Baseline inventory of rare, threatened and endangered plant species/communities along Washington's Pacific coast

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Coastal Zone
Information
Canter (ILI

QH
76.5
M2
K85
1982

The preparation of this report was financially
aided through a grant from the Washington State
Department of Ecology with funds obtained from
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
and appropriated for Section 308(c)(2) of the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.

SECTION 1.

SENSITIVE PLANT COMMUNITIES

i@,

BASELINE INVENTORY OF

RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES/COMMUNITIES

ALONG WASHINGTON'S PACIFIC COAST

Prepared by the Washington Natural Heritage Program

Linda M. Kunze

Lynn C. Cornelius

SUBJECT: Occurrences of high quality native plant communities
and endangered, threatened and sensitive plant species.

December 1982

Prepared for Washington State Department of Ecology
and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Coastal Zone Management Grant No. G82-029

164 pages

ABSTRACT

This study provides laseline information through field inventories and a
review of existing data on high quality native plant communities and
endangered, threatened and sensitive plant species within 2,000 feet of
shoreline in Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties in Washington State
Map overlays were prepared, corresponding with U.S.G.S. 7.5' topographic
quadrangle maps, mapping plant communities for high quality sites and
endanaered and threatened plant species location. Sites of significant
0
.botanical importance are keyed to written descriptions by unique Roman
numerals and site names. Written descriptions for plant community sites
provide pertinent information on sites, their locations, physical char-
acteristics, land use history and vegetation as well as inventories for
mapped plant communities. Written descriptions for endangered, threat-
ened and sensitive plant species provide descriptions of the species,
their habitat, geographic distribution and state and federal status.
Plant community abstracts and a bibliography of reviewed literature a@e
also provided.

ACKNOU'LEDGFIA.ENTS

We would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who gave of
their time, experience and services to the enrichment of this study: The
staff of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, particularly James Hidy and
Ulrich Wilson; The Washington Department of Came particularly Eric Cummins,
Steve Jefferies, William Nelson, Rocky Spencer and Steve Sweene; The staff
of the Washington Natural Heritage Program in particular S. Reid Schuller;
Jeff Picton with the Utah Wildlife Cooperative Unit; Mike Reuf with the
Department of Ecology; Ralph Widrig, ornithologist and Alfred Wiedemann,
authority on coastal dunes. A special thanks to the three people who typed
this report, Charlott Duckwitz, Susan Klontz and Luwanna Reinhart.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Purpose 1
Literature Review 1
Field Surveys 3
Map Overlays and Text Format 4
Site Evaluation 5

Site Descriptions
I "The Sink" Marshlands 8
II Ocean Shores Marshlands 10
III Humptulips River Marshlands 12
IV Chenois Creek Marshlands 15
V Grass Creek Marshlands 18
VI Point New Marshlands 21
VII Bowerman Basin Marshlands 23
VIII Johns River Marshlands 25
IX Beardslee Slough Marshlands 28
X Elk River Marshlands 31
XI Hunt Club/Mallard Slough Marshlands 34
XII Westport Marshlands 38
XIII Whitcomb Flats - Natural Area Preserve 41
XIV Sand Island and Goose Island - Natural Area Preserves 42
XV North Cove Marshlands 43
XVI Tokeland Marshlands 46
XVII Cedar River/Norris Slough Marshlands 50
XVIII Hawks Point Marshlands 54
XIX North River/Smith Greek Marshlands 57
XX II Slough/Kellogg Slough Marshlands 61
XXI Fredrickson Slough Marshlands 64
XXII Bruceport and Hansen Creek Marshlands 67
XXIII Bone River Marshlands 70
XXIV Niawiakum River Marshlands 74
XXV Palix River Marshlands 79
XXVI North Nemah River Marshlands 84
XXVII* Middle and South Nemah River Marshlands 87
XXVIII Seal Slough Marshlands 91
XXIX Naselle River Marshlands 93
XXX Omeara Marshlands 96
XXXI Bear River Marshlands 99
XXXII Porter Point Area Marshlands 102
XXXIII Goulters Slough Marshlands 105
XXXIV Leadbetter Point Marshlands 108
XXXIV-XXXV Leadbetter Point Dune System 112
XXXVI Oceanside Dunes 118
XXXVII Special Plant Habitat Sanicula arctopoides 120
XXXVIII Special Plant Habitat Poa pachypholis 121
XXXIX Baker Bay Marshlands 122
XL Chinook River/Wallacut River Marshlands 124
XLI South Long Island Marshlands 127
XLII Baldwin Slough Marshlands 130

XLIII Lewis Slough Area Marshlands 134
XLIV Diamond Point - Research Natural Area 137
XLV Long Island-Jensen Point Marshlands 140
XLVI Smoky Hollow Bog 143
XLVII Cedar Grove 145
XLVIII Gunpowder Island - Natural Area Preserve 146

Appendix I: Plant Community Abstracts
A. Salt Marsh Communities 148
B. Coastal Dune Communities 155

Bibliography 162

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Study Area 2

PURPOSE

The purpose of this Coastal Energy Impact Program study is to enhance Washington
States coastal planning capability in response to the 5 Year Federal Outer
Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil and Gas Lease Program. It is intended to facili-
tate planning for siting of onshore support bases, pipeline landfalls, fabri-
cation yards etc. which may be initiated by the OCS Program.

The Washington Natural Heritage Program was contracted in 1982 to identify,
inventory and map occurrences of endangered, threatened and sensitive plant
species/native plant communities. The area covered by this study is a 2,000
foot strip of land along the outer coast of Washington in Pacific and Grays
Harbor Counties including portions of the outer most coastline, Grays Harbor,
Willapa Bay and the mouth of the Columbia River within the boundary of Pacific
County (figure 1).

LITERATURE REVIEW

A review was conducted of existing literature, aerial photography and the
Heritage data base to bring together existing information for the study area,
to identify locations of potential interest and to provide a focus for field
investigations (see bibliography).

Potential habitat and previously known sites were located for endangered,
threatened and sensitive species listed in Endangered, Threatened and Sensi-
tive Vascular Plants of Washington (Washington Natural Heritage Program, 1982).
Sites were identified for plant community field surveys if they were 10 acres
or grea-ter in extent and if there were no obvious indications of alteration
(i.e. diking, ditching, filling, logging or heavy grazing). Small (less than
10 acres) or highly disturbed areas were eliminated from consideration. Tidal
marshlands were identified as the primary focus of field surveys. Other areas
identified were portions of coastal dune systems, freshwater wetlands, sphagnum
bogs and a few forested areas. A few sites were identified as being of impor-
tance because of their outstanding value as research sites of shorebird habitat.

A plant community classification system was developed for ecosystems included
in this study. The classification for tidal marshes is based on Jefferson
(1975) and that for coastal dunes on Wiedemann et al. (1974). Classifications
and plant community abstracts are presented in Appendix 1.

Figure 1
Study Area

GRAYS HARBOR

PACIFIC
OCEAN

Study Area Boundary-
2,000 feet landward
of Mean High High Water

FIELD SURVEYS

Field surveys were conducted between March 15 and August 6, 1982. Field data
were gathered on distribution, extent, habitat and ecology of endangered,
threatened and sensitive plant species. Plant communities for selected sites
were surveyed and mapped.

Qualitative sampling techniques were determind to be appropriate for this study
due to the spatial extent and time spanned by field surveys. Data were col-
lected on species composition and relative cover values for communities occupy-
ing one acre or more using the following categories:
Dominant: A plant species having an above ground cover value of 20-100%
over at least 50% of the total area covered by the plant community at a
given site.
Sub-dominant: A plant species having an above ground cover value of 5-20%
over at least 50% of the total area covered by the plant community at a
given site.
Minor: A plant species occurring over less than 50% of the total area oc-
cupied by the plant community at a given site or having an above ground
cover value of less than 5% throughout the community.

Mapping was primarily accomplished in the field using most current, available,
aerial photographs, on a scale of 1:24,000, as base maps. Mapping was done
either while the survey was conducted or from vantage points once data on
species composition and relative cover were collected and visual signatures
were determind for each plant community. Where lands were inaccessible, map-
ping was done from vantage points with binoculars, extrapolating probable
plant communitites from surrounding surveyed lands. Mapping symbols followed
with an 'Y' indicate extrapolation.

This study was intended to focus on native.plant species and plant communities
of particular botanical importance in Washington. However, during the course
of the study, it also seemed appropriate to gather distributional information
on one non-native species of concern, Spartina alterniflora. The species is
a widely distributed salt marsh grass which was introduced from the east coast
of the United States-probably with oysters-in the early 1900's. The ecology
and distribution of this species is not well known, yet it is of growing con-
cern due to its rapid growth and establishment in this area. Affects this

species may have on the native estuarine ecosystem are not well documented at
this time. However, it appears to have the potential to radically alter tidal

marsh sytems.

All field data were entered into the Washington Natural Heritage data base
which is an integrated system of computer, manual and map files. This infor-
mation will be maintained and updated by the Washington Natural Heritage
Program and is accessible upon-request.

MAP OVERLAYS AND TEXT FORMAT
Map transparencies are prepared to overlay corresponding U.S.G.S. 7.5' topo-
graphic quadrangle maps. High quality sites for plant communities and loca-
tions of endangered, threatened and sensitive plant species are recorded.
Sites of significant botanical importance are keyed to written descriptions
(write-ups) by unique Roman numerals and site names (site names are taken
from U.S.G.S. 7.5' quadrangle maps where available, otherwise locally applied
names are used).

Populations of two threatened plant species, Poa pachypholis and Sanicula
arctopoides, are located and mapped to section. Locations are identified on
the overlays as "special plant habitat" and numbered XXXVIII and XXXVII, re-
spectively. Corresponding 'write-ups" provide descriptions of the species,
their state and federal status, general habitat and locational information.

High quality native plant communities for previously selected sites were sur-
veyed and mapped. Corresponding "write-ups" are provided for forty-five of
the sites. Information is presented in the "write-ups".using the following

format:

LOCATION provides information on the location, county, state, quadrangle
map(s) on which the area is mapped,', township(s), range(s) and section(s).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION is subdivided into thred headings. The first is physical
description which gives information on the size of the area, drainage pat-
terns, substrate, salinity, topography, etc. The second is land use history
providing information on current and past use of the area and pertinent use
of adjacent lands. Land use history is known to varying degrees for

different sites. Third is a coarse description of the vegetation giving
relative proportions of each vegetation "type" (see Appendix I) and general
distributional patterns.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION provides specific information on each mapped
community in the site. Information provided varys depending upon time of
year in which a survey was conducted, the degree of site disturbance and
whether mapping surveys were conducted or signatures extrapolated. A short
description of distinctive features of the community is given along with a
species list distinguising dominant, sub-dominant and minor species. Species
lists should be considered partial and cover values relative due to the time
of year surveyed.

SITE EVALUATION

The area covered by this study has had at least a 125 year history of human
activity centered around use of natural resources. This focus has resulted
in extensive alteration of native ecosystems. Sites addressed by this study
are relatively high quality remnants of native plant communities or habitats
for endangered, threatened or sensitive plant species. Sites innumerated
should not be considered for siting of secondary support systems under the
OCS*Oil and Gas Lease Program. This recommendation is based on the state-
wide botanical and ecological value of these sites. Bowerman Basin, Goose
Island, Sand Island, Gunpowder Island and Whitcom Flats have similarly been
identified as important shorebird habitats.

SITE DESCRIPTIONS

"THE SINK"

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Point Brown, Washington
7.5' quad map. T17N, R12W, portions of sections 22, 23, 26 and 27.
Embayment at the southern tip of Point Brown.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 270 acres of saltmarsh occur in a
shallow embayment at the tip of Point Brown behind the submerged portion
of North Jetty. The substrate is predominantly sand with varying amounts
of silt. The marsh is dissected to a limited extent by large tidal
channels. Salt pannes occur in the low marsh.

Land Use History - The Oyhut Sink has had very little direct manipulative
use. The construction and maintenance of North Jetty since 1907 may have
an impact on the area, altering wave and tidal action and erosion or
accreation of sands. As late as 1963 the area was part of a farm and the
saltmarsh was likely grazed. There are a few vehicle tracks running
-through the upper reaches of the marsh. Currently the Sink is a Washing-
ton State Department of Game Habitat Management Area (HMA) and is managed
for wildlife.

Vegetation - The area is dominated by low marsh. High marsh and, to a
limited extent, intermediate marsh occur in a band along the landward
boundary of the saltmarsh. Carex lyngbyei is found extensively in inter-
mediate and high marsh indicating freshwater influence in those areas.
Vegetation patterns are somewhat unusual with extensive mixing of high
and low marsh species.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

.Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) is the predominant saltmarsh community in
The Sink. Species composition is variable with local co-dominance of
Plantago maritima. and Grindelia integrifolia. Salt pannes and large
tidal channels occur in.this area of saltmarsh.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominant: Plantago maritima. (local co-dominant)

Minor: Agrostis alba
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (local co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum

The Sink cont.

Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 7) occurs in a mosaic with
5 low marsh. In this area it is typically a monospecific community
occurring in depressions or adjacent to salt pannes.

Dominant: Salicornia virginica

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs in two small areas; one along a section of
accumulated driftwood and the second along tidal channels. Carex lyngbyei
co-dominantes in the latter site.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Agrostis alba
Distichlis spicata
Glaux maritima,
Grindelia integrifolia

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs along most of the landward boundary of the saltmarsh.
Juncus balticus occurs in half of the community, along the uppermost
band of marsh. Where Juncus balticus is not co-dominant, Carex lyngbyei
is. The occurrence of Carex lyngbyei and Lilaeopsis occidentalis
suggest considerable fr eshwater influence.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus

Sub-dominant: Disti'chlis spicata

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Pot6ntilla pacifica

OCEAN SHORES MARSH AREA

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Copalis Beach, Washington
and Point Brown, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. Tf7-Nkl2W, portions
of section 2 and T18N, R12W, portions of section 35. A tidal marsh area
along the east side of Point Brown.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 185 acres of tidal marsh lie along
l-2 miles of shoreline on the east side of Point Brown, north of the entrance
to Grays Harbor. Substrates are primarily sands and clay. There is little
dissection of the marsh surface.

Land Use History - The tidal marshlands have received extensive hum an use.
They have likely been grazed since the late 1800's though currently.they
are not used for that purpose. Old fence posts are found throughout the
area. An extensive dike and ditch system was built along the bayward margin
of the marsh. This system appears to have been in place for quite some
time and is breached. There are indications that recent attempts have
been made to repair and maintain the dike. A second dike and ditch, running
east and west, bissects the southern portion of the marsh. It has apparent-
ly caused impoundment of freshwater to the south, an area presently
dominated by a freshwater marsh.

Landfill has been pushed up along the entire western boundary of the
tidelands-accompanying road and home construction. This fill has altered
freshwater drainage into the marsh.

The marsh area has been labeled a "proposed airport site" in a local
real estate brochure.

Vegetation - The tidal marsh area is dominated by high marsh. Low marsh
occurs on high terraces beyond the bayward dike, in depressions within
high narsh and on sand flats along the bay edge in the southern portion
of the marsh.

PLANT COM'NITY DESCRIPTIOITS.i.

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus.community (mapping symbol 3) occurs as outer marsh edge
strips on low sand flats in the southern portion of the marshlands.
Scirpus americanus.occurs in essentially pure stands.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs on high terraces outside the old dike, and

Ocean Shores Marsh Area - cont.

in poorly drained depressions landward of the.old dike.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Plantago maritima
Triglochin maritimum

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacific
community (mapping symbol 15) dominates the center of the marsh, cover-
ing over 31 of the total marsh surface. Distichlis spicata is co-dominant
over part of the area. Potentilla pacifica and Ju@=cs balticus cover
varies.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica (variable)

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata (local co-dominant)
Festuca rubra (variable, local co-dominant)

Minor: Triglochin maritimum

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs at highest marsh elevations, largely as a broad
lizonell against the upland edge, along the west side of the marsh.
Agrostis alba is absent as a co-dominant.

Dominants: Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa (local sub-dominant)
Festuca rubra (local co-dominant)

HUMPTULIPS RIVER MARSHES

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Copalis Crossing, Washinaton,
U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T18N, R11W, portions of sections 16, 20, 21 and 22.
Tidal marshes at the mouth of the Humptulips River.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 165 acres of tidal marsh occur at the
mouth of the Humptulips River, including marsh areas along Campbell,
Jessie, and Gillis Sloughs. The area described extends west approximately
1-2 mile beyond the mouth of Campbell Slough, and is bounded on the southeast
by a sandstone headland. Substrates vary from sands to silts. Marsh
surfaces are generally dissected only by main tidal channels. Many large
pieces of driftwood occur over the marsh surface.

Land Use History - The Humptulips River area has probably had a long history
of human use. The area was likely homesteaded in the late 1800's. Dikes
have been built, particularly along the east side of Gillis Slough, primarily
for pasture use. Old pilings in tidal channels and flats indicate past
fisheries and log rafting use. The area was likely initially logged in the
late 1800's with some areas having recently been logged a second time. A
county road runs along the upland edge from Jessie Slough west. It crosses
the slough on a piling supported bridge. Farms and residences currently
7 occur extensively throughout the area.

Vegetation - Extensive areas of sedge marsh and high marsh communities
dominate most of the marshlands. Small areas of low marsh, intermediate
marsh, and transition marsh occur locally.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs along the leading
tidal marsh edge along the shoreline west and southeast of the delta.
Along the western shoreline, the community is intermixed with 4 low
marsh. The community appears to occur on sandy substrates.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Triglochin.maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs along the
western shoreline, associated with 3 low marsh, along the leading
marsh edge.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

12.

Humptulips River Marshes - cont.

Sub-dominants: Scirpus americanus (variable)

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping Symbol 11) occurs primarily on the river
delta, dominating nearly one-third of the total tidal marsh area. The
community is dissected by tidal channels to a limited degree. Substrates
are silts.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Triglochin maritimum .

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12)
occurs in one very small area associated with 11 sedge marsh.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs along the west and southeast shorelines, as a band between low
marsh or sedge marsh elevations and high marsh elevations. Carex lyngbyei
is co-dominant on the southeast portion. The community occurs on sandy
substrates in this area.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata (variable)

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Agrostis alba
Scirpus cernuus

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) dominates nearly 1-2 of the total marshlands,
occurring primarily on the river delta at higher elevations than 11 sedge
marsh. Carex lyngbyei occurs as co-dominant throughout the community.
Amounts of Juncus balticus, Potentilla pacifica, and Agrostis alba are
highly variable.

Humptulips River Marshes cont.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa

Sub-dominants: Juncus balticus (variable)

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Glaux maritima
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Trifolium. wormskjoldii

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacific community (mapping symbol
17) occurs over a few areas at elevations above 15 high marsh. Typically
it occurs along the upland edge in a zone with high driftwood accumulation.
It also occurs on a high mound on an island in the river delta. Agrostis
alba and.Potentilla pacifica occur as co-dominants in localized areas.

Dominants: Juricus balticus
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Achillea millefolium
Angelica lucida
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Grindelia integrifolia
Potentilla pacifica (local co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 20) occurs on a high ridge adjacent to the
Humptulips River channel.

Dominants: Calamagrostis nutkaensis

Minor: Angelica lucida

YV_

CHENOIS CREEK MARSH

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Copalis Crossing, Washington,
U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T18N, R11W, portions of sections 22, 23, and 26.
Tidal marsh at the mouth of Chenois Creek and adjacent shoreline of Grays
Harbor.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 70 acres of tidal marsh occur primarily
as bands along the shoreline flanking the mouth of Chenois Creek. The
area is bounded abruptly on the north and south by sandstone headlands
and encompasses approximately 1 3/4 miles of Grays Harbor shoreline.
Substrates are primarily silts with local areas of gravels. Sandy
substrates occur near the sandstone headlands, especially the northern
most. Intermediate marsh and sedge marsh surfaces are dissected by
networks of small tidal channels. High marsh surfaces are relatively
undissected. There is an accumulation of driftwood along the upland
edge of the tidal marsh.

Land Use History - The Chenois Creek marshes were likely subject to early
homestead land uses, notably grazing where accessible to stock. Rows of
pilings along the main tidal channel and building ruins suggest past log
rafting and boat dock uses. All of the adjacent upland forests have been
logged at least once, likely beginning in the late 1800's. Some areas
have been cut a second time. Small farms occur on upland near each end
of the area. A gas station and residence are located just across the
highway at the south end of the Chenois Creek bridge. State Route 109
and a railroad line cross the main channel of Chenois Creek on separate
piling-supported bridges. Some freshwater impoundment has occurred on
small drainages feeding the marsh, apparently associated with the highway
and railroad grades.

Vegetation - A variety of marsh communities occur, largely as bands par-
allelling the shoreline. Community patterns vary, apparently as substrates
and freshwater influence vary.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs along the leading
marsh edge north of the mouth of Chenois Creek, apparently associated
with sandy substrates. Carex lyngbyei occurs as patches in this zone.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Triglochin maritimum (local co-dominant)

Chenois Creek Marsh cont.

Scirpus maritimus community (mapping symbol 13) occurs along the leading
marsh edge south of the mouth of Chenois Creek, in a mosaic with 12
sedge marsh.

Dominants: Scirpus maritimus

Minor: Salicornia virginica (local sub-dominant)

Seda@_Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs south of Chenois
Er-eek as a band adjacent to upland edges, apparently associated with
freshwater seepages.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

.Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum. community (mapping symbol 12)
occurs along the leading marsh edge south of the mouth of Chenois
Creek, in some areas associated with 13 low marsh. Salicornia virginica
is locally co-dominant.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglo chin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Salicornia virginica (local co-dominant)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) dominates much of the marsh area south of the mouth
of Chenois Creek, occurring as a broad band between low marsh and high
marsh areas.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Carex lyngbyei

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Distichlis spicata (variable)
Potentilla pacifica
Sicrpus cernuus
Scirpus maritimus

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs as a band between low marsh and high marsh areas north of the
mouth of Chenois Creek. Carex lyngbyei occurs as a co-dominant.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Chenois Creek Marsh cont.

Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Triglochin marit*

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17) occurs as narrow strips along the upland marsh edges. Trifolium
wormskjoldii occurs as a co-dominant in most areas. Agrostis alba is
absent as a co-dominant over most of the community. There are large
accumulations of driftwood throughout the area covered by this community.

Dominants: Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica (variable)
Trifolium wormskjoldii (variable)

Sub-dominant: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Festuca rubra
Grindelia integrifolia

GRASS CREEK MARSHES

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Copalis Crossing, Washington,
and Westport, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T17N, R11N, portions of
section 2 and T18N, R11N, portions of sections 35 and 36. Tidal marshes
at the mouth of Grass Creek, immediately north of Point New.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 55 acres of tidal marsh occur primarily
as narrow bands along the shoreline flanking the mouth of Grass Creek.
The area begins at the north side of Point New, and continues northerly
along approximately 1 mile of shoreline, ending abruptly at the base of a
sandstone bluff. A second small area of marsh occurs on tidelands a few
hundred feet upstream along the Grass Creek channel. Substrates are pri-
marily silts, however sands occur adjacent to and south of the sandstone
bluff. Intermediate marsh and sedge marsh surfaces are dissected by net-
works of small channels. High marsh surfaces are relatively undissected.

Land Use History - The Grass Creek marshes likely were subject to early
homestead land uses, notably grazing where accessible to stock. Areas of
pasture occur nearby, associated with small farms. Rows of pilings along
the main tidal channel and building ruins suggest past log rafting and
boating uses. State Route 109 and a railroad line cross portions of the
tidelands at the mouth of the creek, spanning the main channel on separate
piling-supported bridges. Some freshwater impoundment has occurred on
small drainages feeding the marsh, apparently due to the highway and
railroad grades. All the adjacent upland forests have been logged at
least once, likely beginning in the late 1800's. Some areas have been
cut a second time.

Vegetation - A variety of low marsh, sedge marsh and high marsh communities
occur, largely in bands parallelling the shoreline. Community patterns
are apparently associated with varying sand/silt substrates, and fresh-
water influence.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs along the leading
marsh edge north of Grass Creek. In most areas it is apparently associ-
ated with sandy substrates, and occurs in a mosaic with 4 low marsh.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Triglochin raaritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs in a mosaic with
3 low marsh edges north of Grass Creek channel.

Grass Creek Marshes cont.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs as a narrow continuous band along the leading marsh edge or
just inland of 3/4 low marshes. This community forms discontinuous
hummocks elevated above the surrounding bare tideflats.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as a small strip
along Grass Creek channel. Lesser amounts of 9 low marsh species
are found mixed with the Carex.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate M@rsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs as a narrow, nearly continuous band between
low marsh, and high marsh. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant over most of
this community.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Carex lyngbyei (variable)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs as a localized narrow strip between low marsh and high marsh on
the northern side of the Grass Creek channel.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus. balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs only on the upstream marsh area
east of State Route 109.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Grass Creek Marshes cont'.

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs on tidal marshes, largely as bands adjacent to
upland edges. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant over much of this community.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Carex lyngbyei (variable)

POINT NEW

LOCATIM
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Westport, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T17N, R11W, portions of section 2. A promontory of land
south of the mouth of Grass Creek marking the southeastern boundary of North
Bay in Grays Harbor.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 35 acres of wetlands and sand dunes
occur around Point New; 9 acres of saltmarsh, 1 acre of dune and more
than 25 acres of freshwater marsh. On the northwest side of the Point is
a sand and gravel berm. Behind the berm is a small brackish wetland.
On the south side of the Point is a second berm behind which is a fresh-
water wetland. A narrow strip of beach extends around the Point. Seaward
of the beach are tidal flats ranging in substrate from silts to sandy
gravel to a sandstone bench.

Land Use History - There has been logging of small areas adjacent to the
freshwater wetlands at Point New. Neds Rock, off the Point was used for
artillary practice during 14W II. There is occasional use of the beach
and berms by off-road-vehicles. The area receives use by bird watchers
and occasional hunters. Currently the area is advertised for sale-presumably
for urban development.

Vegetation - There is minor saltmarsh development in the area. Low marsh
occurs to a limited extent on the tideflats. Low marsh, sedge marsh and
a brackish Scirpus marsh occur behind the northwestern berm. There is
some dune vegetation on this berm as well. A fairly extensive freshwater
wetland is located behind the southeastern berm and inland.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs as a pure stand
on the tidal flats. It is found on silts, sandy gravels and some areas
of the sandstone bench which stretches between the mainland and Neds
Rock.

Dominant: Scirpus americanus

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs in one small area
of tidal flat near the T17N-T18N township line. It occurs intermixed
with Scirpus americanus.

Dominant: Triglochin maritimum

.Point New cont.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs on the landward slope of the berm. The site
is flooded at least a portion of the year.

Dominant: Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominant: Salicornia virginica

Seq&t Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as a monospecific
community. It is located against the upland bank at the northern end
of the brackish wetland behind the northeastern berm.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) located at the northern end of the brackish
marsh behind the northeastern berm. Only two species were observed to
occur.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa

Freshwater Marsh

(mapping symbol F/11)occurs behind the southeastern berm. This wetland
was not surveyed. However, some of the features are: considerable
accumulation of driftwood, an area of open water, numerous snags, and
a variety of vegetation. There is a second, approximately 20 acre wetland
north of and contiguous with this wetland. From an aerial photo, it
appears to be dominated by herb and shrub vegetation.

MAP OVERLAY KEY

3 - Scirpus americanus salt marsh community
4 - Triglochin maritimum.salt marsh community
5 - Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata--7riglochin maritimum
salt marsh community
7 - Salicornia' virginica salt marsh community
8 - Disti hlis spicata salt marsh community
9 - Salicornia virginica TriElochin maritimum salt marsh community
10 - Disti hlis spicata-Salicornia vifginica (Triglochin maritimum) salt marsh
community
11 - Carex lyngbyei salt marsh community
12 - Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritimum salt marsh community
13 - Scirpus maritinus salt marsh community
14 - Desch psia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica salt marsh
community
15 - Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
salt marsh community
16 - Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata salt marsh corununity
17 - Agrostis al@a--Ju@CUS'balticus-PTtentilla pacifica salt marsh community
17 FORB @,Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forbs salt marsh
community
18 - Festuca rubra-Agrostis alba-Potentilla pacifica salt marsh community
20 - Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
salt marsh community
21 - Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritimum salt marsh
community
A - Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima-Orthocarpus castillejoides salt marsh
community
B - Deschampsia caespitosa salt marsh community
C - Unvegetated Beach
D - Ammophila Dunes
E - Elymus mollis dune community
F - Lupinus littoralis-Poa macrantha-Fragaria chiloensis and Festuca rubra
dune communities
G -,Juncus nevadensis-Juncus falcatus and Carex obnupta dune communities
H - Salix hookeriana/Carex obnupta dune community
I - Rosa nutkana/Festuca rubra dune community
J - )Ta-c-ci'nium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi dune community
K - Pinus contorta7-Va7c--cinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon dune community
L - Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon dune community
M - Picea sitchensis wetland dune community
N - Unstable, unvegetated dunes
0 - Shrub wetland dune community
P - Carex cusickii-Sphagnum spp. bog community
Q - Typha latifolia.community
R - Snag wetland
F/W- Freshwater wetland
- - - Diked lands, probably previous tidelands
"DIKED" -Diked lands, undefined
x - species survey extrapolated

KEY - continued

- Heavily grazed
OPEN WATER - freshwater wetland with unvegetated areas of water
Recently Breached - dikes around the area are recently broken
Altered - tidelands or previous tidelands that have sustained extensive humanly
caused alteration

VII

BOWERMAN BASIN

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Hoquiam, Washington, U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T17N, RlOW, portions of sections 9 and 10. Located within
a small embayment between Bowerman Airport and the mainland, a portion of
which lies within the Hoquiam city limits.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 175 acres of saltmarsh occur within a
small, shallow bay lying between the Bowerman Airport spit and the main-
land. The substrate is sand with varying amounts of silts. There is a
slight gradual elevational gain from.the-bare tideflats to the vegetated
saltmarsh. The marsh surface is dissected by a single channel which runs
parallel to the shore along the northern boundary of the saltmarsh.

Land Use History - The area is highly disturbed. However, since the site is
reportedly important for wildlife, particularly shorebirds, a brief des-
cription has been included (data on wildlife usage is maintained by the
Washington State Department of Game, Nongame Program).

Bowerman Basin was the site of unconfined dredge spoil deposition as late
as 1973. The bayward boundary of the marsh has been shifted to the west
by the deposition of dredge spoils. The saltmarsh is bounded to the east
by a series of dikes, to the north by a railroad grade and highway and to
the south by a bulkhead constructed along the northern side of the airport.
There is a sewage treatment facility on land-fill adjacent to the salt-
marsh. There is evidence of sewage entering the marsh along its eastern
boundary.

Vegetation - Marsh community patterns and species composition are unusual
in Bowerman Basin, primarily the result of past disturbances. The present
saltmarsh has developed since 1973. It is primarily low marsh with minor
sedge marsh and intermediate marsh development. The low marsh occurs as
discontinuous patches. A stand of young red alders (Alnus rubra) occurs
in the southeastern potion of the marsh.

DOMINANT SALTMARSH PLANT SPECIES:

Low Marsh

Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Distichlis spicata
Puccinellia sp.
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Bowerman Basin cont.

Sed&t- _Marsh

Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Grindelia integrifolia
Juncus balticus (minor)
Potentilla pacifica (minor)

VIII

JOHNS RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Hoguiam, Washington and
Westport, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T17N, R11W, portions of
sections 35 and 36; T16N, R11W, portions of sections 1, 2, and 12; T16N
R10W, portions of section 7. Tidal marshes along the lower reaches of
the Johns River.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 310 acres of tidal marsh lie along the
lowest 3 miles of the Johns River, including Markham Island beyond the
river mouth. Dissection of high marsh and transition marsh surfaces is
limited to main tidal channels. Low marsh and intermediate marsh surfaces
become more highly dissected by small tidal channels. Substrates are
primarily silts. A small sand.ridge occurs at the north end of Markham
Island.

Land Use History - The Johns river area has a long history of varied human
use. Logging of forested uplands in the area began in the late 1800's.
The river was used for log rafting and transport as is evidenced by
river pilings. The tidal marshes were used for grazing, where accessible
to cattle, 1probably since the turn of the century. Extensive systems of
dikes and ditches were built removing nearly half of former tidal marsh
area from saltwater influence. Small areas of previously diked pasture
lands have been re-introduced to tidal influence through decay of dikes.
An oyster processing facility and a large cranberry processing plant are
located on land-fill at the mouth of the Johns River. A railroad line
was built on land-fill across the tidelands at the mouth of the river.
A railroad bridge was built spanning the river channel. The bridge and
line west of the river have been abandoned. Highway 101 also crosses
the tidelands on road-fill and the'river on a piling supported bridge.

Most of the area around the Johns River is currently owned by the
Washington State Department of Game and is managed as a Wildlife Recreation
Area. A parking lot and boat launch area have been constructed for public
use.

Veget'ation - Markham Island and the lower reaches of the river tidelands
are dominated by intermediate marsh, with small amount of low marsh and
high marsh. Middle reaches of the tidelands are dominated by sedge marsh,
high marsh, and some intermediate marsh, all occurring as -narrow bands,
outside the dikes along the river channel. Extensive high marsh and
transition marsh areas dominate the upperifiost river tidelands. Minor
dune vegetation development occurs on the north end of Markham Island.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Johns River Marshlands cont.

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8) occurs on the outer marsh
point west of Highway 101. This community is poorly defined here, with
Potentilla pacifica and Grindelia integrifolia occurring as co-dominants
associated with 14 intermediate marsh and 15 high marsh. This outer
point of marsh is highly dissected by deep tidal channels and contains
some salt pannes.

Dominant: Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominant: Grindelia integrifolia (local co-dominant)
Potentilla pacifica (local co-dominant)

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum. community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs primarily as a narrow leading marsh edge along the northern and
western sides of Markham.Island. The community occurs on highly
dissected tidelands and grades into 14 intermediate marsh.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Se!j@ar@sh

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
as narrow bands of tidal marsh outside the dikes along lower portions
of the river channel.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) dominates nearly all of Markham Island. Smaller
areas occur on the outer marsh point west of Highway 101 and along the
lower reaches of the river channel. Carex lyngbyei occurs as co-dominant
over one area. Areas of this community tend to be highly dissected by
tidal channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominaut: Agrostis alba
Glaux maritima.
Jaumea carnosa (variable)

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica (local sub-dominant)

Johns River Marshlands cont.

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in small areas outside the dikes
along the river channel. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant in one area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Festuca, rubra
Juncus balticus (local-dominant)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17) occurs widely an high terraces of uppermost river tidelands. It is
associated with 20 transition marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra (local co-dominant)

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Pote-ntill4 pacifica
community (mapping symbol 20) occurs extensively on high marsh terraces along
the uppermost tidal river reaches. It is associated with 17 high marsh.
Picea sitchensis individuals occur scattered over the marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra (local co-dominant)

BEARDSLEE SLOUGH MARSHES
(Elk River Estuary)

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Grayland, Washington and
Westport, Washington U.S.G.S 7.5' quad maps. T16N, R11W, portions of
sections 14, 15, 16, 21, and 22. Tidal marshes along Beardslee Slough,
within the Elk River estuary.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 100 acres of low salinity marsh occur
on tidelands along Beardslee@Slough. It is one of three tidal marsh
areas defined for the Elk River estuary. Marshes are generally located
on high terraces above tidal channels, occurring as narrow bands, contigu-
ous with the upland, and several marsh islands within the slough channel.
Substrates are primarily silts. Dissection of the high marsh surfaces
is limited to main tidal channels. Intermediate and low marsh surfaces
are generally highly dissected and contain salt pannes to a limited degree.

Land Use History - Beardslee Slough tidal marshes were-likely subject to
cattle grazing in the late 1800's. Old fence posts on upper reaches of
tidal marsh are indicative of this past use. Most of the surrounding
upland forests have recently been cut for the second time. Initial
harvesting of the forests likely began in the late 1800's. Old pilings
along the main channel testify to past use of the slough for log rafting
and transport. A gravel road crosses the uppermost slough on a small
b
ridge.

Vegetation - Most of the marsh area is dominated by high marsh. Lesser
areas of intermediate marsh are found along the downstream half of the
area, mostly as marsh islands. Traces of sedge marsh and low marsh occur
near the mouth of the slough.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (map-ping symbol 9)
occurs primarily on one low marsh island near the confluence of Beardslee
Slough and the Elk River. This community is highly dissected by tidal
channels and in one area contains salt pannes.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin marit'

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Jaumea carnosa
Scirpus americanus

Beardslee Slough Marshes - cont.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs at the confluence of Beardslee Slough and the
Elk River on an outer marsh terrace, slightly lower than contiguous inter-
mediate marsh.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in two small areas along upper reaches of the slough, near the confluence
at Dempsey Creek and Beardslee Slough..

