 5.8 1051-02 SR24 C45+5NV 0.61 0 0.11 1.8 1051-05 SR24 43+6N 1.5 0 0.08 2.4 1051-09 SR24 E+0+5N 3 0.2 14 1051-10 SR24 C43+6N 0.39 0 0.09 1.6 WETCODE FIELD-ID CU-DWDL PB-DW PB-DWDL ZN-DW ZN-DWDL B31 AO+3W 150 130 B3I A15+2W 210 170 B31 A29+1W 180 130 B31 O+OW 140 230 B31 20+2W 100 63 B31 68+OW 3.90 3.20 B31 68+1W 58 55 BBC24 B15+2S BBC24 ADAM 7.9 22 BBC24 A20+5S 22 @14 ELS39 A35+4W 24 3.30 ELS61 ow 17 37 ELS61 AOW-*50 65 75 ELS61 AO+3N 17 21 ELS61 17+1W 54 80 ELWJ A5+2S 57 56 ELW1 A22+IS 200 110 ELIN11 A35-'lS 81 79 ELW1 A60+1S 100 63 FCI A39-IIN 28 59 FC1 ARIV 71 110 FC1 A62+12S 9.80 33 FC1 B38 50 40 HC13 B30 1.7 10 HC13 A12+IS 25 34 HC13 A42-IS 48 16 HC13 A69+3S 8.7 12 JC28 P.94+114 38 12 JC28 B30 9.10 19 JC28 A68+2W 24 18 LCR93 A60+lW 49 7.10 LCR93 A150+1E 50 5.30 LCR93 A151+1W 43 6.70 LCR93 A27+lW 23 9.10 SOIL YIETALS.DATA (cont-d 4) WETCODE FIELD-ID CU-DWDL PB-DW PB-DWDL ZN-DW ZN-DWDL LCR93 A156+5E 46 9 LPS9 POND2 44 76 LPS9 POND 19 51 LPS9 B69+1E 110 13 LPS9 B30+1W 69 77 LPS9 A12+lW 100 9 MGR36 B57 9.10 65 MGR36 B70 7.80 60 MGR36 A2+1W 9.90 62 MGR36 A243+1W 18 80 PC12 A83+E 190 30 PC12 B38+2E 18 47 RR5 A138+2W 30 37 RR5 A2711E 85 51 RR5 B40+6MW 12 59 SR24 A14+2E 300 72 SR24 C45+5NV 7.80 25 SR24 43+6N 230 12 SR24 E+0+5N 240 100 SR24 C43+6N 7.40 4.30 WETCODE FIELD-ID CU-WWDL PB-IAq PB-WWDL ZN-WW ZN-WWDL B31 AO+3W 78 65 1331 A15+2W 70 57 B3I A29+1W 42 31 B31 O+OW 58 95 B3I 20+2W 65 41 B31 68+OW 3.2 27 B31 68+1W 26 25 BBC24 B15+2S 8.9 9.1 BBC24 ADAM 4.6 13 BBC24 A20+5S 9.3 5.9 ELS39 A35+4W 7.9 1.1 ELS61 ow 7 15 ELS61 AOW+50 7.8 9.1 ELS61 AO+3N 11 13 ELS61 17+1W 16 24 E LINT 1 A5+2S 29 29 ELWI A22+1S 43 23 ELW1 A35+IS 48 47 ELWJ A60+IS 67 41 FC1 A39+IN 11 24 FC1 ARIV 39 61 FC1 A62+12S 5.7 19 FC1 B38 18 14 HC13 B30 0 0.24 1.5 HC13 A12+1S 7.8 10 HC13 A42-1S 7.4 2.5 SOIL METALS DATA (contd 5) WETCODE FIELD ID CU WWDL PB WW PB WWDL Z N W. TAI ZN WWDL HC13 A6 9 + 'I S 1.3 1.8 JC28 A94+1N 8.3 2.7 JC28 B30 1.7 3.6 JC28 A68+2W 6.2 4.9 LCR93 A60+1W 8.9 1.3 LCR93 A150+1E 8.6 0 0.92 LCR93 A151+1W 7.5 1.2 LCR93 A27+lW 3.9 1.5 LCR93 A156+5E 7.5 1.5 LPS9 POND2 9.4 16 LPS9 POND 3.9 11 LPS9 B69+1E 22 2.7 LPS9 B30+1W 19 21 LPS9 A12+lW 49 4.4 MGR36 B57 4.5 32 MGR36 B70 3.9 30 MGR36 A2+1W 4.4 28 MGR36 A243+1W 8.2 37 PC12 A83+E 28 4.3 PC12 B38+2E 10 27 RR5 A138+2W 8.4 10 RR5 A2711E 9.2 5.5 RR5 B40+6Mlq 5.6 26 SR24 A14+2E 36 8.4 SR24 C45+5NV 0 1.1 3.5 SR24 43+6N 32 1.7 SR24 E-110+5N 46 20 SR24 C43-6N 1.3 0.74 Appendix B5 Soils Data- Microtox KING CDUNTY WETLAND STUDY MICROTOX DATA, 19M. DATE SITE EC 50 (PPM) 91188 RR5 990.6 91188 MGR36 544.2 91188 LPS9 1283.7 91188 JC28 955.8 91188 LCR93 1807.8 101M BBC24 737.6 101188 FC1 551.7 101188 ELW1 96.7 101188 PC12 372.2 101188 NC13 175.5 101188 ELS61 437.7 101188 SR24 886. 1 EC 50= Concentration of soil material. (ppm) added to bioLuminescent bacterial growth medium that produced a 50% reduction in light production (relative to controls) in a 15 minute exposure. Appendix B6 Soils Dat-a- Lit-te-r Cont-ent. KING COUNTY WETLAND STUDY LITTER SAMPL SAMPLE Cu (AA) CARBON TOT N TOT P PPM- % % C1 24.03 47.8 0.733 0.051 C2 44.38 48.4 0.813 0.056 C3 33.50 48.3 0.800 0.056 C4 32.75 47.8 0.720 0.051 C5 28.35 47.5 0.782 0.060 Hi 10.20 46.4 1.835 0.095 H2- 11.05 45.7 2.030 0.112 H3 7.73 46.4 1.792 0.100 9.05 47.3 1.6B8 0.089 H4 HS 10.67 46.0 1.790 0.094 9.22 44.3 1.827 0.124 S1 S2 8.35 44.0 1.832 0.121 S3 8.14 44.9 2.061 0.138 s4 10.75 46.1 1.858 0.131 S5 7.76 44.6 1.864 0.125 NBS Pin 43.11 ??? 1.194 0.105 Appendix Cl- Emergence Data for Macroinvertebrates Captured in Each Wetland During Autumn 1988 Survey. WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Bellevue 31 File: 88BV31 Sept. 15- Nov 8, 1988 Cumulative Days: No. o.f individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 68 20 72 53.3 558.2 Psocoptera 36 4 84 41.3 1080.9 Thysanoptera 8 4 12 8.0 10.7 Hemiptera 4 0 4 2.7 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 4 144 8 52.0 4234.7 Cercopidae 4 0 8 4.0 10.7 Cicadellidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 16 0 8 8.0 42.7 Coleoptera 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Lepidoptera 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Hymenoptera Formicidae 12 0 0 4.0 32.0 Parasitoids 64 20 76 53.3 579.6 Arachnida 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 220 196 276 230.7 1123..6 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 0 .0 4 1.3 3.6 Diptera Nematocera 132 76 188 132.0 2090.7 Brachycera 164 84 212 153.3 2787.6 TOTAL AQUATIC 296 160 404 286.7 9966.2 GRAND TOTAL 5-11.6 IJ56 680 517.3 17496.9 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emercence 1988 Big Bear 24 File: BBBB24 Sept. 15- Nov. 9, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 40 28 a 25.3 174.2 Psocoptera 72 140 244 152.0 5002.7 Thysanoptera 8 8 0 5.3 14.2 Hemiptera 0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 Homoptera Aphidae 0 20 0 6.7 88.9 Cercopidae 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Cicadellidae 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera 16 12 8 12.0 10.7 Lepidoptera, 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 16 20 20 18.7 3.6 Arachnida 4 0 12 5.3 24.9 TOTAL TERRESTR IAL 160 232 292 228.0 2912.0 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Dip-'%--era Nematocera 208 588 365.3 26200.9 "Brachycera 24 28 12 21.3 46.2 TOTAL AQUATIC 236 326 600 368.0 233882.7 GRAND TOTAL 396 560 892 616.0 42570.7 WA: King County-Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Lower Cedar River 93 File: BSCR93 Spt. 14- Nov. 7, 19e8'. No. of individuals per -squar-e meter. TRAP TAXA N B C AVG VAR Collembola 4 8 12 8 10.7 Psocoptera 96 188 100 128 1802.7 Thysanoptera 28 0 20 16 138.7 Hemiptera 0 4 4 3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 20 32 76 43 579.6 Cercopidae 100 52 116 89 739.6 Cicadellidae 20 4 44 23 270.2 Neuroptera liemerobiidae 4 0 0 1 3.6 Coleop-11--era 16 24 44 28 138.7 Lepidoptera 4 0 0 1 3.6 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 4 1 3.6 Parasitoids 128 88 400 205 19214.2 Arachnida 24 4 20 16 74.7 TOTAL TERRESTRIAT 4_44 404 840 563 38723.6 Pleco-D-'%.era 0 0 12 4 32.0 Trichoptera 52 12 44 36 298.7 Diptera Nematocera 1102 1000 1460 1187 38907.6 .Brachycera 672 272 708 551 390431.6 TOTAL AQUATIC 1825 1284 2224 1778 146418.7 GRAND TOTAL 2270 1688 3064 2341 318059.6 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Forbes Creek I File: 88FC1 Sept. 15- Nov. 9, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 140 164 20 108.0 3968.0 Psocoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Thysanoptera 16 16 0 10.7 56.9 Hemiptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Homoptera Aphidae 216 324 16 185.3 16280.9 Cercopidae 4 16 8 9.3 24.9 Cicadellidae 8 40 12 20.0 202.7 Neuraptera Hemerobiidae 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Coleoptera 0 a 0 2.7 14.2 Lepidoptera 0 4 4 2.7 3.6 Hymenoptera Formicidae, 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 8 24 24 18.7 56.9 Arachnida .40 48 49.3 67.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 452 640 132 408.0 43978.7 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 0 4 4 2.7 3.6 Diptera Nematocera 1080 344 556 660.0 95690.7 Brachycera 8 12 16 12.0 10.7 TOTAL AQUATIC 1088 360 576 674.7 93198.2 GRAND TOTAL 1540 1000 708 1082.7 118787.6 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence. 1988 Mid-Green River 36 File: 88GR36 Sept. 14-Nov. 7, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 8 0 20 9.3 67.6 Psocoptera 28 20 44 30.7 99.6 Thysanoptera 4 4 0 2.7 3.6 Hemiptera. 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 52 28 0 26.7 451.6 Cercopidae 4 0 8 4.0 10.7 Cicadellidae 0 24 4 9.3 110.2 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera a 16 16 13.3 14.2 Lepidoptera 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 28 44 44 38.7 56.9 Arachnida. 12 4 8 8.0 10.7 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 148 140 148 145.3 14.2 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 @0.0 Trichoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 D i i)JC- era Nematocera, 124 332 588 348.0 36010.7 Brachycera 28 96 48 57.3 814.2 TOTAL AQUATIC 152 428 636 405.3 39299.6 GRAND TOTAL 300 568 784 550.7 39192.9 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Harris Creek 13 File: 88HC13 Sept. 15- Nov. 9, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 4 4 16 8.0 32.0 Psocoptera 44 12 16 24.0 202.7 Thysanoptera 0 0 0 0.0 6.0 Hemiptera 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 12 4 8 8.0 10.7 Cercopidae 4 12 20 12.0 42.7 Cicadellidae 0 4 4 2.7 3.6 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Coleoptera 12 0 4 5.3 24.9 Lepidoptera 8 0 a 5.3 14.2 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 116 20 164 100.0 3584.0 Arachnida 16 0 4 6.7 46.2 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 220 56 248 174.7 7171.6 Plecoptera 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera .4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Diptera Nematocera 844 112 2300 1085.3 827011.6 'Blrachycera 86 128 300 171.3 8571.6 TOTAL AQUATIC 934 240 2600 1258.0 980754.7 GRAND TOTAL 1154 296 2848 1432.7 1124278.2 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Jenkins Creek 28 File: SSJC28 Sept. 14- Nov. 7, 1986 No. of individuals per 5quare meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 4 20 24 16.0 74.7 Psocoptera 28 16 20 21.3 24.9 Thy5anoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hemiptera 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Cercopidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Cicadellidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera' 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 24 8 20 17.3 46.2 Arachn1da, 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 56 48 68 57.3 67.6 Plecopt-era, 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichbpte--a 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Diptera. Nemato--era 340 676 172 1396.0 43904.0 Brachycera 72 36 32 46.7 3323.6 TOTAL AQUATIC 412 712 208 444.0 42848.0 GRAND TOTAL 468 760 276 501.3 39598.2 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Patterson Creek 12 File: 88PC12 Sept. 15- Nov. 8, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 208 72 124 134.7 3139.6 Psocoptera 8 4 8 6.7 3.6 Thysanoptera 0 12 28 13.3 131.6 Hemiptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Homoptera Aphidae 8 8 44 20.0 288.0 Cercopidae 12 56 36 34.7 323.6 Cicadellidae, 52 52 52 52.0 0.0 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera 16 20 20 18.7 3.6 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 64 80 so 74.7 56.9 Arachnida 16 4 12 10.7 24.9 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 384 308 404, 365.3 1710.2 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera. 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Diptera Nematocera 436 320 240 -332.0 6474.7, Brachycera 128 132 126 128.7 6.2 TOTAL AQUATIC 568 452 366 462.0 6850.7 GRAND TOTAL 952 760 770 827.3 7787.6 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Lower Puget Sound 9 File: 88PS9 Sept. 14-- Nov 7, 1988 No. of individuals per square-meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 68 - 24 56 49.3 344.9 Psocoptera 0 8 0 2.7 14.2 Thysanoptera a 0 4 4.0 10.7 Hemiptera. 