[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                                                                                Tgsk 10        FINAL PRODUCT DCR-Heritege
                                                                                FY 1"3         Natural Area Mgmt. Team & Model Plans
              Natural Area Source Book:

                    A guide for land managers, scientists,
              educators and conservation planners within
                              the Virginia Coastal Resources
                                           Management Area



                                        X


                                                       '@7






                                 Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                             Division of Natural Heritage
                                           1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312
                                                 Richmond, VA 23219
                                             Telephone (804) 786-7951

                                                    Technical Report #95-7






             "il       This project was funded, in part, by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Re-
                       sources Management Program through Grant #NA370ZO360-01 of the National Oceanic and
                       Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, under the
                       Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

           Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation programs, activities, and employment opportunities are
           available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, national origin, or political affili-
           ation. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.







 

                            NATURAL AREA SOURCE BOOK:

                    A Guide for Land Managers, Scientists, Educators, and
                             Conservation Planners within the

                       Virginia Coastal Resources Management Area









                                    PREPARED BY:
                          Sandra Y. Erdle and Kennedy H. Clark
                     Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                               Division of Natural Heritage
                              1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                Richmond, Virginia 23219
                                 Technical Report #95-07







        This project was funded by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal
                                                               
        Resources Management Program throu Grand #na370z0360-01 of the National
                                               
        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act
                                                         
        of 1972 as amended, and the Department of Conservation and Conservation and Recreation. 

        Cover illustration by Jeffrey Gaither, depicts biological monitoring.
 









                                        NATURAL AREA SOURCE BOOK


                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS





             i. Acknowledgments     ............................................                             i

             1. Introduction  ............................................                                   1
                   1. Project goals and objectives ................           I................              2
                   2. Overview of coastal plain   ...................................                        3



            H. Managed Natural Areas Within the Coastal Zone           .......................               5
                   1. Description of natural areas ................................                          6
                   2. List and map of managed natural areas    ..........................                    8



           III. Guide to Agencies, Organizations, Academic Institutions and
                   Individuals Knowledgeable About Specific Resources, or Natural Area
                   Conservation and Management       ...............................                         11



            IV. Guide to Resource Management Planning for NaturaI Areas            .............             48



             V. Bibliography and Pertinent References      ...........................                       59



           Appendices    .............................................                               ...     83
             A. List of natural heritage resources in Coastal Zone
             B. Natural heritage fact sheets
             C. Model resource management plan - North Landing River Natural Area Preserve
             D. Natural Resource Profiles - Chesapeake Bay, Back Bay, North Landing River,
                                                               Northwest River











           Natural Area Source Book: acknowledgements








                                           ACKNOWLEDGNW,NTS



           Funding for this project was provided by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality,
           through the Coastal Resources Management Program, Grant Number NA37OZO360-01, of
           the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of
           Conservation and Recreation. This work was implemented under the Coastal Zone
           Management Act of 1972, as amended. Matching funds were provided by the Virginia
           Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. We would like to
           thank Laura McKay of the Department of Environmental Quality for coordinating this
           funding.

           We wish to thank everyone who responded to questionaires, submitted suggestions, supplied
           information about specific federal and state agencies, universities, private organizations and
           .ndividuals, and importantly, granted permission for their respective names or affiliations to
           be listed in this book. Certainly, without the time, assistance, and input from these people,
           development of a Natural Area Source Book would not have been possible.

           Special thanks are offered to all staff members of the Division of Natural Heritage, and
           especially to Caren A. CalJouw, Faye McKinney, and Megan Rollins who offered invaluable
           assistance with this project.






 0













               1. Introduction


                      1. Project goals and objectives

                      2. Overview of Coastal Plain



 0










 0
                                                 1












          Natural Area Source Book: project goals









                                         Project Goals and Objectives


          Virginia's Coastal Zone is rich in biodiversity. Recent inventories conducted by Virginia
          Department of Conservation and Recreation scientists have identified over 250 natural areas
          which support natural heritage resources in the Coastal Zone. Natural Heritage Resources
          are habitats of rare plant and animal species, rare and exemplary natural communities, and
          significant geologic features. Within the Coastal Zone, or Coastal Resource Management
          Area, at least 63 natural areas are found on public or private conservation lands. These
          conservation lands are managed partly, if not entirely, for their biodiversity and aesthetic
          values. To assist land managers and resource experts in the complex task of appropriately
          managing natural areas, the Department of Conservation and Recreation has produced a
          Natural Area Source Book. Goals of the project, as related to the Source Book are as
          follows:

            1. To establish an interdisciplinary team of resource managers, scientists and experts
          knowledgeable about specific resources and land management techniques. This team
          provides a) guidance in collection and analysis of ecological data for natural areas, b) input
          and guidance on inclusion of specific information for a natural area source book.

            2. To produce a Natural Area Source Book for land managers, scientists, educators and
          conservation planners within Virginia's Coastal Resources Management Area.

          The Natural Area Source Book provides land managers, scientists, educators and
          conservation planners with a current source for information about existing natural areas and
          natural area management issues within the Coastal Resource Management Area. The
          Natural Area Source Book contains 1) descriptions of natural areas, ownership, management
          and location, 2) a comprehensive guide to agencies, organizations, academic institutions and
          individuals that may be knowledgeable about specific resources, or natural area protection
          and management, 3) an extensive bibliography of related topics, and 4) a guide to resource
          management planning, and a completed Resource Management Plan for the North Landing
          River Natural Area Preserve.






                                                        2











                                          Overview of the Coastal Plain


           For purposes of the Natural Area Source Book, the Coastal Zone is essentially synonymous
           with the Coastal Resource Management Area, or the Coastal Plain physiographic province.
           The Coastal Plain is the youngest of Virginia's physiographic provinces. It is bordered to
           the north by Maryland, south by North Carolina, west by Virginia's Piedmont Plateau, and
           to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. This area includes 17 cities and 29 counties, and boasts
           extensive coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay. The Coastal Plain
           grades gently from approximately 60 meters above sea level at the Fall Line (at the eastern
           edge of the Piedmont Plateau) to below sea level in the Atlantic Ocean. It also posseses the
           warmest climate in Virginia (Woodward and Hoffman, 1991), and therefore, a large number
           of southern plant and animal species are able to survive here at or near their northern range
           limit.


           Four major rivers, the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James Rivers and numerous
           tributary rivers and creeks dissect the northern Coastal Plain and flow into the Chesapeake
           Bay. The area now known as the Chesapeake Bay was historically the drainage basin for the
           Susquehanna River, and the four rivers listed above were originally tributaries to the old
           Susquehanna River. When sea level rose after glacial melting, part of the old Susquehanna
           River basin flooded, creating the Chesapeake Bay. Tributary river basins also flooded,
           dissecting the remaining land into four peninsulas, the Northern Neck, the Middle Peninsula,
           The Lower Peninsula and the Eastern Shore (Woodward and Hoffman, 1991). On the
           northern Coastal Plain, there is a pronounced change of surface character from north to
           south. The relatively narrow Northern Neck is deeply dissected by short, high-gradient
           streams which flow through a terrain described as hilly and well-drained. Southward the
           surface gradually becomes flatter toward the James River (Woodward and Hoffman, 1991).
           Rivers are bordered by extensive freshwater tidal marshes, and marl ravines and woodlands
           support numerous rare plant and animal species.

           The eastern shore and barrier islands form a long peninsula along the outer Coastal Plain.
           Active wave and wind processes continue to shape the coastline here, composed primarily of
           unconsolidated sands and gravels. The terrain is relatively low, supporting extensive barrier
           beaches, salt marshes, and pine flatwoods. Technically the Coastal Plain extends eastward
           (below sea level) to the edge of the North American continent. The submerged section may
           extend down as much as 180 meters below sea level at the Continental Shelf (Woodward and
           Hoffman, 199 1).

           The southern Coastal Plain includes the Dismal Swamp drainage basin and parts of the
           Chowan River drainage. Both systems drain toward the Albemarle Sound in North Carolina.
           The Great Dismal Swamp, Northwest River, North Landing River and Back Bay form
           significant watersheds within the Dismal Swamp drainage basin. These watersheds are noted
           nationally for their extensive estuarine and freshwater wetlands. The Chowan drainage basin
 0         stretches from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain. Within the Coastal Plain, the drainage
                                                          3













         Natural Area Source Book: overview of Coastal Plain


         The Great Dismal Swamp, Northwest River, North Landing River and Back Bay form
         significant watersheds within the Dismal Swamp drainage basin. These watersheds are noted
         nationally for their extensive estuarine and freshwater wetlands. The Chowan drainage basin
         stretches from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain. Within the Coastal Plain, the drainage
         basin is represented by two major rivers, the Nottoway and Blackwater Rivers. Throughout
         much of their courses, these rivers are slow, entrenched streams with deep channels. Unique
         sandy upland habitats tend to form on the sandy east sides of these rivers as they meander
         through the Coastal Plain. Long-leaf pine barrens and turkey oak sandhills, two rare
         vegetative communities, are restricted to this region of the Coastal Plain.

         Information collected on rare plants, animals and vegetative communities is managed by the
         Department of Conservation and Recreation's Biological and Conservation Data System
         (BCD), a powerful, state-of-the-art information management tool designed to track
         information on elements of biological diversity, occurrences of those elements, conservation
         sites, ecological monitoring programs, and additional pertinent data. The BCD System
         provides current and comprehensive information for the benefit of science and research, safe
         economic growth and conservation driven by sound science.

         In addition to rich pelagic and estuarine communities, Virginia's Coastal Plain supports an
         extremely diverse array of freshwater wetland and terrestrial communities. Natural
         communities are distinct assemblages of plants and animals which interact with one another
         and their physical environment. Some of the most notable natural communities within
         Virginia's Coastal Plain are pocosins, seasonally wet pine flatwoods, seasonal ponds, pine
         and turkey oak sandhills, freshwater tidal marshes, dune and swale wetlands, salt marshes,
         and maritime loblolly pine forests. In the ongoing inventory of the natural resources of
         Virginia, the Department of Conservation and Recreation locates, maps and monitors
         communities as elements of natural diversity, just as it does plant and animal species. The
         Department has documented 45 rare and exemplary community occurrences in Virginia's
         Coastal Plain.


         Virginia's Coastal Plain flora and fauna -are rich and varied. The diversity of species is the
         result of the region's warm climate, vast array of wetland habitats, and unique upland
         habitats. Four hundred twelve rare plants and animals are documented from the Coastal
         Plain by the Department of Conservation and Recreation. Appendix A of the source book
         contains a list of all natural heritage resources for the Coastal Plain region. This list is
         grouped by plants, animals, and communities and includes the Heritage Network global rank,
         state rank, federal status, and state status for each species and community.





                                                      4





















              II. Managed Natural Areas Within the Coastal Zone

                    1. Description of natural areas

                    2. List and map of managed natural areas


 0









 I*
                                              5












           Natural Area Source Book: managed natural areas



                             Managed Natural Areas Within Virginia's Coastal Zone

           Presently, there are 63 managed natural areas within public and private conservation
           ownership in Virginia's Coastal Resource Management Area, also called the Coastal Zone.
           Many other significant natural areas occur in private ownership within this region. This
           report however, features those natural areas which have been identified by Department of
           Conservation and Recreation scientists as lands supporting rare flora, fauna, and native
           vegetative communities, and which are managed to conserve natural heritage resources.
           Numerous federal, state, local, and private interests are involved in the conservation of
           natural areas. For purposes of this Natural Area Source Book, managed natural areas have
           been broadly categorized into one of five classifications: state lands, federal lands, local
           lands, university lands, and private conservation lands. A complete list and map of Managed
           Natural Areas within the Coastal Zone immediately follow this narrative.

           A natural area, defined by the Virginia Natural Area Preserves Act of 1989,(Article 3, Code
           of Virgini , section 10. 1-209), "means any area of land, water, or both land and water,
           whether publicly or privately owned, that retains or has reestablished its natural character,
           though it need not be completely natural and undisturbed: or which is important in preserving
           rare or vanishing flora, fauna, native ecological systems, geological, natural historical, scenic
           or similar features of scientific or educational value benefitting the citizens of the
           Commonwealth." Natural areas serve as important reserves for rare organisms, they help
           maintain ecosystem stability, and provide important baseline information for long-term
           ecological monitoring. They are ideal sites for research, and provide tremendous
           opportunities for public education and passive recreation.

           Natural areas provide four key benefits to the citizens of Virginia. They provide public
           access to the outdoors; they provide unique educational and passive recreation opportunities;
           they enhance tourism to Virginia (Virginia's Eastern Shore Migratory Bird Festival generates
           over $52,000 per year in revenue, and Cape May and the Delaware Shore realize some four
           billion dollars per year in nature related tourism); and they conserve Virginia's rich natural
           heritage.

           Lack of scientific data and the absence of planning for safe econimic growth has placed some
           of southeast Virginia's species and communities at risk. Certain communities such as
           pocosins, Atlantic white cedar swamps, and long-leaf pine and turkey oak woodlands were
           once common in this region. Originally, pocosins and cedar swamps extended over 600
           square miles in this area. Now roughly 20 square miles of this rare habitat remain intact and
           are restricted to the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and the North Landing
           River Natural Area Preserve. In a similar manner, long-leaf pine and turkey oak woodlands
           once covered vast regions of southeast Virginia. Less than 3000 acres remain, and of that,

                                                           6











           Natural Area Source Book: managed natural areas


           only Old Dominion University's 350 acre Blackwater Ecologic Preserve is protected and
           managed as a natural area.

           Citizens throughout the Commonwealth support the conservation of natural areas for
           scientific, educational, aesthetic and economic values. Indeed, results of The Commonwealth
           Poll, a 1994 poll conducted by Survey Research Laboratory, of Virginia Commonwealth
           University, indicate that citizens of Virginia support natural area conservation. Fifty eight
           percent of respondents strongly agreed that "Virginia should try to identify and locate rare
           plants and animals." In the same poll, a large majority of Virginia citizens (85%) "strongly
           agreed" that "Virginia should protect previously untouched habitats." Through passage of a
           95 million dollar Parks and Natural Areas Bond (of which 11.5 million dollars is dedicated
           toward natural area acquisition and public access improvements), Virginia citizens recently
           made a commitment to conserve natural areas for the benefit of future generations.

           To reach a still larger segment of Virginia's population and to garner support for conserving
           Virginia's rich biological diversity, we must continue to increase awareness in the
           Commonwealth's citizens about natural areas and their inherent benefits. Providing
           opportunities for passive recreation and environmental education will enhance and nourish a
           better understanding of the necessity to conserve these areas, add to the quality of life in the
           region, and enhance economic development. Increasingly, the public has acknowledged the
           importance that natural areas play in educational and interpretive programs, as demonstrated
           at such areas as Seashore State Park and Natural Area, and Bethel Beach Natural Area
           Preserve.

           Accommodating both public and scientific use of natural areas -while preserving valuable
           natural resources is a challenge for land managers, particularly in Virginia's Coastal Zone.
           Land managers are faced with complex environmental issues which require a thorough
           knowledge of the resource base, careful planning, and integrated management programs.
           Additional information is necessary to determine the best techniques for managing certain
           natural environments and rare species habitats. Baseline data on ecological processes are
           central to sound management planning, but this information is often lacking or difficult to
           obtain. By understanding the processes (for example, fire, herbivory, and hydrology)
           operating on natural landscapes, land managers are able to better judge effects of their
           activities on the land and those special resources they attempt to manage and preserve. The
           Natural Area Source Book should serve as a useful guide for land managers, conservation
           planners and educators in the Coastal Zone. It provides information on natural area
           conservation, rare species, natural communities, restoration and management techniques,
           knowledgeable contacts, and pertinent references. The Virginia Department of Conservation
           and Recreation's resource management plan for the North Landing River is appended to the
           source book and serves as a model for developing management programs for existing private
           and public conservation lands.


                                                          7









                                                               MANAGED NATURAL AREAS WITHIN VIRGINIA'S COASTAL ZONE

                                       Managed Area Name                                          Ownership                              Managing Agency/institute

                          State Lands (Department of Conservation and Recreation, Department of Game and Inland Fisheries)
                            1.  Bethel Beach Natural Area Preserve                                Dept.  of Conservation and Recreation (DCR)     DCR
                            2.  Bushmill Stream Natural Area Preserve                             DCR                                             DCR
                            3.  Caledon Natural Area                                              DCR                                             DCR
                            4.* Charles C. Stierly Natural Area                                   DCR                                             DCR
                            5.  Chippokes Plantation State Park (portions of)                     DCR                                             DCR
                            6.  False Cape State Park (portions of)                               DCR                                             DCR
                            7.  Hughlett Point Natural Area Preserve                              DCR                                             DCR
                            8.  Kiptopeke State Park (portions of)                                DCR                                             DCR
                            9.  Kittewan Wildlife Management Area                                 Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF)       DGIF
                            10. Leesylvania State Park (portions oo                               DCR                                             DCR
                            11. Mason Neck State Park (portions of)                               DCR                                             DCR
                            12. North Landing River Natural Area Preserve                         DCR                                             DCR
                            13. Northwest River Natural Area Preserve                             DCR                                             DCR
                            14.* Parkers Marsh Natural Area                                       DCR                                             DCR
                            15. Princess Anne Wildlife Man. Area (portions of)                    DGIF                                            DGIF
                            16. Seashore State Park and Natural Area (portions oo                 DCR                                             DCR
                            17.* White Oak Swamp Natural Area                                     Commonwealth of VA                              Dept. of General Services/Dept. of Forestry
                            18.* William B. Trower Bayshore Natural Area Preserve                 -DCR                                            DCR
                            19.* Wreck and Bone Island Natural Area Preserve                      DCR                                             DCR, TNC, VA Coast Reserve
                            20. York River State Park (portions of, part of NERR)                 DCR                                             DCR

                          Federal Lands (Military, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service)
                            1.* A. P. Hill Military Reservation (portions ot)                     U.S. Dept. of Defense (USDoD)                   USDol)
                            2.  Assateague Island National Seashore (portions of)                 U.S. Dept. of the Interior (USDOI)              U.S. National Park Service (USNPS)
                            3.  Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)                   USDOI                                           USFWS
                            4.  Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)               USDOI                                           USFWS
                            5.  Colonial National Historical Park (portions of)                   USDOI                                           USNPS
                            6.  Eastern Shore of VA National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)        USDOI                                           USFWS
                            7.  Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)               USDOI                                           USFWS
                            S.  Fisherman's Island National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)         USDOI                                           USFWS
                            9.* Fort Belvoir Military Reservation (portions oo                    USDoD                                           USDoD
                            10.* Fort Lee Military Reservation (portions of)                      USDoD                                           USDoD
                            ll.* Fort Story Military Reservation (portions of)                    USDoD                                           USDoD
                            12. George Washington Memorial Parkway (portions of)                  USDOI                                           USNPS

                    (Access to Natural Areas marked with an asterisk (*) is by PERMISSION ONLY from the managing agency listed.)









                    (page 2 of 21 continued: Managed    Natural Areas Within Virginia's Coastal Zone)
                                        Managed Area Name                                         Ownership                              Managing Agency/Institute
                          Federal Lands (continued)
                             13. Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)        USDOI                                           USFWS
                             14. Great Falls National Park (portions of)                          USDOI                                           USNPS
                             15. James River National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)               USDOI                                           USFWS
                             16. Manassas Nat'l Battlefield Park (portions of)                    USDOI                                           USNPS
                             17. Marumsco National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)                  USDOI                                           USFWS
                             18. Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge (portions oo                 USDOI                                           USFWS
                             19. Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)                 USDOI                                           USFWS
                             20. North Landing River Islands (portions of)                        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                    ACOE, TNC-VAFO
                             21. Petersburg Nat'l Battlefield Park (portions oo                   USDOI                                           USNPS
                             22. Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)          USDOI                                           USFWS
                             23. Presquile National Wildlife Refuge (portions of)                 USDOI                                           USFWS
                             24. Prince William Forest Park                                       USDOT                                           USNPS
                             25.* Goddard Space Flight Ctr/Wallops Flight Facility (portions oo   Nat'l Aeronautics and Space Administration      Nat'l Aeronautics and Space Administration

                          Local Lands
                               1. Grafton Ponds Natural Area Preserve                             City of Newport News                            City of Newport News/DCR
                               2. Grandview Beach Nature Preserve                                 City of Hampton                                 City of Hampton, Dept. of Recreation
                               3. Northwest River Park (portions of)                              City of Chesapeake                              Chesapeake Dept. of Recreation

                          University Lands
                               L* Blackwater Ecological Preserve                                  Brd of Visitors, Old Dominion Univ. (ODU)       ODU
                               2.* Goodwin Islands (National Estuarine Research Reserve)          Brd of Visitors, College of William and Mary    VIMS
                               3.* William and Mary College Woods (portions of)                   Brd of Visitors, College of William and Mary    College of William and Mary

                          Private Conservation Lands
                             L* Alexander Berger Memorial Sanctuary                               The Nature Conservancy (TNC)                    TNC-VA Field Office (VAFO)
                             2.* Catlett Islands (National Estuarine Research Reserve)            privately owned                                 Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
                             3.* Cumberland Marsh Preserve                                        TNC                                             TNC-VAFO
                             4.* Fraser Preserve                                                  TNC                                             TNC-VAFO
                             5.* Magothy Bay Natural Area                                         TNC                                             TNC-VA Coast Reserve
                             6.* New Point Comfort Preserve                                       TNC                                             TNC-VAFO
                             7.* North Landing River Preserve                                     TNC                                             TNC-VAFO
                             8.* Northwest River Preserve                                         TNC                                             TNC-VAFO
                             9.* Orange Grove Preserve (TNC Managed Area)                         privately owned                                 TNC-VAFO
                             10.* Owens Marsh Preserve                                            privately owned                                 TNC-VAFO
                             11.* Sweet Hall Marsh (National Estuarine Research Reserve)          privately owned                                 VIMS
                             12.* Virginia Coast Reserve                                          TNC                                             TNC-VA Coast Reserve

                    (Access to Natural Areas marked with an asterisk (*) is by PERMISSION ONLY from the managing agency listed.)






                                                                                           MANAGED NATURAL AREAS WITHIN VIRGINIA'S COASTAL ZONE
                                                                                  4
                                                                                           14


                                                                            Fairfax
                                                                                           F.1    limit
                                                            16                             Co.                                                                                                                   0
                                                            P.t


                                                            Prince Williana

                                                                                           7    18
                                                                                           17                                                                                                               0
                                                                              B24          10




                                                             Stafford



                                                                                                 3
                                                               F    r tsburg               KlngGeorge                                                   Virginia's Coastal Resource Management Area


                                           SPOLSYlMle a

                                                                                     NJ                           Westmoreland


                                                                      Caro,11.0


                                                                                                                           Richmond
                                                                                                            Essex                                                                                                                                                 4
                                                                                                                                                        NorEhumber &act

                                                                                                                                                             2                                                                                        25

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0
                                                            Hanover                  King Willima                 King & Queen                          Ln@ost-                                                  14   C@
                                                                                                     10           9                                                               cHESA PEA YE                            Ac@omac


                                                                                                                                               Middlesex                                   BA r
                                                              Richmond                                     3

                                                                                           A,       Now Kent
                                                                                                                                               Gloucester       Matthews                                                    00
                                                                                                                                  2                                                                        LhMPLM                 12
                                                   Chesterfield
                                                                                           23   Charles City                         York
                                                                    00 1 HeIgh @           It  is       9                James City      3     bU16     2                     6                                          19
                                                                          0      010                                                           5                 C:02                                   18
                                                                           21                                                                           4DI                                             5
                                                                                                                                   A,s         Newport                   22                        8
                                                                                                                  Sorry                             News               P0 used                        6
                                                                                                                                               Rf",                            2
                                                                                                                  4                                             Hampton


                                                                                     so$$"                                       Isle of Wight                           Norfolk

                                                                                                                                                             pb M


                                                                                                                            1                           19                           Virginia Beach

                                                                                                                                        Suffolk                    Chesapeake
                                                KEY                                                                                                           13
                                                                                                                                                                                   3db    12    20
                                      State Lands (DCR, DGIF)                                                                                                                    8"                             36

                                      Federal Lands (DoD. NPS. ACOE, FWS)

                                      Local Lands

                                      University Lands
                                      Private Conservation Lands                                                                      Map by: VA Dept. of Conservation & Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage 2/95






  0           Natural Area Source Book:










                       III. Guide to Agencies, Organizations, Academic Institutions and

                                  Individuals Knowledgeable about Specific Resources, or

                                  Natural Area Protection and Management.
  is











                                                                       11












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



                                                 CONTACT / RESOURCE DIRECTORY


             Listed below are some agencies, organizations, academic institutions and individuals that may be knowledgeable
             about natural area protection, management and/or specific resources. These are broadly grouped under the
             following headings: Chesapeake Bay/Coastal Resources Protection; Forestry; Land and Resource
             Conservation and Environmental Advocacy; Local and Regional Planning; Natural Resource Identification
             and Conservation; Recreation; Regulation; Research and Education; Soil and Water Conservation;
             Wetlands Planning, Regulation and Conservation; followed by a list of Resource Experts. Certainly, this
             directory cannot possibly include all pertinent contacts and resources available within the coastal zone area, and
             is intended only as a guide.

                                   CHESAPEAKE BAY / COASTAL RESOURCES PROTECTION


             Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc.
             mission/assistance: The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc. is a coalition of environmentalists, business
             representatives, government officials, sports enthusiasts and others who are working together to protect a
             priceless resource, the Chesapeake Bay.
             contact: staff                                                 (804) 775-0951

             Chesapeake Bay Foundation
             mission/assistance: Chesapeake Bay Foundation's mission is to "Save the Bay". The foundation offers
             programs on land management, land conservation, water quality protection, wetlands protection, and
             environmental education.
             contact: staff, Chesapeake Bay Foundation                      (804) 780-1392

             Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department (CBLAD)
             mission/assistance: The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department is to protect the
             Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries from pollution caused by the use and development of land. To achieve this,
             the Department will serve the citizens of the Commonwealth by working in partnership with local governments
             to implement programs that protect and improve water quality, while supporting a healthy economy and other
             public policy objectives. CBLAD provides technical assistance in the areas of regulatory interpretation,
             nonpoint source pollution control, site design issues, and comprehensive planning for water quality protection.
             contact: Scott Kudlas, Chief of Planning Assistance            (804) 243-7229
                      C. Scott Crafton, Chief of Regulatory Assistance (804) 371-7503
                     (Or use the 800 number: (800) 243-7229)

             Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia (Virginia Institute of Marine Science)
             mission/assistance: Chesapeake Bay NERR's mission in Virginia is to protect the Bay's natural resources, to
             conduct estuarine research that will aid coastal decision making, and to make a significant contribution to
             estuarine education in Virginia.
             contact: manager                                               (804) 642-7135

             United States Army Corps of Engineers
             mission: The USACOE provides safe navigation along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and protection of
             Natural Resources under the Corps ownership.
             contact: Andrew Reid                                           (804) 441-7641




                                                                      12












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            United States Department of Coast Guard, Fifth Coast Guard District
            contact: Gary L. Ott                                       (804) 898-2320

            Virginia Cooperative Extension - Chesapeake Bay Programs
            mission/assistance: Virginia Cooperative Extension, Chesapeake Bay Program's mission is to coordinate and to
            provide educational programs with local extension agents, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, and others on
            ways to reduce non-point source pollution from reaching the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
            contact: Randall F. Shank, Chesapeake Bay Education Coordinator (804) 371-8884

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
            Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Non-point Source Programs
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
            contact: James W. Cox                                      (804) 786-3957

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
            Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Rivers and Shores
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
            contact: L.S. Button                                       (804) 371-7536

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
            Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Urban Programs
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
            contact: J. Michael Flagg                                  (804) 786-39S9

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Shoreline
            Programs Section, Shoreline Erosion Advisory Service
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. Assistance can
            be provided as education and technical assistance to private properties, government agencies or the general
            public on shoreline erosion, shoreline erosion control and coastal zone management.
            contact: Lee Hill                                          (804) 642-7121

            Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
            mission/assistance: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's mission is to protect the environment of
            Virginia in order to promote the health and well-being of the Commonwealth's citizens.
            contact: Larry Minock (Coordinator of Interstate Chesapeake Bay Programs) (804) 762-4320

            Virginia Institute of Marine Science
            The College of William and Mary - School of Marine Science
            mission/assistance: The School of Marine Science is one of four professional graduate schools of the College of
            William and Mary. The objective of the educational program is to provide a fertile and stimulating learning
            environment for students preparing for careers in marine science.
            contact: Berch Smithson                                    (804) 642-7382









                                                                13












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VM1RC)
             mission/assistance: Virginia Marine Resources Commission holds regulatory jurisdiction over all commercial
             and sports fishing, marine fish, marine shellfish, and marine organisms in the tidal waters of Virginia. VMRC
             holds permit jurisdiction on all projects involving use of state owned submerged lands and authority over use or
             development in vegetated and non-vegetated tidal wetlands and coastal primary sand dunes.
             contact: Robert Grabb, Tony Watkinson                        (804) 247-2250



                                                               FORESTRY


             Virginia Department of Forestry
             mission/assistance: The Virginia Department of Forestry's mission is to maintain a forest resource to meet the
             needs of the Commonwealth. The VADOF can provide technical assistance to private landowners to assist with
             management of natural resources, and leadership to help protect water quality associated with forest activity.
             The VADOF enforces the Forest Water Quality Law, and provides assistance with community forest projects.
             The VADOF also provides rural fire protection and control, assistance with marketing forest products,
             reforestation, pest management and other environmental concerns. Biological identification, protection,
             silvicultural prescription, and forest management can be handled with in-house experts or referral.
             contact: James Starr, Headquarters                  (804) 977-6555 Charlottesville
                     John Carroll, Region 1                      (804) 834-2300 Waverly
                     William Saunders, Region 2                  (804) 443-2211 Tappahannock

             Virginia Forestry Association (VFA)
             mission/assistance: The mission of the Virginia Forestry Association is the promotion of stewardship and wise
             use of our forest resource by landowners and the forest industry, for the economic and environmental benefits
             of all Virginians.
             contact: Paul R. Howe, Exec. Dir.                   (804) 741-0836



                       LAND AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCACY


             American Farmland Trust
             contact: Dennis Bidwell, Director of Land Protection         (202) 659-5170

             American Fisheries Society, Virginia Chapter
             mission/assistance: The American Fisheries Society's mission is to promote the conservation, development, and
             wise utilization of fisheries, both recreational and commercial. The Virginia Chapter is affiliated with American
             Fisheries Society Headquarters.
             contact: Michael C. Odom                                     (703) 332-9210

             Back Bay Restoration Foundation
             P.O. Box 868, VA Beach, VA 23451
             contact: Joy Eliassen, Pres.                                 (804) 427-0685

             Cape Henry Audubon Society
             contact: president, or exec. board member                    (804) 622-0372




                                                                    14












              Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



              Center for Plant Conservation
              mission/assistance: The Center for Plant Conservation's mission is conserving rare and endangered plants of
              the United States through cultivation and research. The Center for Plant Conservation is a national organization
              headquartered at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis and governed by an independent national Board of
              Trustees.
              contact: staff                                               (314) 577-9450


              Citizens for a Better Eastern Shore
              Northampton County Chapter, P.O. Box 882, Eastville, VA 23347
              contact: Suzanne Westcoat, President

              Conservation Council of Virginia (CCVA)
              mission/assistance: CCVA provides a dynamic forum in which to coordinate development and promotion of
              effective policies for the sustainable use and preservation of our natural resources. The council is a broad
              coalition of organizations and individuals concerned with conservation opportunities in the Commonwealth.
              contact: staff    CCVA, PO Box 106, Richmond, VA 23201


              The Conservation Fund
              mission/assistance: The Conservation Fund collaborates with private and public partners to save land. A
              nonprofit organization, the Fund is dedicated to advancing land conservation in America with creative ideas and
              new resources. The Fund provides specialized skills and services ranging from land planning and acquisition to
              ecological assessment and communications support.
              contact: Patrick F. Noonan, President                        (703) 525-6300

              Elizabeth River Project
              contact: Maxjorie Mayfield, President                        (804) 625-3648

              Friends of Back Bay Refuge
              contact: Molly Brown, President (c/o Back Bay Nat'l Wildlife Refuge) (804) 721-2412

              Friends of the Rappahannock
              contact: president, exec. board member                       (703) 373-3448

              Historic Rivers Land Conservancy
              contact: Carolyn Lowe                                        (804) 565-3167

              James River Association
              mission/assistance: The James River Association works for the preservation of the scenic, environmental,
              historical and recreational characteristics of the James River watershed in our area, consistent with orderly
              economic development.
              contact: Patti Jackson                                       (804) 730-1921

              IGptopeke Environmental Station, Research & Education Laboratory (IKESTREL)
              missionlassistance: KESTREL is a non-profit foundation focusing attention on the migration of birds and
              insects on Virginia's Eastern Shore. The goals of KESTREL are to contribute to the understanding of bird and
              insect migration by, 1) promoting, organizing, directing and financially supporting studies, 2) producing
              educational materials and 3) serving as a resource for information.
              contact: Bill Williams, President                      15    (804) 253-6779 or (804) 229-6095












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


             The Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers Association
             mission/assistance: The Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers Association is dedicated to preservation of the history,
             ecology, scenic values, recreation and economy of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers.
             contact: Billy Mills                                          (804) 775-0951

             National Wilderness Institute (NWI)
             contact: staff                                                (703) 836-7404


             Natural Areas Association
             mission/assistance: The Natural Areas Association's mission is to advance the preservation of natural diversity.
             The association works to inform, unite, and support persons engaged in identi@@ing, protecting, managing, and
             studying natural areas and biological diversity.
             contact: staff                                                (314) 878-7850 (815) 964-6666

             The Nature Conservancy (Virginia Field Office)
             mission/assistance: The Nature Conservancy's mission is to preserve plants, animals and natural communities
             that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. Land
             protection strategies, land management.
             contact: Michael Lipford, Director - Judy Dunscomb Dir. of Science and Stewardship               (804) 295-6106

             The Nature Conservancy (Virginia Coast Reserve)
             mission/assistance: The Nature Conservancy's mission is to preserve plants, animals and natural communities
             that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The
             Virginia Coast Reserve is a barrier island wilderness area containing some 45,000 acres of sandy beaches, salt
             marsh, and adjacent upland along the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The Reserve is recognized as one of the most
             important privately held natural areas in America, and has been designated by the United Nations as a World
             Biosphere Reserve in recognition of its great ecological value.
             contact: John M. Hall, Director - Barry Truitt, Dir. of Science and Stewardship         (804) 442-3049

             Northern Neck Chapter of the Audubon Society
             contact: Porter Kier                                          (804) 529-6071

             Northumberland Association for Progressive Stewardship (NAPS)
             mission/assistance: NAPS is a non-profit, non-partisan Virginia public service organization dedicated to the
             orderly growth and environmental welfare of Northumberland County.
             contact: Michael S. Harwood                                   (804) 580-4801


             Piedmont Environmental Council
             mission/assistance: Piedmont Environmental Council is a nonprofit organization formed to conserve natural
             resources and the pastoral landscape of a nine-county region of the Northern Virginia Piedmont. Public
             education and services to public officials and citizens, covering: land use; farmland retention; open space
             conservation; historic preservation; and rural planning legislation. Active statewide and federally on rural
             conservation issues.
             contact: Charles S. Whitehouse                                (703) 347-2334

             Richmond Audubon Society
             contact: president or exec. board member                      (804) 257-0813


                                                                     16













              Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



              Southeastern Association for Virginia's Environment (SAVE)
              mission/assistance: SAVE is a coalition of concerned individuals, organizations and businesses dedicated to the
              preservation and protection of the total environment of the southeastern region of Virginia. Through unified and
              concerted efforts, this coalition believes that they can make a difference in the policies and attitudes that will
              shape the environment and quality of life for generations to come.
              contact: Sue Carlyle, President                                (804) 481-2538

              The Trust for Public Land
              mission/assistance: The Trust for Public Land is a national nonprofit land conservation organization that
              protects land as a living resource for present and future generations. A problem-solving organization, TPL
              helps communities, public agencies and nonprofit organizations acquire and protect open space. TPL shares
              knowledge of nonprofit land acquisition processes and pioneers methods of land conservation and evironmentally
              sound land use.
              contact: Debi Lee Osborne, Director, Chesapeake Lands Project           (202) 543-7552

              Virginia Chapter of the Wildlife Society
              contact: staff                                                 (804) 2964731

              Virginia Environmental Endowment
              mission/assistance: Virginia Environmental Endowment (VEE) is a nonprofit grantmaking corporation whose
              purpose is to improve the quality of the environment. VEE funds programs aimed at creating economically-
              viable, ecologically-sustainable communities, preventing pollution, conserving natural resources, and providing
              environmental education.
              contact: Gerald P. McCarthy, Executive Director                (804) 644-5000

              Virginia Environmental Network
              contact: staff                                                 (804) 644-0283

              Virginia Herpetological Society
              408 Franklin Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060
              contact: Ron Southwick


              Virginia Native Plant Society
              mission/assistance: The VNTPS and chapters throughout Virginia seek to further appreciation and conservation
              of Virginia's wild plants and habitats. Programs emphasize public education, protection of endangered species,
              habitat preservation, and encouragement of appropriate landscape use of native plants. Includes both amateurs
              and professionals.
              contact: Nicky Staunton                                        (703) 368-9803

              Virginia Nurserymen's Association, Inc.
              mission/assistance: The mission of the Virginia Nurserymen's Association is to enhance the development of
              professional nurserymen, to assist in improving efficiency and profitability of the profession, and to represent
              and promote the nursery industry to the Commonwealth and the Nation.
              contact: Jeffrey B. Miller, Exec. Dir.                         (703) 382-0943



                                                                                                                                            io
                                                                       17












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Virginia Outdoors Foundation
             mission/assistance: The Virginia Outdoors Foundation's mission is to preserve Virginia's natural scenic,
             historic, scientific, open space and recreational areas by means of private philanthropy. The Foundation accepts
             gifts of cash, stock, real property or open spaces easements to achieve its purpose.
             contact: Virginia E. McConnell, Director                      (804) 786-5539

             Virginia Society of Ornithology
             mission/assistance: The VSO concentrates on all aspects of the birds of VA. Recent major activities include
             collaboration with state agencies on large field research projects, a long-term banding operation on the Eastern
             Shore, and field trips to bird hot spots. The VSO also publishes a semiannual journal, a quarterly newsletter,
             and books on Virginia's birds. Additionally, the VSO provides an annual conservation award and a biannual
             research grant to people involved with the birds of the Commonwealth. This is a statewide organization with 24
             local chapters.
             contact: Bill Akers, President                                (804) 330-3289
                    Thelma Dalmas                                          (804) 239-2730

             Virginia Zoological Society
             contact: staff                                                (804) 624-9937


             Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Council
             mission/assistance: The Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Council is a non-profit, non-lobbying organization of
             representatives from conservation and environmental groups as well as corporate America. The Council's
             unique and innovative purpose is to promote and nuture the enhancement of corporate property - representing
             about one-quarter of private U.S. land - for the benefit of wildlife. In addition to helping wildlife, Council-
             supported activities focus on "the human dimension. " Citizens, employees, managers, conservationists, state
             and federal agency personnel and community groups work together to protect wildlife while enhancing
             relationships with one another. 1010 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1240, Silver Spring, MD 20910
             contact: staff



                                                 LOCAL AND REGIONAL PLANNING


             Accomack - Northampton Planning District Commission
             mission/assistance: The Accomack-Northampton Planning District Commission's mission is to promote the
             orderly and efficient development of the physical, social and economic elements of the District [Accomack and
             Northampton Counties and 19 incorporated towns], through regional planning and encouraging and assisting
             governmental subdivision to plan for the future. The PDC maintains or has access to a variety of data and
             information resources.
             contact: James M. McGowan                                     (804) 787-2936

             Caroline County Department of Planning and Community Development
             mission/assistance: The Caroline County Department of Planning and Community Development's mission is to
             implement and enforce all environmental regulations. Staff are available to answer environmental/planning
             questions with regard to Caroline County.
             contact: Andrea K. Hornung                                    (804) 633-4303

             Charles City County Planning Department
             contact: staff, Planning Department                      19   (804) 829-9217













            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department
            contact: Donna E. Cesan                                    (804) 371-7504

            Chesterfield County Planning Department
            mission/assistance: The Chesterfield County Planning Department undertakes long and short range planning for
            land use and development.
            contact: Thomas E. Jacobson, Director                      (804) 748-1050

            City of Alexandria Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (703) 838-4666

            City of Chesapeake, Department of PI
            mission/assistance: As per the Chesapeake City Charter, the Planning Dept. has the following responsibilities:
            to prepare a comprehensive plan and its continued review and revision; to advise the City Manager on
            implementation of the comprehensive plan and other matters affecting physical development of the City; to
            prepare other reports, studies, and evaluations as required by the City Manager; and to advise the Planning
            Commission in the exercise of its responsibilities and in connection therewith to provide necessary staff
            assistance. This office deals with various natural resource matters since they often are relevant issues to land
            use and development. This office is a source for various types of information, such as maps, aerial
            photographs, studies, and information on local resource management programs, as well as information dealing
            with land use and development.
            contact: L. Lee Dydin, Planner                             (804) 547-6176
            City of Colonial Heights Planning Department                                                                            0
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 520-9275

            City of Falls Church Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (703) 241-5040

            City of Hampton Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 727-6132

            City of Hopewell, Department of Development
            contact: Milton Martin                                     (804) 541-2220

            City of Newport News, Department of Planning
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 247-8428

            City of Norfolk Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 441-2375

            City of Petersburg Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 733-2308

            City of Poquoson Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 968-3535



                                                                19












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            City of Portsmouth Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                         (804) 393-8836

            City of Richmond, Dept. of Community Development, Div. of Comprehensive Planning
            mission/assistance: The Department of Community Development's mission is to plan, promote, coordinate and
            implement a coherent structure for the maintenance and development of the social and physical environment to
            enhance the life of the current and future citizens of the City of Richmond.
            contact: staff, Dept. of Community Development              (804) 780-6335

            City of Virginia Beach Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                         (804) 427-4621

            City of Williamsburg, Department of Planning
            contact: Reed Nester                                        (804) 220-6130

            Crater Planning District Commission
            mission/assistance: The Crater Planning District Commission's mission is to promote the orderly and efficient
            development of the physical, social and economic elements of the Planning District.
            contact: Dennis K. Morris, Executive Director               (804) 861-1666

            Essex County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                         (804) 443-2434

            Fairfax County, Office of Comprehensive Planning
            mission/assistance: The Fairfax County, Office of Comprehensive Planning's mission is to prepare and
            interpret policies and ordinances to ensure that environmental protection and ecological resource conservation
            objectives are met as a function of the development process.
            contact: staff, Environment and Development Review Branch           (703) 324-1380

            Gloucester County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                         (804) 693-4040

            Hampton Roads Planning District Commission
            mission/assistance: The HRPDC is responsible for regional planning and problem solving in the functional
            areas of Physical and Environmental Planning, Transportation, Economics, Legislative and Information Services
            and Human Resources. It provides a forum for the elected and appointed officials of the region's local
            governments to address common problems and opportunities. The HRPDC compiles information and completes
            technical studies in each of its functional responsibilities. Through an extensive Committee structure, the
            HRPDC facilitates information exchange among the localities, state and federal agencies and the private sector.
            Consensus approaches are developed for consideration by the Commission. The Commission includes the Cities
            of Chesapeake, Franklin, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach
            and Williamsburg, and the Counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Southampton and York.
            contact: Arthur L. Collins, Executive Director/Secretary                    (804) 420-8300
                     John M. Carlock, Director of Physical and Environmental Planning (804) 420-8300

            Hanover County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                         (804) 537-6171



                                                                  20













             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Henrico County Planning Office
             mission/assistance: The Henrico County Planning Office's mission is to prepare the general plans for charting
             the future development of the County. Development of such plans requires analysis of the physical
             environment, existing land use conditions, economic market realities, and the availability of public services.
             The Planning Office also reviews specific development proposals to assure conformity with the appropriate
             County ordinances.
             contact: Audrey Anderson, County Planner                   (804) 672-4602

             Isle of Wight County Planning Department
             contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 357-3191

             James City County Planning Department
             mission/assistance: The James City County Planning Department's mission is to provide analysis of planning
             activities related to public facilities, utilities, transportation and land use. This department assists in the creation
             and achievement of community goals and visions and manage development activities in a way that focuses on
             achievement of those goals and visions.
             contact: Wayland Bass, County Engineer                     (804) 253-6671

             King and Queen County Planning Department
             contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 785-6272

             King George County Planning Department
             contact: staff, Planning Department                        (703) 775-7111

             IGng William County, Department of Community Development
             contact: Dennis W. Carrey                                  (804) 769-4933

             Lancaster County, Virginia, Department of Planning and Land Use
             contact: G. Cabell Lawton, IV                              (804) 462-5220

             Mathews County, Department of Planning and Zoning
             mission/assistance: This department can provide information regarding local land use.
             contact: Ted Costin, AICP                                  (804) 725-4034

             Middlesex County Planning Department
             contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 758-3382

             Middle Peninsula Planning District Commission
             mission/assistance: Middle Peninsula Planning District Commission is a regional planning agency serving
             middle peninsula localities in land use, environmental, transportation, housing, and economic development
             issues.
             contact: Jim Uzel, Environmental Programs Coordinator      (804) 750-2311








                                                                  21












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            New Kent County Planning Department
            mission/assistance: New Kent County Planning Department's mission is to encourage well planned, orderly
            growth as a means to meet the physical, economic, and social needs of county residents. To preserve and
            protect the natural environment while permiting development to occur in a manner consistent with the capacity
            of land to handle development.
            contact: staff, New Kent County Planning Department        (804) 966-9690

            Northampton County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 678-0443

            Northern Neck Planning District Commission
            contact: Randy Wingfield, Planning District Commission     (804) 529-7400

            Northumberland County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 580-4342

            Prince George County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 733-2608

            Prince William County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (703) 792-6830

            Rappahannock Area Development Comission (RADCO Planning District)
            mission/assistance: The RADCO Planning District's mission is to promote long-range planning of
            environmental, physical, social, economic and transportation elements in the District. RADCO staff could assist
            a natural area resource manager by coordinating between that manager and local governments to enhance their
            relationship through regional support. Staff could bring issues affecting the natural area to the attention of
            decision-makers and allow for discussion of those issues. RADCO staff could also provide assistance on
            various projects and increase awareness among the public of the natural area as an asset to the region.
            contact: Stephen Manster, Executive Director - Sandra Rives-Swope, Env. Planner     (703) 373-2890

            Richmond County Planning Department
            mission/assistance: This department serves as planning and land use program administrator for Richmond
            County. Duties include inventory and analysis of natural resources.
            contact: William E. Duncanson                              (804) 333-3415

            Richmond Regional Planning District Commission
            mission/assistance: The Richmond Regional Planning District Commission's mission is to plan physical, social
            and economic development of the district.
            contact: Mr. Larry McCarty                                 (804) 3S8-3684

            Southampton County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (804) 653-3008

            Spotsylvania County Planning Department
            contact: staff, Planning Department                        (703) 582-7146




                                                                  22












              Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


              Stafford County Planning Department
              contact: staff, Planning Department                           (703) 371-4614

              Surry County Planning Department
              contact: staff, Planning Department                           (804) 294-5210

              Westmoreland County Planning Department
              contact: staff, Planning Department                           (804) 493-0120