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Liftaeopsis occidentalis
Salicornia virginica (local)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs at elevations between. low marsh and high
marsh, dominating several marsh islands on the downstream half of the
slough tidelands. Carex lyngbyei occur as a co-dominant in many areas.
Salt pannes are common within this community.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (local)
Jaumea carnosa (local sub-dominant)
Plantago maritima
Scirpus cernuus
Stellaria humifusa
Triglochin maritimum

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in one small strip between 10 low marsh and 15 high marsh, at
the confluence of Beardslee Slough and the Elk River.

Beardslee Slough Marshes cont-

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Districhlis spicata

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Potentilla pacifica
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Aj&IL Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) dominates nearly three-quarters of the
total tidal marsh area, especially along the upper slough reaches.
Carex lyngbyei, Distichlis spicata, and Festuca rubra occur variously
as local co-dominants.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

.Minor: Achillea millefolium (local)
Angelica lucida (local)
Distichlis spicata (local co-dominant)
Festuca rubra (local co-dominant)
Grindelia integrifolia
Juncus balticus (local co-dominant)
Rumex sp (local)
Triglochin maritimum

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs in two small areas along the upland edge, at the
confluence of Beardslee Slough and the Elk River. Carex lyngbyei
and Festuca rubra occur as co-dominants. Juncus bzdticus is absent
as a co-dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Festuca rubra
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Achillea millefolium,

ELK RIVER MARSHES
(Elk River Estuary)

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Grayland, Washington and
Western, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T16N, R11W, portions of
sections 25, 26, 27, and 35. Elk River estuary: Tidal marshes along
the lower reaches of the Elk River and Andrews Creek.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 320 acres of low salinity marsh occur
along the tidelands upstream from the confluence of Andrews Creek and
the main channel of the Elk River. It is one of the 3 marsh areas de-
fined within the Elk River estuary. Most of the marsh area occurs
conti@,uous with the upland, although a few marsh islands occur. Sub-
strates are primarily silts. Dissection of the marsh surface is limited
to main tidal channels in most areas.

Land Use History - The Elk River tidal marshes were likely subject to
grazing use, where accessible, since the late 1800's. Nearly all of
the surrounding upland forests have recently been cut for the second
time. First harvesting of the original forests likely began in the late
1800's. An old logging railroad grade extends onto transition marsh at
the upper reach of Andrews Creek tidelands, terminating in ruins of a
railroad pier presumably used to empty logs from railroad cars into the
channel waters. Rows of old pilings along the Elk River and Andrews
Creek channels indicate past log rafting and transport activity.

Vegetation - Most of the marsh area is dominated by high marsh communities.
Extensive amounts of well-developed transition marsh dominate uppermost
reaches of the tidelands. Some sedge marsh, and traces of intermediate
marsh are found on outlying (down-river) locations, largely as marsh
islands.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Sedge Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum (mapping symbol
21) community occurs at the confluence of Andrews Creek and the Elk River
along the Elk River channel as a large marsh island, and smaller areas
along the.leading marsh edge. Potentilla pacific occur as a sub-dominant
in areas.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Trigochin maritimum,

Elk River Marshes cont

Sub-dominants:' Potentilla pacifica (variable)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community mapping
symbol 14) occurs on small islands at the junction of the two main
channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15)1 dominates over half of the total marsh
area. Juncus balticus is absent as co-dominant over much of this community,
especially along Andrews Creek. Festuca rubra occurs as a variable co-
dominant in many areas.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Achillea millefolium
Carex lyngbyei (local sub-dominant)
Distichlis spicata
Juncus balticus (local co-dominant)
Rumex sp

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla 2acifica (mapping symbol 17)
community occurs on slightly raised ground along stream channels or
adjacent to upland, It is limited in extent in this area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Festuca rubra (local co-dominant)

Minor: Achillea millefolium
Angelica lucida
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Rumex sp

Elk River Marshes cont.-

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 20) dominates upper reaches of the tidelands.
Scattered individuals of Picea sitchensis and Pyrus fusca occur within
uppermost areas of this community.

-Dominants: Agrostis alba
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Sidalcea hendersonii (variable)

Minor: Achillea millefolium
Angelica lucida
Aster subspicatus
Carex obnupta (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra
Rumex occidentalis
Vicia gigantea

HUN T CLUB/MALLARD SLOUGH MARSHLANDS
(Elk River Estuary)

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Grayland, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5'quad map. T16N, R11W, portions of section 20, 21, 27, 28, and 29. Tidal
marshlands within the Elk River estuary, around Mallard Slough, extending west
from Andrews Slough to the "Hunt Club Road".

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Physical Description - Approximately 550 acres of tidal marsh occur over
nearly two square miles as numerous low islands and irregularly dissected
shoreline marsh. It is one of three marshlands defined for the Elk River
estuary. The marsh islands vary from less than 1 acre to more than 40
acres in size. Substrates are silts. The area is highly dissected by
major tidal channels. Outer areas of low marsh contain salt pannes and
are dissected by networks of small channels.

Land Use History - The tidal marsh, where accessible by stock, has been
grazed probably since the late 1800's. An extensive system of dikes and
ditches was@built to convert former tidelands to pasture. A dam with a
tidegate was built across Mallard Slough contiguous with the dike. Though
cattle grazing no longer occurs, this system of dikes and ditches is main-
tained forming the western and southern boundaries of the current tidal
marshlands.

Much of the forested lands adjacent to the tidelands have recently been
logged for a second time. Initial cutting probably took place in the late
1800's. Sloughs and tidal channels likely were used for log rafting and
transport.

The area is currently owned by a private hunting club and managed for
.waterfowl. The area shows signs of heavy elk use.

Vegetation - Nearly all of the marsh area is dominated by intermediate marsh
and low marsh. Minor amounts of high marsh and sedge marsh occur along
the upland edges and adjacent to the dikes. There is one very small area
of transition marsh.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION:

Low Marsh

Salicarnia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs extensively on bayward marsh islands
near the main Elk River channel. The community is highly dissected and
contains salt pannes.

Hunt Club/Mallard Slough Marshlands cont.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominant: Jaumea carnosa

Minor: Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia
Plantago maritima
Salicornia virginica (local sub-dominant)

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9) occurs
on marsh islands along low leading edges and as small hummocks on bare
tidal mudflats.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin marit*

Minor: Jaumea carnosa

Distichlis spicata-Salcornia virginica (Triglochim maritmum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs primarily on marsh islands near the center of
the marshlands.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs primarily in a small
area on slumps adjacent to a freshwater stream channel.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in one small area on a low terrace along a freshwater stream channel.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) dominates nearly two-thirds of the total marsh area,

Hunt Club/Mallard Slough Marshlands cont;

at elevations above low marsh and below high marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minors: Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (local sub-dominant)
Plantago maritima
Potentilla pacifica
Triglochin maritimum (local sub-dominant)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs on shoreline marsh areas adjacent to the dikes and upland.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Salicornia virginica

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs as scattered small areas along
upland edges and adjacent to the dikes. Juncus balticus is absent
as co-dominant in some areas. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant over one
large area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominant: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Distichlis spicata (local co-dominant)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17) occurs only on a narrow terrace along the uppermost reaches of a small
creek slough, adjacent to the upland.

Dominants. Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Hunt Club/Mallard Slough Marshlands - cont.

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbolJ20) occurs in only one very small area adjacent
to an upland forest point along the dike.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

XII

WESTPORT MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Westport, Washington and
Grayland, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T16N, R11W, portions of
sections 6, 7, 18, 19, and 20. Tidal marshlands east of Westport extending
along the shoreline between the Westport marina and Elk River bridge.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description Approximatley 370 acres-!of shoreline tidal marsh
stretches along the east side of the Westport peninsula. It is a high
salinity marsh with few fresh water drainages. Substrates are primarily
sand in the northern portion of the tidelands grading to silty-sands to
the south. The marsh surface is dissected by large tidal channels.
Salt pannes and networks of small tidal channels occur in low marsh
areas.

Land Use History - The Westport area has a long and extensive history of
human use. The tidal marshes were likely grazed where accessible to
cattle since the late 1800's. Old fence lines exist throughout the
marsh though only a narrow strip is presently grazed.

Most lands adjacent to the present tidelands have been diked, ditched
and filled for housing and pasture. The northern portion of the marsh
is bounded by a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge spoil deposition
site. It also contains a small airstrip, two dike systems which bisect
the marsh and a number of large drainage ditches.

Vegetation - The tidal m&rshlands are dominated by low and intermediate
marsh with little high marsh development. Minor areas of dune vegetation
occur at the northern end of the marshlands.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs in pure stands on
sands along the leading marsh edge or intermixed with -9 low marsh
hummocks.

Dominant: Scirpus americanus

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) is the most wide spread low marsh community
in the area. It occurs along low leading edges of.marsh and in depression
areas at the tidal channels. The marsh surface is frequently dissected by
networks of-small channels. Salt pannes are common.

Westport Marshlands cont.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata (variable)
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Glaux maritima,
Grindelia integrifolia (local sub-dominant)
Orthocarpus castillejoides
Plantago maritima
Spergularia marina

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs along the leading marsh edge on clays or silts and as hummocks
on bare tidal flats.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginic community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs extensively throughout @the marshlands, at
elevations slightly higher than low marsh. It domi nates on high terraces
along tidal channels and ditches where Grindelia integrifolia co-dominates.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Jaumea carnosa
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Agrostis alba
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (local co-dominant)
Orthocarpus castillejoides
Plantago maritima
Stellaria humifusa@

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agro'stis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) is a minor community occurring along the
upland or diked edge of the marsh. There is an apparent elevation gain
and reduction in tidal channels where this community occurs.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Westport Marshlands - cont*.

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata (variable)

Minor: Atriplex patula
Carex lyngbyei
Festuca rubra

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs in two small areas adjacent to the upland midway
along the marshlands.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Festuca rubra

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Glaux maritima

XIII

WHITCOMB FLATS
NATURAL AREA PRESERVE

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Westport, Washington
U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. Portions of a tidal sand island lying at the
entrance to South Bay, Grays Harbor, approximately 1 air mile east of
Westport marina.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:.
The area comprises portions of an island which is part of Whitcomb Flats,
a grouping of tidal sand islands surrounded by open estuarine waters at
the mouth of South Bay, Grays Harbor. In 1981, this approximately 40
acre island was established as a Natural Area Preserve by the Washington
State Department of Natural Resources, primarily for the protection of
nesting habitat for Caspian Terns. The island is primarily a shifting,
bare, tidal sand flat. Trace amounts of dune plant species occur, along
with scattered pieces of driftwood.

XIV

SAND ISLAND and GOOSE ISLAND
NATURAL AREA PRESERVES

LOCATION:
Grays Harbor, Grays Harbor County, Washington. Westport, Washington,
U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T17N, R11W. Two tidal sand islands lying near
the center of Grays Harbor, approximately 3 air miles WSW of Point New.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Two isolated tidal sand islands occur near the center of Grays Harbor. The
islands lie approximately 11-2 air miles apart, and are surrounded by open
estuarine waters.

Goose Island was established by the Washington State Department of Natural
Resources in 1973 as a 50 acre Natural Area Preserve, primarily for the
protection of habitat for nesting CaspianTerns. Most of this acreage
comprises shifting bare tidal sand flats, with scattered traces of dune
plant species and varying amounts of driftwood. A dune area of approxi-
mately 10 acres, at the highest elevation of the island above tidal
influences, is covered by dense grass-herb dune vegetation.

Sand Island was established'by the Washington State Department of Natural
Resources in 1974, as a 50 acre Natural Area Preserve, primarily for the
protection of nesting Caspian Terns. Most of this acreage comprises shifting
bare tidal sand flats with scattered traces of dune plant species and varying
amounts of driftwood deposition. A dune area of approximately 10 acres occurs
at the highest elevations of the island, above tidal influence. The dune
area is covered by dense grass-herb dune vegetation, dominated largely by
Elymus mollis.

NORTH COVE MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. North Cove, Washington, U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R11W, portions of sections 3, 4, 9, 10, 11. Tidelands
at North Cove, east of Tokeland.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

Physical Description - Approximately 300 acres of marsh occur within North
Cove, at the northern shore of the mouth of Willapa Bay. Limited fresh-
water influence and proximity to the ocean contribute to high salinity
conditions. Substrates are primarily sands, thinly overlain by silts in
certain areas. Graveyard spit, a long sand spit with minor dune develop-
ment, borders the marsh to seaward. The area is marked by extensive
tidal channels and some salt pannes.

Land Use History - The nearby community of Tokeland was originally the site
of an indian village. Pioneers first settled the area in the 1850's at
Tokeland, and later founded the town of North Cove. The tidelands were
likely subjected early to grazing and fisheries related uses.

State'Highway 105 runs along the upland/marsh edge, protected by boulder
rip-rap. Highway road-fill has altered freshwater drainage patterns
into the marsh. "Pacific County Drainage Ditch No. 1" empties through
a road-culvert into the westernmost end of the marsh. The eastern half
of the marsh is part of the Shoalwater Indian Reservation.

The shoreline at North Cove has been undergoing rapid erosion over the last
few decades, claiming several hundred acres of land, including the town of
North Cove, a U.S. Coast Guard lighthouse, and numerous residences. State
Highway 105 was re-routed farther inland several years ago, during which
time the ocean claimed approximately one-half mile of the former highway
route. Erosion continues to date at a reported rate of 50 to 150 feet per
year at the most active erroding point. Continued erosion is predicted.
Since 1974, significant erosion of the sand spit protecting North Cove can
be seen from aerial photographs. The North Cove marshes appear threatened
by erosion if current trends continue.

Vegetation - The marsh is dominated by low marsh. The inland half of the
marsh is a mosaic of Spartina marsh and 4 low marsh. Small areas of sedge
and high marsh occur at the western end around the mouth of the county
drainage ditch. Minor dune development occurs along Graveyard Spit and
on a second minor dune ridge.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS

Low Marsh

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs primarily in an
extensive mosaic with Spartina marsh colonies, dominating the inland
half of the entire marsh. The area is highly dissected by tidal channels.

North Cove Marsh cont.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Salicornia virginica

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) dominates the bayward half of the marsh.
Plantago maritima occurs in many areas as co-dominant. Deschampsia
caespitosa and Juncus gerardii co-dominate in small locations at highest
elevations. TrigloThin maritimum is sub-dominant in most areas. Salt
pannes are scattered. Dissection is limited to main tidal channels.

Dominants: Salicornica virginica
Distichlis spicata.(variable)
Jaumea carnosa (variable)

Sub-dominants: Triglochin, maritimum (locally co-dominat
Plantago maritima (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Atriplex patula
Deschampsia caespitosa (locally co-dominant)
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (variable)
Hordeum jubatum
Juncus gerardii (locally co-dominant)-
Puccinellia sp. (prob. pumila) (variable)
Stellaria humifusa

Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 7) occurs in one small
previously diked, ditched and fenced area.

Dominant: -Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominat: Grindelia integrifolia

Minor Deschampsia caespitosa
Jaumea carnosa

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia vir@ @-(Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs mixed with 5 low marsh. Poorly defined.

Dominant: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Jaumea carnosa (variable)

Seda@_Marsh

_@L@@rex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs along and within the
"Pacific County Drainage Ditch No. 1"' where it first enters the tidal

North Cove Marsh cont.

marsh. No water was observed in the channel at the time of survey.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitos -Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs at the western end of the tidal
marsh near Pacific County Drainage Ditch No. 1". Juncus balticus
is absent.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

Minor:- Carx lyngbyei
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum jubatum
Juncus gerardii
Rumex sp
Triglochin marit*

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17) occurs in one small area at the western end of the tidal marsh adja-
cent to the upland. Juncus balticus is a minor component.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Angelica-lucida
Aster subspicatus
Deschampsia caespitosa
Elymus mollis
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordum jubatum
Juncus balticus
Rumex sp
Trigolium wormskjoldii

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs in an extensive
mosaic with 4 low marsh, occupying the landward half of the tidal marsh
area.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

XVI

TOKELAND AREA MARSHES

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R11W, portions of sections 1, 12, 13, and T14N, RIOW,
portions of sections 7,18. Tidelands along the mouths of Teal Duck Slough
and Kindred Slough near Tokeland.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 170 acres occur as three discontinuous
tidal marshes lining the mouths of Teal Duck Slough and Kindred Slough,
north of Take Point. Substrates are primarily sands and silty sands at
the southern marsh and south side of Kindred Island. Substrates are
primarily silts at the northern marsh and along the north side of Kindred
Island. Dissection of marsh surfaces-is low, limited to main tidal
channels. Low marsh areas contain salt pannes and slightly more extensive
dissection.

Land Use History The Tokeland area has long been a center for human
activity. It was the former site of an Indian village. In the late
1800's it became the site of a pioneer settlement. Fishing and fish-
processing were developed early and continue today. A rock breakwater
was built to protect Tokeland Harbor, bounding the southern tidal marsh.
Grazing was likely initiated in the late 1800's on tidal marshes
accessible to cattle. In the 1940's a dike was constructed across the
mouths of Teal Duck and Kindred Sloughs, converting upstream tidelands to
pasture. A small diked area on the north side of Kindred Island has
been breached, reintroducing tidal influence. Grazing currently occurs
over at least portions of the remaining tidal marshes. Residences and
small pastures occur adjacent to the southern tidelands along Tokeland Spit.
In 1962, State Highway 105 was constructed, altering freshwater drainage
patterns.

Vegetation - Low and intermediate marshes dominate all areas. High marsh
occurs on the southern tidal marsh along the upland edge and on Kindred
Island along the upland edge and in the formerly diked area. A small
area of transition marsh occurs in the formerly diked area. S2artina marsh
colonies occur scattered in slough channel s and along low marsh edges.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs in one local area
mixed with patches of 13 low marsh and Spartina marsh colonies.

Dominant: Scirpus americanus

Tokeland Area Marshes - cont.

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs extensively, dominating nearly
half of the total area tidal marshes. Plantago maritima is co-dominant
over much of the Kindred Island marsh. Agrostis alba occurs'as co-
dominant in a large area along the Tokeland Spit. Deschampsia caespitosa
is co-dominant on upper areas of the Kindred Island marsh. Salt pannes
are found throughout this community.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Plantago maritima (local co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum (local co-dominant)

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Aster sp. (subspicatus
Carex pansa
Deschampsia caespitosa (local co-dominant)
Festuca rubra (local)
Glaux maritima
Hordeum brachyantherum
Juncus sp (gerardii)
Orthocarpus castellejoides
Scirpus americanus
Stellaria humifusa

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs as hummocks on bare mudflats in areas along the leading marsh
edge at Teal Duck Slough.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginic (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs on the north side of Kindred Island associated
with other low marsh communities.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominates: Atriplex patula
Triglochin maritlimim

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Jaumea carnosa (variable)

Tokeland Area Marshes cont.

Scirpus maritimus community (mapping symbol 13) occurs primarily in 2
areas: As a nearly pure stand at the northern marsh, and mixed with
3 low marsh and-Spartina marsh colonies at Kindred Island.

Dominant: Scirpus maritimus

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as one small, isolated
area at the extreme northeast corner of the marshes.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs extensively over the tidal marshes, at
elevations slightly above low marsh. Agrostis alba occurs as co-
dominant over portions of the southern marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa'
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Festuca rubra (variable)
Jaumea carnosa

Minor: Glaux maritima*
Grindelia integrifolia
Juncus balticus
Juncus gerardii
Scirpus americanus
Triglochin maritimum

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs primarily in 2 large areas: Both cn Kindred Island,
within a formerly diked area, and at highest marsh elevations along the
upland. Juncus balticus is especially prominent within the formerly
diked area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Tokeland Area Marshes - cont.

Minor: Distichlis spicata (local)
Triglochin maritimum (local).

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensi@L-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 20) occurs at uppermost elevations within the
formerly diked area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as scattered colonies
along low marsh edges and on mudflats in slough and tidal channels.
Several colonies occur mixed with 13 low marsh and 3 low marsh in a
local area at the Kindred Island marsh.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

XVII

CEDAR RIVERNORRIS SLOUGH MARSHES

LOCATION: .... .... .... ....
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington U.S.G.S' 7.5'
quad map. T15N R11W, portions of section 36; T15N RIOW, portions of section
31; T14N R11W, portions of section 1; T14N RIOW, portions of section 6.
Tidelands at the confluence of Norris Slough and the mouth of the Cedar River.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 40 acres of marsh lie along the lower
reaches of Norris Slough and the mouth of the Cedar River, on the bay-side
of State Highway 105. Substrates are primarily silts with areas of silty
sands. Dissection is limited to major river tidal channels.

Land Use History - Past uses and alteration of the area have been extensive.
All of the Cedar River tidelands north of Highway-105 were diked by 19@62.
At that time road-fill was laid down, ditches dug and a new tidegate built
for the new highway, altering river drainage and tidal influence.
Disposition of highway road-fill, ditching and emplacement of a culvert
has also likely altered drainage of Norris Slough.

Old dike, ditch and fence remnants on Norris Slough tidelands testify to
past (and more recent) cattle grazing. The tidal marsh bayward of
Highway 105 at Cedar River also has an old dike and long grazing history.

It is likely that the river channels and tidelands were used in log
transport and storage when the adjacent uplands were logged in the late
1800s and early 1900s.

Vegetation - Most of the tidelands are dominated by high marsh. Traces of
low, sedge and intermediate marshes occur along the bayward marsh edges.
Freshwater marsh and transition species occur extensively in the Cedar River
tidalmarsh and to a limited extent at Norris Slough.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs on low terraces at
the leading marsh edges in 2 small areas, one of which mixes with 9 low
marsh.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus'

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (local)
Triglochin maritimum (local)

Cedar River/Norris Slough Marshes cont.

Trig,lochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs in a small stand
at the mouth of the Cedar River, and mixed with 8 low marsh south of the
mouth of Norris Slough. Both areas are low leading marsh edges.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8) occurs along leading marsh
edge south of the mouth of Norris Slough, on a sloping sandy shore. It
occurs with a variety of species particularly 4 low marsh.

Dominants: Distchlis spicata

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Salicornia virginica
Scirpus americanus.
Spergularia sp.

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs in a patchy mosaic with 3 low marsh on a low terrace at the leading
marsh edge east of Cedar River.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Carex lyngbyei

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs in 2 small patches
adjacent to low marsh. (Nearly pure stands of Carex.lyngbyei)

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei-Triglochi maritimum community (mapping
symbol 21) occurs in one small narrow strip along the leading marsh edge
between the mouths of Cedar River and Norris Slough.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum.

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Juncus balticus
Salicornia virginica

Cedar River/Norris Slough Marshes cont-.

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in 2 small separate areas on the leading marsh edge at elevations
between low and high marshes.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominant: Carex lyngbei

Minor: Glaux maritima
Jnumea carnosa
Juncus balticus
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

HjLII_Marsh

.Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in 4 areas. The largest of these
areas lies adjacent to Highway 105 road-fill. Fences and soil-surface
distortion imply a more recent history of cattle grazing. Carex lyngbyei
occurs as co-dominant in one area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
DeschAmpsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Minor: Atriplex patula
Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Distichlis spicata
Glaux maritima
Hordeum. jubatum.
Triglochin maritimum

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17) dominates the tideland area along Norris Slough. -Juncus balticus
occurs in patches as a sub-dominant over two large low areas. Agrostis alba
forms dense mats with high litter in areas. Fencing and old dike remnants
are most common in this marsh community. Traces of transition marsh
forbs occur particularly at higher elevations along upland edges.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica

Cedar River/Norris Slough Marshes - cont.

Minor: Aster subspicatus (local)
Calamagrostis nutkaensis (local)
Carex lyngbyei
Festuca rubra
Heracleum lanatum
Jucus balticus (local sub-dominant)
Lotus corniculatus (local, introduced)
Sidalcea hendersonii (local)
Triglochin maritimum
Vicia gigantea (local)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica Forbs community
(mapping symbol 17FORB) occurs primarily on high elevation tidelands
south of Highway 105, east of Cedar River. The bayward edge is marked
by an old dike. There is a large accumulation of driftwood, particularly
near the highway. The area appears not to be currently grazed.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Achillea millefolium
Angelica lucida
Calamagrostis nutkaensis (local co-dominant)
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra
Heracleum. lanatum
Hordeum jubatum
Juncus balticus
Lotus corniculatus (local sub-dominant, introduced)
Rumex sp
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

XVIII

HAWKS POINT MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5'
quad map. T15N, R10W, portions of sections 33 and 34; and T14N, R10W, portions
of sections 3 and 4. Tidelands along the shoreline immediately north of
Hawks Point.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 70 acres of tidal marsh occur along about
1 mile of shoreline, northward from the tip of Hawks Point. A narrow sand
ridge protrudes into the tidelands, partially enclosing the southern end
of the marsh. Substrates are primarily silts over the northern and outer.
portions of the marsh, with sands in the vicinity of the sand ridge.
Dissection of the marsh surface is restricted to main ditches over most
of the higher marshes. Certain low and.sedge marsh types are highly
dissected.

Land Use History - Old posts in the vicinity of the sand ridge suggest early
homestead uses. An overgrown rutted dirt road leads down to the marsh
from the highway above. State Highway 105, contructed about 1962, runs
through uplands above the tidelands. The highway crosses all freshwater
drainages emptying into the marsh.

Nearly all adjacent upland forests have been logged at least once. An
extensive zone of driftwood has accumulated on the southern portion of
the tidelands along the upland edge.

Vegetation - A variety of low, sedge, intermediate and high marsh communities
occur over the area. Minor dune vegetation development occurs along the
sand ridge. The northernmost band of marsh leads east along the highway
into the North River/Smith Creek tidelands.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

.Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs in a narrow outer
zone of the northernmost marsh, alternating with patches of 11 sedge
marsh. It is a monospecific community occurring as hummocks on the
bare tide flats.

Dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs over an extensive area of outermost marsh, as discontinuous
hummocks above the bare mudflat. In one small area, Deschampsia caespitosa
is co-dominant. Minor amounts of Scirpus maritimus are found on the
mudflat in this vicinity.

Hawks Point Marsh cont.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa local co-dominant)
Distichlis spicata (local)
Scirpus maritimus (local)

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimlim) community
(mapping symbol 10) is widespread occurring over low elevation,
undissected tidal marsh adjacent to 14 intermediate marsh or associated
with 9 low marsh.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Triglochin maritimum (local co-dominant)

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia (local)
Jaumea carnosa (local)

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as an inner zone
adjacent to upland or high marsh, and as an outermost zone alternating
with patches of 4 low marsh. Found only in the northern half of the
marsh, associated with freshwater seepage or upper areas. Agrostis alba
is co-dominant in one local area.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs in the north half of the marsh as a zone
between low marsh and 11 sedge or 17 high marshes.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschamp.sia caespitosa

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum (local co-dominant)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) is prominent at elevations between 10 low marsh and
17 high marsh.

Hawks Point Marsh cont.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia (local)
Jaumea carnosa (local)

HiSh Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs at upper marsh elevations, primarily in a zone along
the upland edge. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant in areas associated
with freshwater seepage.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Minor: Distichlis spicata (local)
Grindelia integrifolia (local)-
Salicornia virginica (local)
Trifolium wormskjoldii (local sub-dominant)

xix

NORTH RIVER/SMITH CREEK MARSHES

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington and South
Bend, Washington, U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T15N, R10W, portions of sections
26, 27, 35, and 36. Tidal marshes at the mouths of the North River and Smith
Creek.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

Physical Description - Approximatley 300 acres of marshland occur wher e the
mouths of Smith Creek and the North River enter Willapa Bay. Substrates
are primarily silts. Networks of small tidal channels dissect some areas
of low and sedge marsh. Other marsh areas are dissected only by main
tidal channels. Scattered driftwood occurs on outer bare mudflats.

Land Use History - Both North River and Smith Creek have had early histories
as homestead ranches. Several hundred acres of diked former tidelands
are found along the North River upstream from its mouth. Accessible
tidelands were likely grazed. All uplands adjacent to the tidelands
have been logged at least once. Old pilings along the North River channel
and Smith Creek testify to early log rafting and transport. State Highway
105, constructed about 1962, runs along the upland shoreline edge and
crosses both the North River and Smith Creek via piling-supported bridges.
Road-fill and rock rip-rap disrupted small drainages feeding into tidal
marshes.

Tidelands and uplands around Smith Creek are in Washington State Game
Department ownership and havebeen designated a Habitat Management Area.
The Game Department maintains a parking lot and boat launch for hunters
at the mouth of Smith Creek.

Vegetation - Outer marshes are dominated by low and sedge marsh communities
with small areas of high marsh. A large upstream area of transition marsh
with lesser amounts of high marsh occur along Smith Creek. Further up-
stream is found wetland shrub and tideland spruce vegetation. No Spartina
marsh colonies were observed.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs only as a small
band associated with sandy road-fill west of the main marshes.
Dominants: Scirpus americanus

North River/Smith Creek Marshes - cont.

Triglochia maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs on outermost
marsh flats, and on lower mudflats in a mosaic with 9 low marsh.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Dictichlis spicata (local)
Puccinellia pumila
Salicornia virginica
Scirpus maritimus (local)

.Scirpus maritimus community (mapping symbol 13) occurs as pure colonies
within outer 11 sedge marsh. It also occurs in salt pannes scattered
throughout the tidal marsh.

Dominants: Scirpus maritimus

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occur as "hummocks" in a mosaic with 4 low marsh, and on mud flats at
the leading marsh edge. Inland from the outermost marsh edges, where
hummocks begin to coalesce, Deschampsia caespitosa becomes co-dominant.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Iriglochin maritimum

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Plantago maritima

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in one poorly-defined area between 9 low marsh (Deschampsia
caespitosa co-dominant), and 11 sedge marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Se@@Mar@sh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) is a widespread community
associated with freshwater influences. It occurs at higher marsh
elevations along river channels and low marsh communities. It occurs
as nearly pure stands of Care lynbyei.

North River/Smith Creek Marshes cont.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Triglochin maritimum (local)
Scirpus maritimus (local)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritimum community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs largely as a zone between upper 11 sedge
marsh and low marsh communities. It is highly dissected by networks
of small channels, with some development of salt pannes.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Trigolochin maritimum

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica (variable)

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs at higher elevations of the outer marsh, and at lower
elevations within 20 transition marsh along Smith Creek. Carex lyngbyei
occurs as a co-dominant in areas associated with freshwater seepage.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus Potentilla pacific-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17 FORB) occurs in 3 small areas within 17 high marsh and 20
transition marsh. Driftwood deposition is common over areas dominated
by this community. Various forbs are collectively co-dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba (variable)
Potentilla pacifica
Juncus balticus

Sub-dominants: Aster subspicatus
Heracleum lanatum
Vicia gigantea
Achillea millefolium.
Angelica lucida
Sidalcea hendersonii

North River/Smith Creek Marshes cont.

Minor: Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Cirsium edule
Deschampsia caespitosa
Lathyrus palustris (variable)
Rumex occidentalis

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla 2acifica
community (mapping symbol 20) lies in a large area along Smith Creek.
The largest occurrence of this marsh community in Willapa Bay, this
area makes up nearly half of the total marsh acreage at the North River/
Smith Creek estuary. Widely scattered individuals of Pyrus fusca and
Picea sitchensis occur increasing along upland edges and upper channel
reaches. The area is dissected only by a few major tidal channels.
Typically freshwater wetland species occur as minor components.

Dominants: Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Agrostis alba
Carex obnupta
Cirsium edule
Deschampsia caespitosa
Epilobium watsonii
Galium sp.(trifidum)
Heracleum, lanatum
Juncus effusus var. gracilis
Lathyrus palustris
Picea sitchensis
Pyrus fusca
Rumex occidentalis
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

Il SLOUGH/KELLOGG SLOUGH MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. South Bend, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R9W, portions of sections 6 and 7. Tideland marsh
lying along II and Kellogg Sloughs, about 6 miles west of Raymond on State
Highway 105.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 134 acres of marsh lie adjacent to the
mainland around the mouths of two small creeks draining into II and
Kellogg Sloughs. Substrates are primarily silts. Low marsh areas are
highly dissected with small channels. High marsh is dissected only by
meandering main tidal channels. Large amounts of driftwood have
accumulated at higher tideland elevations.

Land Use History - There are no apparent signs of recent use of the marsh
proper. State Highway 105, built about 1962, cuts through upland slopes
immediately adjacent to the marsh and consequently, road-fill crosses
every freshwater drainage. Two major creeks pass through the road-fill
via concrete culverts. The area was likely homesteaded in the late 1800's.

Vegetation - Most of the area is dominated by high marsh and transition
marsh. Lesser amounts of low, intermediate and sedge marshes occur in
strips along shorelines to the north and south of the main body of marshes.
A few small, low marsh islands occur on outlying flats.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs as "hummocks" at the outermost low marsh edge.

Domimants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin marit'

Minor: Plantago maritima
Puccinellia pumila
Spergularia candensis

Sedge Marsh

Carex.lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as nearly pure stands
of.Carex lynghyei. It occurs in areas with apparent freshwater influence.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

II Slough/Kellogg Slough Marsh cont.

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs in a narrow band between sedge marsh and low
marsh. It is highly dissected by a network of small channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Potentilla pacifica (local)
Triglochin maritimum (variable)

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitos@-Agrostis@ alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs near the center of the main marsh
body in a mosaic with 17 high marsh. Deschampsia caespitosa is the
major dominant.

Dominants: Agro'stis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs near the center of the main marsh in a mosaic with
-15 high marsh.' Slightly higher elevations include traces of
transition marsh forbs.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilia pacifica-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17FORB) occurs in extensive areas, between upland or 20 transition
marsh, and 17 high marsh. As much as 75% of the marsh surface is covered
by driftwood in an upper zone along the upland edge. Various forbs occur
collectively as co-dominants.
62

II Slough/Kellogg Slough Marsh cont.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Achillea millefolium.
Aster subspicatus
Angelica lucida
Heracleum. lanatum,
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

Minor: Calamagrosti s nutkaensis
Cirsium. edule
Deschampsia caespitosa
Lathyrus palustris
Rumex occidentalis

Calamagrostis nutkaensis7Agrostis@ alba-Potentilla pacifica-Juncus balticus
community (mapping symbol 20) occurs at highest elevation of the marsh,
and upstream of the highway where freshwater influence is high. Young
trees and shrubs occasionally are found in the marsh, associated with
driftwood debris.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Heracleum. lanatum
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Sidalcea hendersonii

Sub-dominants: Aster subspicatus
Vicia gigantea

Minor: Cirsium. edule
Galium sp.
Rumex occidentalis

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs in a local area
as several pure colonies of Spartina alterniflora, on bare tidal channels
and flats within intermediate and low marshes.

Dominant@ Spartina alterniflora

XXI

FREDRICKSON SLOUGH MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. South Bend, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R9W, portions of sec@t_ions -5, 8, and 17. Tidelands
associated with Fredrickson Slough and the mouth of Johnson Slough..

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description @ Approximately 320 acres of marsh lie adj'acent to
the mainland along Fredrickson Slough and the mouth of Johnson Slough.
A small sand ridge protrudes into the northwest corner of marsh.
Substrates are primarily silts. L ow marsh areas are highly dissected
by networks of small channels. High marsh areas are dissected only by
main tidal channels. Large amounts of driftwood have accumulated on
the upland edges of high and transition marshes.

Land Use History - Diked lands (pasture) border the southeast corner of
the area. State Highway 105, built about 1962, runs along upland
adjacent to the tidal marsh. Roadfill crosses all drainages entering
theimarsh. The main creek drainage passes through the highway roadfill
via a large concrete culvert. Old pilings cross the southern end of
marsh. Past homesteading is likely.

Vegetation - The tidal marsh is dominated by low marsh. Limited areas of
C>
intermediate marsh occur at the southern end of the tidal marsh.
Extensive high marsh occurs adjacent to the upland slopes at the north
end of the area. Transition marsh occurs on a ridge adjacent to low
marsh. Minor dune vegetation development is found on highest portions
of the sand ridge. Spartina colonies are common within the low marsh.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salincornia virginica-IK@iylochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs extensively on the bay edge of the marsh, typically as
discontinuous hummocks on otherwise bare mudflats. On higher mounds
Deschamp@sia caespitosa becomes co-dominant. Along the west edge of
this type community, bare mounds occur, suggesting erosion.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum.

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (local co-dominant)

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Puccinellia pumila

Fredrickson Slough Marsh cont.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs in a mosaic with coalesced humocks of
9 low marsh. Salt pans are common in this area.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Puccinellia pumila (variable)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitos -Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica communitv
(mapping symbol 14) occurs at elevations intermediate to low and high
marshes.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum (variable, local co-dominant)

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local)
Grindelia integrifolia (variable)

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in-one small depression within
17 high marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentill4 pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) is widespread at higher elevations in the northern end of
the marsh. In slight depressional areas, Juncus balticus is not found,
however, here occur lower marsh species. A large quantity of driftwood
has been deposited on this area of mar@h along the upland forest edge,
covering up to 75% of the marsh surface. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant
in a small area with apparently high freshiWater influence.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Fredrickson Slough Marsh cont.