0 4 4 2.7 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 4388 944 736 2022.7 2804611.6 Cercopidae 16 4 0 6.7 46.2 Cicadellidae, 12 4 12 9.3 14.2 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera 16 40 8 21.3 184.9 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 144 68 60 90.7 1432.9 Arachnida 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 4656 1096 880 2210.7 2997603.6 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 4 4 0 2.7 3.6 Diptera Nematocera 1260 1056 572 962.7 83246.2 Brachycera, 484 268 256 3136.0 10976.0 TOTAL AQUATIC 1748 1328 628 1301.3 141422.2 GRAND TOTAL 6404 2424 1708 3512.0 4267274.7 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 .Raging River 5 File: 88RR5 Sept. 14- Nov 7, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 56 4 176 78.7 5187.6 Psocoptera 8 92 12 37.3 1496.9 Thysanoptera 0 20 8 9.3 67.6 Hemiptera 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 36 16 16 22.7 88.9 Cercopidae 52 100 16 56.0 1184.0 Cicadellidae, 36 48 16 33.3 174.2 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera so 300 220 200.0 8266.7 Lepidoptera 8 28 12 16.0 74.7 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 16 5.3 56.9 Parasitoids 36 112 120 89.3 1432.9 Arachnida 0 a 20 9.3 67.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 316 728 632 558.7 30979.6 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 4 16 4 8.0 32.0 Diptera Nematocera 2876 6016 4576 4469.3 1647022.2 Brachycera 192 348 168 236.0 6368.0 TOTAL AQUATIC 3072 6380 4748 4733.3 1823918.2 GRAND TOTAL '3388 7108 5380 5292.0 2310272.0 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 East Lake Sammamish 39 File: BSLS39 Sept. 14- Nov. B, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 1432 580 388 800.0 205856.0 Psocoptera 0 0 4 1.3 3.6 Thysanoptera 16 4 20 13.3 46.2 Hemiptera 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Homoptera Aphidae 52 64 48 54.7 46.2 Cercopidae 8 24 36 22.7 131.6 Cicadellidae 16 4 68 29.3 771.6 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera 24 0 8 10.7 99.6 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 76 132 64 90.7 878.2 Arachnida. 4 28 20 17.3 99.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 1628 840 656 1041.3 177731.6 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 0 12 4 5.3 24.9 Diptera Nematocera 2396 2028 2752 2392.0 87370.7 Brachycera 48 108 20 58.7 1347.6 TOTAL AQUATIC 2444 2148 2776 2456.0 65802.7 GRAND TOTAL 4072 2988 3432 3497.3 197976.9 A: King County Wetlands Pr W oJect. Insect Emergence 1988 East Lake Sammamish 61 File: 86LS61 Sept. 14- Nov. 8, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 64 108 16 62.7 1411.6 Psocoptera 28 48 104 60.0 1034.7 Thysanoptera 0 a 4 4.0 10.7 Hemiptera 8 0 0 2.7 14.2 Homoptera Aphidae 8 20 8 12.0 32.0 Cercopidae 16 8 20 14.7 24.9 Cicadellidae 12 4 36 17.3 184.9 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 4 0 1.3 3.6 Coleoptera a 304 8 106.7 19470.2 Lepidoptera 4 0 8 10.7 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 160 148 ISO 162.7 174.2 Arachnida 4 4 0 2.7 3.6 TOTALT TERRESTRIAL 312 656 364 450.7 21944.9 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 0 6 0 .2.7 14.2 Diptera Nematocera 7352 18468 5424 10414.7 Brachycera 672 624 856 717.31 9998.2 TOTAL AQUATIC 8024 19100 6280 11 134.7 GRAND TOTAL 8336 19756 6664 11585.3 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insect Emergence 1988 Snoqualmie River 24 File: 86SR24 Sept. 15- Nov. 9, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 16 8 8 -10.7 14.2 Psocoptera 0 4 4 2.7 3.6 Thysanoptera 12 4 12 9.3 14.2 Hemiptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Homoptera Aphidae 12 0 0 4.0 32.0 Cercopidae 48 20 16 28.0 202.7 Cicadellidae 40 8 32 26.7 184.9. Neuroptera. Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Coleoptera 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Lepidoptera o 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera. Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 44 40 36 40.0 10.7 Arachnida. 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 180 84 108 124.0 1664.0 Plecop-'%--era 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichop-'%--era 4 0 0 1.3 3.6 Diptera. Nematocera 768 272 204 414.7 63192.9 Brachycera. 88 92 40 73.3 558.2 TOTAL AQUATIC 860 364 244 489.3 71096.9 GRAND TOTAL 1040 448 352 613.3 92558.2 WA: King County Wetlands Project Insec-11- Emergence 1988 East Lake Washington 1 File: 88LW1 Sept. 15- ?Nov. 6, 1988 No. of individuals per square meter. TRAP TAXA A B C AVG VAR Collembola 48 44 128 73.3 1496.9 Psocoptera 28 28 60 38.7 227.6 Thysanoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hemiptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Homoptera Aphidae 4 4 4 4.0 0.0 Cercopidae 8 4 8 6.7 3.6 Cicadellidae 0 12 0 4.0 32.0 Neuroptera Hemerobiidae 0 0 0 0.0 6.o Coleoptera 0 0 16 5.3 56.9 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Hymenoptera Formicidae 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Parasitoids 24 44 28 32.0 74.7 Arachnida 4 8 0 4.0 10.7 TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 116 144 244 168.0 3018.7 Plecoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Trichoptera 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Diptera Nematocera 100 28 96 74.7 1091.6 Brachycera, 96 44 76 72.0 458.7 TOTAL AQUATIC 196 72 172 146.7 2883.6 GRAND