              York County Department of Community Development
              mission/assistance: York County Dept. of Community Development's mission is implementation of York
              County's Comp. Plan by ensuring that development which does occur is in accordance with the County's rural
              character and is consistent with the carrying capacity of the land.
              contact: Cynthia S. Taylor                                    (804) 890-3525



                                 NATURAL RESOURCE IDENTMCATION AND CONSERVATION


              Department of Nnes, Nnerals and Energy
              contact: staff                                                (800) 552-3831

              Goddard Space Flight Center/Wallops Flight Facility (GSFC/WFF)
              National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center/Wallops Flight Facility,
              GSFC/WFF Environmental Branch, Wallops Island, VA 23337-5099
              contact: Pamela Whitman, Resource Manager                     (804) 824-2137

              United States Department of Defense, Fort A.P. Hill Military Reservation
              Fort A. P. Hill Military Reservation, Bowling Green, VA 22427
              contact: John Phillips, Resource Manager                      (804) 633-8255

              United States Department of Defense, Fort Belvoir Military Reservation
              Fort Belvoir Military Reservation, Fort BeIvoir, VA 22060-5113
              contact: Dorothy Keough, Resource Manager                     (703) 355-7968

              United States Department of Defense, Fort Lee Tffilitary Reservation
              Directorate of Public Works, Bldg. 6205 (ATZM-EMO), Fort Lee, VA 23801-5200
              contact: Carol Anderson, Resource Manager                     (804) 765-4803

              United States Department of Defense, Fort Story Nfilitary Reservation
              Fort Story Military Reservation, c/o Resource Manager, Fort Eustis, Fort Eustis, VA 23604-5000
              contact: Tony Rizzio, Resource Manager                        (804) 878-4123









                                                                      23












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
            mission/assistance: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's mission is to conserve, protect, and enhance the
            nation's fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The service can
            provide Natural Areas managers with information on all Federal environmental laws and programs; natural
            resource management and restoration techniques; endangered and rare species; environmental contaminants; and
            sources of environmental education.
            contact: Virginia Field Office - Karen L. Mayne                       (804) 693-6694
            Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge - Joseph F. McCauley                (804) 721-2412
            Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge - John D. Schroer               (804) 336-6122
            Eastern Shore of VA National Wildlife Refuge - Sherman W. Stairs      (804) 331-2760
            Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge - J. Frederick Milton, Jr.      (703) 690-1297
            Fisherman's Island National Wildlife Refuge - Sherman W. Stairs       (804) 331-2760
            Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge - Lloyd A. Culp, Jr.      (804) 986-3706
            James River National Wildlife Refuge - Barry G. Brady                 (804) 733-8042
            Marumsco National Wildlife Refuge - J. Frederick Milton, Jr.          (703) 690-1297
            Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge - J. Frederick Milton, Jr.        (703) 690-1297
            Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge - Lloyd A. Culp, Jr.               (804) 986-3706
            Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge - Lloyd A. Culp, Jr.        (804) 986-3706
            Presquile National Wildlife Refuge - Barry G. Brady                   (804) 733-8042

            U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office
            mission/assistance: The National Park Service's mission is to preserve and protect the natural resources for the
            enjoyment of all visitors and for future generations.
            contact:
            Mid-Atlantic Regional Office - Dave Reynolds, Chief, Branch of Natural Resource Management (215) 597-5372
            Mid-Atlantic Regional Office - Denise Cooke, Coord. for Air, Water and Endangered Species (215) 597-9978
            Assateague Island National Seashore - Carl Zimmerman, Natural Resources Manager         (410) 641-1441
            Colonial National Historic Park - Chuck Rafkind, Natural Resources Manager              (804) 898-8677
            Fredericksburg National Battlefield Park - Susan Alberts                                (703) 373-0834
            George Washington Birthplace - Natural Resources Manager                                (804) 224-2142
            George Washington Memorial Parkway - Natural Resources Manager                          --- --- ----
            Great Falls National Park - Dwight Madison, Park Manager                                (703) 285-2965
            Manassas National Battlefield Park - Natural Resources Manager                          (703) 754-7107
            Petersburg National Battlefield Park - Ray Ahlbrandt, Natural Resources Manager         (804) 732-3531
            Prince William Forest Park - Natural Resources Manager                                  (703) 221-7181
            Richmond National Battlefield Park - Mike Bristow, Natural Resources Manager            (804) 226-1981

            Virginia Academy of Science (VAS), Archaeology Section
            mission/assistance: The VAS, Archaeology Section disseminates information concerning archaeology in
            Virginia. (Attn: Dennis Blanton, c/o Dept. of Anthropology, College of William and Mary.)
            contact: Dennis B. Blanton                                   (804) 221-2584








 0                                                                 24













             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Virginia Department of Game and hdand Fisheries
             missionlassistance: Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries' mission is to manage Virginia's wildlife
             and inland fish to maintain optimum populations of all species to serve the needs of the Commonwealth.
             contact: Wildlife -        Bob Duncan, Chief                             (804) 367-6878
                                        Glen Askins, Regional Manager                 (804) 253-4180
                                        Rick Busch, Regional Manager                  (804) 899-4169
                  Fisheries -           Gary Martel, Chief                            (804) 367-1004
                                        Mitchell Norman, Regional Manager             (804) 424-6719
                                        John Kauffman, Regional Manager               (804) 296-4731
             Nongame Program -          Karen Terwilliger, Nongame Biologist          (804) 367-1000
                                        Mike Pinder, Aquatic Nongame Biologist        (703) 951-6992
             Fish and Wildlife Info. System - Rebecca K. WaJda                        (804) 367-8351
             Environmental Services - Raymond T. Fernald                              (804) 367-8364

             Virginia Department of Historic Resources
             mission/assistance: Virginia Department of Historic Resources's mission is to encourage the identification,
             evaluation, and preservation of Virginia's significant historical and cultural resources. Offers technical advice
             on preservation of historic structures and archaeological sites, and on compliance with state and federal
             preservation regulations. Arranges artifact loans and provides design assistance for educational exhibits as well
             as assistance to teachers seeking to include historic preservation in their curricula.
             contact: David Dutton, Project Review Division                           (804) 786-3143
                    Catherine Slusser, Director, Technical Assistance Division        (804) 786-4143

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage
             mission/assistance: Department of Conservation and Recreation's (DCR) mission is to conserve Virginia's
             natural and recreational resources. DCR's Division of Natural Heritage works to inventory and conserve
             Virginia's biological diversity. The Division produces an inventory of Virginia's natural diversity, provides
             information on rare, threatened and endangered species and natural environments to citizens of the
             Commonwealth. DCR conserves natural areas through a variety of protection tools, and implements model
             programs for the stewardship of Virginia's natural heritage resources.
             contact: Thomas L. Smith, Division Director                    (804) 786-7951
                    Leslie D. Trew, Inventory Program Manager               (804) 371-6206
                    Larry R. Smith, Natural Areas Program Manager           (804) 371-6205
                    Caren A. Caljouw, Stewardship Coordinator               (804) 371-6204
                    Steve Carter-Lovejoy, Information Manager               (804) 786-8377
                    Lesa S. Berlinghoff, Project Review Coordinator         (804) 371-2708

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of State Parks
             mission: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division of State
             Parks works to protect, conserve and manage significant state natural, recreational, historical and cultural
             resources and to provide recreational and educational services, opportunities and facilities consistent with needs
             of Virginians and their guests.
             contact: Resource Manager - Theresa Duffey                     (804) 786-5053

             Virginia Farm Bureau Federation
             contact: staff                                                 (804) 784-1374




                                                                      25













            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



                                                            RECREATION


            Accomack County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: William Allen                                       (804) 787-3900

            Alexandria Department of Recreation, Parks & Cultural Activities
            contact: Richard Kauffman                                    (703) 838-4842

            Arlington Co. Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Resources
            contact: Alice Foster                                        (703) 358-3323

            Caroline County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Donnell Howard                                      (804) 633-7277

            Charles City County Department of Parks and Recreation
            contact: Darrell Crittendon                                  (804) 829-9227

            City of Chesapeake, Parks, Recreation and Building Maintenance Department
            mission/assistance: The Chesapeake Parks, Recreation and Building Maintenance Department's mission is to
            provide opportunities and facilities to serve the leisure needs of citizens year round to include: leisure program
            classes, athletic programs, special events, senior programs, handicap programs, and to maintain the buildings,
            parks and recreational fields for those programs.
            contact: Park Planner                                        (804) 547-6411

            City of Chesapeake, Parks, and Recreation Department: Northwest River Park
            mission/assistance: Northwest River Park's mission is to provide passive recreational offerings to the citizens
            of Chesapeake and their guests; to provide protection and conservation of the park; and to provide protection of
            the habitat and sanctuary for its natural resources as well as educational programs about its environment.
            contact: W. N. Petree Manager, Northwest River Park          (804) 421-7151

            Chesterfield County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Mike Golden                                         (804) 748-1623

            Colonial Heights Recreation and Park Department
            contact: Sean E. Gleason                                     (804) 520-9390

            Essex County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Sylvia Allen                                        (804) 443-2470

            City of Fairfax Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Michael B. Cadwallader                              (703) 385-7858

            Fairfax County Department of Recreation and Community Services
            contact: W. Michael Kendrick                                 (703) 324-5501

            Fairfax County Park Authority
            contact: James Heberlein                                     (703) 246-5700



                                                                   26













            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            Falls Church Recreation and Parks Department
            contact: Howard E. Herman                                     (703) 241-5077

            Federal Lands-to-Parks Program (National Park Service)
            mission/assistance: Through the Federal Lands-to-Parks Program, State and local agencies may acquire land
            and facilities at no cost to meet park and recreation needs.
            contact: staff                                                (404) 331-2610

            Fredericksburg Recreation Department
            contact: Robert Antozzi                                       (703) 372-1088

            Fredericksburg-Stafford County Park Authority
            contact: Ray Grizzle                                          (703) 373-7909

            Gloucester County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Carol Steele                                         (804) 693-2355

            Hampton Department of Parks and Recreation
            contact: Elizabeth Walker                                     (804) 727-6347

            Hanover County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Brad Ashley                                          (804) 798-8062

            Henrico County Recreation and Parks Department
            contact: Tom Blekicki                                         (804) 672-5104

            City of Hopewell Department of Recreation and Parks
            contact: William Mitchell                                     (804) 541-2304

            Isle of Wight County Public Facilities Authority
            contact: Alan Nogiec                                          (804) 357-2291

            James City County Parks and Recreation
            contact: Needham Cheely, 111                                  (804) 229-5676

            Ying George Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Jo Turek                                             (703) 775-4386

            King William County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: Tim Smith                                            (804) 769-4928

            Mathews County Parks and Recreation Department
            contact: John Christopher                                     (804) 725-7171

            Nfiddlesex County Parks and Recreation
            contact: Beth Stilwagen                                       (804) 758-4330
                                                                                                                                           16
                                                                   27












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Newport News Department of Parks and Recreation
             contact: Ronald Burroughs                                    (804) 247-8451

             Norfolk Department of Parks and Recreation
             contact: Stanley A. Stein                                    (804) 441-2400

             Northampton County Parks and Recreation Department
             contact: Barry Randall                                       (804) 678-5179

             Northern VA Regional Park Authority
             contact: Darrell Winslow                                     (703) 352-5900

             Northumberland County Parks and Recreation Department
             contact: Angeline Sisson                                     (804) 580-8901

             Petersburg Recreation Department
             contact: Alan Archer                                         (804) 733-2394

             Poquoson Parks and Recreation
             contact: Art Thatcher                                        (804) 868-3580

             Portsmouth Parks and Recreation
             contact: L. Pettis Patton                                    (804) 393-8481

             Prince George County Department of Recreation and Parks
             contact: Barney Lee                                          (804) 733-2646

             Prince William County Park Authority
             contact: Peggy Delinocci                                     (703) 792-7060

             Richmond City Department of Recreation and Parks
             contact: Allison Baker                                       (804) 780-5715

             Stafford County Parks and Recreation Department
             contact: Michael Scott                                       (703) 7204871

             Suffolk Parks and Recreation
             contact: Dinesh Tiwari                                       (804) 925-6325

             Surry County Parks and Recreation Department
             contact: Earvin Jones                                        (804) 294-3044









                                                                    28












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office
            mission/assistance: The National Park Service's mission is to preserve and protect the natural resources for the
            enjoyment of all visitors and for future generations.
            contact:
            Mid-Atlantic Regional Office - Dave Reynolds, Chief, Branch of Natural Resource Management (215) 597-5372
            Mid-Atlantic Regional Office - Denise Cooke, Coord. for Air, Water and Endangered Species (215) 597-9978
            Assateague Island National Seashore - Carl Zimmerman, Natural Resources Manager         (410) 641-1441
            Colonial National Historic Park - Chuck Rafkind, Natural Resources Manager              (804) 898-8677
            Fredericksburg National Battlefield Park - Susan Alberts                                (703) 373-0834
            George Washington Birthplace - Natural Resources Manager                                (804) 224-2142
            George Washington Memorial Parkway - Natural Resources Manager                          (804) 224-2142
            Great Falls National Park - Dwight Madison, Park Manager                                (703) 285-2965
            Manassas National Battlefield Park - Natural Resources Manager                          (703) 754-7107
            Petersburg National Battlefield Park - Ray Ahlbrandt, Natural Resources Manager         (804) 732-3531
            Prince William Forest Park - Natural Resources Manager                                  (703) 221-7181
            Richmond National Battlefield Park - Mike Bristow, Natural Resources Manager            (804) 226-1981

            City of Virginia Beach, Department of Parks and Recreation
            mission/assistance: The Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation's mission, or QUEST (Quality,
            Unified vision, Effective leadership, Service, Team work) is to enhance the quality of life in Virginia Beach by
            responding to recreational needs of the community through parkland, facilities, and program services.
            contact: Ray A. Emerson, Parks Administrator - J. Barry Frankenfield, Parks and Rec. Planner (804) 563-1100

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Planning and Recreation Resources
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division
            of Planning and Recreation Resources provides planning, recreation and public access technical assistance. The
            Scenic Byways and Virginia Scenic Rivers Programs are within this division, which maintains a public access
            database for coastal Virginia. Visual resource assessments and evaluations are provided.
            contact: John Davy - Derral Jones - Janit Potter             (804) 786-2556

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of State Parks
            mission: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division of State
            Parks works to protect, conserve and manage significant state natural, recreational, historical and cultural
            resources and to provide recreational and educational services, opportunities and facilities consistent with needs
            of Virginians and their guests.
            contact: Resource Manager - Theresa Duffey                                              (804) 786-9025
            Belle Isle State Park - Timothy G. Shrader, 111                                         (804) 462-5030
            Caledon State Park and Natural Area - John R.   Zawatsky                                (703) 663-3861
            Chippokes Plantation State Park - Danette C. McAdoo                                     (804) 294-3625
            False Cape State Park - Bryan K. Anderson                                               (804) 426-7128
            George Washington Grist Mill Historical State Park - David F. Stapleton                 (703) 780-3383
            Kiptopeke State Park - Scott A. Flickinger                                              (804) 331-2267
            Lake Anna State Park - Douglas H. Graham                                                (703) 854-5503
            Leesylvania State Park - James A. Klakowicz                                             (703) 670-0372
            Mason Neck State Park - W. Jeff Foster                                                  (703) 550-0960
            Pocohontas State Park - Edward Swope                                                    (804) 7964255
            Seashore State Park and Natural Area - Fred Hazelwood, IV or Philip A. Koury            (804) 481-2131

                                                                   29












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Westmoreland State Park - Willie E. Bowen                                                   (804) 493-8821
             York River State Park - Stephanie Turner                                                    (804) 556-3036

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Volunteerism and Constituent Services
             mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
             contact: Karen F. Marcus, Director                              (804) 786-2294

             Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
             mission/assistance: Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries' mission is to provide opportunity for all
             to enjoy wildlife, inland fish, boating and related outdoor recreation.
             contact: Wildlife -        Bob Duncan, Chief                             (804) 367-6878
                                        Glen Askins, Regional Manager                 (804) 253-4180
                                        Rick Busch, Regional Manager                  (804) 899-4169
                   Fisheries -          Gary Martel, Chief                            (804) 367-1004
                                        Mitchell Norman, Regional Manager             (804) 424-6719
                                        John Kauffman, Regional Manager               (804) 296-4731
             Lands and engineering -    Jack Raybourne, Chief                         (804) 367-8864

             Virginia Recreation and Park Society (VRPS)
             mission/assistance: The Virginia Recreation and Park Society is a private, non-profit professional organization,
             founded in 1953 and incorporated in 1956. It's purpose is to unite all professionals, students and interested lay
             persons engaged in the field of recreation, parks and other leisure services in the Commonwealth of Virginia,
             into one body and to work together to promote and improve the profession in all its diversity. VRPS is
             affiliated with the National Recreation Park Association.
             contact: staff                                                  (804) 730-9447

             Westanoreland County Parks and Recreation
             contact: Alice Hutnyan                                          (804) 493-8163

             Williamsburg Department of Parks and Recreation
             contact: Paul Hudson                                            (804) 220-6170

             York County Division of Recreational Services
             contact: Cheryl Sonderman                                       (804) 890-3500



                                                                REGULATION


             Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department (CBLAD)
             mission/assistance: The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department is to protect the
             Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries from pollution caused by the use and development of land. To achieve this,
             the Department will serve the citizens of the Commonwealth by working in partnership with local governments
             to implement programs that protect and improve water quality, while supporting a healthy economy and other
             public policy objectives. CBLAD provides technical assistance in the areas of regulatory interpretation,
             nonpoint source pollution control, site design issues, and comprehensive planning for water quality protection.
             contact: Scott Kudlas, Chief of Planning Assistance             (804) 243-7229
                      C. Scott Crafton, Chief of Regulatory Assistance (804) 371-7503
 0                   (Or use the 800 number: (800) 243-7229)           30











             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


             North Carolina Department of Agriculture / Plant Conservation Program
             mission/assistance: North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Plant Conservation Program's mission is
             protection of endangered and threatened native plants. This is the legal listing agency for endangered and
             threatened plant species for North Carolina. It contributes to research, protection and habitat restoration for E
             & T species. Projects may cross state lines and range anywhere in the southeast, as long as the species is native
             to North Carolina. Contact person's research interests include presettlement vegetation of southeastern Virginia,
             presettlement fire ecology of Virginia.
             contact: Cecil Frost                                         (919) 733-3610

             United States Army Corps of Engineers
             mission: The USACOE administers the Clean Water Act, provides wetlands permitting, and provides safe
             navigation along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and protection of Natural Resources under the Corps
             ownership.
             contact : Col. Andrew M. Perkins, Jr.        Andrew Reid (804) 441-7641

             United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - Virginia Field Office
             mission/assistance: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's mission is to conserve, protect, and enhance the nation's
             fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. USFWS can provide
             Natural Areas managers with information on all Federal environmental laws and programs; natural resource
             management and restoration techniques; endangered and rare species; environmental contaminants; and sources
             of environmental education.
             contact: Karen L. Mayne                                      (804) 693-6694

             Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
             mission: Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services mission is protection, conservation and
             recovery of listed threatened and endangered plant and insect species, as well as the listing of these species as
             threatened or endangered.
             contact: John R. Tate                                        (804) 786-3515

             United States Department of Coast Guard
             contact: Gary L. Ott                                         (804) 898-2320

             Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
             mission/assistance: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's mission is to protect the environment of
             Virginia in order to promote the health and well-being of the Commonwealth's citizens.
             contact: Elizabeth Moran, Permit Manager                              (804) 762-4430
                     Jack Schubert, Air Toxics, Enforcement & Compliance           (804) 762-4303
                     Bob McEachem, Water Div. Enforcement and Compliance           (804) 762-4278

             Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
             mission/assistance: Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries mission is to manage Virginia's wildlife
             and inland fish to maintain optimum populations of all species to serve the needs of the Commonwealth.
             contact: Wildlife -       Bob Duncan, Chief                           (804) 367-6878
                                       Glen Askins, Regional Manager               (804) 253-4180
                                       Rick Busch, Regional Manager                (804) 899-4169
                  Fisheries -          Gary Martel, Chief                          (804) 367-1004
                                       Mitchell Norman, Regional Manager           (804) 424-6719



                                                                    31












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



                                     John Kauffman, Regional Manager          (804) 296-4731
            Nongame Program -        Karen Terwilliger, Nongame Biologist     (804) 367-1000
                                     Mike Pinder, Aquatic Nongame Biologist   (703) 951-6992
            Fish and Wildlife Info. System - Rebecca K. Wajda                 (804) 367-8351
            Environmental Services - Raymond T. Fernald                       (804) 367-8364

            Virginia Marine Resources Commission
            mission/assistance: This state agency holds regulatory jurisdiction over all commercial and sports fishing,
            marine fish, marine shellfish, and marine organisms in the tidal waters of Virginia. Holds permit jurisdiction
            on all projects involving use of state owned submerged lands and authority over use or development in vegetated
            and non-vegetated tidal wetlands and coastal primary sand dunes.
            contact: Robert Grabb                                     (804) 247-2250



                                                 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION


            Christopher Newport University, Biology Department
            contact: chair, Biology Department                        (804) 594-7126

            Center for Archaeological Research
            The College of William and Mary
            mission/assistance: This center provides consultation and research services in the areas of archaeology and
            architectural history, and more generally, historic preservation and cultural resource management.
            contact: Dennis B. Blanton, Donald W. Linebaugh           (804) 221-2580

            The Center for Conservation Biology
            The College of William and Mary
            mission/assistance: The Center for Conservation Biology is a non-profit organization dedicated to finding
            practical solutions to current environmental problems. To this end, its focus has been to integrate three
            complimentary disciplines: Research- staff conducts basic and applied research focused on the functioning of
            mid-Atlantic ecosystems. Staff at the center strives to select projects that not only fill information needs but
            also serve as catalysts to increase public awareness and stimulate related work within the region. Education-
            staff educates students and the public about the conservation and significance of our natural resources. The
            center also distributes significant research findings and information to assist resource planners and promote
            informed, responsible decision making. Management- staff initiates and develops comprehensive strategies for
            the conservation and preservation of mid-Atlantic resources and ecosystems. In addition, center staff assists
            local, state, and federal agencies in identifying the condition and distribution of sensitive coastal resources.
            contact: Dr. Bryan Watts, Director                        (804) 221-2247

            Herbarium, Department of Biology
            The College of William and Mary
            mission/assistance: The mission of the herbarium at the College of William and Mary is to build and maintain a
            collection of accurately identified plant specimens representing the vascular flora of the coastal plain of Virginia,
            in particular, and to a more limited extent, the flora of the southeastern United States. These specimens serve
            as a historical record of the flora as an aid in identifying "unknowns", and as data for research in plant
            systematics.
            contact: Donna M. E. Ware, Curator                        (804) 221-2213
 0                                                              32












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


            School of Marine Science - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
            The College of William and Mary
            mission/assistance: The School of Marine Science is one of four professional graduate schools of the College of
            William and Mary. The objective of the educational program is to provide a fertile and stimulating learning
            environment for students preparing for careers in marine science.
            contact: Berch Smithson                                       (804) 642-7382

            Eastern Shore Community College
            contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 787-5900

            histitute for Chesapeake Bay Studies
            contact: staff                                                (804) 633-7249

            J. Sergeant Reynolds Community College
            contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 371-3000

            John Tyler Community College
            contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 796-4031

            Mariner's Museum
            contact: staff                                                (804) 595-0369

            Maymont Foundation
            contact: staff                                                (804) 358-7166


            Norfolk Botanical Garden
            contact: staff                                                (804) 441-5803

            Old Dominion University - Department of Biological Sciences
            mission/assistance: Undergraduate and graduate education. Ecological research in a range of ecosystems and
            specialties (cave biota, marine benthic, wetland plants, mammals, reptiles, fishes, marine microbes, etc.)
            contact: Department of Biological Sciences                    (804) 683-3595

            State Arboretum of Virginia
            contact: staff                                                (703) 837-1758

            Tidewater Community College
            Geophysical Sciences and Biology Departments
            mission/assistance: Coastal Studies Program-primary course offerings in basic Oceanography, Geology, and
            Biology. Additional courses in Coastal Ecology, Wetlands Management, Water Quality, Principles of
            Underwater Research, Laboratory Techniques in Environmental Sciences. The program emphasizes a strong
            field and laboratory component. The acquisition of a research vessel in spring 1995 will allow greater
            flexibility and a host of new programs. Community - The department is also interested in any cooperative
            educational and research programs with agencies throughout the region.
            contact: Michael Lyle                                         (804) 427-7189
                    Fred Stemple, Jr.                                     (804) 427-7191




                                                                   33












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Thomas Nelson Community College
             contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 825-2898

             University of Richmond
             contact: Valerie Kish, Department of Biology                  (804) 289-8229

             Virginia Commonwealth University - Department of Biology
             contact: Leonard A. Smock, Chai                               (804) 828-1562

             Virginia Living Museum
             mission/assistance: Education. The museum has exhibits and programs featuring native Virginia animals and
             plants.
             contact: Pete Money                                           (804) 595-1900

             Virginia Marine Science Museum
             mission/assistance: Education. The museum houses a large aquarium dedicated to Chesapeake Bay species, as
             well as numerous other exhibits.
             contact: staff                                                (804) 425-3474

             Virginia Museum of Natural History
             mission/assistance: l)VMNH provides a permanent repository where specimens of Virginia's natural heritage
             can be housed, cared for, cataloged, and studied; 2) VMNH can provide assistance in locating voucher
             specimens and associated information pertinent to natural diversity of the area; 3) curatorial staff may provide
             identification of vertebrates and invertebrates, conduct inventory programs or instruct others in how to conduct
             inventory programs, provide relevant literature sources for reference, designate known natural elements in terms
             of rarity or biological significance; 4) VMNH maintains a listing of collections held in institutions around the
             state.
             contact: Paisley S. Cato, Curator of Collections              (703) 666-8600

             Virginia State University
             contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 524-5961

             Virginia Union University
             contact: chair, Department of Biology                         (804) 257-5611

             Virginia Wesleyan College
             mission/assistance: Virginia Wesleyan College is a four year liberal arts college.
             contact: Verne M. Keefer, Dept. of Biology                    (804) 455-3247



                                                 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION


             Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department (CBLAD)
             mission/assistance: The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department is to protect the
             Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries from pollution caused by the use and development of land. To achieve this,
             the Department will serve the citizens of the Commonwealth by working in partnership with local governments
             to implement programs that protect and improve water quality, while supporting a healthy economy and other
             public policy objectives. CBLAD provides technical assistance in the areas of regulatory interpretation,

                                                                      34












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


             nonpoint source pollution control, site design issues, and comprehensive planning for water quality protection.
             contact: Scott Kudlas, Chief of Planning Assistance          (804) 243-7229
                      C. Scott Crafton, Chief of Regulatory Assistance (804) 371-7503
                     (Or use the 800 number: (800) 243-7229)

             Colonial Soil and Water Conservation District (Area III)
             mission/assistance: The Colonial Soil and Water Conservation District strives to coordinate and respond to the
             natural resource interests among agricultural, residential, business and civic groups and local governments in the
             Counties of Charles City, James City, New Kent and York, and the City of Williamsburg. The conservation
             district cooperates and communicates with local governments, landholders, schools, civic groups and businesses
             so that 0 practical protection is provided for water quality and supply, soil productivity and forest management.
             Our activities are governed by the Federal, State and Local laws and regulations that are required to be used by
             our participating jurisdictions.
             contact: David W. Meador                                     (804) 564-1870 or S64-0537

             Eastern Shore Soil and Water Conservation District (Area VI)
             mission/assistance: The Eastern Shore Soil and Water Conservation District's mission is to provide and develop
             leadership in natural resources conservation on the Eastern Shore of Virginia through education, the promotion
             of cooperative programs, and meeting the needs of a diverse clientele. We would be of assistance to a resource
             manager of a natural area by providing technical and educational assistance.
             contact: P. W. Davis, Chairman - Peggy Hutchinson, Administrative Secretary            (804) 787-1251

             Hanover-Caroline Soil and Water Conservation District (Area U
             contact: Stephanie Lassiter Martin                           (804) 798-8107 or (804) 633-5044

             Henricopolis Soil and Water Conservation District (Area HI)
             mission/assistance: The Henricopolis Soil and Water Conservation District's mission is to provide leadership
             in the conservation of natural resources in Henrico County, through the promotion of good stewardship and
             education programs.
             contact: Terry S. Ruhlen, District Program Manager           (804) 672-5176

             James River Soil and Water Conservation District (Area M
             mission/assistance: The James River Soil and Water Conservation District's mission is to encourage and
             promote proper management of the soil and water resources within Chesterfield and Prince George Counties.
             contact: Tom Sordelett                                       (804) 748-2235

             Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District (Area H)
             mission/assistance: NVSWCD promotes the wise use and conservation of soil and water resources and sound
             environmental policies for Fairfax County. NVSWCD offers technical expertise, educational programs, and
             community outreach in the soil and water conservation arena.
             contact: Paige Shiller                                       (703) 324-1460

             Peanut Soil and Water Conservation District (Area VI)
             contact: Troy Griffin                                        (804) 357-3191 or (804) 539-9270

             Prince William Soil and Water Conservation District (Area H)
             contact: James Bonar                                         (703) 361-1710



                                                                   35












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Three Rivers Soil and Water Conservation District (Area
             mission/assistance: The Three Rivers Soil and Water Conservation District achieves soil and water conservation
             through positive, informed leadership, education and technical assistance for all people.
             contact: L. Gorland McBride, District Manager                 (804) 443-2327

             Tidewater Soil and Water Conservation District (Area IM
             mission/assistance: The Tidewater Soil and Water Conservation District is an entity of state government. It is
             a local grassroots organization that seeks to provide practical solutions to soil, water, and other natural resource
             related problems. To do this, the Tidewater Soil and Water Cons. District provides technical assistance,
             coordination with other agencies, and promotes environmental awareness throughout the district.
             contact: Burton Bland                                         (804) 693-3562

             Tri-County/City Soil and Water Conservation District (Area IM
             contact: L. Gordon Linkous                                    (703) 373-8592

             Virginia Dare Soil and Water Conservation District (Area VI)
             mission/assistance: The Virginia Dare Soil and Water Conservation District's mission is to provide and
             promote leadership in the conservation of natural resources through stewardship and education programs with
             particular emphasis on water quality. The district offers experience in conservation planning with local farmers,
             Best Management Practices (agricultural, urban and shoreline) and educational programs.
             contact: Julie Bright                                         (804) 427-4775

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Suffolk, Regional Office, Division of Soil and
             Water Conservation Area VI
             mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division
             of Soil and Water Conservation, Area VI provides education and assistance to landowners and farmers on
             nutrient management, soil loss, and pesticide management. The regional office also works with farmers on
             plans for Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act agricultural requirements.
             contact: Billie Jean Elmer                                    (804) 925-2468

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Tappahannock, Regional Office - Division of Soil
             and Water Conservation Area M
             mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division
             of Soil and Water Conservation, Area III provides education and assistance to landowners and farmers on
             nutrient management, soil loss, and pesticide mana ement. The regional office also works with farmers on
             plans for Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act agricultural requirements.
             contact: Wayne Davis                                          (804) 443-6752

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Warrenton, Regional Office - Division of Soil and
             Water Conservation Area H
             mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. The Division
             of Soil and Water Conservation, Area H provides education and assistance to landowners and farmers on
             nutrient management, soil loss, and pesticide management. The regional office also works with farmers on
             plans for Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act agricultural requirements.
             contact: Debbie Cross                                         (703) 347-6420





                                                                     36












              Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


              Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
              Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Rivers and Shores
              mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
              contact: L.S. Button                                       (804) 371-7536

              Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
              Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Urban Programs
              mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
              contact: J. Michael Flagg                                  (804) 786-3959

              Virginia Departinent of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Shoreline
              Programs Section, Shoreline Erosion Advisory Service
              mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. Assistance can
              be provided as education and technical assistance to private properties, government agencies or the general
              public on shoreline erosion, shoreline erosion control and coastal zone management.
              contact: Lee Hill                                          (804) 642-7121


                                WETLANDS PLANNING, REGULATION, AND CONSERVATION

              Accomack County Wetlands Board
              contact: David A. Fluhart                                  (804) 787-5721


              American Water Works Association
              contact: staff                                             (804) 867-9171

              Cape Charles Wetlands Board
              contact: Richard Barton                                    (804) 331-3259

              Charles City County Wetlands Board
              contact: John T. Bragg, Jr.                                (804) 829-9217

              Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department
              mission/assistance: The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department is to protect the
              Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries from pollution caused by the use and development of land. To achieve this,
              the Department will serve the citizens of the Commonwealth by working in partnership with local goverriments
              to implement programs that protect and improve water quality, while supporting a healthy economy and other
              public policy objectives. We provide technical assistance in the areas of regulatory interpretation, nonpoint
              source pollution control, site design issues, and comprehensive planning for water quality protection.
              contact: Scott Kudlas, Chief of Planning Assistance        (804) 243-7229
                     C. Scott Crafton, Chief of Regulatory Assistance (804) 371-7503
                    (Or use the 800 number: (800) 243-7229)

              Chesapeake Wetlands Board
              contact: John T. King, HI                                  (804) 547-6248

              City of Colonial Heights
              contact: Vicky Minetree                                    (804) 520-9275                                              0,
                                                                   37












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Essex County Wetlands Board
             contact: James F. Moore                                     (804) 443-4951

             Fairfax County Wetlands Board
             contact: Connie C. Crawford                                 (703) 324-1210

             Fredericksburg Wetlands Board
             contact: Jervis Hairston                                    (703) 372-1179

             Gloucester County Wetlands Board
             contact: David L. Lathrop                                   (804) 693-4040

             Hampton Wetlands Board
             contact: Patricia Tbomas                                    (804) 727-6142

             Hopewell Wetlands Board
             contact: Milton Marvin                                      (804) 541-2267

             Isle of Wight County Wetlands Board
             contact: Sandy Whitley                                      (804) 357-3091

             James City County Wetlands Board
             contact: Jackie White                                       (804) 253-6622

             Fing George Wetlands Board
             contact: Kathy Musick                                       (703) 775-7111

             Ving William County Wetlands Board
             contact: Dale R. Burton                                     (804) 769-4927

             Lancaster County Wetlands Board
             contact: William H. Pennell, Jr.                            (804) 462-5220

             Mathews County Wetlands Board
             contact: Sherry Ashe                                        (804) 725-5025

             Middlesex County Wetlands Board
             contact: Michele Mixner DeWitt                              (804) 758-0500

             New Kent County Wetlands Board
             contact: R. J. Emerson, Jr.                                 (804) 966-9861

             Newport News Wetlands Board
             contact: Robert G. Bates                                    (804) 247-8437

             Norfolk Wetlands Board
             contact: Edwin L. Rosenberg                                 (804) 441-2152



                                                                   38













             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Northampton County Wetlands Board
             contact: Milissa S. Burgard                                  (804) 678-5872

             Northumberland County Wetlands Board
             contact: Kenneth D. Eades                                    (804) 580-8910

             Poquoson Wetlands Board
             contact: Deborah Vest                                        (804) 868-7151, ext. 25


             Portsmouth Wetlands Board
             contact: Mike Kelly                                          (804) 393-8836

             Prince William County Wetlands Board
             contact: Mark Colwell                                        (703) 792-6984

             Richmond County Wetlands Board
             contact: Bill Duncanson                                      (804) 333-3415

             Stafford County Wetlands Board
             mission/assistance: The Stafford County Wetlands Board's mission is to preserve and protect wetlands from
             despoliation and destruction, and to accomodate necessary economic development in a manner consistent with
             wetlands preservation.
             contact: Philip Thompson                                     (703) 659-8668

             Suffolk Wetlands Board
             contact: Scott Mills                                         (804) 934-3111, ext. 258

             Surry County Wetlands Board
             contact: Angela Hopkins                                      (804) 294-5210

             United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division
             mission/assistance: The USGS Water Resources Division's overall mission is to provide hydrologic information
             and understanding needed for the optimum use and management of the Nation's water resources, for the overall
             benefit of the people of the United States. The agency is unique among Federal government organizations
             because it has neither regulatory or developmental authority - it's sole product is information. Assistance in all
             aspects of hydrology is possible. The USGS can provide matching funds to state agencies and other non-
             Federal organizations as part of cooperative programs.
             contact: Michael Focazio                                     (804) 771-2427

             Virginia Beach Wetlands Board
             contact: Planning Dept.                                      (804) 427-4131

             Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation' (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
             Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Rivers and Shores
             mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
             contact: L.S. Button                                         (804) 371-7536




                                                                   39













            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
            Chesapeake Bay Programs, Bureau of Urban Programs
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources.
            contact: J. Michael Flagg                                    (804) 786-3959

            Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Shoreline
            Programs Section, Shoreline Erosion Advisory Service
            mission/assistance: DCR's mission is to conserve Virginia's natural and recreational resources. Assistance can
            be provided as education and technical assistance to private properties, government agencies or the general
            public on shoreline erosion, shoreline erosion control and coastal zone management.
            contact: Lee Hill                                            (804) 642-7121

            Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
            mission: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's mission is to protect the environment of Virginia in
            order to promote the health and well-being of the Commonwealth's citizens. The Department of Environmental
            Quality can provide assistance to natural resource managers in the areas of environmental permits, pollution
            response and remediation, and ambient monitoring data.
            contact: Roger K. Everton, Tidewater Regional Office         (804) 552-1840
                   Chet Bigelow, Richmond                                (804) 527-5061

            Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC)
            mission/assistance: Virginia Marine Resources Commission holds regulatory jurisdiction over all commercial
            and sports fishing, marine fish, marine shellfish, and marine organisms in the tidal waters of Virginia. VMRC
            holds permit jurisdiction on all projects involving use of state owned submerged lands and authority over use or
            development in vegetated and non-vegetated tidal wetlands and coastal primary sand dunes.
            contact: Robert W. Grabb, Chief, Habitat Management Division          (804) 247-2250


            West Point Wetlands Board
            contact: Watson M. Allen                                     (804) 843-3330

            Westmoreland County Wetlands Board
            contact: Paul Jones                                          (804) 493-0121

            Williamsburg Wetlands Board
            contact: Jack Hobbs                                          (804) 220-6130

            York County Wetlands Board
            contact: Cindy Taylor                                        (804) 890-3538












                                                                   40













             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



                                                         RESOURCE EXPERTS


               It would be impossible to list ALL resource experts in Virginia, consequently, it should be noted that
             this list represents only a small portion of local resource experts. Additional resource experts may be
             found within local governments, state and federal agencies, universities, museums, private organizations
             and within the general public, as private citizens.)

             Ecology:
             Gregory M. Capelli, College of William and Mary                      (804) 221-2224
             *aquatic ecology

             William H. Moorhead, Department of Conservation and Recreation       (804) 786-7951
             *field ecologist, community ecology,

             James E. Perry, III, Virginia Institute of Marine Science            (804) 642-7388
             *wetland ecology

             Thomas J. Rawinski, Department of Conservation and Recreation        (804) 786-7951
             *community ecology and classification

             Gene M. Silberhorn, Virginia Institute of Marine Science             (804) 642-7382
             *wetland ecology

             Leonard A. Smock, Virginia Commonwealth University                   (804) 828-1562
             *stream ecology, wetlands, water quality

             Stuart A. Ware, College of William and Mary                          (804) 221-2233
             fforest ecology

             Fauna:
             John B. Bazuin, Jr.                                                  (703) 308-2285
             *birds of Virginia's coastal resource management area

             Ruth A. Beck, College of William and Mary                            (804) 221-2217
             *colonial nesting birds, endangered bird species

             Charles R. Blem, Virginia Commonwealth University                    (804) 928-1562
             *environmental physiology of vertebrates, acid rain

             Dana S. Bradshaw, The Center for Conservation Biology                (804) 221-1649
             *field biologist, spec. in bird cons. through management
             and public education, with an emphasis on passerines

             Bonnie L. Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University                    (804) 828-1562
             *fish genetics, aquaculture





                                                                    41












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            Mitchell C. Byrd, The Center for Conservation Biology               (804) 221-2236
            *conservationist, specializing in bird cons. through management
            and policy, with an emphasis on birds of prey

            Edward E. Clark, Jr., Virginia Wildlife Center                      (703) 234-WILD
            *injured, debilitated wildlife

            Gary Costanzo, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VADGIF)             (804) 253-4180
            *waterfowl biologist

            John B. Gallegos, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge                 (804) 721-2412
            *specializing in migratory bird conservation through management

            Greg C. Garman, Virginia Commonwealth University                    (804) 828-1562
            *fish ecology and fisheries management, anadromous fish

            Christopher S. Hobson, Department of Conservation and Recreation    (804) 786-7951
            *field zoologist, small mammals, reptiles, amphibian,
            specializing in bat ecology and distribution

            Richard Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History                 (703) 666-8600
            *invertebrate taxonomy, research, education

            John R. Holsinger, Old Dominion University                          (804) 683-3595
            *cave biologist, taxon specific expertise
            (freshwater isopods and amphipods)

            David N. Karowe, Virginia Commonwealth University                   (804) 828-1562
            *plant-animal interactions, insect ecology

            C. Barry Knisley, Randolph Macon College                            (804) 752-7254
            *tiger beetle, insect conservation and ecology

            Roger L. Mann, Virginia Institute of Marine Science                 (804) 642-7360
            *intertidal oyster reefs, oyster ecology

            Karen L. Mayne, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Virginia Field Office      (804) 693-6694
            *endangered species

            Joseph F. McCauley, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge               (804) 721-2412
            *specializing in migratory bird conservation through
            refuge management and policy

            Joseph C. Mitchell, University of Richmond                          (804) 289-8234
            *amphibians, reptiles, population and community ecology

            Nancy D. Moncrief, Virginia Museum of Natural History               (703) 666-8600
            *mammalian genetics, taxonomy, ecology


                                                                  42












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


             Richard J. Neves, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University         (703) 231-5573
             *freshwater mollusks and stream ecology

             John F. Pagels, Virginia Commonwealth University                              (804) 828-1562
             *ecology of small mammals, endangered species

             Mike Pinder, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries                 (703) 951-6992
             *aquatic non-game biologist

             Steven M. Roble, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (804) 786-7951
             *field zoologist, specializing in rare vertebrates and
             invertebrates of Virginia

             Robert K. Rose, Old Dominion University                                       (804) 683-3595
             *mammals, mammalian ecology, endangered mammals

             Alan H. Savitzky, Old Dominion University                                     (804) 683-3595
             *taxon specific expertise (amphibians, reptiles), research,
             education, canebrake rattlesnake research

             Barbara A. Savitzky, Christopher Newport University                           (804) 594-7782
             *amphibians, reptiles - research, education

             Donald J. Schwab, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries            (804) 934-1577
             *wildlife biologist

             Dirk J. Stevenson, Department of Conservation and Recreation                  (804) 786-7951
             *field zoologist, specializing in ecology of reptiles
             and amphibians

             C. Richard Terman, College of William and Mary                                (804) 221-2250
             *mammalian population ecology, population ecology

             Karen A. Terwilliger, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries        (804) 367-1000
             *nongame biologist

             Bryan D. Watts, Center for Conservation Biology                               (804) 221-2247
             *community ecologist, specializing in bird/habitat
             relationships and landscape ecology, with an emphasis
             on avian systems relative to dynamic landscapes


             Flora:
             Allen Belden, Department of Conservation and Recreation                       (804) 786-7951
             *field botanist, rare species identification

             Gary P. Fleming, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (804) 786-7951
             *field botanist, field ecologist, rare species identification



                                                                   43












             Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



             Cecil Frost, North Carolina Department of Agriculture                            (804) 733-3610
             *field botanist, presettlement vegetation of southeastern
             Virginia, presettlement fire ecology of Virginia

             J. Christopher Ludwig, Department of Conservation and Recreation                 (804) 786-7951
             *field botanist, rare species identification

             Lytton J. Musselman, Old Dominion University                                     (804) 683-3595
             *botanist, Curator of Herbarium - ODU

             John R. Tate, Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services           (804) 786-3515
             *endangered plant and insect regulations, listing

             Donna M. E. Ware, College of William and Mary                                    (804) 221-2213
             *plant systematics, herbarium curator

             Thomas F. Wieboldt, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University            (703) 231-5746
             *herbarium curator


             Donald R. Young, Virginia Commonwealth University                                (804) 828-1562
             *physiological ecology of barrier island plants

             Nancy Van Alstine, Department of Conservation and Recreation                     (804) 786-7951
             *field botanist, rare species identification

             Stewardship / Land Management / other
             Bryan K. Anderson, Department of Conservation and Recreation                     (804) 426-7128
             *recreation and land management

             Lesa S. Berlinghoff, Department of Conservation and Recreation                   (804) 786-7951
             *environmental/project review, rare species tracking

             Dennis B. Blanton, Archaeology Section, Virginia Academy of Science              (804) 221-2584
             *archaeology in Virginia

             Willie E. Bowen, Department of Conservation and Recreation                       (804) 493-8821
             *recreation and land management

             David Brownlie, USFWS, Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge               (804) 986-3706
             *prescribed fire, bum management

             Caren A. Caljouw, Department of Conservation and Recreation                      (804) 786-7951
             *natural areas stewardship, planning/implementation of
             ecological management, monitoring, and research on sites
             supporting rare species and communities

             Steve W. Capel, VADGIF, Habitat Coordinator                                      (804) 598-3706
             *farm wildlife and wetland. habitat management


                                                                      44












           Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



           Chief, Len Gunther, U.S. Coast Guard                                         (804) 898-2320
           *navigation, prescribed fire smoke management

           John Carroll, Virginia Dept. of Forestry, Waverly                            (804) 834-2300
           *forest stewardship management plans, stewardship incentive
           program (SIP), planning/implementation of forest management

           Allen R. Carter, USFWS, Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge          (804) 986-3706
           *fire management coordinator, bum management

           Kennedy H. Clark, Department of Conservation and Recreation                  (804) 786-7951
           *natural areas stewardship, planning/implementation of
           ecological management, monitoring, and research on sites
           supporting rare species and communities

           Melissa Donoff, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (804) 786-7951
           *natural area protection, resource protection

           Theresa A. Duffey, Department of Conservation and Recreation                 (804) 786-5053
           *resource management

           Judy Dunscomb, The Nature Conservancy, Virginia Field Office                 (804) 295-6106
           *natural areas stewardship, planning/implementation of
           ecological management, monitoring, and research on sites
           supporting rare species and communities

           Sandra Erdle, Department of Conservation and Recreation                      (804) 786-7951
           *conservation planning, natural areas stewardship

           Harold Evans, Department of Conservation and Recreation                      (804) 786-7951
           *environmental review, rare species tracking

           Scott A. Flickinger, Department of Conservation and Recreation               (804) 331-2267
           *recreation and land management

           W. Jeff Foster, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (703) 550-0960
           *recreation and land management

           Douglas H. Graham, Department of Conservation and Recreation                 (703) 854-5503
           *recreation and land management

           John R. Heerwald, Department of Conservation and Recreation                  (804) 786-4388
           *program manager, environmental education

           Scott Hardaway, Virginia Institute of Marine Science                         (804) 642-7277
           *shoreline management




                                                                45












            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources



            Fred Hazelwood, IV, Department of Conservation and Recreation                (804) 481-2131
            *recreation and land management

            Lee Hill, Department of Conservation and Recreation                          (804) 642-7121
            *shoreline erosion, management

            James A. Klakowicz, Department of Conservation and Recreation                (703) 670-0372
            *recreation and land management

            Scott W. Kudlas, Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Dept.                       (804) 225-3441
            *Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act

            Linda Lundquist, The Nature Conservancy, Virginia Field Office               (804) 295-6106
            *natural area protection, resource protection

            Karen L. Mayne, USFWS, Virginia Field Office                                 (804) 693-6694
            *endangered species regulations

            Danette C. McAdoo, Department of Conservation and Recreation                 (804) 294-3625
            *recreation and land management

            Laura B. McKay, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality                 (804) 7624323
            *Coastal Projects Coordinator

            Patricia Moore, Virginia Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries                  (804) 598-3706
            *farm wildlife habitat management

            Gary L. Ott, U.S. Dept. of Coast Guard                                       (804) 898-2320
            *petroleum, toxic spills

            William Petree, Northwest River Park, City of Chesapeake                     (804) 421-7151
            *recreation, recreational/resource management

            Ann Regn, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality                       (804) 762-4442
            *environmental education


            William Saunders, Virginia Dept. of Forestry, Tappahannock                   (804) 443-2211
            *forest stewardship management plans, stewardship incentive
            program (SIP), planning/implementation of forest management

            David Sausville, VADGIF, Forest Stewardship Program                          (804) 737-4791
            *wildlife habitat and population management on private lands

            Timothy G. Shrader, III, Department of Conservation and Recreation           (804) 462-5030
            *recreation and land management

            Larry Smith, Department of Conservation and Recreation                       (804) 786-7951
            *natural area protection, resource protection         46











            Natural Area Source Book: contacts, resources


            Thomas L. Smith, Department of Conservation and Recreation                     (804) 786-7951
            *natural heritage resource and natural area conservation

            David F. Stapleton, Department of Conservation and Recreation                  (703) 780-3383
            *recreation and land management

            Jim Staff, Virginia Dept. of Forestry, Charlottesville                         (804) 977-6555
            fforest stewardship management plans, stewardship incentive
            program (SIP), planning/implementation of forest management

            Edward Swope, Department of Conservation and Recreation                        (804) 796-4255
            *recreation and land management

            Barry Truitt, The Nature Conservancy, Virginia Coast Reserve                   (804) 442-3049
            *natural areas stewardship, planning/implementation of
            ecological management, monitoring, and research on sites
            supporting rare species and communities

            Stephanie Turner, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (804) 556-3036
            *recreation and land management

            Holly C. Walker, Department of Conservation and Recreation                     (804) 786-8765
            *naturalist, environmental education

            R. Gary Waugh, Jr., Department of Conservation and Recreation                  (804) 786-5045
            *public communications, environmental education

            Gary William on, Department of Conservation and Recreation                     (804) 331-2267
            *chief ranger, naturalist

            John R. Zawatsky, Department of Conservation and Recreation                    (703) 663-3861
            *recreation and land management



















                                                                  47






  0           Natural Area Source Book:










                       IV. Guide to Resource Management Planning for Natural Areas




  0                                                                                                1










 0
                                                                      48









                 4/1/94
                           DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND RECREATION
                   STATE LANDS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDE OUTLINE


                 I. Introduction
                         A. Purpose of the site
                         B. Policy
                 IL Site description
                         A. Location
                         B. Demographic features and surrounding land-use
                         C. Boundaries
                         D. Facilities
                                 i. Roads
                                 ii. Parldng
                                 iii. Trails
                                 iv. Buildings
                                 v. Utilities
                                 vi. Control Limitations
                                 vii. Recreational facilities
                                 viii. Fencing and barriers
                 III. Resources
                         A. Physical and Abiotic Features
                                 i- Topography
                                 ii. Geology
                                 iii. Soils
                                 iv. Climate
                                 v. Hydrologic features
                         B. Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities
                         C. Natural Heritage Resources
                                 i. Physical description, ecological requirements, and population dynamics
                                 ii. Range of habitats occupied within site
                                 iii. Size and condition of the occurrence
                                 iv. Past and current threats to ecological condition
                         D. Cultural resources
                                 i. Archaeological
                                 ii. Historic landscapes and structures
                         E. Recreation resources
                                 i. Range of recreation opportunities
                                         a.  Access
                                         b.  Non-recreational uses
                                         c.  On-site management
                                         d.  Social interaction
                                         e.  Acceptability of visitor impacts
                                         f.  Acceptable regimentation
                                 ii. Aesthetic values of the site    49







               IV. Management plan development
                     A. Land Classification
                            i. Primary classification
                                  a.  State Park
                                  b.  State Natural Area Preserve
                                  c.  State Cultural Resource Area
                                  d.  State Reserve
                                  e.  State Trail/Greenway
                                  f.  Special Interest Site
                            ii. Zone classification
                                  a. Non-sensitive
                                  b. Sensitive
                                  c. Preservation
                                         1. Natural
                                         2. Cultural
                                         3. Special
                     B. Management direction, standards, and guidelines
                     C. Management unit development and prescriptions
                            i. Management unit development
                                  a.  Visitor services/concentrated use
                                  b.  Support/administrative
                                  c.  Historical/cultural use
                                  d.  Dispersed recreation
                                  e.  Viewshed
                                  f.  Natural area preserve
                                  g.  Zoological/botanical
                                  h.  Geological
                                  i.  Wildlife
                                  j.  Timber
                                  k. Agricultural
                                  1. Scenic River
                                  m. Control limitations and special use
                            ii. Management prescriptions
                     D. Action plans












                                                       50











             Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide




                                          Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation

                                              State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide

             1. INTRODUCTION


             In order to facilitate wise resource management planning, the Department of Conservation and Recreation has
             established a Land Classification Task Force. The Task Force has developed a land classification system and
             applied the classifications and use zones to all departmental lands, as stated in DCR Policy #122-1. The DCR
             Director approved the Task Force classification recommendations in early 1991. The following resource
             management plan guide, developed by the Land Classification Task Force, is submitted for adoption by the
             Director according to the terms of DCR Policy #122-2.