Minor: Carex lyngbyei'(local.co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa
DIstichlis spicata (variable)
Grindelia integrifolia (variable)
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla 2acifica-Forbes community
(mapping symbol 17FORB) occurs on the highest elevational portions
of the marsh, along the upland edge and on two ridges nearer the bay.
Large quantities of driftwood have been deposited where'this
community occurs adjacent to the upland. Proportions of forb species
are variable.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Aster subspicatus
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Achillea millefolium
Ange lica lucida
Heracleum lanatum.
Sidalcea hendersonii
Vicia gigantea

Minor: Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Lotus corniculatus (introduced)
Rumex occidentalis

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) is common as pure
colonies on mudflats and intermixed with hummocks of 9 low marsh.

Dominants: Spartinia alterniflora

XXII

BRUCEPORT and HANSEN CREEK MARSHES

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R10W, portions of sections 27, 38, 39. Tidal marshes
at Stony Point (Hansen Creek) and Bruceport.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Two small tidal marshes occur along the shoreline
of Willapa Bay at Stony Point and Bruceport. Approximately 6 acres lie
along the north shoulder of Stony Point at the mouth of Hansen Creek.
A similar marsh of approximately 25 acres occurs at Bruceport, associated
with the mouth of a small, unnamed creek. Both marshes or-cur as narrow
strips against abrupt upland slopes. Substrates are primarily silts,
but local areas of sandy substrate occur, 2 of which may be related with
past road construction.

Land Use History - The Bruceport area was one of the earliest pioneer
settlements in Washington. Associated with the early oyster trade in
the late 1850's, several buildings, a boat dock, and many residences
occurred along a few miles of shoreline. Ruins of early structures can
be seen, in a few areas, on the mudflats. In the early 1900's, U.S.
Highway 101 was constructed along the upland adjacent to the tidal
marshes, altering freshwater drainage patterns into the marshes. Concrete
culverts carry the major creeks through the road-fill, although waters
from the unnamed creek feeding the Bruceport marsh appear to have been
partially impounded. In two areas sands excavated from upland slopes,
to accommodate the highway bed,were apparently deposited onto the
adjacent tideflats.

Vegetation - Low marsh and sedge marsh communities dominate both tidal
marshes. Scirpus americanus, 3 low marsh, is associated with sand
substrates at Bruceport. A small area of high marsh is found at Hansen
Creek. Extensive Spartina colonies occur at Bruceport.

PLANT C011MUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs in 2 local areas
on sandy substrates at Bruceport. Scirpus americanus and 9 low marsh
hummocks form a mosaic on an area of sands excavated for the highway.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Minor: Salicornia virginica (local)

Bruceport and Hansen Creek Marshes cont.

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
dominates the leading marsh edge at Bruceport and occurs as a narrow
leading edge at Hansen Creek. This community occurs as discontinuous
"hummocks" above the tideflat surface.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs in one small outer area at Hansen Creek.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
.Triglochin maritimum

Sedge Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum. community
(mapping symbol 21) dominates upper elevation marsh areas. The
marsh surface is highly dissected by many small tidal channels.
Carex lyngbyei is especially prominent.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs in a small area at Hansen Creek on the highest tidal
.marsh elevations. This area has been altered in the past due to
adjacent highway development. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Aster sp. (prob. subspicatus)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Bruceport and Hansen Creek Marshes - cont.

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora colonies (mapped in red) occur extensively at
Bruceport marsh on bare tideflat and within outer edges of 9/3 low
marshes. A few colonies are found near the end of Stony Point west
of the Hansen Creek marsh.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

XXIII

BONE RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington 7.5'
U.S.G.S. quad map. T14N RlOW, portions of sections 26, 33, 34, 35 and
T13N RIOW, portions of sections 3 and 4. The lower reaches of the Bone
River.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

Physical Description - Approximately 300 acres of tidal marshes occur at
the mouth and along the lower 3.5 miles of the Bone River and its
tributaries. Marshes are located on terraces abruptly raised above the-
meanders of the main channel and tributary drainages. Substrates are
primarily silts. Dissection of the high marsh is limited to main tidal
channels. Low marshes are dissected by networks of small channels.

Land Use History - There is an "island" of forested upland in the marsh at
the river mouth which was an Indian village site. In the early 1850's
the village site was homsteaded. The presumed site of a second homestead
was located on the marsh approximately 3/4 of a mile from the eastern
extent of the tidelands. The site contains the charred remains of a
cabin, old car body, fences, ditches and dikes. It is likely that grazing
occurred on the saltmarshes in conjunction with the homesteading.

Portions of the adjacent forested upland were probably logged in the
late 1800's. Those to the south of the river burned in 1853. Extensive
diking of the main river channel would suggest that logs were transported
across the marsh and rafted down the river. A majority of these forested
lands have recently been cut.

Highway 101 crosses the Bone River at its mouth. It crosses the tide-
lands on a dike and spans the river channel on a piling-supported bridge.

Vegetation - The marshlands are predominately high marsh, with some low and
intermediate marsh development near the river mouth. Marsh along the
uppermost tidal reach contains an abundance of freshwater marsh species.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia,virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs in a small area of outer marsh at
the river mouth. Where there is a slight rise in elevation,
Deschampsia caespitosa and Juncus gerardii are found as sub-dominants.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Jaumea carnosa
Distichlis spicata

Bone River Marshlands cont.

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (local)
Juncus gerardii (local)

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
dominates the leading outer marsh edge as discontinuous hummocks. On
slightly higher areas where hummocks begin to coalesce,
Deschampsia caespitosa occurs as a co-dominant. There is extensive
dissection of the marsh surface.

Dominants: 8alicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia, caespitosa (locally dominant)

Minor: Distichlis spicata (local)

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginic -(Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) is a common low marsh community found on lower
terraces and along channels within high marsh flats. There is little
dissection except by main channels.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Triglochin marit'

Minor: Jaumea carnosa (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa (local)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) is common near the river mouth at elevations
intermediate between high and low marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Agrostis alba (variable)
Hordeum brachyantherum
Potentilla pacifica (variable)

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) is widespread throughout the tidelands
within and adjacent to 17 high marsh. Dissected only by main tidal
channels.

Bone River Marshlands cont.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Carex lyngbyei (local)
Salicornia virginica (variable)
Hordeum,brachyantherum (local)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occupies more area than any other marsh community along the
Bone River tidelands. The community occurs on high undissected
terraces. In slight depressions, the cover of Juncus balticus decreases
while that of Distichlis spicata increases. Ca-r-ex lyngbyei is a co-
dominant along upland edie-swith freshwater influence and along channel
edges.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Minor: Trifolium wormskjoldii (locally sub-dominant)
Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)
Hordeum brachyantherum

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forb community (mapping
symbol 17 FORB) occurs adjacent to upland vegeation at the river mouth.
A number of forb species co-dominate. There is some driftwood
accumulation.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Heracleum lanatum
Vicia gigantea
Aster subspicatus
Rumex occidentalis
Lathyrus palustris

Minor: Sidalcea hendersonii (local)

Bone River Marshlands cont.

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as several
scattered colonies on bare mudflat along channel edges and between
9 low marsh hummocks. One large continuous mat occupies a tidal
channel through an intermediate marsh flat.

Dominant: Spariina. alterniflora,

XXIV

NIAWIAKUM RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Bay Center, Washington and Nemah,
Washington 7.5' U.S.G.S. quad maps. T13N R10W, portions of sections 3, 9,
10, 11, 14, 15 and 16. All tidal marshlands of the Niawiakum River,
including certain marshlands southward along the bay shore between the
Niawiakum and Palix Rivers.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 450 acres of tidal marsh occur along
the lowermost 4 miles of the Niawiakum River and its tributaries,
including about I mile of bay shoreline marsh lying south of the river
mouth. A majority of marsh occurs on high terraces elevated above the
meanders of the.Niawiakum and its tributaries. Substrates are primarily
silts. As a whole, the marsh surface is relatively undissected though
there are a few areas which contain networks of narrow tidal channels.

Land Use History Use by early homesteaders of tidal marshes along the
Niawiakum, River was likely during the latter half of the 19th century.
Recent signs of cattle grazing are apparent on some areas of high marsh
along the upper tidal reaches. A boat dock and buildings used for
oystering are located on land fill at the north side of the Highway 101
bridge.

Logs and debris are found in the marsh which are a consequence of past
and present logging of adjacent lands. There are a few areas bordering
the marsh which contain old second growth forest. However, many areas
have been recently cut for a second time.

U.S. Highway 101, built in the early 1900's, spans the river mouth and
adjacent tidelands on road-fill and a piling-supported bridge. A gravel
road crosse's the upper tideland reach. The road is built on a dike over
the tidelands and spans the river channel on a piling-supported bridge.

Vegetation - A wide variety of tidal marsh communities occur, from low and
intermediate marsh communities dominating the downstream half of the
river tidelands, to extensive development of high marsh communities along
the meandering upper reaches and tributaries. Along the upper tidal
reach an abundance of freshwater marsh species were observed.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) a small, nearly pure
stand occurs on a tideflat below an eroding sediment cliff near the
river mouth.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Niawiakum. River Marshlands cont.

Tri@lochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) a small area occurs
on a mudflat at the river mouth.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicat -Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs on undissected low terraces above
bare tide flats. It occurs at elevations below intermediate and high
marshes. Can grade into 1.0 low marsh.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Jaumea.carnosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Hordeum brachyantherum,
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Atriplex patula (variable)
Puccinellia nutkaensis (variable)
Glaux maritima
Carex lyngbyei
Stellaria humifusa
Grindelia integrifolia

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8) occurs in a small drainage
depression at the head of a tidal channel within 17 high marsh.
Carex lyngbyei occurs as co-dominant.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Carex lyngbyei (variable)

Minor: Salicornia virginica
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum
Agrostis alba
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum brachyantherum

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs near the river mouth as hummocks on bare tidal flats and as a
narrow band on low terraces at the leading marsh edge.

Domimants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia vir (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) is the most widespread low marsh type. It is found
most commonly near the river mouth but also on low terraces along the

Niawiakum River Marshlands cont.

river channel and in depressions within higher marsh types. Some areas
appear to be former 9 low marsh hummocks which have coalesced.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Jaumea carnosa
Grindelia integrifolia
Plantago maritima (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Hordeum brachyantherum.
Carex lynabyei (local)
Spergularia sp.
Agrostis alba (local)
Scirpus cernuus (local)
Lilaeopsis occidentalis (local)
Atriplex patula
Stellaria humifusa

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) dominates the Niawiakum marshes, occurring at
elevations intermediate to those of low and high marsh types. Salt
pannes occur frequently.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum brachyantherum
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Jaumea carnosa
Plantago maritima (local)
Orthocarpus castillejoides
Glaux maritima
Festuca rubra
Potentilla pacifica (local)
Juncus balticus (sub-dominants)
Atriplex patula
Agrostis alba
Spergularia sp.

Niawiakum River Marshlands cont.

High Marsh

Deschampsia caesp-itosa-Agrosti.s alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs at elevations between 17 high
marsh and intermediate marsh. Presence or absence of Juncus balticus
varies.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica
Juncus balticus

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata

Minor: Salicornia virginica
Hordeum brachyantherum,
Carex lyngbyei (locally sub-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum (locally sub-dominant)
Glaux maritima. (locally sub-dominant)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates the upper river tidelands along the Niawiakum.
These marshes are dissected only by main tidal channels. Juncus balticus
occurs as a co-dominant near the upland. Distichlis spicata co-
dominates near the river channel. Carex lyngbyei becomes co-dominate
where freshwater influence increases along upland edges.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica
Juncus balticus (variable)
Distichlis spicata (variable)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum,
Trifolium wormskjoldii (locally sub-dominant)

Transition Marsh

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla Racifica
community (mapping symbol 20) occurs on the uppermost tidal reaches
of the main river channel. Picea sitchensis individuals are scattered
within this type.

Dominants: Cal.-ftagrostis nutkaensis
Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica
Juncus balticus

Niawiakum River Marshlands cont.

Minor: Sidalcea hendersonii
Picea sitchensis

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs near the mouth
of the Niawiakum River. Approximately two dozen colonies occur in a
few areas in the river channel associated mainly with low marsh types.

Dominants: Spartina alterniflora

XXV

PALIX RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Nemah, Washington 7.5' U.S.G.S.
quad map. T13N, RIOW, portions of section-s 1-5, 22, 23, 24, 27 and 34.
Tidelands at the mouth and lower reaches of the Palix River System.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 700 acres of tidal marsh occurs east
of Highway 101 along the North, Middle and South forks of the Palix
River. The majority of marsh lies along the North and Middle forks and
along the river channel between the confluence of the three forks and
Highway 101. Relatively little marsh occurs along the South fork.
Intermediate-and high marsh are dissected only by large tidal channels.
Some areas of low marsh are more finely dissected by small tidal
channels. Substrates are primarily silts.

Land Use History - Large areas of floodplain have been diked notably those
lying west of High-way 101 on the Bay Center Peninsula, those south of
the main channel between Highway 101 and the South fork of the Palix
and areas along the South fork. Some of the dikes have been breached and
tidal influence re-established. A majority of the dikes are maintained
and the lands intensively grazed. Grazing occurs in some of the undiked
marshes as well and may have been a generalized practice at one time.
Highway 101 was constructed in the early 1900's and crosses the Palix
River floodplain on a dike. The highway spans the main channel of the
river on a piling-supported bridge.
Forested lands adjacent to the saltmarshes were probably logged in the late
1800's or early 1900's. Pilings along the river channel suggest that
logs were rafted down the river during the initial logging. Most of these
forested lands have recently been logged a second time.

Vegetation - The tideland vegetation is dominated by high marsh communities.
Some intermediate and considerable low marsh occurs west of the confluence
of the three forks. Transition and some sedge marsh occurs along the
upper-most tidal reaches. A dike along the south side of the main channel
between the highway and the South fork has been breached. The area behind
the dike is now a well-developed saltmarsh dominated by high marsh, but
with some intermediate and low marsh. Well developed Spartina alterniflora
colonies are found in the lower reach of the river.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs as hummocks on
bare mudflats in a small area of the river channel adjacent to a high
marsh terrace.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Palix River Marshlands - cont.

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8) is poorly defined in this
area. Carex lyngbyei and Agrostis alba co-dominant with Distichlis
spicata on low, flat drainage depressions within high marsh. These areas
are little dissected by shallow channels.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata.
Carex lyngbyei
Agrostis alba

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Potentilla pacifica (local)

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs as typical hummocks on mudflats at the leading marsh edges.
Where the hummocks begin to coalesce, Deschampsia caespitosa can be co-
dominant. Where this type occurs to greatest extent, near the Highway
101 bridge, extensive Spartina alterniflora colonies are intermixed.
These two communities may be competing for the same space.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimilm

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa (locally co-dominant)
Distichlis spicata

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs in 3 small outer marsh areas found on low
terraces. Grindelia integrifolia, is frequently co-dominant.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum (variable)
Grindelia integrifolia (variable)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Hordeum brachyantherum.
Atriplex patula
Glaux maritima
Carex lyngbyei (local)

Seda!@ Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as nearly pure stands
of Carex lyngbyei generally occurring along channels or where there is
fr@s-h-wa@er influences. This type occurs to greatest extent within high
and transition marshes of the uppermost river reaches.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Palix River Marshlands cont.

Carex,lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in only 3 small depressional areas along the river channel.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Distichlis spicata (locally co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs at elevations intermediate between high and
low marshes. Dissection is limited to main tidal channels. Best
development is observed in the downstream half of the marshlands. Salt
pans occur within this type.

Dominants: Deschampsia caepitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Grindelia intergrifolia
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Hordeum. brachyantherum
Potentilla pacifica (locally co-dominant)
Agrostis alba (variable)
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Festuca rubra (local)

Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) is the most widespread community in the
Palix River marshlands. It is found on inner high marsh flats, dissected
only by main tidal channels. This is also the dominant vegetation type
within the formerly diked area. 'Juncus balticus occurs in small isolated
patches. Where it occurs, it is co-dominant.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica-

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum
Distichlis spicata

Palix River Marshlands cont.

Minor: Festuca rubra (variable, locally co-dominant)
Glaux maritima,
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Salicornia virginica (variable)
Hordeum brachyantherum
Juncus balticus (locally co-dominant)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates the upper tidal reaches of the North and Middle
forks, and meander points and tributary arms of the South fork of the
Palix River. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant in areas with increased
freshwater influence, primarily in the upper tidal reaches and adjacent
to the upland. Juncus balticus is absent as co-dominant in most outer
high marsh areas and inner marsh along the Middle and North forks of
the Palix River. One area of 17 high marsh lies behind a more recently
breached dike. Dissections in 17 high marsh is largely limited to main
tidal channels, but increases in area s where Carex,lyngbyei is co-
dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica
Carex lyngbyei (local)

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata (variable)

Minor: Angelica lucida (local)
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Aster subspicatus (local)
Cirsium edule (local)
Hordeum brachyantherum
Triglochin maritimum
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra (local)
Juncus balticus (local co-dominant)

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17 FORB) occurs primarily along the upper tidal reaches of the
Middle and South forks of the Palix River in areas with considerable
freshwater influence. It occurs in a mosaic with 17 high marsh and,
along the Middle fork, with sedge marsh. A number of forbs co-occur
including some typically freshwater species.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Palix River Marshlands conto

Achillea millefolium
Aster subspicatus
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Rumex occidentalis
Juncus effusus
Eleocharis palustris
Festuca rubra
Angelica lucida
Vicia gigantea
Hordeum brachyantherum
Cirsium edule
(+ other trace "weedy" spp.)

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) is found extensively near
the Highway 101 bridge, on channel mudflats and intermixed with 9 low
marsh.

Dominant: Spartina alternifolia

XXV1

NORTH NERAH RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Nemah, Washington 7.5' U.S.G.S.
quad map. T12N RIOW portions of sections 14, 15, 22 and 23. Tidal marshes
at the mouth of the North Nemah River, west of U.S. Highway 101.

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS:
Physical Description Approximately 125 acres of marsh occur on tidal
flats, at the mouth of the North Nemah River, west of Highway 101. Sub-
strates are primarily silts, with the exception of one narrow sand ridge
bordering the western-most edge of the tidelands. Dissection of high
marsh is limited to main tidal channels. Sedge and low marshes are
extensively dissected by networks of small channels.

Land Use History - U.S. Highway 101 was constructed in the early 1900's.
It crosses the tidelands at the mouth of the North Nemah River on
approximately a one-half mile long dike. The highway spans the main
river channel on a piling-supported bridge. A second drainage channel
passes under the road-fill via a culvert and old tidegate. A restaurant
and store are located on landfill in the marsh adjacent to the highway.

The adjacent upland forests were logged, probably in the late 1.800's.
Pilings along the river channel and in the mar6h suggest past log rafting
and transporting. Some of these lands have recently been logged a second
time.

The area was probably homesteaded in the 1800's and tidelands subject to
grazing. East of the highway the marshes were diked and are currently
used for intensive grazing.

Vegetation - Most of the marshland is dominated by high marsh. Areas of
low marsh-and sedge marsh occur along the outermost edges. Some sedge
mars:h occurs along channels within the high marsh.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) is the primary low
marsh type. It occurs as hummocks at the outermost marsh edge.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

North Nemah River Marshlands cont.

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs on slumps and low
terraces along channels within 17 high marsh. Carex lyngbyei
forms essentially pure stands.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in an area of marsh as a zone between 4 low marsh and 21 sedge marsh.
It is extensively dissected by networks of small channels.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum,

Desch@asia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs along the outer marsh edge as a zone
between low marsh and upland or high marsh. It is highly dissected by
networks of small channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum,

Minor: Distichlis spicata (variable)

.,iHigh Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 17) occurs in one small area associated with
17 high marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)
Festuca rubra (variable)

Minor: Aster subspicatus (local)
Heracleum. lanatum
Vicia gigantea
Deschampsia caespitosa

.North Nemah River Marshlands cont.

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as a few, scattered
pure colonies on mudflats along the outer edge of 4 low marsh, and
extending a few hundred feet out onto bare mudflats.

Dominants: Spartina alterniflora

XXVII

MIDDLE AND SOUTH NEMAR RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Nemah, Washington and Long Island,
Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T12N, RIOW, portions of sections 21,
22, 26 and 27. Tidal marshes along the South and Middle Nemah Rivers.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 300 acres of currently undiked tidal
marsh exists at the mouth and lower reaches.of the Middle and South Nemah
Rivers and Freshwater Creek. The marshlands are highly dissected by major
tidal channels. Areas of low marsh are also dissected by networks of
small channels. Freshwater Creek winds through the marshlands east of the
main river channel providing additional freshwater influence. The sub-
strates are primarily silts though silty sands occur in the low marsh
areas.

Land Use History - Highway 101 bounds the marshlands to the east, crossing
the Middle Nemah River tidelands on road-fill and Freshwater Creek on a
piling-supported bridge. The South Nemah River tidelands are crossed by
a second road. This road crosses diked tidelands on road-fill and spans
the river on small piling-supported bridges.

Use by early homesteaders of these tidal marshlands was likely in the late
1800's and early 1900's. Ruins of an old cabin and corral lie in the
adjacent forest at the mouth of the South Nemah River suggesting past
grazing of accessible tidal marshes. The former tideland lying between
the Middle and South Nemah has been diked and is intensively grazed.
A private oyster processing facility is presently located on land-fill
in this diked area.

Forests adjacent to the tidelands were probably logged in the late 1800's
and possibly as late as the early 1900's. Logs were probably transported
via the river channels.

A large island at the mouth of the river is thought to have received
dredge spoils at one time.

Vegetation - The tidal marshlands are dominated by high marsh. There is also
extensive sedge marsh, some low marsh but very little intermediate marsh
development. Spartina alterniflora colonies are primarily scattered along
the northeast side of the island.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs as hummocks on bare
tidal flats. It is located in a band along the northeast side of the
island and along the outer marsh edge at Weiss Point.

Dominant: Triglochin maritimum
87

Middle and South Nemah River Marshlands cont.

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs to a limited extent on a narrow strip of tidal
marsh along Lynn Point. It occurs on low terraces highly dissected by
tidal channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Salicornia virginica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Glaux maritimum
Jaumea carnosa
Triglochin maritimum
Stellaria humifusa

Sedge Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritimum community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs primarily on the narrow strip of tidal marsh
along Lynn Point and on the southwest side of the island. It also
occurs to a limited extent along the South Nemah River. This marsh
type tends to be highly dissected by narrow tidal channels.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Carex lyngbyei

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Agrostis alba

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum. community (mapping symbol 12) is the
most extensive sedge marsh community in the area. It is most extensively
developed north and east of the Middle Nemah River channel along Weiss
Point. It also occurs in the strip of tidal marsh along Lynn Point,
along the South fork and probably on the island at the mouth of the river.
Agrostis alba is co-dominant in most areas which is unusual. This marsh
type is found at relatively low elevations near the tip of Weiss Point
and on higher terraces elsewhere. At lower elevations the surface tends
to be highly dissected.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum
Agrostis alba (locally)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa

Middle and South Nemah River Marshlands cont.

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) is found on a terrace northwest of the
confluence of the South and Middle Nemah Rivers. The terrace is
dissected by large tidal channels. On slightly higher areas
Juncus balticus is an obvious dominant. In lower areas J. balticus
is absent and Distichlis spicata is a local co-dominant.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Distichlis spicata (variable)

Sub-dominant: Juncus balticus (locally dominant)

Minor: Triglochin maritimum.
Potentilla pacifica

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) is the most extensive community in the tidal marsh. It
occurs in the upper marsh adjacent to the forested uplands and on
large high terraces along upper tidal reaches. The community is highly
variable dependent upon the relative fresh and salt-water influences.
The marsh surface is dissected very little.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Festuca rubra (locally co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum
Distichlis spicata
Hordeum, brachyantherum.

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17 FORB) occurs in an area west of Highway 101 and to a minor
extent along the forest edge of Weiss Point.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Heracleum lanatum.
Festuca rubra
Aster subspicatus

Middle and South Nemah River Marshlands cont.
I

Min or: Angelica lucida
Vicia gigantea
Deschampsia caespitosa
Galium, sp.
Trifolium. womskjoldii
Triglochin maritimum
Carex lyngbyei
Hordeum. brachyantherum.

Spartina, Marsh

.Spartina alternoflora community (mapped in red) occurs on low tidal flats
at the mouth of the rivers.

Dominant: Spartina. alterniflora,

XXVIII

SEAL SLOUGH MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington 7.5'
U.S.G.S. quad map. T12N R10W, portions of section 28. A small, isolated
drainage lying between the Nemah and the Naselle Rivers.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 30 acres of marsh occupy the mouth
of a small, isolated watershed between the Nemah and Naselle Rivers.
Substrate is primarily silts. High marsh areas are dissected only by
main tidal channels. Low and sedge marsh areas are dissected by a
network of small channels.

Land Use History - There are no obvious signs of past land uses on the
marsh proper 'though homestead use in the late 19th century was likely,
including grazing. The surrounding forest lands have recently been
logged to within 20 feet of the marsh edge. Gravel roads cross both
arms of the upper marsh on road-fill. Culverts bisect the fill in both
arms; however, it appears as if the fill has altered freshwater drainage.

Vegetation Most of the area is high marsh, with outer edges of sedge
I marsh and some low marsh development.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION:

Low Marsh

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs in a narrow
band at the leading edge of the marsh. It occurs as hummocks on bare
mudflats.

Dominants: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as a band between
4 low marsh and 17 high marsh.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia.caespitosa

Minor: Triglocbin maritimum.
Distichlis spicata

Seal Slough Marsh - cont

HiS]l Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates most of the marsh. Transition forbs occur locally
as sub-dominants at the highest elevations. Carex lyngbvei becomes
co-dominant, replacing Juncus balticus at lower elevations adjacent
to sedge marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (locally sub-dominant)
Angelica lucida (locally sub-dominant)
Vicia gigante,a (locally sub-dominant)
Rumex occidentalis (locally sub-dominant)
Trifolium wormskjoldii (locally sub-dominant)
Holcus lanatus
Festuca arundinacea

Spartina Marsh

.Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs a s a half dozen
circular monospecific colonies on mudflats beyond the marsh proper.

Dominants: Spartina alterniflora

XXTX

NASELLE RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington and
Oman Ranch, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T11N, R10W, portions
of sections 10, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, and T11N, R9W, portions of
sections 19,30. Tidelands along the lowest reaches of the Naselle River
and tributary streams.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 750 acres of low salinity marsh lie
along the lowest reaches of the Naselle River, including Ellsworth
Slough. Substrates are primarily silts. Tidal marsh surfaces are
primarily dissected by large tidal channels.

Land Use History - The Naselle River area was settled before the turn of
the century. A majority of the tidelands along the river and its
tributaries have been diked and removed from tidal influence for farming
and pasture. Grazing occurred on currently undiked tidal marshes since
the late 1800's, where accessible to stock. Portions of Ellsworth
Slough tidal marsh are currently grazed.

Nearly all of the adjacent forest has been cut at least once, beginning
in the late 1800's. Many areas have recently received a second cutting.
Sloughs and channels of the river were extensively used for log
rafting and transport for many years. Scattered old pilings and an
old log "dumping" ramp are remnants of past logging activities.

Highway 101 crosses the mouth of the Naselle on a piling and steel-framed
bridge. U.S. Highways 830 and 101 border the north and eastern sides
at the river, in places crossing the tidelands on road-fill. West
Parpala Road borders the west side of the river. At Ellsworth Slough,
the road crosses tidal marsh on road-fill and the slough channel on a
piling-supported*bridge. A gravel road runs north through tidal marsh
between Highway 101 and Clearwater Creek. Construction of roads along
the Naselle River has altered freshwater drainage into tidelands.

Vegetation - Tidal marshes are dominated by sedge and high marshes.
Traces of low and intermediate,marshes occur along sections of the main
river channel. Transition marsh is found at the upper tidal reach of
Ellsworth Slough.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs in two very small
areas along the leading marsh edge, near the Highway 101 bridge.

Domimant: Scirpus americanus

Nasalle River Marshlands cont.

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4) occurs as discontinuous
hummocks on tidal mudflats at the mouth of Ellsworth Slough.

Dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occupies a narrow band of marsh along the main channel at the river
mouth. It occurs as hummocks on tidal mudflats.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

-intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in a local area at the bayward most marsh, in depressions within
high marsh. Agrostis alba is co-dominant throughout. Carex lyngbyei
is co-dominant over the largest of the two areas.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs over large areas,
especially along river and slough channels. It is associated with
12 sedge marsh in many areas.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Lilaeopsis occidentalis

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
over extensive areas, in many places associated with 11 sedge marsh.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Agrostis alba (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Nasalle River Marshlands - cont.

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs over several scattered areas, generally
along channel edges, at elevations slightlybelow adjacent high marsh.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum.

Minor: Distichlis spicata

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates most of the higher elevation marshes along the
Nasalle River. Juncus balticus is absent as co-dominant in many places.
Over much of th@_s _comm@nity, carex lyngbyei occurs as a strong co-
dominant. At the mouth of Ellsworth Slough, Festuca rubra occurs as
a sub-dominant. Along the upland edge of high marsh, between the
Highway 101 bridge and Clearwater Creek, occur traces of typically
freshwater and upland species.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum. (variable)

Minor: Angelica lucida
Festuca rubra (local sub-dominant)
Juncus balticus (variable)
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Scirpus cernuus
Trifolium wormskjoldii (local)

Spartina Marsh

Spartin alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as pure colonies
primarily on tidal mudflats north of the Highway 101 bridge. A few
scattered colonies occur elsewhere.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

XXX

OMEARA MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T11N, RlOW, portions of section 29. Tidal marsh along the
north side of Omeara Point, opposite the south end of Long Island.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 45 acres of marsh lie within a small
bay at the north side of Omeara Point, at the mouths of four small,
unnamed freshwater creeks. Substrates are primarily silts. The area
is highly dissected by,large tidal channels giving the appearance of
numerous marsh islands.

Land Use History - U.S. Highway 101 runs along the upland edge of the marsh.
Road-fill for the highway has altered freshwater drainage patterns into
the marsh. The main creeks flow through culverts beneath the road-fill.
The marsh lies within the proclamation boundary.of the Willapa National
Wildlife Refuge.

Vegetation Most of the area is low marsh, appearing as highly dissected
"islands". Areas of sedge, intermediate and high marsh occur at higher
elevations around the upland edge.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol .9)
dominates the lower elevation, outer marsh. It also occurs as discontinuous
"hummocks" on mudflats. Deschampsia caespitosa occurs frequently as a
co-dominant. The marsh surface is highly dissected.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (very locally co-dominant)
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Plantago maritima
Puccinelli sp.
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus cernuus

Omeara Marsh cont.

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs primarily as 3 narrow
strips adjacent to upland or high marsh. Southern marsh areas are
apparently influenced by freshwater inflow. Potentilla pacifica occurs
as co-dominant at the south end of the marsh.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Sub-dominant: Potentilla pacifica (locally co-dominant)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei-(Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs at @h_emouth of the largest creek, and along
the southern edge of the area.

'Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs in one small area. Care lyngbyei occurs as
co-dominant.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Jaumea carnosa

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in one small area of highest
elevation. Carex lyngbyei occurs as c-o-dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Gmeara Marsh cont.

Minor: Festuca rubra
Hordeum, jubatum.
Grindelia integrifolia

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as several pure
colonies on mudflats along leading edges of the marsh.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

XXXI

BEAR RIVER MARSHLANDS

LOCATION: Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington
and Chinook, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T10N, RlOW, portions of
sections 7, 8, and 18. Tidelands along the lower reaches of the Bear River
west of U.S. Highway 101, and Greenhead Slough.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 330 acres of tidal marshes occur along
approximately the lower 2 miles of the Bear River. The river channel is
braided at it's mouth forming islands of tidal marsh. The marsh lands
are dissected by tidal channels particularly the lower elevation, low and
sedge marshes. Substrates are primarily silts. The northern 150 acres
of tidelands are part of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge.

Land Use History - Most of the periphery of the tidelands has been impacted
by diking and road-fill. U.S. Highway 101 borders the eastern side of
the current tidelands. Constructed in the early 1900's, the road-fill
acted to dike former tidelands east of the highway, re-routing or impeding
drainage patterns. Main channels of the Bear River and Greenhead Slough,
pass through the highway road-dike under piling-supported bridges.
Diking has altered the northwest edge of the tidelands as well, including
the former Lewis Ranch site. One small area of formerly diked tidelands
is associated with a second old ranch site at the up-river-end of the
marshes. Dike remains and scattered fenceposts give evidence of past
cattle grazing of accessible tidelands. Adjacent forested uplands were
likely logged in the late 1800s. Pilings in the river channel suggest
that logs were skidded into the river and rafted. Most of these uplands
have been recently logged a second time.

Vegetation - The tidelands are dominated by high marsh. Some intermediate
marsh and traces of low marsh occur at the northernmost leading edges.
Sedge marsh is frequent on lower areas and along channels. A narrow
strip of sedge marsh occurs associated with Highway 101 road-fill along
the northeastern edge of the tidal marsh. Dissection of the marsh surface
is common in low and sedge marshes

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs in small amounts along leading marsh edges at the river mouth.
Deschampsia caespitosa is co-dominant over-most areas. This marsh
community occurs as typical "hummocks" along lowest elevations,
coalescing into dissected marsh on higher areas.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Bear River Marshlands - cont.

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata

Minor: Plantago maritima

Sedge Marsh

Carex lungbyei community (mapping symbol 11) is found along channels
and low areas within high marsh areas. Carex.lXngbyei occurs in nearly
pure stands.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

Carex-lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
predominantly in a few small patches at the mouth of Greenhead Slough,
and as a narrow strip along the main Bear River channel.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs along M leading marsh edge at elevations above 9 low marsh
and below 17 high marsh. Carex lyng.@yei occurs as co-dominant through-
out.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Minor: Agrostis alba (local)
Potentilla pacifica (local)
Salicornia virginica (local)
Triglochin maritimum (local)

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitos a-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in one small area at the mouth of
Greenhead Slough, grading into 17 high marsh. Juncus balticus is absent.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates nearly all of the tidelands. On the down-river
half of high marsh, Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant and Juncus balticus
is nearly absent. O-nthe upper tidalmarsh reach, Fes ca rubra

100

Bear River Marshlands - cont.

occurs as a co-dominant and traces of transition marsh forbs are found.
Soil surface distortion over one large area suggests past cattle
grazing.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Achillea millefolium (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa (local sub-dominant)
Festuca rubra (locally co-dominant)
Rumex occidentalis (local)
Triglochin maritimum

101

XXXII

PORTER. POINT AREA MARSHES

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Cape Disappointment, Washington-
Oregon, Chinoo-k, Washington70regon, and Long Island Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad maps. TION, R11W, portions of sections 1, 2, 11, 12, and T10N,
RlOW, portions of sections 6, 7. Tidelands at the southern end of Willapa
Bay, at Porter Point and along the mouths of Parker and Tarlatt Sloughs.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 400 acres of tidal marsh occur along
Porter Point and the mouths of Tarlatt and Parker Sloughs. The eastern-
most end of the area lies within the Bear River estuary. Substrates are
primarily silts. Porter Point is unusual, for marshes with similar sub-
strates, in having very little dissection by tidal channels of the marsh
surface. Salt pannes occur in areas of 9 low marsh.

Land Use History - Nearly all the marshes lie within the Lewis, Porter and
Riekkola units of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge. The entire area
of marsh is boarded, on the landward side, by a functioning dike system
completed in the 1950's for waterfowl habitat !management. The dike
system removed some lands from tidal influence. All freshwater drainages
feeding the tidal marshes have been altered. Major stream channels are
regulated by tidegates. Portions of the dikes and drainage ditches in
adjacent diked pasture were upgraded in 1982.

Tidal marshes, accessible to cattle and sheep, were grazed likely as
early as the late 1800's. Private marsh lands west of Tarlatt Slough have
been grazed by cattle until recently.

Vegetation - The entire area I_s dominated by zones of low and intermediate
marshes. Traces of sedge marsh and high marsh occur locally. Many
colonies of Spartina marsh occur within the outer low marsh zone and on
adjacent bare mudflats.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs extensively at the leading-marsh edge. Outermost areas of this
community occur as discontinuous "hummocks" elevated above the
surrounding mudflat. Salt pannes are found in some areas of this
community.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

102

Porter Point Area Marshes cont.

Sub-dominants: Plantago maritima
Puccinellia sp. (variable)

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa (locally co-dominant)

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8) occurs largely as an
extensive zone along the eastern half of Porter Point, lying between
outer 9 low marsh and inner 16 intermediate marsh. Various other
species occur as sub-dominants.

Dominant: Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Deschampsia caespitosa

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs primarily in two areas,
at the mouth of the Bear River and along Tarlatt Slough.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei

Minor: Triglochin maritimum (local)

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs in one local area at the mouth of the Bear
River.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
dominates nearly half of the total marsh area as an upper zone between
low marsh and bordering dikes. Carex lyngbyei occurs in patches as a
community over much of this type.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Salicornia virginica
Trialochin @iiaritimum

103

Porter Point Area Marshes cont.

H@@Mar@sh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol-15) occurs in one very small area adjacent
to 17 high marsh. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant. This area was grazed
by cattle crossing the adjacent dike.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra
Juncus balticus
Rumex sp.