TOTAL 312 216 416 314.7 6670.2 Appendix C2- Macroinvertebrates Taxa Erected in Wetlands and Their Habitat Affinities. Urban Stormwater and Pugent Trough Wetlands King County (WA) Rescource Planning, METRO, Univ. Washington Comments on taxa list devired from 1987 sampling of marsh habitats. R.W. Wisseman. Aquatic Consultant. * indicates that emergence trapping should sample these taxa quantitatively. * indicates that emergence trapping should sample these taxa semi-quantitatively. Insect orders listed prylogenetically. Families Listed alphabetically. INSECTA: EPPHEMERPTERA (Mayflies) *Baetis (Baetidae): Widespread lotic taxa. However, some species have been reported from lentic habitats. Ncrthwest taxa typically associated with lotic waters of all sizes and gradients. Probably associated with inlet/outlet channels. Herbivore and detritivore. *Callibaetis (Baetidae): Taxa. common in lentic waters. *Timpancga (Ephemerellidae): Previously reported from lotic habitats (pools,in streams-rivers). PrProbably associated with inlet/outlet, channels, but can't rule out association with cool-lentic waters. *Paraleptophlebia (Lepophlebiidae):Has been associated with lotic habitats. Probably associated with inlet/outlet. channels. Detritivores. *Heptageniidae: Most genera associated with lotic habitats. Northwest taxa are typically lotic water inhabitants. Probably associated with inlet/outlet channels. *Siphlonurus (Siphlonuridae): Typically associated with lentic habitats. Omnivore. May be found in permanent or temporary waters. INSECTA: ODONATA; ANISOPTERA (Dragonflies) **Aeshnidae: Common taxa of permanent lentic habitats. Larvae usually associated with submerged or emergent vegetation. Larvae and adults are predators. Adults can disperse over large areas. Presence oil adults does not always indicate presence of larval habitats. **Gomphqidae: Northwest taxa. typically associated with lotic habitats. Fround in detritus in pools of low to moderate gradient streams. Predators (larvae and adults). Adults will disperse over long distances, and are not always associated with larval habitats. Larvel probably associated with inlet/outlet channels. **Libellulidale: as with Aeshnidae. INSECTA: 0DONATA; ZYGOPTERA (Damselflies) **Coenagrionidae: Larvae typically associated with permanent lentic habitats. Adults usually remain near the larval habitats. Larvae and adults are predators. Damselflies are smaller than the dragonflies, and should be sampled more effectively by emergence trapping. Emerging adults require terrestrial substrates to crawl out onto. This can be provided by the trap rim, emergent vegetation under the trap, or floating debris. **Lestidae: as with Coenagrionidae. INSECTA: PLECOPTERA (Stoneflies) *Nemouridae: Taxa associated with a wide variety of lentic and lotic habitats. Most genera and species associated with, lotic habitats, however, some Northwest taxa associated with temporary waters. May not be exclusively associated with inlet/outlet channels. Need specific identification. Detritivores. *Isoperla (Perlodidae): inhabits lotic waters. Probably associated with inlet/outlet channels. Predator. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA (True bugs) Belastomatidae (giant water bugs): Permanent lentic waters (marsh, pond). Adults and larvae are aquatic. Predators. Not sampled by emergence cages. Probabaly in low abundance. Corixidae (water boatman): Larvae and adults are aquatic (lentic-marsh, pond, lake-littoral). Adults can fly to disperse between habitats. May be caught incidentally in emergence traps, but not, quantitatively. Gerridae (waters striders): Larvae and adults are aquatic (surface film). Lentic and lotic (pools). Predators. Some capable of flight. May be incidentally caught in emergence traps, but not quantitatively. Lygaeidae: Terrestrial. Associated with plants (?with emergent macrophytes). 0 *Anaolia (Linephilidae): Associated with cool-lentic waters. Northern-trancontinental. Detrieivcre-analvcre *Dicosmoecus (Limephilldae): Usually associated with lentic waters. Two Northwest species. One species does occur in cool-lentic habitates (omnlvore), the other species is strictly confined to letic waters (herbivore-scraper). Probably associated with inlet/oulet channels. *Limnephilus (Limnephildae): Common lentic taxa. Detritivore-omnivore. *Psychoglypha (Limnephilidae): Most taxa associated with lotic habitats, although several Northwest species are also found in cool-lentic waters. Omnivore. *Banksiola (Phryganeidae): Associated with cool-lentic waters. Northern-transcontinental. Omnivore. *Polycentropodilae: May be associated with lotic and lentic habitats. Some Northwest species found in both. Predators. *Rhyacophila (Rhyacophilidae): A lotic taxa. Probably associated with inlet/outlet channels. Predator. INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA (MOTHS) Geometridae: Terrestrial. INSECTA: COLEOPTERA (Beetles): Adults of aquatic taxa may be incidentally caught in emergence traps, but not quantitatively. Chrysomelidae: Terrestrial. Coccinellidae: Terrestrial. Curculionidae: Some semi-aquatic taxa. Need genus and/or species determination. Dytiscidae: Adults and larvae are aquatic. Lentic and lotic (pools). Adults and larvae usually associated with macrophytes. Gyrinidae: Adults and larvae are aquatic. Lentic or lotic (pools). Adults associated with the surface film. Larvae usually associatied with macrophytes. Predators. Haliplidae: Adults and larvae are aquatic. Lentic. Adults generally associated with emergent vegetation. Herbivores. 