             The Resource Management Plan Guide is arranged in steps that begin with an extensive inventory and data
             collection process designed to provide the information on which management scenarios are compared and tested
             for applicability and impact. Following classification, the site's limitations and opportunities are fully
             investigated and characterized into zones of suitability and finally into management units where prescriptions
             will govern appropriate mana ement implementation through action plans. Figure I illustrates the steps, process
             and considerations of the classification system and the development of Resource Management Plans. The guide
             is broad in context and applicable to the varied purposes for which the state owns and manages land. However,
             for certain sites or parcels within sites which were acquired for specific purposes or have special use limitations,
             resource-specific mana ement zone and unit planning may need to be applied as in the management of
             endangered species or other significant resources.

             For the guide to work best, an inter-disciplinary Departmental planning team should be formed to collect data,
             develop alternatives and analyze the range of potential scenarios under which the property can be managed
             within compliance of law or regulation. This practice invites a varied perspective and results in the formulation
             of the most appropriate plan for each property. It is imperative that the Division with lead management
             responsibility be represented on the planning team, especially when decisions are being made about near term
             management. This will assure that resource management decisions are within the capabilities and
             responsibilities of the mana ing Division. Management implementation should utilize appropriate Departmental
             expertise and capabilities as well.

             The Resource Management Plan Guide that follows is a general, annotated format to aid land managers in
             developing management plans. It is designed to comprehensively tailor the agency's needs to the land's inherent
             capability to meet that need, while protecting the natural, cultural, or historic resources and values of the site.

             A. Purpose of the Site
             Describe the purpose for which the site is being (was) acquired. Usually sites are established for significant
             biological, physical, cultural, or recreational features. The use of a designation system to identify primary
             /secondary purposes will help simplify the description process. General categories for consideration are:

                      1. Natural Resource - primary purpose is conservation and interpretation of unique natural features,
                      including the protection and management of significant biological resources, fisheries, and wildlife.

                      2. Historic/Cultural Resource - primary purpose is conservation and interpretation of significant cultural
                      resources including historic and prehistoric sites.



                                                                     51











             Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide


                     3. Recreation Values - primary purpose is to provide a full range of recreational opportunities.

                     4. Agricultural/Forest Resource - primary purpose is for the production of food and fiber.

                     5. Special Use - primary purpose is a specific use such as a golf course, environmental education, zoo,
                     museum, prison, etc.

             The Department of Conservation and Recreation has developed a specific land classification system for all
             Departmental lands that refines the five general categories above into units that coincide with the legal mandate
             of the Department of Conservation and Recreation and that in general can be applied to all Commonwealth
             lands. This system consists of six primary land classifications with use zones and subzones (see Land
             Classification report). Each DCR property has been classified according to its primary purpose for
             establishment and historic management. Further, each classified property is zoned according to compatible uses
             and the significant resources therein. The classifications approved by the DCR Director are as follows:

                   I. State Park
                  11. State Natural Area Preserve
                 III. State Cultural Resource Area
                 IV. State Reserve
                  V. State Trail/Greenway
                 VI. Special Interest Site

             The primary emphasis of management should be consistent with the land classification system. Section Five of
             this planning outline provides the classification hierarchy, including zones and subzones, as well as a wide range
             of management prescriptions. Each DCR property will be evaluated using the management guidelines,
             standards, and prescriptions defined in Sections IV.B and IV.C of this planning outline in order to develop a
             comprehensive resource management plan for the property.

             B. Policy
             Appropriate policies, guidelines and authorities affecting the property should be identified and summarized. The
             Department of Conservation and Recreation will develop and continually revise the standard management
             policies and guidelines which will provide detailed guidance regarding activities such as prescribed burning, use
             of herbicides, gypsy moth control, wildlife harvest, etc. When pertinent, these policies and procedures should
             be addressed in the plan.



             H. SITE DESCREMON


             A. Location
             Maps and supporting text should include the following information for each site so as to: 1) identify the site in
             relation to nearby population centers, 2) identify access routes to the site, and 3) identify governmental
             boundaries and relationships with relevant agencies or organizations.

             B. Dernographic Features and Surrounding Land-Use
                    1. Demographics - Assess the social and economic trends in the region paying particular attention to
                    population growth and recreational trends in the area. Projections of future user needs and interests
                    should be determined.





                                                                52










            Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide


                     2. Surrounding Land-use - Describe surrounding land-use and recent trends, mapping different land-use
                     types. Projections of future trends can be obtained from the locality. Comprehensive land-use plans
                     have been developed for many cities and counties throughout the Commonwealth and are valuable
                     sources of information.


            The demographic information can be abbreviated for non-recreation sites, however, land-use trends should be
            discussed in detail for all sites.


            C. Boundaries
            The exact location of the site's boundaries needs to be determined. An inventory should be done containing:
            information on the bearings and distances, comer descriptions, line maintenance (whether blazed, painted or
            cleared), source (deed vs. surveyed) and a line/road category. A boundary map should show the corners
            numbered along the perimeter of the boundary and correspond to the comers in the inventory. Potential or
            existing encroachments should be noted.

            D. Facilities
            An inventory of all man-made features within the site boundaries should be made and each facility accurately
            mapped. Include any man-made features outside the site which might significantly affect the area. The
            inventory should include at least the following:

                     1. Roads - width and length
                     2. Parking - type and capacity
                     3. Trails - type and length
                     4. Buildings - size and function
                     5. Utilities - water, sewer, solid waste disposal, power, communication
                     6. Control limitations - rights of way of various kinds, less than fee simple ownership
                     7. Recreation and facilities - identify all recreational facilities within the site, such as number of
                     campsites, etc.
                     8. Fencing and barriers - describe and map existing fencing and additional fencing needed. Evaluate
                     existing and potential motorized use and the need to provide barriers to vehicular use of certain areas.



            I][[. RESOURCES


            A. Physical and Abiotic Features
            This subsection should address the following topics:

                     1. Topography - describe the relief and aspect of the property. Identify major topographic features
                     such as sinkholes, valley walls, etc. Give the range of elevational changes at the site.
                     2. Geology - describe the underlying bedrock of the site, formations that lie immediately under the soil
                     material, and any outcrops. Give the geologic age of these deposits. Include geologic maps in an
                     appendix.
                     3. Soils - describe the different soil types on the property giving depth, slope, permeability, drainage,
                     acidity or alkalinity, fertility and erodibility. Include soil maps in an appendix.
                     4. Climatic conditions - describe the climate of the area. Mention averages and extremes of
                     temperature and precipitation, seasonal periods of precipitation, fire danger season, prevailing winds,
                     and first and last frost.





                                                                     53











               Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide


                        5. Hydrologic features - name the major rivers, streams and tributaries that drain the area. Name,
                        locate on a map, and describe the water features and drainage patterns within the site. Describe active
                        processes that may change the character of the area such as sedimentation, eroding gullies, stream bank
                        erosion, etc.

               B. Terrestrial and Aquatic Conununities
               Name, locate and describe terrestrial and aquatic communities within the site. Describe the diversity of floral
               and faunal species within the area. Include species inventories in the appendices and recommend specific
               inventories if not available. Those communities which are natural heritage resources should be briefly identified
               here and described in more detail in the following section of the plan.

               C. Natural Heritage Resources
               List and locate all natural heritage resources on a U.S.G.S. topographic map or other suitable base map.
               Include general information about the rare species and/or communities and about the specific occurrences. For
               each natural heritage resource, develop the following:

                        1. Physical description, ecological requirements, and population dynamics.
                        2. Describe the range of habitats occupied within the state.
                        3. Size and condition of the occurrence.
                        4. Past and on-going threats that bear on the ecological condition.

               D. Cultural Resources
                        1. Archaeological - identify and survey sites (may not want to show location on public maps).
                        2. Historical landscapes and structures - identify and describe in detail all existing items located within
                        the site.


               E. Recreational Resources
               1) The range of recreational opportunities should be evaluated using the recreational opportunity spectrum
                 process which includes defu-ting the six opportunity factors.
                 a. Access - all access routes and types are evaluated: roads, trails, cross countrylby cars, orvs, horse,
                 foot.
                 b. Non-recreational uses - grazing, mining, timbering, heritage sites.
                 c. On-site management - extent of modification (are there isolated instances of man's modification of
                 the environment or is it well distributed).
                   - apparentness of modification (blended with native materials or clearly of off-site origin).
                   - complexity of modification (log bridge or complicated engineered structure).
                   - facilities (none, some limited basic facilities, or are full service campgrounds, pools, and boating
                   facilities offered).
                 d. Social interaction (none-low-moderate-full) Vary by setting as well as types of acceptable use (i.e. canoe
                   vs. motor boat).
                 e. Acceptability of visitor impacts. (Trampling of vegetation, noise, behavior, etc.) It must be determined in
                   advance what level of impact is appropriate for the type of opportunity being supplied.
                 f. Acceptable regimentation (nature, level and extent of control over recreational use, regs, rules, site
                 design, laws, etc.).

               Limitations of size may make provision of many recreation opportunities impractical, but for larger sites, this
               process will clarify how best to zone areas so that different recreational experiences can be offered. This will
               also help prevent incompatible uses from degrading recreational resources.


                                                                     54










            Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide


              2) Aesthetic values of the site should be evaluated. Viewsheds should be classified using a visual quality rating
              system. Scenic values of the site should be carefully mapped to ensure that proposed management activities
              will not degrade them. Several tools for mapping visual resources are available and the best approach to use
              for each site can be determined based on the intended use of the site.



            IV. MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT


            A. Land Classification
              1. Primary Classification
              The site should be classified according to the format described in the Departmental Land Classification
              System. The Definitions used in the classification are as follows:

                    1. STATE PARK - Property with sufficient acreage which provides developed recreation opportunities
                    and captures the quality of an area's landscape and maintains it. Sites as a whole are to be of statewide
                    or regional significance and provide protection to a natural resource base.

                    II. STATE NATURAL AREA PRESERVE - Land or water of variable acreage that may offer low
                    intensity public use. The primary purpose of the, property is to support rare plant and/or animal species
                    and/or unique natural communities, and it is, therefore, dedicated to ensure their preservation.

                    111. STATE CULTURAL RESOURCE AREA - Site of variable size managed to demonstrate period of
                    agriculture, historic or formal gardens, and visually or culturally significant buildings, landscape,
                    museums, and significant archaeological sites.

                    IV. STATE RESERVE - Areas which offer limited opportunity for developed recreation and are
                    managed for multiple use (e.g. timber, open space, and/or agriculture) compatible with the natural
                    environment.


                    V. STATE TRAIL/GREENWAY - Linear area consisting of Department owned or managed
                    components of the state trails system, scenic river system, By-way System, or other linear corridors.

                    VI. SPECIAL INTEREST SITE - Area offering limited or specialized public use due to space or
                    configuration. May be used to meet special recreation needs such as water access, trail heads, or
                    scenic views. Special interest sites allow public use with some facility development.


              2. Zone Classification
              Under each of the six primary classifications there are three major zones, which may be applied to the
              property. The zones, based on resource analysis, will direct the type of use which may occur on land areas
              under a major classification.

              i. Non-sensitive (1) - Areas not known to be particularly unique but representative of the local environment.
              Areas which could be used for preservation or development. Available for public access.

              ii. Sensitive (2) - Areas with sensitive environment, but not necessarily unique statewide. There may be
              development restrictions which could include: areas highly-susceptible to erosion, steep slopes, wetlands,
              floodplains and floodways, water bodies, etc.



                                                                 55











              Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide


               iii. Preservation Zone (3) - Areas reserved for protection of state significant resources including threatened or
               endangered plant and animal species or significant cultural resources.

                      a. Natural - Actual or proposed Natural Area Preserves dedicated to protecting Natural Heritage
                      Resources managed for the habitat of threatened or endangered species or natural communities present
                      on property-

                      b. Cultural - Areas to protect or preserve State significant Cultural resources.

                      c. Special - Areas managed for the protection and management of state significant natural resources or
                      cultural areas - can allow for restricted public access.

             B. Management Direction/Standards and Guidelines
             Long-term goals and specific objectives for the site are described here, including ecologic and programmatic
             goals. Specific objectives may be listed under each goal.

             The general direction for the three zones described in Section IV-A.2 sets minimum levels of protection that
             must be maintained while achieving the goals and objectives established for the area. These management
             requirements apply to specific management practices wherever they occur within that zone. The general
             direction provides guidance on how actions, measures or management practices are to be established for each
             zone as well as at the site level.


             Standards and Guidelines further define acceptable limits within which the general direction is to be
             implemented. Standards and Guidelines for each zone should address the following topics for consideration.

                      Recreation/other public uses
                      Hunting, fishing, trapping
                      Agriculture
                      Timber
                      Water
                      Minerals and geology
                      Soils
                      Roads, utilities, access
                      Facilities
                      Natural Heritage Resources
                      Wildfire
                      Insects and disease
                      Active management of vegetation and wildlife

             These considerations may include but are not limited to the above topics. Discuss the existing and needed
             information regarding each topic and its relation to the site and zone classification.

             C. Management Unit Development and Prescriptions
              1. Management Unit Development
              Management Units are parcels of land receiving a particular prescription and management treatment.
              Management units may consist of portions of the site where an individual management prescription or a group
              of compatible management prescriptions are applied. Most management units are compatible with zone
              sensitivities but some may be incompatible, and would thus be managed as exceptions. Each unit should be
              described and mapped. The description should include a statement on the management intent for the unit,

                                                                     56











            Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide
 0
             existing resource character, man-made facilities, and any identified concerns. Management units can and
             should be designed to meet the individual needs of the area for which resource management plans are being
             developed. Careful consideration must be given to the establishment of these areas and the resource
             capabilities associated with them.

             General categories of management units, based on use, follow:

             a. Visitor Services/Concentrated Use Management Unit
                All areas which serve concentrations of people would be included, such as day use and overnight use areas,
                areas used for active land and water activities (not including areas used as hiking trails, for dispersed fishing
                or hunting, etc.). This unit replaces subscript "d" of the earlier classification scheme.

             b. Support/Administrative Management Unit
                This area would consist of facilities specific to the operation and maintenance of the parcel, including
                facilities such as a maintenance shop, water treatment plant, residences, etc. This unit replaces subscript
                "d" of the earlier classification scheme.


             c. Historical and Cultural Use Management Unit
                All buildings and grounds which are historic or have historic qualities would be included. Also included
                would be: areas managed to demonstrate period agriculture, historic or old formal gardens, and visually or
                culturally significant buildings and landscapes.

             d. Dispersed Recreation Management Unit
                Contains portions of a site where there is dispersed recreation use. Areas may be managed to provide a
                variety of dispersed recreation opportunities and experiences, to enhance and interpret the unique natural
                resources of the area, to develop and administer trail systems.

             e. Viewshed Management Unit
                Areas which provide scenic quality, natural viewsheds and remoteness. Management activities are limited
                to those uses that do not affect the existing scenic attributes.

             f. Natural Area Preserve Management Unit
                Consists of areas which have been dedicated as state natural area preserves. Formal classification of these
                units can only occur with the approval of the Department Director upon recommendation by the Land
                Classification Committee and an ecological assessment by the Division of Natural Heritage.

             g. Zoological/Botanical Management Unit
                Consists of lands requiring special management because of special biological values. Species or
                communities considered exemplary, sensitive, or rare but which do not meet the criteria for natural area
                preserve status are included.

             h. Geologic Management Unit
                Consists of lands protecting fragile fossil or mineral localities and prominent features of the landscape which
                have high educational and scientific value.

             i. Wildlife Management Unit
                Contains portions of the site that are managed to maintain or enhance wildlife habitat. A variety of non-
                motorized dispersed recreation activities may occur in this unit.



                                                                  57











              Natural Area Source Book: State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide



               j. Timber Management Unit
                  Consists of portions of the site that are managed for timber through a variety of timber cutting methods.
                  Lands within this management unit provide a range of timber products in as efficient and economic a
                  manner as is consistent with the land classification and overriding objectives for management of the site.

               k. Agricultural Management Unit
                  Consists of portions of the site that are managed for food and fiber. A variety of agricultural practices may
                  be used as long as they are consistent with the land classification and the over-riding objectives for
                  management of the site.

               1. Scenic River Management Unit
                  Areas include state or federally designated scenic rivers and protect the largely primitive/pristine
                  surroundings on the river and within an adequate buffer.

               m. Control Limitations and Special Use Management Unit
                  Any situation or area that occurs within a site where special use permits, management agreements, or
                  easements have been granted or where control is lacking or limited in some respect would be included; such
                  as radio communication towers and stations, public water supply easements, non-site utilities, rights-of-way,
                  inholdings, mining permits, etc. A brief description should be prepared on the special use and extent of any
                  limitations. This unit replaces subscript "m" of the earier classification scheme.

               2. Management Prescriptions
               Management prescriptions, following a format of the Standards and Guidelines, should be developed for each
               management unit. These prescriptions will reflect the direction set in the Management Direction and
               Standards and Guidelines for the zone and will further refine and direct management on a site-specific basis.

               In some instances, site-wide prescriptions (e.g. detailed plant survey needs to be conducted) will cross the
               boundaries of the management units. The prescriptions should address the identified issues and ensure the unit
               is contributing to the overall management direction of the site.

             D. Action Plans
             Actions are considered a set of related tasks leading toward the achievement of an objective. Action plans
             should enumerate tasks identified through the management prescription planning process and should identify
             personnel, costs, and schedules for each task.

             March 1995




















                                                                    58






             Natural Area Source Book:                                                                                                          I










                      V. Bibliography and Pertinent References





 0











                                                                     59











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


                                            Bibliography, pertinent references

           Listed below are selected references that may assist land managers, scientists, educators and
           conservation planners in Virginia's coastal zone. References are grouped under the following
           broad headings: ecological management and research; economics/planning/public use; exotic
           /non-native species; fauna; fire; flora; hydrology and water quality; inventory and conservation
           planning; restoration; soils/substrate.


           ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH:

           Ash, A. N., C. B. McDonald, E. S. Kane and C. A. Pories. 1983. Natural and modified pocosins:
                   literature synthesis and management options. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-83/04.

           Beule, J. D. 1979. Control and management of cattails in southeastern Wisconsin wetlands.
                   Wisconsin Dept. Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 112, 80 pp.

           Brown, M. T., J. M. Schaefer, and K. Brandt. 1990. Buffer Zones for Water, Wetlands, and
                   Wildlife in East Central Florida. CFW Publication #89-07, Florida Agricultural Experiment
                   Stations Journal Series No. T-00061.


           Caljouw, C. A. and S. Hobbs. 1991. Management Agreement for the North Landing River Preserve
                   System. Unpublished Report on file with the Virginia Department of Conservation and
                   Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA, 13 pp.

           Clairain, E. J., Jr., and B. A . Kleiss. 1989. Functions and Values of Bottomland Hardwood Forests
                   Along the Cache River, Arkansas: Implications for Management. From the Proceedings:
                   Forested Wetlands of the Southern United States, July 12-14, 1988. Orlando, FL, pp. 27-33.

           Clifton, C. 1989. Effects of vegetation and land use on channel morphology. in R. E. Gresswell, et
                   al., editors. Practical approaches to Riparian Resource Management: An Educational
                   Workshop. BLM Publication BLM-MT-PT-89-001.4351. pp. 121-129.

           Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. Laroe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and
                   deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Program FWS/OBS-
                   79/31, 103 pp.

           Crosby, M. P. and A. D. Beck. 1995. Management-oriented research in National Estuarine Research
                   Reserves, with examples of fisheries-focused studies. Natural Areas Journal, 15(l): 12-20.

           Diehl, J., and T. S. Barrett. 1988. The Conservation Easement Handbook. The Land Trust Alliance,
                   Alexandria, VA, 269 pp.




                                                            60











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Dillaha, T. A., J. H. Sherrard, D. Lee. 1986. Long term effectiveness and maintenance of vegetative
                  filter strips. Bulletin 153, Virginia Water Resources Research Center.

           Dillaha, T. A., J. H. Sherrard, D. Lee, S. Mostaghim, and V. 0. Shanholtz. 1988. Evaluation of
                  vegetative filter strips as a best management practice for feedlots. Journal of Water Pollution
                  Control Federation, 60: 1231-1238.

           Elmore, W. and R. L. Beschta. 1987. Riparian areas: perceptions in management. Rangelands, 9(6):
                  260-265.


           Gebhart, K., S. Leonard, G. Staidl, and Don Prichard. 1990. Riparian area management: riparian and
                  wetland classification. Bureau of Land Management. Service Center. Denver, CO Tech Ref
                  1737-5, 56 pp.

           Godfrey, P. J. 1976. Barrier beaches of the East Coast. Oceanus, 19(5): 27-40.

           Gosselink, J. G. 1990. Landscape conservation in a forested wetland watershed: can we manage
                  cumulative impacts? BioScience, 40(8): 588-600.

           James, D. E. and M. J. Hewitt, 111. 1992. To save a river: Building a resource decision support
                  system for the Blackfoot River Drainage. Geo Info Systems, pp. 37-49.                                 0
           Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management.
                  Ecological Applications, 1(1): 66-84.

           Pearce, J. B. 1995. New York bight: a case study of marine habitat quality, cumulative effects, and
                  management in the 21st century. Natural Areas Journal, 15(l): 37-42.

           Practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Management: an Educational Workshop. BLM Publication
                  BLM-MT-PT-001-4351, pp. 45-52.

           Rawinski, T. J. 1994. Community sampling and habitat description: general instructions. Virginia
                  Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA,
                  3 pp.

           Schlosser, 1. J. 1990. Environmental variation, life history attributes, and community structure in
                  stream fishes: implications for environmental management and assessment. Environmental
                  Management, 14(5): 621-628.

           Sedell, J. R., G. H. Reeves, F. R. Hauer, J. A. Stanford and C. P. Hawkins. 1990. Role of refugia
                  in recovery from disturbances: modern fragmented and disconnected river systems.
                  Environmental Management, 14(5): 711-724.




                                                           61












           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Smith, R. H. 1942. Management of salt marshes on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Trans.
                  North American Wildlife Conference, 7: 272-277.

           Steuter, A. A., et al. 1990. A synthesis approach to research and management planning: the
                  conceptual development and implementation. Natural Areas Journal, 10(2): 61-68.

           The Sustainable Development Action Strategy for Northampton County, Virginia. 1994. Adopted by
                  the Northampton County Brd of Supervisors June 1994. A document of the VA Department
                  of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program, pursuant to National
                  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award.

           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Back Bay, Virginia: A literature synthesis of natural resource
                  status and trends. Report to the Virginia Field Office, USFWS. 54 pp.



           ECONOMICS / PLANNING / PUBLIC USE:


           Adams, L. W., and L. E. Dove. 1989. Wildlife Reserves and Corridors in the Urban Environment.
                  National Institute for Urban Wildlife, Columbia, MD, 91 pp.

           Brenneriman, R. L., and S. M. Bates, eds. 1984. Land-Saving Action. Island Press, Covelo, CA, 249
                  PP.

           Department of Conservation and Recreation. (in progress). Virginia Outdoors Plan. Richmond,
                  Virginia. Projected publication: 1995.

           Department of Planning and Budget and the Governor's Science and Advisory Committee. 1982.
                  Science Engineering and Technology - Resources in Virginia. January 1982.

           Dixon, J. A. and P. B. Sherman. 1990. Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and
                  Costs. Island Press, Washington, D. C., Covelo, CA, 234 pp.

           Edwards, V. M. 1994. Developing America's natural areas market. Natural Areas Journal, 14(l):
                  17-21.


           Freemuth, J. C. 1991. Islands Under Seige: National Parks and the Politics of External Threats.
                  University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 186 pp.

           Harris, L. D. 1984. The Fragmented Forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 211 pp.

           Hodges, J. and A. Regn (eds). 1994. Environmental Education Resources Directory: A Guide to
                  Environmental Information and Educational Resources in Virginia. Produced by VA
                  Department of Environmental Quality and Virginia Institute of Marine Science. VIMS
                  Publication #42. 88 pp.


                                                          62












            Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


            Hoose, P. M. 1981. Building an Ark, Tools for the Preservation of Natural Diversity through Land
                   Protection. Island Press, Covelo, CA, 221 pp.

            Hunter, M. L. 1990. Wildlife, Forests, and Forestry. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 370 pp.

            Little, C. 1990. Greenways for America. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

            Milewski, 1. A. 1995. Marine biodiversity: shaping a policy framework. Natural Areas Journal,
                   15(l): 61-67.

            Moler, P. E. and R. Franz. Wildlife Values of Small, Isolated Wetlands in the Southeastern Coastal
                   Plain. S. E. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Symposium, GA Dept. of Natural Resources,
                   Atlanta, GA, pp 234-241.

            Naiman, R. J., H. Decamps, and M. Pollock. 1993. The role of riparian corridors in maintaining
                   regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications, 3(2): 209-212.

            Norton, B. G. 1987. Why Preserve Natural Variety? Princeton University Press, 281 pp.

            Noss, R. F. 1987. Protecting natural areas in fragmented landscapes. Natural Areas Journal, 7(l): 2-
                   13.

            Noss, R. F. and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring
                   Biodiversity. Island Press. Washington, D.C., 416 pp.

            Pickering, H. J. 1995. Conserving the threatened coastal resource against all odds. Natural Areas
                   Journal, 15(l): 50-60.

            Potter, J., C. Caljouw, and M. Heinricht. 1994. North Landing River Watershed Public Access and
                   Visual Assessment. Dept. of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond, VA, 69 pp.

            Shafer, C. L. 1990. Nature Reserves. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 189 pp.

            Soule, M. E. 1987. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
                   UK, 189 pp.

            Soule, M. E. and D. Simberloff. 1986. What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of
                   nature reserves? Biological Conservation, 35: 19-40.

            The Commonwealth Poll. 1994. Public Opinion Regarding Protection of Natural Areas and Habitats.
                   Conducted by Survey Research Laboratory, Center for Public Service, Virginia
                   Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. Prepared for the Department of Conservation
                   and Recreation, Richmond, VA, May 1994, 15 pp.



                                                           63











          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Thomas, J. P. 1995. Remote sensing and relating coastal development to living marine resources and
                  their habitats. Natural Areas Journal, 15(l): 21-36.

          USDOI/National Park Service. 1990. Economic Impacts of Protection Rivers, Trails and Greenway
                  Corridors: A Resource Book. NPS, Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance, Western
                  Region, 600 Harrison #600, San Francisco, CA, 94107 (415) 744-3968

          Vora, R. S. 1994. Integrating old-growth forests into managed landscapes: a northern Great Lakes
                  perspective. Natural Areas Journal, 14(2): 113-123.

          Whelan, T. (ed) 1991. Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment. Island Press, Washington, D.
                  C., Covelo, CA, 223 pp.

          Wright, L. D., and S. P. Hubbell. 1983. Stochastic extinction and reserve size: a focal species
                  approach. Oikos, 41: 466-476.


          EXOTIONON-NATIVE SPECIES:


          Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay. 1993. Environmentally Sound Landscape Management for the
                  Chesapeake Bay.

          Boone, J., E. Furbish, and K. Turner. 1987. Control of Phragmites communis: results of burning,
                  cutting, and covering with plastic in a North Carolina marsh. Cooperative Park Service Unit
                  Technical Report 41, U.S.D.O.I., NPS, Athens, Georgia, 15 pp.

          Cross, D. H. and K. L. Fleming. 1989. Control of Phragmites or common reed. U.S. Fish and
                  Wildlife Leaflet 13.4.12. U.S.D.O.I., Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 5 pp.

          Eckardt, N. 1987. Elaeagnus umbellata - Autumn olive. Element Stewardship Abstract. The Nature
                  Conservancy, Minneapolis, MN.

          Evans, J. E. 1982. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonic ): A literature review of management
                  practices. Natural Areas Journal, 4: 4-10.

          Field, R. J. and W. A. Mitchell. 1988. Bush honeysuckles (Lonicer spp.). Section 7.5.5. U.S. Army
                  Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Technical Report EL-88-4.

          Frazier, B. E., and B. C. Moore. 1993. Some tests of film types for remote sensing of purple
                  loosestrife, (LZhru Ealicaria) at low densities. Wetlands, 13(3): 145-152.

          Hellings, S. E. and J. L. Gallagher. 1992. The effects of salinity and flooding on Phragmites
                  australis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29: 41-49.



                                                          64











             Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


             Hoshovsky, M. 1986. TNC Element Stewardship Abstract: Ailanthus altissima and Ailanthus
                     glandulos . The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, CA.

             Hu, S. 1979. Ailanthus. Arnoldia, 39(2): 29-50.

             Kennay, J., G. Fell and V. Nuzzo. 1990. Garlic Mustard. Vegetation Management Guideline 1(10).
                     Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.


             Luken, J. 0. 1994. Valuing plants in natural areas. Natural Areas Journal 14(4): 295-299.

             Marks, M., B. Lapin, J. Randall. 1994. Phragmites australis a. communis): Threats, Management
                     and Monitoring. Natural Areas Journal, 14(4): 285-294.

             McKnight, B. N. 1993. Biological Pollution: the control and impaact of invasive exotic species. 261
                     pp.

             Monsanto Company. 1985. Rodeo aquatic herbicide; complete directions for use in aquatic sites.
                     Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO.

             Nuzzo, V. 1991. Experimental control of garlic mustard in Northern Illinois using fire, herbicide and
                     cutting. Natural Areas Journal, 11(3): 158-167.

             Sather, N. 1988. Lonicera jal2onic : Element stewardship abstract. The Nature Conservancy.
                     Minneapolis, MN. '

             Spongberg, S. 1990. The first Japanese plants for New England. Arnoldia, 50(3): 2-11.

             Szafoni, B. 1994. Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata
                                                                 ). Vegetation Management Guideline, Vol 1 (3).
                     Illinois Department of Conservation.



             FAUNA:


             Beck, R. A., J. W. Akers, J. W. Via, and B. Williams. 1990a. Status and distribution of the least
                     tern in Virginia 1975-1988. Virginia Journal of Science, 41: 404-418.

             Beck, R. A., J. W. Akers, J. Via, J. W. Williams, K. Payne, K. Terwilliger, D. Bradshaw, and B.
                     Watts. 1990b. Colonial waterbird investigations. Virginia Dept. of Game and Inland
                     Fisheries, VA Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Invest. Annual Rpt: 38-52.

             Behrend, D. F., G. F. Mattfeld, W. N. Tierson and F. E. Wiley,111. 1976. Deer density control for
                     comprehensive forest management. Journal of Forestry, 68: 695-700.




                                                             65












          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Bradshaw, D. S. 1990. Red-cockaded woodpecker investigations, Virginia Dept. of Game and Inland
                  Fisheries, VA Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Invest. Annual Rpt: 91-93.

          Bradshaw, D. S. (in press) Habitat use by a relict population of red-cockaded woodpeckers in
                  southeastern Virginia. Proceedings - Red-cockaded woodpecker symposium III.

          Brown, W. S. 1993. Biology, status and management of the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus): a
                  guide for conservation. SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 22: 1-78.

          Buckley, P. A. and F. G. Buckley. 1976. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of
                  Colonially Nesting Waterbirds. North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service,
                  Boston, MA.

          Butler, R. W. 1992. Great Blue Heron, in The Birds of North America, No. 25. (A. Poole, P.
                  Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.) Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences;
                  Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists' Union.

          Churchfield, S. 1990. The Natural History of Shrews. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 178 pp.

          Clark, K. H. 1992. Shoreline habitat selection by bald eagles in a non-breeding eagle concentration
                  area on the James River, Virginia. M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary,
                  Williamsburg, VA, 111 pp.

          Cline, K. W. and M. A. Byrd. 1994. Bald Eagle management in Virginia: a comprehensive plan.
                  Final report to Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Nongame and Endangered
                  Species Program, 136 pp.

          Cross, R. R. 1989. Monitoring, management, and research of the piping plover at Chincoteague
                  National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished report on file with U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                  Service, Chincoteague, VA.

          Dueser, R. D., and K. Terwilliger. 1987. Status of the Delmarva fox squirrel (Sciurus RiM cinereus)
                  in Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science, 38: 380-388.

          Dunkle, S. W. 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida Peninsula, Bermuda, and the Bahamas. Scientific
                  Publishers. Gainesville/Washington, 154 pp.

          Dunkle, S. W. 1990. Damselflies of Florida, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers.
                  Gainesville/Washington, 148 pp.

          Ellingwood, M. R. and J. B. McAninch. 1984. Update on the Institute of Ecosystem Studies deer
                  damage control project. Trans. Northeast Deer Technical Committee, 20: 6-7.




                                                           66











            Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


            Grubb, T. G. and R. M. King. 1991. Assessing human disturbance of breeding bald eagles with
                   classification tree models. J. Wildl. Manage, 55: 500-511.

            Halls, L. K. (ed). 1984. White-tailed deer ecology and management. A Wildlife Management Institute
                   Book. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA.

            Hammerson, G. A. 1994. Beaver (Castor canadensis): ecosystem alterations, management, and
                   monitoring. Natural Areas Journal, 14(l): 44-57.

            Hammerson, G. A. 1991. Element Stewardship Abstract for Castor canadensis, Beaver. Unpublished
                   Report. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Heritage Task Force, Boston, Mass.

            Hammerstrom, F. 1986. Harrier, hawk of the marshes. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution
                   Press.


            Hooven, E. F. and H. C. Black. 1976. Effects of some clearcutting practices on small-mammal
                   populations in western Oregon. Northwest Science, SO: 189-208.

            Huntly, N. 1991. Herbivores and the Dynamics of Communities and Ecosystems. Annu. Rev. E col.
                   Syst., 22: 477-503.

            Irwin, R. R. 1972. Further notes on Emphyes dukesi (Hesperiidae). Journal of Research on the
                   Lepidoptera, 10: 185-188.

            Ishmael, W. E. and 0. J. Rongstad. 1984. Economics of an urban deer removal program. Wildl.
                   Soc. Bull., 12(4): 394-398.

            Jaffee, N. B. 1980. Nest site selection and foraging behavior of the bald eagle in Virginia. M.S.
                   Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 113 pp.

            Johnson, R. 1. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the
                   Southern Atlantic Slope Region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,     140(6):
                   263-449.

            Jones, C. A., S. R. Humphrey, T. M. Padgett, R. K. Rose, and J. F. Pagels. 1991. Geographic
                   variation and taxonomy of the southeastern shrew (SoM jqn&jrqgrW. Journal of
                   Mammalogy, 72: 263-272.

            Karr, J. R., L. A. Toth, and D. R. Dudley. 1985. Fish communities of midwestern rivers: a history
                   of degradation. BioScience, 35(2): 90-95.

            Knisley, C. B. and J. H. Hill. 1989. Impact of human activity on Cicindela dorsalis and Cicindela
                   12uritana.



                                                           67











          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Knisley, C. B. and J. H. Hill. 1990. Studies of two endangered tiger beetles, Cicindela dorsalis
                  dorsalis and Cicindela puritan , in Maryland, 1989. Final Report to Maryland Natural
                  Heritage Program, Annapolis, MD.

          Knisley, C. B. and J. H. Hill. 1992. Effects of habitat change from ecological succession and human
                  impact on tiger beetles. Virginia Journal of Science, 43: 133-142.

          Kushlan, J. A. 1989. Avian use of fluctuating wetlands. in R. R. Sharitz and J. W. Gibbons, eds.
                  Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife. USDOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information,
                  Oak Ridge, TN. DOE Symposium Series No. 61., pp. 593-604.

          McCracken, G. F. 1988. Who's endangered and what can we do? Bats, 6(3): 5-9.

          McDonald, J. N. and T. Skwara (editors). 1991. Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a
                  Symposium/Coordinated by Karen Terwilliger. The McDonald and Woodward Publishing
                  Co., Blacksburg, VA, 671 pp.

          Meanley, B. 1992. King Rail in The Birds of North America, No. 3 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim and F.
                  Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The
                  American Ornithologists Union, 12 pp.

          Merritt, R. W., and D. L. Lawson. 1992. The role of leaf litter macro-invertebrates in stream-
                  floodplain dynamics. Hydrobiologia, 248: 65-77.

          Mitchell, J. C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, xv +352
                  PP.

          Naiman, R. J., C. A. Johnston, J. C. Kelley. 1988. Alteration of North American streams by
                  beaver. BioScience, 38(11): 753-762.

          Neves, R. J., G. B. Pardue, E. F. Benfield, S. D. Dennis. 1980. An Evaluation of Endangered
                  Mollusks in Virginia. Report for Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries, Fish
                  Division, Project #E-F-1, Richmond, VA.

          Neves,  R. J. and J. C. Widlak. 1987. Habitat ecology of juvenile freshwater mussels (Bivalvia:
                  Unionidae). Am. Malacol. Bull., 6: 179-188.

          Opler,  P. A. and G. 0. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. The Johns Hopkins
                  University Press. Baltimore and London, 294 pp.

          Pague,  C. A. and J. C. Mitchell. 1987. The status of amphibians in Virginia. Virginia Journal of
                  Science, 38(4): 304-318.




                                                           68











   Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


   Panek,  F. M. 1995. Preservation and management of marine and coastal fisheries in the National
           Park system: a review of research programs. Natural Areas Journal, 15(l): 7-11.

   Parker, M., F. J. Wood, Jr., B. H. Smith and R. G. Elder. 1985. Erosional Downeutting in Lower
           Order Riparian Ecosystems: Have Historical Changes Been Caused by Removal of Beaver?
           Paper presented at the First North American Riparian Conference, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson,
           AZ, April 1985.

   Porter, W. F. 1991. White-tailed Deer in Eastern Ecosystems: Implications for Management and
           Research in National Parks. U.S.D.O.I. Natural Resources Report NPS/NRSUNY/NRR-
           91/05.


   Power, M. E. 1990. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science, 250: 811-814.

   Savitzky, A. H. 1995. (in preparation) Canebrake Rattlesnake Fact Sheet.

   Scott, J. A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 583
           pp-

   Shaw, J., G. Heidt, L. McClenaghan, Jr. and S. Sheffield. 1987. Guidelines for the protection of bat
           roosts. American Society of Mammalogists.

   Strole, T. A. and R. C. Anderson. 1992. White-tailed deer browsing: species preferences and
           implications for central Illinois forests. Natural Areas Journal, 12(3): 139-144.

   Therres, G. D., M. A. Byrd, and D. S. Bradshaw. 1993. Effects of development on nesting bald
           eagles: case studies from Chesapeake Bay. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf., 58:62-69.

   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Chesapeake Bay Region Bald Eagle Recovery Plan: Draft
           Recovery Plan, First Revision. Newton Corner, MA.

   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Dismal Swamp Southeastern Shrew (Sorex longirostris fisheri
           Merriam) Recovery Plan, Draft. Hadley, Massachusetts.

   Watts,  B. D. 1994. Distribution of colonial waterbirds on the Eastern Shore of Virginia:
           Implications for beneficial uses of dredge material. Final report to Virginia Department of
           Game and Inland Fisheries, Nongame and Endangered Species Program, 92 pp.

   Watts, B. D., K. W. Cline and M. A. Byrd. 1994. THE BALD EAGLE in VIRGINIA: a
           management guide for landowners. Final product for National Oceanic and Atmospheric
           Administration, 9 pp.





                                                    69












           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Watts, B. D., K. W. Cline, and M. A. Byrd. 1994. THE BALD EAGLE in VIRGINIA: an
                   information booklet for land planners. Final report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                   Administration, 85 pp.

           Watts, B. D. and S. E. Mabey. 1994. Migratory landbirds of the lower Delmarva: habitat selection
                   and geographic distribution. Final report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                   Administration, 101 pp.

           Webster, W. D., J. F. Parnell, and W. C. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and
                   Maryland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

           Williams, B., R. A. Beck, W. Akers, and J. W. Via. 1990. Longitudinal surveys of the beach nesting
                   and colonial waterbirds of the lower Chesapeake Bay. VA Journal of Science, 41: 381-388.



           FIRIE:


           Buccholz, K. and R. A. Zampella. 1987. A 30-year fire history of the New Jersey USA pine
                   plains. Bulletin of the NJ Academy of Science, 32(2): 61-70.

           Busch, D. E. and S. D. Smith. 1993. Effects of fire on water and salinity relations of riparian woody
                   taxa. Oecologia, 94: 186-194.

           Christensen, N. L. 1981. Fire regimes in southeastern ecosystems. in: Mooney, H. A., T. M.
                   Bonnicksen, N. L. Christensen, J. E. Lotan and W. A. Reiners, (technical coords.)
                   Proceedings of the conference: fire regimes and ecosystem properties. Dec 1978, Hawaii. US
                   Forest Service GTR WO-26.


           Ewel, K. C. 1993. Fire in cypress swamps in the southeastern United States. Symposium: Fire in
                   Wetlands: A Management Perspective. Tall Timbers Research Station, FL.

           Faulkner, S. P. and A. A. Del La Cruz. 1982. Nutrient mobilization following winter fires in an
                   irregularly flooded marsh. J. Env. Q., 11: 129-133.

           Fischer, W. C. (compiler) 1993. The Fire Effects Information System (data base). Missoula, MT: US
                   Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain
                   Fire Sciences Laboratory.

           Forthman, C. A. 1973. The effects of prescribed burning on sawgrass, Cladium jamaicens Crantz, in
                   south Florida. MS Thesis. Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 83 pp.

           Hackney, C. T. and A. A. Del La Cruz. 1981. Effects of fire on brackish marsh communities:
                   management implications. Wetlands, 1: 75-86.



                                                             70












    Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


    Hungerford, R. D., K. C. Ryan, and W. H. Frandsen. 1994. Heat transfer modeling in organic soils
           and linking soil heating to visual fire severity indicators. (Draft study plan). Intermountain
           Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.