Ag,rostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilia pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs in 2 small areas near Parker Slough, on highest marsh
elevations. Care lyngby i occurs as co-dominant over most of the
areas. Juncus balticus is absent as co-dominant in one local area.
One are a was grazed by cattle crossing the adjacent dike.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra
Rumex sp.

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs extensively in
one area and scattered over other locations. It occurs on bare tidal
mudflats and intermixed with 9 low marsh.

Domimant: Spartina alterniflora

104

XXXIII

GOULTERS SLOUGH MARSH

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Oysterville, Washington 7.5'
U.S.G.S. quad map. T13N R11W, portions of sections 27 and 34. East side
of North (Long) Beach Peninsula, between Oysterville and Leadbetter Point.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 250 acres of marsh lies along 2 miles
of mainland. Proximity to the mouth of Willapa Bay and absence of major
freshwater influences promote high salinity conditions. The substrate is
primarily sand. There is little dissection, limited to occasional large
tidal channels. The area was severely eroded in the winter of 1981-82
resulting in an abrupt drop from the marsh to adjacent tidal mudflats.

Land Use History - Past land use and disturbance are high. Approximately
70 acres were formerly diked; however, tidal influence has been re
established through broken tidegates. Over 2 miles of ditches were dug
through the main body of marsh. Old homestead ruins, fencing remains
and soil surface distortion suggest past grazing activities.

Vegetation Vegetation patterns are unusual probably due to past land
use. The main body of the marsh is a mixture of low, intermediate and
high marsh types. Narrow strips of low marsh occur to the north and
south. Small areas of dune vegetation occur along the higher outer
edges of the marsh. Spartina colonies are common on tideflats beyond
the leading edge of the marsh and are particularly frequent along the
southern half.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus community (mapping symbol 3) occurs as 3 small, more
or less pure colonies at the leading edge of the northern portion of
the marsh.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occupies the lowest portions of the marsh..

Dominant.s: Salicornia virginica
Jaumea carnosa

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata (variable)
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum brachyantherum

105

Goulters Slough Marsh cont

Minor: Plantago maritima
Triglochin concinnum (local)

Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 17) occurs primarily on
low terraces along tidal channels. Other marsh species co-dominate.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum brachyantherum

Minor: Jaumea carnosa
Festuca rubra
Deschampsia caespitosa
Plantago maritima
Glaux maritima

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica cormunity
(mapping symbol 14) occurs at elevations between low and high marshes
on the outer half of the marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica (variable)

Sub-dominants: Jaumea carnosa

Minor: Festuca rubra
Distichlis spicata

High Marsh

Deschampsia c ,aespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in a limited area in the northern
part of the marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
'Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Festuca rubra
Salicornia virginica

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs at higher elevations along the west half of the marsh
adjacent to upland vegetation. A disturbed form of this community
occurs extensively within the formerly diked area.

106

Goulters Slough Marsh cont.

Dominants: Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica (variable)

Sub-dominants: Agrostis alba (variable)

Minor: Festuca rubra (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Poa sp.

Salicornia virginica occur within
Distichlis spicata former diked area
Grindelia integrifolial

Festuca rubra community (mapping symbol 18) is common at this site,
particularly on elevated ridges along the high outer marsh. Intermediate
and high marsh species occur as co-dominants.

Dominants: Festuca rubra
Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Juncus balticus (variable)

Sub-dominants: Hordeum brachyantherum (variable)
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Potentilla pacifica
Poa sp.
Grindelia integrifolia

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs on tidal flats
beyond the leading edge of mainland marsh. An extensive zone of pure
Spartina alterniflora colonies extends along the southern half of the
area.

Dominants: Spartina alterniflora

107

XXXIV

LEADBETTER POINT MARSHLANDS

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Oysterville, Washington and
North Cove, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. TON, R11W, portions of
sections 4, 5, 8, 9, 16 and 17. Tidal marshes extending along the east
side of North Beach Peninsula lying within the boundaries of Leadbetter
Point, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Nearly 400 acres of tidal marsh occur along the bay
side of Leadbetter Point including Grassy Island. The sea channel
between Leadbetter Point and Grassy Island is filling in making Grassy
Island contiguous with the Peninsula. It is along this channel that
the majority of saltmarsh occurs. This is a high salinity tidal marsh
with very little freshwater influence. The marsh occurs on sands which
slope up from the adjacent non-vegetated tidal flats. The lower marsh
surface is marked by salt pannes and a modicum of tidal channels.

Land Use History - The tidal marsh apparently has had lit tle human use.
In the late 1800's an oyster processing facility was located a short
distance south of the marsh at the present boundary between the
Leadbetter Point Wildlife Refuge and the State Park. During World War II
a Coast Guard Station was located a short distance west of the old
oyster-processing plant. Currently the area receives restricted use,
limited to foot traffic, and is utilized primarily by bird watchers and,
in the fall, duck hunters. There is a vehicle track which enters the
marsh south of the freshwater stream channel and continues north along
the higher portion of marsh.

Vegetation - The tidal marsh is dominated by low elevation, high salinity
marsh communities. It represents the least disturbed and most
extensive tidal marsh of this kind in either Willapa Bay or Grays Harbor.
There is some intermediate marsh and high marsh development along the
upper boundaries of the tidelands. There is an increasing amount of
Spartina marsh along the leading marsh edge, extending onto the bare
tidal. flats and in some areas intermixed with low marsh.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) is the dominant low marsh community in the
area. Species composition is somewhat variable. Salt pannes and some
tidal channel dissection occur in -this area.

108

Leadbetter Point Marshlands cont.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Jaumea carnosa
Distichlis spicata (variable)
Plantago maritima

Sub-dominants: Triglochin maritimum
Galux maritima

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia
Stellaria humifusa
Puccinellia sp.

Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 7) occurs as a strip along
the leading marsh edge. The marsh surface tends to be discontinuous
where this community occurs either due to accreation or errosion.
Puccinellia sp. occurs as a co-dominant with Salicornia on what appears
to be an accreating tidal flat located at the northern end of the old
channel separating the Peninsula and Grassy Island.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Puccinellia sp. (locally co-dominant)

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 10)
occurs in a few slightly depressed areas between 5 low marsh and
intermediate marsh. The marsh surface is not dissected.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Triglochin maritimum

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs as discontinuous patches and strips between
low marsh and high marsh.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica
Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa

Minor: Triglochin maritimum
Festuca rubra
Grindelia integrifolia
Agrostis alba
Glaux maritima
Plantago maritima

109

Leadbetter Point Marshlands - cont.

Deschampsi@ caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in a small area on Grassy Island. It is located between an
area of 10 low marsh and a sand ridge with a variety of herbs and shrubs.
Agrostis alba is co-dominant.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Agrostis alba

Minor: Triglochin maritimum

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) generally occurs as a high marsh strip
adjacent to dune or forested upland. The distributions of Carex lyngbyei
and Juncus balticus are variable.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Agrostis alba
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominants: Juncus balticus (locally co-dominant)

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (locally co-dominant)
Distichlis spicata
Festuca rubra (locally sub-dominant)
Grindelia iniegrifolia
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Carex pansa

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) primarily on the Peninsula in the high marsh strip adjacent
to the dune upland. Juncus balticus occu rs as a local co-dominant.
Carex lyngbyei occurs as a co-dominant throughout.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
.Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Juncus balticus (locally co-dominant)
Deschampsia caespitosa
Angelica lucida
Festuca rubra (locally co-dominant)

110

Leadbetter Point Marshlands - cont.

Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima-Orthocarpus castillejoides association
(mapping symbol A) has been observed to occur on tidally-influenced
sands at the interface between upper tidal marshland and coastal dunes.
Species composition suggests that this association holds an inter-
mediate position between coastal dune and tidal marsh vegetation and yet
appears to be clearly delineated, unlike ecotonal "communities". This
association occurs with such low frequency that it is not considered
a community. However, since its occurence is highly predictable,
a description has been included here.

Dominants: Festuca rubra
Armeria maritima
Plantago coronopus (introduced)

Sub-dominants: Orthocarpus castillejoides (locally co-dominant)
Spergularia sp.
Carex pansa

Minor: Trifolium wormskjoldii.(locally co-dominant)
Agrostis alba
Aira praecox
Glaux maritima
Fragaria chiloensis (locally sub-dominant)
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Spartina. Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) occurs as circular
colonies on sand flats at the leading marsh edge. It also is found
intermixed with low marsh communities.

Dominants: Spartina alterniflora

XXXIV iM_FV

LEADBETTER POINT DUNE SYSTEK

Leadbetter Point Willapa National Wildlife Refuge
Leadbetter Point State Park Natural Area

LOCATION:
North Beach Peninsula, Pacific County Washington. North Cove, Washington
and Oysterville, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T13N, R11W, portions
of sections 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, 29 and 32. Coastal dune systems
occurring within Leadbetter Point-Willapa National Wildlife Refuge,
Leadbetter Point State Park Natural Area, and portions of dune topography
extending from the southern boundary of the State Park to the T12N-Tl3N
township line.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 2,800 acres of relatively undisturbed
coastal dunes (1760 acres of active and 1040 acres of stabilized) occur on
North Beach Peninsula north of the T12N-Tl3N township line. This area was
formed by accreation of sands. A number of landforms occur as follows:

1) Foredune - a vegetated dune parallel with and adjacent to the beach,
running the length of the peninsula.
2) Deflation Plain - an area, landward of the foredune, which has been
excavated by the wind, in places down to the water table. It occurs
as a wide trough along the eastern side of the peninsula, between the
foredune and the stabilized dune systems. Within this area may occur
.eroded parallel dunes appearing as hummocks.
3) High Secondary Dune Ridge - extends along a majority of the peninsula.
It marks the sea-ward edge of the stabilized dune system and in this .
area, corresponds to the leading edge of the Pinus contorta community.
It is probably the deposition site of wind excavated sands from the
deflation plain.
4) Stabilized Dune System - older dune system with a variety of topo-
graphic features. In this area it is covered by forest or inland
wetlands. There is relatively high organic matter accumulation in
the soils.

Land Use History - This area has been affected by a number of direct and
indirect human activities. Damming of the Columbia River and building of
the jetty at Cape Disappointment took place in the early 1900's. This
affected the sediment load of off-shore currents along the peninsula, affect-
ing the depositional and degradational patterns and subsequent landforms on
Leadbetter Point.

Ammophila arenaria (European beachgrass) was primarily introduced along
Washington and Oregon coasts through a dune stabilization program beginning
in the 1930's. It has since come to dominate active, non-forested coastal
dune sites in Washington. The foredune is generally considered a product
of Ammophila establishment. The deflation plain may in turn be largely a

112

Leadbetter Point Dune System - cont.

product of the foredune. The widespread establishment of A-Mmophila has also
drastically altered the native dune vegetation.

Direct use of the area began with the Chinook Indians who established a small
camp immediately north of Stackpole Harbor prior to the mid 1800's. Selec-
tive logging occurred during the late 1800's. A dock was built near Stack-
pole Harbor for the transport of logs. A small saw mill was established for
a short period of time to lumber Pinus contorta. At least one homestead was
built in this area. In conjunction with it were hayfields and limited
grazing. An oyster-processing facility was located near the present northern
terminus of Stackpole Road. A cannery was established one-half mile south
of the present State Park southern boundary on the h1gh secondary dune ridge.
A road (Elliot's trail) provided access. During WWII, a coast guard station
was established at the present boundary between the Wildlife Refuge and the
State Park.

Currently, the non-forested dunes south of the State Park are slated for
development and some preliminary work has begun. A portion of the forested
dune area south of the State Park was recently logged. A drainage ditch
was dug to drain the logged area to make it suitable for housing develop-
ment. This drainage ditch affects the hydrology of the stabilized dune
wetlands throughout this area. The Leadbetter Point State Park has been
designated a State Park Natural Area and is being managed to provide access
for the public with as limited impact as possible to the environment.
Leadbetter Point-Willapa National Wildlife Refuge is managed for wildlife
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Cars are allowed on the beach and
there is considerable use during certain times of the year.

Vegetation - The area is divided between Ammophila dune, deflation plain
and stabilized dune forest development. There is minor wetland or bog
development in the stabilized dunes and essentially no native dune grass
deveopment.

PLANT COM MUN ITY DESCRIPTION:

Ammophila Dune

Ammophila arenaria (mapping symbol D) is a non-native assemblage which
occurs on active dry dune sites. It is prevalent on the foredune, par-
allel secondary dune ridges and sand hummocks in the deflation plain.
A second non-native species, apparently.A @oph@ila breviligulata
(Atlantic beachgrass), occurs with Ammophila arenaria. The extent of
Ammophila "breviligulata" is not known. In places A. "breviligulata"
is dominant or co-dominant.

Dominants: Ammophila arenaria (introduced)

Sub-dominant: Ammophila sp. (probably breviligulata, introduced)

113

Leadbetter Point Dune System cont.

Minor: Elymus mollis
Festuca rubra
Lathyrus japonicus
Polystichum munitum

Deflation Plain

Lupinus littoralis-Poa macrantha-Fragaria chiloensis community (mapping
symbol F) is a dry deflation plain community, occurring on slightly
elevated sites in the deflation plain and in parallel dune troughs.
It also occurs in a mosaic with Festuca rubra community and for the
purposes of this study the two communities have been mapped together.

Dominants: Fragaria chiloensis
Lupinus littoralis

Sub-dominants: Aira praecox (introduced)
Hypochaeris radicata
Poa macrantha
Polygonum paronychia

Minor: Abronia latifolia
Achillea millefolium.
Ammophila arenaria (introduced)
Glehnia leiocarpa
Lathyrus japonicus

.Festuca rubra community (mapping symbol F) is a dry to mesic deflation
plain community. It is found in dune troughs and on the deflation
plain. In this area it occurs in mosaic with Lupinus littoralis-
Poa macrantha-Fragaria chiloensis community.

Dominants: Aira praecox (introduced)
Festuca rubra
Fragaria chiloensis
Hypochaeris radicata

Sub-dominants: Anaphalis margaritacea
Lupinus littoralis

juncus nevadensis-Juncus falcatus community (mapping symbol G) is a wet
deflation plain community occurring in areas containing water through
early spring. In this study it is mapped with a second wet deflation
plain community, dominated by Carex obnupta.

Dominants: Juncus falcatus
Juncus nevadensis

114

Leadbetter Point Dune System - cont.

Minor: Aster chilensis
Epilobium franciscanum
Potentilla pacifica
Sisyrinchium californicum
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Carex obnupta community (mapping sysbol G) is a wet deflation plain com-
munity occurring in areas containing standing water most of the year.

Dominants: Carex obnupta

Minors- Gentiana sp.
Potentilla pacifica

Salix hookeriana/Carex obnupta community (mapping symbol H) is a wet
deflation pla'in community occurring in sites containing standing water
nearly all year.

Dominants: Carex obnupta
Salix hookeriana

Minor: Alnus rubra
Lysichitum americanum
Myrica claifornica

Stabilized Dunes

Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi community
(mapping symbol J) occurs to a limited extent in this area. It occurs
on Grassy Island on a dune north of the forested sites, which is being
invaded by Pinus contorta. It also occurs along the high secondary dune
in an area receiving heavy off-road vehicle use, and in a small elevated
area in the deflation plain (unmapped).

Dominants: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Sub-dominants: Gaultheria shallon
Vaccinium ovatum

Minor: Abronia latifolia
Aira praecox (introduced)
Ammophila arenaria (introduced)
Festuca rubra
Fragaria chiloensis
Myrica claifornica
Pinus contorta
Poa macrantha
Pteridium aquilinum

115

Leadbetter Point Dune..System. cont.

Pinus contorta/Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon community (mapping
symbol K) occurs on Grassy Island and in a zone between the non-forested
dunes and dunes forested with Picea sitchensis. It ranges from stands
of approximately 25 year old i7inus c-ontorta with Ammophila arenaria as*
an understory dominant, to older stands with a dense understory of
Vaccinium ovatum, and Gaultheria shallon.

Dominants: Gaultheria shallon
Pinus contorta
Vaccinium. ovatum.

Minor: Alnus rubra (local sub-dominant)
Ammophila arenaria (introduced, local dominant)
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (local sub-dominant)
Myrica californica
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium. parviflora

P icea sitchensis/Vaccinium, ovatum-Gaultheria shallon community (mapping
symbol L) occurs extensively on stabilized dunes in Leadbetter Point
State Park Natural Area. The shrub layer may be extremely dense reach-
ing 100% cover and 12 feet in height.

Dominants: Gaultheria shallon
Picea sitchensis
Vaccinium ovatum.

Sub-dominants: Tsuga heterophylla (variable)

Minor: Alnus rubra
Myrica californica
Pinus contorta
Pteridium. aquilinum.
Rhamnus purshiana
Vaccinium. parviflora

Pidea sitchensis wetland community (mapping symbol M) occurs in stabilized
dune troughs or low areas in Leadbetter Point State Park Natural Area.
Individual Picea are widely spaced but exceedingly large reaching a d.b.h.
of 10 feet. The understory shrubs and herbs are highly variable but all
typical of mesic sites.

Dominants: Alnus rubra
Picea sitchensis

Sub-dominants: Carex obnupta (local co-dominant)
Maianthemem. dilatatum, (local)
Pyrus fusca
Salix spp (probably hookeriana)
Sambucus sp. (local)

116

Leadbetter Point Dune System cont.

Minor: Carex sp. (probably deneyana)
Luzula sp.
Rhamnus purshiana
Rubus spectabilis
Spiraea douglasii
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium parviflorum

Stabilized dune wetland community (mapping symbol 0) represents deciduous
tree, shrub or herb wetlands within Leadbetter Point State Park Natural
Area. These wetlands are primarily dominated by Pyrus fusca, Salix
spp., Rhamnus purshiana, Alnus rubra and Spiraea douglasii. Other species
present include Carex obnupta. Juncus effusus, Galium sp., Sparganium
simplex and Veronica americana.

117

OCEANSIDE DUNES

LOCATION:
North Beach Peninsula, Pacific County, Washington. Ocean Park, Washington
U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T11N, R11W, portions of sections 21 and 28. Two
sites located on the stabilized dunes west of Island Lake.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 180 acres of undeveloped stabilized
dunes occur in two sites west of Island Lake. They are non-forested rem-
nants of old parallel dune systems containing a series of troughs and
ridges.

Land Use History - The area was part of a ranch and was probably subject to
grazing in the late 1800's to early 1900's. Around the turn of the cen-
tury, a railroad line was graded which bounds the two areas on their west
sides. Both sites currently receive limited off-road vehicle use.

Vegetation - These two sites contain what is thought to be native stabilized
dune vegetation. As such, they represent the largest high-quality remnants
in Washington State. Both areas are dominated by native herbs and shrubs.
Tinus contorta occurs in young dense stands along the eastern side of each
site and on the dune ridges. A few individual Picea sitchensis also occur.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Stabilized dunes

Rosa nutkana/Festuca rubra community (mapping symbol T) may be a mosaic
of two or more piant communities. However, there is not sufficient
ififormation in the literature to allow designation of communities. The
apparent components of this mosaic are 1) a Festuca rubra dominated
association, including Carex pansa, Fragaria chiloensis, Hypochaeris
radicata, Luzula campestris, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus sp. and
Viola adunca. 2) Rosa nutkana nearly monospecific thickets and
3) Vaccinium. caespitosum thickets with Anaphalis margaritacea, Festuca
rubra, Fritillaria lanceolata, Habenaria greenei, Juncus lesueurii,
Picea sitchensis, Pteridium aquilinum and Rosa nutkana. Pteridium
aquilinum occurs scattered throughout the areas and in some cases is
dominant or co-dominant. Pinus contorta is invading and is dominant
on the eastern side of each site.

Dominants -Festuca rubra (variable)
Rosa nutkana (variable)

Sub-dominants: Pinus contorta (local dominant)
Pteridium aquilinum (local co-dominant)

118

Oceanside Dunes cont.

Minor: Anaphalis margaritacea
Fragaria chiloensis
Fritillaria lanceolata
Habenaria greenei
Hypochaeris radicata
Juncus lesueurii
Luzula campestris
Picea sitchensis
Plantago lanceolata
Ranunculus sp.
Vaccinium caespitosum (local co-dominant)
Viola adunca

119

XXXVII

SPECIAL PLANT HABITAT

for

Sanicula arctopoides H.&A.* - bears-foot sanicula

LOCATION:
North Beach Peninsula, Pacific County, Washington. Ocean Park, Washington
and Cape Disappointment, Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps. T10N, R11W,
portions of sections 4 and 9 and TUN, R11W, portions of sections 21, 28
and 33. Stabilized sand dunes dominated by native plant species.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Sanicula arctopoides H.&A.* - bears-foot sanicula, is a taprooted perennial;
stems much branched at the base either prostrate or ascending, 5-30 cm. long.
Leaves are somewhat succulent, often yellowish, three cleft and irregularly
toothed. Basal leaves are rosette-forming. Flower-g yellow with conspicious
involucel.

The plant is distributed along the coast from the southern tip of Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, to Santa Barbara County, California. In
Washington it is known from one population on North Beach Peninsula,
Pacific County.

FEDERAL STATUS: none

STATE STATUS:
Threatened - listed in Endangered, Threatened and Sensitive Vascular Plants
of Washington, Washington Natural Heritage Program (1982).

Further information on the species is on file at:

Department of Natural Resources
Washington Natural Heritage Program
3111 Seminar Building SE 3109
The Evergreen State College
Olympia, Washington 98505

Taxonomic authority

120

XXXVIII

SPECIAL PLANT F-4,DTTAT

for
Poa pachypholis Pipe* - seacliff bluegrass

LOCATION:
Cape Disappointment and vicinity, Pacific County, Washington. Cape
Disappointment, Washington - Oregon U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T10N, R11W,
portions of sections 29 and 32 and T9N, R11W, portions of sections 5, 8, 9.
Open ocean cliffs along the North Head and Cape Disappointment coastline.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Poa pachypholis Pipe* - seacliff bluegrass, is a densely tufted perennial
grass 10-30 cm tall. The species is a local endemic known only from two
populations in Pacific County, Washington

FEDERAL STATUS:
Candidate, 1980 Federal Register, Notice of Review.

STATE STATUS:
Threatened- listed in Endangered, Threatened and Sensitive Vascular Plants
of Washington, Washington Natural Heritage Program (1982)

Further information on the species is on file at:

DeDartment of Natural Resources
Washington Natural Heritage Program
3111 Seminar Building SE 3109
The Evergreen State College
Olympia, Washington 98505

Taxonomic authority

XXXIX

BAKER BAY MARSHES

LOCATION:
Columbia River, Pacific County, Washington. Cape Disappointment, Washington
Oregon 7.5' U.S.G.S. qua"d map. T9N R11W, portions of sections 4 and 9.
West shore of Baker Bay between Ilwaco, Washington and Cape Disappointment.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 100 acres of marsh occurs as 3 mainland
marshes and one near-shore marsh island. The marshes lie inside the mouth
of the Columbia River estuary where freshwater influence is high. The
substrate is primarily sand, with little dissection by shallow tidal
channels.

Land Use History - Baker Bay has a long history of fishing and fish-
processing. There are scattered old pilings throughout the tidelands.
Dredging has occurred in the bay over the years for channel maintenance.
The dredge spoils are typically deposited on Sand Island, Oregon, south
of the town of Ilwaco. A paved roadway now crosses drainages just above
the mainland marshes.

Vegetation - The area is dominated by two tidal marsh communities,
Scirpus americanus low marsh and sedge marsh, with traces of transition
marsh development. Minor dune development is found on the southeast
end of the marsh island.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION:

Low Marsh

Scirpus americanus communi@y (mapping symbol 3) is the only low marsh
community represented. Nearly pure stands of this species occur along
the outer marsh edge. Along main drainage channels Scirpus validus may
occur as a dominant.

Dominants: Scirpus americanus

Minor: Scirpus validus (local co-dominant)
Lileaopsis occidentalis
Triglochin maritimum

Se@@Ma@rsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) is the most widespread
community in these marshes, occurring in nearly pure stands. Traces
of Typha angustifolia and Scirpus validus indicate low salinities.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei

122

Baker Bay Marshes - cont.

Minor: Scirpus validus
Typha angustifolia
Triglochin maritimum

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum. community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in one small, poorly defined section with varying amounts of low and
high marsh species.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglachin maritimum

Sub-dominants: Potentilla pacifica
Agrostis alba
Scitpus americanus

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Deschampsia caespitosa
Scirpus cernuus

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forbs community
(mapping symbol 17 FORB) occurs infrequently but then on higher areas
near the upland.

Dominants: Potentilla pacifica
Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Aster subspicatus
Lath@rus palustris
Festuca arundinacea

Sub-dominants: Angelica lucida
Phalaris arundinacea

Minor: Carex lyngbyei

123

CHINOOK RIVER/WALLACUT MARSHES

LOCATION:
Columbia River Mouth, Pacific County, Washington. Chinook, Washington-
Oregon, and Cape Disappointment, Washington-Oregon U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad maps.
T9N, RIOW, portions of sections 6, 7, 8, and T10N, R11W, portions of sections
27, 34, 35, 36. Shoreline tidelands associated with the mouths of the
Chinook and Wallacut Rivers.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 340 acres of tidal marshes lie as a
narrow strip along 5 miles of shoreline in Baker Bay, associated with
the mouths of the Chinook and Wallacut Rivers. Lying within the mouth
of the Columbia River estuary, freshwater influence is high. Substrates
are sandy. Dissection of the marsh surface is limited to meandering
main tidal channels. Salt pannes are found to a limited extent in some
areas of low marsh. Driftwood has accumulated along the upland-marsh
interface.

Land Use History - Baker Bay is a site of some of the earliest pioneer
activity in Washington State. Harbor development, pilings and ruins at
the towns of Chinook and Ilwaco indicate early fishing and fish processing
activities. Tidelands along the Chinook and Wallacut Rivers, except
for the immediate mouths, have been diked for farmland and grazing. Old
barbed-wire fencing suggest past grazing of high and transition marsh
areas south of the Chinook River.. Current residential development occurs
on uplands adjacent to portions of tidal marsh. Roadways have been
constructed on upland adjacent to much of the marsh. Road-fill has
affected smal 1 freshwater drainages emptying into the marsh. The Chinook
River passes beneath Highway101 via a functioning tide-gate.

Vegetation - Low marsh and sedge marsh dominate tidal marshes north and
west of the Chinook River with.varying amounts of high marsh along the.
upland edge. South of the Chinook River, high marsh is dominant with
lesser amounts of low and sedge marsh occurring along the outer marsh
edge. An area of high and transition marshes occurs along a small slough
south of the Chinook River. Minor amounts of typically freshwater species
indicate low salinities.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Scirpus am6ricanus community (mapping symbol 3) is the only low marsh
community, dominating the leading marsh edge, especially north of the
Chinook River. Triglochin maritimum occurs as a co-dominant in areas
with minor amounts of Elecharis palustris and Lilaeopsis occidentalis
indicating high freshwater influ@nces.

124

Chinook River/Wallacut Marshes - cont.

Dominant: Scirpus americanus

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum (local co-dominant)

Minor: Eleocharis palustris (variable)
Lilaeopsis oc*cidentalis (local)

Sedge MEsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) dominates upper elevations
north of the Chinook River. A small area occurs south of the Chinook
River, between the river mouth and the mouth'of a small tributary slough.
Carex lyngbyei occurs in nearly pure stands. Traces of Lilaeops .'
occTd_@ntalis, Scirpus validus and Typha sp. (probably angustifolia)
indicate high freshwater influence.

Dominant: Carex lyngbyei
Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis!
Scirpus validus (local)
Typha sp. (angustifolia) (local)

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12) occurs
in a small area east of the Ilwaco jetty.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominant: Scirpus americanus

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Orthocarpus castillejoides

High MaEsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs south of the Chinook River, in a zone
between 3 low marsh or 11 sedge marsh, and 17 high marsh. Juncus balticus
is absent as co-dominant. Carex.lyngbyei is co-dominant, with major
amounts of low marsh species. A variable community.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespit-osa
Potentilla pacifica

125

Chinook River/Wallacut Marshes cont.

Sub-dominants: Scirpus americanus
Triglochin maritimum

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) dominates most higher elevations. Carex lyngbyei is co-
dominant over an inner pocket of high marsh, @h_ere Craces of transition
marsh species occur.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominant: Juncus balticus (local co-dominant)

Minor: Aster subspicatus
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca arundinaceae (introduced)
Lathyrus palustris
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Triglochin maritimum

Transition Marsh

Agrostis alba-juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17FORB) occurs at highest elevations of an inner marsh pocket
south of the Chinook River. Extensive accumulations of driftwood occur
in this area, literally choking the main tidal channel and covering
over half of the marsh surface.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Aster subspicatus
Potentilla pacifica
Vicia gigantea

Sub-dominants: Angelica lucida
Heracleum lanatum
Rumex occidentalis
Sidalcea,hendersonii

Minor: Iris pseudacorus (local)
Lathyrus palustrIs
Poa sp.
Phalaris arundinaceae (introduced)

126

XLI

SOUTH LONG ISLAND MARSH

LOCATION:
Long Island, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island,
Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T11N, R10W, portions of sections 20
and 29. Tidal marsh at the southeastern tip of Long Island.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 75 acres of marsh occur along the
mouths of 2 small freshwater drainages, at the southeastern tip of Long
Island. Substrates are primarily silts. The low marsh is highly
dissected by small tidal channels and contains scattered salt pannes.

Land Use History - All of the adjacent forested upland has been logged.
Old pilings along the main tidal channel and Long Island Slough indiciate
past log rafting and transport. Access to Long Island for logging
activity after the 1940's was provided by a barge. A barge landing area
was developed at the south end of this tidal marsh area. A gravel road,
built on road-fill, leads from the landing around the south end of the
tidal marsh, altering drainage patterns of a small freshwater creek
and probably tidal influence. Grazing likely occurred on the tidal
marsh where accessible by cattle since the late 1800's. The marsh is
currently part of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge managed by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Vegetation - Extensive low marsh dominates the area. Minor areas of sedge5
intermediate and high marshes occur.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs in a small area of the southern
portion of tidal marsh near the old barge landing. Carex lyngbyei
occurs as co-dominant.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Orthocarpus castellejoides
Plantago maritima-
Stellaria humifusa

127

South Long Island Marsh cont.

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs extensively, covering nearly two-thirds of the total marsh
surface. Deschampsia caespitosa occurs as co-dominant over nearly the
entire area. The community occurs as discontinuous hummocks on tidal
mudflats. The main marsh surface is highly dissected.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin marit'

Minor: Jaumea carnosa (variable)
Plantago maritima (variable)
Puccinellia sp. (variable)

Sedge Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs primarily as narrow bands along the main
slough adjacent to the upland.

Dominants: Carex lyrigbyei
Deschampsia, caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Agrostis alba (local)
Jaumea carnosa (local)
Stellaria humifusa (local)

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs as a small area at the southern end of the
marsh.

Domimants: Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominant: Glaux maritima (variable)

Minor: Agrostis alba
Stellaria humifusa
Triglochin maritimum

128

South Long Island Marsh cont.

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrosti alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs as small areas at the southern
end of the marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus (local co-dominant)

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs at highest elevations along upland edges at the
north and south ends of the marsh.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balti6us-
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Carex lyngbyei

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red). Three colonies occur on
mudflats between hummocks of 9 low marsh.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

129

XLII

BALDWIN SLOUGH MARSHES

LOCATION:
Long Island, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island,
Washington, U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T11N, R10W, portions of sections 7,
8, 17 and 18. Tidal marshes at Baldwin Slough, and adjacent tidal marshes
along the east side of Long Island, within the boundaries of the Willapa
National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 230 acres of tidal marsh occur along
Baldwin Slough and a second major unnamed slough, at the east side of
Long Island. Substrates are primarily silts.

Land Use History - Over 75 percent of the tidelands were diked, reportedly
in the early 1900's. The dike has since been breached and tidal influence
re-established. Grazing likely took-place early on the tidelands where
accessible to stock. Logging of the Long Island forests began before
the turn of the century. As late as the 1960's, the sloughs and tide-
lands were used for log storage and transport. The uppermost area of
Baldwin Slough is crossed by a road, on gravel road-fill, which impedes
freshwater flow.

The area is currently managed as part of the Willapa National Wildlife
Refuge. A primitive public campground is located in upland forest at
the edge of Baldwin Slough, receiving primarily summer and fall use by
campers and hunters. Grazing and trampling effects due to elk use on
the tidal marshes can be seen in a few areas.

Vegetation - Most of the marsh is dominated by intermediate marsh, largely
lying within the formerly diked area. Areas of sedge marsh occur primarily
along the unnamed slough and the bayward edge of the tidal marsh. Small
strips and pockets of high marsh occur along uppermost reaches of the
main sloughs and side tributaries. Low marsh occurs along outer bayward
edges of the marsh and in small areas within intermediate marsh.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritmum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs primarily in three areas, two of
which are behind old dikes and one on a point of land at the mouth of
Baldwin Slough. All occur on relatively low tidelands with salt pannes.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata (variable)
Jaumea carnosa (variable)
Salicornia virginica

130

Baldwin Slough Marshes - cont.

Sub-dominant: Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Plantago maritima
Stellaria humifusa

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occ@Tr-si@rgely as "hummocks" elevated above surrounding mudflats in
three areas along the leading marsh edge. Deschampsia caespitosa
occurs in local areas as a co-dominant. Other low marsh species occur
locally on flats between hummocks.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (local co-dominant)
Distichlis spicata (local)
Jaumea carnosa (local)

Minor: Puccinellia sp.

Distichlis spicat -Salicornia vir&inica-(Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs primarily in one area along Baldwin Slough.
Agrostis alba occurs as co-dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Minor: Glaux maritima
Hordeum. brachyantherum
Stellaria humifusa

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping sumbol 11) occurs in a depression behind
an old dike north of Baldwin Slough and in a strip along the bayward
side of another dike. Distichlis spicata occurs as co-dominant.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Distichlis spicata

Minor: Agrostis alba
Atriplex patula
Deschampsia caespiiosa
Triglochin maritimum

131

Baldwin Slough Marshes - cont.

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglo chin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) dominates areas along the inner reaches of the
unnamed slough within the formerly diked area. 'Agrostis alba occurs
as co-dominant along the uppermost slough reaches.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominant: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)

Minor: Distichlis spicata (local)
Salicornia virginica (local)

Intermediate Marsh

.Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) is the most widespread community, covering nearly
half of the total marsh areas. Most of this community is found within
the formerly diked area. Jaumea carnosa. is co-dominant in some areas.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sub-dominants: Jaumea carnosa (local co-dominant)
Triglochin maritimum (variable)

Minor: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei
Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima (local)
Plantago maritima
Stellaria humifusa

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
dominates marsh at the southern end of the area, primarily lying within
the formerly diked area. Carex lyngbyei is co-dominant in many areas.
Agrostis alba is co-domin.ant in local areas along a slough bank and
along the old diking ditch.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominants: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)

132

Baldwin Slough Marshes cont.

Minor: Jaumea carnosa (local)
Potentilla pacifica (local)
Salicornia virginica (local)
Triglochin maritl

High Marsh

Agrostis alba-juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs primarily in narrow strips against upland edges
along the upper reaches of Baldwin Slough, and along the unnamed
slough within the formerly diked area. Carex lyngbyei occurs as co-
dominant in many areas. Juncus balticus i sent as a co-dominant
in a few areas.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominant: Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)

Minor: Angelica lucida
Atriplex patula
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata (local)
Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia
Rumex sp.
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Triglochin maritimum

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red). Two colonies occur on
mudflats within 9 low marsh at the mouth of Baldwin Slough.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

133

XLIII

LEWIS SLOUGH AREA MARSHES

LOCATION:
Long Island, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island,
Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T11N, RIOW, portions of sections 5,
6; T11N, R11W, portions of section 1; T12N, RlOW, portions of'section 31;
T12N, R11W, portions of section 36. Tidal marshes along Lewis Slough,
Kaffee Slough, and an unnamed slough, towards the northern end of Long Island.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description - Approximately 150 acres of marsh occur primarily in
narrow bands along the many branches of Lewis.Slough, Kaffee Slough, and
an unnamed slough, at the north end of Long Island. Substrates are
primarily silts.

Land Use History - Logging of forested lands adjacent to Lewis Slough
probably began in the late 1800's and continued through the late 1960's.
The sloughs were used for log rafting and transport. Tidal marshes were
likely grazed where accessible to cattle, beginning with early homesteads
during the late 1800's. This use has been discontinued. The area is
currently part of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge and receives
some seasonal hunting and camping uses. Substantial grazing and trampling
by elk, deer, and bear occur on marshes along the upper reaches of Lewis
Slough.

Vegetation -.Sedge marsh, intermediate marsh and high marsh communities
dominate marsh along Lewis Slough. Some low marsh also occurs. Low and
intermediate marshes appear to dominate along Kaffee Slough. Intermediate
and high marshes appear to dominate along the unnamed slough east of
Kaffee Slough.

Large areas of Spartina marsh occur on mudflats bayward of the sloughs.
In areas the individual Spartina colonies have coalesced into continuous
mats.