0 Hydrophilidae: Adults and larvae are aquatic. Lentic. Predators. Staphylinidae: Some semi-aquatic taxa. Need genus or species determination. INSECTA: DIPTERA (Flies) : The flies will dominate the emergence trap collections, and are probably the most numerically dominant group to be found in most marsh habitats. Some of the families identified below have larval stages mostly confined to aquatic habitats. Some families have aqautic and semi-aquatic larval forms, while some are pretty much confined to semi-aquatic habitats (e.g. moist organic matter). All will be sampled effectively by the emergence traps. *Anthomyiidae: see Muscidae. *Ceratopogonidae: Aquatic. Lotic and lentic. *Chaoboridae: Aquatic. Lentic. Probably in deeper marshes only. *Chironomidae: Aquatic. Usually a dominant and diverse component of lotic and lentic systems. Extensive literature on usefulness for comparisons of environmental/habitat, conditions (although the Northwest fauna is not well known in this regard). *Culicidae: Aquatic. Lentic. Taxa are generally habitat specific. *Dixidae: Aquatic. Margins and surface. Lotic and lentic. *Dolichopodidae: Terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic. Need generic I.D. Often in detritus (submerged or moust). *Empididae: Probably aquatic or semi-aquatic. Need generic I.D. Ephydridae: Aquatic or semi-aquatic. Generally associated with lentic-margins and macrophytes. Need generic I.D. Lonchopteridae: Terrestrial or semi-aquatic. Larvae generally associated with moist detritus. Muscidae: Terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic. Need generic I.D. Mycetophilidae: Probably associated with damp detritus on margins. 0 Sciaridae: Probably associated with damp detritus on margins. Stratiomyiidae: Aquatic, lentic, littoral or margin. Syrphidae: Need generic I.D. Terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic taxa. Tabanidae: Terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic taxa. Need generic I.D. Probably associated with moist detritus. Tqipulidae: same. INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA Braconidae: Terrestrial parasitoid. Formicidae: Terrestrial-ants. Ichneumonidae: Terrestrial parasitoid. Tenthredinidae: Terrestrial-sawflies. ARACHNIDA (Spiders): Terrestrial or semi-aquaic (e.g. on margins or run across water surface). Predators. CRUSTACEA: None of the Crustacea will be sampled by the emergence traps. Are they common or abundant in many marshes? If they are, are they patchily distributed? Could use benthos samples to census. Daphnidae (Cladocera): Probably only the largest individuals retained by the dipnet. Asellidae (Isopoda): Need specific I.D. Gammaridae (Amphipoda): Need specific I.D. Hyalellidae (Amphipoda): Probably Hyallela azteca, a widely distributed lentic taxa. MOLLUSCA: All of the families identified occur in lentic waters. Many also occur in lotic waters. Need generic or specific determinations to predict habitat association. Will not be sampled by emergence trapping. May be common or abundant taxa in some marshes/habitats. ?? auxiliary sampling by benthos collections. Ancylidae (Gastropoda): Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda): Physidae (Gastropoda): Planorbidae (Gastropoda): Sphaeriidae (Pelecypoda): TURBELLARIA: Tricladia; Planariidae: Flatworms. Aquatic. Will not be sampled by emergence traps. HIRUDINEA: Leeches. Will not be sampled by emergence traps. OLIGOCHAETA: Lumbriculidae: Aquatic earthworms. Will not be sampled by emergence cages. Appendix C3- Adapted Bird Protocols for 1989 1. All points are marked at the wetlands, due to travel and terrain conditions it is not possible to arrive at all points unseen; sometimes the flag-marked path follows-the wetland edge. 2. This is followed. All wetlands have a complete or near complete coverage. 3. This is done with special attention given to the birds in the wetland. In some cases, like at LPS9, birds which are obviously not associated with the wetland, like starlings and house sparrows near the parking lot and buildings near station 6, are ignored. 4. Our system presently includes the recording of the following (also listed on the data sheet): � Non-territorial call � Territorial song * Pecking or'drumming � Visual � Flyovers either: - associated with the wetland - not associated with the wetland This last Doint is subjective but includes: level of flight, whether or not the bird lands in the wetland, or flight behavior, such as circling. There is a space for notes on the data sheet, but any notation of nesting behavior outside of territorial song is not entered into the computer. 5. We census early in the morning. You know the census periods, to reiterate: winter= mid-January; springl= last week of March, first of April; spring2= last of May first of June; fall= mid November. The summer census and not the winter census was dropped because it was felt that the birds recorded in the second spring census adequately represented the birds found in the summer. Winter census not only includes year-round residents but wintering migrants. This decision was made by Mike Emmers and JIm Shields, I don't know how Gordon would feel about it. I think that visiting winter birds are an @important and distinct component of this area's avifauna, especially in wetlands. .6. As in number 3. a complete or near complete census is available for all wetlands. Dr. Conquest and I are investigation "bird specific" circular plot analysis techniques. 7. Self evident. 