    Jones, C. A. 1992. Review of the effects of fire on Peromyscus and Podomys. Biological Sciences,
           55(2): 75-84.

    Kirby, R. 1988. Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife relationships: An
           annotated bibliography. USFWS Bio. Rep, 88(l).

    Klukas, R. W. 1973. Control burn activities in Everglades National Park. Proceedings of Annual Tall
           Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 12: 379-425.

    Krefting, L. W. and C. E. Ahlgren. 1974. Small mammals and vegetation changes after fire in a
           mixed conifer-hardwood forest. Ecology, 55: 1391-1398.

    Motzkin, G. and W. A. Patterson 111. 1991. Cape Cod's Atlantic White Cedar: Managing a Unique,
           Natural (?) Community. Park Science, 11 (3): 10-11.

    Motzkin, G., W . A. Patterson, III, and N. Drake. 1993. Fire history and vegetation dynamics of a
           Chamaecyparis thyoides wetland on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

    Price, M. V. and N. M. Waser. 1984. On the relative abundance of species: postfire changes in a
           coastal sage scrub rodent community. Ecology, 65: 1161-1169.

    Schmalzer, P. A. and C. R. Hinkle. 1992. Soil dynamics following fire in Juncus and Spartin
           marshes. Wetlands, 12: 8-21.

    Smith, L. M., and J. A. Kadlec. 1985. Fire and herbivory in a Great Salt Lake marsh. Ecology, 66:
           259-265.


    Taylor, J. G. 1986. Recreation and fire management: public concerns, attitudes and perceptions.
           Leisure-Sciences, 8(2): 167-187.

    Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. !Qhamaecyparis thyoides. IN: Fischer, W. C. (compiler) 1993. The Fire
           Effects Information System [data base]. Missoula, Montana: U. S. Department of
           Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences
           Laboratory.

    Van Wilgen, B. W. and A. J. Wills. 1988. Fire behavior prediction in savanna vegetation. South
           African Journal of Wildlife Resources, 18(2): 41-46.

    Wade, D., J. Ewel, and R. Hoffsetter. 1980. Fire in south Florida ecosystems. U. S. Forest Service
           GTR SE-17 125 pp.


                                                   71











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Wilbur, R. B. and N. L. Christensen. 1983. Effects of fire on nutrient availability in a North
                  Carolina Coastal Plain pocosin. American Midland Naturalist, 110: 54-61.



           FLORA:


           Bazely, D. R., R. L. Jeffries. 1986. Changes in composition and standing crop of salt marsh
                  communities in response to removal of a grazer. J. Ecol., 74: 693-706.

           Bruderle, L. P., and S. E. Davison. 1985. Element stewardship abstract-Aeschynomen virginic
                  Arlington, Virginia: The Nature Conservancy.

           Brumbach, W. E., and C. W. FyIer. 1988. Monitoring of Isotria medeoloides in New Hampshire.
                  Wild Flower Notes [New England Wild Flower Society, Framingham, Massachusetts], 3: 32-
                  40.

           Crum, H. A. and L. E. Anderson. 1981. Mosses of Eastern North America. New York: Columbia
                  University Press. Two volumes.

           Dennis, J. V. 1988. The Great Cypress Swamps. Louisiana State Univ. Press, Baton Rouge and
                  London, 142 pp.

           Ewel, K. C. and H. T. Odum. 1984. Cypress Swamps. University Presses of Florida, Univ. of
                  Florida Press, Gainesville, FL, 472 pp.

           Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. Eighth edition. New York: American Book
                  Company.

           Fernald, M. L. 1936. Plants from the outer coastal plain of Virginia. Rhodora, 38: 376-404,
                  414-452.


           Frost, C. C. 1989. History and status of remnant pocosin, canebrake and white cedar wetlands in
                  Virginia. Unpublished Report on file with the Virginia Department of Conservation and
                  Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA, 130 pp.

           Godfrey, R. K. and J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States.
                  Univ. of GA Press, Athens, GA, 712 pp.

           Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, C. E. Stevens, T. F. Wieboldt, D. M. E. Ware, D. W. Ogle, G.
                  W. Ramsey, and G. P. Fleming. 1992. Atlas of the Virginia Flora, Third Edition. Virginia
                  Botanical Associates, Burkeville, VA, 144 pp.





                                                          72











            Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


            Keddy, P. A., 1. C. Wisheu, B. Shipley and C. Gaudet. 1989. Seed banks and vegetation
                    management for conservation: Toward predictive community ecology. in: M. A. Leek, et al.
                    eds. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, pp. 347-363.

            Keenan, P. E. 1989. Progress report on the small whorled pogonia. American Orchid Society
                    Bulletin, 57: 624-626.

            Laderman, A. D. 1987. Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands. Westview Special Studies in Natural
                    Resources and Energy Management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 400 pp.

            Ludwig, J. C. 1995. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Vascular Plant Taxa and Virginia
                    Plant Watch List. (compiled by J.C. Ludwig) Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                    Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA, 27 pp.

            Ludwig, J. C. 1989. The biological and legal status of Virginia's rare and uncommon vascular plants.
                    Jeffersonia, 20:1-18.

            McDonald, J. N. and T. Skwara (editors). 1991. Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a
                    Symposium/Coordinated by Karen Terwilliger. The McDonald and Woodward Publishing
                    Co., Blacksburg, VA, 671 pp.

            McKee, K. L., I. A. Mendelssohn, and D. M. Burdick. 1989. Effect of long-term flooding on root
                    metabolic response in five freshwater marsh plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67:
                    3446-3452.


            Niering, W. A. and R. S. Warren. 1977. Our dynamic tidal marshes: vegetation changes as revealed
                    by peat analysis. Connecticut Arboretum Bulletin, 12. 22 pp.

            Ostlie, W. R. 1990. Element Stewardship Abstract for Carex decomposit , cypress-knee sedge. The
                    Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, 10 pp.

            Rawinski, T. J. 1992. A classification of Virginia's indigenous biotic communities: Vegetated
                    Terrestrial, Palustrine and Estuarine Community Classes. Natural Heritage Technical Rpt.
                    #92-21. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage,
                    Richmond, VA, 25 pp.

            Roman, C. T., W. A. Niering, and R. S. Warren. 1984. Salt marsh vegetation change in response to
                    tidal restriction. Environmental Management, 8: 141-150.

            Schneider, R. L. and R. R. Sharitz. 1986. Seed bank dynamics in a southeastern riverine swamp
                    forest. American Journal of Botany, 73: 1022-1030.

            Shankman, D., and L. G. Drake. 1990. Channel migration and regeneration of bald cypress in
                    western Tennessee. Physical Geography, 11(4): 343-352.


                                                           73











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Shankman, D. 1993. Channel migration and vegetation patterns in the southeastern coastal plain.
                   Conservation Biology, 7(l): 176-183.

           Sharitz, R. R. and J. W. Gibbons. 1982. The ecology of southeastern shrub bogs (pocosins) and
                   Carolina bays: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-82/04.

           Smith, L. M. and J. A. Kadlec. 1983. Seed banks and their role during drawdown of a North
                   American marsh. Journal of Applied Ecology, 20(2): 673-684.

           Strong, M. T., and P. M. Sheridan. 1991. Juncus caesariensis Coville (Juncaceae) in Virginia peat
                   bogs. Castanea, 56: 65-69.

           Sutter, R. D. 1982. The distribution and reproductive biology of Helonias bullata L. in North
                   Carolina. North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Raleigh, NC.

           Sutter, R. D. 1984. The status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the Southern Appalachians.
                   Castanea, 49(l): 9-16.

           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Swamp Pink (Helonias jLullata). Recovery Plan. Newton
                   Corner, Massachusetts.

           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Small Whorled Pogonia (Isotria medeoloides). Recovery Plan,
                   First Revision. Newton Corner, Massachusetts.

           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Sensitive Joint-vetch (Aeschynomene virginica
                                                                                                ). Draft
                   Recovery Plan, First Revision. Newton Corner, Massachusetts.

           Virginia Natural Heritage Program, Department of Conservation and Historic Resources. 1988.
                   Status survey report for Helonias bullata (Swamp Pink) in Virginia. Submitted to the Bureau
                   of Plant Protection and Pesticide Regulation, Virginia Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer
                   Services.



           E"ROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY:

           Allan, J. D. and A. S. Flecker. 1993. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. BioScience,
                   43(l): 32-43.

           Bales, J. D. and S. C. Skrobialowski. 1993. Salt transport in a tidal canal, West Neck Creek,
                   Virginia. Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1993 Conference, (2): 1422-1427.

           Beschta, R. L. and W. S. Platts. 1986. Morphological significance of small streams: significance
                   and function. Water Resources Bulletin, 22(3): 369-379.



                                                             74











          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Benjamin, S. and R. Sutter. 1993. Experiment 2: Monitoring the water table of three North
                  Carolina depression bogs. in: Sarracenia ionesii: Monitoring, management and research
                  1991-1992. The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Field Office, Chapel Hill, NC, Internal
                  publication, pp. 92-109.

          Carlock, J. 1994. Environmental Program Publications - Environmental Reviews, Hampton Roads
                  Planning District Commission. April, May, June 1994, Number 12.

          Conner, W. H., et al. 1981. Comparison of the vegetation of three Louisiana swamp sites with
                  different flooding regimes. American Journal of Botany, 68: 320-331.

          Conner, W. H. and J. W. Day, Jr. 1981. Water level variability and litterfall productivity of forested
                  freshwater wetlands in Louisiana. American Midland Naturalist, 128: 237-245.

          Copeland, B. J., R. G. Hodson, S. R. Riggs, and J. E. Easley, Jr., 1983. The Ecology of the
                  Albemarle Sound, North Carolina: an estuarine profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                  Service, Division of Biological Services, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-83/01. 68 pp.

          Correll, D. L., T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1992. Cross media inputs to eastern U.S.
                  watersheds and their significance to estuarine water quality. Water Science Technology,
                  26(12): 2675-2683.

          Doss, P. K. 1993. The nature of a dynamic water table in a system of non-tidal, freshwater coastal
                  wetlands. Journal of Hydrology, 141: 107-126,

          Gerla, P. J. 1992. The relationships of water-table changes to the capillary fringe, evapotranspiration,
                  and precipitation in intermittent wetlands. Wetlands, 12(2): 91-98.

          Godfrey, P. J. 1976. Comparative ecology of East Coast barrier islands: hydrology, soil,
                  vegetation. in: Technical Proceedings of the Barrier Island Workshop. Washington, D.C.
                  The Conservation Foundation.

          Golet, F. C. and D. J. Lowry. 1987. Water regimes and tree growth in Rhode Island Atlantic
                  white cedar swamps. in: Aimlee D. Laderman, ed. Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands.
                  Westview Press. Boulder, CO, pp. 91-110.

          Gosselink, J. G., L. C. Lee and T. A. Muir. 1990. Ecological Processes and Cumulative Impacts,
                  Illustrated by Bottondand Hardwood Wetland Ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI,
                  708 pp.

          Johnson, W. C. 1992. Dams and riparian forests: case study from the upper Missouri River. Rivers,
                  3(4): 229-242.




                                                          75











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Jordan, T. E., D. L. Correll and D. E. Weller. 1993. Nutrient interception by a riparian forest
                   receiving inputs from adjacent cropland. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22(3): 467-
                   473.


           Kleiss, B. A. 1988. Assessing Water Quality and Hydrology Functions of a Bottomland Hardwood
                   Forest in Arkansas. Information Exchange Booklet, Vol. D-88-3. Environmental Effects
                   of Dredging. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

           Lichtler, W. F., and P. N. Walker. 1979. Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina.
                   pp. 140-168 In P. W. Kirk, Jr. (ed) The Great Dismal Swamp, University Press of
                   Virginia, Charlottesville, 427 pp.

           Liptack, D., J. Turenne, W. Wilcox and K. Healy. 1990. Ground-penetrating radar study of salt-
                   water intrusion at Tisbury Great Pond, Massachusetts. Unpublished report, 17 pp.

           Marshall, H. G. and M. D. Norman (eds). 1990. Proceedings of the Back Bay Ecological
                   Symposium. Publ. by Dept. of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA.

           Nilsson, C., A. Eckblad, M. Gardfiell, and B. Carlberg. 1991. Long-term effects of river
                   regulation on river margin vegetation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28(3): 963-987.

           O'Dell, J. M. 1988. The North Landing River Basin of Virginia Beach: A Brief Historical Overview.
                   Department of Conservation and Historic Resources. Richmond, VA, 58 pp.

           Odum, W. E., T. J. Smith III, J. K. Hoover, and C. C. McIvor. 1984. The ecology of tidal
                   freshwater marshes of the United States east coast: a community profile. U.S. Fish and
                   Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-83/17. 177 pp.

           Park, R. A., M. S. Trehan, P. W. Mausel, and R. C. Howe. 1989. Coastal Wetlands in the Twenty-
                   first Century: Profound Alterations due to Rising Sea Level. in: Wetlands; Concerns
                   and Successes. American Water Resources Association, pp. 71-80.

           Phillips, P. J. and R. J. Shedlock. 1993. Hydrology and chemistry of groundwater and seasonal
                   ponds in the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Delaware, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 141: 157-178.

           Rheinhardt, R. D. and C. Hershner. 1992. The relationship of below-ground hydrology to canopy
                   composition in five tidal freshwater swamps. Wetlands, 12(3): 208-216.

           Richardson, Curtis J. 1991. Pocosins: an ecological perspective. Wetlands, Special Issue 11: 335-354.

           Richter, B. 1992. Hydrologic Monitoring Manual. Internal publication of The Nature Conservancy.
                   53 pp.




                                                            76











            Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


            Schneider, R. 1992. Examination of the Role of Hydrology and Geochemistry in Maintaining Rare
                   Plant Communities of Coastal Plain Ponds: A Final Report to The Nature Conservancy.
                   Unpublished manuscript. 51 pp.

            Siegel, D. 1. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic ftinction of bogs,
                   fens and mires. Environmental Management, 12(5): 621-626.

            Sigafoos, R. S. 1961. Vegetation in Relation to Flood Frequency near Washington, D.C. in USGS
                   Professional Paper 424-C. pp. 248-250.

            Sparks, R. E. 1992. Risks of altering the hydrologic regime of large rivers. in J. Cairns, Jr., B. R.
                   Niederlehner, and D. R. Orvos (eds). Predicting Ecosystem Risk. Advances in Modern
                   Environmental Toxicology. Princeton Scientific Publishing Company, Inc. Princeton, NJ,
                   pp. 119-152.

            Ursic, S. J. 1991. Hydrologic effects of two methods of harvesting mature southern pine. Water
                   Resources Bulletin, 27(2): 303-315.

            Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1993. Wetland Guidelines. Prepared by Virginia Institute of
                   Marine Science and Virginia Marine Resources Commission, 74 pp.

            Virginia Water Quality Assessment. 1990. 305(b) Report to EPA and Congress. VWCB Information
                   Bulletin #579. April.

            Virginia Water Quality Assessment. 1992. 305(b) Report to EPA and Congress. VWCB Information
                   Bulletin #588. April.

            Wilson, S. 1993. Virginia Nonpoint Source Pollution Watershed Assessment Report. Virginia
                   Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation,
                   Richmond, VA, 157 pp.

            Winter, T. C. 1990. A conceptual framework for assessing cumulative impacts on the hydrology
                   of nontidal wetlands. Environmental Management, 12(5): 605-620.



            INVENTORY AND CONSERVATION PLANNING:

            Baumgartner, J., ed. 1994. Site Conservation Planning: Issues and Recommendations. Final Report of
                   the Site Design Working Group, August 1994. The Nature Conservancy. 17 pp.

            Biological and Conservation Data System. 1994. (BCD) Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                   Division of Natural Heritage.




                                                           77











           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Clampitt, C. A. 1991. Natural Areas Inventory of the Lower Peninsula of Virginia. Natural Heritage
                  Technical Report #92-1. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of
                  Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA, 85 pp.

           Clampitt, C. A., C. A. Pague, J. C. Ludwig, M. L. Lipford, C. A. Caljouw, and K. A. Buhlmann.
                  1990. An Inventory of the Natural Communities, and Rare, Threatened and Endangered
                  Species of Seashore State Park and Natural Area, Virginia Beach, VA. Natural Heritage
                  Technical Rpt. #90-2. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of
                  Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA, 97 pp.

           Clark, K. H. 1993. Conservation Planning for the Natural Areas of the Lower Peninsula of Virginia.
                  Natural Heritage Technical Rpt. #93-4. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                  Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA, 193 pp.

           Diamond, J. M. 1975. The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of
                  natural preserves. Biological Conservation, 7: 129-146.

           Erdle, S. Y., M. A. Donoff, L. R. Smith, C. A. Caljouw, and H. C. Bernick, 111. 1994.
                  Conservation Planning for the Management and Protection of Natural Areas in the City of
                  Virginia Beach, Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Rpt. #94-12. Virginia Department of
                  Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, VA, 125 pp.

           Ludwig, J. C., K. A. Buhlmann, and C. A. Pague. 1993. A Natural Heritage Inventory of Mid-
                  Atlantic Region National Parks in Virginia: Colonial National HIstorical Park. Natural
                  Heritage Technical Report #93-6. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                  Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA, 62 pp.

           Mabey, S. E., J. M. McCann, L. J. Niles, C. Bartlett, and P. Kerlinger. 1993. The Neotropical
                  Songbird Coastal Corridor Study - Special Virginia Edition. Virginia Department of
                  Environmental Quality, Richmond, VA, 72 pp.

           Rawinski, T. J. and G. P. Fleming. 1993. An inventory and protection plan for southeast Virginia's
                  critical natural areas, exemplary wetlands, and endangered species habitats. Albemarle-
                  Pamlico Study. Rpt No. 93-13, Raleigh, NC, 200 pp.

           Rawinski, T. J. and J. C. Ludwig. 1992. Critical natural areas, exemplary wetlands, and endangered
                  species habitats in southeastern Virginia: Results of the 1991 inventory encompassing Prince
                  George County, Surry County, Isle of Wight County, Chesapeake City, Suffolk City, and
                  Virginia Beach City. Natural Heritage Technical Report 92-14, Virginia Department of
                  Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA, 87 pp.

           Rawinski, T. G., and S. D. Price. 1994. An action plan for coastal plain wetland conservation toward
                  a continental conservation strategy. Biological Conservation, 68: 281-284.



                                                          78












           Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


           Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 1991. State Lands Resource Management Plan
                   Guide. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond, VA, 102 pp.

           Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritag  e. Conservation
                   Planning for the Management and Protection of Natural Areas in the Albemarle-Pamlico
                   Estuarine Study Area of Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Rpt. #94-9. Richmond, VA.

           Watts, B. D., M. A. Byrd, and G. E. Kratimenos. 1993. Active land planning for long-term bald
                   eagle management within the lower Chesapeake Bay (Phase 1: Model Construction). Final
                   Report to the Virginia Environmental Endowment. 36 pp.



           RESTORATION:


           Apple, L. L. 1985. Riparian Habitat Restoration and Beavers. Paper presented at the Riparian
                   Ecosystem Management Conference, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, April 1985.

           Athearn, F. J. 1988. Habitat in the Past: Historical Perspectives of Riparian Zones on the White
                   River. BLM Cultural Resource Series, No. 23, 44 pp.

           Barendregt, A., S.M.E. Stam and M. J. Wassen. 1992. Restoration of fen ecosystems in the Vecht
                   River plain: cost-benefit analysis of hydrological alternatives. Hydrobiologia, 233: 247-258.

           Barrett, N. E. and W. A. Niering. 1993. Tidal marsh restoration: trends in vegetation change using a
                   geographical information system (GIS). Restoration Ecology, 3-93: 18-28.

           Connin, S. 1991. Characteristics of successful riparian restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest.
                   USEPA 910/9-91-033.

           Environmental Concern. 1993. Excerpts on wetland creation and restoration. Various titles and
                   authors. Wetland Journal, I I pp -

           Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Watershed protection approach: A project focus.
                   Unpublished draft. In press. 86 pp.

           Gammill, S. P. and P. E. Hosier. 1992. Coastal salt marsh development at Southern Topsail Sound,
                   North Carolina. Estuaries, 15(2): 122-129.

           Gecy, J. L. and M. V. Wilson. 1990. Initial establishment of riparian vegetation after disturbance
                   by debris flows in Oregon. American Midland Naturalist, 123: 282-291.






                                                            79











          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Hardaway, C. S., G. R. Thomas, B. K. Fowler, C. L. Hill, J. E. Frye, N. A. Ibison. 1985.
                  Results of the vegetative erosion control project in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay system.
                  Proceedings, 12th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation, Tampa, FL, 19
                  PP.

          Haynes, R. J., J. A. Allen and E. C. Pendleton. 1988. Re-establishment of Bottomland Hardwood
                  Forests on Disturbed Sites: An Annotated Bibliography. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                  Biological Report 88(42). 104 pp.

          Hupp, C. R. and A. Simon. 1991. Bank accretion and the development of vegetated depositional
                  surfaces along modified alluvial channels. Geomorphology, 4: 111-124.

          National Research Council. 1992. Chapter 5: Rivers and Streams. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems.
                  Chapter 6: Wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems. National Academy Press.
                  Washington, D. C., pp. 165-261 and pp. 262-340.

          Swenson, E. A. and C. L. Mullins. 1986. Revegetating Riparian Trees in Southwestern Floodplains.
                  in: Riparian Ecosystems and their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses. April 16-18,
                  1985. Tucson, AZ.

          van der Valk, A. G. and R. L. Pederson. 1989. Seed banks and the management and restoration of
                  natural vegetation. in: Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 329-346.

          Williams, C. D. and J. E. Williams. 1992. Bring back the natives: a new strategy for restoring
                  aquatic biodiversity on public lands. Transactions of the 57th North American Wildlife and
                  Natural Resources Conference, pp. 416-423.

          Zentner, J. 1992. Zentner on Katz (and Zedler and Hiss): The issue of restorability. Restoration and
                  Management Notes, 10(2): 113-116.


          SOILS/SUBSTRATE (SEDIMENTATION, EROSION, ACCRETION):

          Anderson, G. L., C. S. Hardaway and J. R. Gunn. 1983. Beach response to spurs and groins.
                  Proceedings, Coastal Structures 83, ASCE, Arlington, VA.

          Brinson, M. A. 1981. Nitrogen cycling and assimilative capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus by
                  riverine wetland forests. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North
                  Carolina #81-167, Chapel Hill, NC.

          Carter, V. 1988. The relation of hydrogeology, soils and vegetation on the wetland-to-upland
                  transition zone of the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina. Ph.D.
                  dissertation, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.



                                                          80












          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Faulkner, S. P. and W. H. Patrick, Jr. 1992. Redox processes and diagnostic wetland soil indicators
                  in bottomland hardwood forests. Soil Science Society of America, 56: 856-865.

          Finkelstein, K. and C. S. Hardaway. 1988. Late Holocene sedimentation and erosion of estuarine
                  fringing marshes, York River, Virginia. Journal of Coastal Research.

          Gammill, S. P. and P. E. Hosier. 1992. Coastal salt marsh development at Southern Topsail Sound,
                  North Carolina. Estuaries, 15(2): 122-129.

          Godfrey, P. J. 1976. Comparative Ecology of East Coast Barrier Islands: Hydrology, Soil,
                  Vegetation. in: Technical Proceedings of the Barrier Island Workshop. Washington, D.C.,
                  The Conservation Foundation.

          Groeneveld, D. P. and T. E. Griepenhog. 1985. Interdependence of Groundwater, Riparian
                  Vegetation, and Streambank Stability: A Case Study. Paper presented at the Symposium on
                  Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, April
                  1985.


          Hardaway, C. S. 1985. Estuarine shore erosion control: Gapped breakwaters. Proceedings, Coastal
                  Zone 85, ASCE, Baltimore, MD.

          Hardaway, C. S. and G. L. Anderson. 1980. Shoreline Erosion in Virginia. Virginia Sea Grant
                  Program, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 25 pp.

          Hardaway, C. S., J. R. Gunn and R. N. Reynolds. 1993. Breakwater design in Chesapeake Bay:
                  Dealing with the end effects. Proceedings, Coastal Zone 93, ASCE, New Orleans, LA.

          Heede, B. H. 1992. Stream Dynamics: An Overview for Land Managers (revised edition: original
                  1980). Forest Service General Technical Report RM-72. 26 pp.

          Huenneke, L. F. and R. R. Sharitz. 1990. Substrate heterogeneity and regeneration of a swamp tree,
                  Nyssa aguatica. American Journal of Botany, 77(3): 413-419.

          Hupp, C. R. and D. E. Bazemore. 1993. Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland sedimentation,
                  West Tennessee. Journal of Hydrology, 141: 179-196.

          Hupp, C. R. and A. Simon. 1991. Bank accretion and the development of vegetated depositional
                  surfaces along modified alluvial channels. Geomorphology, 4: 111-124.

          Kauffinan, J. B. and W. C. Krueger. 1984. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and
                  streamside management implications: a review. Journal of Range Management, 37(5): 430-
                  438.





                                                         81











          Natural Area Source Book: bibliography, pertinent references


          Likens, G. E. and F. H. Bormann. 1974. Linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
                  BioScience, 24(8): 447-456.

          National Research Council. 1992. Chapter 5: Rivers and Streams. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems.
                  National Academy Press. Washington, D. C., pp. 165-261.

          Pinay, G., A. Fabre, Ph. Vervier, and F. Gazelle. 1992. Control of C, N, P distribution in soils of
                  riparian forests. Landscape Ecology, 6(3): 121-132.

          Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1994. Soil Survey of the Cities of Hampton,
                  Newport News,'Poquoson and Portsmouth. Interim Report to HRPDC.

          Warren, R. S. and W. A. Niering. 1993. Vegetation change on a northeast tidal marsh: interaction
                  of sea-level rise and marsh accretion. Ecology, 74(l): 96-103.


          Wright, L. D., C. S. Kim, C. S. Hardaway, S. M. Kimball and M. 0. Green. 1987. Shoreface and
                  Beach Dynamics of the Coastal Region from Cape Henry to False Cape, Virginia. Technical
                  Report Prepared for Virginia Department of Conservation and Historic Resources, Richmond,
                  VA, 116 pp.




























                                                          82








             1. Appendices

                  A.    List of Natural Heritage Resources found within
                        Virginia's Coastal Resource Management Area

                  B.    Natural Heritage Fact Sheets
                        Natural Area Protection
                               -Natural Area Dedication
                               -NA Management Agreements
                               -NA Registry
                        Natural Area Stewardship
                               -Ecological management
                        Natural Areas Management Techniques
                               -FIre and Natural Areas
                        Natural Environments
                               -Conserving Virginia's Natural Environments: Why?
                               -Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo Swamp
                               -Pocosins
                               -Sea-level Fens
                               -Seasonal ponds
                               -Turkey Oak Sandhills
                        Invasive Allen Plant Species of Virginia
                               -Warning! Invasive Alien Plants
                               -Asiatic sand sedge
                               -Autumn olive/Russian olive
                               -Bush honeysuckles
                               -Common reed
                               -Garlic mustard
                               -Japanese honeysuckle
                               -Kudzu
                               -Mile-a-minute
                               -Porcelain-berry
                               -Tree-of-heaven

                 C.     Model Resource Management Plan

                 D.     Natural Resource Profiles
                               Chesapeake Bay
                               Back Bay
                               North Landing River
                               Northwest River






                                                     83
















               Appendices:


                      A. List of Natural Heritage Resources found within
                            Virginia's Coastal Zone









 0










 0




                                   Definition of Abbreviations Used an Natural Heritage Resource Lists
                                                                      of the
                                              Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation

         Natural Heritage Ranks

         The following ranks are used by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation to set protection priorities for
   0
         aturat heritage resources. Natural Heritage Resources, or IINHR's," are rare plant and animat species, rare and exemplary
         turaL communities, and significant geologic features.           The primary    criterion for ranking NHR's is the number of
         0putations or occurrences, i.e. the number of known distinct localities. Also of great importance is the number of
         individuals in existence at each Locality or, if a highly mobile organism (e.g., sea turtles, many birds, and butterflies),
         the total number of individuals. other considerations may include the quality of the occurrences, the number of protected
         occurrences, and threats. However, the emphasis remains on the number of populations or occurrences such that ranks will
         be an index of known biological rarity.

         S1     Extremely rare; usually 5 or fewer populations or occurrences in the state; or may be a few remaining individuals;
                often especially vulnerable to extirpation.

         S2     Very rare; usually between 5 and 20 populations or occurrences; or with many individuals in fewer occurrences; often
                susceptible to becoming extirpated.

         S3     Rare to uncommon; usually between 20 and 100 populations or occurrences; may have fewer occurrences, but with a Large
                number of individuals in some populations; may be susceptible to Large-scale disturbances.

         S4     Common; usually >100 populations or occurrences, but may be fewer with many Large populations; may be restricted
                to only a portion of the state; usually not susceptible to immediate threats.

         S5     Very common; demonstrably secure under present conditions.

         SA     Accidental in the state.

         S#B    Breeding status of an organism within the state.

         SH     Historically known from the state, but not verified for an extended period, usually > 15 years; this rank is used
                primarily when inventory has been attempted recently.

         S#N    Non-breeding status within the state. Usually applied to winter resident species.

         SU     Status uncertain, often because of Low search effort or cryptic nature of the element.

         Sx     Apparently extirpated from the state.

         z      Long distance migrant whose occurrences during migration are too irregular, transitory and/or dispersed to be
                reliably identified, mapped and protected.

         Global ranks are similar, but refer to a species' rarity throughout its total range. Global ranks are denoted with a IIGII
         followed by a character. Note that GA and GN are not used and GX means apparently extinct. A "Oil in a rank indicates that
         a taxonomic question concerning that species exists. Ranks for subspecies are denoted with a 'IT". The global and state
         ranks combined (e.g. G2/Sl) give an instant grasp of a species, known rarity.

         These ranks should not be interpreted as legal designations.

         Federal Legal Status

         The Division of Natural Heritage uses the standard abbreviations for Federal endangerment developed by the U.S. Fish and
         Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species and Habitat Conservation.

         LE  -Listed Endangered                                                 3A - Former candidate - presumed extinct
         LT  -Listed Threatened                                                 3B - Former candidate - not a valid species under
         PE  -Proposed Endangered                                                      current taxonomic understanding
         PT  -Proposed Threatened                                               3C - Former candidate - common or welt protected
         C1  -Candidate, category   I                                           XF - no federal legal status
         C2  -Candidate, category   2

         State Legal Status

         The Division of Natural Heritage uses similar abbreviations for State endangerment.

         LE - Listed Endangered              PE - Proposed Endangered             SC - Special Concern
         LT - Listed Threatened              PT - Proposed Threatened
         C - Candidate                       NS - no state legal status

         For information on the  Laws pertaining  to threatened or endangered species, contact:

         U.S. Fish and Wildlife  Service for all  FEDERALLY listed species
         Department of Agriculture and Consumer   Services Plant Protection Bureau for STATE listed plants and insects
         Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for aLL other STATE Listed animals

         3/95





                 PAGE    1
                 23 FEB 1995


                                                     DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                          DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                     NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA



                 SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL    STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                               RANK      RANK   STATUS STATUS


        **AMPHIBIANS
                 AMBYSTOMA MABEEI                       MABEE'S SALAMANDER                     G4        S1               LT
                 AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM                     TIGER SALAMANDER                       G5        S1               LE
                 BUFO QUERCICUS                         OAK TOAD                               G5        S1               SC
                 HYLA GRATIOSA                          BARKING TREEFROG                       G5        S1               LT
                 NECTURUS PUNCTATUS                     DWARF WATERDOG                         G4        SU
                 SIREN INTERMEDIA                       LESSER SIREN                           G5        S2
                 SIREN LACERTINA                        GREATER SIREN                          G5        S2
       **BIRDS
                 AIMOPHILA AESTIVALIS                   BACHMAN'S SPARROW                      G3        S1       C2      LT
                 AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS                  SHARP-TAILED SPARROW                   G5        S2               SC
                 ANAS STREPERA                          GADWALL                                G5        S2
                 ASIO FLAMMEUS                          SHORT-EARED OWL                        G5        S1
                 CASMERODIUS ALBUS                      GREAT EGRET                            G5        S2B,S4           SC
                 CERTHIA AMERICANA                      BROWN CREEPER                          G5        S2S3             SC
                 CHARADRIUS MELODUS                     PIPING PLOVER                          G3        S2       LE      LT
                 CHARADRIUS WILSONIA                    WILSON'S PLOVER                        G5        S1               LE
                 CIRCUS CYANEUS                         NORTHERN HARRIER                       G5        SlS2             SC
                 EGRETTA CAERULEA                       LITTLE BLUE HERON                      G5        S2B,S4           SC
                 EGRETTA THULA                          SNOWY EGRET                            G5        S2
                 EGRETTA TRICOLOR                       TRICOLORED HERON                       G5        S2B,S4           SC
                 EUDOCIMUS ALBUS                        WHITE ISIS                             G5        S1
                 FALCO PEREGRINUS                       PEREGRINE FALCON                       G4        S1      E/SA     LE
                 GALLINULA CHLOROPUS                    COMMON MOORHEN                         G5        S1               SC
                 HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS               BALD EAGLE                             G4        S2S3     LE      LE
                 IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS                      LEAST BITTERN                          G5        S2
                 LATERALLUS JAMAICENSIS                 BLACK RAIL                             G47       SU       C2
                 LIMNOTHLYPIS SWAINSONII                SWAINSON'S WARBLER                     G4        S2               SC
                 NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA                    YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON             G5        S2               SC
                 NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX                  BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON              G5        S2S3
                 PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS                 BROWN PELICAN                          G4        S1B,S4   LE      SC
                 PHALACROCORAX AURITUS                  DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT               G5        S1
                 PLEGADIS FALCINELLUS                   GLOSSY ISIS                            G5        S2               SC
                 PODILYMBUS PODICEPS                    PIED-BILLED GREBE                      G5        S2
                 PORZANA CAROLINA                       SORA                                   G5        S2
                 RALLUS ELEGANS                         KING RAIL                              G4Q       S2
                 RALLUS LIMICOLA                        VIRGINIA RAIL                          G5        S2
                 RYNCH0OPS NIGER                        BLACK SKIMMER                          G5        S2
                 STERNA ANTILLARUM                      LEAST TERN                             G4        S2               SC
                 STERNA CASPIA                          CASPIAN TERN                           G5        S2               SC
                 STERNA MAXIMA                          ROYAL TERN                             G5        S2
                 STERNA NILOTICA                        GULL-BILLED TERN                       G5        S2               LT
                 STERNA SANDVICENSIS                    SANDWICH TERN                          G4        S1               SC
 




                 PAGE    2
                 23 FES 1995


                                                    DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                         DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                    NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                 SCIENTIFIC NAME                       COMMON NAME                           GLOBAL    STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                             RANK      RANK   STATUS STATUS
       COMMUNITIES

                 DWARF SCRUB
                 ESTUARINE BEACH/SHORE
                 ESTUARINE HERBACEOUS VEGETATION
                 ESTUARINE SCRUB
                 EUTROPHIC FOREST
                 EUTROPHIC SEASONALLY FLOODED SCRUB
                 EUTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED
                 FOREST

                 LOW HERBACEOUS UPLAND VEGETATION
                 LOW HERBACEOUS WETLAND
                 MESOTROPHIC FOREST
                 MESOTROPHIC SATURATED WOODLAND
                 MESOTROPHIC SCRUB
                 MESOTROPHIC SEASONALLY FLOODED
                 FOREST

                 MESOTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED
                 FOREST
                 MID-HEIGHT HERBACEOUS UPLAND
                 VEGETATION
                 MID-HEIGHT HERBACEOUS WETLAND
                 OLIGOTROPHIC FOREST
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SATURATED FOREST
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SATURATED HERBACEOUS
                 VEGETATION
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SATURATED SCRUB
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SATURATED WOODLAND
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SCRUB
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEASONALLY FLOODED
                 FOREST
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEASONALLY FLOODED
                 HERBACEOUS VEGETATION
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEASONALLY FLOODED
                 WOODLAND
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY
                 FLOODED FOREST
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY
                 FLOODED HERBACEOUS VEGETATION
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY
                 FLOODED SCRUB
                 OLIGOTROPHIC SEMIPERMANENTLY
                 FLOODED WOODLAND
                 OLIGOTROPHIC WOODLAND
                 PERMESOTROPHIC FOREST
                 PERMESOTROPHIC WOODLAND




                PAGE   3

                23 FEB 1995


                                                   DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 8, RECREATION
                                                        DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                   NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                SCIENTIFIC NAME                       COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL     STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                             RANK       RANK  STATUS STATUS



                SUBMESOTROPHIC FOREST

                TALL HERBACEOUS WETLAND

       FISH
                ENNEACANTHUS CHAETODON                BLACKBANDED SUNFISH                    G5         Sl               LE
                ERIMYZON SUCETTA                      LAKE CHUBSUCKER                        G5         S2
                FUNDULUS LINEOLATUS                   LINED TOPMINNOW                        G5         si
                NOTROPIS BUCCATUS                     SILVERJAW MINNOW                       G5         S3
                NOTROPIS CHALYBAEUS                   IRONCOLOR SHINER                       G5         S3
       INVERTEBRATES
                AGELENOPSIS KASTONI                   A FUNNEL-WES SPIDER                    G4?        S2
                ALASMIDONTA HETERODON                 DWARF WEDGEMUSSEL                      Gl         si      LE       LE
                ALASMIDONTA VARICOSA                  BROOK FLOATER                          G3         si      C2       LE
                ANAX LONGIPES                         COMET DARNER                           G5         S2
                ARGIA BIPUNCTULATA                    SEEPAGE DANCER                         G4         S2S3
                ARICOMPHUS VILLOSIPES                 UNICORN CLUBTAIL                       G5         S3
                ATLIDES HALESUS                       GREAT PURPLE HAIRSTREAK                G5         S2S3
                BARRONOPSIS JEFFERSI                  A FUNNEL-WES SPIDER                    G3         si
                BOTHINOTUS JOHNSTONI                  A MIRID BUG                            G3         si
                BRACHYMESIA GRAVIDA                   FOUR-SPOTTED PENNANT                   G5         S3
                CALEPHELIS VIRGINIENSIS               LITTLE METALMARK                       G4         S2
                CALOPTERYX DIMIDIATA                  SPARKLING JEWELWING                    G5         S3
                CASTIANEIRA TRILINEATA                A TWO-CLAWED HUNTING SPIDER            G4?        si
                CELITHEMIS ORNATA                     FADED PENNANT                          G5         si
                CHLOROCHROA DISMALIA                  DISMAL SWAMP GREEN STINK BUG           GH         SH      C2       C
                CICINDELA DORSALIS DORSALIS           NORTHEASTERN BEACH TIGER BEETLE        G4TlT2     S2      LT       C
                CICINDELA TRIFASCIATA                 A TIGER BEETLE                         G5         si
                CORDULEGASTER ERRONEA                 ERRONEOUS BIDDIE                       G4         S3
                CORDULEGASTER FASCIATA                SOUTHERN ARROWHEAD SPIKETAIL           G30        si
                CORDULEGASTER OBLIQUA                 ARROWHEAD SPIKETAIL                    G4         S3
                CTENOTRACHELUS SHERMANI               COMBNECK ASSASSIN BUG                  G3         si
                DRASSYLUS LOUISIANUS                  A GNAPHOSID SPIDER                     G4?        si
                ELLIPTIO LANCEOLATA                   YELLOW LANCE                           G3         S2S3    C2       SC
                ENALLAGMA DAECKII                     ATTENUATED BLUET                       G4         S2
                ENALLAGMA DUSIUM                      BURGUNDY BLUET                         G5         S2S3
                ENALLAGMA DURUM                       BIG BLUET                              G5         S3
                ENALLAGMA PALLIDUM                    PALE BLUET                             G4         si
                EPITHECA COSTALIS                     STRIPE-WINGED BASKETTAIL               G4         S2
                EPITHECA SPINOSA                      ROBUST BASKETTAIL                      G3G4       S2               C
                EUPHYES DUKESI                        SCARCE SWAMP SKIPPER                   G3         S2               C
                GAMMARUS PSEUDOLIMNAEUS               NORTHERN SPRING AMPHIPOD               G5         S3
                GOMPHAESCHNA ANTILOPE                 TAPER-TAILED DARNER                    G4         S3
                GOMPHAESCHNA FURCILLATA               HARLEQUIN DARNER                       G5         S3
                GOMPHUS FRATERNUS                     MIDLAND CLUBTAIL                       G5         si
                GOMPHUS ROGERSI                       SABLE CLUBTAIL                         G4         Sl







               PAGE    4
               23 FEB 1995


                                                   DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                         DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                   NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




               SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL    STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                             RANK      RANK   STATUS STATUS


               GOMPHUS VENTRICOSUS                    SKILLET CLUBTAIL                       G3        S1
               HELLUOMORPHOIDES NIGRIPENNIS           A FLAT-HORNED GROUND BEETLE            G4?       S1
               INCISALIA IRUS                         FROSTED ELFIN                          G4        S2
               ISCHNURA KELLICOTTI                    LILYPAD FORKTAIL                       G5        S2S3
               ISCHNURA PROGNATA                      FURTIVE FORKTAIL                       G4        S2
               LAMPSILIS CARIOSA                      YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL                      G4        S2       C2
               LAMPSILIS RADIATA                      EASTERN LAMPMUSSEL                     G5        S2                 SC
               LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS                   ATLANTIC HEELSPLITTER                  G3        S2       C2        SC
               LESTES CONGENER                        SPOTTED SPREADWING                     G5        S2
               LIBELLULA EXUSTA                       WHITE CORPORAL SKIMMER                 G4        Sl
               LIBELLULA QUADRIMACULATA               FOUR-SPOTTED SKIMMER                   G5        SA
               MACROMIA GEORGINA                      GEORGIA RIVER CRUISER                  G5        SlS2
               NANNOTHEMIS BELLA                      ELFIN SKIMMER                          G4        Sl
               NASIAESCHNA PENTACANTHA                CYRANO DARNER                          G5        S2
               NEHALENNIA INTEGRICOLLIS               SOUTHERN SPRITE                        G5        S2
               NEONYMPHA AREOLATA AREOLATA            GEORGIA SATYR                          G5T4      S2S3
               PISAURINA DUBIA                        A NURSERY-WES SPIDER                   G4        SlS3
               PLOIARIA CAROLINA                      CAROLINA THREAD-LEGGED BUG             G47       S1
               PLOIARIA HIRTICORNIS                   AN ASSASSIN BUG                        G3?       S1
               PROBLEMA BULENTA                       RARE SKIPPER                           G2G3      S1       C2        C
               PSEUDAPTINUS TENUICORNIS               A GROUND BEETLE                        G?        S1?
               PSEUDOPOLYDESMUS PALUDICOLOUS          A MILLIPEDE                            G1        S1                 SC
               PYCNODERIELLA VIRGINIANA               SEASHORE MIRID BUG                     Gl?       S1?
               RHYBAXIS SP 1                          A PSELAPHID BEETLE                     Gl?       S2S3
               SATYRIUM KINGI                         KING'S HAIRSTREAK                      G3G4      S2S3
               SOMATOCHLORA FILOSA                    FINE-LINED EMERALD                     G5        S2
               SOMATOCHLORA PROVOCANS                 STRIPED EMERALD                        G3G4      S2
               SPEYERIA IDALIA                        REGAL FRITILLARY                       G3        S1       C2        C
               SPHALLOPLANA HOLSINGERI                HOLSINGER'S GROUNDWATER PLANARIAN      GH        SX       3A  
               SPHALLOPLANA SUBTILIS                  BIGGER'S GROUNDWATER PLANARIAN         GH        SX       3A
               SPHODROS COYLEI                        COYLE'S PURSE-WEB SPIDER               G3        S2
               STYGOBROMUS ARAEUS                     TIDEWATER INTERSTITIAL AMPHIPOD        G2        S2       C2        SC
               STYGOBROMUS INDENTATUS                 TIDEWATER AMPHIPOD                     G2G3      S2       C2        SC
               STYGOBROMUS KENKI                      ROCK CREEK GROUNDWATER AMPHIPOD        Gl        S1                 SC
               STYG0BROMUS PHREATICUS                 NORTHERN VIRGINIA WELL AMPHIPOD        G2        S1S2               SC
               STYGOBROMUS PIZZINII                   PIZZINI AMPHIPOD                       G2        S1S2     C2        SC
               STYLURUS LAURAE                        LAURA'S CLUBTAIL                       G3G4      S2
               STYLURUS PLAGIATUS                     RUSSET-TIPPED CLUBTAIL                 G5        S3
               TACHOPTERYX THOREYI                    GRAY PETALTAIL                         G4        S2
               TOMINOTUS COMMUNIS                     A BURROWER BUG                         G5        S1
               TRAMEA ONUSTA                          RED-MANTLED GLIDER                     G5        S1
               UTTERBACKIA IMBECILLIS                 PAPER PONDSHELL                        G5        S2
               ZANCLOGNATHA GYPSALIS                  A NOCTUID MOTH                         GU        SU
               ZANCL0GNATHA SP 2                      A NOCTUID MOTH                         G4        SU
 



                PAGE      5
                23 FEB 1995


                                                      DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                           DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                      NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA



                  SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                             GLOBAL   STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                                 RANK     RANK    STATUS STATUS
         MAMMALS

                  CORYNORHINUS RAFINESQUII               EASTERN BIG-EARED SAT                   G3G4     si        cz       LE
                  PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS EASTI              PUNGO MOUSE                             G5Tl     si        C2
                  SCIURUS NIGER CINEREUS                 DELMARVA PENINSULA FOX SQUIRREL         GST3     sl        LE       LE
                  SOREX LONGIROSTRIS FISHERI             DISMAL SWAMP SOUTHEASTERN SHREW         G51`2    S2        LT       LT
                  SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS HITCHENSI        SMITHS ISLAND COTTONTAIL                G5THO    SH        C2
                  SYLVILAGUS PALUSTRIS                   MARSH RABBIT                            G5       S2S3               SC
         NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
                  ORTHOTRICHUM KEEVERAE                  KEEVER'S BRISTLE-MOSS                   Gi       si        cz
                  SPHAGNUM CAROLINIANUM                  CAROLINA PEATMOSS                       G3       S2
                  SPHAGNUM CYCLOPHYLLUM                  CIRCULAR-LEAVED PEATMOSS                G3       SlS2
                  SPHAGNUM FLEXUOSUM                     FLEXUOSE PEATMOSS                       G50      SIS2
                  SPHAGNUM INUNDATUM                     INUNDATED PEATMOSS                      G37      SlS2
                  SPHAGNUM MACROPHYLLUM   VAR            LARGE-LEAF PEATMOSS                     G3G4T3   S2
                  MACROPHYLLUM
                  SPHAGNUM MOLLE                         SOFT PEATMOSS                           G4       S2
                  SPHAGNUM PORTORICENSE                  PUERTO RICO PEATMOSS                    G5       SlS2
                  SPHAGNUM STRICTUM                      STRAIGHT PEATMOSS                       G5       S2
                  SPHAGIUM SUITILE                       DELICATE PEATMOSS                       G5?Q     SlS2
                  SPHAGNUM TORREYANUM                    TORREY'S PEATMOSS                       G3G4     S2
                  SPHAGNUM TRINITENSE                    TRINIDAD PEATMOSS                       G4       S2S3
         OTHER
                  BALD EAGLE ROOST
                  BIRD NESTING COLONY
                  CHAMPION TREE
                  SIGNIFICANT GREAT BLUE HERON COLONY                                            G3G5     S2

         REPTILES
                  CARETTA CARETTA                        LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE                   G3       SIB,SZ    LT       LT
                  CLEMMYS INSCULPTA                      WOOD TURTLE                             G4       S2                 LT
                  CROTALUS HORRIDUS  ATRICAUDATUS        CANEBRAKE RATTLESNAKE                   G5TUQ    si                 LE
                  DEIROCHELYS RETICULARIA                CHICKEN TURTLE                          G5       SI                 LE
                  OPHISAURUS VENTRALIS                   EASTERN GLASS LIZARD                    GS       si                 LT
                  REGINA RIGIDA                          GLOSSY CRAYFISH SNAKE                   G5       si
                  TANTILLA CORONATA                      SOUTHEASTERN CROWNED SNAKE              G5       S2
         VASCULAR PLANTS
                  AESCHYNOMENE VIRGINICA                 SENSITIVE JOINT-VETCH                   G2       S2        LT       C
                  AGALINIS AURICULATA                    EARLEAF FOXGLOVE                        G2       SI        C2       c
                  ALETRIS AUREA                          GOLDEN COLICROOT                        G5       si
                  AMARANTHUS PUMILUS                     SEABEACH PIGWEED                        G2       SH        LT
                  ANDROPOGON MOHRII                      MOHR BLUESTEM                           G47      SH
                  ARABIS SHORTII                         SHORT'S ROCKCRESS                       G5       S2
                  ARENARIA LANUGINOSA                    A SANDWORT                              G5       SH
                  ARNOGLOSSUM MUEILENBERGII              GREAT INDIAN-PLANTAIN                   G4       S2
                  ASCLEPIAS LONGIFOLIA                   LONG-LEAF MILKWEED                      G4GS     si
                  ASCLEPIAS RUBRA                        RED MILKWEED                            G4G5     S2S3






                  PAGE    6
                  23 FEB 1995


                                                      DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                           DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                      NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA



                  SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                                GLOBAL  STATE  FEDERAL   STATE
                                                                                                    RANK    RANK   STATUS    STATUS


                  ASIMINA PARVIFLORA                     DWARF PAW-PAW                              G5      S2S3
                  ASTER ERICOIDES                        WHITE HEATH ASTER                          G5      S2
                  ASTER PUNICEUS VAR  ELLIOTT II         ELLIOTT'S ASTER                            G5T3T4  Sl
                  BACOPA CAROLINIANA                     CAROLINA WATER-HYSSOP                      G4G5    SH
                  BACOPA IONNOMINATA                     TROPICAL WATER-HYSSOP                      G5      S2                 LE
                  BACOPA ROTUNDIFOLIA                    ROUND-LEAVED WATER-HYSSOP                  G5      sl
                  BOLTONIA CAROLINIANA                   CAROLINA BOLTONIA                          G47     S2
                  BROMUS CILIATUS                        FRINGED BROME                              G5      s1
                  BUCHNERA AMERICANA                     BLUE-HEARTS                                G57     s1
                  CABOMBA CAROLINIANA                    CAROLINA FANWORT                           G5      s1
                  CACALIA SUAVEOLENS                     SWEET-SCENTED INDIAN-PLANTAIN              G3      S2
                  CALOPOGON PALLIDUS                     PALE GRASS-PINK                            G4G5    SH
                  CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS VAR FLORIDUS      SWEET-SHRUB                                G5T4    S27
                  CAREX CAREYANA                         CAREY'S SEDGE                              G5      S2
                  CAREX DECOMPOSITA                      EPIPHYTIC SEDGE                            G3G4    S1       3C       C
                  CAREX LACUSTRIS                        LAKE-BANK SEDGE                            G5      S1
                  CAREX LUPULIFORMIS                     FALSE HOP SEDGE                            G37     Sl
                  CAREX RENIFORMIS                       RENIFORM SEDGE                             G4?     S1
                  CAREX SILICEA                          SEA-BEACH SEDGE                            G5      S1
                  CAREX STRAMINEA                        STRAW SEDGE                                G5      Sl
                  CAREX STRIATA                          A SEDGE                                    G4      S2
                  CAREX VESTITA                          A SEDGE                                    G5      S2
                  CARPHEPHORUIS BELLIDIFOLIUS            SANDY-WOODS CHAFFHEAD                      G4      S1
                  CARPHEPHORUS TOMENTOSUS                WOOLY CHAFFHEAD                            G4      S1
                  CASSIA FASCICULATA VAR MACROSPERMA     KARSH SENNA                                G5T2    S2         C2
                  CENCHRUS CAROLINIANUS                  COAST SANDBUR                              G5      S2
                  CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES                 ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR                       G4      S2
                  CHAMAESYCE BOMBENSS                    SOUTHERN BEACH SPURGE                      G4G5    S2
                  CHELONE CUTHBERTII                     CUTHBERT TURTLEHEAD                        G3      S2
                  CHELONE OBLIQUA                        RED TURTLEHEAD                             G4      S1
                  CHRYSOPSIS GOSSYPINA                   COTTONY GOLDEN-ASTER                       G5      S1
                  CICUTA BULBIFERA                       BULB-SEARING WATER-HEMLOCK                 G5      SH
                  CIRSIUM REPANDUM                       COASTAL-PLAIN THISTLE                      G5      SH
                  CIRSIUM VIRGINIANUM                    VIRGINIA THISTLE                           G3G4    S2
                  CLADIUM MARISCUS SSP JAMAICENSE        SAWGRASS                                   G5T5    S1
                  CLEISTES DIVARICATA                    SPREADING POGONIA                          G4      S1
                  CORNUS AMOMUM SSP OBLIQUA              SILKY DOGWOOD                              G5T?    S2?
                  CORMUS SERICEA SSP SERICEA             RED-OSIER DOGWOOD                          G5T5    S1
                  CRATAEGUS AESTIVALIS                   KAY HAWTHORN                               G5      S1
                  CRATAEGUS CALPODENDRON                 PEAR HAWTHORN                              G5      S1
                  CROTALARIA ROTUNDIFOLIA                PROSTRATE RATTLE-BOX                       G5      SH
                  CTENIUM AROMATICUM                     TOOTHACHE GRASS                            G5      S1
                  CUSCUTA CEPHALANTHI                    BUTTON-BUSH DODDER                         G5      S1?
                  CUSCUTA CORYLI                         HAZEL DODDER                               G5      S2?
 