A freshwater pond and marsh, reportedly impounded by beaver activity,
occur along the upper reaches of the unnamed slough east of Kaffee Slough.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica community (mapping symbol 7) occurs as 2 small,
poorly defined areas within intermediate marsh along Lewis Slough.
Puccinellia_@12. and Deschampsia caespitosa occur as co-dominants. The
areas receive substantial elk use.

134

Lewis Slough Area Marshes - cont.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Puccinellia sp. (probably)
Salicornia virginica

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
occurs at lowest marsh elevations or in'tidal channels, as discontinuous
"hummocks above surrounding mudflats. Deschampsia caespitosa occurs
as co-dominant at slightly higher elevations.

Dominants: Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Sub-dominant: Deschampsia caespitosa (local)

Minor: Carex lyngbyei (local)
Puccinellia sp.
Spergularia sp.

Sedge Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 21) occurs relatively extensively along upper reaches
of Lewis Slough. The largest area of this type receives heavy use by
big-game species, especially elk.

Dominants: Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa (variable)
Triglochin maritimum

Minor: Lilaeopsis occidentalis

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping sumbol 14) occurs extensively at elevations between low marsh
and high marsh. Carex lyngbyei occurs over some areas as co-dominant.
Agrostis alba is locally co-dominant along upper reaches of the middle
branch of Lewis Slough. This community receives.substantial use by big-
game species (especially elk) in local areas.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

135

Lewis Slough Area Marshes cont.

Minor: Agrostis alba (local co-dominant)
Carex lyngbyei (local co-dominant)
Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia (local)
Jaumea carnosa (variable)
Plantago maritima (local)
Potentilla pacifica (local)
Triglochin maritimum (local sub-dominant)

,Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs in association with 14 intermediate marsh. Carex lyngbyei occurs
as co-dominant in most areas.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Carex lyngbyei (variable)-

Minor: .-Glaux maritima'
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Hj&h,Marsh

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol-17) occurs on highest marsh elevations primarily along upland
edges. In most areas Juncus balticus is absent. Carex lyngbyei is
typically co-dominant.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Carex lyngbyei (variable)
Potentilla pacifica

Minor: Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra
Juncus balticus (local)
Scirpus cernuus
Triglochin maritimum

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) accounts for more than
half of the total marsh area, occurring primarily as 2 large, continuous
areas on flats outside the mouths of the sloughs. Numerous scattered
colonies occur on the outermost mudflats. Many colonies also occur
scattered within the sloughs on channel mudflats.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

136

XLIV

DIAMOND POINT

RESEARCH NATURAL AREA

LOCATION:
Long Island, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T12N, R11W, portions of section 25. An upland forest stand
located at the northernmost tip of Long Island, Willapa National Wildlife
Refuge.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The following is an excerpted description of Diamond Point RNA taken from
Franklin, J.F., F.L. Hall, C.T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research
Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and
Educators. 498 p., illus. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Pac. Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.

ENVIRONMENT

Topography on the Diamond Point R@search Natural Area is, for the most
part, composed of moderate slopes along several broad ridges which are
interrupted by short drainage channels. There are small areas of steeper
slopes, notably along the northwest-facing shore where slopes plunge
abruptly to the bay. Elevations range from sea level to just over
30 m. (100 ft.). The natural area is bounded on the east, north, and
west by approximately 1.2 km. (3/4 mile) of shoreline.

BIOTA

Estimated areas by SAY cover types (Society of American Foresters 1954) are:

No. Name Area

225 Sitka Spruce-Western Hemlock 18 ha. (45 acres)
224 Western Hemlcok 10 ha. (25 acres)
221 Red Alder 7 ha. (18 acres)

The area falls within Kuchler's (1964) Type 1, Spruce-Cedar-Hemlock Forest,
and the Picea sitchensis Zone of Franklin and Dyrness (1969).

There are only three tree species of any importance in the natural area:
red alder (AZnus rubra), Sitka spruce, and western hemlock. Most of the
stands appear to be approximately 70 to 80 years old, having resulted from
logging of the area some time near the turn of the century. Composition of
coniferous stands ranges from Sitka spruce, with minor amounts of hemlock
on north and west facing slopes, to pure stands of western hemlock on
ridgetops and south slopes. Tree regeneration under spruce-hemlock stands
usually consists of scattered stems of both spruce and hemlock. Red alder
also occasionally occurs in small openings. In stands where hemlock is
the dominant tree in the overstory, regeneration is dominantly western
hemlock with very few Sitka spruce. Pure, even-aged stands of red alder
occur in drainageways and in low areas along the shoreline.

137

Tree overstory coverage in coniferous stands varies from about 60 to 75
percent. In the denser alder stands it averages 90 to 100 percent.
Typical western hemlock and Sitka spruce trees are from 30- to 46-cm.
(12- to 18-in.) d.b.h., with the largest specimens ranging up to 91-cm.
(36-in.) d.b.h.

There are two main understory community types in coniferous stands within
the natural area: (1) the PoZystichum munitum type found in moist areas
where Sitka spruce is the dominant tree species, and (2) a GauZtheria
shaZZon type generally associated with hemlock-dominated timber stands.
The PoZystichum community is characterized by only scattered shrub cover
contributed mainly by Vaccinium parvifoZium, V. ovatum, Rhamnus purshiana,
Scanbucus meZanocarpa, and Rubus spectabiZis. GauLtheria shaNon, if
present, is often restricted to rotten logs and stumps. The herb layer
is dominated by luxurious growth of PoZystichwn munitum which may cover
as much as 80 percent of the ground surface. Other common herbaceous
species include BZechnum spicant, Athyrium filix-femina, GaZiwn trifZorum-,
P@roZa unifZora_, LuzuZa parvifZora, Maianthemum bifoZium var. k=tschaticwn,
Lysichitwn conericanum, Dryopteris diZatata, Oxatis oregana, TiarelZa
trifoZiata, TriZZiwn ovatum, and Monotropa hypopitys. A heavy growth
of moss covers the ground in all coniferous stands. Average moss cover
is generally 80 to 90 percent, with Eurynchiwn oreganum probably the most
common species.

The.GauLtheria community is dominated by large amounts of GauZtheria shaZZon,
some of it up to 2 m. (6 ft.) in height. Other common shrubs are
Vacciniwn parvifoZium, V. ovatum, Rhcamus purshiana., and Menziesia ferru-
ginea. The herb layer is scattered and made up of species such as
PoZystichum munitwn., BZechnum spicant, Dryopteris diZatata, PoZypodiUM
scouleri (both on the ground and as an epiphyte), GaZium trifZorum,
LuzuZa parvifZora, and Osmorhiza nuda.

The vegetation under pure stands of red alder in drainages and swampy
swales is made up of the above mentioned ferns, Lysichitwn =ericanum,
Montia sibirica, Carex spp., Cardamine sp., MeZissa officinaZis, Equis-
et= sp., and a variety of other moisture-loving species. Several low-
lying alder stands adjacent to the bay have an almost pure Carex under-
story which is unusually lush and dense (fig. DP-2).

Mammals believed to utilize the area as either residents or transient
visitors are listed in table DP-1. Birds frequenting the area include
band-tailed pigeons XoZumba fasciata), bluegrouse (Dendragapus obscurus),
and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbeZZus).

HISTORt OF DISTURBANCE

As previously mentioned, the area was logged some 70 to 80 years ago.
Since then, there appears to have been very littleadditional disturbance
by man. There is a small, primitive campground (Diamond Point Campground)
reached only by water near the northwestern corner of the area, but so
far the user-related disturbances do not extend very far inland. All of

138

Long Island is a big-game, bow-hunting area, and hunters undoubtedly
pass through the area, but effects of this use appear negligible. There
is, however, considerable evidence of heavy browsing of shrubs and ferns
by deer and elk in some of the more open stands.

In 1966 a clearcut logging operation came close to the southern boundary
of the natural area. Because of the lack of natural area boundary markers,
it is difficult to tell exactly how much of a buffer, if any, remains
between the clearcut and the natural area.

139

XLV

LONG ISLAND-JENSEN POINT MARSH

LOCATION:
Long Island, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island,
Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad.map. T11N, R11W, portions of sections 1,
2, 11 and 12. Tidal marsh associated with Jensen Point on the west side
of Long Island.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description Approximately 65 acres of marsh occur on tidelands
inside Jensen Point, a mile-long vegetated sand spit protruding from the
west side of Long Island. A small intermittent freshwater drainage
empties into the higher marsh from the adjacent upland. Substrates
associated with the sand spit and along the immediate mainland shoreline
are primarily sands. Outer tideflat substrates are primarily silts.
Minor dune development occurs along the sand spit. Beach areas along
the south half of the sand spit are primarily gravelly.

Land Use History - Remains of a small dike crosses the middle of the higher
marsh suggesting use by settlers, probably in the late 1800's.
Apparently man-made berms and a storage shed occur at the tip of the
point. The area is part of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, and
receives minor amounts of recreational and hunting activities.

Vegetation - Inner, higher marsh areas are dominated by high marsh and
intermediate marsh. Small areas of low and sedge marshes are found. An
extensive area of Spartina marsh occurs contiguous with the higher marshes,
and dozens of colonies occupy outer bare mudflats. Minor dune vegetation
development occurs along higher elevations of the sand spit. Dune and
marsh species intermingle at the dune/marsh ecotone, especially on low
outermost areas of the sand spit.

PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS:

Low Marsh

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5) occurs in one small area. Salicornia
virginica occurs in minor.quantities. Triglochin maritimum is absent
as co-dominants. Orthocarpus castillejoides occurs as co-dominant.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa

Sub-dominant: Orthocarpus castillejoides

140

Long Island-Jensen Point Marsh - cont.

Minor: Agrostis alba (local)
Deschampsia caespitosa (local)
Salicornia virginica
Spergularia sp.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10) occurs as a small area within high marsh.
Triglochin maritimum is absent.

Dominants: Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica

Sedge Marsh

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11) occurs as a narrow strip
against the upland, apparently associated with freshwater seepage.
Dominant: Carex lyngb@ei

Intermediate Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol 14) occurs as a small area below high marsh elevations.
Extensive Spartina marsh occurs contiguous with the outer edge of this
community.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Jaumea carnosa

Minor:. Agrostis alba
Festuca rubra
Grindelia integrifolia
Salicornia virginica

Deschampsi caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
occurs below high marsh elevations. Extensive S2artina marsh occurs
contiguous with the outer edge of this community.

Dominants: Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Sub-dominant: Salicornia virginica

Minor: Jaumea carnosa

141

Long Island-Jensen Point Marsh - cont.

High Marsh

Deschampsia caespitosa community (mapping symbol;B) @occupies much of the
inner high marsh elevations. Most of this type lies inside-the formerly
diked area. Dominated nearly entirely by dense tufts of Deschampsia
caespitosa.

Dominant: Deschampsia caespitosa

Minor: Atriplex patula

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 15) occurs in a depression between the spit
and the old d1ke.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rub-@a

Sub-domimant: Distichlis spicata

Minor: Grindelia integrifolia
Jaumea carnosa
Salicornia virginica

Aggrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping
symbol 17) occurs extensively at the highest tideland elevation.
Where adjacent to the sand pit, dune species intermingle. Most of this
type lies within the formerly diked area.

Dominants: Agrostis alba
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica

Sub-dominant: Festuca rubra (local)

Spartina Marsh

Spartina alterniflora community (mapped in red) dominates lowest marsh
elevations, occupying two-thirds of the total marsh area. It occurs
as contiguous colonies along the outer edge of the higher marshes and
along the inside edge of the outer sand spit.

Dominant: Spartina alterniflora

142

XLVI

SMOKY HOLLOW BOG

LOCATION:
Long Island, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island,
Washington U.S.G.S. 7.5' quad map. T11N, RlOW, portion of section 18.
A small freshwater bog formed behind a berm on the west side of Long
Island, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Physical Description -.Approximately 15 acres of freshwater marsh occur
at the mouth of a small watershed on the southern end of Long Island.
The freshwater marsh is separated from adjacent estuarine tidelands by
an apparently natural sand/gravel berm and a small forested upland
mou-xid. A few acres of open water occur between the western marsh edge
and the berm/upland.

Land Use History - Most of the adjacent upland forest was logged during the
1940's and 1950's. A few cut,stumps among the standing dead snags on an
upper area of the-marsh= suggest same past logging activity on the wetland
itself. Many standing dead snagg along the upper reaches of the marsh
suggest a sudden increased impoundment of freshwater in the past. The
occurrence or extent of past water level manipulations due to human
activity is unknown. Reported past management activity by the Willapa
National Wildlife Refuge includes the introduction of non-native
Zizania aquatica (wild rice) for waterfowl use, and rumors of stocking
of the open waters with trout. Currently, the wildlife refuge maintains
a primitive campground on the upland forest mound at the berm edge.

Vegetation - Wetland vegetation over the area has been separated into 4
major groupings, described below.

1) open water areas (mapping symbol OPEN WATER) are primarily open
water surfaces. Scattered-individuals of Juncus effusus and
introduced Zizania aquatica occur locally.

2) Carex cusickii-Sphagnum. spp_. bog (mapping symbol "P") occurs
primarily as a floating mat (quaking bog) in the southeastern
portion.of the wetland. There is an accumulation of downed logs
throughout this area. Typically, forest species occur on the
logs. Sphagnum is discontinuous through the area. There is
probably a mixture of sphagnum, and sedge peat.
Partial Species List:
Alnus rubra
Carex cusickii
Carex obnupta
Drosera rotundifolia
Juncus effusus
Lonicera involucrata
Lysimachia terrestris (introduced)
Myrica californicum

143

Smoky Hollow Bog - cont.

Picea sitchensis
Sphagnum spp.
Thuja plicate
Tsuga heterophyla
Vaccinium ovatum

3) Typha latifolia area (mapping symbol occurs predominantly
in two locations.

Partial Species List:
Carex obnupta
Hypocotyle ranunculoides
Lysichitum americanum
Oenanthe sarmentosa
Potentilla palustris
Typha latifolia

4) "Snag wetland" area (mapping symbol R) occurs on uppermost marsh
reaches, and is poorly defined. The area is visually identified
by the large number of even aged snags throughout. There is
a large accumulation of fallen logs. A number of typically
upland species occur on the logs.

Partial Species List:
Athyrium filix-femina
Belchnum spicant
Carex cusickii
Carex obnupta
Cicuta sp.
Gaultheria shallon
Galium trifidum
Juncus sp. (probably acuminatus)
Lysichitum americanum
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus spectabilis
Sphagnum spp.
Thuja plicata

144

XLVII

CEDAR GROVE

LOCATION:
Long Island, Pacific County, Washington. Long Island, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T11N, R10W, portions of sections 19 and 20. An old-growth
upland forest stand at the southern end of Long Island.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Approximately 264 acres of virgin old-growth upland forest occur within a
small watershed at the southern end of Long Island. The forest is dominated
by Thuja plicat (western red-cedar) and Tsuga heterophylla (western hem-
lock). Older cedars in the stand are estimated to be between 400 and 1,000
years old. None of the forest has ever been cut. The area lies within the
proclamation boundary of the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. If a current land-timber exchange program is completed
as proposed by the U.S..Fish and Wildlife Service, the stand would be
proposed for classification as a natural area.

145

XLVIII

GUNPOWDER ISLAND
NATURAL AREA PRESERVE

LOCATION:
Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. North Cove, Washington U.S.G.S.
7.5' quad map. T14N, R11W. Portions of a tidal sand island lying at the
mouth of Willapa Bay, approximately two air miles north of the tip of
Leadbetter Point.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Gunpowder Island is an isolated tidal sand island surrounded by open estu-
arine waters at the mouth of Willapa Bay. In 1981, most of the island was
established as a 197 acre Natural Area Preserve by the Washington State
Department of Natural Resources, primarily for the protection of nesting
habitat for Caspian Terns. The island is primarily a shifting, bare tidal
sandflat. Trace amounts of dune plant species occur over the surface, along
with scattered pieces of driftwood.

146

APPENDIX I

147

APPENDIX I

PLANT COMMUNITY ABSTRACTS

A. SALT MARSH COMMUNITIES

Identification and definition of salt marsh plant communities is based on Carol
Jefferson's (1975) work in Oregon. We have modified her marsh types and plant
communities, for purposes of this study, based on the work of other researchers
in Washington State and our own field experience.

Plant communities are listed by salt marsh community type. Communities are
named primarily by their dominant species. Species names in brackets are Sig-
nificant indicator species rather than dominants. Species names are separated
by hyphens. The mapping symbol representing the community on map overlays
follows the community name.' Abstracts provide information on habitat, geo
graphic distribution in Washington State, literature referenced, comments and
partial plant species lists for each community.

LOW MARSH

Scirpus americanus communit y (mapping symbol 3)
Habitat: Polyhaline, sandy, low intertidal marsh.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and Columbia River
mouth.
References: K. Ewing (1982); C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L.Cornelius,
field observations.
Associated Species:
Puccinellia sp.
Scirpus americanus
Spergularia marina
Triglochin maritimum

Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 4)
Habitat: Low.silty to sandy marsh, with a wide range of salinities.
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Apparently a tideflat colonizer, forming hummocks on mudflats.
K. Ewing considered describing it as a community for the Skagit Estuary
but ultimately decided it is co-dominant in a number of communities but
does not constitute its own in that area.
Associated Species:
Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Jaumea carnosa-Distichlis spicata-Triglochin maritimum
community (mapping symbol 5)
Habitat: High salinity low intertidal marsh on silty sands.
Distributio'n: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (197-8);
C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: This is a highly variable species rich community. Plantago
maritima may be co-dominant.

148

Plant Community A bstracts cont.

Associated Species:
Distichlis spicata
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia
Hordeum jubatum
Jaumea carnosa
Orthocarpus castillejoides
Plantago maritima
Salicornia virginica
Stellaria humifusa
Triglochin cocinnum
Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica co=unity (mapping symbol 7)
Habitat: Polyhaline, low intertidal marsh onwell aerated silts and sands.
Distribution: Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and Puget Sound.
References: M. Burg (1980); R., Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978)
Comments: The community seldom occurs in this monospecific form. When
it does, it appears to be colonizing newly acreated sandy tideflats,
breached diked areas or occassionally, depressions in high marsh zones.
Aeration of soils appears to be important.
Associated Species:
Salicornia virginica

Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 8)
Habitat: High salinity, sandy or silty, low intertidal marsh.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978);
C. Jefferson (1975)
Comments: Depressions in high marsh or occassionally in low marsh.
Associated Species:
Distichlis spicata
Grindelia integrifolia
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Salicornia virginica-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 9)
Habitat: High salinity, silty, low intertidal marsh.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: R. Frenkel, T. Boss, R. Schuller (1978); C. Jefferson (1975);
L. Kunze, L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Colonizes tidalflats and channels, forming hummocks.
Associated Species:
Fucus distichus
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

149

Plant Community Abstracts cont.

Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica (Triglochin maritimum) community
(mapping symbol 10)
Habitat: High salinity low intertidal marsh on silty-sands. Also in
depressions in high marsh.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978);
L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Associated Species:
Distichlis spicata
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Scirpus maritimus community (mapping symbol 13)
Habitat: High salinity ( 8ppt), anoxic intertidal marshes on silty or
clay soils.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and Baker Bay.
References: K. Ewing (1982); C. Jefferson (1975)
Associated Species:
Scirpus maritimus

SEDGE MARSH

Carex lyngbyei community (mapping symbol 11)
.Habitat: Brackish, silty or sandy, intertidal marsh, ranging from low
intertidal to high marsh *'
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and the mouth of the
Columbia River.
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978);
K. Ewing (1982); C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field
observations.
Comments: Two ecotypes may occur having different salt tolerences. Often
occurs along stream channels.
Associated Species:
Carex lyngbyei

Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum community (mapping symbol 12)
Habitat: Brackish,. silty or sandy, intertidal marsh, typically along tidal
channels.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and the mouth of
the Columbia River.
References: K. Ewing (pers. comm.); R Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller
(1978); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius
Associated Species:
Carex lyngbyei
Triglochin marit'

150

Plant Community Abstracts cont.

Deschampsia caespitosa-Carex lyngbyei-Triglochin maritimum. community (mapping
symbol 21)
Habitat: Brackish, silty tidal marshes. Often occurring along tidal
channels.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978);
C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Associated Species:
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Lilaeopsis occidentalis
Triglochin maritimum,

INTERMEDIATE MARSH

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata-Salicornia virginica community
(mapping symbol '14)
Habitat: High salinity, low to moderate elevation saltmarsh on silts.
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978); C. Jefferson
. (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Species rich, variable community.
Associated Species:
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Festuca rubra
Glaux maritima
Grindelia integrifolia
Jaumea carnosa
Potentilla pacifica
Salicornia virginica
Triglochin maritimum

Deschampsia caespitosa-Distichlis spicata community (mapping symbol 16)
Habitat: Moderate elevation marsh, brackish to high salinities.
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
References: C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field obser-
vations.
Comments: Infrequently occurring community
Associated Species:
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata

Plant Community Abstracts - cont.

HIGH MARSH

Deschampsia caespitosa-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla 2acifica
community (mapping symbol 15)
Habitat: High marsh on silts.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: M. Burg (1980); R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978);
C. Jefferson (1975); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Wide spread high marsh community. Presence of Juncus balticus
is variable.
Associated Species:
Agrostis alba
Aster subspicatus
Carex lyngbyei
Deschampsia caespitosa
Distichlis spicata
Festuca rubra
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol
17)
Habitat: High marsh on silts with little dissection by tidal channels
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
References: R. Frenkel, T. Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978); L. Kunze and
L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Wide spread high marsh community. Cover of Juncus balticus
is variable.
Associated Species:
Agrostis alba
Aster subspicatus
Carex lyngbyei
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Festuca rubra-Agrostis alba-Potentilla pacifica community (mapping symbol 18)
Habitat: High marsh or transition zone community on silts.
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
References: R. Frenkel, T..Boss, S.R. Schuller (1978); L. Kunze and
L. Cornelius.
Comments: Frenkel et al. describe this as a transition zone community.
We have found F. Tub@ra as a sub- to co-dominant in high marsh communities.
Associated Species:
Agrostis alba
Deschampsia caespitosa
Festuca rubra
Juncus balticus
Juncus lesueurii
Potentilla pacifica
Trifolium wormskjoldii

152

Plant Community Abstracts - cont.-

Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima-Orthocarpus castillejoides community (mapping
symbol A)
Habitat: On tidally-influenced sands at the interface, between upper tidal
marshland and coastal dunes.
Distribution: Willapa Bay
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Associated Species:
.-Aira praecox (introduced)
Armeria marit*
Carex pansa
Festuca rubra
Fragaria chiloensis
Glaux maritima
Orthocarpus castillejoides
Plantago coronopus (introduced)
Spergularia sp.
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Deschampsia caespitosa community (mapping symbol B)
Habitat: Intermediate to high marsh on sandy to silty substrates. i
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Deschampsia occurs as densely spaced hummocks with very few
associated species. It is theorized that areas where this community
occurs may have been heavily grazed at one time.
Associated Species:
Atriplex patula
Deschampsia. caespitosa

TRANSITION MARSH

Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica.-Forbs community (mapping
symbol 17FORB)
Habitat: High marsh with freshwater influence or slight elevation gain
above high marsh communities.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Associated Species:
Achillea millefolium
Agrostis alba
Angelica lucida
Carex lyngbyei
Festuca rubra
Heracleum lanatum,
Juncus balticus
Oenanthe sarmentosa
Potentilla pacifica
Rumex sp
Sedalcia hendersonii (Washington State Monitor Species)
Trifolium wormskjoldii
Viccia gigantea

153

Plant Community Abstracts - cont.

Calamagrostis nutkaensis-Agrostis alba-Juncus balticus-Potentilla pacifica
community (mapping symbol 20)
Habitat: High marsh on the upper tidal river reaches.
Distribution: Puget Sound, Grays Harbor and Willap@a Bay
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations.
Comments: Found at the heads of drainages still affected by tidal water
but with strong freshwater influence.
Associated Species:
Agrostis alba
Angelica lucida
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Festuca rubra
Heracleum lanatum
Juncus balticus
Potentilla pacifica
Pyrus fusca
.Sidalcea hendersonii

154

PLANT COMMUNITY ABSTRACTS

.B. COASTAL DUNE COMMUNITIES

Identification and definition of coastal dune plant communities is based on
Wiedemann, et al. (1974) for Oregon dunes. We have modified their work for
Washington Tta@e based on personal communications with Al Wiedemann and our
field experience.

Plant communities are listed by community type. Communities are named by
their dominant species and in some cases by characteristic community features.
Hyphens are used to separate species names for species found within the same
strata. Slashes separate strata. The mapping symbol representing the community
on the map overlays follows the community name. In some cases communities have
been lumped for mapping purposes - hence more than one community may be given
the same mapping symbol. Abstracts provide information for each community on
habitat, geographic distribution within Washington State literature,references,
comments and partial plant species lists.

AMMOPHILA DUNE

Ammophila arenaria community (mapping symbol D)
Habitat: Foredune and secondary dunes, areas of active sand deposition.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Pacific and Grays Harbor County
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Comments: Ammophila arenaria is a European dune binding grass species
introduced in this area as part of a dune stabilization program. It
has since come to dominate active dune sites in Washington State.
Associated Species:
Ammophila arenaria (introduced)
Ammophila breviligulata (introduced)
Lathyrus japonicus

FOREDUNE AND SECONDARY DUNE

Elymus mollis community (mapping symbol E)
Habitat: Areas of active sand deposition
Distribution: 'Oay shorelines, sand spits and the outer coastlines of
Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974); L. Kunze and L. Cornelius field
observations
Comments: This community lumps two native dune colonizing communities
described by Wiedemann, et al. It occurs to a very limited extent
in Washington, presumabiThaving been displaced by Ammophila arenaria
and A. breviligulata.
Associated Species:
Ambrosia chamissonis
Cakile edentula
Carex macrocephala
Convolvulus soldanella
Elymus mollis
Honkenya peploides

155

Plant Community Abstracts cont.

DEFLATION PLAIN

Lupinus littoralis-Poa macrantha-Fragaria chiloensis community (mapping
symbol F)
Habitat: Dry deflation plain areas on secondary dunes and eroded
secondary dune hummocks. The water table is a meter or'more below
the surface.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Comments: There may be Toi@s-iderable open sand associated with this
community. Wiedemann et al. described it as being moderately to
slightly tolerant of s@and@-movement. A number of dune binding plant
species may be found here.
Associated Species:
Abronia latifolia
Convolvulus soldanella
Fragaria chiloensis
Glehnia leiocarpa
Lathyrus littoralis
Lupinus littoralis
Poa macrantha
Polygonum paronychia

Festuca rubra community (mapping symbol F)
Habitat: Deflation plain areas with standing water in the winter and
spring but where the water table drops to as much as one meter below
surface in summer.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Associated Species:
Achillea millefolium
Aira praecox (introduced)
Anaphalis margaritacea
Festuca rubra
Fragaria chiloensis
Gnaphalium purpureum.
Hypochaeris radicata
Lupinus littoralis
Tanecetum camphoratum

Juncus nevadensis-Juncus falcatus community (mapping symbol G)
Habitat: Deflation plain areas with standing water through early
summer.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Associated Species:
Agrostis spp.
Aster chilensis
Centarurium umbellatum
Epilobium franciscanum
Juncus falcatus
Juncus nevadensis

156

Plant Community Abstracts cont.

Sisyrinchium californicum
Trifolium wormskjoldii

Carex obnupta community (mapping symbol G)
Habitat: Deflation plain areas containing standing water year round
though typically shallow during summer.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Associated Species:
Carex hindsii
Carex obnupta
Gentian sceptrum
Lycopodium. inundatum. (Washington State Threatened)
Potentilla pacifica
Ranunculus flammula

Salix hookeriana/Carex obnupta community (mapping symbol H)
Habitat: Deflation plain areas with standing water year round from
a few decimeters to two meters.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties-
References: Wiedemann, et al (1974)
Comments: This community ranges from a low shrub wetland dominated by
Salix hookeriana to "swamPs"with small tree size Alnus rubra and Salix
hookeriana.
Associated Species:
Alnus rubra
Carex obnupta
Lysichitum americanum
Myrica californica
Salix hookeriana

STABILIZED DUNES

Rosa nutkana/Festuca rub.ra *community (mapping symbol I)
Habitat: Non-forested stabilized dunes. Relatively high organic material
accumulation in soils.
Distribution: Highly limited distribution,between stabilized forested
dune and deflation plain in Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius, field observations
Comments: Habitat for this community was probably maintained by occassional
fires prior to settlement of the coast by white people. Supression of
fires, grazing, home development, off-road-vehicle use and introduction
of weedy species for dune stabilization appear to be severly threatening
this community.
Associated Species:
Festuca rubra
Fragaria chiloensis
Fritillaria lanceolata
Habenaria greenei
Hypochaeris radicata
Pteridium aquilinum
Ranunculus sp

157

Plant Community Abstracts - cont.

Rosa nutkana
Vaccinium caespitosum
Viola adunca

Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi comunity
(mapping symbol J)
Habitat: In a zone preceeding Pinus contorta establishment and in the
deflation plain on dry stable sites.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et*al. .(1974)
Comments: This communi@-Yoccurs to a limited extent in Washington.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi frequently forms expansive mats on dry
hummocks in th@ -def@`lation plain and along the high secondary dune
ridge landward of the deflation plain.
Associated Species:
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Gaultheria shallon
Myrica californica
Vaccinium ovatum

Pinus contorta/Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon community (mapping symbol KY
Habitat: Dry stabilized dune sites extending into drier areas in the
deflation plain.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974) Schredder et al. (1974)
Associated Species:
Alnus rubra
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Gaultheria shallon
Myrica californica
Pinus contorta
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium parvifolium

Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ovatum-Gaultheria shallon community (mapping
symbol L)
Habitat: Dry stabilized dune sites with relatively high organic matter
accumulation.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Wiedemann, et al. (1974)
Comments: This may be @h-e-@Ilimax community for coastal dune systems.
Dominant shrubs form a dense layer up to three meters in height. Tsuga
heterophy-1-1a may be co-dominant.
Associated Species:
Gaultheria shallon
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium parvifolium,

158

Plant Community Abstracts - cont.

Picea sitchensis wetland community (mapping symbol M)
Habitat: Dune troughs in stabilized dune systems.
Distribution: Outer coastline of Pacific County and perhaps Grays
Harbor County..
References: L. Kunze and L. Cornelius field observations
Comments: Individual Picea are widely spaced reaching DBHs of 10
feet. A number of typically freshwater wetland species occur.
Associated Species:
Alnus rubra
Carex obnupta
Gaultheria shallon
Luzula sp
Raianthemum dilatatum
Myrica californica
Picea sitchensis
Pyrus fusca
Rhamnus purshiana
Rubus spectabilis
Salix spp
Spiraea douglasii
Vaccinium ovatum.
Vaccinium parvifolium.

Shrub Wetland community (mapping symbol 0)
Habitat: Wet, stabilized dune troughs.
Distribution: Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties.
References: Schreuder et al. (1974)
Comments: Occur regula@-ly-along Washington's coast as virtually impenetrable
shrub wetlands. Species composition is partially known.
Associated Species:
Carex obnupta
Lysichitum americanum
Pyrus fusca
Rhamnus purshiana
Rubus spectabilis
Salix hookeriana
Salix lasiandia
Salix sp
Spiraea douglasii

159

BIBLIOGRAPHY

161

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burg, M.E., D.R. Tripp, E.S. Rosenberg. 1980. Plan association and primary
productivity of the Nisqually salt marsh on southern Puget Sound,
Washington. N.W. Sci. 54(3):222-236.

Chapman, V.J. 1976. Coastal vegetation. 2nd edition. Pergamon Press.
292pp.

Cooper. W.S. 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington. Geological
Society of America Memoir 72.

Franklin, J.F., F.C. Hall, C.T. Dyrness, C. Maser. 1972. Diamond Point
Research Natural Area in Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon
and Washington: A guide book for scientists and educators. Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.D.A.
Portland, Oregon. p DPl-DP9.

Frenkel, R.E., T. Boss, S.R. Schuller. 197.8. Transition zone vegetation
between intertidal marsh and upland in Oregon and Washington. EPA
grant #R804963-01. Dept. of Geography, Oregon State University.,
Corvallis, Oregon.

Frenkel, R.E., H.P. Eilers. 1976. Tidal datums and characteristics of
the upper limits of coastal marshes in selected Oregon estuaries.
Report to the E.P.A., Corvallis, Oregon.

Frenkel, R.E., H.P. Eilers, and C.A. Jefferson. 1981. Oregon coastal salt
marsh upper limits and tidal datums. Estuaries. 4(3):198-205.

Hansen, D.J., P. Dayanandan, P.B. Kaufman and J.D. Brotherson. 1976.
Ecological adaptations of salt marsh grass, Distichlis spicata
@Gramineae), and environmental factors affecting its growth and
distribution. Amer. J. Bot. 63(5):635-650.

Hinde, H.P. 1954. The vertical distribution of salt marsh phanerogams
in relation to tide levels. Ecol. Monogr. 24(2):209-225.

Jefferson, C.A. 1975. Plant communities and succession in Oregon coastal
salt marshes. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 192pp.

Jefferson, C.A. 1976. Relationship of vegetation and elevation at upper
and lower limits of the transition zone between wetland and upland
in Oregon's estuaries. Report to the E.P.A., Corvallis, Oregon.

Kumler, M.L. 1969. Plant succession on the sand dunes of the Oregon
coast. Ecol. 50(4):695-704.

Levings, C.D. and A.I. Moody. 1976. Studies of intertidal vascular plants,
especially sedge (Carex lyn@byei , on the disrupted Squamish River
delta, British Columbia. D.O.E. Fisheries, and Marine Service,
Technical Report #606, 51pp.

162

Bibliography cont. I

Mahall, B.E. and R.B. Park. 1976. The.ecotone betwen Spartina foliosa.
Trin. and Salicornia virginica L. in salt marshes of northern San
Francisco Bay: III. Soil aeration and tidal immersion. J. Ecol.
64:811-819.

Mahall, B.E. and R.B. Park. 1976. The ecotone between Spartina foliosa
Trin. Salicornia virginica L. in salt marshes of northern San
Francisco Bay: II. Soil water and salinity. J. Ecol. 64:793-809.

Messmer, L., D.R. Mudd, S.L. Smith. Salt marshes in Grays Harbor,
Washington. Unpub.

Northwest Environmental Consultants. 1974. Environmental evaluation of the
Willapa River and Harbor Navigation Project, Pacific County, Washington,
for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Contract No. DACW67-74-C-0156.

Ranwell, D.S. 1972. Ecology of salt marshes and sand dunes. London, Chapman
and Hall. 258 pp.

Rozema, J. and B. Blom. 1977. Effects of salinity and inundation on the
growth of Agrostis stolonifera. and Juncus gerardii. J. Ecol. 65:213-222.

Scheffer, T.H. 1945. The introduction of Spartina alterniflora to
Washington with oyster culture. Leaflets of Western Botany 4(6):163-164.

Schreuder, G.F., G.A. Bradley, et al. 1974. Leadbetter Point environmental
assessment. Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission by Univ.
of Washington, College of Forest Resources Center for Resource Manage-
ment Studies. 156p.

Smith, J.L., D.R. Mudd.and L.W. Messmer. 1975. Maintenance dredging and the
environment of Grays Harbor, Washington: Appendix F. Vegetation. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970. Proceedings of the northwest estuarine
and coastal zone symposium. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
U.S.F.W.S. 318pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Environmental assessment: Acquisition
of Long Island, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, Washington. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Interior, Portland, Oregon. 92p.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Weyerhaeuser Co. 1979. Long Island
Forest Management Plan, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, Pacific
County, Washington. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region I,
Portland, Oregon. 89p.

Washington Natural Heritage Program. 1981. An illustrated guide to the
endangered, threatened and sensitive vascular plants of Washington. 328p.

163

Bibliography - cont.

Washington Natural Heritage Program. 1982. Endangered, threatened
and sensitive vascular plants of Washington. Department of Natural
Resources. 25 p.

Widrig, R.S. 1980. The birds and plants of Long Beach Peninsula, Pacific
County, Washington. 22 p.

Wiedemann, A.M., L.R.J. Dennis, F.H. Smith. 1974. Plants of the Oregon
Coastal dunes. O.S.U. Book Stores, Inc. 117 p.

164

SECTION 11.