8. we census Forbes-Creek in this manner, but with 4 stations, this number adequately represents the site without too much of an overlap problem. At this site only the ducks within 10 meters of the bridge at the final station are recorded. The ducks, cormorants, gulls etc. associated with the lake are ignored except when flying over, or using the wetland. -At all sites both the distance to and direction (in eighths of a circle; i.e. N, NE, E, SE..) of each bird sighting or sounding is recorded. -The time on the sheets represents only the start of the 15 minute period at each station. -Each site is visited four times by different individuals during each sample period. This allows for a minimum of replication so that some statistics can be used. -Temperature and weather are recorded for each site, using a thermometer and'a 4 point scale, respectively. The four point scale: O=snow; 1=rain; 2=overcast; 3=partly cloudy; 4=sunny, clear. a& Appendix C4- A Proposed Methodology for Monitoring Mammalian Herpetofaunal Populations in King Cou=y Wetlands A PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR MONITORING MAMMALIAN AND HERPETOPAUNAL POPULATIONS IN KING COUNTY WETLANDS By Stephen D. West, Ph. D. Animal Ecology & Environmental Science For: Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program King County Natural Resources and Parks Division Parks, Planning and Resources Department 7b7 Smith Tover Building 506 Second Ave. Seattle, WA 98104 MONITORING MAMMALIAN AND HERPETOFAURAL POPULATIONS Introduction This study plan outlines an approach for monitoring populations of mammals, amphibians, and reptiles to determine the effects of Etormwater retention in selected Eing County vetlands. The first year of monitoring vill establish baseline data for all studied wetlands. In subsequent years half of the wetlands will be used to retain starmwater, and differences between treated and untreated vetlands in indices of relative abundance for these taxa will be investigated. Because the reptilian fauna of western Washington is relatively depauperate, I expect to deal primarily with the mammals and amphibians. Accordingly, the sampling techniques proposed target these groups for maximum efficiency within the constraints of the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program. General Approach A key consideration bearing on the success of this effort is the appropriate pairing.of wetlands. It is of course critical that the pairs be similar in aeneral attributes such that the assumption of a roughly equel resource milieu before treatment can be made for these texa. It is also critical, because historical factors probably are important in determining the composition of these wetlend faunas, to compare wetlands that share the same taxa. For this reason, the first year of the study will be needed to identify appropriate pairings. Some wetlands, which might be used for monitoring other environmental parameters, may not be of much use for the vertebrate comparisons. The site selection process should proceed in tvo parts: an initial selection of 16 wetlands (eight pairs) will be made based upon minimizing logietical difficulties, and if necee- sary after analyzing the date for these pairs, an additional sampling end replacement of ill-matched pairs wil'L be done with one or both of the remaining vetland pairs. Because of substantial time requirements for sampling, it seems appropriate to sample a subset of the 20 wetlands selected by the program for study. 'Both of these vertebrate taxa are subject to large intersample variation. Some mammalian species undergo large annual or multiannual fluctuations in population size, and all amphibians have seasonal activity peaks outside of which they may be rarely seen. It is therefore necessary to sample the vetland pairs simultaneously in appropriate times of the year. Mammals generally have population minima in the spring with maxima after the breeding season in late summer or early fall. Mammal populations 2 tend to persist in the best habitats through winter and go locally extinct in poor habitats. For this reason, spring census data are valuable in identifying 'survival' habitats, or high quality habitats. At the same time, because populations are small in spring, adequate sample si=es can be hard to obtain. On the other hand, fall populations may be relatively large and easily sampled, but habitat affinities may be diffuse, as habitats of high and low quality may be occupied. At a minimum, mammals should be censused in the spring and fall to encompass such seasonal dynamics. The dynamics of amphibian populations are poorly known. It is clear, however, that they must be sampled in the spring and fall. During mid- summer and winter many amphibians retreat to inaccessible locations, i.e., rodent burrows, mud, large logs, and rock crevices, where they cannot be censused. In spring, many are actively breeding, and often are present in good numbers. In the fall, at least a week after the first substantial rain, many amphibians are surface-active until cold weather arrives. Before the fall rains, amphibian sampling is a waste of time. For these reasons, the spring and fall are the seasons of choice for censusing. The need for precise timing of sampling is less critical for mammals than amphibians. Within the spring and fall seasons, sampling should be contingent upon amphibian surface activity. The timing of sampling in a given year also must be sensitive to current phenology. In years with late springs, samples must be taken later; in years with late fall rains, samples must also be delayed. Methodology