                PAGE     7
                23 FEB 1995


                                                     DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                          DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                     NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                 SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL   STATE    FEDERAL    STATE
                                                                                               RANK     RANK     STATUS     STATUS


                 CUSCUTA INDECORA                       PRETTY DODDER                          G5       S2?
                 CUSCUTA POLYGONCRUM                    SMARTWEED DODDER                       G5       S2?
                 CYPERUS DENTATUS                       TOOTHED SEDGE                          G4       S1                    C
                 CYPERUS DIANDRUS                       UMBRELLA FLATSEDGE                     G5       SH
                 CYPERUS ENGELMANNII                    ENGELMANN'S UMBRELLA-SEDGE             G4Q      SH
                 DESMODIUM OCHROLEUCUM                  CREAMFLOWER TICK-TREFOIL               G2G3     S1
                 DESMODIUM SESSILIFOLIUM                SESSILE-LEAF TICK-TREFOIL              G5       S2
                 DESMODIUM STRICTUM                     PINELAND TICK-TREFOIL                  G4       S2
                 DESMODIUM TENUIFOLIUM                  SLIM-LEAF TICK-TREFOIL                 G3G4     S1
                 DIARRHENA OBOVATA                      A BEAKGRAIN                            G?       S1
                 DICLIPTERA BRACHIATA                   WILD MUDWORT                           G5       S1
                 DIDIPLAS DIANDRA                       WATER-PURSLANE                         G5       S1
                 DIGITARIA COGNATA                      MOUNTAIN HAIRGRASS                     G5       SlS2
                 ELATINE MINIMA                         SMALL WATER-WORT                       G5       S1
                 ELEOCHARIS  BALDWINII                  BALDWIN SPIKERUSH                      G4G5     S1
                 ELEOCHARIS  ELLIPTICA                  SLENDER SPIKERUSH                      G5       SlS2
                 ELEOCHARIS  EQUISETOIDES               HORSE-TAIL SPIKERUSH                   G4       S1
                 ELEOCHAIIS  HALOPHILA                  SALT-MARSH SPIKERUSH                   G4       S1
                 ELEOCHARIS  MELANOCARPA                BLACK-FRUITED SPIKERUSH                G4       S2                C
                 ELEOCHARIS  RADICANS                   ROOTED SPIKERUSH                       G5       SH
                 ELEOCHARIS  ROBBINSII                  ROBBINS SPIKERUSH                      G4G5     S1                C
                 ELEOCHARIS  TENUIS VAR  VERRUCOSA      SLENDER SPIKERUSH                      G5T3T5   Sl
                 ELEOCHARIS  TRICOSTATA                 THREE-ANGLE SPIKERUSH                  G4       S1
                 ELEOCHARIS  VIVIPARA                   VIVIPAROUS SPIKERUSH                   G5       S1
                 ERIGERON VERNUS                        WHITE-TOP FLEABANE                     G5       S2
                 ERIOCAULON AQUATICUM                   WHITE BUTTONS                          G5       S1                C     
                 ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE                 TEN-ANGLE PIPEWORT                     G5       S2
                 ERIOCAULON PARKERI                     PARKER'S PIPEWORT                      G3       S2S3     3C
                 ERYTHRONIUM ALSIDUM                    WHITE TROUT-LILY                       G5       S2
                 EUPATORIUM GLAUCESCENS                 WEDGE-LEAF THOROUGHWORT                G5       SH
                 EUPATORIUM INCARNATUM                  PINK THOROUGHWORT                      G5       S2
                 FILIPENDULA RUBRA                      QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE                   G4G5     S2
                 FIMBRISTYLIS CAROLINIANA               CAROLINA FIMERISTYLIS                  G4       S2
                 FIMBRISTYLIS PERPUSILLA                HARPER'S FIMBRISTYLIS                  G2G3     S1       C2       LE
                 GALIUM HISPIDULUM                      COAST BEDSTRAW                         G5       S2
                 GENTIANA AUTUMNALIS                    PINE-BARREN GENTIAN                    G3       S1       3C
                 GEUM LACINIATUM                        ROUGH AVENS                            G5       S2
                 GLYCERIA GRANDIS                       AMERICAN MANNAGRASS                    G5       S1
                 GYMNOPOGON BREVIFOLIUS                 BROAD-LEAVED BEARDGRASS                G5       S1
                 HELENIUM BREVIFOLIUM                   SHORTLEAF SNEEZEWEED                   G47      S2
                 HELIANTHEMUM SICKNELLII                PLAINS FROSTWEED                       G5       S1
                 HELIANTHEMUM PROPINQUUM                LOW FROSTWEED                          G4       S1
                 HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS                MCDOWELL SUNFLOWER                     G5       S1
                 HELIOTROPIUM CURASSAVICUM              SEASIDE HELIOTROPE                     G5       S1
 





                  PAGE    8
                  23 FEB 1995


                                                      DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                           DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                      NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                  SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL   STATE     FEDERAL   STATE
                                                                                                RANK     RANK      STATUS    STATUS


                  HELONIAS BULLATA                       SWAMP-PINK                             G3       S2S3        LT        LE
                  HONCKENYA PEPLOIDES                    SEA-BEACH SANDWORT                     G5       S1
                  HOTTONIA INFLATA                       FEATHERFOIL                            G4       S2
                  HYDROCOTYLE BONARIENSIS                COASTAL-PLAIN PENNY-WORT               G5       S17
                  HYPERICUM SETOSUM                      A ST. JOHN'S-WORT                      G4G5     S1
                  HYPOXIS SESSILIS                       LONG'S YELLOW STAR-GRASS               G4       SH
                  ILEX CORIACEA                          BAY-GAIL HOLLY                         G5       Sl
                  IRESINE RHIZOMATOSA                    EASTERN BLOODLEAF                      G5       S1S2
                  IRIS VERSICOLOR                        BLUEFLAG                               G5       S2
                  ISOPYRUM BITERNATUM                    FALSE RUE-ANEMONE                      G5       S1
                  ISOTRIA MEDEOLOIDES                    SMALL WHORLED POGONIA                  G2G3     S2           LT         LE
                  IVA IMBRICATA                          SEA-COAST MARSH-ELDER                  G57      SlS2
                  JUNCUS  ABORTIVUS                      PINE-BARREN RUSH                       G4G5     S1                      C
                  JUNCUS  ARTICULATUS                    JOINTED RUSH                           G5       S2
                  JUNCUS  CAESARIENSIS                   NEW JERSEY RUSH                        G2       S2           C2         C
                  JUNCUS  ELLIOTTII                      BOG RUSH                               G4G5     SlS2
                  JUNCUS  GRISCOMII                      GRISCOM'S RUSH                         GHQ      SH
                  JUNCUS  MEGACEPHALUS                   BIG-HEAD RUSH                          G4G5     S2
                  JUNCUS  PELOCARPUS                     BROWN-FRUITED RUSH                     G5       S1
                  JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS                     GROUND JUNIPER                         G5       S1
                  JUSTICIA OVATA                         OVATE WATER-WILLOW                     G5       S2S3
                  LACHNANTHES CAROLIANA                  CAROLINA REDROOT                       G4       SH
                  LACHNOCAULON ANCEPS                    BOG-BUTTONS                            G5       S2
                  LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS                     VETCHLING                              G5       S1
                  LEERSIA HEXANDRA                       CLUB-HEAD CUTGRASS                     G5       SH
                  LEPTOCHLOA FASCICULARIS VAR            LONG-AWNED SPRANGLETOP                 G5T3     S2S3

                  MARITIMA
                  LILAEOPSIS CAROLINENSIS                CAROLINA LILAEOPSIS                    G3       S1S2            3C        C
                  LILIUM CATESBAEI                       SOUTHERN RED LILY                      G4       S1
                  LIPARIS LOESELII                       LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE                     G5       S2
                  LIPOCARPHA ACULATA                     A LIPOCARPHA                           G5       S1
                  LIPOCARPHA MICRANTHA                   DWARF BULRUSH                          G4       S1
                  LITHOSPERMUM CAROLINIENSE              GOLDEN PUCCOON                         G4G5     S1
                  LOBELIA ELONGATA                       ELONGATED LOBELIA                      G4G5     S1
                  LUDWIGIA ALATA                         WINGED SEEDBOX                         G3G4     S1
                  LUDWIGIA BREVIPES                      LONG BEACH SEEDBOX                     G4G5     S2S3
                  LUDWIGIA PILOSA                        HAIRY SEEDBOX                          G5       SH
                  LUDWIGIA RAVENII                       RAVEN'S SEEDBOX                        G27      S1
                  LUDWIGIA REPENS                        CREEPING SEEDBOX                       G5       S1
                  LUDWIGIA SPHAEROCARPA                  GLOBE-FRUITED SEEDBOX                  G5       S2
                  LUDWIGIA VIRGATA                       SAVANNA SEEDBOX                        G5       SH
                  LYCOPODIELLA CAROLINIANA VAR           SLENDER CLUBMOSS                       G5T4     S1

                  CAROLINIANA
                  LYCOPODIELLA INUNDATA                  NORTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS                  G5       Sl
 




                  PAGE    9
                  23 FEB 1995


                                                       DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                            DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                       NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA



                  SCIENTIFIC NAME                         COMMON NAME                             GLOBAL    STATE     FEDERAL    STATE
                                                                                                  RANK      RANK      STATUS     STATUS


                  LYSIMACHIA RADICANS                     TRAILING LDOSESTRIFE                    G4G5      S1
                  LYTHRUM ALATUM VAR ALATUM               WINGED LOOSESTRIFE                      GST5      S2
                  LYTHRUM ALATUM VAR LANCEOLATUM          LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE                G5T7      SH
                  KATELEA DECIPIENS                       OLD-FIELD MILKVINE                      G5        S1
                  MATTEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS               OSTRICH FERN                            G5        Sl
                  MICRANTHEMUM MICRANTHEMOIDES            NUTTALLIS MICRANTHEMUM                  GH        SH          C2*         C
                  MICRANTHEMUM UMBROSUM                   SHADE MUDFLOWER                         G5        S1
                  MIMOSA QUADRIVALVIS VAR ANGUSTATA       LITTLE-LEAF SENSITIVE-BRIARS            G5T5      S2
                  MITREOLA PETIOLATA                      LAX HORNPOD                             G5        S1
                  MONOTROPSIS ODORATA                     SWEET PINE SAP                          G3        S2S3        C2
                  MYRIOPHYLLUM HUMILE                     LOW WATER-MILFOIL                       G5        S1
                  NUPHAR LUTEA SSP SAGITTIFOLIA           YELLOW COWLILY                          G5T2      S1
                  NYMPHOIDES AQUATICA                     BIG FLOATING-HEART                      G5        S1
                  OLDENLANDIA BOSCII                      BOSC'S BLUET                            G5        S1
                  ONOSMODIUM VIRGINIANUM                VIRGINIA FALSE-GROMWELL                 G4        S2
                  OPHIOGLOSSUM PETIOLATUM                 LONGSTEM ADDER'S-TONGUE                 G5        SH
                  ORTHILIA SECUNDA                        ONE-SIDED WINTERGREEN                   G5        SH
                  OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS                    WILD OLIVE                              G5        S1
                  PANICUM HEMITOMON                       MAIDENCANE                              G57       S1
                  PARONYCHIA VIRGINICA  VAR VIRGINICA     YELLOW NAILWORT                         G4TlQ     S2              C2        C
                  PASPALUM DISSECTUM                      WALTER PASPALUM                         G47       S1
                  PASPALUM DISTICHUM                      JOINT PASPALUM                          G5        Sl
                  PASPALUM PRAECOX                        EARLY PASPALUM                          G4        SH
                  PENSTEMON HIRSUTUS                      HAIRY BEARDTONGUE                       G4        S2
                  PHACELIA RANUNCULACEA                   BLUE SCORPION-WEED                      G4        S1
                  PHLOX PILOSA                            DOWNY PHLOX                             G5        S2
                  PHYLA NODIFLORA                         COMMON FROG-FRUIT                       G5        S1
                  PHYSALIS WALTERI                        STICKY GROUND-CHERRY                    G4        S2
                  PHYSOSTEGIA LEPTOPHYLLA                 SLENDER-LEAVED DRAGON-HEAD              G4G5      S2            3C
                  PINUS PALUSTRIS                         LONG-LEAF PINE                          G4G5      S1
                  PLANTAGO CORDATA                        HEART-LEAVED PLANTAIN                   G4        SH            3C
                  PLANTAGO MARITIMA                       SEASIDE PLANTAIN                        G5        S1
                  PLATANTHERA BLEPHARIGLOTTIS             WHITE-FRINGE ORCHIS                     G4G5      S2                         C
                  POLYGONELLA POLYGAMA                    OCTOBER-FLOWER                          G4        S1
                  POLYGONUM GLAUCUM                       SEA-BEACH KNOTWEED                      G3        S1
                  POTAMOGETON OAKESIANUS                  OAKES PONDWEED                          G4        S2                         C
                  POTAMOGETON SPIRILLUS                   SPIRAL PONDWEED                         G5        S1
                  PUCCINELLIA FASCICULATA                 SALT MARSH GOOSEGRASS                   GU        S1
                  PYCHANTHEMUM MONOTRICHUM                A MOUNTAIN-MINT                         GHQ       S17           3A
                  PYCNANTHEMUM TORREI                     TORREY MOUNTAIN-MINT                    G2        S27
                  PYROLA ELLIPTICA                        SHINLEAF                                G5        S2
                  PYXIDANTIERA BARBULATA                  FLOWERING PIXIE-MOSS                    G4        S1                         C
                  QUERCUS HEMISPHAERICA                   DARLINGTON'S OAK                        G5        Sl
                  QUERCUS INCANA                          BLUE JACK OAK                           G5        S2
 





                PAGE    10
                23 FES 1995


                                                     DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                          DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                     NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                SCIENTIFIC NAME                         COMMON NAME                                GLOBAL  STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                                   RANK    RANK  STATUS  STATUS


                QUERCUS LAEVIS                          TURKEY OAK                                 G5      S2
                QUERCUS PRINOIDES                       DWARF CHINQUAPIN OAK                       G5      S2
                QUERCUS SHUMARDII                       SHUMARD'S OAK                              G5      S2
                RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS                    WHITE WATER BUTTERCUP                      G5      S1
                RANUNCULUS HEDERACEUS                   LONG-STALKED CROWFOOT                      G5      SH
                RANUNCULUS LAXICAULIS                   MISSISSIPPI BUTTERCUP                      G57     S1
                RANURCULUS LONGIROSTRIS                 WHITE WATER CROW-FOOT                      G5      Sl
                RHEXIA PETIOLATA                        CILIATE MEADOWBEAUTY                       G3G5    Sl
                RHODODENDRON  ARBORESCENS               SMOOTH AZALEA                              G4G5    S2
                RHYNCHOSPORA  ALBA                      WHITE BEAKRUSH                             G5      S2
                RHYNCHOSPORA  COLORATA                  WHITE-TOPPED SEDGE                         G5      S1
                RHYNCHOSPORA  DEBILIS                   SAVANNAH BEAKRUSH                          G47     S1
                RHYNCHOSPORA  FASCICULARIS              FASCICULATE BEAKRUSH                       G5      S2
                RHYNCHOSPORA  NITENS                    SHORT-BEAKED BALDRUSH                      G4      S1
                RHYNCHOSPORA  OLIGANTHA                 FEW-FLOWERED BEAKRUSH                      G4      S1
                RHYNCHOSPORA  PALLIDA                   PALE BEAKRUSH                              G3      SH
                RHYNCHOSPORA  PERPLEXA                  A BEAKRUSH                                 G5      Sl
                RHYNCHOSPORA  SCIRPOIDES                LONG-BEAKED BALDRUSH                       G4      S1
                RORIPPA SESSILIFLORA                    STALKLESS YELLOWCRESS                      G5      S1
                ROSA SETIGERA                           PRAIRIE ROSE                               G5      S1
                RUSUS IDAEUS                            COMMON RED RASPBERRY                       G5      S2
                RUDBECKIA HELIOPSIDIS                   SUN-FACING CONEFLOWER                      G2      S1     C2       C
                SABATIA CALYCINA                        COAST ROSE-GENTIAN                         G3G5    SlS2
                SABATIA CAMPANULATA                     SLENDER MARSH PINK                         G5      S2
                SABATIA DIFFORMIS                       TWO-FORMED PINK                            G4G5    Sl
                SABATIA KENNEDYANA                      PLYMOUTH GENTIAN                           G3      S1
                SACCHARUM BREVIGARBE                    SHORT-BEARD PLUMEGRASS                     G3G5    S1
                SAGITTARIA ENGELMANNIANA                ENGELMANN ARROWHEAD                        G57     SH
                SALIX EXIGUIA                           SANDBAR WILLOW                             G5      Sl
                SANICULA TRIFOLIATA                     LARGE-FRUITED SANICLE                      G4      S2
                SARRACENIA FLAVA                        YELLOW PITCHER-PLANT                       G4G5    S1              C
                SARRACENIA PURPUREA                     NORTHERN PITCHER-PLANT                     G5      S2S3
                SCIRPUS ACUTUS                          HARD-STEMMED BULRUSH                       G5      S1
                SCIRPUS ETUBERCULATUS                   CANBY'S BULRUSH                            G3G4    SH
                SCIRPUS FLUVIATILIS                     RIVER BULRUSH                              G5      S1
                SCIRPUS SUBTERMINALIS                   WATER BULRUSH                              G4G5    SlS2
                SCLERIA MINOR                           SLENDER NUTRUSH                            G4      S2
                SCLEROLEPIS UNIFLORA                    ONE-FLOWER SCLEROLEPIS                     G4      S1
                SCUTELLARIA INCANA                      HOARY SKULLCAP                             G5      Sl
                SEYMERIA CASSIOIDES                     SEYMERIA                                   G5      SlS2
                SIDA HERMAPHRODITA                      VIRGINIA MALLOW                            G2      S1    3C
                SILENE NIVEA                            SNOWY CAMPION                              G4?     S1
                SISYRINCHIUM ALSIDUM                    WHITE BLUE-EYED-GRASS                      G5?     S2
                SOLIDAGO LATISSIMIFOLIA                 ELLIOTT GOLDENROD                          G5      S1
 




                 PAGE    11
                 23 FES 1995


                                                     DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                          DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                     NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA




                 SCIENTIFIC NAME                        COMMON NAME                            GLOBAL    STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                               RANK      RANK   STATUS STATUS


                 SOLIDAGO  RACEMOSA                     STICKY GOLDENROD                       G4?       S1
                 SOLIDAGO  RIGIDA                       STIFF GOLDENROD                        G5        S2
                 SOLIDAGO  RUPESTRIS                    ROCK GOLDENROD                         G47       S1
                 SOLIDAGO  STRICTA                      WANDLIKE GOLDENROD                     G5        S2
                 SOLIDAGO  TORTIFOLIA                   A GOLDENROD                            G4G5      S1
                 SOLIDAGO  ULIGINOSA                    BOG GOLDENROD                          G4G5      S2
                 SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM                 BRANCHING BURREED                      G4G5      S1
                 SPARTINA PECTINATA                     FRESHWATER CORDGRASS                   G5        S2
                 SPHENOPHOLIS FILIFORMIS                LONG-LEAF WEDGESCALE                   G4?       S1
                 SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA                  YELLOW NODDING LADIES'-TRESSES         G4        S2
                 STACHYS PALUSTRIS                      MARSH HEDGE-NETTLE                     G5        S1
                 STEINCHISMA HIANS                      GAPING PANIC GRASS                     G5        S1
                 STEWARTIA MALACHODENDRON               SILKY CAMELLIA                         G4        S2
                 STEWARTIA OVATA                        MOUNTAIN CAMELLIA                      G4        S2
                 STIPULICIDA SETACEA                    PINELAND SCALY-PINK                    G4G5      S1
                 TALINUM MENGESII                       MENGE'S FLAME-FLOWER                   G3        S1       3C
                 TETRAGONOTHECA HELIANTHOIDES           PINELAND SQUAREHEAD                    G5        S1
                 THALICTIUM MACROSTYLUM                 PIEDMONT MEADOW-RUE                    G47       S1
                 THELYPTERIS SIMULATA                   BOG FERN                               G5        SlS2
                 TILLANDSIA USNEOIDES                   SPANISH MOSS                           G5        S2
                 TOFIELDIA RACEMOSA                     COASTAL FALSE-ASPHODEL                 G5        S1
                 TRIADENUM FRASERI                      FRASER'S MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT         G4G5      S1
                 TRIDENS STRICTUS                       LONG-SPIKE FLUFF-GRASS                 G5        S1
                 TRIFOLIUM REFLEXUM                     BUFFALO CLOVER                         G5        S1
                 TRILLIUM PUSILLUM VAR VIRGINIANUM      VIRGINIA LEAST TRILLIUM                G3T2      S2       C2
                 TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA                 NODDING POGONIA                        G4        S1
                 UTRICULARIA FIBROSA                    FIBROUS BLADDERWORT                    G4G5      S1
                 UTRICULARIA JUNCEA                     SOUTHERN BLADDERWORT                   G5        S2
                 UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA                 GREATER BLADDERWORT                    G5        S2S3
                 UTRICULARIA OLIVACEA                   MINUTE BLADDERWORT                     G4        Sl
                 UTRICULARIA PURPUREA                   PURPLE BLADDERWORT                     G5        S2
                 VACCINIUM CRASSIFOLIUM                 CREEPING BLUEBERRY                     G4G5      S1
                 VACCINIUM KACROCARPON                  LARGE CRANBERRY                        G4        S2
                 VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA                   VALERIAN                               G4G5      S2
                 VERBENA SCABRA                         SANDPAPER VERVAIN                      G5        S2
                 VIOLA ESCULENTA                        SALAD VIOLET                           G4G5      S1
                 VITIS RUPESTRIS                        SAND GRAPE                             G3?       S2
                 WISTERIA FRUTESCENS                    AMERICAN WISTERIA                      G5        S2
                 WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA                     COLUMBIA WATER-MEAL                    G5        S1
                 XYRIS CAROLINIANA                      CAROLINA YELLOW-EYED-GRASS             G4G5      S1
                 XYRIS FIMBRIATA                        FRINGED YELLOW-EYED-GRASS              G5        SH
                 XYRIS LAXIFOLIA VAR IRIDIFOLIA         A YELLOW-EYED-GRASS                    G3G5T?    Sl
                 ZENOBIA PULVERULENTA                   DUSTY ZENOBIA                          G47       Sl
                 ZIGADENUS GLABERRIMUS                  LARGE-FLOWERED CAMASS                  G5        S1
 




               PAGE   12
               23 FES 1995



                                                 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION
                                                      DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE


                                                 NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF CZM AREA



               SCIENTIFIC NAME                      COMMON NAME                          GLOBAL   STATE FEDERAL STATE
                                                                                         RANK     RANK   STATUS STATUS


               ZORNIA BRACTEATA                     VIPERINA                             G57      Si


    461 Records Processed






 0






          Appendices:


                 B. Natural Heritage Fact Sheets










 0





      Natural Area Protection
     4ptural Axea Dedication


      What is Natural Area Dedication?


      Natural Area Dedication is a conservation option available to landowners of highly significant natural areas.
      This is the strongest form of protection available for the preservation of our natural heritage resources.
      Dedication is the placement of natural areas, both privately and publicly owned, into Virginia's Natural Area
      Preserve System. The landowner retains ownership and transfer rights of the land, while voluntarily restrict-
      ing those land uses which are incompatible with the conservation needs of the natural. area.

      How are Lands Dedicated?                    Natural Area Dedica-
                                                  tion. To be eligible, a
      A landowner who is interested in            property must include
      dedicating his/her land should              one or more of these
      contact the Virginia Department of          natural values:
      Conservation and Recreation
      (DCR). If the property qualifies               habitat for rare,
                                                                                                         N
      for Natural Area Dedication, the               threatened or en-
      landowner and DCR will write a                 dangered plant or
      legal document known as the In-                animal species;
     9
         ument of Dedication. The In-
        rument of Dedication will ad-                rare or state signifi-
      dress factors such as a legal de-              cant natural com-
      scription of the area to be dedi-              munities;
      cated, the conservation objectives                                                                          1K
      for the site, the extent of public             rare or state signifi-
      use desired, and the land use(s)               cant geologic sites.
      that will be restricted. The direc-
      tor of DCR has the sole authority           How are Dedicated
      to approve an Instrument of Dedi-           Lands Managed?                             clude repairing      trails,   posting
      cation. Upon approval, the direc-                                                      boundaries, studying hydrology,
      tor and the landowner will sign the         Once natural areas are placed into         controlling invasive species, con-
      document, which places the land             Virginia's Natural Area Preserve           ducting prescribed burns and re-
      into Virginia's Natural Area Pre-           System, DCR stewardship staff              storing damaged natural commu-
      serve System. The document will             assists landowners in developing           nities.
      be recorded with the deed of the            management plans and conducting
      property thereby ensuring perma-            management activities. Natural             What are the Advantages
      nent protection of the natural area         Area Preserves are managed to re-          to Natural Area Dedication?
      against conversion to inappropri-           tain their natural character and to
      ate uses.                                   ensure the long-term survival of           Through Natural Area Dedication,
                                                  natural heritage resources. A va-          a landowner is rewarded with the
          at Lands Qualify                        riety of management techniques is          pride of contributing to a statewide
     &Natural Area Dedication?                    used to preserve native ecological         conservation effort. Dedication
                                                  systems, rare or vanishing flora           provides the landowner with the
      Only the most significant natural           and fauna, and significant geologi-
      areas in Virginia are considered for        cal features. Management may in-                                              more





         Natural Axea Protection

         Natural Area Dedication


         satisfaction of preserving an area           incentives for dedicating their              tate and Virginia inheritance taxes,
         of beauty for the enjoyment of               land. Examples include possible              and a charitable deduction for state
         future generations. In addition,             reduced assessment for real estate           and federal income tax purposes.
         landowners may receive financial             purposes, reduction of federal es-








































         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
                                     Departinent of Conservation & Recreation             uwu
                                     CONSERVMVIKiMS AURALANDRECUATIDWESOURM
                                     1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                     Richmond, VA 23219
         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.





       Natural Area Protection
    &Iatural Area Management Agreements


       What is a Natural Area Management Agreement?
       A Natural Area Management Agreement is a written contract between a landowner and the Department of
       Conservation and Recreation (DCR) designed to achieve specific conservation objectives. The agreement
       will clearly state the management plan for the land and the duration of the agreement. The management
       objectives will be determined according to the conservation goals of the landowner and DCR, and will be
       based on the specific management needs of natural heritage resources. The contract will be valid after it is
       signed by the landowner and the director of DCR. This is a legal agreement which may be cancelled by either
       party following a 30 day notice.

       How are Natural                          cal management
       Areas Managed?                           techniques include
                                                prescribed burn-
       Natural areas are   managed to re-       ing, invasive spe-
       tain their natural character and to      cies control, bio-                                            A
                                                                                                             A.,
       ensure the long-term survival of         logical monitoring
                                                                                                            J
       natural heritage resources. Various      and hydrologic res-
       management techniques are used           toration.
       to preserve rare or vanishing flora
         d fauna, natural environments          What Lands
       and ecosystems.
                                                Qualify for a
                                                Natural Area
       Each natural area requires a man-        Management
       agement plan written to address          Agreement?                                              N
       the characteristics and conditions
       of the area. An important aspect         Natural Area Man-
                                                                                   91
                                            -   agement Agree-
       of natural area management plan
       ning is determining what land-uses       ments are designed
       are compatible within a given area.      to preserve the L
       This planning requires a thorough        commonwealth's
       analysis of the ecological values        most significant natural areas.          Why Should a Landowner
       of a particular site along with the                                               Consider a Natural Area
       economic and social influences.          To be eligible, a property must in-      Management Agreement?
       The landowner and DCR agree on           clude one or more of these natural
       compatible land-use practices and        values:                                  In selecting this protection option,
       incorporate those in a plan.                                                      the landowner is rewarded with
                                                * habitat of rare, threatened or         the pride of contributing to the
       Many natural areas require active           endangered plant and animal           conservation of Virginia's natural
       management to ensure rare natu-             species,                              heritage. If the landowner wishes,
       ral communities and species flour-                                                the professional staff of DCR can
       . h. DCR natural area stewards           *  rare or state significant natural     offer management advice or assis-
    Wrovide technical expertise in de-             communities,                          tance. The DCR stewardship staff
       veloping management plans and                                                     is available to develop and imple-
       implementing ecological manage-          *  rare or state significant geologic    ment plans for various manage-
       ment projects. Common ecologi-              sites.                                ment procedures such as pre-





        Natural Area Protection
        Natural Area Management Agreements


        scribed burning, control of                  Who Should Consider                          landowner who wishes to retain
        invasive'species, establishment of           a Natural Area                               ownership of land and takes pride
        vegetative buffers, a    nd hydologic        Management Agreement?                        in the natural features of his/her
        restoration. In addition, our stew-                                                       property. It is best suited for land-
        ardship staff will monitor the con-          A Natural Area Management                    owners who are committed to con-
        dition of the resources for the              Agreement is an option available             serving natural heritage resources.
        landowner as well as provide, the            to conserve natural areas on either
        owner with information about the             publicly or privately owned land.
        resources on his/her land.                   This option is well suited for the


































        For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
                                    'Dry?
                                    Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                    COMERVING VHGNIKS NATURALAND RECUMNAL RESOURUS
                                    1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                    Richmond, VA 23219                                          01

        This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Managerpent Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
        the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.









                                                                                          Least tern
     What commitment does the                                                             by Megan Rollins
     landowner make?

     Landowners who participate in Virginia's Re' istry
                                                         9
     of Natural Areas commit to the following:-,
     1)'  to voluntarily preserve and protect natural                                                                                                                          M
          heritage resources on their land to the best of
          their ability;
     2)   to notify DCR of any potential threats to
          these resources, such as pollution,
          clearing of land, etc.;
     3)   to notify DCR of any intent to sell
             'transfer o
          or
                        wnership of the
          property-

                                                                           Does the owner receive any
     What recognition does the                                             financial incentives?
     landowner receive for this
                                                                           No. However, there are other protection
     commitment?                                                           methods'available, such as conservation
                                                                     j     easements and natural area dedication
     In honor of the voluntary corm-nitment to protect                     which could offer tax incentives.
     the natural, area, the landowner will receive a
     plaque recognizing the land for its significant                       Is management assistance
     features and the owner for their stewardship
     cominitment.                                                          available to the owner of a

                                                                           r
                                                                                i tered area?
                                                                            egis

                                                                           Yes. DCR will provide management
                                                                             sistance at the
                                                                           as
                                                                                                                                                                        R E GJ S'T R Y
                                                                           landowner's request.

                                                                           For additional information,
                                           Tl
                                                                           contact:
                                                                                                                                                                                     0 F
                                                                           WDCR-
                                                                                                                                                                                                     L
                                                                                                                                                                         NATURA
                                                                           Department of Conservation,& Recreation
                                                                           CONSERVING VIRGINIA'S NATURAL AND 9CREATIONAL RESOU@CES
                                                                           Division of Natural Heritage                                                                       AR       E'A      S
                                                                           1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312
                                                                           Richmond, VA 23219                            Gray's lilly
                                                 Parking tre?frog
                                                                           (@04) 786-7951                                by Afegan Rollins
                                                 by Chris Pague


Virginia's Natural Heritage...

Virginia is a state of extraordinary natural			today. As the human population increases, so does		must support significant natural heritage resources
diversity-from the sandy beaches of the Atlantic		the conversion of natural lands to other uses. As a		for Virginia, such as:
Ocean and the Cheasapeake Bay, across the gentle		result, the land certain plants and animals depend		
hills of the Piedmont and the Shenandoah Valley, to		upon for survival may be permanetly damaged or
the mountains of the western highalnds. Residents		destroyed. Fortunately, we are learning to take			1) habitat for rare, threatened, or endagered
of the Commonwealth take great pride in the 			precautions and property owners are acting			   plants or animals.
beauty of our natural heritage. More				voluntarily to safeguard the best that remains or our
than 2,400 native species fo plants,				natural world.								2) rare or state significant natural communities.
848 vertebrate animals interact with
Virginia's rocks, soils, and water															3) significant geologic landmarks.
to form unique natural 							What is the Registry of Natural
communities and ecosystems.						Areas?
However, some species and																What say does the 
ecosystems which flourished in					Virginia's Registry of Natural Areas is a program		landowner have in
Virginia's past are very threatened					developed to encourgage voluntary conservation of		the registration 
										significant lands in private and public ownership.		process?
										Our staff has identified more than 900 natural areas
                 								throughout the commonweatlh which serve as			The decision to register belongs
	       								habitiat for our natural heritage resources.			entirely to the landowner. This is a 
										Landowners of these sites play a crucial role in the		voluntary and nonbinding
										conservation of such lands and in turn the future		agreement that may be terminated
										survival of the natural communities and rare			by either party at any time.
										species they support. Species are often lost simply
										because the landowner is unaware of its existence
										and needs. By informing and recognizing the			Does registration of a
										landowners of these significant natural areas, the		natural area permit
										Registry of Natural Areas Program reduces the			public access to private
										chance that these resources may be					property?
										unknowingly destroyed. The
										program is operated by the						No. Registration of a natural area
										Virginia Department of							provides no right of public access
										Conservation and Recreation						to private property unless
										(DCR), an agency devoted to the					requested by the owner. As with
										identification and protection of					any private land, vistitors must
										the Commonwealth's most							receive permission from the
										significant nautural areas.						landowner before entering the
																				property. Locations of
										What areas									registered natural areas
										qualify for the								are not publicized
										registry?									unless the owner so
										To be eligible for							desires.
										placement on the
										registry, a property



                                                                                



       Natural Area Stewardship
                logical Management


           Natural areas encompass a wide
       range of environments and support a
       rich diversity of flora and fauna. From
       its tidal salt marshes of the coast to its
                                                                                                                        T
       boreal forests of the mountains, Virginia                                                                         N,
       has been described as an ecological
       crossroads of national significance.
           Virginia's Department of Conserva-
       tion and Recreation (DCR) acquires,
       dedicates and manages natural areas of
       statewide significance. The Natural
       Area Preserve System focuses on pre-
       serving lands so that rare natural com-
       munities and species may flourish. In           L
       addition, DCR advises other levels of            Restoration
       government and private owners about             ral values of land to conserve biologi-         tion, prescribed management, research
       managing natural areas. Following ac-           cal diversity. Land protection alone,           and monitoring.
       quisition, DCR faces the even greater           however, does little to preserve the char-          Conservation Planning is the analy-
       challenge of natural area stewardship.          acter of a natural area if impacts such         sis of the ecological, economic and so-
       Stewardship is the long-term manage-            as the introduction of invasive alien           cial features of land which provides the
       ment of land to maintain its natural re-        plants, or hydrologic disturbances are          scientific foundation for conservation of
     *
          urces and inherent natural beauty.           not also addressed. With continuing al-         natural areas. Conservation planning
         CR stewardship is a combination of            teration of the land by human activity,         starts well before a natural area is ac-
       property and ecological management.             many ecosystems have become frag-               quired. Planning boundaries are set
       On any natural area preserve, one may           mented or reduced to isolated islands           which delineate ecologically sensitive
       find staff and volunteers searching for         surrounded by agricultural fields or de-        areas where land-use activities should
       rare plants, posting boundary signs, re-        veloped areas. Ecological management            be carefully managed to ensure that they
       pairing trails or studying hydrology.           is the key to successful stewardship and        are compatible with conservation goals
           Ecological management is focused            can be sub-divided into five general cat-       for natural resources. Well designed
       on maintaining and enhancing the natu-          egories: conservation planning, restora-        natural area preserves encompass those
                                                                                                       ecological features necessary for the
                                                                                                       survival of native flora and fauna, and
                                                                                                       are planned to permit the best possible
                   4                                            @j                                     management by DCR stewards.
                                                                                                           Restoration activities are imple-
                    01,                                                                                mented in an attempt to return disturbed
                                                                                                       land or vegetation to its original condi-
                         4
                                                                                                       tion. Fundamental environmental pro-
                                                                                                       cesses critical to ecosystem functioning
                    u,
                                                                                                                              ri
                                                                                                       include water and nut ent cycling, ero
                                                                                      hd! ;$1,
                                                                     W                                 sion, herbivory, and natural distur-
                                                                     W
                               4,44                                                                    bances such as floods and fire. Resto-
                                                                                                       ration techniques reinstate or replicate
                         -@-WgN20t A@
                                                                             Re
                                ,@""20
                                                                                                       environmental processes to aid the re-
                                                         40 t
                                                                                                       turn of an ecosystem to its original state.
                                                                                                          Habitat restoration involves the re
                                                                                                            of specific habitat features to the
                                                                                                       turn
                                                                                                       environment, and the introduction of
         Prescribed burning                                                                            specific plants and animals to ensure




          Natural Axea Stewardship
          Ecological Management


          habitation of the area by native species.          needed resources
          Habitat restoration may also involve the           such as space,
          removal of invasive or non-native spe-             sunlight        and                          A,
          cies from the natural area.                        food.
             Hydrologic restoration allows for                   Once estab-
                                                                hed in dis-
          land or along a waterway. Maintaining
          the natural flow of water through a wet-           lis
                                                             turbed areas,
          or restoring the movement and chemis-              they advance               @n
                                                                                        U,
          try of water encourages certain plants             steadily       int
                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                            @77
          and animals to inhabit an area. Hydro              natural areas and
          logic restoration may involve the re-              can be difficult t.o  Monitoring
          moval of obstructions to water flow,               remove. A van-
          plugging of ditches, or remedial work              ety of control methods, such as mechani-          of plant and animal species; air, water,
          to improve water quality.                          cal removal and the use of environinen-           land and pollution are other components
             Prescribed'Managernent maintains                tally safe herbicides, are used by natu-          of the environment that must be moni-
          or enhances environmental conditions of            ral area stewards to control invasive spe-        to red for effective resource manage-
          an area. Through management activi-                cies.                                             ment. Monitoring activities also inform
          ties such as prescribed burning and                    Research is important to the long-            natural area stewards if management
          invasive species control, natural area             term preservation of a natural area for           activities have been successful in ful-
          stewards Protect and rejuvenate natural            identifying the environmental conditions          filling their goals. Information obtained
          vegetation. This enhances habitat con-             necessary to support a particular com-            through monitoring can. be used to fur-
                                                                                                               ther refine and enhance current manage-
          ditions for many rare species and pre-             munity or species of interest. Informa-
          serves the integrity of rare communities.          tion to guide management of rare spe-             ment practices.
            Prescribed burning is the carefully              cies or communities is often lacking.               .. Effective stewardship of Virginia's
                                                                                                               natural areas is dependant on the dedi-
          planned and controlled use,of fire to              Research aimed at understanding the               cation of a variety of people. Land man-
          accomplish a management goal. Many                 natural history, biology and population           agers, resource experts, conservation
          natural areas in Virginia such as longleaf         dynamics of a rare species or how an              planners and private landowners all con-
          pine-turkey oak sandhills and grassy               ecosystem functions is essential for              tribute to sound ecological management
          savannahs contain plants that are de-              planning effective management.                    pIractices. Volunteers also contribute sig-
          pendent on or benefit from regular fires              Monitoring is a multi-faceted tool             nificantly to preserving natural areas
          to enhance seed germination and make               used by natural area stewards to assess           through assistancewith monitoring, pre-
          space and nutrients available for new              the ecological condition of an area. It is        scribed management and restoration
          growth.                                            used to document the trends of natural            projects. If you are interested in learn-
          * lnvasive species represent a serious             communities and rare species. It can              ing more about Virginia's natural area
          threat to natural areas. Often these spe-          also help determine if the natural pro-           preserves and ecological management
          cies have no natural enemies or controls           cesses essential to their continued ex-           programs, contact the Department of
          to curb their growth and dispersal; they           istence are occurring. Monitoring is not          Conservation and Recreation at (804)
          can easily outcompete native species for           limited to assessing only the condition           7@6-7951.


          For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
                                         40hDrv
                                         Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                         CONSERVING VIRUNIASNAMALANDREGMAnONALMS @URCES
                                         1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                         Richmond, VA 23219

          This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
          the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act-of 1972 as amended.




         Natural Areas Management Techniques
     ,fire and Natural Areas: An Overview

           Whether caused by lightning or the hand of man, fire has been a part of the natural world for centuries. In Virginia, prior to
         European settlement, American Indians intentionally set fires for hunting, protection, warfare, agriculture, vegetation manage-
         ment and food gathering. On flat terrain, fires would burn over large areas until some natural barrier or rainfall event was
         encountered. Today unrestrained fires represent a hazard to public safety and property, but the benefits of carefully prescribed
         and controlled fire can still be realized. Fire is recognized as a cost-effective land management tool by silviculturalists, wildlife
         managers, and natural area managers. Prescribed burning is practiced today using skillful methods and rigid safety specifica-
         tions.