LAND USE/LAND COVER
WILDLIFE HABITATS

Title: Baseline Inventory of Land Cover/Land Use and Wildlife Use
In the Coastal Zone of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties,
Washington

Author(s): Steven J. Sweeney, Principal investigator - Wildlife Use,
Habitat Evaluation Procedures
William H. Nelson, Principal Investigator - Land Cover/
Land Use
Elizabeth A. Rodrick, Project Leader

Date: February 1, 1982 through November 30, 1982

Department: Washington Department of Game (WDG)

Source of Copies: WDG, Nongame Program, 600 N. Capitol Way, Olympia, WA,
98504

DOE Grant Number: G82-036

Number of Pages: 84 pages and 40 map overlays

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ........................................................... 2

Acknowledgements ................................................... 3

Introduction ....................................................... 4

Mapping Studies .................................................... 4

Study Area .................................................... 4

Methods ....................................................... 4

Results ............................................................ 5

Maps 5

Computer Data Base ............................................ 6

Conclusion ......................................................... 6

References ......................................................... 7

Appendices

1. Land Cover/Land Use Classification ........................ 11

2. Land Cover Descriptions for Coastal Zone of Grays Harbor
and"Pacific Counties, Washington .......................... 19
3.. Key to Symbols for Wildlife Use Maps ...................... 36
4. List of Wildlife in Study Area with Status Notations ...... 38
5..=---Admi.nistrative and Legal Status Definitions ............... 43
S@p@ecial Species Occurrence Data ........................... 46

7. Map Overlays Wildlife Use and Land Cover/Land Use ....... Separate

ABSTRACT

The Washington Department of Game (WDG) mapped wildlife use and land cover
at a scale of 1:24,000 for the coastal zone of Grays Harbor County and
Pacific County, 'N,ashington. This was part of a coastal resource inventory
conducted by the Washington Department of Ecology to provide baseline
data that will support state participation in the federal policy, plan-
ning and managerial decisions regarding Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil/
gas development.

Wildlife use data was mapped from literature and revised based on field sur-
veys and discussions with experts. Land cover/land use was interpreted
from aerial photographs and verified in the field. In addition, occurrences
of endangered, threatened and sensitive species were mapped and briefly de-
scribed in a computerized data base. These data were transferred to mylar
overlays for use with U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps, 7.5 min.
series, which are compatible with the Washington Coastal Zone Atlas (1980).

The maps will help decision-makers determine which areas are most important
for wildlife and should receive special consideration in the planning
process.

-2-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many persons and agencies provided information, field and analytical help,
and other assistance important to the success of this study. We thank the
following persons and agencies for their contributions: Eric Cummins,
Bruce Crawford, Fred Dobler, Bob Gibbons, Dan Guy, Steve Jeffries, Jim
Nielsen, Tow Owens, Jack Smith, and Rocky Spencer - all of.the Washington
Department of Game; Lew Kittle, Brian Walsh, and Joe Williams - Washington
Department of Ecology; Darrel Fields of the Washington Department of Natural
Resources; Linda Kunze and Lynn Cornelius of the Washington Natural Heritage
Program; Lynn Childers, Mac McKie, Percy Washington, and Ron Weaver - U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service; Ulrich Wilson and Jim Hidy of the Willapa N atural
Wildlife Refuge; Gordon Alcorn of the University of Puget Sound Museum of
Natural History; Dennis Paulson of the University of Washington Burke
Museum; Don Samuelson of Grays Harbor College; Harry Bell of ITT Rayonier,
Inc.; Martha Jordan of the 'Trumpeter Swan Society; Steve Kalinowski of North
Cove; Steve Speich of Ferndale; Terry Wahl of Bellingham; and Ralph Widrig
of Ocean Park.

The Washington Departments of Ecology and Natural Resources, and the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle Pistrict provided access to aerial photo-
graphs. Helen Lartz of the Washington Department of Game typed this report.

-3-

-INTRODUCTION

This is the final report of a 10-month study of wildlife* and habitats in
the coastal zone of C-ravs Harbor and Pacific Counties, Washington. We
performed the study under contract to the Washington State Department of
Ecology. The goal of tne study was to collect and map baseline data on
wildlife use and land cover/land use in the coastal zone.

The state will use this information to help plan for projects, such as on-
shore support bases, Dizeline landfalls, and fabrication yards, which may
arise from the Federal Government's Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil and
Gas Lease Program.

MAPPING STUDIES

Study Area

Wildlife use and land cover/land use for much of Washington's coastline
36
were mapped and described in the Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington , and
accompanying Land Cover/Land Use Narratives37. The present study supple-
ments those works, covering the coastal zone of Grays Harbor and Pacific
Counties, from the southern boundary of the Quinalt Indian Reservation to
the Astoria-Megler bridge. The coastal zone is defined as extending inland
2,000 ft from mean high water, and seward to approximately 30 ft below
mean sea level. It also extends upriver 2,000 ft past the end of saltwater
influence. Land cover/land use maps adhere closely to this definition.
However, the three major peninsulas - Point Brown, Point Chehalis, and Long
Beach -'ivere mapped entirely, in spite of some parts being slightly outside
the 2,000-ft coastal strip. Also, the Chehalis and Willapa Rivers were .
not mapped to the upper end of saltwater influence. Wildlife use maps in-
clude some areas outside the coastal zone, because of the mobile nature
of many animals using coastal habitats.

Methods

Land Cover/Land Use Mapping

We mapped land cover/land use types in the study area, using the classifi-
cation system developed by the Washington Department of Game (WDG) for the
Coastal Zone AtlaS36 and Narratives37, as modified for land cover mapping
on the Chehalis River floodplain42. Three new land cover types - Cranberry
Bog, Freshwater Swamp, and Sand Dune - were added or changed, because they
are unique to the study area, or their characteristics differ from related
cover types elsewhere.

Specific activities were to: 1) interpret aerial photographs and map pre-
liminary land cover/land use types; 2) verify cover/use types in the field;
and 3) transfer map data to mylar (clear plastic) overlays of U. S. Geoiogi-
cal Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps. These activities were completed between
1 February ano 30 July.

*Including fishes

-4-

We used both true color (1974) and infrared (1981) aerial photographs for
land cover/land use mapping. Scale was 1:24,000. True color photographs
provided by the Washington Departments of Ecology (WDE) and Natural Resources
(WDNR) were used for the bulk of the mapping. Infrared photographs were
used at the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle Distict Office, to up-
date land cover/land use data.

Mapping was done by first placing stereo pairs of aerial photographs under
a mirror stereoscope on a light table. A sheet of mylar was placed over
one of the stereo pairs. Polygons were then traced around all land cover/
land use units greater than or equal to one-half acre. Units less than
one-half acre were incorporated with adjoining units.

We verified and updated mapped land cover/land use types in the field, by
comparing aerial photographs and mylar overlays with the units themselves.
We reached units by truck, boat, and on foot.

After field verification, we transferred map data to mylar overlays of USGS
7.5 minute (1:24,000 scale) topographic series maps. (The latter are here-
after referred to as USGS base maps.) Completed land cover/land use maps
were sprayed with lacquer to preserve them.

Wildlife Use Mapping

Wildlife use data for the study area were initially drawn from a literature
review and from the WDG/WDNR Natural Heritage Data System. Preliminary
maps were made on m lar overlays of National Ocean Survey Nautical Charts
(1:40,000 scale) and USGS base maps. We then revised and refined these
maps, bamised on discussions with experts on wildlife use in the study area,
and on our own field observations. Reviewed and corrected wildlife use
data were then transferred to mylar overlays on USGS base maps, and sprayed
with lacquer to preserve them. Wildlife use maps were essentially complete
by 30 July. We added a small amount of new information to the maps between
I Auaust and 30 October. after a second review by experts.

Results

Maps

Five copies each of the land cover/land use and wildlife use overlay maps
accompany this report. Land cover/land use maps consist of a series of
polygons representing units of land cover or land use. Each polygon con-
tains a number, coded to a land cover/land use type listed in Appendix 1.
Certain land cover types contain highly productive, sensitive or limited
habitat types: meadows and beach grasslands (311, 312), riparian zones
(33, 46) mature and old-growth conifer forests (413, 414), mature broadleaf
and mixed forests (423, 433), rivers/stireams (51), lakes/ponds (52), bays/
estuaries (54), lagoons (56), sloughs (57), wetlands (6), and exposed/other
lands (7). These types are marked with an asterisk in the classification
(Appendices 1, 2), and their wildlife values are described in the Coastal
37
Zone Atlas Narratives

Wildlife use overlays consist of species names, accompanied by letters and
symbols indicating type and location of wildlife use. Letter and symbol
codes are listed in Appendix 3. Two additional Appendices - 4 and 5 - list
animals in the study area having special legal or administrative status,
and status definitions for those species.

Land cover/land use and wildlife use overlays can be used together or sep-
arately with USGS base maps, by placing them on a light table and aligning
their respective register marks. Map data are then interpreted by consult-
ing the appropriate appendices. For information on species generally
associated with each land cover/land use type, refer to the Coastal Zone
Atlas of Washington: Land Cover/Land Use Narratives37.

Computer Data Base

Land cover/land use data mapped for the Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington36
have been digitized and stored by computer43. Similarly, land cover/land
use data compiled for the present study can be digitized and stored, possibly
together with data for the Coastal Zone Atlas. Digitized storage will facil-
itate both retrieval and updating of information on land cover and land use
in the coastal zone of Washington.

Information on Special Species* occurrences in Washington is continually
updated through the Natural Heritage Data System. Updating is needed as
wildlife use changes, and as new information is acquired. The computer
printout lists location, site description, ownership, and other pertinent
data for each element (Special Species) occurrence. A printout of element
occurrences appearing on the wildlife use overlay maps accompanies this
report (Appendix 6). To prevent disturbance of special species and habitats,
occurrence locations should not be released to the general-public.

Conclusion

The land cover/land use and wildlife use maps provide information that will
help planners and developers avoid or mitigate impacts on wildlife habitats.
The special habitat types (*in classification, Appendix 1), special species
locations (Appendix 6) and areas on the wildlife overlays that show con-
centrated wildlife use are generally the most significant for wildlife.
During the planning process, these areas should receive special considera-
tion and further study.

*Special Species are listed and defined in Appendices 4 and 5.

References

1. Beccasion, A. D., et al. 1981. Pacific Coast Ecological Inventory.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Coastal Ecosystems Team,
NASA-Slideli- Computer Complex, 1010 Gause Boulevard, Slidell,
Louisiana 70453. Published by Biological Services Program,
U. S. Fish ana Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

2. Gardner, F. (ed). 1981. Washington Coastal Areas of Major Biological
Significance. State of Washington Department of Ecology. 631pp.

3. Washington Department of Game and Washington Department of Natural
Resources, Natural Heritage Data System, Olympia, Washington.

4. Kalinowski, S. A., et al. 1982. Wildlife Studies on Proposed Dis-
posal Sites in Grays Harbor, Washington. Washington Department
of Game, Aberdeen, Washington. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Seattle District. 202pp.

5. Brittell, J. D., et al. 1976. Marine Shoreline Fauna of Washington,
Vol. II, Habitat Requirements of.Selected Species. State of
Washington Departments of Game and Ecology. 341pp.

6. Widrig, R. S. 1982. Personal Communication, Ocean Park, Washington.

7. Wilson, U., and J. Hidy. 1982.. Personal Communication, Willapa
National Wildlife Refuge, Ilwaco, Washington.

8. Cumm.
ans, E. 1982. Personal Communication, @Iashington Department
of Game, Aberdeen, Washington.

9. Anonymous. 1973. South Coastal Basin Study, Fish and Wildlife
Appendix. Washington Department of Game, Environmental Manage-
nent Division

10. Wahl, T. R.- 1977. Sight Records of Some Marine Mammals Offshore
from Westport, Washington. Murrelet - Spring Issue: pp 21-23

11. Smith, J. L., et al. 1976. Impact of Dredging on the Avian Fauna in
Grays Harbor. Appendix H, Maintenance Dredging and the Environ-
ment of Grays Harbor Washington. Washington Department of
Game, Olympia, Washington. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
District, Seattle, Washington. 217pp.

12. Fields, D. 1982. Personal Communications, Washington Department of
Natural Resources, Chehalis, Washington.

13. -Bell, H. 1982. Personal Communication, ITT Rayonier, Inc., Hoquiam'
Washington.

14. Anonymous. 1978. Environmental Assessment, Acquisition of Long
island, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, Washington. U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior, Oregon.
72pp.

References (cont)

15. Smith, J. L. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department
of Game, Aberdeen, Washington.

16. Peters, C. F., et al. 1978. Colonial Nesting Sea and Wading Bird
Use of Estuarine Islands in the Pacific Northwest. Technical
Report D-78-17, Dredged Material Research Program- Office,
Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D.C. 20314.

17. Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc. 1981. Columbia River Estuary
Data Development Program Final Report: Avifauna. Pacific
Northwest River Basins Commission, 1 Columbia River, Vancouver,
Washington 98660.

18. Tabor, J. E. 1976. Inventory of Riparian Habitats and Associated
Wildlife along Columbia and Snake Rivers, Vol. 2A, Lower Columbia
River. Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon State
University. Wildlife Work Group, U. .S. Army Corps of Engineers,
North Pacific Division. 861pp.

19. Brunner, K. 1982. Grays Harbor and Chehalis River Improvements to
Navigation Study, Biological Assessment on the Brown Pelican.
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. 7pp.

20. Jeffries, S. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department
of Game, Astoria, Oregon.

21. Widrig, R. S. 1979 (revised 1981). The Shorebirds of Leadbetter
Point. A Twelve Month Census with Notes on Other Records from
Willapa Bay, Washington. Published Independently. Ocean Park,
Washington. 60pp.

22. Kalinowski, S. A. 1982. Personal Communication, North Cove, Washington.

23. Nielsen, J. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department of
Game, Aberdeen, Washington.

24. Garcia, J., et al. 1982 (in press). Energy-Related Use Conflicts
for the Columbia River Estuary. Final Draft, Vol. 11. Bio-
Systems Analysis, Inc., San Francisco, California. Office of
Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.

25. Jordan, M. 1982. Personal Communication, Trumpeter Swan Society,
Bothell, Washington.

26. Crawford, B. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department
of Game, Vancouver, Washington.

27. Gibbons, R. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department of
Game, Olympia, Washington

References (cont)

28. Herman, S. G., and j. B. Bulger. 1981. The Distribution and Abun-
dance of Shofebirds during the 1981 Spring Migration at Grays
Harbor, Wash-ington. Seattle District, U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers. 64pp.

29. Paulson, D. 1962. Personal Communication, Thomas Burke Memorial
Museum, Univefsiz_y of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

30. Guy, D. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department of
Game, Aberdeen, Washington.

31. Alcorn, G. 1982. Personal Communication, Museum of Natural History,
University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington.

32. Smith, J. L., et al. 1976. Im 'pact of Dredging on the Mammalian
Fauna in Grays Harbor. Appendix I, Maintenance Dredging and
the Environment of Grays Harbor Washington. Washington Depart-
ment of Game, Olympia, Washington. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Seattle, Washington. 47pp.

33. Hoge, G., and W. Hoge. n.d. Birds of Ocean Shores. Published
Independently. Olympia, Washington. 50pp.

34. Samuelson, D.. 1982. Personal Communication, Grays Harbor College,
Aberdeen, Washington.

35. Dobler, F. 1982. Personal Communication, Washington Department of
-)G_ame',- Olympia, Washington.

36. Washington Department of Ecology. 1977-1979. Coastal Zone Atlas of
Washington. 12 Volumes. Olympia, Washington.

37. Albright, R., et al.. 1980. Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington: Land
Cover/Land Use Narratives. 2 Volumes. Washington Department
of Ecology. Olympia, Washington. 887pp.

38. Wahl, T. 1982. Personal Communication, Bellingham, Washington.

39. Speich, S. M., and T. R. Wahl. Catalog of Washington Seabird Colonies.
In preparation, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland,
Oregon.

40. Hammond, P. C., and D. V. McCorkle. 1982. The 1982 Field Survey
Results for the Oregon Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene
hippolyta). Office of Endangered Species, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Department of the interior.

41. Manuwal, D. A., and R. W. Campbell. 1979. Status and Distribution
of Breeding Seabirds of Southeastern Alaska, British Columbia,
and Washington. In J. C. Bartonek and D. N. Nettleship (eds.).
Conservation of Marine Birds of Northern North America. Papers
from the International Symposium held at Seattle Hyatt House,
Seattle, Washington, 13-15 May 1975. USDI Fish and Wildlife
Sexavice, Wildlife Research Report ll,. Washington, D. C.

-9-

References (cont)

42. Nelson, W. H., S. Kalinowski, and L. Lynam. 1980. Chehalis River
Floodplain Land Cover Mapping between Aberdeen and Montesano,
r.
Washington. @). S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle. 45pp.

43. Washington Department of Ecology. 1980. Coastal Zone Atlas of Wash-
ington: Automated Data Base An Introduction. Olympia,
Washington.

_10-

Appendix 1.

Land/Cover/Land Use Classification System

-11-

WASHIN(_;TON DEPARTMENT OF GAME
COASTAL, ZO'N_` )RC'-jECT

LAND COVER/LAND USE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

LEVEL I LE'VEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

t Urban 11. Residential 1-11 Low Density 1111 Single Family
1112 Multi-Family

112 High Density 1121 Single Family
11.22 Multi-Family

113 Wooded Residential

12 Commercial 121 Business/Govt.
Complex 122 Commercial/Light
Industrial
123 Institutional 1231 School
1232 Hospital
1233 Cemetary

124 Resort/Hotel
125 Other

13 Industrial. 131 Light Industry
Complex 132 Heavy Industry
133 Petroleum/Chemical
Processing
134'Food Processing
135 Other

14 Transportation/ 141 Airport
Utilities 142 Ferry Service
Facility
143 Highway
144 Railroad
1.45 Pipeline >
1.46 Bridges
147 Power Lines/
Right-of-Way
148 Water Treatment/
Storage 1481 Water Supply
1482 Sewage Treatment

LEVEL I LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

I Urban (cont) 149 Other

15 Harbor/Port 151 Commercial Cargo/
Shipping
152 Marina
153 Log Storage 1531 Water
1532 Land
154 Riprap
155 Dike
156 Breakwater
157 Pilings
158 Pier
159 Other

16 Construction 161 Residential
Under Development 162 Commercial
163 Industrial
164 Other

F-
W
17 Extractive 171 Mineral Extraction
172 Stone Quarries
173 Sand, Gravel, Clay
174 Oil, Gas Wells
175 Abandoned Mining
Operations

18 Open Lands 18I.Scraped Areas
182 Dredge/Fill
183 Refuse Stations

19 Recreational 191 Park
192 Golf Course
193 Urban Wooded
10
20 Mixed Complex (D

2 Agriculture 21 Crop/Pasture 211 Row Crops
212 Field Crops/
Pasture
0

LEVEL I LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

22 Orchards/Groves/ 221 orchard
Vineyards/ 222 Vineyards
Nurseries 223 Nurseries
224 Groves

23 Mariculture 231 Oyster
232 Salmonid

24 Inactive
Agriculture

25 Other Agriculture 251 Cranberry Bog

3 Nonforested, 31 Grassland 311 Meadow
Vegetated *312 Beach Grassland
Uplands *313 Open Grassland

32 Shrub 321 Successional
Shrub
322 Coastal Shrub
323 Shrub/Exposed Rock

*33 Riparian 331 Shrub

34 Bluff 341 Grass
342 Shrub
4 Forested Uplands 41 Coniferous 41@ Regeneration
Conifer (to 14 yrs)
412 Pole Stage 4121 Successional Shrub
Conifer (closed
canopy)

*413 Mature Conifer 10
(D
(open canopy)

*414 old Growth 4141 Douglas Fir-Madrona,
(approx. 150 yrs) old Growth

0
415 Christmas Trees

UNEL 1. LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

42 5roadleaf 421 Regeneration
Broadleaf (lpss
than or equal to
401)
422 Pole Stage Broadleaf
*423 Mature Broadleaf

43 Mixed.Forest 43i Regeneration Mixed
432 Pole Stage Mixed
*433 Mature Mixed

44 Open Woodland

45 Disturbed Forest 451 Clearcut
452 Burn
453 Selective Logging
454 Grazed Forest

*46 Riparian 461 Coniferous 4617L Regenerat4on
Ln 4612 Pole Stage,
4613 Mature
4614 Old Growth

462 Broadleaf 4621 Regeneration
4622 Pole Stage
4623 Mature

463 Mixed Forest 4631 Regeneration
4632 Pole Stage
4633 Mature

5 Water *51 Rivers/Streams 511 Estuarine
522 Pastoral

O@52 Lakes/Ponds 521 Lake
522 Inland Pond
524 Coastal Pond
525 Beaver Pond
526 Farm Pond

LEVEL 2 L E V E 1, LII-'VEL 4 LLVLA,

53 Reservoirs

*54 Bays/Estuaries 541 Bays
542 Estuaries

55 impoundments

*56 Lagoon 561 Enclosed
562 Open

*57 Slough 571 Freshwater Slough
572 Marine Slough

58 Canals/Channels

59 Open Water 591 Exposed Open Water
592 Protected open
Water

*6 Wetlands 61 Wetland-Forested 611 Intertidal 6111 w/Picea
Freshwater/ 6112 w/o Picea
Brackish Swamp

612 Freshwater 6121 Shrub Swamp

6122 Coniferous 61221 Regeneration
Swamp 61222 Pole Stage
61223 Mature
61224 Old Growth

6123 Broadleaf 61231 Regeneration
Swamp 61232 Pole Stage
61-233 Mature

6124 Mixed -61-241 Regeneration
Forested 61242 Pole Stage
Swamp 61243 Mature (D

0
-3

LEVEL I LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

62 Wetland-Vegetated 621 Inland Freshwater
Nonforested Marsh
622 Coastal. Freshwater
Marsh
623 Salt Marsh
624 Bog
625 Salt Meadow
626 Brackish Marsh
627 Eelgrass
628 Kelp Community
629 Other Algal Assoc,
(community)

63 Wetland-Non- 631 Rock (includes
vegetated (or boulders)
Beach Substrates) 632 Cobble (relatively
pure cobble)
633 Mixed Coarse
(cobble, gravel
and sand - occ.
boulders)
634 Mixed Medium
(coarse gravel,
sand-includes a
pure gravel beach)
635 Mixed Fine (fine
gravel, sand, mud)
636 Sand
637 Sand-Silt (fine
sand, silt/clay)
638 Silt/Clay

*7 Exposed/Other 71 Rock 711 Rock Outcroppings
Lands 712 Talus
(D
:3
713 Islands, Rock 7131 Grass
7132 Shrub X
7133 Conifer
7134 Broadleaf
7135 Mixed*Forest
0

LEVEL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

71.4 Cliffs

72 Sand 721 Island, Sand 7211 Vegetated
7212 Nonvegetated

722 Sand Ddne 7221 Grass
7222 Shrub
7223 Forest
7224 Wet Depression
723 Slide
724 Sand Bar

74 Spit 741 Vegetated Spit
742 Nonvegetated Spit

76 Bluff

F-
00

Special Habitat Types, see results section of this report.
Also see reference 37 for a discussion of wildlife values.
0

Appendix 2.

Land Cover Descriptions for the Coastal Zone
of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties

-19-

Appendix 2

Land Cover Descriptions for the Coastal Zone
of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties

I Urban. Developed areas are given this designation. Such areas support
residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation uses. Wildlife
use and degree of natural cover serve as indicators of the value of existing
urban habitats relative to natural conditions.

11 Residential. Human dwellings and adjacent lands (lawns, gardens,
parking area, etc.) are included in the designation. Residential develop-
ment substantially degrades much of an area's value to wildlife resources
by destroying natural vegetative cover and associated habitat values.
Residential areas provide a limited amount of habitat to a few kinds of
wildlife such as common songbirds and small mammals, e.g., house finch,
house sparrows, robins, squirrels, and raccoons. Larger birds and mammals
require larger territories and are the first to disappear with residential
construction. in general, areas of low density housing contain a greater
amount and diversity of wildlife habitat than areas of high density housing.
As a result, numbers of wildlife species also increase.

111 Nonwooded Residential. This designation applies to nonwooded
areas of low density housing (less than two dwellings per acre) usually
occurring outside incorporated communities. Natural cover usually is
drastically altered and replaced with horticultural plantings.

112 High Density Residential. Areas designated have high density
housing including single and multi-family units as well as neighborhood
services.

113 Wooded Residential. Well wooded areas with low density housing
(less than two dwellings per acre) are included in this class. The natural
cover is usually minimally altered.

12 Commercial/Service/Industrial. The designation includes areas devel-
oped for commercial, public service, and industrial purposes. Such areas are
usually, but not always, heavily impacted by human structures and activities.
Values to wildlife are usually extremely limited. In most cases, develop-ment
has decreased or eliminated wildlife that formerly used these habitats.

13 Industrial Complex. Manufacturing, chemical plants, food processing
and other facilities.

14 Transportation/Utilities. Areas of sufficient size to be mapped which
are used for transportation and utility purposes and have an important impact
on wildlife resources are included in this designation. Positive and nega-
tive influences on wildlife vary depending on the type of facility present.

143 Highway. This designation is assigned to major thoroughfares
and adjacent rights-of-way. Highways are highly detrimental to wildlife:
habitat is permanently eliminated by construction, traffic and pedestrians

36 44
*Taken from Dept. of Ecology, 1979 , Burrell, 1978 and Nelson, et al,
4 2
1980

-20-

are a constant disturbance to wildlife, many animals are killed attempt-
inq to cross highways, and highways can encourage dispersal of exotic pests
such as staclinys. Secondary losses of wildlife habitat which occur with
developments along highways such as commercial services and housing are
also important.

Value of roadside vegetation to birds and other animals can be increased
by proper management, such as planting shrubs which do not need mowing
or spraying, or by delaying roadside mowing and spraying until July or
later.

Sections of highways built along the shoreline of Grays Harbor and Willapa
Bay have severely altered important edge habitat between upland and aquatic
environments. I

144 Railroad. Railroads and adjacent rights-of-way are included
in this designation. Railroads have negative impacts on wildlife habitat
similar to those associated with roads - habitat loss during construction
and animal kills during crossings.

146. Bridge. Major bridges are included in this designation.
Negative effects on habitat values can occur during construction, includ-
ing alteration in current, velocity, and water circulation patterns.
Salinity may be affected in estuarine environments. Bridges can encourage
human use of undeveloped areas.

147 Powerlines and Rights-of-Way. This designation includes power-
lines and associated rights-of-way. 'These lands are used by wildlife
preferring "edge", habitat where brush and trees occur next to open lands.
Such wildlife include black-tailed deer, red-tailed hawks, and rodents.
Powerline rights-of-way may act as corridors for the dispersal of exotic
species, such as dbgs.

148 Water and Waste Treatment/Storage. Podds used for treatment
of sewage effluent and storage of potable water are assigned this designation.

1482 Sewage Treatment. This designation includes ponds used
for treatment of sewage and mill effluent.

15 Harbor/Port. This designation includes facilities located along
the shoreline and/or extending beyond the shoreline, which @ervice commercial
and recreational water-oriented commerce. It also includes structures
necessary for protected moorage. Port associated activities can have pro-
found effects on marine wildlife and plants.

152 Marina. Included are moorage areas for public or private use
generally consisting of multiple piers or docks and related service
facilities.

153 'Log Storage. This designation includes areas used for log
storage occurring on uplands, along the shoreline, or in open water.
Water storage is more detrimental to wildlife resources than upland
storage. It can destroy invertebrates, including those fed upon by

shcorebicds, alter vetetation, and thus negatively impact bioloqgic pro-
duction, adversely affect juvenile salmon and flatfish which may feed in
the area and seriously degade water quality.

Log rafts can be beneficial to wildlife by serving as artificial islands-
As islands they may provide resting areas for several marine birds and
river otter (LuLra. canadensis). They may also be used by birds, such
as great blue herons as feedinqg platforms.

1531 Water Storage. Commercial log raft storage facilities.

1532 Land Storage. Areas on land used for log storage.
Filling of swamps for such use has destroyed valuable wetlands in the
study area.

17 Extractive. This designation includes areas used for mining,
especially sand and gravel extraction. Extraction mining usually destroys
habitat for flora and fauna inhabiting the site. It can result in ex-
cessive upland erosion and increased sedimentation of nearby waters.
Moreover, recreational opportunities may be eliminated. In general,
these areas have little wildlife value.

18 Open Land. The open land designation applies to areas which have
little vegetation due to scraping, dredging, filling, or use as refuse
stations. This designation does not refer to undeveloped or park areas.

181 Scraped Area. The designation refers to areas cleared of
vegetation for subsequent development.

183 Refuse Station. Areas where garbage is dumped are designated
refuse stations.

19 Recreation. This designation includes parks, camps, golf courses,
or small woodlots within well-developed residential areas. These areas
exhibit varying degrees oqf habitat alteration.

193 Urban Wooded. Included in this designation are small areas
of undeveloped wooded land within well-developed urban areas- Vegetation
is usually undisturbed except where occasional trails occur. In general,
these woodlots help to control noise and air pollution, create welcome
visual diversity, and provide urban refuges for plants, animals, and man.
Wildlife may use woodlots for feeding, resting, nesting, and cover. Small
urban woods and sometimes single trees can play a critical role in main-
taining wildlife species not commonly found in developed areas (e.g.,
hawks). These woods commonly support some small mammals, a high density
of bird species, and domestic dogs and cats. Series of small woodqlots
often occurring in urban areas can serve as a corridor for birds. Larger
woodlqots with diverse vegetation support more types of wildlife than
smaller woodlotsq. In addition to small mammals and birds, these large
woqodlqots may support large mammals, such as black-tailed deer (Odocoileus
hem8qiqonus) and coyote (Canis latranqs). Sensitive species (eagles, bobcats,
etc.) are not common in these areas.

-22-

2 Agriculture. Land's designated as agriculture are being used, or were
used, for crops, pasture, orchards, vineyards, and/or nursery lands.
Agricultural lands -@enerally provide a greater amount and diversity of
wildlife habitat tln.airi Ufban aredS. Wildlife value is correspondingly
higher. The degree to which agriculture benefits wildlife depends on
what crops are grown and how fields are maintained. In the study area,
pasture is the most common agricultural use. Inactive agricultural areas
are also present.

21 Crop/Pasture. Crops and pastures are cultivated, mowed, or grazed
lands, and usually occur on flat to gently rolling slopes with good moisture
levels. Use may change on an annual basis due to crop rotation. Many
of these areas may have been initially created by eliminating marshes
and swamps. Losses of diverse marsh communities for crop and pasture'lands
undoubtedly results in a reduction of many wildlife species.

Crops and pastures may be the agricultural lands most extensively used by
wildlife with the possible exception of inactive agricultural areas (24).
Field crops and pastures provide cover, feeding, and resting, and sometimes
nesting habitat for small mammals, songbirds, waterfowl, and birds of prey.
Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), elk (Cervus canadensis),
coyote (Canis latrans), marsh hawks, and swallows are some of the wildlife
commonly fouad in this agricultural habitat. Fields and pastures which
support waterfowl and other concentrations of birds also attract birds of
prey which may include peregrine falcons and bald eagles.

24 Inactive Agriculture. This designation includes agricultural fields
left fallow for a period of time and undergoing a process of invasion
by a variety of plant species, such as annual grasses and forbs. These
areas often occur as strips along agricultural fields.

These agricultural areas usually are of more value to wildlife than areas
which are cultivated or grazed each year because there is greater vegetative
diversity and more cover. These areas and associated aging farm structures
are used by such wildlife species as red-tailed ha%4ks, marsh hawks, owls,
kestrels, California quail, ring-necked pheasants, coyote (Canis latrans),
long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), bats and mice.,

25 Other Agriculture.

251 Cranberry Bog. Field of cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium
macrocarpa , a species native to northeastern North America. Converted
from bog (624) and possibly other coastal fresh water wetlands. Soil
is saturated throughout -muc 'h of the year. Unlike natural wetlands, cran-
berry bogs support little wildlife, other than occasional depredations
by black bears-

3 Nonforested Vegetated Uplands. Uplands which are not forested are
assigned this designation. Included are areas dominated by grasses, shrubs,
riparian vegetation, and bluffs. Areas of riparian vegetation included
in this designation are not contiguous with forests. Non-forested uplands
are generally less disturbed by man than urban and agricultural areas.
W'ildlife use and habit_at riore closely resemble natural conditions.

-23-

31 Grassland. !:,@:1,uded are all open, ungrazed upland areas with grasses
as th@_@i_r dominant-- Woody species are not present. This %,ege-
tative type occurs -.n@ef many environmental conditions.

311 Meadow. -p--r. areas which may contain surface water during
late fall, winter, an@ai eirly spring. The vegetative cover is predomi-
nantly grasses and S@,f:-_s, although an abundance of other flowering
annuals and perennials 1-s characteristic.

312 Beach Gr3s.3!and. Strands of beach or dune grasses closely
associated with sarid,.,, _-@ cobbled substrates; partially protected from
high winds, salt spray, and sand blasting by drift log barriers. Dune
grass ( Elymus mollis) and Mirram grass (Ammophila arenaria) are usually
present in association with a wide variety of other herbaceous plants.
These areas are considered upland because they are rarely inundated.

313 Open Grassland. Usually natural grassland occurring on deep
soil, frequently adjacent to rock outcrops; Dominated by grasses and
forbs, but may have scattered low shrubs.

32 Shrub. The shrub designation includes upland areas in which the
dominant vegetation consists of woody perennials up to 20 feet in 'height.
Shrub-dominated communities often represent a successional stage in regen-
erating forests; that is,.the communities are in a transitional stage
slowly evolving from a disturbed condition towards a climax forest com-
munity. This habitat has a high productivity level. Shrub browse supports
a large population of large mammals and a great diversity of other wild-
life species.

Small mammals, birds, and lizards generally use the ground layer for cover,
burrows, and nests. Many species may forage on herbaceous and shrub veg-
etation. The shrub layer is usually used as forage by small birds and
usually provides browse for deer and bears. Above the shrub layer, raptors
may hunt for small mammals and birds. Hawks and owls may forage in this
habitat for sparrows, mice, chipmunks, and large insects.

Shrub habitats are often closely related to other habitats because of
their somewhat patchy occurrence. Many wildlife species which use shrub
habitat derive the benefit of the edge effect of two adjoining habitats.
For example, bears browse on shrubs but prefer coniferous forest nearby
for cover. Raptors may perch on forest trees and hunt over areas of grass
and shrub.

321 Successional Shrub. Successional shrub is a disturbed area
undergoing a series of changes in plant types as it matures toward its
previous climax type of vegetation. This process is referred to as plant
succession.

Shrubs are part of a natural succession of plant communities which begins
with herbaceous plants and climaxes with coniferous forests. The compo-
sition of the successional shrub community may well influence what future
communities will or will not develop if natural succession is altered
by disturbance or management. Successional shrub is a highly productive
community. Later successional stages of shrub support greater species
diversity of birds and small mammals than do subclimax and climax forests.

-24-

Successional shrub provides nest.sites, cover, and food for many species
of wildlife ranqLn,@; from hummingbirds to deer and bears. Early succes-
sional shrub communities which follow clearcutting provide concentrations
of food,. e.g., trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus), huckleberries
(Vaccinium spp.) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) for berry eating
rodents, birds, and bears. Seed eating rodents and birds also find sup-
port in these areas. Shrub areas are used for forage by pollen and nectar
feeding butterflies, bees, wasps, and hummingbirds and for browse by deer
and elk.

33 Riparian. This designation includes uplands which are adjacent to
and influenced by streams or standing water. The diversity of riparian
communities is a product of the transition from water to land and the
vegetation associated with each medium. Riparian zones provide significant
habitat for a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. This is
primarily due to the presence of water which allows greater plant biomass,
faster growth, and greater plant diversity than drier sites in the vicinity.
Animals which commonly use riparian areas include elk (Cervus canadensis),
nutria (Myocastor coypu), beaver (castor canadensis), m@u`skrat '(Ondatra
zibethica), river otter (Lutra canadensis), mink (Mustela vison), coyote
(Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor),,long-tailed weasel (Mustela
frenata), opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus
hemionus columbianus), mallards, American widgeons, green-winged teals,
song sparrows, sharp-shinned hawks, and red-tailed hawks. Birds are es-
pecially numerous in riparian areas. Moreover, riparian vegetation con-
tributes significantly to the food base of aquatic organisms which ultimately
become prey of commercially and recreationally valuable species such as
trout and salmon.

331 Shrub. Areas included in this designation are riparian habitats
where shrubs are dominant. Shrubs commonly associated with this designation
include salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), trailing blackberry (R. ursinus),
Himalayan blackberry (R. discolor).' nootka rose (Rosa nutkana), red elder-
berry (Sambucus racemosa), vine maple (Acer circinatum), devil's club
(Oplopanax harridum), swamp gooseberry (Ribes lucustre), and stink currant
(Ribes bracteosum).

Riparian shrub occur adjacent to water and swamps. These areas are usually
flooded periodically but do not have standing water as does the shrub swamp.

332 Grass. Areas of riparian habitat where grasses, sedges, and
rushes are dominant are included in this designation.

4 Forested Uplands. This designation is given to all upland areas in
which tree species form a complete or partial canopy and where trees domi-
nate grass, shrub, or exposed rock communities. Forested uplands include
areas of coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, mixed forest, open woodland,
disturbed forest, riparian forest, and forested bluff.