Four people will sample four wetlands in the spring and fall of each year. Wetlands should be grouped to minimize travel time. Paired wetlands should be sampled simultaneously, and all sampling should be concluded within a two week period. All four wetlands should be sampled simul- taneously. Spring sampling should begin whenever amphibian surface activity is clearly underway (sometime in March-April). This can be assessed with periodic observations made during other aspects of the program. Fall sampling should begin a week or so after the first drenching fall rains (usually early October), when amphibian activity is noticeable. To acquire information on as many mammalian species as possible, the techniques described below focus upon species of small body size. Census- ing large, mobile animals that are infrequently encountered is expensive both in terms of equipment and time. Further, their distributions are sensitive to a range of uncontrolled conditions outside vetland boundaries. Small mammals are often present in sufficient numbers for statistical treatment, are tied closely to local environmental conditions, and reflect changes in their environments on a shorter time scale than do large mammals. This sampling protocol for mammals focuses upon InsectivoreE and rodents (Table 1). A constraint of the program is the desire to use-live-capture techniques for assessing species abundance, This is a problem because capture efficiencies for livetrapping methods are roughly three time-- less efficient for mammals than collecting methods. In an attempt to ameliorate the consequences of this constraint, I propose to use pitfall traps, which are efficient at capturing amphibians and certain small mammals, in capture-release fashion. Pitfall traps are used primarily as a removal technique, but can function as a livetrap if checked frequently enough. The pitfall traps will be augmented with Sherman livetraps to capture those small mammal species that either do not enter pitfall traps, or escape from them readily. Pitfall Trapping In each wetland, 20 pitfall traps (Figure 1) will be installed along two transects of 10 traps each. The beginning and end of each transect should be permanently marked with a Im length of aluminum conduit. There should be 10m between flagged, trap stations. Traps should be placed within 2m of the station flag in places likely to catch something, i.e., next to loge and dense vegetation or in established rodent runways. Field personnel will be instructed on the finer points of trap placement before sampling begins. Traps are constructed of two No. 10 tin cans (3 lb coffee cans) joined together at the flered ends with duct tape, The bottom of the upper trap must be removed. This arrangement results in a trap about 6 inches in diameter and 14 inches in height. Post-hole diggers are used to excavate the hole for the traps, which are then buried with the upper edge flush with the ground surface. Plastic collars (margarine tub with bottom removed) are placed inside the can to prohibit amphibians from crawling out of the trap. Half a roofing shingle is placed over the trap to keep out rain and debris. When not in use, the traps are closed with a tiaht- fitting plastic lid. Barring human disturbance, the traps will last the length of the program (at least 5 years), and need be installed only once. Because the smeller shreve will die without food every 4 hours or so, it will be necessary to provide food in the pitfall and livetraps. Each trap will need a half ounce or so of suet. A piece of polyester fiber placed in each trap will also help evoid.hypothermia. Animals found dead in the traps should be placed in zip-lock plastic sandwich bags with capture information: name of collector, date, location, and frozen as soon as possible. Pitfall traps will be operated continuously for 2 veekv,-and will be checked every morning and evening. Captured animals will be identified to species (Figure 2), marked as to capture status, and released. It is unnecessary to individually mark captured animals. Because we will need to know only the total number of animals captured, marks can be temporary and 4 non-traumatic. Mammals can be marked by clipping the tail pencil (terminal hairs) or a patch of dorsal pelage, and amphibians can be marked by clipping the tip of a toe or tail. Sherman Livetrapping Large-sized Sherman livetraps will be used to sample the larger or more agile-small mammals. Two'transects each consisting of 25 trapping stations separated by 10m will be used. One trap will be placed within a meter of the trapping stations, again, where they will catch something. Each trap will be baited with rolled oats and suet, and polyester fiber will be used as described above. Sunboards will be used to shade the traps and protect them from rain. Placement of the Sherman transects and the pitfall transects will be a field decision. It is desirable that the transects cover the major habitats in each wetland, and it is especially important that similar habitats be sampled for each pair of wetlands. The simplest arrangement might be to alternate Sherman and pitfall transects around the periphery of the wetland. As much mammalian activity centers on the water-land inter- face, it is preferable to locate the transects as close to the water as possible. ..The Sherman traps will be operated for two periods of three con- tinuous days. As each field person will operate 100 traps alternately between two wetland pairs, a total of 400 traps will be needed to sample all 16 