           Prescribed burning is the intentional
         use of fire in a particular time and place,
         under established conditions and speci-
         fications, to accomplish a biological or
         resource management goal. The Virginia
         Department of Conservation and Rec-
         reation (DCR) uses prescribed burning
         when this practice benefits particular
                                                                                                                               tb
         fire-dependant natural communities and
                                                                        6
         species. Secondary benefits derived from                                                                                            Z
                                                                        4
         regular burning include opening aes-
                                                                         A,
                                                                                               j
         thetically pleasing landscapes, impres-
         sive displays of wildflowers, greater
         numbers and enhanced visibility of wild-
         life, and a profusion of blueberries,
          uckleberries and raspberries.

           Vegetation succession is the natural
         process by which one type of vegeta-             Prescribed Burning
         tion is replaced by another leading to-
         ward increased biomass and vegetation              Fire contributes to maintaining              on or benefit from fire. Fire liberates
         structure. The end point of succession           Virginia's natural heritage in so many         the rare plants from competing woody
         is referred to as the climax, or steady-         ways. Entire forest types such as              vegetation and sometimes enhances seed
         state condition in which the community           longleaf pine forest, pitch pine forest and    germination.
         is more or less self-sustaining. Through-        table mountain pine forest are created
         out much of Virginia, succession left            and perpetuated by fire. The grassy              The case of the Virginia-endemic
         unchecked would result in dense, closed          savannahs created by fire provide the          Peter's Mountain Mallow is dramati-
         canopy forest. Maintaining open, early-          necessary breeding habitat for rare            cally illustrative. Just four naturally es-
         successional types of vegetation such as         Bachman's sparrows and other forms             tablished individual plants remained
         prairie, savannah, woodland and glade,           of wildlife. Prairie vegetation still ex-      until an experimental burn was con-
         and the species dependant on these com-          ists in Virginia largely because of fre-       ducted at the site. Four hundred new
         munities, necessitates fire management           quent accidental fires along railroad          plants appeared after the fire. Prescribed
         as a means of setting back the process           tracks. Lastly, there are more than 100        burn management will likely rescue this
         of succession.                                   rare plant species which either depend         species from the brink of extinction.


         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.




                                      Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                      CONSERNnNG 1ARUNIAS NATUILALAND RECUATIONAL RES011RCES
                                      1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                      Richmond, VA 23219

         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.



        Natural Heritage Resources Fact Sheet
        Virginia's Rare Natural Environments
     *Conserving Virginia's Natural Environments: Why?

           The natural environments of Virginia contain a wondrous array of indigenous plants and animals, and each
        environment has its distinctive community of species. The term community refers to species that occur together. It
        has the same meaning in the natural world as in our own lives. Just like humans, each organism plays an important
        role in the functioning of the whole system, and all parts are interdependent.
           Over thousands of years, the spe-
        cies in each community have evolved                                              A.
        life history strategies which enable
        them to survive within a specific
        niche. This process does not take
        place in a vacuum-the strategies
        adopted by one species influence the
        direction taken by others. Nor has it           1@
        stopped. Like a river that flows
        through time and across space, a
        natural community undergoes con-
        stant change yet retains its essential
        characteristics. For instance, all
        plants growing in the area compete
     With one another for the available
        light, moisture and nutrients. Plants
        which die are soon replaced by oth-          The freshwater marsh community pictured above is but one of Virginia's rare
        ers. Also, just like humans do, plants       natural environments.
        change their environment as they live        in nutrient-rich droppings at a new         dominate the silty river bottoms on
        in it. They can affect fertility by con-     location. Other plants have seeds           the coastal plain, while alder and
        tributing organic matter to the soil,        which hitchhike across the landscape        sycamore prevail alongside moun-
        thereby influencing the robustness           by clinging to animal fur or even           tain streams. Often the vegetation
        and density of the vegetation. When          human clothing.                             reflects the underlying geology.
        a community is disturbed by dam-               Animals, in turn, are absolutely          Mountain slopes dominated by pine
        aging wind, fire, floods or human ac-        dependent on plants. Among the              and oak usually indicate acidic soils
        tivity, opportunistic plants are the         30,000 insect species in Virginia,          derived from shale and sandstone,
        first to recolonize the area, but these      many feed on a single plant species         while sugar maple, tulip-tree, bass-
        are soon replaced by larger or more          or genus. Animals either consume            wood, and buckeye often indicate
        long-lived species. This is a process        plants directly, or prey on the herbi-      limestone. Elevation has a dramatic
        known as vegetation succession.              vores (plant eaters), or prey upon the      effect on vegetation, as any visitor
        Many plants depend on insects for            predators of the herbivores, thus           to Mount Rogers can attest.
        pollination, while other plants have         forming complex food chains.                   Specific communities are classi-
        evolved strategies which utilize birds          As you travel across Virginia, you       fied based on the dominant or char-
        and mammals as effective agents of           can recognize the major types of            acteristic species present. Examples
        seed dispersal. Some plants produce          natural communities by the plants           are chestnut oak-mountain laurel
    Oceds within sweet, fragrant, or                 and animals that live there. 'Me shift-     forest and longlea.fpine-turkey oak
        brightly colored fruit. When con-            ing sands of coastal dunes support          woodland. By naming community
        sumed by birds and mammals, these            windswept meadows of beach-grass            types, we communicate information
        seeds remain viable and are expelled         and sea oats. Towering cypress trees        more effectively and can inventory




         Virginia"s Rare Natural Environments

         Conserving Virginia's Natural Environments: Why?


         the best examples of each. Some               helps maintain fertility, and can pro-      ciated and valued in real dollar terms.
         community types are widespread                vide renewable forest products and          Consequently, too many important
         because conditions which created              forage for livestock. To a great ex-        areas are being destroyed before
         them are present over large areas.            tent, the economy of coastal Virginia       their overall biological and societal
         Other communities are restricted to           is directly dependent on a produc,          values have been determined. It may
         just a few areas simply because the           tive and uncontaminated Chesa-              come as a surprise to learn that spe-
         natural environments upon which               peake Bay ecosystem.                        cies entirely new to science are con-
         they depend are so rare on the land-            Often overlooked but vitally im-          tinually being discovered in Virginia.
         scape. However, in too many cases             portant is the role played by benefi-       Examples include many insect spe-
         the rarity of a community is the re-          cial insects which pollinate fruit trees    cies and a plant called running glade
         sult of human activity. Through               and many crops, and keep pest or-           clover discovered in Lee County. By
         thoughtless deeds and actions, we             ganisms in check at virtually no cost       protecting the best remaining natu-
         have altered and even destroyed bio-          to society. Natural lands also help         ral environments, we most assuredly
         logically diverse communities.                maintain the balance of nature, pri-        will be protecting a host of poorly
           Scientists recognize that the de-           marily through the maintenance of           known species whose role in the eco-
         struction of natural communities              predator-prey relationships: Hawks          system and whose value to human
         endangers us as well as the natural           and owls which nest in forests con-         society have yet to be determined.
         world. We, too, depend on the eco-            trol harmful rodents in adjacent farm       We have to be encouraged, however,
         system services which natural com-                                                        that Virginians care deeply about
         munities provide: Vegetation f     .ilters    land; bats residing in a cave consume       preserving our beautiful land,
                                                       vast numbers of mosquitoes on                                                    0
         and holds water to ensure a clean             warm summer nights.                         that our citizens will strive to ensure
         and reliable water source, removes                                                        that the natural heritage we inher-
         carbon dioxide from the atmosphere              Unfortunately, many of these eco-         ited is passed on to future genera-
         and restores oxygen, holds soil and           system services are not fully appre-        tions.














         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
                                     SUED r i?
                                     Department of Conservation & Recreation                           9
                                     CONS   VIRGMS NAJURALMD RECREAMNAL RESOURCES
                                     1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                     Richmond, VA 23219                                          Of
         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




      Natural Heritage Resources Fact Sheet
    firginia's Rare Natural Environments

      Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo Swamp

      Description
      The cypress-tupelo swamps bordering the rivers of southeastern Virginia contain some of the largest and
      most impressive trees found anywhere in the eastern United States. These swamps are the wettest and deepest
      forested wetlands which form in low-lying areas, commonly in depressions, floodplains, abandoned river
      channels, or sloughs following a major river channel. Although normally separated from a river, much of the
      land is flooded year-round with the Water standing up to several feet deep. In Virginia, bald cypress and
      water tupelo are often found together in these deepwater swamps and have developed a variety of adaptations
      for surviving flooded conditions. Bald cypress trees produce the familiar knees which rise above the water
      helping to stabilize the tree in the soft soil and possibly supplying oxygen to the roots. Water tupelo produces
      very wide, buttressed lower trunks for stability in the standing water. Regular flooding of the swamp pro-
      duces oxygen-poor soils and drives the subsequent complex processes that are used to extract and circulate
      nutrients and oxygen within the community.

                                              A@
                                                                                                                       Al.
                                              4 a
                                                                                                          "IC
                      111 ZZ,                                                                                   1A
                                                                        "M
                                                  A
                         @0 A`
                                                J
                                                                                                            WM@,,
                                              7'                        v
                %
                I @wl
                             1-7
                        X.                                 E_w

                                                                                 Z
          4",




                       7
                  S!*k:




       Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo Community

      Distribution                              rivers supporting this type of veg-      rose, Virginia willow, lizards tail
      Bald cypress-water tupelo swamps          etation include the Nottaway and         and   cardinal flower. On the
      are most common in the southeast-         Meherrin rivers, and Fontaine            water's surface, duckweed and
      ern coastal plain where extensive         Creek.                                   water fern are common members
      river systems and flat topography                                                  of the swamp community.
      combine to create prolonged               Flora and Fauna                             The swamps are also an impor-
      flooding. In Virginia, large, undis-      Bald cypress and water tupelo            tant habitat for many species of
      turbed tracts of bald cypress-wa-         trees grow to more than 150 feet         waterfowl. Wood duck and mal-
      ter tupelo swamps are rare and            tall with a trunk diameter of six        lards breed here, as do several
      occur mainly in the southeastern          feet. Older ones are estimated to        heron species, warblers and other
      part of the state where bald cypress      be at least 600 years old. These         songbirds. These swamps contain
      approaches its northern range             swamps are host to many other            abundant crayfish and mussels,
    Aiknit. The Blackwater River in Isle        wetland plant and animal species.        and are also home to beavers,
    WWight and Southampton coun-                Typical shrubs and herbs associ-         muskrat and numerous other ani-
      ties supports several examples of         ated with the bald cypress-water         mal species.
      old growth bald cypress-water tu-         tupelo swamps of Virginia include
      pelo swamps. Other southeastern           water ash, buttonbush, swamp                                              - over




         Virginia.s Rare Natural EnVironments
         Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo Swamp


         Values                                       the frequency of blow-downs, and             References
         Besides hosting important plant              encourage the spread of invasive             Christensen, N. L. 1988. Vegetation of
         and animal species, bald cypress-            or alien species. Ditching, drain-           the Southeastern Coastal Plain. in North
         water tupelo swamp forests have              ing, or damming a swamp can re-              American Terrestrial Vegetation. M. G.
         several important functions. Pri-            sult in the disruption of water flow         Barbour and W. D. Billings (eds.). Cam-
         marily these low swamps act as a             and sediment cycling of the                  bridge University Press, Cambridge. pp.
         sink for floodwater and protect              swamp. Road and bridge construc-             317-363.
         higher areas during floods. They             tion or improvement activities               Conservation Planning for the Natural
         have a role in filteri 'ng river water       should be carefully planned and              Areas of the Lower Peninsula of Vir-
         and -removing sediments. They                monitored to minimize impacts in             ginia. 1993 Virginia Department of Con-
         also function in erosion control             swamps. Preserving the natural               servation and Recreation, Division of
         and groundwater recharge. Fi-                flow of the river is critical to the         Natural Heritage, Richmond. 168 pp.
         nally, these swamp forests are a             long-term maintenance of these
         pleasing wetland environment for             forests.                                     Mitsch, W. J. and J. G. Gosselink. 1986.
                                                                                                   Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-
         recreation and enjoyment of na-                                                           pany, Inc., New York. 539 pp.
         ture.                                        Protection
                                                      Bald cypress-water tupelo forests            Odum, H. T. 1984. Summary: Cypress
         Threats:@                                    are irreplaceable natural heritage           Swamps and their Regional Role. in
         The primary threat to bald cy-               resources in Virginia. Loggin op-            C@press Swa        , K. C. Ewel, H. T.
                                                                                        9          Odum (eds.). University of Florida
         press-water tupelo swamps in Vir-            erations and development activi-             Press, Gainesville. pp. 416-443.
         ginia is disruption of the habitat           ties should be planned to minimize
         by human activity. Logging has               impacts on these wetland forests.
         encroached on some of the unpro-             Protection from water contamina-
         tected old growth forests along the          tion, pollution, and disturbance
         Blackwater River. Continued thin-            will also require a comprehensive
         ning of. the trees could alter the           planning approach.
         light levels of the forest, increase













         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.


                                    &gum
                                    ' 6'" D
                                    Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                    COIGERVING VIRGINIKS NATURALAND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
                                    1500 East Main Street, Suite 312                             01
                                    Richmond, VA 23219
                                                                                           xr@;'@_'%








         This fact sheet was.funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's.Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




       Natural Heritage Resources Fact Shee                                                                                   t
    Wirginia's Rare Natural Environments

       Pocosins


       Description
       Pocosins are a rare natural environment characterized by peaty soils and heath-like vegetation. Often tucked be-
       tween coastal freshwater marshes and deepwater swamp forests of the Atlantic coastal plain, pocosins are one of
       Virginia's rarest wetlands. A high water table, an abundance of sphagnum moss, and the slow decay of dead vegeta-
       tion contributeto the deep peat and acidic soils of these areas. These conditions, along with nutrient poor soils and
       frequent fires, are common features of pocosin communities. The landscape of these wetlands grades from shrubby,
       low pocosins dominated by a dense layer of low heath vegetation and occasional open herbaceous areas to higher
       forested pocosins with sparse to dense small trees and shrubs. This low vegetation is maintained by fire, the high
       water table, and the naturally low nutrient levels in the soil. Some species, such as Atlantic white cedar, depend on
       fire to curb the growth of competing vegetation and stimulate seed germination. Presently, habitat loss and a less
       frequent incidence of fire has altered the structure of pocosins and may threaten their continued existence in Vir-
       ginia.

                                -v
                                                                                                                         J


                                                                                R,-T, V-4
                                                                               _@,i,    10 1 @                          L, ,
                                                                                              r
                                                                                            F1
                                                                                 MUM
                                           A

                                                                                                           N@,
                                                                                                             IX@
                                                                                                               fE
                                                                                       411V
                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                             'K.
                                                                                  JI:


                                                                                                                  k,

        Pocosin Community

       Distribution                              cedar and pond pine are the domi-          clude spreading       pogonia and
       Pocosins are found throughout the         nant tree species in high pocosins.        Walter's sedge.
       Atlantic coastal plain from south-        Atlantic white cedar is a rare and           Few surveys have been conducted
       eastern Virginia to northern Florida,     valuable lumber tree which has been        on the animal species found in po-
       and west to Mississippi. In Virginia,     steadily declining across much of its      cosins, however, rare butterflies such
       pocosins have never been common,          range because of harvesting, fire          as Hessel's hairstreak are known to
       but have historically been found in       suppression, and habitat loss. A           inhabit these wetlands.
       the Great Dismal Swamp and along          dense understory of fetterbush,
       the lower Blackwater, Northwest,          sheep laurel, inkberry, sweet bay and      Threats
       North Landing, and Nottaway riv-          red bay grows beneath the trees.           It has been estimated that less than
       ers. Currently, they are limited in       Throughout the pocosin is a thick          30 percent of pocosin communities
       Virginia to remnant communities in        tangle of greenbriar vine,   and Vir-      throughout the Atlantic coastal plain
    0
         e Great Dismal Swamp and along          ginia chain fern is the dominant her-      remain intheir natural condition. Vir-
         e North Landing River.                  baceous plant. Several rare plants         ginia has fared even worse with only
                                                 can be found in these wetlands, es-        17 percent of its pocosins remain-
       Flora and Fauna                           pecially as islands or openings in the     ing today. Ditching, draining and
       In Virginia, red maple, Atlantic white    lowest pocosins. These rarities in-        peat mining have taken their toll on




         Virginia's Rare Natural Environments

         Pocosins


         water and nutrient cycling in these.              pocosin communities. Despite great               fluence of adjacent land use on wa-
         environments, and the suppression                 success in land acquisition realized             ter quality. A plan to restore and
         of fire has allowed the growth of                 by natural resource agencies and                 maintain clean water flow through
         woody species to go. unchecked.                   land conservation organizations,                 the wetland, and the reintroduction
         Atlantic white cedar is in need of                long-term survival of pocosin com-               of fire will greatly increase the
         protection and thrives in pocosin                 munities, and the rare plants and                chances for survival of this endan-
         habitats'. The return of this rare and            animals living within them, will de-             gered ecosystem.
         valuable tree will depend on protect-             pend onmanagement efforts focused
         ingand managing its wetland home.                 on maintaining the community in its              References
                                                           natural state. The two driving eCo-              Frost, C. C. 1989. History and status of rem-
         Protection                                        logical forces within these wetlands             nant pocosih, canebrake and white cedar
                                                                                                            wetlands in Virginia. unpub. report to the
         The pocosins along the North Land-                are fire and the cycling of water.               VA Natural Heritage Program, Richmond.
         ing River are protected by The Na-                Today, unrestrained fire represents              130 pp.
         ture Conservancy and the Depart-                  a hazard to public safety and prop-              Caliouw,'C. A. and S. Hobbs. 1991. Man-
         ment of Conservation and Recre-                   erty, but the benefits of carefully pre-         agement plan for the North Landing River
         ation as part of the Virginia Natural             scribed and controlled fire can be               Preserve System. Unpub. report on file with
                                                                                                            the Virginia Natural Heritage Program, Rich-
         Area Preserve System.The Great                    realized. Studies are underway to                mond. 130 pp.
         Dismal Swamp National Wildlife                    learn more about the flow of water
         Refuge also protects some important               through these wetlands and the in-





















         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.




                                       Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                       CONSERVING MRUNIAS NATLUMAND RECILAMNAL RESOURCES
                                       1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                       Richmond, VA 23219

         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




       Natural Heritage Resources Fact Sheet
     firginia's Rare Natural Environments

       Sea-levelFens


       Description
       Virginia's sea-level fens are an extremely rare type of coastal wetland distinguished from a marsh and a bog by a
       distinct hydrologic regime and unique vegetation associations. In general, sea-level fens are open, freshwater wet-
       lands located at the upland edges of wide, oceanside tidal marshes. Unlike bogs, whose primary water source is
       rainwater, a sea-level fen's primary water source is an underground spring that supplies nutrient-poor groundwater
       to the system. For a sea-level fen to form, a combination of environmental factors must occur. First, a natural spring,
       usually seeping from a nearby slope, must be present to allow the movement of groundwater into the area. Second,
       the fen must be sufficiently protected from flooding, such as by a wide,"fronting tidal marsh, to prevent the influx of
       nutrient-rich tidal flow. If these two conditions are met, unique plant associations that include both northern bog
       species and southern freshwater tidal species can form, and diagnostic plant species such as ten-angled pipewort
       and beaked spike-rush can thrive. It is uncommon to find this combination of environmental factors, which accounts
       for the rarity of this community type.

                                                                                                 k@ ....... . ..
                                                                                                       X  ,
                                                                                                                   7
                                                       14,






                                                                                  4
                                                    Ve@                                                   "'J',
                                                                                                            i        4 ::@i


                                                                                                   @p
                                                         flih                    F
                                                                     t
                                                                                       , 4 k"Fl-
                                                                                                                     7@,
                                                                                       p,  P
                                                                           k
                                                                     ;N                               41

                                                                                             J!!

                                              4@



        Sea-level Fen Community
       Distribution                              the soil strongly affect the plants          Since their discovery in 1991, few
       Sea-level fens were first discovered      and animals that exist in sea-level       investigations into the resident ani-
       in 1991. Superior examples of this        fens. Vegetation consists of an in-       mal populations of sea-level fens
       community type have been found in         teresting combination of acid-tol-        have been conducted. However, one
       only five locations on the East Coast,    erant bog plants and tidal freshwa-       species of interest found in these ar-
       and cover a total of no more than 10      ter wetland plants capable of surviv-     eas is a dragonfly, Nanothemis bella,
       acres. Although there are likely many     ing in low-nutrient areas. For some       which, at 3/4 inch long, is the
       more examples of this community           of these species, the Virginia'sea-       smallestnortheastern dragonfly. Also
       type, thus far they have only been        level fens represent the southern-        characteristic of these environments
       documented in Sussex County, Del.,        most extent of their range, and the       is the eastern mud turtle which, not
       and in Accomack County on                 only habitat that supports these spe-     surprisingly, thrives in the mucky,
       Virginia's Eastern Shore.                 cies in the state. Most interesting       springy habitat.
                                                 among the vegetation are the many
                                                 carnivorous plants such as sundew         Values
     0
       Flora and Fauna                           and bladderwort which capture and         The natural heritage values associ-
       The low nutrient content of the           digest small insects and inverte-         ated with these small wetlands are
       water and the acidic conditions of        brates.                                   focused primarily on the plant and





         Virginia's Rare Natural Environments

         Sea-levelFens
                                                                                                                                                   0

         animal species that they harbor; of-             ments or agricultural fields can cause          prevent the flow of high nutrient
         ten these communities are the only               an influx of nutrients into the fen.            water and sediments into these ar-
         location for. a species in the state.            This upsets the balance of water and            ea's. Although fens may be protected
         The number of rare species docu-                 nutrients in the area and leads to the          to some extent by wetland regula-
         mented in fens is significant. These             disruption of soil characteristics and          tions ofthe Federal Clean Water Act,
         areas are also ecologically interest-            plant species that exist in fen condi-          negative influences from surround-
         ing in that they incorporate both                tions. Increased nutrient and sedi-             ing environments can be devastai-
         freshw  'ater marsh plants and acid-             ment flow could result in suitable              ing -to these areas and protection is
         tolerant bog plants which are more               environmental conditions for the                essential to ensure their continued
         common in northern bogs..                        growth of invasive species such as              existence.
                                                          common reed.
         Threats                                                                                          References
         By far  ,the biggrest threat to this rare        Protection:                                     Ludwig, J. C. and T. J. Rawinski. 1993. The
         community type is groundwater pol-               Protection of these rare wetland                vegetation and flora of the "sea-level fens"
                                                                                                          of the Delmarva peninsula. Virginia Jour-
         lution. The possible movement of                 communities will take a concen-                 nal of Science 44:120.
         fertilizers and wastes, into'the                 trated effort on the part of landown-
         groundwater from nearby develop-                 ers and environmental agencies to

























         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.


                                       W
                                                  r Y2-
                                            D%Jlki,
                                       Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                       COMERVING VIRUNIAS NATUFLALAND RECREAMNAL RESOURCES
                                       1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                       Richmond, VA 23219                                               0@r

         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program thrbugh Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




       Natural Heritage Resources Fact Sheet
    4(irginia's Rare Natural Environments

       Seasonal Ponds


       Description
       The use of the wordpond may be somewhat misleading in the case of seasonal pond communities. More accurately,
       they are shallow depressions in the ground that contain standing water for all or, usually, part of the year. Some
       larger ponds are actually forested. The amount and duration of standing water varies among ponds and strongly
       influences the plant and animal associations that are present. Most ponds are sinkhole depressions which were
       created by the dissolution of underlying substrate and the subsequent collection of water and sediments in the
       depression. In the coastal plain, this underlying material is calcareous and consists of ancient shell deposits. In the
       Shenandoah Valley, the underlying material is limestone. Finally, some ponds are simply lowlands Within dune
       landscapes. Sinkhole ponds in Virginia are referred to as seasonal because the depressions do not hold water for
       extended periods of time. The hydrology of seasonal ponds varies, but they generally have standing water during
       early spring, the wettest time of the year, and gradually dry through the summer and fall. The length of time standing
       water remains in the ponds can change from year to year; ponds will have more water for longer periods during wet
       years than during drought years. Seasonal ponds range anywhere in size from 50 feet to several hundred feet or
       more in diameter.

                                          0.
                                                                                                        4W"






                                                                                                                        Ov
                                                                    R
                                                        f
                                             'T'  A,
                              M



                                                                                          ITI
                                                                                                                             N


        Seasonal Pond Community

       Distribution                              within Seashore State Parkand Natu-       can add up to be more valuable than
       Seasonal ponds are scattered              ral Area in Virginia Beach. Seasonal      any individual pond considered on
       throughout the coastal plain from the     ponds are also found in the               its own. Several rare Virginia plant
       Maritime Provinces to the Gulf            Shenandoah Valley in Augusta and          species such as harper's fimbristylis
       Coast of Texas. They are especially       Rockingham counties where the             and black-fruited spikerush are
       prevalent in the Carolinas where the      geologic features are different.          found along the edges of coastal
       ponds form a regular feature along                                                  plain seasonal ponds. The endemic
       the fall line. In Virginia, seasonal      Flora and Fauna                           Virginia sneezeweed is found at the
       ponds are not as common. They are         Fluctuations of water levels vary         margins of Shenandoah Valley sea-
       found in scattered sites in the south-    considerably among ponds depend-        , sonal ponds as are several other rare
    d
        astern part of the state, and on the     ing on their age and location. Water      plant species.
        astern Shore. Two sites of particu-      levels also vary from year to year          Animal species also commonly
       lar note are the Grafton Ponds com-       within a single pond. The result is a     inhabit seasonal ponds. Because the
       plex in York County and Newport           diverse plant and animal richness         ponds contain standing water for
       News, and the small ponds located         within the entire pond complex that       only part of the year, they are un-




         Virginia's Rare Natural Environments

         Seasonal Ponds


         able to support fish        and therefore          versity of life contained within an              Although seasonal ponds may have
         provide an ideal, predator-free                    entire pond complex, protection of               some protection under wetland regu-
         breeding habitat for many amphib-                  the, surrounding habitat, with par-              lations of the Federal Clean Water
         ian species. Mabee's salamander is                 ticular attention to maintaining wa-             Act, interpretations of these laws
         a rare amphibian that breeds at some               ter regimes, is required to preserve             often change and should not be
         seasonal ponds in Virginia. Another                the character of these natural com-              solely depended upon for protection.
         rare amphibian, the barking tree frog,             munities. Draining, ditching, and                Additionally, regulations often don't
         is a northern species with its south-              'dredging can disrupt the natural                provide for the protection of sur-
         ern range limit in Virginia. It is only            water cycles upon which the com-                 rounding upland habitats and may
         found in the southeastern part of the              niunity is based. In addition, nutri-            allow damaging activities in some
         state and-requires a fish4ree, fresh-              ent levels need to be maintained, in             cases. Protecting the hydrologic
         water habitat to reproduce. Several                the ponds; runoff from fertilized ag-            conditions of the ponds and adjacent
         rare and unusual dragonflies also                  ricultural fields can increase sedi-             upland environments is critical to
         inhabit   these specialized environ-               ment and nutrient levels in ponds and            their long-term preservation.
         ments.                                             alter the plant communities that can
                                                            survive.there. Finally, it is important          References
         Values                                             to remember that few species will                Conservation Planning for the Natural Ar-
         Seasonal ponds are especially impor-               use seasonal ponds as their only habi-           eas of the Lower Peninsula of Virginia. 1993
                                                                                                             Virginia Department of Conservation and
         tant for the unique diversity of plants            tat. Amphibians in particular may be             Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage,
         and animals that inhabit them. A net-              present at p6 nds only to mate and               Richmond. 168 pp.
                                                                                                                                                        0
         work of s   *everal ponds is a complex,            lay eggs. Surrounding upland. natu-              Rawinski, T. J. 1991. Virginia's Shenandoah
         interwoven system of wetland com-                  ral areas should be protected with               Valley sinkhole ponds: in-land outposts of
         munities. Often plant species in these             the pond  .s themselves to provide liv-          Coastal Plain flora (draft). VA Dept. of Con-
         ponds are at their southern limit, or              ing habitats for species. As well, the           servation and Recreation, Division of Natu-
                                                                                                             ral Heritage, Richmond. 4   pp.
         are endemic to Virginia. In addition,              ponds will provide an avenue for
         the importance of these habitats as                dispersal of seeds or young to new               Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990.
                                                                                                             Classification of the Natural Communities
         predator-free breeding ground's for                ponds.                                           of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural
         amphibians cannot be overempha-                                                                     Heritage''Program, Raleigh. 325 pp.
         sized.                                             -Protection
                                                            Long-term protection of this            rare
         Threats                                            community type will depend on en
         Considering the varied hydrologic                  vironmentally sound planning and
         nature of seasonal ponds and the di-               development around these areas.




         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.

                                                   1104 D

                                        Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                        CONSERVING AROMAS NATURAL AND RECREAMNAL KL50UKCE5
                                        1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                                                                                           W01
                                        Richmond, VA 23219

         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Qualityls Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




       Natural Heritage Resources Fact Sheet
     Qfirginia's Rare Natural Environments

       Turkey Oak Sandhills

       Description
       Sandhills are distinctive natural communities which occur on well drained, sandy soils primarily in the southeastern
       coastal plain from Virginia southward. Where they are found, they are characterized by abundant sand and scattered
       trees. Well-drained soils set up dry, nutrient-poor growing conditions on a sandhill. The dominant trees are species
       of pine and oak while understory plants generally consist of shrubby plants with an occasional patch of herbaceous
       vegetation and lichens. Longleaf pine and turkey oak are the dominant trees which characterize sandhills in Virginia.
       These sandhills resemble their counterparts in the Carolinas with some slight differences. Frequent, low-intensity
       fires were common in Virginia sandhills as a means of maintaining the vegetation, although in recent years fires have
       been suppressed or controlled for safety considerations. Human disturbance, in conjunction with the suppression of
       natural fires, has altered these communities to a great extent.


                                                                                                                'N"
                                                                                         KA
                                                                                                                  2          -1,

                                                                                                                       -A,
                                                                                                                      4,
                                                                                                         @'A
                                                                                                               @4,
                                                                                       K5,


                                                                                                                  g"





        Turkey Oak Sandhill Community
       Distribution                              sand trap water and allow rare blue        Threats
       There is evidence that longleaf pine      jack oak and longleaf pine to sur-         Turkey oak sandhills are one of the
       and turkey oak were more common           vive. In addition, these areas con-        most endangered ecosystems in Vir-
       in Virginia before human settlement.      tain rare shrubby and herbaceous           ginia. Without regular fires to re-
       However, lumbering and agricultural       vegetation such as sandy-woods             move the buildup of shrubby, under-
       development over the past 250 years       chaffhead, creeping blueberry, Oc-         story vegetation, common tree spe-
       have taken their toll on sandhill com-    tober-flower, and flowering pixie-         cies would be able to thrive and re-
       munities. In Virginia, the best re-       MOSS.                                      place the longleaf pine and turkey
       maining examples of turkey oak                                                       oak. The most effective means of
       sandhills are found in Isle of Wight         Noteworthy animal species which         maintaining the community is by
       County. Sandhill communities are          inhabit Virginia sandhill communities      regular prescribed burns to curb the
       also found in Southampton County          include southeastern crowned               growth of encroaching vegetation.
       and Suffolk.                              snakes, rare tiger beetles, and numer-     Many of the plants in this commu-
                                                 ous butterfly and moth species, in-        nity type, such as the longleaf pine,
       Flora and Fauna                           cluding a moth that feeds specifically     require fire for successful reproduc-
         e turkey oak sandhills of Virginia      on pixie-moss. With some clearing          tion. In addition, disturbance of sur-
     ,&port a number of rare plant and           of the undergrowth, this area would        rounding lands can have an impact
       animal species, some of which are         be excellent potential habitat for the     on sandhills. In particular, construc-
       at the northern limit of their range.     federally endangered red-cockaded          tion of houses near the community
       Locally, layers of clay beneath the       woodpecker.                                could limit the frequency and extent




         Virginia's Rare Natural Environments

         Turkey Oak Sandhills


         of burning allowed in the area. Sand             Protection of these communities will             References
         mining and ditching can affect the               depend on a regular schedule of pre-             Christensen, N. L. 1988. Vegetation of the
         natural flow of water to the site dis-           scribed burning to maintain the nec-             southeastern Coastal Plain, pp. 317-363 in
                                                                                                           North American Terrestrial Vegetation (M.
         rupting the natural cycling of water             essary sandhill conditions. The re-              G. Barbour and W. D. Billings eds.). Cam-
         and nutrients, and influencing the               cent introduction of prescribed bum-             bridge University Press, Cambridge.
         species of plants that are present.              ing to the Blackwater Ecologic Pre-              Ravvinski, T. J. and G. P. Fleming. 1993. An
         Finally, clearcutting a sandhill com-            serve has resulted in the re-emer-               Inventory and Protection Plan for Southeast
         munity permits the growth of com-                gence of some species not found                  Virginia's Critical Natural Areas, Exemplary
         mon loblolly pines and is an ongo-               here since natural fires were sup-               Wetlands and Endangered Species Habitats.
                                                                                                           Virginia Department of Conservation and
         ing, serious threat.                             pressed. flistoric records indicate the          Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage,
         Protection                                       presence of numerous rare species                Richmond. 208 pp.
         The only currently protected tract        of     in these sandhills; some may reap-               Frost, C. C., and L. J. Musselman. 1987.
         turkey oak sandhill in Virginia is               pear with continued management,                  History and vegetation of the Blackwater
         found in the Blackwater Ecologic                 prescribed burns, and protection                 Ecologic Preserve. Castanea 52(l):16-46.
         Preserve in Isle of Wight County.                -from disturbance.


























         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
                                             Dri?
                                       Department of Conservation & Recreation
                                       CONSERVING VIRUNIAS NATULALAND REOuMNAL RESOURCES
                                       1500 East main Street, Suite 312
                                       Richmond, VA 23219                                               01
         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.







                                           WARNING! INVASIVE ALEEN PLANTS

     OXHY ARE ALIEN PLANTS A SERIOUS THREAT?

        Plants that are not a part of the indigenous (native) vegetation, but that have been introduced into a region are called
        aliens. For the most part, introduced, or alien, plant species form an important part of our environment, contributing
        immensely to agriculture, horticulture, landscaping, and soil stabilization, But among the thousands of plant species
        introduced to our area, some have displayed unexpected aggressive growth tendencies. The purpose of this fact sheet
        is to identify some of the more problematic species which, in many circumstances, degrade native plant communities.

        While most alien plant species do not persist in the wild, introductions since European settlement have substantially.
        changed the composition of native plant communities: throughout North America. Of the roughly 2500 vascular plant
        species that grow in the wild in Virginia, some 350 are not native to the state. While many of these are restricted to
        roadsides and other heavily-disturbed sites, others readily invade natural and semi-:natural landscapes.

        invastvu-dien-ptznKtypica4.-exhibft-dw-foHowing-charaeteristies---------

                 9  rapid growth and maturity,
                 *  prolific seed production,
                 9  highly successful seed dispersal, germination, and colonization, -
                 *  rampant spread,
                 *  ability to out-compete native species,
                 e  high cost to remove or control.

        Invasive aliens thrive on disturbed sites.      Native plant communities fragmented by human disturbances are most
     OYInerable to invasion, but even intact ecosystems can be invaded by the most aggressive alien species. Invasive alien
        plants leave behind the natural controls (e.g. insects) that keep them in check in their native habitats. Biodiversity
        is further threatened when alien plants harbor invasive pathogens, fungi, or other organisms that decimate native
        species, such as American Chestnut.

        AWARENESS IS CRITICAL


        Awareness of the problems caused by invasive alien plants is the first step in preventing their conti       nued use. Pu    blic
        awareness will help-increase responsible landscaping and conservation practices. Awareness by resource managers
        will help prevent the introduction of these species on public lands and preserve our natural heritage.

                YOU C IIELP


        Learn what species are native in your area. Use'native species, grown from local stock if available, for conservation
        and landscaping purposes whenever possible. When using alien plants, avoid highly invasive species. Support public
        policies that restrict the introduction of invasive alien plants and get involved in organizations and agencies that work
        to protect biological diversity. Ask your nursery to sell native plants propagated from local stock. Plan and
        implement sound practices for the control of invasive alien plants in natural areas. A list of alien plants that have
        invasive tendencies in Virginia is provided on the overleaf.


        FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT-
                                                                     or
                         Virginia Native Plant Society                                Department of Conservation and Recreation
                         P.O. Box 844                                     Ah@         Division of Natural Heritage
                         Annandale, Virginia 22003                                       00 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                                                                      Richmond, Virginia 23219






                                             INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS OF VIRGINIA

         Common Name                    Scientific Name                                    Common Name                    Scientific Name
         Alligator-weed                 Alternanthera philoxeroides                        Kudzu-vine                    Pueraria lobata
         Amur cork-tree                Phellodendron amurense                             Leafy spurge                  Euphorbia esula
         Amur honeysuckle              Lonicera maackii                                   Lesser celandine               Rahunculus ficaria
         Aneilima                     Murdannia keisak                                   Linden viburnum                Vibunum dilitatum
                                                                                           Mile-a-minute                 Polygoum perfoliatum
         Asiatic sand sedge            Carex kobomugi                                     Mimosa                         Albizia julibrissin
         Autumn olive                   Elaeagnus umbellata                                Moneywort                      Lysimachia nummularia
         Balloon-vineo                  Cardiospennum halicababum                          Morrow's honeysuckle          Lonicera morrowi
         Beafsteak plant               Perilla frutescens                                 Mugwort                       Artemisia vulgaris
         Bell's honeysuckle            Lonicera x bella                                   Multiflora rose               Rosa multiflora
         Bermuda-grass                  Cynodon dactylon                                   Musk thistle                   Carduus nutans
         Birdsfoot trefoil              Lotus corniculatus                                 Nipplewort                     Lapsana communis
         Black pine                    Pinus thunbergii                                   Norway maple                   Acer platanoides
         Blunt-leaved privet             Ligustrum obtusfolium                             Oatgrass                       Arrhenatherum elatius
         Brazilian water-weed           Egeria densa                                       Orchard-grass
         Bristled knotweed              Polygonum cespitosum                                                            Dactylis glomerata
                                                                                           Oriental bittersweet          Celastrus orbiculatus
         Brown knapweed                 Centaurea jacea                                    Parrot's feather               Myriophyllum aquaticum
         Bugleweed                      Ajuga reptans                                      Periwinkle                     Vinca minor
         Bull-thistle                  Cirsium vulgare                                    Poison hemlock                Conium maculatum
         Canada bluegrass               Poa compressa                                      Porcelain-berry              Ampelopsis brevipedunculata
         Canada-thistle               Cirsium arvense                                    Purple loosestrife           Lythrum salicaria
         Chinese lespedeza             Lespedeza cuneata                                  Purple loosestrifeo           Lythrum virgatum
         Chinese privet                 Ligustrum sinense                                  Quack-grass                    Agropyron repens
         Chinese tallow treeo           Sapium sebiferum                                   Red morning-glory              Ipomoea coccinea
         Chinese wisteria               Wisteria sinensis                                  Red sorrel                     Rumex acetosella
         Chinese yam                   Dioscorea batatas                                  Redtop                         Agrostis gigantea
         Common buckthorn               Rhamnus cathartica                                 Rhode Island bent-grass        Agrostis tenuis
         Common chickweed              Stellaria media                                    Rough bluegrass               Poa trivialis
         Common cocklebur               Xanthium  strumarium                              Russian olive                 Elaeagnus angustifolia
         Common day-flower               Commelina commums                                  Sawtooth oak                 Quercus acutissima
         Common morning-glory           Ipomoea purpurea                                   Short-fringed knapweed         Centaurea dubia
         Common reed                   Phragmites australis                               Siberian elm                 Ulmus pumila
         Common teasel                  Dipsacus sylvestris                                Sickle-pod                     Cassia obtusifolia
         Crown-vetch                   Coronilla varia
         Curled dock                    Rumex crispus                                      Spotted knapweed              Centaurea maculosa
         Curled thistle                Carduus acanthoides                               Sweet breath of spring        Lonicera firagrantissima
                                                                                           Tall fescue                   Festuca elatior
         Cut-leaf teasel                Dipsacus laciniatus                                Tartarian honeysuckle         Lonicera tatarica
         Empress-tree                   Paulownia tomentosa                                Thorny elaeagnus              Elaeagnus pungens
         English Ivy                   Hedera helix                                       Timothy                      Phleum pratense
         Eulalia                      Microstegium vimineum                              Tree of heaven                Ailanthus altissima
         European water-milfoil         Myriophyllum spicatum                              Velvet-grass                   Holcus lanatus
         Fennel                         Foeniculum vulgare                                 Water chestnut                Trapa natans
         Field-bindweed                 Convolvulus arvensis                               Water-flag                     Iris pseudacorus
         Fiveleaf akebia               Akebia quinata                                     Weeping lovegrass              Eragrostis curvula
         Garlic mustard                Alliaria petiolata                                 White mulberry                 Morus alba
         Giant foxtail                  Setaria faberi                                     White poplar                   Populus alba
         Giant reed                    Arundo donax                                       White sweet clover             Melilotus alba
         Gill-over-the-ground         Glechoma hederdeea                                 Wild onion                     Allium vineale
         Glossy buckthorn             Rhamnus frangula                                    Wild parsnip                   Pastinaca sodtiva
         Hydrilla                      Hydrilla verticillata                              Wineberry                      Rubus phoenicolasius
         Ivy-leaved morning-glory       Ipomoea hederacea                                  Winged burning busho           Euonymus alatus
         Japanese barberry             Berberis thunbergii                                Wintercreeper                 Euonymus fortunei
         Japanese honeysuckle          Lonicera japonicea                                 Yellow sweet clover            Melilotus officinalis
         Japanese hops                  Humulus japonicus
         Japanese knotweed             Polygonum cuspidatum                                Especially troublesome
         Japanese spiraea              Spiraea japonica
         Japanese wisteria          Wisteria floribunda                                o Persistence in Virginia uncertain
                                                                                           0 Including all cultivars
         Johnson-grass                 Sorghum halepense
         Jointed charlock               Raphanus raphanistrum                             Scientific names follow Atlas of the Virginia Flora III by
         Jointed-grass                  Arthraxon hispidus                                 Harvill, et al., 1992.



          FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:
                                                                              or
                                Virginia Native Plant Society                                     Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                P.O. Box 844                                                      Division of Natural Heritage
                                Annandale, Virginia 22003                                         1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                                                                                  Richmond, Virginia 23219 
 



       Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
     4ksiatic Sand Sedge (Carex kobomugi) Ohwi

       Description
       Asiatic sand sedge is a perennial sedge which grows to about a foot in
       height. The stem is triangular, and the base of the stem is covered with
                                                                                                                                @U
       brown scales. Young leaves are yellow-green in color and stiff with a
                                                                                                                                    . -
                                                                                                                               A
       rough texture along their edges. Older, basal leaves are somewhat wider,                                                         4@
                                                                                                                              -u
       darker green in color and leathery to the touch. The leaves are often
       taller than the flowering heads of the plant. Flowering heads are either
       male or female, and are crowded into dense clusters at the tops of the                                                   A
       stems. Female flower clusters are longer and more slender than the more
                                                                                                                                      W.,
       cylindrical male flower clusters. The.fruits are triangular nutlets known
       as achenes and are enclosed in a papery sac surrounded below by scales
       and bracts. Asiatic sand sedge spreads rapidly by underground stems.


                                                                                                             L
       Distribution                                        as American beach grass, coastal
       Asiatic sand sedge is an east Asian                 spurge, sea oats, and sea-coast marsh             Asiatic Sand Sedge (Carex kobomugi)
       native which was introduced into                    elder. Once established, Asiatic sand
       coastal sands from New Jersey to                    sedge dramatically changes the pro-               plants. Herbicide application is best
          rginia in the 1930's for erosion                 file of a dune. Tall, native plants such          accomplished at the end of the grow-
     Ontrol and as a sand stabilizer. The                  as sea oats buffer the dune from the              ing season when plants are actively
       plant is typically found on coastal                 strong forces of wind and salt spray.             transporting nutrients from stems and
       dunes and berms, although it is also                When native plants are crowded out                leaves to root systems. Glyphosphate
       occasionally found in dry, sandy in-                by the low-growing Asiatic sand                   herbicides affect all reen vegetation
       land areas. In Virginia, it was intro-              sedge, the dunes are vulnerable to                and should be used         9sparingly so as
       duced into the Sandbridge area and                  shifting sands and blowouts.                      not to contact desirable species which
       has recently been documented in                                                                       may be growing with theAsiatic sand
       Accomack County and the cities of                   Control                                           sedge. As with hand pulling control
       Virginia Beach and Chesapeake. Its                  Early detection of this invasive plant            methods, follow-up treatments may
       tolerance for salt spray and high                   is important for successful control,              be needed in subsequent years to re-
       winds allows it to survive in dune                  as small populations are easier to                move plants that have sprouted from
       habitats occupied by unique native                  manage than larger ones. Removal by               remaining seeds.
       vegetation.                                         pulling or digging out the plants is
                                                           recommended only for very small                   Reference
       Threats                                             infestations. Large patches of this               Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of
       The stems of Asiatic sand sedge form                invasive are best controlled by the               Botany, eighth edition. American Book
       low, dense mats in dunes which                      application of a biodegradable                    Company, New York. 1632 pp.
       crowd out native dune species such .                glyphosphate herbicide to individual

       For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation, or the Virginia Native Plant Society.

                                                                                                                               Virginia Native Plant Society
                                                                                                                                               P.O. Box 844
               nt of Conservation & Recreation                                                                                         Annandale, VA 22003
     A10M.GMAS NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RMU

       1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
       Richmond, VA 23219

       This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
       the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




      Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
                mn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunberg)
    f7utsusian Olive (Elaeagnus angustfiblia L.)

      Description
      Autumn olive is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the Oleaster family. Leaves
      are alternate, oval to lanceolate, and untoothed. The underside of the dark
      green leaf is covered with silver-white scales. The plant may grow to a
      height of 20 feet. The small, light yellow flowers are borne along twigs after
      the leaves have appeared early in the growing season. 'Me small, round,
      juicy fruits are reddish to pink, dotted with scales, and produced in great
      quantity. Autumn olive is easily confused with a closely related species,
      Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), which is also an invasive species.
      Russian olive has elliptic to lanceolate leaves, its branches are usually thorny,
      and its fruit is yellow, dry and mealy. Identification should be confirmed by
      a specialist.