A forest ecosystem is a complex interaction of physical and biological
factors which supply rich and varied wildlife habitat. It is capable of
perpetuating itself. Forest cover provides nesting, feeding, and resting
sites, as well as thermal cover and migratory pathways. Coastal forests
support typical lowland forest animal species including elk (Cervus elaphus),

25-

blac'%--ailed deer hemionous columbianus), bobcar (Lynx CUfUs), as
well as smalL birds, mammals, reptiles, and imphibians. Coastal forests
also support several Sc-_@_Les which are care or uncommon in inland communities.
Examples include ba-',-4 =-_aqles, great blue herons, and river otters (Lutra
canadensis).

41 Coniferous Fores,:. Forested lands in which the canopy is comprised
of at least 80 percenri L:cniferous species are assigned this designation.
This vegetative covef -:-- is extremely diverse in the Pacific Northwest and
contains a complexit@ 'i cl@ ,-,onstituent plant communities. Species commonly en-
countered in the cancp- '. @.' a coastal coniferous forest include Douglas fir
(Pseudostuga MenZiec@L!)', western hemlock (Tsuga heteropyhlla), western red
7
cedar (Thuja plicata), _tnd Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Depending on
the age of the stand, there is usually a rather definitive subcanopy, shrub
layer, and ground cover associated with a coniferous forest. This is climax
vegetation in the Pacific Northwest.

411 Regeneration Conifer. A regenerating forest in very early stages;
individual trees may be up to fourteen years of age. Introduced herbaceous
species are often interspersed with the conifer saplings because of open canopy.

412 Pole Stage Conifer. A class following the regeneration stage and
preceding the second growth stage (413). The tree age and size may vary
between sites.

413 Mature Conifer. This age class follows the pole stage and pre-
cedes old growth. It is usually characterized by an open canopy, dense
subcanopy and understory.

414- Old-Growth Conifer. An age class in which individual trees are
approximately 150 years or more; characterized by unevenly aged stands and
high species diversity.

42 Broadleaf Forest. As the name implies, this designation is assigned to
areas where broadleaf deciduous species comprise 80 percent or more of the
canopy. Regenerating conifers in the subcanopy are typical of the broadleaf
forest. A diverse ground cover may be present. Broadleaf species typically
occupy wetter sites than do conifers. Characteristic species of this vege-
tative type include red alder (Alnus rubra), willow ($alix spp.), and bigleaf
maple (Acer macrophyllum). These are important areas for wildlife.

421 Regenerating Broadleaf. This designation is comprised of an age
class consisting of deciduous tree species less than or equal to 15 feet in
height.

422 Pole Stage Broadleaf. This designation covers a forest age class
greater than 45 feet in height with a well-developed subcanopy and ground
cover present.

423 Mature Broadleaf. This designation covers a forest age class
greater than 45 feet in height with a well-developed subcanopy and ground
cover present.

43 Mixed Forest. This designation applies to areas in which both broad-
leaf and coniferous species are present but where neither makes up more than
80 percent of the canopy.

-26-

Mixed forest types are probably Of greater value to more species of wildlife
than either coniferouS @Dr broadleaf forests. Since broadleaf and conifers
occur together, this incfeased habitat diversity is reflected by increased
wildlife diversity. @--nimals found in either coniferous or broadleaf forests
probably occur in thls f-@-rest type. Some common bird species found nesting
in the mixed forest community are western flycatchers, hairy woodpeckers,
pLleated woodpeckers, ..-illow warblers, solitary vireos, and western wood
pewees.

431 Reproducr-J'ar, Mixed. A regenerating forest in early stages,
with trees up to 15 in height.

432 Pole Stage ',ILxed. This age class is comprised of individual
trees 15 to 45 feet in height.

433 Mature Mixed. This designation includes canopy of second
growth conifers and broadleaf species usually with a dense subcanopy,
shrub layer, and ground cover.

45 Disturbed Forest. Forested areas which have been severely altered
or destroyed by natural events or human activities and have not had suf-
ficient time to,regenerate are considered-disturbed- This classification
excludes urban wooded areas and farm woodlots.

46 Forested Riparian. Forested riparian habitats are upland types
which are adjacent to water and swamps. These areas are usually flooded
periodically but do not have standing water as does the forested swamp.
Vegetation is dominated by coniferous and broadleaf trees. Common trees
are Sitka,spruce (Picea sitchensis), western red'cedar (Thuja plicata),
e' i-nu _@_hocar@pa), alder
lodgepole pin (Pi s contorta), cottonwood (Populus tri
(Alnus rubra), and willow (Salix spp-

Upland vegetation and water are found in close association making this
a highly diverse wildlife habitat. Animals commonly found in this type
are ruffed grouse, great blue herons, sharp-shinned hawks, great horned owls,
flicker, common crows, Bewick's wrens, cedar waxwings, yellow-bre.asted
chats, red-winged blackbirds, fox sparrows'. song sparrows, beaver (Castor
canadensis), muskrat (Onadatra zibethica), mink (Mustela vison), long-
tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), black-tailed deer (0docoileus hemionus
columbianus), elk (Cervus elaphus), and small rodents.

461 Coniferous. Included in this designation are coniferous com-
munities which occur adjacent to and are directly affected by rivers and
streams. For descriptions of 4611, 4612, 4613, and 46.14, see 411, 412,
413, and 414, respectively.

462 Broadleaf Forest. This designation is assigned to areas
where broadleaf deciduous species usually comprise 80 percent or more
of the canopy. Regenerating conifers in the subcanopy are typical of
the broadleaf forest. A diverse ground cover may be present. Broadleaf
species typically occupy wetter sites than do conifers. Characteristic
species of this vegetative type-include red alder (Alnus rubra), willow
(Salix spp.), and maple (Acer spp.). These are important areas for
wildlife. For descriptio of 4621, 4622, and 4623, see 421, 422, and
423, respectively.

-27-

463 Mixed Areas adjacent to and directly affected by
rivers and streams 1..;here broadleaf and coniferous species are present
but where nei-ther m.-akes up more than 80 percent_- of the canopy are in-
cluded in this designation. For description of 4631, 4632, and 4633,
see 431, 432, and 433, respectively.

47 Forested Bluff. Steep to moderate slopes with forest cover. Bluffs
provide perching sites for raptors and influence other wildlife use. For
descriptions of 471, 472, and 473, see their respective descriptions under
41, 42, and 43.

5 Water. Both marine and freshwater habitats are considered. Water areas
include river/stream, lake/pond, reservoir, bay estuary, lagoon, blind
channel, canal/waterway, and open water communities.

51 River/Stream. Running water habitats are characterized by a definite
current which varies greatly with valley shape and other geo-hydraulic
features in different streams and in different segments of the same stream
course. Wolf Bauer's geohydraulic classification system identifies four
general river zones - estuarine,.pastoral, floodway, and boulder. Segments
included in the study fall within the pastoral zone and estuarine zone.

Rivers and streams allow movement of nutrients from upper segments of
drainages into estuaries. Coastal rivers are important habitat for many
wildlife including benthic invertebrates, anadromous fishes, ospreys,
great blue herons, double-crested cormorants, belted kingfishers, water-
fowl, grebes, gulls, river otter (Lutra canadensis), mink (Mustela vison),
beaver (Castor canadensis), muskrat (ondatra zob@_thica), and raccoon
(Procyon lotor). Decline in water quality and alteration to rivers and
streams may result in decreased-productivity and numbers of animal species.

511 Estuarine Zone. Strongly influenced by the marine environment
and can be distinguished by a branching channel pattern in a broad, flat
valley. The stream channel gradient is near zero feet per mile with the
result that weak currents deposit silt and mud in the stream bed.

512 Pastoral Zone. A sinuous channel pattern, characteristic of
the pastoral zone, meanders through broad valleys with gently sloping
walls. Sand and silt are deposited in the stream bed along the channel
which slopes approximately 5 feet per mile. Oxbow lakes, which represent
river channels cut off from the main stream course, are typical in this
zone.

52 Lake/Pond. Permanent standing water habitats are numerous in the
recently glaciated Pacific Northwest. They occur in local depressions of
varying depth and may or may not contain emergent vegetation. They are
important habitats for waterfowl, shorebirds, aquatic mammals, amphibians,
fish, and, in general, species which are associated with marshes, swamps,
and riparian vegetation.

521 Lake. For mapping purposes, bodies of standing water with
a surface area greater than 20 acres. Open water areas are relatively
large compared to nearshore zones and are the primary producing regions
for the lake.

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522 Inland Pond. Standing water with a surface area less than
20 acres sitiTaTt-ed at ",igher elevations than the beach fringe or river
delta. Ponds are t:ypically shallow; therefore, the nearshoce zone is
an important primary producing area.

524 Coastal Pond. Standing water of less than 20 acres which
is located along tlle beach fringe behind drift logs and at the base of
shoreline bluffs. Coastal ponds also form on river deltas when old stream
channels are blocked by levees or natural stream course shifts.

526 Farm Pond. Created by damming a stream or through excavation,
of basins by man. Stream water is generally detoured around the pond or
the pond is formed in a basin without permanent streamflow. The intensity
of management of these ponds will determine their resemblance to natural
lentic habitats and the diversity of organisms present.

53 Reservoir. All manmade water storage areas identifiable as sources
of water for domestic or industrial purposes are included. These bodies
of water will differ from natural lakes due to several factors, including
basin geomorphology, controlled discharge and resultant fluctuating water
level.

54 Bay/Estuary. These moderately protected marine embayments are com-
monly refered to as bays, harbors, inlets, and coves.. They have free
connections with the open sea; wind and wave action is modified by pro-
tective uplands and freshwater inflow creates variable salinities. Bluffs,
beach substrates, marshes, eelgrass beds, and other intertidal habitats
associated with these embayments are greatly affected by upland, freshwater
and marine influences and should be viewed as integrated communities,
not as individual habitat types.

55 Impoundment- Those portions of both marine and freshwater habitats
isolated from marine waters by manmade obstructions.

56 Lagoon. Highly protected brackish or freshwater embayments formed
when bars partially or completely close the opening to shallow bays.

561 Enclosed Lagoon. Completely enclosed lagoons form when fresh-
water inflow is too weak to maintain a channel through the bar. Typical
patterns include rapid siltation and vegetative succession, which may
lead to complete coverage by marsh plants.

562 Open Lagoon. Partially enclosed lagoons are common, being
formed when freshwater inflow has maintained a stream channel through bars
formed by alongshore deposition. marsh and tidal flats cover much of the
lagoon which is drained and filled diurnally with tidal waters.

57 Slough. Sloughs along streams and narrow marine inlets are included
in this classification. They often result from abandoned stream channels
which, unlike oxbow lakes and coastal ponds, have not been isolated from
adjacent water masses.

Freshwater and marine sloughs are an important part of the estuarine
system, since they allow the movement of tidal waters and, thus, nutrients

-29-

into and out of thE@ S"'IeS. They are also important fe@@ding and resting
areas for wildlife as waterfowl, aquatic mammals, great blue herons,
and anadromous Jltshe6.

571 Freshwa:ief _Flough. Inlets along streams which receive backup
water from the ma_zof c'-Iannel are designated as freshwater sloughs. They
J
are similar to stan-:1.@_n:- water habitats, but maintain a more open connec-
tion with the parent sreams. Freshwater vegetation is typically associated
with the parent Vegetation of freshwater sloughs is similar to
that occurring alonq conds and creeks. Marginal plant species include
willows (SalLx spp.), r-,@ alder (Alnus rubra), black cottonwood (Populus
arpa) , red-osi-er dogwood
trichoc ( rnus stolonifera), and currants (Ribes
divaricatum, R. Emergent vegetation occurring in freshwater
sloughs includes cattails (Typha latifolia), slough sedge (Carex donupta)
and small-fruited bulrush (Scirpus microcarpus). Narrow strips of marsh
vegetation occur along sloughs in the study area but such units of habitat
are often too small to be mapped.

Sloughs offer a quiet water refuge for stream animals and furbearers and,
therefore, are frequented by wildlife species preferring still waters.
They offer an advantage over ponds to some wildlife species because of
the open connection with moving streams. Fish, such as coho salmon,
which use sloughs for feeding, use nearby streams for spawning and as
refuges when young.

Sloughs contribute to the productivity of an area by diversifying available
habitat and providing stable systems for plants and animals to inhabit.
Sloughs have a high shoreline to volume ratio and-thus are greatly affected
by detritus and nutrients derived from terrestrial systems. Freshwater
sloughs are especially important in the production of salmon, waterfowl
and furbearers.

6 Aquatic Lands. This designation includes lands which are either covered
by water or strongly influenced by adjacent waters@ Areas included are
aquatic land/forested, aquatic land/vegetated, and aquatic land/nonvegetated.

61 Aquatic Land - Forested. Areas included in this designation have
surface or standing water during some portion of the year and are at
least partially forested. Inhabitants of swamps include pileated wood-
peckers, wood Oucks, ruffed grouse, bald eagles, black bear (Euarctos
americanus), and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).
Forested aquatic lands are generally divided according to salinity into
either intertidal brackish swamp or freshwater swamp.

612 Freshwater Swamp. Freshwater swamps occur in valley bottoms,
along river drainages, and in other low-lying coastal areas. They usually
have some open water, at least seasonally, relatively dense vegetation,
and level terrain. There are two major types; tree dominated and shrub
dominated. Tree dominated swamps include coniferous, broadleaf, and
mixed forest. The presence of woody vegetation in swamps is a primary
factor which helps differentiate them from a marsh.

Swamps in which trees, marsh, and open water areas are interspersed
provide habitat for a diverse group of wetland birds, mammals and

-30-

amphibians, as well as @--afrestrial species. Characteristic species in-
clude wood ducks, hoot::@_._` @ecgansers, great blue herons, pileated woodpeckers,
tree swallows, chicka,_4e@_s, common flickers, and downy woodpeckers. Hawks
and owls, coyotes latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and river otter
(Lutra canadensis) are e.-:_=miples of predatory birds and mammals which may
be present. The occL:r_-nce of larger carnivores is especially dependent
on the size of the swam:) and the presence of suitable 1djacent habitats.

6121 Shrul@@ @7wamp. Shrub dominated areas which usually have
some open water at leas7 seasonally are included in this designation.
Hardhack (Spiraea douc;Lasii), willows (Salix ssp.) and crabapples (Pyrus
fusca) are common shrubs.

6122 Coniferous Swamp. Freshwater swamps in which the forest
canopy is comprised of at least 80 percent coniferous species are assigned
this designation.

61221 Regeneration. Coniferous swamps are included
which are in early stages of regeneration. Introduced herbaceous species
are often intersoersed with the conifer saplings because of the open
canopy.

61222 Pole Stage. This class follows the regenration
state and precedes the second growth stage. It is characterized by a
closed canopy and slender, even-aged stands. The tree age and size may
vary between sites.
_@des 61223 Mature. This age class-follows the pole stage
and prece the old growth stage. It is usually characterized by an
-open canopy, dense subcanopy, and understory.

61224 Old-Growth. Characterized by large trees, stand-
ing dead trees, and diverse understory.

6123 Broadleaf Swamp. This designation includes freshwater
swamps in which the forested canopy is comprised primarily of broadleaf
deciduous species. Such species usually comprise 80 percent or more
of the canopy. The subcanopy typically includes regenerating conifers,
and ground cover may be diverse.

61231 Regeneration. This designation includes an
age class consisting of deciduous tree species less than or equal to
15 feet in height.

61232 Pole Stage. An age class consisting of decid-
uous tree species between 15 and 45 feet in height is covered by this
designation.

61233 Mature. An age class comprised of deciduous
tree species greater than 45 feet in height is included in this designa-
tion. A well-developed subcanopy and ground cover are present.

6124 Mixed Forested Swamp. Freshwater swamps in which broad-
leaf and coniferous species are present but where neither makes up more
than 80 percent of the canopy are designated as mixed forest swamps.

6124L Regeneration. This designation includes an
age class consisti.-3 of mixed conifer and deciduous trees less than or
equal to 15 feet in height.

61242 Pole Stage. This designation refers to the
stage in forest development which follows regeneration and precedes the
second growth stage. It is characterized by a closed canopy and slender
even age stands. Tree aqe and size may vary between sites.

61243 Mature. This designation is characterized by
� canopy of second growth conifers and broadleaf species usually with
� dense subcanopy, shrub layer, and ground cover.

62 Vegetated Wetland, Nonforested. That portion of the wetlands
which i"s nonforested but may be densely vegetated, e.g., marshes, bogs,
meadows, and intertidal areas.

621 Inland Freshwater Marsh. Low areas or depressions which con-
tain standing water for all or a portion of the year, not under marine
influence. Characteristic vegetation consists of cattails (Typha spp.),
sedges (Carex spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and other marsh plants.

622 Coastal Freshwater Marsh. Similar in physical characteristics
to inland freshwater marsh except subject to the more exposed, coastal
environmental regime and may be somewhat brackish. The vegetation is
dominated by marsh plants.

623 Salt Marsh. A complex of plant communities strongly influ-
enced by-tidal ebb and flow. Some of the more prevalent plant species
in Washington salt marshes include pickleweed (Salicornia spp.), salt
grass (Distichlis spicata), arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), and
3aumea (Jaumea carnosa).

624 Bog. Composed of several plant communities associated with
a high water table and maintained by high precipitation and low evapora-
tion. Vegetative cover is usually dense at the margins and r@ay extend
over the surface of standing water creating "floating" vegetation. The
standing water is often acidic and usually has associated with it several
species of the heath family, such as labrador tea (Ledum), salal (Gaul-
theria), and huckleberry (Vaccinium). Bog vegetation is usually sharply
delimited from surrounding vegetation.

625 Salt Meadow. Usually adjacent to salt marshes but slightly higher
in elevation. The vegetation receives saline influence either from the
presence of marine sloughs or from salt spray. The greater soil depths
of the meadow supports taller marshes. Alkali grass (Puccinellia), hair
grass (Deschampsia), and creeping bentgrass (Argrostis alba) are common
salt-tolerant inhabitants of salt meadows.

626 Brackish Marsh. Characteristically forming at river deltas.
The marine influence is mediated by a high volume of freshwater runoff.
Dominant vegetation consists of sedges, cattails, bulrushes, and asso-
ciated grass species.

-32-

627 Seagrass. Vascular plants (i.e., related to terrestrial)
which qrow in Lh@_ -,@arine envirorment. These plants are more productive
than many crops cultivated by man, and support a wide variety of marine
organisms. There ace two major types of seagrass in Washington, eelgrass
(Zostera), and suffr4rass (Phyllospadix).

629 Other Algal Community. The numerous algal communities present
in intertidal areas are short bladed and composed of green, brown, and
red algal types. Certain types may be separated on the basis of their
occurrence on selected substrate types and tidal levels.

63 Beach Substrate. Beach substrates are a critical habitat factor
.for marine plants and animals. A variety of plant and animal species
either live in or on the substrate-depending on'the character of that
substrate. The dependency on specific substrates by organisms is more
pronounced in the intertidal zone than on upland soils. In Willapa Bay
and Grays Harbor, sand, sand/ailt, and mud are by far the most common
intertidal substrates.

631 Rock (R). Includes both solid bedrock and boulders which are
too large to be constantly moved about by.wave or current action. Rock
habitats are most characteristic of high exposure areas (high degree of
wave or current action), although they also occur in more protected en-
vironments. The occurrence of tidepools in this habitat offers a unique
microhabitat. Rock habitats are generally characterized by an abundant
and diverse community.

6.32 Cobble (Cob). Consists almost entirely of uniformsized cobbles
(6.4-25.@6 cm ), with very little sand or gravel present. The absence of
smaller particles distinguishes this substrate from the mixed coarse class
(633), and results-from high energy wave conditions capable of moving
even the cobbles. This biological community is characterized by a low
diversity and low number of organisms.

633 Mixed Coarse (MC). Consists of cobbles, gravel, and sand.
Associated with moderate energy conditions, but is occasionally found
in lower energy areas; in this case, there is often some mud present.
High diversity and high numbers of organisms are associated with this
habitat.

634 Mixed Medium (MM). Includes beaches comprised of coarse
gravel and sand occurring together and those beaches consisting of essen-
tially pure coarse gravel. Mixed medium beaches occur along high energy
shorelines. As with a cobble beach, the biological community has low
numbers of individuals and low diversity.

635 Mixed Fine (MF). Composed of fine gravel, sand and mud.
Usually occurs in protected areas but occasionally in moderate energy
areas, and is associated with a rich diverse biological community.

636 Sand (S). Occurs in either highly or moderately exposed
beaches. As a rule, the more protected the beach, the finer the sand
particles. Coarseness of the sand greatly affects the associated bioloq-
ical community.

-33-

637 Sand-Sii.'_-- _'.:,uddy-Sand (S-Mud) Fine sand and silt form a
chaca-teriStLC hclb .L7@:: protected areas such as bays and estuaries.
Contains a more diverse and abundant biological community than either a
sand or mud habitat.

638 Silt/Cl-a,Y :@_:: ',:ud (Mud). Made up of very fine particles. This
substrate is extrem,61,.: and sometimes dangerous to walk on. Mud
occurs only in areas wave action and current energy are extremely
low, such as at the he,3r@s of bays and estuaries. Due to this location,
mud is often associateJ with brackish water.

7 Exposed and Other Lands. Includes physical features which are treated
usually as geologic landscape features. However, the interrelationships
between physical and biological communities have been recognized and
some significant formations which have important biological values or
which may serve as useful introductions to more detailed analyses have
been mapped.

71 Rock. Upland habitats in which exposed rock composes approximately
30 percent or more of surface areas.

711 Rock Outcropping. Occur on gentle to steep slopes. Shallow
soil may occur-in depressions supporting grasses and low shrubs. Mosses
and lichens occur on the rock faces. When along the shoreline, this type
is associated with rocky, cobble, or mixed medium intertidal habitats.

712 Talus. Also referred to as talus slopes, consist of rock
fragments.-which drop from cliffs or steep walls and accumulate in uniform
masses at the base.

713 Rock Island, Islet. Arbitrari ly defined for mapping purposes
as islands and/or islets with a surface area less than fifty acres and in-
cludes both vegetated and nonvegetated islands. Uplands are generally
limited to grassland or shrub vegetation, however, where soil is more
fully developed, tree species do occur. A rocky or cobble intertidal area
with offshore kelp beds is common on these important refuges for nesting
seabirds, marine mammals and bald eagles.

7131 Grass. Grasses are the dominant vegetative cover.

7132 Shrub. Shrubs are the dominant vegetative cover.

7133 Conifer. Coniferous trees are the dominant vegetative
cover.

7135 Mixed Forest. Both broadleaf and coniferous trees
occur, with neither being dominant.

714 Cliff. Steep slopes consisting of exposed rock. A limited,
rocky intertidal area is typically associated with these rugged shorelines.

72 Sand. Areas in which sand or aggregate comprises approximately
30 percent or more of exposed surface areas.

-34-

722 Sand Dune. 7701and accumulations of wind blown sand. Stabil-
ized by dune grasses. undisturbed sand dune community will establish
a complex series of s,_::cessional stages leading from the beach margin to
relatively stable fores7ed uplands in back-dune reaches.

7221 Grass. Dunes with a dominant grass-forb vegetation

cover-

7222 Shrub. Dunes with a dominant shrub vegetation cover.

7223 Forest. Dunes with a dominant forest cover.

7224 Wet Depression. Within the dune complex, this area is
the lowest topographical zone. it typically has standing water, especially
after heavy rains, or is moist and poorly drained. Vegetation is marsh
or swamp like.

723 Slide. Areas of sand and/or gravel substrates which drop
from steep slopes, leaving a scar at the source-and an accumulation of
substrate at the base.

724 Sand and/or Gravel Bar. Intertidal deposits which are covered
at mean high water. The substrate is unstable and subject to movement by
waves and currents.

74 Spits. Shoreforms created when sand and other fine sediments eroded
from cliff.s or bluffs are carried by along-shore drift and deposited at
bay mouths or coastal obstructions. Marsh and beach grassland vegetation
typically-':invade the upper portions of these important resting areas for
gulls and shorebirds.

741 Vegetated Spit. Spits with a vegetated area smaller than
can be mappid.

76 Bluff. Nonvegetated, steep to moderate slopes of vary.ing substrate.
Burrow nesting birds use exposed surfaces along steeper bluffs for nest
sites. Bluffs often serve as buffers between developed uplands and wet-
lands at their base, creating important strips of coastal habitat for
many species, including bald eagles and river otters.

_35-

Appendix 3.

Key to Mapping Criteria and Symbols for Wildlife Use Maps

-36-

Appendix 3

Key to Mapping Criteria and Symbols for Wildlife Use Maps

io individual occurrence

ri regular individual

rc regular concentration

w wintering area

su summering area

m migratory area

n nesting area

s spawning area

r rearing area (fishes)

h hauling out area (harbor seal)

f sport fishing/hunting area

0 within several miles

ln@ within 1 mile
+ within 1/4 mile (not yet verified by Washington
Department of Game)

ED precise location (verified by Washington Department
of Game)

within area denoted by polygon

within areas denoted by several polygons

-37-

Appendix 4.

List of Animals in the Study Area with Special Status

-38-

Appendix 4

LIST OF ANI@MiALS IN THE STUDY APEA WITH SPECIAL STATUS
Special Species (Federal and State Listed Species) Mapping Criteria

sperm whale Physeter catodon FE, SE

gray whale Eschrichtius robustus FE, SE M
finback whale - Balaenoptera physalus FE, SE

sei whale B. borealis FE, SE

blue whale B. musculus FE, SE

hump-backed whale - Megaptera novaeangliae FE, SE

right whale - Balaena glacialis FE, SE

bowhead whale - B. mysticetus FE, SE

brown pelican - Pelecanus occidentalis FE, SE rc

great blue heron - Ardea herodias SC n

great egret - Casmerodius albus SC ri

trumpeter swan - olor buccinator SC rc

Aleutian Canada goose - Branta canadensis leucopareia ri
FE, SE

white-tailed kite - Elanus leucurus SC ri

bald eagle - Haliaeetus leucocephalus FT. SS n, rc

osprey - Pandion haliaetus SC n

peregrine falcon - Falco peregrinus FE, SE W, M

snowy plover Charadrius alexandrinus SE su, n

spotted owl Strix occidentalis SS su, n

western pond turtle - Clemmys marmorata SS io

green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas FT, SS io

leatherback sea turtle - Dermochelys coriacea FE, SE io

Dunn's salamander - Plethodon dunni SC rc

Van Dyke's salamander - Plethodon vandykei SC rc

Oregon silverspot butterfly Speyeria zereme hippolyta io
FT, SS

Newcomb's littorine snail Algamorda newcombiana SC rc

-39-

Garre, Furbearinqg Animals and Protected WildLife Mapping Criteria

snowshoe hare -Lapus amerqicanus GA

Townsend's chipmunk - Eutamias townsendii PW

gray squirrel - Serurus carolinensis PW

Douglas squqirrel-amiasciurus douglasqii PW

northern fly squirrel- Glaucomys sabrinus PW

beaver Castor canadensis GA, FA

muskrat Ondatra zibethicus GA, FA

whales and porpoises not otherwise classified as m, ri
endangered - Cetacea PW

red fox - Vulpes vulpes GA, FA

black bear - Ursus americanus GA

raccoon Procyon lotor GA, FA

ermine Mustela erminea GA, FA

long-tailed weasel - M. frenata GA, FA

mink - M. vison GA, FA

river otter - Lutra canadensis GA, FA b, ri

cougar - Felis concolor G

bobcat - Lynx rufus GA, FA

seals not otherwise classified as endangered qh
Pinniqpedia PW

elk - Cervus elaphus G rc

black-tailed deer - Odocoileus hemionus columbianus GA rc

Canada goose - Branta canadensis GB rc-, w, su, m, n

brant - B. bernicla GB rc, w, su, m, n

snow goose - Chen caerulescens GB rc, w, su, m, n

mallard - Anas platyrhynchos GB rc, w, su, m, n

gadwall - A. strepera GB rc, w, su, m, n

pintail - A. acuta GB rc, w, su, m, n

green-winged teal - A. crecca GB rc, w, su, m, n

blue-winged teal - A. discors GB rc, w, su, mq,-n

cinnamon teal - A. cyanoptera GB qrc, w, su, m, n

European wigeon - A. penelope GB qrc, w, su, m, n

American wi8qgeon - A. americana GB rc, w, su, m, n

northern shoveler - A. clypeata GB rc, w, su, m, n

wood duck Aix sponsa GB rc, w, su, m, n

-40-

Mapping Criteria

redhead Aythya a@ecicana GB rc, w, su, m, n

ring-necked du,.::c collaris GB rc, w, su, m. n

canvasback A. -.-I-isineria GB rc, w, su, m, n

greater scaup -afila. GB rc, w, su, m, n

lesser scaup affiniS GB rc, w, Su, M,-n

common goldeneye Bucephala clangula GB rc, w, su, m, n

Barrow's goldeneye - B. islandica GS rc, w, su, m, n

bufflehead - B. albeola GB rc, w, su, m, n

oldsquaw - Clanqula hyemalis GB rc, w, su, m, n
harlequin duck - Histrionicus histrionicus GB rc, w, su, m, n

white-winged scoter - Melanitta fusca GB rc, w, su, m, n

surf scoter - M. perspicillata GB rc, w, su, m, n

black scoter - M. nigra GB rc, w, su, m, n

ruddy duck - Oxyura j4maicensis GB rc, w, su, m, n

hooded merganser - Lophodytes cucullatus GB rc, w, su, m, n

common merganser - Mergus merganser GB rc, w, su, m, n

red-breasted merganser - M. serrator GB rc, w, su, m, n

blue grouse - Dendragapus obscurus GB rc, w, su, m, n

ruffed grouse - Bonasa umbellus GB rc, w, su, m, n

California quail Lophortyx californicus GB rc, w, su, m, n

ring-necked pheasant - Phasianus colchicus GB rc, w, su, m, n
Virginia rail - Rallus limicola GB rc, w, su, m, n
sora - Porzana, carolina GB rc., w, su, m, n

American coot - Fulica americana GB rc, w, su, m, n

band-tailed pigeon - Columba fasciata GB rc, w, su, m, n

rock dove - C. livia, GB rc, w, su, m, n

mourning dove - Zenaida macroura GB rc, w, su, m, n

all birds not otherwise classified - Aves PW rc, w, su, m, n

all wild turtles not otherwise classified as endangered io
Testudinata PW

bullfrog - Rana catesbeiana G

brown bullhead - Ictalurus nebulosus GF rc

largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides GF rc
black crappie - Pomoxis nigromaculatus GF rc

_41-

Mapping Criteria

cutthroat trout - Salmo clarki GF m, s, r, f

rainbow or steelhead trout - S. gairdneri GF m, s, r, f

dolly varden - Salvelinus malma GF m , s, r, f

Unclassified Wildlife

northwestern salamander - Ambystoma gracile rc

Pacific giant salamander - Dicamptodon ensatus rc

Olympic salamander - Rhyacotriton olympicus rc

Olympic mudminnow - Novumbra hubbsi io

Oreas anglewing butterfly - Polygonia oreas io

-42-

Appendix 5.

Species Administrative and Legal Status Definitions

-43-

Appendix 5

AND LEGAL ST@ITUS DEFIN'l-ION'S

Special Species

a. Species listi@_d --f proposed for listing under the Federal Endan-
gered SpeCl-i@-S -.-*:. These may include a subspecies or distinct
population @_@ @@__Finition of "species" in Section 3 of the En-
dangered Sp@ci@es Act). Protected under Section 9 of Federal
Endangered Spe:71.es Act.

1) Fede-ra-L (FE) - A species in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

2) Federal Threatened (FT) - A species which is likely to become
an endangered species within the foreseeable future.

3) Proposed Federal Threatened or Endangered Species (FP) - Those
species which have been proposed for listing with supporting
data in the Federal Register and are therefore legally recog-
nized under the Endangered Species Act.

b. State Endangered (SE) - A species which is seriously threatened
with extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its
range within Washington. These species are classified by the
State Game Commission as endangered wildlife (WAC 232-12-014).
Protected! from taking due to damage (RCW 77.16.040), and taking,
possession, control or destruction of nests or eggs (RCW 77.16.120).

C. State Sensitive (SS) - A species that could become endangered
within Washington in the foreseeable future without active manage-
ment o!f removal of threats. These species are classified by the
State Game Commission as Protected Wildlife. (WAC 232-12-011).
Protecced from taking, possession, control, or destruction of
nests or eggs (RCW 77.16.120).

d. State Concern (SC)* - Species of concern because of uniqueness,
rarity, scientific value, or vulnerability to human disturbance
or Iand management, such as timber, range, or wildlife habitat
management practices. Classified by the State Game Commission
as Protected Wildlife (WAC 232-12-011). Protected from taking,
possession, control, or destruction of nests or eggs (RCW
77.16.120). Examples: effects of logging on cavity nesters,
range reseeding on ground nesters, disturbance on waterbird
colonies, etc. This class also includes species of unknown
status since information is inadequate for evaluation of popu-
lation status. These species are a focus for future monitoring,
inventory, or study.

Game, Furbearing, and Protected Species

a. Game Animals (GA) - Wild animals that shall not be hunted except
as authorized by rule of the State Game Commission. (RCW 77.08.010)

-44-

b. Game Birds (G ) - Wild birds that shall not be hunted except as
authorized by rule of the State Game Commission. (RCW 77.08.010)

c. Furbearing Animals (FA) - Game animals that shall not be trapped
except as authorized by rule of the State Game Commission.
(RCW 77.08.010)

d. Game Fish (GF) - Those species of the class Osteichthyes that
shall not be fished except as authorized by rule of the State
Game Commission. (RCW 77.08.020)

e. Protected Wildlife (PW) - Wildlife designated by rule of the State
Game Commission that shall not be hunted or fished. (RCW 77.08.010)

* Species list being revised.

-45-

Appendix 6.

Special Species Occurrence Data (Computer Printout)

-46-

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: ABERDEEN 7.5

NAME: AMBYSTOMA GRACILE 023 TRS: T17N R09W S04
SOURCE OF LEAD: BALTZELL,TERRY LATLONG: 465935N1234817W7
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612387
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198112 QUADNAME: ABERDEEN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT MAYR BRO. LOGGING CO. PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: NORTHWESTERN SALAMANDER. 1 ADULT, UPPER WISHKAH R. IN REARING PONDS.

NAME: CLEMMYS MARMORATA 019 TRS: T17N R09W S09
SOURCE OF LEAD: BALTZELL, TERRY LATLONG: 465835N1234837W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612387
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198111 QUADNAME: ABEDEEN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: WESTERN POND TURTLE. FOUND DEAD, WISHKAH R.DRAINAGE UNDER WISHKAH BLVD.
1

NAME: MUSTELA ERMINEA 013 TRS: T17N R09W S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: ALCORN GO FROM STATE GAME DEPT LATLONG: 465825N1234950W
NAME OF AREA:
DATE OF SIGHTING: 194305 QUADCODE: 4612387
NUMBER OF OWNERS:. QUADNAME: ABERDEEN 7.5
NAME OF OWNER: UUU UUU COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: ERMINE SSP OLYMPICA ABERDEEN T17N R9W

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 005 TRS: T17N R09W S12
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG: 465837N1234512W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612387
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1974 QUADNAME: ABERDEEN, WASH. 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW. SWAMP JUST OFF HWY 8 ACROSS FROM 2ND LK ABERDEEN TURNOFF GOIN
G WEST. T17N R9W S12

NAME: RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS 038 TRS: T17N R09W S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: PSM # 5835-5836 LATLONG: 465930N1234909W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612387
DATE OF SIGHTING: 193903 QUADNAME: ABERDEEN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: LOC CITY OF ABERDEEN MUN STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC SALAMANDER, 2 COLLECTED AT CITY RESERVOIR, ABERDEEN.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DA. SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: BAY CENTER 7.5

NAME: HALIAEETUS_LEUCOCEPHALUS_140 TRS: T14N R11W S01
SOURCE OF LEAD: ANDERSON, BOB WEYERHAEUSER LATLONG: 464337N1235700W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1979 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNERS: PVT WEYERHAEUSER CORP PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: 1 OF 2 NESTS TEAL SLOUGH, 5-10 AC STD MATURE TREES SEE ALSO OCC# 409.

NAME: HALIAEETUS_LEUCOCEPHALUS_261 TRS: T14N R10W S04
SOURCE OF LEAD: ANDERSON,B WEYCO LATLONG: 4644llNl235600W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1979 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF 0WNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT WEYERHAUESER CO PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: BALD EAGLE IN CLUMP OF OLD GROWTH LEFT BY WEYCO NW4 NW4 OF SECTION. IYG-77;UNSUC
C-78;2YG-79;ACT-80;

NAME: HALIAEETUS-LEUCOCEPHALUS_409 TRS: T14N R11W S01
SOURCE OF LEAD: ANDERSON, B WEYCO LATLONG: 464337N1235700W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1979 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT WEYERHAUSER CO PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCIPTION: BALD EAGLE NEST 1 OF 2 NESTS IN SAME LOCALE TEAL SLOUGH IN 5-20 ACRE PATCH OF
MATURE TREES SEE OCC #140. INACT-79

NAME: HALIAEETUS_LEUCOCEPHALUS_569 TRS: T14N R10W S05
SOURCE or LEAD: CHEHALIS REGION DNR FILES LATLONG: 464405N1235650W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1981 QUAD NAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HAWKS PT TERR, WEST NEST IN NE4 NW4 S5. QUESTIONABLE I.D. AND UKNOWN DATE OF OBS
ERVATION.