wetlands: Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 Site A T T T T T T Pair I Site B T T T T T T Site A T T T T T T Pair 2 Site B T. T T T T T Although three days of trapping are indicated above, it will be necessary to pick up the traps from one vetland and set them at another during the 'free' day. Recall that all pitfall traps are in operation for 14 days of this period. Data Analyses Both trapping techniques will yield catch per unit effort data. With sufficient captures, such data can be compared with respect to treatment using either two-way ANOVA or- paired t-tests if capture data can be transformed appropriately, or with Wilcoxori's Signed Ranks test if they cannot. It will be difficult to identify subtle difference-- due to treatment if the nonparametric test must be used, as a minimum of six pairs, all of like sign, are required for significance. Should four paired cites differ in initial species composition and need replacement, ve would be at this minimum number of pairs. Because some species will be infrequently caught, statistical inference will not be possible for all species. It should be Possible, however, to use these data to calculate species number and follow its response to treatment. Logistical Requirements Requirements are estimated for each iteration of the trapping protocol. A minimum annual cost, resulting from a fall and spring sampling schedule, would be about twice that indicated. Material costs after the first year are negligible, most of the expense resulting from personnel. Personnel Time/Cost Fieldworkers (4) Transect establishment (first year) I day/person Pitfall'installation (firet year) 3 days/person Pitfall and Sherman trap checks 14 days/person Data Analyst (1) Data editing and compilation 2 days Computer data entry I day Supervisor (1) Fieldwork supervision 2 days Design of data forms (primarily first year) I day Report writing 3-4 days Travel Supervisor Instructional field visit (as required) 020 Site visits as required (4 minimum) Fieldworkers Trensect establishment: two trips/site Checking: two trips/site each day for 14 days 6 Equipment and Supplies Pitfall traps 640 No. 10 tin cans for 320 traps (first year) $100 duct tape (first year) $20 plastic collars with lids (first year) $50 320 roofing shakes or boards (first year) S20 rolled oats, suet $20 polyester fiber SIO ziplock sandwich bags $5 plastic flagging $20 Imetric measuring tape no charge 64 transect markers (Im aluminum conduit) $55 1posthole diggers no charge Sherman trapping '400 large, folding aluminum traps no charge 1400 masonite sunboards no charge rolled oats.- suet charged above plastic flagging charged above polyeEter fiber charged above ziplock sandwich bags charged above Imetric measuring tape no charge 64 transect markers 1-55 Data forms Provided by supervisor on waterproof paper $20 'Available from the University of Washington with the understanding that the project will replace any lost or destroyed equipment with new equipment. 7 Table 1. Small mammals potentially occurring in the wetlands of western King, Snohomish, and Pierce Counties, Washington. Insectivore Common Rare Sorex cinereus masked shrew x Sorex vegrans vagrant shrew x Sorex monticolus montane shrew x Sorex Paluetris water shrew x Sorex bendirii Pacfic water shrew x x Sorex townsendii Trowbridge's shrew Neurotrichus gibbsii shrew-mole x Scapenus townsendii Townsend's mole x Scepanus orerius coast mole x Rodentia Temies townsendii Townsend's chipmunk x Temiescirurus douglesii Douglas' squirrel x Gleucomye sabrinus northern flying squirrel x Peromyscus maniculatus deermouse x Peromyscus oreas forest deermouse x Neptome cinerea bushy-tailed woodrat x Clethrionomys gapperi southern red-backed vole x Microtus longicaudus long-tailed vole x Microtus oregoni creeping vole x Zapus trinotatus Pacific jumping mouse x Carnivore Mustela erminee ermine x Mustela frenate long-tailed weasel x Appendix D- Project Publications Cooke, S. S., R. R. Horner, C. Conolly, 0. Edwards, M. Wilkinson and M. Emeers. 1989. Effects of urban stormwater runoff on palustrine wetland vegetation communities - baseline investigation (1988). A report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, by King County Resource Planning, Seattle, Wa. Feb. 1989. Horner, R. R.In Press. Long-term effects of urban stormwater on wetlands. Proc. Engineering Foundation Conference on Urban Runoff, Potosi , MO, July 1988. Horner, R. R., F. B. Gutermuth, L.L., Conquest, and A.W. Johnson. 1988.Urban Stormwater and Puget Trough wetlands. Proc. First Annual Meeting On Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 1988, pp.723-746. Municipal ity of Metropolitan Seattle. 1988. Wetlands study focuses on urban dangers. Metro Monitor, December 1988, Municipal ity of Metropolitan Seattle, Seattle, WA. Stockdale, E. C. 1986a. The use of wetlands for stormwater management and nonpoint pollution control: a review of the literature. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Stockdale, E. C. 1986b. Viability of freshwater wetlands for urban surface water management and nonpoint pollution control: an annotated bibliography. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Stockdale, E. C. and R. R. Horner. 1987. Prospects for wetlands use in stormwater management. Proc. Coastal Zone '87, Seattle, WA, May 1987. Stockdale, E. C. and R. R. Horner, 1988. Using freshwater wetlands for stormwater management: a progress report. Proc. Wetlands '88: Urban Wetlands and Riparian Habitat Symposium, Oakland, CA, June 1988. 3 6668 14107 5129 ,