      Habitat                                      ute to seed dispersal. It is widely dis-
      Autumn olive has nitrogen-fixing             tributed in Virginia, having been re-
      root nodules which allow it to thrive        corded in 46 counties.
      in poor soils. Typical habitats are             Russian olive, native to Eurasia,
      disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures         was planted as an ornamental and
     W
           fields in 'a wide range of soils.       escaped cultivation in the central and
          tumn olive is drought tolerant and       western United States. At this time,
      may invade grasslands and sparse             Russian olive is rare in Virginia,
      woodlands. It does not do well on            where it has been reported only from
      wet sites or in densely forested ar-         Accomack, Fairfax, Northumber-
      eas.                                         land and Warren counties.
          Russian olive can be found in dry
      to moist soils, but does particularly        Threats
      well in sandy floodplains.                   Autumn olive is a very troublesome
                                                   invasive species in Virginia. In addi-
      Distribution                                 tion to its prolific fruiting, seed dis-
      Autumn olive was introduced to the           persal by birds, rapid growth and
      United States from east Asia in the          ability to thrive in poor soil, Autumn
      1830s. It is found from Maine south          olive resprouts vigorously after cut-
      to Virginia, and west to Wisconsin.          ting or burning. It creates heavy
      Autumn olive was planted in the              shade which suppresses plants that          Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
      eastern and central United States for        require direct sunlight.
      revegetation of disturbed areas.               Although rare in Virginia, Russian        western United States it has become
      Birds forage on its fruit and contrib- .     olive poses similar threats. In the         a major problem in riparian wood-

          For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
    ; @For
          "C'      CR
                                                                                               Virginia Native Plant Society
          Department of Conservation & Recreation
          COMERVING MRIGINKS NAMAL AND uowmAm-s@                                               P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
          1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
          (804) 786-7951




         Invasiv e' Alien Plant Species. of Virginia
         Autumn Olive
         Russian Olive


         lands, threatening even large, hardy        mended because theyare biodegrad-          fruits are quickly eaten by birds.
         native plants such as cottonwood.           able, breaking down into harmless          Other alternatives are evergreens
                                                     components on contact with the soil.       such as American holly (flex opaca),
         Control                                     To be safe and effective, herbicide        bayberry (Myrica pennsylvanica)
         Seedlings and sprouts can be hand-          use requires careful knowledge of          and wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera).
         pulled when the soil is moist to in-        the chemicals, appropriate concen-         All are available at local nurseries.
         sure removal of the root system. On         trations, and the effective method
         larger pl'ants, cutting alone results in    and timing -of their application. Con-     References
         .thicker, denser growth. Burning dur-       sult an agricultural extension agent
                                                                                                Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay. 1993.
         ing the dormant season also results         or a natural resource specialist for       Environmentally Sound Landscape
         in viRorous resprouting.                    more details on herbicide control          Management for the Chesapeake Bay.
            A glyphosate herbicide can be            measures.
         used to control larger plants. Foliar                                                  Eckardt, N. 1987. Elaeagnus umbellata-
         application has* proven effective in        Suggested Alternative Plantings            Autumn olive. Element Stewardship
                                                                                                Abstract. The Nature Conservancy,
         controlling these species. Since            There are many native species which        Minneapolis.
         glyphosate is nonselective and will-        are attractive as ornamentals, stabi-
         affect all green vegetation, care           lize soils, and provide food and cover     Harvill, A., et. al. 1992. Altas of the
         should be taken to avoid impacting          for wildlife. Winterberry (Hex             Virginia Flora. Virginia Botanical
         native plant species. At sites where        verticillata), black haw (Viburnum         Associates. Burkesville.
         this is a concern, application of the       prunifolium), gray dogwood
         herbicide to the freshly cut stumps         (Cornus racemosa) and shining              Szafoni, B.    1994. Autumn olive
         of the invasive shrub should achieve        sumac (Rhus copallina) all provide         (Elaeagnus umbellata). Vegetation
                                                                                                Management Guideline, Vol. 1, No. 3,
         the desired results. This method            a winter source of food for birds.         Illinois Department of Conservation,
         minimizes damage to other plants.,          Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.)            Charleston.
         Glyphosate herbicides are recom-            blooms early in the'spring and its













            For More information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
            IwDrv
                                                                                                Virginia Native Plant Society
                                                                                                                                  y
            Department of Conservation & Recreation                                                                             '@et
            COMERVING VIRGMS NAULALAND REaMMAL iO@                                              P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
            1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
            (804) 786-7951




      Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
    Osh Honeysuckles: Belle's honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella Zabel), Fragrant honeysuckle (L. fragrantissima
      Lindley & Pax), Amur honeysuckle (L. mackii (Rupr.) Maxim), Morrow's honeysuckle (L. morrowi A.
      Gray), Tatarian honeysuckle (L. tatarica L.), European fly honeysuckle (L. xylosteum L.)


      Description
      Bush honeysuckles are upright, generally deciduous shrubs that range from
      6 to 16 feet in height. The opposite, simple leaves are usually oval to oblong
      in shape and range in length from 1 to 2.5 inches. Flowering occurs from
      May to June (February to April for fragrant honeysuckle) with the fragrant,
      tubular flowers borne in pairs. Flower color ranges from creamy-white in
      most species to pink or crimson in varieties of Tatarian honeysuckle. Whit-
      ish flowers become yellow with age. The fruit is a many-seeded, red to
      orange berry. Exotic bush honeysuckles can be confused with our Virginia
      native fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), but this seldom-seen species
      .is restricted to high elevation mountainous terrain. Consult an appropriate
      guidebook or a natural resource expert for proper identification.

      Habitat                                    wildlife food source. At present,
      In Virginia bush honeysuckles occur        bush honeysuckles are distributed
      most often along roadsides and in          locally in Virginia, particularly in
      forest edges, pastures and aban-           northern and central regions, al-
    lened fields. Grazed and disturbed           though their ranges appear to be
      woodlots may also be invaded by            expanding.
      some bush honeysuckle species. Al-
      though bush honeysuckles are most          Threats
      common in upland habitats,                 Bush honeysuckles can rapidly in-
      Morrow's honeysuckle is known to           vade and overtake a site, forming a
      invade fens, bogs and lakeshores in        dense shrub layer that interferes with
      portions of the northeastern United        the life cycles of many native woody
      States.                                    and herbaceous plants. Exotic bush
                                                 honeysuckles can alter habitats they
      Distribution                               invade by decreasing light availabil-
      The invasive bush honeysuckles in          ity and depleting soil moisture and              P
      Virginia are natives of Europe, east-      nutrients. Some species may also
      ern Asia or Japan. Most species have       release chemicals into the soil that
      been cultivated as ornamentals in the      inhibit the growth of other plant spe-
      eastern United States since the mid-       cies. The fruit of bush honeysuckles
      1800s. Also, some varieties were           is fed upon by many kinds of birds.
      developed and planted widely for           The birds then spread the seed            Morrow's honeysuckle (L. morrowi)


         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
         QOC--R-                                                                           Virginia Native Plant Society
         Department of Conservadon & Recreation                                            P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
         CONS NG VIRCAMNS NATURALAND RECUATMAL RESOURCES
         1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, FUchmond, VA 23219
         (804) 786-7951




          Invasive Alien' Plant Species. of Virginia
          Bush Honeysuckles


          throughout the landscape.                           able. They will begin to break down                inhibit growth of new shoots and
                                                              into harmless      components on con-              eradicate target plants. Consult a'
          Control                                             tact with the soil. A glyphosaite her-             natural resource specialist or an ag-
          Light infestations may be cleared by                bicide may be applied to the leaves                ricultural extension agent for more
          hand with a shovel or'grubbing hoe                  or freshly cut stumps late in the                  information on these control meth-
          provided the entire root is removed.                growing season. Timing is important                ods.
          Severe- infestations may be con-                    to insure effectiveness. Application
          trolled by repeated treatments of                   near the end of the growing season                 Wtitten by Dr. Charles E. Williams,
          cutting, burning or applying herbi-                 when the plant     .is transporting nutri_         Department of Biology, Clarion
          cide.                                               ents to its roots will result in the               University
              Brush cutting plants should be                  highest rate of kill.                              References
          done. during the growing season.                       In some areas, prescribed burn-
          Generally two cuts per year are rec-                ing may be used to control bush hon-               Field, R. J. and W. A. Mitchell. 1988. Bush
          ommended, one in early spring fol-                  eysuckles. Burns conducted during                  honesuckles (Lonicera spp.). Section 7.5.5.
          lowed, by one in the late summer or                 the growing season will top-kill                   'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife
          early autumn. Cuts made in the win-                 shrubs and inhibit new shoot produc-               Resources Management Manual. Technical
          ter while the plant'is dormant will                 tion. These burns will favor warm-                 Report EL-88-4.
          only encourage vigorous resprout-                   season grasses and perennial forbs
                                                                                                                 Harvill, A. M., Jr., et al. 1992. Atlas of the
          ing.                                                increasing species diversity and pro-.             Virginia Flora, 2nd ed. Virginia Botanical
              The application of an herbicide is              ductivity.                                         Associates, FarmviJ16, Va.
          also an effective -control method.                    Treatment of any severely infested
          Glyphosate herbicides are recom-                    -areas usually requires management
          mended because they are biodegrad-                  for a period of three to five years to

















              For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
              6DCR
              Department of Conservation & Recreation                                                            Virginia Native Plant Society
              CONSERVING VIRCJNIAS NATURMAND RECREATKYM RESOURCES                                                P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
              1500 E.'Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
              (804) 786-7951




          hivasive Plant Species ofVirginia

        Common Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.)

        Description
        Common reed is a tall perennial wetland grass ranging in height from three to 13 feet.
        Strong, leathery horizontal shoots growing on or beneath the ground surface (rhizomes)
        give rise to roots and tough vertical stalks. These stalks support broad sheath-type leaves
        thatareone-half to two inches wide near thebase, tapering to a point at the ends. The foliage
        is gray-green during the growing season, with purple-brown plumes appearing by late June.
        The plant turns tan in the fall and most leaves drop off, leaving only the plume-topped shoot.
        Big cordgrass (Sparlina cynosuroides), a non-invasive species, is sometimes confused with
        common reed. It can be distinguished from common reed by its sparser flowering structure
        and longer, narrower leaves.


        Habitat                                             vertical shoots remaining. The accumula-
        Common reed thrives in sunny wetland                tion of dead leaves and stems, as well as the
                                                            pervasive rhizome system, prohibits the
        habitats. It grows along drier borders and
        elevated areas of brackish and freshwater           growth of desirable plant species.
        marshes and along riverbanks and
        lakeshores.The species isparticularly preva--       Threats
        lent in disturbed or polluted soils found           Common reed has become a destructive
                                                       -    weed in Virginia, quickly displacing desir-                                               @10
        along roadsides, ditches and dredged areas
                                                            able plant species such as wild rice, cattails
     Oistribution                                           and native wetland orchids. Invasive stands
        Found throughout the temperate regions of           of common reed eliminate diverse wetland
                                                            plant communities, and provide little food
        North Amencacommon reedis widespread                or shelter value for wildlife.
        in eastern Virginia and also can be found in
        some western arm ofthe state. It is strongly
        suspected that a non-native, aggressive             Prevention                                             Cornmoii Rce(i (Pliragmites australis)
        strain of the species was carried to North          Nnimizing land disturbances and water
        America in the early 20th century.                  pollution helps deter this invasive species.              Illustration courtesy Weiland Program,
                                                            Land management practices that guard                          Virginia Institute of Marine Science
        Life History                                        against erosion, sedimentation, fluctuating                                   Artist: Rita Llanso
        Common reed spreads to a new area by                water levels and nutrient loading in wet-          burning has generally proven to be the most
        sprouting from a rhizome firagment or from          lands are the best long-term protection.           effective means of control, and results in
        seed. New upright stems grow from the                                                                  minimal disturbance to wetlands. Only a
        rhizome each spring. Rhizomes spread hori-          Control                                            special, bio-degradable herbicide which is
        zontally in all directions during the grow-         Once established, common reed is very              non-toxic to animals and licensed for use in
        ing season. Flowering begins in late June,          difficult to completely eradicate. How-            wetlands can be used. Because a healthy
        and seeds are formed by August. In early            ever, careful planning and long-term man-          wetland ecosystem is generally resistant to
        autumn, food reserves move from leaves              agement can yield varying levels of con-           invasive species, long-term control of com-
        and stems to the rhizome system. The leaves         trol. Herbicide use in combination. with           mon reed depends upon restoration of the
        die and fall off, with only the dead brown                                                             health of the ecosystem.
        Formore information about common reed, contact the DepartmentofConservation andRecreation at8041786-7951, the U.S. Fish & Widlife
        Service at 8041721-2412 or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
                    C R
     Ahp--tment of Consavation & ftcreatfon
                                                                                    a - 4* mr =@ @- A@___
      'WNSERVING VIRGIMNS NATURAL AND RECREA11ONAL RESOURM                                                     t@:@ -.                            P.O. BOX 8"
                                                                                                                         Virginia Native Plant Society

                                                                                                                                          AnnarxWe. VA 22003
        Division of Natut-al Heritage
        1500 East Main Street - Suite 312
        Richmond, VA 23219




       Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
     Sarlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande)

       Description
       Garlic mustard is a biennial herb in the mustard family. Plants can range in
       height from 5 to 46 inches. The first year plants form rosettes of kidney-
       shaped leaves. In its second year, the plant grows a stem with leaves that are
       triangular and sharply toothed. The flowers are born in a cluster at the end
       of the stem, and each small flower has four white petals. Seeds are black,
       oblong and found in rows within a long narrow capsule called a silique.
       Crushed leaves and stems of this plant give off a distinctive garlic odor.

       Habitat                                      bance created by periodic flooding.
       Garlic mustard grows in rich, moist          Prolific seed production and lack of
       upland forests and wooded                    natural predators which might feed
       streambanks. It is shade tolerant and        on garlic mustard allow it to quickly
       readily invades disturbed areas such         dominate the ground cover. Native
       as roadsides and trail edges. Garlic         herbs in competition with garlic
       mustard cannot tolerate acidic soils,        mustard may suffer population de-
       including undrained peat or muck.            clines.
      Q
         istribution                                Control
         ative to Europe and Asia, garlic           Light infestations of garlic mustard
       mustard is now found in Canada,              can be controlled by hand-pulling.
       south to Virginia, and as far west as        Plants should be pulled before seeds
       Kansas and Nebraska. It is believed          have ripened. Care must be taken to
       to have been brought to North                insure the entire root is removed and
       America by European settlers for use         disturbance of the soil is minimal.
       in cooking and medicine. In Virginia,           Severe infestations can be con-
       garlic mustard is found throughout           trolled with herbicides. Garlic mus-
       the state, with notable exceptions of        tard is biennial. Its first year growth
       southeastern and northeastern coun-          overwinters as a basal rosette of kid-
       ties.                                        ney-shaped leaves, therefore it is still
                                                    green when many other herbs have
       Threats                                      died or gone into dormancy. Foliar
       This species can invade a forest             application of a glyphosate herbicide
       through a disturbance such as treefall       can be made in late fall to minimize                                 vd,
       or trail construction. Along                 damage to other plants. Follow-up
       streambanks, the plant does excep-           treatments may be necessary over
       tionally well because of the distur-         two or three years to get target             Garlic Mustard (Alliatia petiolata)

            For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
         @F
                     r f?
            4D %..Wl %I                                                                           Virginia Native Plant Society
            Departmt of Conservation & Recreation
            COMERVINGVIRG S NATURALAND RECUMONAL RESOURCES                                        P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
            1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
            (804) 786-7951




         Invasive Alien Plant Species                                                                         n
                                                                                          of Virgfi ia-
         Garlic Mustard
         plants that we're missed as well as          tions, and the effective method and          Fernal d, M. 1950. Gray's manual lop
         new sprouts. Glyphosate herbicides           timing of their application. For more        b6tany. 8th ed. American Book Co. New
         are recommended because they are             information on herbicide use, con-           York.
         biodegradable, breaking down into            tact a natural resource specialist or        Harvill, A;, et. al. 1992. Atlas of the
         harmless components on contact               agricultural extension agent.                Virg'Inia Flora. Virginia Botanical
         with soil. However, glyphosatQ is a                                                       Associates. Burksville.
         nonselective, s@ystemic herbicide and        References
         will affect all green vegetation. To                                                      Nuzzo, V. 1991. Experimental control of
                                                      Kennay, J., G.Tell, and V. Nuzzo. 1990.      garlic mustard in Northern Illinois using
         be-safe and effective, herbicide use
                                                      Garlic Mustard. Vegetation Management        fire, herbicide and cutting. Natural Areas
         requires careful knowledge of the            Guideline 1(10). Illinois Nature Preserves   Journal 1,1(3):158-167.
         chemicals, appropriate concentra-            Commission:






























            For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia'Native Plant Society.
            W"Dri?
                      %A Nk                                                                         Virginia Native Plant Society
            Department of Conservation & Recreation
            COMERVING VIRUNKS NATURALAND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES                                     P.O. Box 844, Annanda1c, VA 22030
            1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312. Richmond, VA 23219
            (804) 786-7951




       Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
    Sapanese Honeysuckle (Lonicerajaponica Thunberg)

       Description
       Japanese Honeysuckle is a trailing or twining woody vine that can grow to
       more than 30 feet in length. Young stems are often hairy; older stems are
       hollow with brownish bark that may peel off in shreds. The simple, opposite
       leaves are oval to oblong in shape and range from 1.5 to 3 inches in length.
       In much of Virginia, leaves of Japanese honeysuckle are sernievergreen and
       may persist on vines year-round. The extremely fragrant, two-lipped flow-
       ers are borne in pairs in the axils of young branches and are produced through-
       out the summer. Flowers range from I to 2 inches in length and are white
       with a slight purple or pink tinge when young, changing to white or yellow
       with age. The fruit is a many-seeded, black, pulpy berry that matures in
       early autumn. Japanese honeysuckle is distinct from our two native honey-
       suckles, the trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), and wild hon-
       eysuckle (Lonicera dioica). These natives both bear red to orange-red ber-
       ries, and their uppermost pair of leaves is joined together.

       Habitat                                    cover, for erosion control, and for
       Japanese honeysuckle occurs prima-         wildlife food and habitat. In Virginia,
      0
          y in disturbed habitats such as         Japanese honeysuckle is naturalized
          adsides, trails, fencerows, aban-       statewide, being most abundant in
       doned fields and forest edges. It of-      piedmont and coastal plain forests.
       ten invades native plant communi-
       ties after natural or human induced        Threats
       disturbance such as logging,               Where light levels are optimal, such
       roadbuilding, floods, glaze and            as in forest edges, canopy gaps or
                                                                       forest, newly es-
       windstorms, or pest and disease out-       under sparse, open                  es
       breaks.                                    tablished Japanese honeysuckle
                                                  vines grow and spread rapidly. Sup-
       Distribution                               pressed vines growing in dense
       Japanese honeysuckle is native to          shade, however, are capable of rapid
       eastern Asia. Introduced to cultiva-       growth and spread when light levels
       tion in 1862 on Long Island, Japa-         in a habitat are increased by distur-
       nese honeysuckle is now widely             bance. In forests, Japanese honey-
       naturalized in the eastern and cen-        suckle vines spread both vertically
       tral United States. Japanese honey-        and horizontally by climbing up tree
       suckle was, and in some areas still        trunks and/or by trailing or clamber-
       is, planted as an ornamental ground        ing over the forest floor and associ-       Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicerajaponica)

          For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
                   rv
                                                                                              Virginia Native Plant Society
                nt of Conservation & Recreation
          CONSERVING MROMS NAnDALAND RECUMMAL RESOURCES                                       P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
          1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
          (804) 786-7951




        InvasiveAlien Plant Species of Virginia
        Japanese Honeysuckle,

        ated vegetation. Trailing vines pro-           Japanese honeysuckle within a habi-            (Campsis radicans), Virginia
        duce stolons which root when they              tat and limit its spread for one or two        creeper (Parthenocissus quin-
        contact soil, aiding the vegetative            growing seasons.                               quefolia), and trumpet honeysuckle
        spread and persistence of the spe-                Where prescribed burning or                 (Lonicera sempervirens). Wild gin-
        cies.                                          mowing is difficult or undesirable,            ger (Asarum canadensis) makes an
            Dense, Strangling growths of               Japanese honeysuckle may be                    excellent ground cover in shady ar-
        Japanese honeysuckle can impact                treated with a glyphosate herbicide.           eas. All these species are easy to
        desirable vegetation by decreasing             Glyphosate is recommended because              cultivate, have wildlife and aesthetic
        light availability within the habitat,         it is biodegradable and will begin to          value, and can generally be obtained
        depleting soil moisture and nutrients,         break down into harmless compo-                from commercial sources or propa-
        or by toppling upright stems through           nents on contact with the soil. How-           gatedby wild-collected seeds or put-
        the sheer weight of accumulated                ever, it is nonselective and will af-          tings.
        vines. Negative effects of Japanese            fect all green vegetation. Therefore
        honeysuckle invasion include devel-            it is best applied to the semiever-            Wriuen by Dr. Charles E. Williams,
        opment of malformed trunks in trees,           green leaves with a spray or wick              Department of Biology, Clarion
                                                                                                      Univers ity
        suppression of plant growth, inhibi-           applicator in late autumn when other
        tion of regeneration in woody and              vegetation is dormant but Japanese
                                                                                                      References
        herbaceous plants, and alteration of           honeysuckle is still physiologically
        habitats used by native wildlife.              active. Reapplication may be neces-
                                                                                                      Evans, J. E. 1082. Japanese honeysuckle
                                                       sary to treat plants missed during the         (Lonicera japonica): A literature revie
        Control                                        initial.treatment. To be safe and ef-          of management practices. Natural Area*
        Small populations can be controlled            fective, herbicide use requires care-          Journal 4:4-10.
        by careful hand-pulling, grubbing              ful knowledge of the chemicals, ap-
        with a hoe or a shovel-, and removal           propriate concentrations, and the              Hatvill, A. M., Jr., ct at. 1992. Atlas of the
                                                                                                      Virginia Flora, 2nd ed. Virginia Botanical
        of trailing vines. In old fields and           effective method and timing.of their
        roadsides, twice yearly mowing can             application. Consult a natural re-             Associates. Farmville, Va.
        slow vegetative spread, however,               source specialist for more informa-            Sather, N. 1988. Lonicera japonica:
        due to vigorous resprouting, stem              tion on herbicide use and prescribed           Element stewardship abstract. The Nature
        .density may increase.                         burning techniques.                            Conservancy, Minneapolis.
            In pine plantations or in fire-de-
        pendent natural communities, Japa-             Suggested, Alternatives                        Sp6ngberg, S. 1990. The first Japanese
        nese honeysuckle can be controlled             Some native alternatives to Japanese           plants for New England. Arnoldia 50(3):
                                                                                                      2-11.
        by prescribed burning. Burning can             honesuckle for use in home land-
        greatly, decrease the abundance of             scaping include trumpet creeper






            For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virgin              ia Native Plant Society.

                      %..Oil Nil                                                                      Virginia Native Plant Society
            Department of Conservation & RLcreation                                                            844, Annandale,-VA 22030
            CONSERVING MUMS NAMALAND nauja4AL nswiU@                                                  P.O. Box
            1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
            (804) 786-7951




         Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
      Wudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi)


         Description
         Kudzu is a perennial, trailing or climbing vine of the legume family. Dark
                                                                                                                               R
         green'leaves, starchy fibrous roots, and elongated purple flowers with a

                                                                                                                                      V
         fragrance reminiscent of grapes readily identify this aggressive vine. A dense                                               T
                                                                                                                          ,@,Z7'
         stand of identically colored plants growing on and around everything in its
         path is also a familiar field mark. Rarely flowering, kudzu stems and roots
         spread out in all directions from root crowns, with new plants beginning
         every one to two feet at stem nodes. This dense packing of kudzu can result
         in tens of thousands of plants occupying a single acre of land. Kudzu leaves
         are hairy beneath, often tri-lobed, and in groups of three on the vine. The                                                           . . ....
         1/2 to 3/4 inch purple flowers are pea-like in shape and are produced on
         plants exposed to direct sunlight. Kudzu fruits, present in October and No-
         vember, are hairy, bean-like pods which produce only a few viable seeds in
         each pod cluster. It is thought that some seeds can remain dormant for sev-                           Kudzu    (Pueraria lobata)
         eral years before they germinate. During the peak growing season in early
         summer, this prolific vine can grow at a rate of a foot a day, easily covering                        found in Florida where it has begun
         and choking trees and understory vegetation.                                                          to invade the Everglades. Through-
                                                                                                               out Virginia, kudzu stands are a
     40abitat                                               use as a soil stabilizer, animal fod-              common sight along roadways and
         A hardy opportunist, kudzu grows                   der, and ornamental vine. Due to its               bordering agricultural fields.
         in a variety of habitats and environ-              prolific nature and lack of natural
         mental conditions, but does best on                insect or disease controls, kudzu                  Threats
         deep, well-drained, loamy soils. Al-               quickly made a pest of itself and was              Where it grows, kudzu has the
         most any disturbed area is suitable                considered a nuisance by the early                 ability to out-compete and elimi-
         habitat for this vine. Roadsides, old              1950s. In 1970 it was listed as a                  nate native plant species and up-
         fields, vacant lots and abandoned                  common weed by the Soil Conser-                    set the natural diversity of plant and
         yards are all prime spots for new                  vation Service. Today, kudzu is                    animal communities. Its extremely
         kudzu growth.                                      spread along the Atlantic coast;                   rapid growth rate and habit of grow-
                                                            north to Illinois and Massachusetts,               ing over objects threatens natural
         Distribution                                       west to Texas and Oklahoma, and                    areas by killing native vegetation
         A native of       Japan, kudzu was                 south to Alabama, Georgia and Mis-                 through crowding and shading, and
         brought to the southeastern United                 sissippi where the heaviest infesta-               can seriously stifle agricultural and
         States at the turn of the century for              tions occur. It has also recently been             timber production. In addition, al-


         For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation, or the Virginia Native Plant Society.

                                                                                                                                  Virginia Native Plant Society
         V"Drv                                                                                                                                    P.O. Box 844
                                                                                                                                          Annandale, VA 22003
                    N.J X
                ent of Conservation & Recreation
                 VIRGNIAS NATURALAND RECRE"NAL RESOURCES
     W500 East Main Street, Suite 312                                Wo
         Richmond, VA 23219

         This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
         the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




          Invas'ive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
          Kudzu



          though edible by many grazing ani-                can be eliminat        ed by persistent            ported to the roots where they are
          mals, its viney nature makes it diffi-            weeding, mowing, or. grazing dur-                  able to kill the entire plant.
          cult to cut and bale, making it unde-             ing the growing season over a pe-                     In some areas, prescribed burn-
          sirable as a hay crop. Grazing can                riod of three to four years. Unfortu-              ing may be used as a follow-up
          eliminate kudzu fields in just a few              nately, with root systems that can be              treatment after herbicide application.
          years making them unsuitable for use              up to 12 feet deep, eradication by                 Although it should be carefully and
          as pastures except over a short time              direct root removal is not practical.              professionally handled, this two step
          period. Because of its hardy nature                   Long-term treatment of heavily                 process is effective in clearing out
          and lack of natural enemies, kudzu                infested sites usually requires the                leaf      litter      and        speeding
          is able to colonize diverse habitats              application of herbicides over a pe-               recolonization of an area by desir-
          and achieve a widespread distribu-                riod of up to five years to inhibit the            able native plant species.
          tion.                                             growth of new shoots. Biodegrad-
                                                            able glyphosphate herbicides are rec-              References
          Control,                                          ornmended for control of kudzu in
          Control of well established kudzu                 natural areas. These herbicides break              Fernald, M. L. 1950.'Gray's Manual of
          stands can take up to 10 years. Per-              down rapidly into harmless compo-                  Botany, Eighth edition. American Book
          sistent eradication of all roots is the           nents when exposed to soil. Because                Company, New York. 1632 pp.
          key to the control of this pest, keep-            glyphosphate is a systemic, non-se@                Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist.991.
          ing in mind that a single kudzu patch             lective herbicide that affects all green           Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern
          may extend past landowner bound-                  vegetation, treatments should be                   United States and Adjacent Canada,
                                                                                                               second edition. The New York Botani
          aries. The most effective method of               carefully timed and applied by                     Garden, New York. 910 pp.                 ce
          control will depend on several fac-               trained applicators. The best time for
          tors; size of the infested area, prox-            application of these herbicides is at              Harvill, A. M., Jr., et al. 1992. Atlas of the
          imity to sensitive species or other               the end of the growing season when                 Virginia Flora, fifth edition. Virginia
          desirable vegetation, and accessibil-             the. plants are actively transporting              Botanical Associates, Farmville. 135 pp.
          ity of the patch. Small patches of                nutrients from leaves and stems to                 Kudzu in Alabama - History, Uses, and
          kudzu that are not well established               root systems. When applied at the                  Control. Alabama Cooperative Extension,
          (usually ones less than ten years old)            proper time, herbicides are trans-                 Circular ANR-65, Auburn. 8 pp.










          For more i .nformation, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation, or the Virginia Native Plant Society.

                                                                                                                                  irginia Native Plant Society
                                                                                                                                                P.O. Box 844
          60CR                                                                                                                          Annandale, VA 22003
          Department of Conservation & Recreation
          riONSERVNGVW"SNATUR,kLANDRECREATKX4ALRLSOURCES
          1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
          Richmond, VA 23219
          This fact sheet Was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management @rogram through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
          the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




        Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
     Offile-a-minute (Polygonum pe[foliatum L.)

        Description                                                                                                              A
        Also called tearthumb because of the spines on its leaves and stems, this
        annual vine of the smartweed family can climb up to 15 feet in height. Al-
        though similar to two native Polygonum species (arrow-vine and halberd-
        leaved tearthumb), mile-a-minute differs from these primarily in its leaves
        and fruits. The leaves are light green, one to three inches wide, and perfectly
        triangular. The fruits are berry-like, fleshy, blue, and approximately pea-
        sized. The most striking feature of this plant is the saucer-shaped sheath at
        the base of each leaf. This feature is not found on any other Polygon=
        species. Rapidly growing at about a half foot per day, mile-a-minute can
        reach lengths of 20 feet. This prolific vine easily grows over other vegeta-
        tion, stealing nutrients, choking stems, and blocking sunlight.

        Habitat                                             come a pest. So far it has been reported
        Mile-a-minute thrives in areas with                 at a few sites in Northern Virginia.
        plenty of direct sunlight and damp soil.                                                              Mile-a-minute (Polygonum perfoliatunt)
        It is especially prevalent along road-              Threats
        sides, ditches, stream banks, wet mead-             Its rapid growth and viney nature allow           the plant becomes excessively viney.
        ows, and clearcuts. it generally grows              mile-a-minute to overtake the native              Removal of brush, leaves and woodpiles
        in areas with an abundance of leaf litter           vegetation of an area, smothering seed-           which may create thick litter is also ef-
        on the soil surface. This appears to help           lings and out-corripeting adult plants for        fective in controlling the spread of the
     0
           ep the soil moist and may aid in the             space, nutrients and sunlight. This com-          plant. Herbicides may be used as an al-
           rmination of seeds.                              petition is a particular concern in wet           ternative in heavily infested areas. Spot
                                                            meadows which may support rare wet-               applications        of biodegradable
        Distribution                                        land plants. Although it does not appear          glyphosphate herbicides are recom-
        A native of Japan, mile-a-minute was                to be a threat to farmers, it can easily          mended before mile-a-minute goes to
        accidentally brought to Pennsylvania in             become a pest to gardeners and land-              seed in early August. As glyphosphate
        the 1930's with a shipment of rhodo-                scapers, destroying ornamental plants             is a non-selective herbicide which af-
        dendrons. Its seeds were allowed to                 and landscaped yards.                             fects all green vegetation, it should be
        mature and were soon spread by birds                                                                  used sparingly so as not to contact de-
        and rodents that ate the fruits. In eight           Control                                           sirable vegetation which may be grow-
        years, from 1981 to 1989, mile-a-minute             Because    mile-a-minute is an annual             ing with the mile-a-minute. Profession-
        extended its range in Pennsylvania from             (propagating only from seeds) with a              als should be consulted to determine the
        five to eleven counties. In recent years,           shallow root system, this invasive is best        best method of control in patches that
        it has crept down the coast into Mary-              removed from lightly infested areas by            are heavily infested with this invasive
        land and Washington D.C., becoming                  digging the plants up (with strong gloves         species.
        established in more than half of                    to protect hands from the spines) and             Reference
        Maryland's counties. Although not                   disposing of them before they go to seed.         Mountain, W. L. 1989. Mile-a-minute
        widely distributed in Virginia, mile-a-             Seed set begins in early August and ter-          UDdate - distribution, biology and control
        minute has the ability to rapidly colo-             minates at first frost. Removal of the            suggestions. Regulatory Horticulture
        nize roadsides and waste areas and be-              plants is also best accomplished before           15T!):21-24.


        For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation, or the                Virginia Native Plant Society.

                                                                         Alm                                                    Virginia Native Plant Society
                                                                                                                                                P.O. Box 844
        4"DCR                                                                                                                          Annandale, VA 22003
     WPM.      ent of Conservation & Recreation 3

        1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
        Richmond, VA 23219

        This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA270ZO312-01 of
        the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




        Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
     *orcelain-berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Mwidm.) Trautv.)

        Description
        Porcelain-berry is a deciduous, climbing vine of the grape family which can grow,
        with support, to a height of 16 feet. It is related to two North AmericanAmpelopsis
        species, raccoon-grape and pepper-vine. The leaves of porcelain-berry are bright
                                                                                                                                           3
        green, slightly hairy on the underside, and often deeply lobed with three to five
        lobes per leaf. Young twigs are also hairy to the touch. The unusual fruits of porce-
        lain-berry, however, distinguish it from similar species. This fruit is also the feature
        that may be responsible for its introduction to North America. Ile fruit is hard,
        with the appearance of porcelain, and changes in color from white to a series of
        pastel shades of yellow, lilac, and reen before finally turning a sky blue. All the                                   5-
                                                   9
        colors can often be found on a single fruit cluster.                                                                                  @,7

        Habitat                                              grows quickly and, once established, is
        Porcelain-berry is a hardy species that              tenacious and can be difficult to remove.
        can adapt to a variety of environmental              It is relatively insect and disease resis
        conditions. It grows well in most soils              tant, and can outcompete native species
        but is especially successful in moist,               for water and nutrients. The thick mats              Porcelain-berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
        slightly shady areas along stream banks,             of porcelain-berry, which are so attrac-             tion as well. If hand pulling is not fea-
        and in thickets.                                     tive to landscapers, spatially usurp other           sible, porcelain-berry may be removed
                                                             plants.                                              by the spot application of glyphosphate
      estribution                                                                                                 herbicides to individual plants. As
        A native of northeast Asia, porcelain-               Control                                              glyphosphate is a non-selective herbi-
        berry was cultivated in North America                Surprisingly, this invasive plant is still           cide, it should be used sparingly so as
        as an ornamental bedding and screening               popular in the horticultural trade. The              not to contact desirable plants growing
        plant. It spread into natural areas when             most effective control is removal from               with porcelain-berry. Herbicide treat-
        birds ate the berries and spread the seeds           commercial trade and the use of alter-               ment is most effective when applied to-
        in their droppings. Once established in              native plants for landscaping and gar-               ward the end of the growing season
        the wild, this prolific vine spread along            dening. Some alternative species include             when plants are actively transporting
        the East Coast from New England to                   trumpet honeysuckle, goldflame honey-                nutrients from stems and leaves to root
        North Carolina and west to Ontario and               suckle and j ackman clematis.                        systems. As with manual removal of
        Michigan. Locally, it has been                          Where removal of porcelain-berry is               plants, follow-
        documented in ten counties in northern               necessitated, hand pulling the plants                up treatments may be needed in
        and central Virginia.                                should be done before the plant is in fruit          subsequent years to remove plants
                                                             to avoid scattering seeds. Because the               which have sprouted from seeds
        Threats                                              roots of porcelain-berry plants often                remaining in the soil.
        The very features that make porcelain-               merge with shrubs or other desirable                 Reference
        berry attractive as a landscape plant also           vegetation, this type of manual removal              Spangler, R. L. 1977. Landscape Plants for the
                                                                                                                  Central and Northeastern United States including
        make it a problem in natural areas. Al-              is difficult in well established patches             Lower and Eastern Canada. Burgess Publishing
        though relatively slow to establish, it              without damaging the desirable vegeta- I             Company, U.S.A. 506 pp,

        For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation, or the Virginia Native Plant Society.

                        4                                                                                                            Virginia Native Plant Society
                                                                                                                                                      P.O. Box 844
     ikR@a & Recreation                                                                                                                      Annandale, VA 22003

        1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
        Richmond, VA 23219

        This fact sheet was funded in part by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA  270ZO312-01 of
        the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Resource Management Act of 1972 as amended.




       Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia
     *ree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle)

       Description
       Tree-of-heaven is a small to medium-sized tree in the mostly tropical Quas-
       sia family. It has smooth gray bark. Leaves are compound, alternate, odd-                                N.
       pinnate, with 11-25 lanceolate leaflets. Most leaflets have one to three course
       teeth near their base. Tree-of-heaven leaves may be confused with those of
       sumac or black walnut. Flowers occur in panicles at the ends of branches;
       male flowers produce a strong odor which has been described as "the smell
       of burnt peanut butter." The leaves when crushed also produce this distinc-
       tive, offensive odor. Seeds are centered in a papery sheath called a Samara.
       The samaras are slightly twisted or curled, and twirl as they fall to the ground.
       They can be borne on the wind great distances from the parent plant.

       Habitat                                       establish a taproot three months
       Tree-of-heaven establishes itself             from germination. Thus they quickly
       readily on disturbed sites. These in-         outrace many native plant species in          Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
       clude vacant lots of the inner city,          competition for sunlight and space.           as possible, preferably when the soil
       railroad embankments, highway                 Tree-of-heaven also produces a                is moist to insure removal of the, en-
       medians, fence rows and roadsides.            toxin in its bark and leaves. As these        tire taproot. Larger plants should be
           naturally forested areas, distur-         accumulate in the soil, the toxin in-         cut; two cuttings a year may be nec-
     Once created by severe storms or                hibits the growth of other plants.            essary, once in the early growing
       insect infestations can open the way          This toxin is so effective it is being        season and once in the late growing
       for tree-of-heaven infestation.               studied as a possible source for a            season. Initially, this will not kill the
       Distribution                                  natural herbicide. These factors              plant; it will vigorously resprout
       Tree-of-heaven is native to a region          combine to make tree-of-heaven a              from the roots, but seed production
       extending from China south to Aus-            very aggressive invasive plant able           will be prevented and the plants will
                                                     to displace native tree and herb spe-
       tralia. It was imported into the              cies. Furthermore, the root system            be lowered in stature. If continued
       United States in 1784 by a Philadel-          is capable of doing damage to sew-            over a period of several years, cut-
       phia gardener. In the western states          ers and foundations.                          t,ing during the growing season
       it was brought over by Chinese im-                                                          stresses the plants and may eventu-
       migrants who use it for medicinal             Control                                       ally kill them.
       purposes. Due to its rapid growth             Tree-of-heaven is very difficult to             A glyphosate herbicide, either
       and prolific seed production, it              remove once it has established a tap-         sprayed onto the leaves or painted
       quickly escaped from cultivation.             root. It has persisted in certain ar-         onto a freshly cut stump will kill the
       Threats                                       eas despite cutting, burning and              plant. However, to insure the herbi-
       One tree-of-heaven can produce up             herbiciding. Therefore, seedlings             cide gets into the root system, it is
       to 350,000 seeds in a year. Seedlings ,       should be removed by hand as early            best to apply this herbicide in the late

           F
           For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
           iOD                                                                                     Virginia Native Plant Society
           Department of Conservation & Recreation
           CONSERVING VIRCINIAS NAMIA AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES                                   P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030
           1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
           (804) 786-7951




         Invasive Alien Plant S                                                             of Virginia
                                                                        pecies
         Tree-of-Heaven


         growing season while the plant is             concentrations, and the effective               and Ailanthus glandulosa. The Nature
         transloca .ting nutrients to its roots.       method and timing of their applica-             Conservancy, San Francisco.
         Glyphosate herbicides are recom-              tion. Consult a natural resource spe-           Hu, S. 1979. Ailanthus. Arnoldia 39(2):29-
         mended because they are biodegrad-            cialist or agricultural extension agent         50.
         able, breaking down into harmless             for more information before at-
         components on contact with the soil.          tempting herbicide control of tree-
         However, glyphosate is a nonselec-            of-heaven.                                      Illustration reprinted by permission from
         tive, systemic and will affect all green                                                      The New Britton and Brown Illustrated
         vegetation. To be safe and effective,         References                                      Flora of the Northeastern United States
         herbicide use requires careful knowl-                                                         and Adjacent Canada, vol. 2, pg. 469, H.
                                                       Hoshovsky, M. 1986. TNC Element                 Gleason, copyright 1952, The New York
         edge of the chemicals, appropriate            Stewardship Abstract: Ailanthus altissima       Botanical Garden.






























            For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society.
                                                                                                                                   t Society.


                                                                                                       Virginia Native Plant Society
            Department of Conservation & Recreation                                                                                     0
            CONSERVINGVIRUNIASNATURAL ID RECREMONAL RESOURCES                                          P.O. Box 844, Annandaic, VA @22@030
            1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219
            (804) 786-7951
















               Appendices:


                     C. Model Resource Management Plan










 0










 0








                                       COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA






                                          North Landing River
                                    Natural Area Preserve
              Resource Management Plan,
                                                                     First Edition


                                                               Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                                              Division of Natural Heritiage
                                                                          1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                                                                     Richmond, VA 23219
                                                                                Telephone (804) 786-7951

                                                              Natural Heritage Technical Document #-95-59




                     DCR
            Department of Conservation & Recreation
            CONSERVING VIRGINIAS NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES

















                                                                                    5-K






























                                                       Spreading Pogonia
                                                        Cleistes divaricata



                                                    Illustration by Caren A. Caljouw








                            NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE


                                             RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN,


                                                              FIRST EDITION


                                           Natural Heritage Technical Document #95-9

                                                              15 February 1995



                                                                prepared by the
                                    Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                       Division of Natural Heritage
                                                   1500 East Main Street, Suite 312
                                                            Richmond, VA 23219
                                                       Telephone (804) 786-7951









                       This project was funded, in part, by the Virginia Coastal Resources
                       Management Program through Grant NA370ZO360-01 of the National
                       Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal
                       Resource Management, under the Coastal Zone Management Act of
                       1972, as amended.




                       This document may be cited as follows:


                                Clark, K.H., and J.L. Potter. 1995. North Landing River Natural Area Preserve
                                          Resource Management Plan, First Edition. Natural Heritage Technical
                                          Document #95-9. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                                          Richmond, Virginia. February 1995. 164 pp.





                         Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation programs, activities, and employment
                         opportunities are available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability,
                         national origin, or political affiliation. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.











                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                    CONTENTS




            LIST OF TABLES (iii)


            LIST OF FIGURES Ov)


            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (v)


            INTRODUCTION (1)
                  PURPOSE OF THE PLAN (1)
                  PURPOSE OF THE SITE (1)
                  POLICY (1)
                  NATURAL AREA DEDICATION (2)
                  PERTINENT NATURAL RESOURCE LAWS (2)
                  PARTNERS IN CONSERVATION PROJECT (3)
                  COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT (3)


            SITE AND VICINITY DESCRIPTION (7)
                  LOCATION (7)
                  BOUNDARIES (7)
                  FACILITIES (11)
                  SURROUNDING LAND USE (13)
                  DEMOGRAPHICS (15)
                  AREA HISTORY (17)


            RESOURCES (20)
                  PHYSICAL AND ABIOTIC FEATURES (20)
                  OVERVIEW OF NATURAL COMMUNITIES (25)
                  NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES (26)
                  HISTORIC RESOURCES (37)
                  RECREATION RESOURCES AND PUBLIC ACCESS (38)
                  SCENIC RESOURCES (44)

            CONSERVATION PLANNING (53)
                  THE ECOSYSTEM (53)
                  BIODIVERSITY SIGNIFICANCE (54)
                  CONCEPTUAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL (54)
                  STRESS ASSESSMENT (72)
                  CONSERVATION PLANNING BOUNDARIES (75)











                                    North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                          CONTENTS (CONTINUED)



                         MANAGEMENT (78)
                                  PRIMARY LAND CLASSIFICATION (78)
                                  ZONE CLASSIFICATION (78)
                                  REGULATIONS, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES (79)
                                  MANAGEMENT DIRECTION (80)
                                  MANAGEMENT UNITS (134)
                                  ACTION PLANS (146)


                         REFERENCES (149)


                         APPENDICES
                                  1. MANAGEMENT PLANNING ADVISORY TEAM (152)
                                  2. RANKS AND STATUS ABBREVIATIONS (157)
                                  3. SCIENTIFIC NAMES (159)
                                  4. ACRONYMS (163)
































                                                                            H











                                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                                              LIST OF TABLES



                       1. PERTINENT NATURAL RESOURCE LAWS (4)


                       2.   TRACT INFORMATION FOR
                            NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (10)

                       3. LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS (16)


                       4. NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF THE
                            NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (27)


                       5. WATER-RELATED RECREATION AND
                            RECOMMENDED WATERBODIES (45)


                       6. COMPONENTS OF
                            THE NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (58)


                       7. STRESS ASSESSMENT FOR
                            NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (73)


                       8. ACTION PLANS FOR
                            NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (147)











                 North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                LIST OF FIGURES



           1. LOCATION OF
              NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (8)


           2. BOUNDARIES OF
              NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (9)


           3. LOCATIONS OF FACILITIES AT
              NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (12)


           4. EXTENT OF DESIGNATED STATE SCENIC RIVER STATUS
              FOR THE NORTH LANDING RIVER (49)


           5. EXTENT OF
              NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (55)


           6. DIAGRAMMATIC PROFILE OF
              NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (59)


           7. CONCEPTUAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL FOR
              NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (70)


           8. SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES FOR
              NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM (77)


           9. MANAGEMENT UNITS OF
              NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE (135)


















                                      iv











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



                The development of this management plan was made possible by funding
                from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
                through Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program Grant
                #NA370ZO360-01. Matching funds were provided by the Virginia
                Department of Conservation and Recreation.

                This management plan was completed with the assistance of the North
                Landing River Natural Area Preserve Management Planning Advisory
                Team. Advisory Team members contributed greatly to the development
                of many components of this management plan and their review of the
                draft helped produce a useful and polished product. Members of the
                Advisory Team are listed in Appendix 1.

                The principle author of this document is Kennedy H. Clark. Janit Potter
                drafted the sections regarding recreation and scenic resources. Certain
                members of the Advisory Team deserve special recognition for their
                contributions: David Brownlie, Caren Caljouw, Sandra Erdle, Roger
                Everton, Michael Focazio, Chris Ludwig, Janit Potter, Alan Savitsky, and
                Robert Rose.































                                                    v











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                             INTRODUCTION



                The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is a system of protected
                properties along the North Landing River and its tributaries in the cities
                of Virginia Beach and Chesapeake, Virginia. The preserve consists of 22
                tracts totalling over 10,300 acres. It is owned and managed by the
                Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (VDCR) and the
                Virginia Chapter of The Nature Conservancy (TNC). This management
                plan follows a format established in the State Lands Resource
                Management Plan Guide (VDCR 1991) which was developed by the
                VDCR Land Classification Committee and approved by the Department
                Director.


                                        PURPOSE OF THE PLAN


                The primary purpose of this management plan is to guide the
                management actions of the natural area preserve through the formulation
                of goals and objectives and the establishment of management standards.
                The plan also provides a summary of current knowledge about the site,
                its resources, and its surroundings. Conservation planning and land
                classification information is also furnished in the document.


                                         PURPOSE OF THE SITE


                The primary purpose for which North Landing River Natural Area Preserve
                was established is the preservation of natural heritage resources for the
                benefit of present and future Virginians.          Management for the
                preservation and enhancement of natural heritage resources shall take
                precedence over all other purposes and management of the preserve.
                Natural Area Dedication mandates this preservation directive for the site.
                Natural area dedication is discussed in more detail below.