NAME: LARUS_DELAWARENSIS_001 TRS: T14N R10W S30
SOURCE OF LEAD: PENLAND 1976 LATLONG: 464005N1235735W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RING-BILLED GULLS 40 BIRDS

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DA. SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: BAY CENTER 7.5

NAME: LARUS DELAWARENSIS_013 TRS: T14N R10W 530
SOURCE OF LEAD: PENLAND,5 T AND S J JEFFRIES 1977 MURRELET 58(3):86-87 LATLONG: 463935N1235740W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGTING: 197606 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RING-BILLED GULL, 27 NESTS WITH EGGS & 1YG, 40 GULLS ON A SAND ISLAND IN ELLEN
SANDS ARE 3KM N OF GOOSE PT NEAR BAY CENTER.

NAME: NUMENIUS AMERICANUS 036 TRS: T14N R11W 512
SOURCE OF LEAD: CARMODY MIKE SEATTLE AND NOTES 21(2) LATLONG 464235N123385O2
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198109 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: LONG-BILLED CURLEW 10-50 1976,79,80,81RSC TOKELAND

NAME: OSTREA LURIDA 007 TRS: T14N R10W 5NS
SOURCE OF LEAD: SMITH, L LATLONG: 464042N1235347W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 196408 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIA OYSTER SPECIMEN FOUND IN WILLAPA BAY. 179-R WESTLEY FINDS SAME

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 048 TRS: T14N R10W S03
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 179 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 464248N1235400N
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA SSE OF HAWK5 PT (TOKELAND).

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 050 TRS: T14N R10W S30
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, R-WDOG 1981 CAT#3447 P52 LATLONG 463930N1235900W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198007 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA SE ELLEN SANDS 2 SITES. ALSO REPORTED 7-77.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DA. SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: BAY CENTER 7.5

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 138 TRS: T14N R10W S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, R, R BEACH ET AL 1981 CAT # 3447 P52 LATLONG: 464045N1235717W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGTING: 198009 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAULOUT ON PINE CHANNEL.

NAME: PLETHODON DUNNI 011 TRS: T14N R10W S39
SOURCE OF LEAD: MAAHS, ROBERT PYALLUP 206-8482917 LATLONG 464045N1235350W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198109 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: DUNN'S SALAMANDER 6 MI SW OF S BEND, 10' WIDE RIVER MAKES A BEND, SEEPAGE AREA

NAME: RHYACOTRITION OLYMPICUS 012 TRS: T13N R10W S11
SOURCE OF LEAD: PSM #1415-1416 LATLONG: 463743N1235110W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 193109 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC SALAMANDER, 2 COLLECTED AT FALLS 6 MLE SW OF SOUTH BEND.

NAME: RHYACOTRITON OLYMPUS 049 TRS: T14N R10W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 179 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 464005N1235735W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 19705 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC SALAMANDER 6 MI SW OF S BEND. 10' WIDE RIVER MAKES A BEND, SEEPAGE AREA

NAME: STERNA CASPIA 004 TRS: T14N R10W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, R-WDOG 1981 CAT#3447 P52 LATLONG 464005N1235735W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4512368
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197606 QUADNAME: BAY CENTER 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CASPIAN TERN NESTING COLONY ON A SAND IS IN ELLEN SANDS AREA. 450 FRS-1976;

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME BAY. SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 6, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME; CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5

NAME: DICAMPTODON_ENSATUS_055______________________________________TRS: T10N R11N S28
SOURCE OF LEAD: MILLER, GC_______________________________________________LATLONG: 461933N1240240W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 195706 QUADNAME: CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS:___________________________________________________________COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDER, LARVAE COLLECTED 1 MI N OF ILWACO.

NAME: PHALACROCORAX_PELAGICUS_019 TRS: T09N R11W S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: LEAHNER, L WDOG OLYMPIA 754-1449________________________LATLONG: 461750N1240430N
NAME OF AREA: FORT CANBY SPK QUADCODE: 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197904 QUADNAME: CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST_____________________SPR_________________________________STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: PELAGIC CORMORANT NEST ON CLIFF, FORT CANBY SPK.

NAME: PHALACROCORAX_PELAGICUS_034 TRS: T09N R11W S09
SOURCE OF LEAD: TABOR J CAT #1130 LATLONG: 461813N1240435W
NAME OF AREA: FORT CANBY SPK QUADCODE: 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1974 QUADNAME: CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST PARK & RECREATION SPR STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: PELAGIC COMRORANT COLONY ON SEWARD FACTING CLIFFS AT CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT

NAME: PLETHODON DUNNI 004 TRS: T10N R11W S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: #2724 LATLONG: 461822N1240435W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 194004 QUADNAME: CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: DUNNS SALAMANDER, 1 COLLECTED AT NORTH HEAD.

NAME: POLYGONIA OREAS 001 TRS: T10N R11W S33
SOURCE OF LEAD: PYLE RM 1976 LATLONG: 461822N1240230W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 QUADNAME: CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OREAS ANGLE WING BUTTERFLY SIGHTINGS AT ILWACO.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: CHINOOK 7.5

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 145 TRS: T09N R10W S16
SOURCE OF LEAD: FIELDS,DARRELL-DNR LATLONG: 461615N1235500W
NAME OF AREA: FORT COLUMBIA SHA QUADCODE: 4612338
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198105 QUADNAME: CHINOOK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST PARKS AND RECREATION SPR STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CHINOOK NEST. UNSUCC 75,ACT-81

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME -NONGAME DA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1962
USGS QUAD NAME: COPALIS: BEACH 7.5

NAME: CASMWEODIUS ALBUS 009 TRS: 1SN.R12W S27
SOURCE OF LEAD: SPRAGG,E SEATTLE AUD NOTES 18(4) 1977 LATLONG: 47013ON124094094W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197710 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: GREAT EGRET RI OYEHUT AT OCEAN SHORES 1973,76,77.

NAME: LUTRA CANADENSIS 062 TRS: T19N SOURCE OF LEAD: RAMMER, ALAN WDF LATLONG: 47013ON124094094W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 198204 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: UUU UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: RIVER OTTERS 2 SWIMMING ALONG BANK O COPALIS RIVER AND INTERSECTION OF HWY 109
FEEDING 8AM

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 007 TRS: T18N R12W S15
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG: 470237N1240940W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1974 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT OCEANS WEST CMPNS CLUB PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW LG SHALLOW MARSH ON EXTREME UPPER BEACH OCEANS WEST CAMPING
CLUB T1SN R12W S15.

NAME: NOVUMBERA HUBBSI 009 TRS: T18N R12W S10
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG: 470323N1240944
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1974 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW CORNER OF INTERSECTION HWY 109. SECTIONS 10,15

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 013 TRS: T19N R12W 534
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG: 470551N1241008W NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1974 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW STAGNANT DRAINAGE DITHCES ON BOTH SIDES OF HWY 109, ABT 1MI S
COPALIS BEACH T19N R12W 534

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 052 TRS:T19N R12W S23
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 470707N1240748W NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW TRIBUTARY OF CEDAR CREEK 1.5 MILE E OF COPALIS BEACH
T19N R12W S23

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 064 TRS: T19N R21W S22
SOURCE OF LEAD: LABLANTE J A UOW COLL FISH #8655 LATLONG: 470655N1241010W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 195301 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA

GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW SPECIMEN FOUND AT COPALIS BEACH

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 067 TRS: T18N R12W S26
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1978 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 470130N124080W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712412
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197707 QUADNAME: COPALIS BEACH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: HARBOR SEAL N BAY SLOUGH 3, GRAYS HARBOR

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 1932
USGS QUAD NAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 285 TRS: T18N R11W S23
SOURCE OF LEAD: CUMMINS E KOG LATLONG:470150N1240057W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198206 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT ITT RAYONIER TIMBER CO PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GRASS CRK TERR NEST IN SPRUCE NE4 SW4 S23 TERR OCC-78; NOT LOCATED-80; 2YG-82;

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 006 TRS: T18N R11W S01
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG: 470321M124041W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1974 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW WIDE MARSH 1.7MI E OF W BURROWS RD INTERSECTION T18N R11W S1

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 008 TRS: T18N R11W S03
SOURCE OF LEAD: HARRIS COLIN K 1974 LATLONG:470420N1240231W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1974 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW LG CR CROSSING OCEAN BCH RD 1MI W POWELL RD INTERSECTION BUR G SLOUGH

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 046 TRS: T18N R11W S24
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 47015N1240007W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW MARSHY HEADWATERS OF GRASS CREEK T18N R11W S24,25

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 047 TRS: T18N R11W S12
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 470335N1240007W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW CHENOIS CREEK T18N R11W S12

WASHINGTON DEPT GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 048 TRS: T18N R11W S10
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 470352N1240206W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW TRIBUTARY OF BURG SLOUGH T18N R11W S10

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 048 TRS: T19N R11W S31
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 470451N1240536W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW SWAMPY HEADWATERS OF CONNOR CREEK ABOUT 1.5 MILE SW OF
COPALIS CROSSING. T19N R11W S31 JNE 68 5 TAKEN UW FISH COLLECTION.

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 050 TRS: T18N
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL JD 1969 CAT #20 LATLONG: 470435N1240632W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1969 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW CONNOR CREEK T18N R11W S6

NAME: NOVUMBRA HUBBSI 062 TRS: T19N R11W S29
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCPHAIL J D UOW COLL FISH #17337 LATLONG: 470630N1240435W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 196402 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW TWO SPECIMENS FOUND IN SMALL STREAM ONE MILE WEST OF COPALIS CROSSING

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 065 TRS: T18N R11W S30
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1976 CAT82292 LATLONG: 470130N1240548W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL N BAY SLOUGH 1, GRAYS HARBOR

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-066 TRS: T18N R12W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1970 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 470036N1240624W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL N BAY SLOUGH 2, GRAYS HARBOR.

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-070 TRS: T18N R11W 531
SOURCE OF LEAD: JEFFRIES 5 272-0209 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 470005N1240405W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712411
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197604 QUADNAME:COPALIS CROSSING 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HO HUMPTULIPS RIVER CHANNEL OF GRAYS HARBOR 8 SITINGS.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: GRAYLAND 7.5

NAME: ARDEA_ HERODIAS_073 TRS: T15N R11W S06
SOURCE OF LEAD: MAJORS, HH 1975 EXPLORING WASHINGTON PG 115 LATLONG: 464030N1240540W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612471
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 QUADNAME: GRAYLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS.HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT BLUE HERON ROOKERY HEAR GRAYLAND S6 OR 7.

NAME: CASMERODIUS_ALBUS_004 TRS: T16N R11W S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: RAMMER A 533-9335 LATLONG: 465150N1240410W

NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612471
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197908 QUADNAME: GRAYLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE:WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT EGRET 3 FEEDING IN S DAY OF GRAYS HARBOR NEAR ELK RIV BRIDGE. 1 SEEN 1976, 1974.
1974.

NAME: HALIAEETUS_ LEUCOCEPHALUS_139 TRS: T16N R11W S27
SOURCE OF LEAD: CUMMINS, E-WDG LATLONG: 465040N1240154W
NAME OF AREA:
QUADCODE: 4612471 DATE OF SIGHTING: 198206 NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 QUADNAME: GRAYLAND 7.5
NAME OF OWNER: PVT TIMBER COMPANY UUU STATE:WA COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: ANDREWS CRK TERR, NEST IN LIVE WESTERN HEMLOCK,SE4 NW4 S27.TERR:OCC-75,79,80:1YG-

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 465 TRS: T16N R11W S27
SOURCE OF LEAD: SMITH,J-WDCG LATLONG: 465027N1240141W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612471

DATE OF SIGHTING:197906 QUADNAME: GRAYLAND 7.5 NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 NAME 0F OWNER: PVT TIMBER COMPANY UUU COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: ANDREWS CRK S NEST APPROX 400 FT S OF NEST #139. SEE #139 FOR TERR DATA. #465 INA STATE: WA
CT,PARTIALLY FALLEN-79;NOT LOCATED-82;

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME : MCQUIAM 7.5

NAME: ARDEA HERODIAS 049 TRS: T16N R10W S08
SOURCE OF LEAD: MANDERY, JOHN SPOKANE 466-2274 LATLONG: 465250111235700W
NAME OF AREA: JOHNS RIVER HMA QUADCODE: 46123788
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1972 QUADNAME: HOQUIAM 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: ST SWI OR PVT SP POT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT BLUE HERON. ROOKERY ON JOHNS RIVER JUST OFF WDOG LAND 100+ NESTS.

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 076 TRS: T17N R11N SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONS: 465624N1235325W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612388
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: HOQUIAM 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . STATE: WA
NAME OF OWNER:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA MID-HARBOR FLATS 2, GRAYS HARBOR. ALSO S JEFFRIES 04-

NAME: STERNA CASPIA 008 TRS: T17N R10W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: LARRISON, EJ & KG SONNENBERG 1968 CAT #R-20 LATLONS: 465155N123235W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: HOQUIAM 7.5
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1968 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . STATE: WA
NAME OF OWNER: PVT
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CASPIAN TERN BREEDS ON ISLAND NEAR HOQUIAM.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5

NAME: ARDEA HERODIAS 038 TPS: T11N R10N S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: USFMS 1978A LATLONG: 462801N1235648W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NUMBER OF OWNERS: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT BLUE HERON ROOKERY 150 NEST S T11N S5 BETWEEN 2 CRK MOUTHS BETWEEN
KAFFEE SLOUTH & PARADISE PT.

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 141 TPS: T11N R11W S13
SOURCE OF LEAD: GRUBB, T LATLONG: 462637N1235840N
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1975 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNERS: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: LONG IS. W TERR, NEST IN LIVE HEMLOCK WITH INTACT DEAD TOP. TERR: UNOCC-75

NAME: HALITAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 142 TRS: T11NR10W S05
SOURCE OF LEAD: POELKER,R-WDG LATLONG: 462753N1235645W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 198006 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNER: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: LONG IS, E TERR, NEST IN SAME VICINITY AS LARGE HERON ROOKERY, TERR: UNOCC-75,7810C
C-79,80;

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCOEPHALUS 256 TRS: T11N R10W S06
SOURCE OF LEAD: POELKER, R-WDG LATLONG: 462751N1235736W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 193006 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNERS: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: LONG IS. E TERR, NEST IN CEDAR TREE. SEE #142 FOR TERR DATA.

NAME : HALIAEETUS LEUCOCOEPHALUS 547 TRS: T11B R10W S21
SOURCE OF LEAD: FIELDS, DARRELL DNR 1-800-562-6010 LATLONG: 462548N1235435W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 198106 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: PVT WEYERHAEUSER CO. PVT STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: NASELLE RIVER TERR, WEST IN UPPER THIRD OF TREE, SE4 S21. TERR: ACT-81;

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5

NAME: LARUS_DELAWARENSIS -012 TRS: TlIN RIOW S19
SOURCE OF LEAD: SALO,LJ 1975 CAT 9177R LATLONG: 462555N1235740W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND
NUMBER OF 0WNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RING-BILLED GULL BREEDING IN GENERAL AREA OF SMOKY HOLLOW, LONG ISLAND.

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-053 TRS:Tl2NR1235700W
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 462912NI23570OW
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA, SHOALWATER BAY 1 , WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-053 TRS: T12N R1OW 530
SOURCE OF LEAD:EVERITT R 1978CAT#2292 LATLONG:462405N1235700W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAPIE. LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF AREA: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWERS: PVT UUU STATE:WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA,SHOALWATER BAY 1. WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-057 TRS: T11N R11W SZ5
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 462404NI235900W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUNBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA SHOALWATER BAY 3, WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-058 TRS: TIIN R111W S24
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 462507N1235803W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA SHOALWATER BAY 3, WILLAPA BAY.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME.:LONG ISLAND

NAME: PLETHODON DUNNI_010 TRS: T11N R10W S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: MAANS,ROBERT PUYALLUP LATLONG: 462500N1235550W
NAME OF AREA:WIILLAPA NWR QUADC0DE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197705 QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:DUNN'S SALAMANDER .3 MI N OF WILLAPA WILDLIFE STATION.

NAME: RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS-048 TRS: T11N RIOW S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: MAAHS,ROBERT PUYALLUP LATLONG: 46250ON1235550W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612348
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197705
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC SALAMANDER .3 MI N OF WILLAPA WILDLIFE STATION.

NAME: STRIX OCCIDENTALIS-166 TRS:T1lN RlON 518
SOURCE OF LEAD: FORSMAN ERIC ORE ST UNIV LATLOG: 462705N1235750W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612343
QUADNAME: LONG ISLAND 7.5
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197207
NUMBER OF OWNERS:1 COUNTY:PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SPOTTED OWL- LONG ISLAND- I HEARD.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 1982
USSS QUAD NAME:MOCLIPS 7.5

NAME: MOVUMBRA HUBBSI 032
SOURCE OF LEAD: ASPINWALL TRS:T19NR12NS14
73LATLONG:47002ON1240820W

NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4712422
DATE OF SIGHTING; 196906 QUADNAME: MOCLIPS 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT
UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OLYMPIC MUDMINNOW COPALIS R 3 E OF HIWAY CROSSING

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME SYSYTEM
GRAYS HARBOR A PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1962
USGS QUAD NAME: NEMAN 7.5

NAME: FHOCA VITULINA 049
TRS: T1211 R10W S28
SOURCE OF LEAD: JEFFRIES S.272-0209 LATLONG: 462950N1235700W
NAME OF APEA: QUADCODE: 4612350
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197604 QUADNAIVE: NEMAN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF 0WNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HO SEAL SLOUGH-NEEDLE POINT 3 SIGHITINGS.

NAME: FHOCA VITULINA 051 TRS: T13N RlOW S31
SOURCE OF LEAD: JEFFRIES S.272-209 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 463410N1235850W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612358
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197604 QUADNAME: NEMAN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HO RIDDLE SPIT 2 SIGHTINGS.

NAME: FHOCA VITULINA 054 TRS: T13N R1OW S29
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 463410N1235850W
NAME 0F AREA: QUADCODE: 4612358
QUADNAME: NEMAN
DATE OF SIGHTIING: 197707 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NUMBER OF OWNERS: STATE: WA
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA NE OF LONG IS 2. HILLAPA BAY

NAME: FHOC VITUINA 055 TRS: T12N R1OW S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 463048N1235700W
NANE OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612358
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME:
NUMBER OF 0WNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA NE OF LONG IS 3,WILLAPA BAY.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 6, 1932
USGS QUAD NAME: NORTH COVE 7.5

NAME: ANSER ALBIFRONS 0O1 TRS: Tl4N R11W 508
SOURCE OF LEAD: SAUL S. SEATTLE AUD. NOTES DEC 1979 ALSO T NAHL CAT GR33 P21 LATLONG: 463345SN124022314
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA N14R QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197910 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: l COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE RLC STOPOVER IN MIGRATION AT LEADBETTER POINT. 1977.

NAME: CASMERODIUS ALBUS 005 TRS: T14N R11W 517
SOURCE OF LEAD: WIDRIG R. SEATTLE AS OCT 1978 LATLONG: 463835Nl24O32OW
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NlR QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1979808 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME 0F 0WNER: USA WILLAPA NWR FHS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT EGRET RSC 1 SEEN IN WILLAPA BAY LEADBETTER PT. 2 SEEN 1976.

NAME: CHARADRIUS ALEXANORINUS 002 TRS: T13N R11W 504
SOURCE OF LEAD: WIDRIG R SEATTLE AUD NOTES 9-79 LATLONG: 463835N124032W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR (LEADBETTER POINT SNA) QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197909 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 2 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNERS: USA FS MIX STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SNOWY PLOYER NESTING AT LEADBETTER POINT.ACT-78;4YG-79;

NAME: NYCTEA SCANOIACA 007 TRS: T13N R11W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: KRAUSE,FAY & JAN SEATTLE AUD SOC "SAS NOTES" MAY 1974 LATLONG: 463835N1240320W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197404 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUNBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SNOWY OWL RI INDIVIDUALS AT LEADBETTER PT 1974,1975,1977.

NAME: OLOR BUCCINATOR 005 TRS: T13N RllW_SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: VAN WORMER R. L 1973 LATLONG: 463843N1240223W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197112 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: USA FWS STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: TRUMPETER SWAN AOU181 WINTERING JUST NORTH LEADBETTER PT T13N R11N.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1932
USGS QUAD NAME: NORTH COVE 7.5

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 052 TRS: T14N R11W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 463754N1240124W
NAME OF AREA: WILLAPA NWR QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHT: 197707 QUADMAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
COUNTY: PACIFIC
NUNBER OF OWNERS: 1 STATE: WA

NAME OF 0WNER: USA FWS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA SSE OF GRASSY IS. WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHOCA_VITULINA_059 TRS: T14N R11W S16
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT02292 LATLONG: 464118N1240300W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS : COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: KA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA LEADBETTER CHANNEL 1, WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHOCA_VITULINA_060 TRS: T14N R11W S16
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT02292 LATLONG: 464143N1240300W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA LEADBETTER CHANNEL 2, WILLAPA BAY.

NAME: PHCCA_VITULINA_061 TRS: T14N R11W S20
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CAT#2292 LATLONG: 464036N1240400W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612461
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADMAME: NORTH COVE 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARSCR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA LEADBETTER CHANNEL 3, WILLAPA BAY.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: NORTH NEMAH 7.5

NAME: DICAMPTOOON_ENSATUS_051 TRS: T13N ROSW S30
SOURCE OF LEAD: #1417 LATLONG: 463505N1235037W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612357
DATE OF SIGHTING: 193109 QUADNAME: NORTH NEMAH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: KA

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDER, 1 COLLECTED AT FALLS 6 MLE OF SOUTH BEND.ALSO SLAT-
ER.

NAME: PLETHODON_DUNNI_005 TRS: T13N R10W S30
SOURCE OF LEAD: OSUMNH-STORM, R LATLONG: 463505N1235037W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612357
DATE OF SIGHTING: 195308 QUADNAME: NORTH NEMAH 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: KA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: DUNNS SALAMANDER, 3 COLLECTED 7 MI SW OF SOUTH BEND.

NAME: PLETHODON_VANDYKEI_014 TRS: T13N R09W S29
SOURCE OF LEAD: MAAHS,ROBERT PUYALLUP. LATLONG: 463450N1234953W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612357
DATE OF SIGHTING: 193003 QUADNAME: NORTH NEMAN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: KA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: VAN DYKE'S SALAMANDER, 5.5 MI BY RD S. SO. BEND, VERY STEEP AND OVERGROWN CANYON
WITH CREEK AT BOTTOM. 3-17-79 YNS FOUND UNDER LOG. 3-25-79 S YNS WET TALUS SEEP-
AGE. 3-12-80 16 CEDAR SLABES AT CANYON BOTTOM.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5

NAME: ALGAMORDA_NEWCOMBIANA_002 TRS: T12N R11W S27
SOURCE OF LEAD: DUSGAN, E.P. 1963. DSRS #1511 REPORT OF NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE SHELLS COLATLONG: 463000N1240205W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
DATE OF SIGHTING: 196305 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: NEWCOMB'S LITTORINE SNAIL NAHCOTTA. ABUNDANT LINDER ABANDONED OYSTER CANNERY.

NAME: PANDION_HALIAETUS_070 TRS: T11N R11W S16
SOURCE OF LEAD: MATIA 11 1979 LATLONG: 462625N1240230W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197901 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: TRUMPETER SWAN REGULAR WINTERING AREA LOOMIS. LK ON LONG BCH PENINSULA.

NAME: PANDION_HALIAETUS_070 TRS: T11N R11W S21
SOURCE OF LEAD: MATIA 11 1979 LATLONG: 462548N120220W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197806 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OSPREY NEST ACT & SUCCESSFUL TOP OF DEAD SITKA SPRUCE, S END OF LOOMIS LK, EAST
SHORE.

NAME: FANDION_MALIAETUS_310 TRS: T11N R11W S04
SOURCE OF LEAD: WILSON, ULRICH LATLONG: 462643N1240200W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
DATE OF SIGHTING: 193208 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OSPREY NEST IN SNAG SSW OF PAULS LK. 2YG-82;

NAME: SPEYERIA_ZERENE_HIPPOLYTA_001 TRS: T11N R11W S16
SOURCE OF LEAD: PYLE RM 1976 LATLONG: 462642N1240235W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST SNI OR PVT SP POT STATE: KA

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: ZERENE FRITILLARY. LAKE LCOMIS STATE FISHING ACCESS ON LONG BEACH PENINSULA
LARVAL POPULATION IN DUNE MEADOWN NEAR THE COAST. WOODLAND AT LOOMIS LAKE IS
ADULT RENDEZVOUS OR FEEDING STATION.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: OCEAN PARK

NAME:SPEYERIA ZERENE HIPPOLYTA 003 TRS: T12N R11W 528
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCCORKLE, USFS & USDA REPORT LATLONG: 463000N1240205W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612441
PATE. OF SIGHTING:193807 QUADNAME: OCEAN PARK 7.5

NUMBER OF COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: OREGON SILVER-SPOT BUTTERFLY AT NAHCOTTA, LONG BEACH PENINSULA.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER, 8 1982
USGS QUAD NAME:OMAN RANCH 7.5

NAME:AROEA HERODIAS 011 TRS:T11N R10W S36
SOURCE OF LEAD: WASH DEPT OF GAME 1973 LATLONG: 462315N1235058H
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612347
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1973 QUADNAME: 0MAN RANCH 7.5
COUNTY: PACIFIC

NAME OF OWNER: ST STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: NORTHWESTERN GREAT BLUE HERON ROOKERY. NASELLE RIVER T11N R10W S36. 5 NESTS.
AOU194A.

NAME: HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS 559 TRS: T11N R09W S19
SOURCE OF LEAD: BRUCE,ANNA WEYCO LATLONG:462514N1235033W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612347
DATE OF SICGHTING: 198106 QUADNAME: OMAN RANCH 7.5
NUMBER OF 0WNERS: 1 COUNTY: PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR STATE:WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: BALD EAGLE NEST-RADAR II,NW4 SW4 S19,IN OLD GROWTH CEDAR. UNSUCC-81

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME- NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: POINT BROWN 7.5

NAME: CHARAFRIUS ALEXANDRIUS 001
SOURCE OF LEAD: BERGMAN C TAS 13 (3)ALSO HOSEA WDG-1978
NAME OF AREA: JOHNS RIVER HMA (OYHUT UNIT)
DATE OF SIGHTINGS 198104
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1
NAME OF OWNER: ST DEPT OF GAME SP MIX
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SNOWY PLOVER NESTS AT DAMON PT NEAR SHORES. ACT-78,74YG-78;1YG-79;ACT-81;
TRS: T17N R12W S24
LATLONG: 465628N1240800W
QUADCODE: 4612482
QUADNAME: POINT BROWN 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA

NAME: CIRCUS CYANEUS 008
SOURCE OF LEAD: PAULSON D SEATTLE AUD NOTES21(1)
NAME OF AREA:
DATE OF SIGHTING :1980
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NAME OF OWNER: PVT
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: MARSH HAWK NEST AT OCEAN SHORES. 1YG-78; ACT-80;
TRS:T17N R12W 515
LATLONG; 465745N124095
QUADCODE:4612432
QUADNAME: POINT BROWN 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA

NAME: ELANUS LEUCURUS 001
SPOURCE OF LEAD: HOGE,G.&W. SAS
NAME OF AREA:
DATE OF SIGHTING:198101
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:WHITE-TAILED KITE WINTERS IN OCEAN SHORES AREA. 1 AD AT PT BROWN, 8-17-79. 1 IMM OCEAN SHORES,11-22-80
1 IMM NW OF O.S. GAME RANGE,1-9-81.

NAME: NYCTEA SCANDIACA 004
SOURCE OF LEAD: LUCKE, LAUREN SEATTLE AUD. NOTES V.20 #6
NAME OF AREA:
DATE OF SIGHTING:197912
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NAME OF OWNER: ST DEPT OF GAME SP POT
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SNOWY OWL WINTERS OCEAN SHORES AREA. MAX # IN SINGLE DAYS COUNT: WINTER OF 73&74 OCEAN SHORES, 11-22-80.1 IMM NW
OF S.O. GAME RANGE,1-9-81.
TRS: T17N R12W S15
LATLONG:465745N1240950W
QUADCODE: 4612482
QUADNAME: POINT BROWN 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA

NAME: PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS 001
SOURCE OF LEAD: HOSEA , FRED WDOG
NAME OF AREA:
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197807
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NAME OF OWNERS: USA UUU
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: BROWN PELICAN OCCURS IN SMALL GROUPS IN WATERS AROUND WESTPORT DURING SUMMER& FALL 1975-1977,S JETTY.
TRS :T16N R12W S02
LATLONG: 46542N1240755W
QUADCODE: 4612482
QUADENAME: POINT BROWN 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982
USGS QUAD NAME: WESTERN 7.5

NAME:ARDEA_HERODIAS 013 TRS: T15N R10W S26
SOURCE OF LEAD: MATIA W 1976 LATLONG: 464507N1235323W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612378
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1978 QUADNAME: WESTERN 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY:PACIFIC
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: GREAT BLUE HERON ROOKERY AOU194A. MOUTH OF NORTH RIVER INTO WILLAPA BAY. WEST BANK IN TALL DOUGLAS FIR-HEMLOCK. HUNDREDS OF NESTS REPORTED. T15NR10W.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - MONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DAA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 6,1982

NAME: ALGAMORDA NEWCOMBIANA 001 TRS: T16N R11W 506
SOURCE OF LEAD: MACDONALD, K.B. 1969. DSRS LIB 1508 QUANT STUDIES OF SALT MARSH MOLLATIONS LONG: 465325N1520450W
NAME OF AREA: QIADCPDE:4612104
DATE OF SIGHTING: 196508 QUADNAME: WESPORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS
NAME OF OWNER: PVT COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: NEWCOMBS LITTORINE SNAIL WESTPORT MARSHES.

NAME: bRANTA BERNICLA 002 TRS:T R SNS

SOURCE OF LEAD: WASH DEPT OF ECOLOGY 1977 P622
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1977
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NAME OF OWNER:
NAME OF OWNER: UUU
GENERAL DESCIRPTION: BLACK BRANT SSP NIGRICANS ACU 174 POINT NEW TRS : T R SNS
LATLONG:465923N1240103W
QUADCODE: WESTPORT 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
STATE: MA
NAME:LARUS DELAMARENSIS 006
SOURCE OF LEAD: MOSEA, FRED IDOG ASERDEEN 24-3039
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197805
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1
NUMBER OF OWNER: ST NATURAL RESOUCES DMR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RING-BILLED GULL COLONY ON SAND ISLAND IN GRAYS HARBOR.

NAME:LARUS DELAWARENSIS 015 TRS: T17N R11W S32
SOURCE OF LEAD: PENLAND S T AND S JJEFFRIES 1977 MARRIELET 58 3186-87
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197607
NUMBER OF OWNERS:
NUMBER OF OWNER: PVT
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RING BILLED GULL 2 PAIR NESTING ON WHITCOMB ISLAND IN GRAYS HARBOR.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 1982

NAME: NYCTEA_SCAMDOACA 003
SOURCE OF LEAD: SEATTE AUD SOC "BIRD NOTES" 18(5):3 1973
NAME OF APEA: NUMBER OF OWNERS: 5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WIA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: SNOWY OWL RI WINTER WESTPORT 1976-1973.

NAME: FHALACROCORAX AURITUS 012

SOURCE OF LEAD: SMITH J VDOG
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 193005 WESTPORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS : 1

NAME OF OWNER: ST NATURAL RESOURCES STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: DOUBLE CRESTED COMGRAMT W END OF GOOSE ISLAND ON TOP OF SAND DUNES 295
NESTS WITH EGGS.1979 110 NESTS.

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 062 TRS: T17N

SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, R WOODS 1981 CAT03447 P52

NAME OF AREA: SAND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP UADC 4612431
DATE OF SIGHTING: 198007
NUMBER OF OWNER: 1 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NUMBER OF OWNERS: ST NATURAL RESOURCES DNR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL MO SAND ISLAND OF GRAYS HARBOR 7 SITINGS ON SURROUNDING TIDE FLATS
ALSO REPORTED 4-76.

NAME: PHCCA VITULINA 063
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1981 CAT 03447 P.52
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 198008 NUMBER OF OWNERS: . GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR OR FVT STATE: GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUTAREA SAND IS SHOALS 6 DIFFERENT HO SIGHTS. ALSO REPOPTED 7
77

NAME: PHOCA VITULINA 068
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: HARBOR SEAL SHOALS E OF OCEAN SHORES, GRAYS HARBOR.

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8,1982
USSS QUAD NAME:MESTPORT 7.5

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-069 TRS: T17N R11W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1978 CAT42292 LATLONG: 465918N1240500N
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE:4612401
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197707 QUADNAME:WESTFORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:HARBOR SEAL SHOALS H54 OF GOOSE IS 2 SITES, GRAYS HARBOR

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-071 TRS: T18N R11W 533
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1978 CAT #2292 LATLONG: 465948N1240342W
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP QUADCODE: 4612481
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NUMBERS OF OWNERS: 1 COUTNY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HUMPTULIPS RIV, E CHANNEL 1, GRAYS HARBOR.

NAME: FHOCA VITULINA 072 TRS: T17N R11W 534
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1978 CAT#2292 LATLONG: 465454N1240212W
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP QUADCODE: 4612481
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 197707 QUADNAME: WESPORT 7.5
COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 STATE: WA
NAME OF OWNER: ST NATURAL RESOURCES DNR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL SE END OF GOOSE IS, GRAYS HARBOR. IMPORTANT AREA.

NAME: PHOC VITULINA 073 TRS: T17N R11W 534
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT, RD NOAA 1979 REPORT CATC2292 LATLONG: 465454N1240212W
NAME OF AREA; QUADCODE: 4612491
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197707 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT AREA E OF WHITCOMB, GRAYS HARBOR. STATE: WA

NAME; PHOCA VITULINA 074 TRS: T17N R11W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: EVERITT R 1981 CAT13447 P.52 LATLONG: 465506N1240418W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612481
NUMBER OF OWNERS: QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HAUL OUT OF AREA WHITCOMB FLATS, GRAYS HARBOR. ALSO REPORTED 7-77 STATE: WA

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME - NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8,1982
USGS QUAD NAME: WESTPORT 7.5

NAME: PHOCA-VITULINA-075 TRS: T17N R1114 S17
SOURCE OF LEAD: JEFFFRIES S 272-0209 CAT2292 LATLONG: 465248N1240416W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612481
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197604 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNER: COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNERS: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: HARBOR SEAL HO SOUTH BAY OF GRAYS HARBOR 2 SITINGS.

NAME: SPEYERIA-ZERENE-HIPPOLYTA-002 TRS: T16N R121W S13
SOURCE OF LEAD: MCCORKLE DAVID V. 1975. SILVERSPOT SALVATION SUMMARINES ATALA 31:20 LATLONG: 465305N1240630W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612481
DATE OF SIGHTINGS: 1950 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:OREGON SILVER SPOT FRITILLARY COMMON NEAR WESTPORT

NAME: STERNA CASPIA-001 TRS: T17N R11W SNS
SOURCE OF LEAD: PENLAND 1976 LATLONG: 465445N1240325W
NAME OF AREA: SAND AND GOOSE ISLANDS NAP QUADCODE: 4612481
QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975 COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 STATE: WA
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CASPIAN TERN NESTING COLONY 1200 BIRDS

NAME: STERNA CASPIA 002 TRS: T17N R11W S32
SOURCE OF LEAD:PENLAND 1976.ALSO NAT. AREAS ADVISORY COM. 1974 CAT#2895 P.3 LATLONG: 465450N1240416W
DATE OF SIGHTING: 1975
NUMBER OF OWNERS: 1 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NAME OF OWNER: ST DNR COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CASPIAN TERN NESTIING COLONY 0N GOOSE IS. 2000 BIRDS-73,75; STATE: WA

NAME: STERNA-CASPIA_010 TRS: T17N R11W S32
SOURCE OF LEAD: PENLAND,S&S.JEFFRIES 1977 MURRELET 58(3):86-87;NAAC 1974 CAT82895 LATLONG: 465450N1240416W
NAME OF AREA: QUADCODE: 4612481
DATE OF SIGHTING: 197607 QUADNAME: WESTPORT 7.5
NUMBER OF OWNERS: . COUNTY: GRAYS HARBOR
NAME OF OWNER: PVT UUU STATE: WA

WASHINGTON DEPT. GAME NONGAME DATA SYSTEM
GRAYS HARBOR & PACIFIC COUNTIES SPECIAL ANIMAL OCCURRENCES
DATA CURRENT AS OF NOVEMBER 8,1932
USGS QUAD NAME : WESTPORT 7.5

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: CASPIAN TERN COLONY-WHITCOMS IS.,GRAYS HARBOR.2400 IND-75;2430-76;

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