                Secondary purposes for the establishment of the North Landing River
                Natural Area Preserve include scientific research and environmental
                education. A tertiary purpose is to provide opportunities for compatible
                outdoor recreation.


                                                 POLICY


                VDCR policies for management of natural area preserves are under
                development.      Policies will address such management issues as
 01                                                  1











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                prescribed burning, pesticide use, and hunting. TNC has established
                policies pertaining to the management of TNC-owned property. These
                policies are currently under review for updating.

                                     NATURAL AREA DEDICATION


                Natural area dedication is the strongest form of protection that can be
                afforded a natural area in Virginia. It involves drafting a legally binding
                Instrument of Dedication which states the preservation purpose of the
                property, restricts land uses which are incompatible, and formally places
                the site in the Virginia Natural Area Preserve System. The Instrument of
                Dedication is recorded with the deed of the property. Dedication is
                perpetual; ownership of the property can be transferred, but the
                dedication will remain in effect. Natural area dedication is enabled by the
                Virginia Natural Area Preserves Act of 1989 (Code of Virginia, section
                10. 1 -209, et seq.).

                Three of the 22 tracts that comprise the North Landing River Natural
                Area Preserve are currently dedicated.        The remaining tracts are
                proposed for natural area dedication and the initial steps have been taken
                towards dedicating these properties.

                               PERTINENT NATURAL RESOURCE LAWS


                Several natural resource laws may affect the management of the North
                Landing River Natural Area Preserve. Among the most important are the
                Virginia Natural Area Preserves Act (Code of Virginia, sections 10. 1 -209
                et seq.), the Federal Clean Water Act (33 USC section 1344), the
                Virginia Wetlands Act (Code af Virginia, sections 28.2-1300 - 1320), the
                Federal Endangered Species Act (16 USC sections 1531 -1544), the
                Virginia Endangered Species Act (Code pf Virginia, sections 29.1-230 -
                237), the Virginia Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act (Code of
                Virginia, sections 3.1-1020 - 1030), the National Environmental Policy
                Act (42 USC sections 4321 - 4307d), and the Virginia Environmental
                Quality Act (Code af Virginia, sections 10. 1- 1200 - 122 1).

                The Virginia Natural Area Preserves Act contains the enabling legislation
                for the Virginia Natural Area Preserve System and natural area
                dedication. The Federal Clean Water Act and the Virginia Wetlands Act
                pertain to the protection of the wetland communities of the preserve.
                The Federal Endangered Species Act, the Virginia Endangered Species
                Act, and the Virginia Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act pertain to


                                                     2











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 species which are listed or proposed to be listed as threatened or
                 endangered at the state or Federal level and provide protection measures
                 for listed species. The National Environmental Policy Act and the Virginia
                 Environmental Quality Act require environmental review of certain
                 projects proposed, funded, or authorized by state or Federal agencies or
                 institutions.


                 A listing of all Federal and state natural resource laws which could affect
                 the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve or its management is given
                 in Table 1.   -


                                PARTNERS IN CONSERVATION PROJECT


                 Several tracts of the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve
                 (Blackwater Farms, Riganto, Sorey) were acquired through the Partners
                 in Conservation Project. The Partners in Conservation Project was a
                 cooperative endeavor between VDCR and TNC in which TNC contributed
                 25% of the acquisition costs for natural area preserves purchased by
                 VDCR. Tracts acquired through the Partners in Conservation Project are
                 encumbered with deed restrictions under which they may revert to TNC
                 ownership if not managed appropriately as natural areas. These deed
                 restrictions, in addition to natural area dedication, help to reinforce the
                 purpose of the site.

                                      COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT


                 Because of limited resources, VDCR has established a cooperative intra-
                 departmental strategy for the management of natural area preserves.
                 Staff from different divisions of VDCR participate in the management of
                 preserves. The Division of Natural Heritage (DNH) is responsible for
                 coordinating resource management planning and for implementing or
                 supervising ecological management, biological monitoring, and scientific
                 research conducted on natural area preserves. The Division of State
                 Parks (DSP) is responsible for all site operations at VDCR-owned natural
                 area preserves involving site security, visitor use, interpretation, and
                 maintenance of site facilities.      DSP also participates in resource
                 management planning and assists DNH with ecological management.
                 The Division of Planning and Recreation Resources (DPRR) provides
                 technical advice to DSP and DNH regarding resource management
                 planning, especially on issues related to public access, recreation, and
                 scenic resources. DNH, DSP, and DPRR share the responsibility of
                 planning, designing, and constructing public access and other facilities


                                                      3











                                           North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                                                     TABLE 1


                                                       PERTINENT NATURAL RESOURCE LAWS




                                          LEGISLATION                                  CITATION                           RESPONSIBLE AGENCY


                               Presidential Order on                          Executive Order # 11987                Office of the President
                               Introduction of Exotic Species

                               U.S. Noxious Weed Law                              7 USC 2802-2814                    U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

                               U.S. Clean Water Act                                  33 USC 1344                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                                                                                                                     U.S. Envir. Protection Agency

                               U.S. Rivers & Harbors Act                              33 USC 404                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

                               U.S. Coastal Zone                                 16 USC 1451-1464                    National Oceanic &
                               Management Act                                                                        Atmospheric Administration

                               U.S. Anadromous Fish                              16 USC 757a-757g                    National Marine Fisheries
                               Conservation Act                                                                      Service


                               Navigable Waters of the U.S.                            14 USC 2                      U.S. Coast Guard

                               U.S. Clean Air Act                               42 USC 7401-7671q                    U.S. Envir. Protection Agency

                               Nat. Environmental Policy Act                    42 USC 4321-4307d                    all Federal agencies

                               Lacey Act (exotics)                                    18 USC 42                      U.S. Department of Interior

                               U.S. Endangered Species Act                       16 USC 1531-1544                    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
                                                                                                                     Nat. Marine Fisheries Service

                               U.S. Fish & Wildlife                               16 USC 661-668s                    many
                               Coordination Act

                               U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act                      16 USC 701-712                    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

                               U.S. Aquatic Nuisance                             16 USC 4701-4751                    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
                               Prevention & Control Act                                                              Nat. Marine Fisheries Service

                               Vir. Commercial Fishing Law                  Vi r. Code 28.2-100 - 1001               Vir. Marine Resources Comm.

                               Vir. Submerged Lands Law                     Vir. Code 28.2-1200 - 1213               Vir. Marine Resources Comm.

                               Vir. Wetlands Act                            Vir. Code 28.2-1300 - 1320               Vir. Marine Resources Comm.

                               Vir. Coastal Primary Sand                    Vir. Code 28.2-1400 - 1420               Vir. Marine Resources Comm.
                               Dune Act

                               Vir. Historic Resources Law                  Vir. Code 10.1-2200 - 2216               Vir. Dept of Historic Resources

                               Vir. Antiquities Act                         Vir. Code 10.1-2300 - 2306            1  Vir. Dept of Historic Resources







                                                                                            4











                                            North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                                          TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)


                                            LEGISLATION               T                  CITATION                                 PONSIBLE AGENCY

                                 Vir. Endangered Species Act                    Vir. Code 29.1-563 - 570                Vir. Dept. of Game & Inland
                                                                                                                        Fisheries


                                 Vir. Fish & Wildlife Law                       Vir. Code 29.1 -100 at seq.             Vir. Dept. of Game & Inland
                                                                                                                        Fisheries


                                 Vir. Endangered Plant & Insect                 Vir. Code 3.1-1020 - 1030               Vir. Dept. of Agriculture &
                                 Species Act                                                                            Consumer Services

                                 Vir. Noxious Weed Law                        Vir. Code 3.1-296.11 - 296.21             Vir. Dept. of Ag. & Con. Ser.

                                 Vir. Chesapeake Bay                          Vir. Code 10.1-2100 - 2115                Chesapeake Bay Local
                                 Preservation Act                                                                       Assistance Dept.

                                 Vir. Wildfire & Burning Law                  Vir. Code 10.1-1141           1142        Vir. Dept. of Forestry
                                                                                        and 18.2-88


                                 Vir. Emissions Law for Open                  Vir. Code 120.4-4001          400s        Vir. Dept. of Envir. Quality
                                 Burning

                                 Vir. Water Control Law                       Vir. Code 62.1-44.2 - 44.34               Vir. Dept. of Envir. Quality

                                 Vir. Ground-water                            Vir. Code 62.1-44.84 - 44.104             Vir. Dept. of Environmental
                                 Management Act                                                                         Quality

                                 Vir. Environmental     Quality Act           Vir. Code 10. 1 - 1200 - 1221             Vir. Dept. of Envir. Quality

                                 Vir. Waste Management Act                    Vir. Code 10.1-1400 - 1457                Vir. Dept. of Envir. Quality

                                 Vir. Open Space Land Act                     Vir. Code 10.1-1700 - 1705                Vir. Outdoors Foundation

                                 Vir. Erosion & Sediment Act                    Vir. Code 10.1-560 - 571                Vir. Dept. of Cons. & Rec.

                                 Vir. Natural Area Preserves Act                Vir. Code 10.1-202 - 217                Vir. Dept. of Cons. & Rec.

                                 Vir. State Scenic Rivers Act                   Vi r. Code 10. 1 -400 -418              Vir. Dept. of Cons. & Rec.

                                 Vir. Cave Protection Act                     Vir. Code 10. 1 - 1000 - 1008             Vir. Dept. of Cons. & Rec.

                                 Vir. Conservation Easement                   Vir. Code 10.1-1009 - 1016                Vir. Dept. of Conservation and
                                   ct                                                                                   Recreation


                                 Vir. Shoreline Erosion & Public                Vir. Code 10.1-700 - 711                Vir. Dept. of Conservation and
                                 Beach Law                               I                                           I  Recreation











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  at a preserve. VDCR's Division of Soil and Water Conservation (DSWC)
                  provides technical advice and other support upon request. The Division
                  of Volunteerism and Constituent Services (DVCS) assists with promotion
                  and interpretation projects. VDCR's cooperative management process
                  is supervised by the Natural Areas Management Team (NAMT). The
                  NAMT is comprised of the Stewardship Director from DNH and the
                  Resource Management Coordinator from DSP. The NAMT coordinates
                  the cooperative management process, works on long-term natural area
                  preserve management issues including planning and                  project
                  implementation, and endeavors to secure non-general funds for staff
                  support to facilitate management of natural area preserves.

                  VDCR also turns to resources outside the department to help manage
                  natural area preserves. Other local, state, and Federal government
                  agencies, academic institutions, private conservation groups, and
                  volunteers often assist with the cooperative management efforts of
                  natural area preserves.

                  In the case of the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve, TNC and
                  VDCR will manage the preserve together. Rather than manage properties
                  independently respective of VDCR or TNC ownership, both TNC-owned
                  and VDCR-owned tracts will be managed through a coordinated TNC-
                  VDCR partnership. The TNC-VDCR partnership will direct management
                  to advance a set of conservation goals mutually agreed upon by both
                  entities.




























                                                      6











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                    SITE AND VICINITY DESCRIPTION



                                                 LOCATION


                 The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is located in the
                 southeastern corner of Virginia between the mouth of the Chesapeake
                 Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and Currituck Sound. The preserve lies in the
                 southern areas of the cities of Virginia Beach and Chesapeake. The
                 preserve stretches almost 15 miles (24 km) along the North Landing
                 River. The approximate geographic center of the preserve (headwaters
                 of Alton's Creek) lies 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Norfolk and 15 miles
                 south-southwest of the Virginia Beach resort area.

                 The major north-south arterial roads in the area are Princess Anne Road
                 on the east side of the river and Blackwater Road on the west. Pungo
                 Ferry Road is the only east-west arterial road that crosses the river.
                 Access to or from Interstate 64, approximately 14 miles (22 km) from
                 the preserve's center, can be gained by following Princess Anne Road or
                 other routes northwest. The preserve has a small amount of upland road
                 frontage which lies mostly along Blackwater Road. Water frontage along
                 the North Landing River and its tributaries is plentiful, but nearly all of
                 this frontage is wetland.

                 Figure 1 shows the relative location of the preserve in a regional context.

                                               BOUNDARIES


                 The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is comprised of 22 tracts.
                 Five tracts are owned or are under negotiation by VDCR and 17 are
                 owned or under negotiation by TNC. Twelve contiguous tracts form an
                 11 mile (18 km) reach of continuous ownership (by either VDCR or TNC)
                 along the west side of the river. The remaining ten tracts are disjunct.
                 Eight lie on the west side of the river, two on the east side of the river,
                 and three are located along the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal.
                 Boundaries of these tracts are mapped on Figure 2. Table 2 contains
                 information on each tract.


                 Some of the preserve boundaries are marked with VDCR or TNC
                 boundary markers, but most of the preserve's boundaries have yet to be
                 marked.




                                                      7





       Figure 1. NATURAL AREA PRESERVE LOCATIONS

                                                                                                                        Oiler
                                                                it

                                                                                                          a

                              A,


           0   Stir:
           Hit


                                                                                                      saw 0

                                                                                                                      W#
                          19
                                                              a
                                                                       ftlhef'b
            ?-;j
                                                                                        ....                                     "Ma
                                 La



                                                                                                 kin





                                                                                          77.

                                                                        ..... .....











                                                                              ... ..                          VS. ISLAND




      n
                                                                            ...... ......




                                                                                    C




             Raynor.


                                                                                                        P
                                                                                                         ARK-,
          We of                  32






                                                                                                                     Wr64
                                                                                                             NAturAl      Pret:erve
            Ind                                                                  le
                                                                                -VIkG


                                                                                          P

                   5 Ckhr                                         s-
                                                                              Fentre
                                                                                                               CK BAY


                       a   le
                                                                                                Ba
                                                                                                                               . . ... .....

                                                                              Saint
                                                                              Mside



                                                                   --rio



               Location in Virginia                                                                                             ... ....
                                                                                  Scale of Miles


                                                                 0 -W
     Map br. VA Dept. of Conservation & Pecreatloo. Division of Natural Herlutae 2/954048      12      16      20 miles






         Figure 2. BOUNDARIES OF NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL                                                                       AREA PRESERVE


                                                    x
                                                         'e'ad    s                                                                          IMM
                                                     /M
                                                                                           Q                             s Anr
                                                                                           " A

                                                              t
                                                                                                          :7
              DAY 2
                                                          r
                                                                                                                                                        t

              DAY 4
                                                                        COA       V@@                           .N.6
              DAY 3                                                                    iVA It
              DAY 5
                                                                                                 -M0
                                              X.
              DAY 1
                                                             entre-as                                                                h     Fd g
              F I NE

    CITY OF CHESAPEAKE -
                                                                   jj@,@v t C h i n
              WALKER
              BOX CBAR

              MILLER
                                                                                                                                              Bac    "81
         WOODLY/OLD
                                                                                                                   La.
                                                                                                                  0 F
              KELL AM
                                                              A-4
         STEINHILBER                                                                   Ong    idge
                                                    A
  BLACKWATER FARMS-
              JAMES
                                                                                                1)   1 T   @@Qter
              RIGANTO
                                                                      Brides
                                                                                                     I.-   I'.  I                           ds
              GILBERT                                 A
                                                                                    r
                                                                t4c
                                                          -Alt
              DOZIER
                                                                              11 -T
                                                                                                                  Lj
                                                                                                                                                    de


                                     AV
                                                                       or,.
                                                     S                                             T1
                                           dio.
              SOREY                                                                                                                          %
                                                                                   kit 0                   VIR       r
                                                                             PEA                                                                                   C-
                                                                                                                     rX
                                                                                        iTafazu1c          C


                                                                                                                   L:                   7
                                                                                                                       _u_
              NOT DEPICTED                                                                              7                            -a
                                        -7-
                 DAY 6                                    IT                                                                                                   v
                                                                                                                         TU,
                 DAY 7
               JACOBSON                                                                                                     L

                                                                                                                             ull


                                                  2
                                                                                  2               4               6                                10 miles
                                                                                            Scale of miles


                                                  The Nature Conservancy Land


                                                  VA Dept. of Conservation & Recreation Land


                                                  Army Corp of Engineers Land

                                                                                                     MaP by: VA Dept. of ConserMlon & Recreation. Division of Natural Heritage 2/95











                                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                                                       TABLE 2


                                      NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE
                                                          TRACT INFORMATION



                                 TRACT NAME                     ACRES (HECTARES)                     OWNERSHIP


                                Blackwater Farms                       1246(504)                          VDCR

                                      Box C Bar                        335036)                            TNC

                               City of Chesapeake                      568(230)                           TNC

                                      Day 1                            839(340)                           TNC

                                      Day 2                            1100(445)                          TNC

                                      Day 3                            107(43)                            TNC

                                      Day 4                            104(42)                            TNC

                                      Day 5                            188(76)                            TNC

                                      Day 6                              14(6)                            TNC

                                      Day 7                            .7902)                             TNC

                                      Dozier                           780(316)                           TNC

                                        ine                            556(225)                           TNC

                                      Gilbert                          244(99)                            TNC

                                      Jacobson                         88(36)                             TNC

                                      James                            2500)                              TNC

                                      Kellam                           4508)                              VDCR

                                      Miller                    400-500 (162-202)                  optioned (VDCR)

                                      Riganto                          638(258)                           VDCR

                                      Sorey                            640(259)                 agreement of intent to
                                                                                                   purchase (VDCR)

                                      Steinhilber                      110(44)                            TNC

                                      Walker                           821 (332)                          TNC

                                      Woodly/Old                       1465(592)                    optioned (TNQ

                                      TOTALS                       10,314-10,414                           22
                                                                   (4,174-4,214)






                                                                         10











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Copies of the latest surveys and plats are kept on file at the TNC and
                 VDCR offices, respective of ownership.

                 Other public lands also occur within the vicinity. The U.S. Army Corps
                 of Engineers (USACE) owns four islands in the North Landing River and
                 long narrow strip along the north bank of the Albemarle and Chesapeake
                 Canal. The City of Virginia Beach owns property on the east shore of
                 the North Landing River (Munden Point Park) and along upper West Neck
                 Creek (proposed to become West Neck Creek Park).

                                                FACILITIES


                 Facilities currently existing on the preserve are limited. A quarter-mile
                 (400 m) long boardwalk into the marsh of the Dozier tract, built and
                 maintained by TNC, is served by a small gravel parking area off of
                 Blackwater Road just north of its crossing of Milldam Creek.             An
                 observation platform, also built and maintained by TNC, is located in the
                 marsh of the City of Chesapeake tract at the confluence of Pocaty Creek
                 and the North Landing River. The platform is accessible only by water.
                 Some informal trails exist on the upland island area of the Blackwater
                 Farms tract.


                 The Kellam tract was purchased by VDCR specifically to provide public
                 access to the preserve and will be the site of public access facilities in
                 the near future. An access road from Blackwater Road, a parking area,
                 interpretive facilities, a boardwalk, and canoe access to Alton's Creek are
                 in the design stages and should be constructed by the summer of 1995.

                 Figure 3 shows the locations of these existing and proposed facilities.

                 Pungo Ferry Road, although not actually part of the preserve (owned by
                 City of Virginia Beach), bisects two of the otherwise contiguous tracts:
                 Blackwater Farms and Riganto.

                 There are no buildings or structures on the preserve beyond those
                 mentioned above.


                 A 0owerline right-of-way runs through the western part of Day tract
                 number two.






          Bufts
                                                                        FIGURE 3
    Ed                                                  LOCATIONS OF FACILITIES AT
                                  THE NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE
                                                                                                                                                     '5-ungj

                                                                                                                                                  L i

                                                                                                                                       U
                            165                                ou
                                                              e   t                                                                           7-



                                                                 S AVA           TION
                               SS                             IF   RESS          FIELD)

                                                                                                                                        ea
                                                                                                                                          Ridge
                          Substa
                                                                                                                                                             wle



                                                                                                                                                 4





                                                                                                                                -7





          168
                                                                                                                  4@                        Back B


          7


                                                                                                Land of
                                                      KFY                                                                     -0-
                           Hi:                                                                                                 -
                                  i. PocATY CREEK OBSERVAnON PIATFOMI                                     -2
                                    (TNQ
                      ickor r     2. ALTON'S CREEK ACCESS AREA
                                    (PROPOS M-. VDCR)
                                  3. WLLDAM CREEK BOARDWALK (MC)



                                                                                                                   7-



                                                                                          131.,kwwe@
                                                                                                                f"1-:747-                         reeds
                    Bnid                                                                                 w      r-
                                                                                                                                                    Lan
                                                                                                       40M                                             st, b


                                                                                                                         s@


                                                                                                               3




                                                                                                                   7-
                                                                                                              Vine



                                              - --AL-
                ,wth
                                                                        N
                                                                                                                 C                            %
                                                                                                                                                         -ko
                                              GINIA                                                   GtNIA
                                                                          7-
                                                                                                     CURRI
                                     NMPV     CAROUN
                                         KILOMETERS 1       0      1       2      3       4      5       6      7                                Y.   r2
                                                                                                                                                       F,,,,,,by
                                                E@D       t==4L                                                                                     (Is"a"d
                                          MILES 1                       1           2                       4            5
                                                              =d





       7
                                                                              2



                                                                                                              Tull Bay










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                       SURROUNDING LAND USE


                The area surrounding North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is
                predominantly rural in character. Areas north of the preserve are heavily
                urbanized and suburbanized.        The preserve vicinity is subject to
                increasing development pressures, mostly in the form of residential and
                supporting commercial development.

                The North Landing River Watershed encompasses an area of 74,635
                acres (30,205 ha) with 2,841 acres (1, 150 ha) of which are located in
                open waters. Agriculture is the primary land use in the watershed,
                occupying 45 % of the land, or 32,633 acres (13,206 ha). Residential
                uses, commercial buildings, and roadways cover another 12,997 acres
                (5,260 ha) of the basin or 18% of the land area. The remaining 26,164
                acres (10,588 ha) are undeveloped and stand mostly in managed and
                unmanaged forests.

                Agricultural lands consist mostly of row crops. Corn and soybeans are
                normally rotated and a small grain cover crop is frequently planted in the
                fall to help minimize soil loss over the winter and early spring. Other
                agriculture includes market vegetables, pick-your-own berries, hog farms,
                and horse pasture.

                Area farmers are facing a number of pressures in operating their
                businesses. In order to promote and enhance agriculture as an important
                local industry, the ad hoc Southern Watersheds Committee has proposed
                the Virginia Beach Agricultural Reserve Program (ad hoc Southern
                Watersheds Committee 1994).           The ad hoc committee includes
                representatives from conservation groups, farming and business
                interests, and local government. The objective of the program is to
                arrange for the purchase of development rights on farmland in return for
                working capital that can be reinvested in the farm.             Purchased
                development rights would be held in public trust by the City of Virginia
                Beach. The program will also endeavor to find crops that will yield high
                value to Virginia Beach farmers.

                Many of the upland forests are managed for fiber production to varying
                degrees. The Virginia Department of Forestry (VDoF) reported assisting
                25 forest landowners with the development of forest management plans
                for a total of 6,595 acres (2,669 ha) in the cities of Virginia Beach and
                Chesapeake during the period from 1989 through 1992. Intensively
                managed stands, which are generally pure loblolly pine, are often subject


                                                    13











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                to pre-commercial and commercial thinnings, periodic clear-cutting, site
                preparation through the use of burning and fertilizers, re-seeding or re-
                planting, and release spraying with herbicides. Most forest stands in the
                area, however, are managed less intensively. Southern pine bark beetle
                outbreaks are a concern among foresters and forest owners. Control
                activities may involve cutting of infested and surrounding trees.

                The cities of Virginia Beach and Chesapeake manage the growth and
                development within the North Landing River Watershed. The City of
                Virginia Beach includes recommendations for this region in the
                Pungo/Blackwater Planning Area of the Comprehensive Plan: Planning
                Commission Recommendations to City Council, December 12,1990 (City
                of Virginia Beach 1992). This plan shows much of the area surrounding
                the North Landing River and its tributaries as "environmentally sensitive
                areas." The four issues cited in the comprehensive plan of particular
                relevance for the Pungo/Blackwater Planning Area are:

                       (1) rural growth management,
                       (2) agricultural preservation,
                       (3) rural transportation management, and
                       (4) environmental protection.

                The existing land use in the Pungo/Blackwater planning area is
                predominantly agricultural mixed with one to three acre residential lots
                intermittently located as strip development along the existing roadways.
                A number of small, rural commercial centers have evolved along Princess
                Anne Road and Blackwater Road. These centers represent the only
                concentration of commercial land use in the watershed. A few small
                subdivisions have been built or are under construction between Princess
                Anne Road and the river.


                The City of Chesapeake includes the area within the North Landing River
                watershed in the Southern Chesapeake Planning Unit of their
                comprehensive plan, entitled A Comprehensive Plan for the City Qf
                Chesal2eake, Virginia (City of Chesapeake 1990). This comprehensive
                plan was adopted by the Chesapeake City Council on July 25, 1990.
                According to the plan, the Southern Chesapeake planning unit has three
                primary functions:

                       (1) to sustain agriculture and protect open space,
                       (2) to provide for rural residential environments, and
                       (3) to provide compatible remote facilities sites for the U.S. Naval
                                                    14                                                     fe











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                               Airfield and the Chesapeake Municipal Airport.

                 The existing character of the landscape in the Southern Chesapeake
                 Planning Unit is rural with agricultural and residential uses predominating.
                 Existing forested swamps and marshlands also comprise a large area.
                 The comprehensive plan describes the future form of the area south of
                 the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal in the vicinity of Great Bridge as
                 being a "countryside community," while the southern and western
                 sections of the city are described as rural or environmentally sensitive.

                 The North Landing River watershed experiences heavy recreational use,
                 especially the waterways themselves. Boating and related activities are
                 the principal recreational uses of the watershed.         Fishing, hunting,
                 camping, picnicking, walking, and wildlife observation are also common.
                 Recreation in the North Landing River watershed is discussed in detail in
                 the recreation resources section.


                                              DEMOGRAPHICS


                 Table 3 summarizes some general demographic information regarding the
                 area.


                 In the last two decades, the coastal mid-Atlantic region, which includes
                 the North Landing River Watershed, has been growing at one of the
                 fastest paces in the United States. During this time period, the City of
                 Virginia Beach grew faster, by 25 percent, than any other city in the
                 nation.


                 The preserve lies in the City of Chesapeake and the City of Virginia
                 Beach. The regional context is the Hampton Roads Planning District
                 which includes Isle of Wight County, James City County, Southampton
                 County, York County, Gloucester County, and the Cities of Chesapeake,
                 Franklin, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth,
                 Suffolk, Virginia Beach, and Williamsburg.

                 The 1990 population of Virginia Beach was 393,089 and the projected
                 population for the year 2010 is 579,590. The 1990 population for
                 Chesapeake was 151,982 and the projected population for 2010 is
                 211,100. The 1990 population of the Hampton Roads Planning District
                 was 1,418,030 and the projected 2010 population is 1,753,113
                 (Lillywhite and Nieman 1993). The Hampton Roads Planning District has
                 the second greatest population of all 21 Virginia planning districts


                                                      15











                                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

















                                                                    TABLE 3


                                            LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS


                           FEATURE I VIR. BEACH                       CHES.          PLAN. DIST.          ALL VIR. j

                         1990                   393,069            151,976            1,416,443          6,187,200
                         population

                         1990 pop.              122,161              47,864            423,509           1,704,600
                         ages 0 - 19

                         1990 pop.              236,621              86,098            814,163           3,818,200
                         ages 20 - 59

                         1990 pop.              34,287               18,014            178,771            664,400
                         ages 60 +

                         2010 pop.              579,590            211,100            1,753,113          7,451,158
                         projection

                         1990 per               17,578               16,775             16,448             15,713
                         capita
                         income ($)

















                                                                          16











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 (Northern Virginia PDC is first).

                 The Pungo/Blackwater Planning Area, which contains the Virginia Beach
                 section of the preserve, is the largest Virginia Beach planning area in
                 terms of acreage, but it has the smallest population. In 1990 the
                 population of this planning area was approximately 4,300. A build-out
                 population cited in the comprehensive plan is 83,900 (City of Virginia
                 Beach 1992). Population growth in the Southern Chesapeake Planning
                 Unit, which contains the Chesapeake portion of the preserve, is
                 anticipated to increase from 14,129 in 1988 to 24,389 in 2002 (City of
                 Chesapeake 1990).

                 The current foundations of the local economy are tourism, the military,
                 and shipping. Major employers in the Hampton Roads Planning District
                 include the military and other government agencies and the services,
                 retail trade, and manufacturing industries. The economy in the North
                 Landing River watershed, however, continues to be based upon
                 agriculture and forestry (HRPDC 1993).

                 The per capita income for the Hampton Roads Planning District was
                 $16,448 in 1990; it was $15,713 for all of Virginia (HRPDC 1993).

                                             AREA HISTORY


                 The North Landing River area was home to various groups of Native
                 Americans for at least 9,000 years before European settlers arrived in the
                 early 1600's. The most recent tribe, the Chesapeake, was gradually
                 replaced by English settlers in the first half of the 17th century.

                 The early colonial landscape of the 1600's was characterized by
                 scattered plantations of varying size with crossroad hamlets and river
                 landings. Tobacco was the first crop in the area and became the center
                 of the colonial economy. Farmers began planting other crops and turning
                 to timber harvest in the 1680's. Market crops, including tobacco, corn,
                 and wheat, were shipped overland to Norfolk, the closest deep-water
                 port. Lower Norfolk County, now the City of Virginia Beach, was
                 established during the early colonial period. The first courthouse for
                 Lower Norfolk County was built in 1661 on Broad Creek. A Baptist
                 congregation began services near Pungo Ferry in 1674 and became what
                 is now Oak Grove Baptist Church, the second oldest Baptist congregation
                 in Virginia.



                                                    17











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                The early settlements in the'county depended on a poorly developed road
                system for transportation of products to markets.         The numerous
                waterways and wetlands that hindered road development also
                encouraged the adoption of water as the primary transportation medium
                in the later 1700's. Agriculture improved in the 1700's and people
                began building more substantial houses and communities. Several more
                Baptist churches were established in the area, demonstrating the gradual
                break from the Church of England in the colonies. Several conflicts of
                the American Revolutionary War were fought in the vicinity, including the
                expulsion of the last colonial governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, from
                Norfolk.   Farming operations diversified in the 1700's; local crops
                included corn, oats, wheat, and flax. Trade in pitch, tar, and pork also
                began.

                Water-based transportation dominated the area from the later 1 700's into
                the middle 1800's. Several canals were constructed to link key areas,
                including the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal (originally named the
                Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal). Finished in 1859, the C&A Canal
                linked the Elizabeth River and points north to the North Landing River and
                points south. A drawbridge was constructed across the North Landing
                River at Pungo Ferry Road in the early 1800's, but it was burned during
                the Civil War. A ferry service replaced the bridge. Several minor
                American Civil War conflicts were fought in the vicinity including the
                burning of all the bridges in the area to prevent produce from reaching
                markets. The still standing Princess Anne Courthouse was established
                in 1824. By 1835, Princess Anne Courthouse was considered a main
                commercial center in the area. In 1868, Princess Anne Courthouse
                became the seat of Princess Anne County, which had been formed from
                Lower Norfolk County.      Hay, poultry, and cattle joined the list of
                agricultural products. Railroads were constructed in the area in the
                1880's and quickly replaced the canals and waterways as the major form
                of transportation.   Settlements, including Pungo and Creeds, grew
                around the railroad depots.

                The 20th Century has been a period of rapid change in the area. Virginia
                Beach was established as a beach resort before the turn of the century
                and was granted its town charter in 1906. A new turnstile bridge
                replaced the ferry service across the river at Pungo Ferry Road by 1920.
                Princess Anne County was still primarily agricultural in 1925. The
                county was one of the most productive truck farming areas in the state.
                Potatoes were the largest crop; other products included apples, peaches,
                hay, corn, cotton, wheat, and peanuts. Dairy cows and hogs were also


                                                   18











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 raised in the early 20th century. The railroads in the area closed in the
                 1940's; farmers began to truck their goods to markets in Norfolk. The
                 City of Virginia Beach was formed from the Town of Virginia Beach and
                 Princess Anne County in 1963 and a city manager form of government
                 was adopted. The City of Chesapeake also was created in 1963 by the
                 merger of Norfolk County and the Town of South Norfolk. The northern
                 parts of Virginia Beach and Chesapeake experienced rapid growth in the
                 1970's and 1980's, but the southern areas remain rural in character.
                 The C&A Canal is now an important part of the Atlantic Intracoastal
                 Waterway (ICW) linking New England to Florida. The Pungo Ferry
                 drawbridge was replaced by a high profile bridge in 1991. Virginia Beach
                 continues to develop as a vacation destination and resort community.

                 TNC and VDCR conservation efforts began in the area in 1988. The first
                 component of the preserve, the Riganto tract, was acquired in 1989.
                 Acquisition efforts are continuing in the 1990's. Interest in conservation
                 of both the rural character of the area as well as the outstanding natural
                 resources have lead to several other projects by VDCR, TNC, and a host
                 of conservation partners.





























                                                     19











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                               RESOURCES



                                  PHYSICAL AND ABIOTIC FEATURES


                TOPOGRAPHY


                The topography of the North Landing River basin is low and flat. Low,
                narrow, well-drained ridges and substantial wetland areas are separated
                by wide, poorly drained flats. The ridges are generally oriented north-
                south and average ten feet (3 m) above sea-level with some ridges
                reaching 30 feet (9 m). The wetland areas generally surround shallow
                rivers, creeks, and bays.

                Most of the preserve is located on riverine wetland areas between the
                poorly drained flats and the river. Approximately 95 percent of the
                preserve is below five feet (1.5 m) above sea-level.

                GEOLOGY


                The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is located on the Atlantic
                Coastal Plain physiographic province. The geology of the coastal plain
                is characterized by layers of unconsolidated sediments over deeply buried
                bedrock. The bedrock in the North Landing River area is covered by
                2000 to 5000 feet (610 - 1,524 m) of sediments. There are no bedrock
                outcrops. Most of the geology underlying the preserve consists of
                alluvial, organic-rich clay and silt.     The geology of the uplands
                surrounding the preserve consists of pebbly and cobbly sand grading
                upward into muddy, fine sand, sandy silt, and silt (DMME 1993).


                SOILS


                Soils in the area were formed in layers of marine and fluvial sediments.
                These sediments range in texture from sand to clay. Soils of the wetland
                areas consist of organic matter and silt. The broad flats contain mostly
                poorly drained silt loams. The sand component increases on and around
                the low ridges which consist of moderately well-drained loams and fine
                sandy loams (Hatch et al. 1985).

                According to the Virginia Beach Soil Survey prepared by the Soil
                Conservation Service (Hatch et al 1985), most of the soils on the
                preserve itself are either Dorovan mucky peat or Pocaty peat.


                                                    20











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  Dorovan mucky peat, fou'nd in the swamp and pocosin areas, is a deep,
                  nearly level, poorly drained wetland soil. Composition is slightly to well-
                  decomposed organic matter and silt. The soil ranges from extremely
                  acidic through slightly acidic. In the swamps and pocosins, the peat
                  grades downward to a highly decomposed peaty clay that is underlain by
                  fluvial sand and gravel deposits with little organic matter. Surface-water
                  runoff is very slow.     This soil type is continuously saturated and
                  frequently flooded.

                  The Pocaty peat soil type is found in the marshes of the preserve. Like
                  Dorovan, Pocaty peat is deep, nearly level, and poorly drained.
                  Composition is slightly to well-decomposed organic matter with some
                  silt. The soil is moderately permeable and surface-water runoff is very
                  slow. Pocaty peat ranges from strongly acidic to neutral, but may
                  become extremely acidic upon drying or exposure.

                  CLIMATE

                  The average winter temperature of the area is 420 F (5.5' C); the average
                  summer temperature is 77* F (25' C). Recorded extreme temperatures
                  are 5' F (-15' C) (1 /17/77) and 1030 F (39-50 C) (7/23/52). The growing
                  season length averages around 230 days. The date of first freeze is
                  generally in mid-November, the last freeze in late March.

                  The average total annual precipitation is 45 inches (114 cm). Twenty-
                  five inches (13 cm), or 56 percent, usually falls in April through
                  September, the growing season for most crops. Thunderstorms occur
                  on about 37 days each year; most occur during the summer (Hatch et al.
                  1985, NOAA 1993).

                  HYDROLOGY

                  The North Landing River watershed is part of the Albemarle-Pamlico
                  Estuarine region, the second largest estuarine system in the United
                  States.


                  As mentioned previously, the North Landing River watershed is on the
                  outer Atlantic Coastal Plain and is distinguished by flat topography and
                  low gradient rivers and creeks. The water table is at or near the surface
                  in much of the watershed, particularly in the riparian areas.           The
                  hydrology on and in the vicinity of the preserve is characterized by
                  swamps and marshes draining slowly into sluggish rivers and creeks.


                                                      21











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 The North Landing River empties into Currituck Sound in North Carolina
                 south of the preserve. Major tributaries to the river, from south to north,
                 include the Northwest River, Milldam Creek, Blackwater Creek, Alton's
                 Creek, Pocaty Creek, West Neck Creek, and the Chesapeake and
                 Albemarle Canal. The North Landing River watershed covers a 74,000
                 acre (29,947 ha) area, almost 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of which are open
                 water. The headwaters of the North Landing River are in the area,of the
                 Kempsville community in northern Virginia Beach. The amount of net
                 flow is low and to the south.


                 Surface-water and ground-water levels are most often affected by
                 precipitation and evapotranspiration. Tides may cause extreme, but
                 temporary, fluctuations of water levels in the riparian areas as well as in
                 the water channels. Tides in the area are influenced mostly by wind
                 rather than gravitational effects. Strong winds from the southeast move
                 water into Currituck Inlet and northward up the North Landing River
                 flooding the bordering marshes and swamps. North to west winds will
                 cause low tides. Since wind speed, direction, and duration are irregular,
                 so are frequency, amplitude, and duration of the tides. Extreme high
                 tides will flood even the interior wetlands.


                 Several major projects have altered the hydrology of the area from its
                 natural state. The Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal was constructed in
                 the 1850's through Gum Swamp to connect the North Landing River to
                 the Elizabeth River. A set of locks at the community of Great Bridge
                 helps prevent the saline waters of the Elizabeth River from reaching the
                 North Landing River in large quantities. As part of the same canal
                 project, a channel was dredged down the North Landing River into
                 Currituck Sound. The dredging operation straightened, widened, and
                 deepened significant portions of the North Landing River. Several short
                 canals were dug cutting off several oxbows and creating marsh islands.
                 The C&A Canal and the North Landing River are now key components of
                 the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. A       large ditch known as Canal
                 Number Two connects London Bridge Creek, a tributary of the
                 Lynnhaven River, to West Neck Creek, a major tributary of the North
                 Landing River. In 1989, a bypass canal was completed around Canal
                 Number Two for flood control purposes. As a result of this increased
                 hydrologic continuity, saltier water may be intruding into West Neck
                 Creek, but the ecological effects have not yet been determined. Pungo
                 Ferry Road was constructed on top of substantial wetland peat deposits
                 and required extensive dredge and fill operations through the wetland
                 area. Agriculture has affected the hydrology, too. Ditching of the


                                                     22












                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 uplands to enhance drainage of agricultural fields likely has lowered the
                 water table in the fields and changed surface-water run-off patterns.

                 Ground-water withdrawals in the area are limited by water quality. The
                 ground water increases in salinity with increasing depth. Because of the
                 salinity, the largeindustrial and municipal withdrawals from deep aquifers
                 found in other parts of the Coastal Plain are absent in the North Landing
                 River watershed. Consequently, ground-water withdrawals are from
                 wells in shallow aquifers and are generally limited to domestic and
                 agricultural uses. These withdrawals are generally small and from
                 confined aquifers underlying, and somewhat isolated, from the water
                 table aquifer. The extent of local effects on water levels in the wetlands
                 is undetermined (M. Focazio, pers. comm.).


                 WATER QUALITY


                 The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's "General Report of
                 All Waterbody Data" (VDEQ 1995) provides recent water quality data for
                 the North Landing River and five of its major tributaries. According to
                 the report, all 77 river miles (124 km) of the waterbody fully support
                 water quality standards for fish consumption and swimming. Water
                 quality standards for aquatic life support also are currently fully
                 supported for all 77 miles (124 km), however, seven miles are
                 considered threatened by urban non-point pollution sources. Drinking
                 water supply goals are fully supported for five river miles (8 km), which
                 includes the entire extent of the waterway utilized for public water
                 supply (Stumpy Lake and tributaries). The report also notes that none
                 of the waterbody is impaired by failure to met Clean Water Act point and
                 non-point source pollution standards.

                 The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ) also maintains
                 a network of ambient water quality monitoring stations in the area.
                 Sampling at the monitoring stations is conducted on a monthly to
                 quarterly schedule. Basic field parameters (pH, DO, temperature, salinity,
                 and conductivity) are measured and samples are taken for fecal coliform,
                 nutrients, TSS, BOD, water column metals, and sediment metals. VDEQ
                 has agreed to supply VDCR with a data from this monitoring.

                 There are six treated wastewater discharges into the North Landing River
                 and its tributaries. The sources of these six discharges are Bergey's
                 Dairy Farm, Mount Pleasant Mennonite Church, Norfolk Dredging
                 Company, Standard Transpipe Virginia, Incorporated, Oceana Naval Air


                                                     23










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Station, and Hope Haven - Union Mission.

                 As mentioned above, the direct connection from the saline Lynnhaven
                 River to the freshwater North Landing River via Canal Number Two has
                 been enhanced by the construction of a bypass canal. This project
                 seems to have resulted in some influx of saltwater into the North Landing
                 River system. The saltwater influx appears to be driven primarily by the
                 wind tides; the highest salinities in West Neck Creek, 24.5 ppt, were
                 observed during periods of sustained, strong northerly winds (Bales and
                 Skrobialowski 1993). The effects of these salt water pulses on the
                 aquatic and wetland plant and animal communities has not been
                 determined.


                 According to the records of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Army
                 Corps of Engineers, 1,364 tons of freight passed through the C&A Canal
                 at the Great Bridge lock in 1992. Of this total, 258 tons were petroleum
                 products and fertilizers. A spill of kerosene-like jet fuel occurred on the
                 North Landing River side of the lock into the canal in June of 1994.
                 Although the extent of this spill turned out to be very minor, the event
                 indicates a potential threat from spills to water quality of the North
                 Landing River system.

                 The Virginia Nonpoint Source Pollution Watershed Assessment Report
                 (VDCR 1993) prepared by the VDCR's Division of Soil and Water
                 Conservation gives an overall priority rating of high for non-point source
                 pollution in the North Landing River hydrologic unit. Individual "pollution
                 potential" ratings were high for urban-related sources, high for
                 agriculture-related sources, and low for forestry- related sources. The
                 report states that the hydrologic unit containing the North Landing River
                 watershed rates in the top 10% statewide for agricultural non-point
                 source pollution priorities.

                 The United States Geologic Survey (USGS) is conducting a study of
                 ground water on the preserve and in the vicinity in cooperation with
                 VDCR and TNC. Preliminary results have been collected from a single
                 transect of monitoring wells running from agricultural uplands through
                 the swamp and pocosin into the marsh. These preliminary results
                 indicate that ground-water quality was influenced by agriculture in a
                 shallow well in an agricultural field. However, ground-water quality
                 measured from wells in nearby swamp, pocosin, and marsh appeared not
                 to be influenced by agriculture (M. Focazio, pers. comm.).



                                                     24











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Another water quality issue facing the North Landing River is the disposal
                 of dredge spoil from maintenance dredging of the ICW channel in the
                 river. The ICW channel in the reach of the North Landing River just north
                 of the state line is dredged approximately every five years. The dredged
                 material is disposed in the shallow, open-water sites on the west side of
                 the navigation channel from the state line to about two miles (3 km)
                 upriver of the state line. Sedimentation and Sediment Quality in the
                 North Landina River, Currituck Sound Estuarine System (Riggs et al.
                 1993) prepared by the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study states, "It is
                 our opinion that open disposal of mud sediments resulting from
                 maintenance dredging of the Intracoastal Waterway channel have
                 previously and will continue to have significant impacts upon turbidity
                 levels of associated estuarine waters for several years after dredging has
                 been completed." Such disposal of dredged material also may re-
                 suspend toxic substances into the water column which had previously
                 settled on the bottom.


                                OVERVIEW OF NATURAL COMMUNITIES


                 The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve is part of an interior
                 coastal wetland ecosystem. The preserve is over 85 percent wetland,
                 containing extensive swamp, pocosin, and marsh communities. The
                 wetlands are surrounded by forested or farmed uplands. A more detailed
                 discussion of the natural communities can be found in the conservation
                 planning section of this document.

                 Several different types of swamp have been identified in the area, the
                 number depends upon the classification scheme utilized. Swampy areas
                 are characterized by such tree species as swamp tupelo (Nvssa biflora),
                 red maple (Acer rubrum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), green ash
                 (Fraxinus gennsylvanica), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Bald cypress
                 (Taxodium distichum), pond pine (Rings serotina), and Atlantic white
                 cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) also form components of some of the
                 swamp communities. In some swampy areas, upland islands can be
                 found supporting mesophytic oaks (Quercus spp.) along with loblolly
                 pine.

                 Deep in the interior of the wetlands, pocosins are found. Pocosins are
                 evergreen shrub-dominated, peat-based wetlands.         Dominant shrub
                 species include sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), fetterbush (Lyonia
                 lucida), and inkberry (Ilex alabra). The few, scattered, and stunted trees
                 are mostly of pond pine, red bay (Persia borbonia), and sweet bay


                                                    25










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 (Magnolia virginiana). Laurel leaved greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia) grows
                 throughout the scrub.

                 The North Landing River's extensive marshes are fresh to slightly
                 brackish water wetlands. The largest areas of marsh are found on the
                 west side of the river just north of the state line. Common species of the
                 marshes include big cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides), black needlerush
                 (Juncus roemerianus), common reed (Phragmites australis), several cattail
                 species (Tyl2ha spp.), and switchgrass (Panicurn virgatum). There are
                 many types of marshes and species richness in some of the marsh types
                 is quite high.

                 Uplands to the east and west of the preserve crest in a low ridge which
                 slopes gently down into the wetlands. Most of the uplands around the
                 preserve are in crops or forests. Common forest tree species include
                 loblolly pine, oaks, red maple, and sweetgum.

                                    NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES


                 The North Landing River wetlands are rich in biodiversity. Forty-one
                 natural heritage resources have been recently documented from the
                 wetlands and adjacent uplands of the North Landing River Natural Area
                 Preserve. Of the 41, 22 are rare plant species, ten are rare animal
                 species, eight are rare natural communities, and one is a bird nesting
                 colony.    In addition, 16 watch-listed species have been recently
                 documented from the area, three of which are animals and 13 are plants.
                 At least 15 other natural heritage resources, mostly rare animal species,
                 have a moderate to high potential to occur in the North Landing River
                 area. Intensive biological survey for these potential natural heritage
                 resources has not yet been completed, but either historic records or
                 existing habitat conditions indicate the possibility that they may occur in
                 the area. Table 4 lists the natural heritage resources along with their
                 rarity ranks and legal status. Definitions of rarity ranks and legal status
                 abbreviations used in Table 4 can be found in Appendix 2.

                 Much of the natural heritage resource knowledge regarding the North
                 Landing River ecosystem came from a natural areas inventory project
                 conducted by VDCR for the City of Virginia Beach. The goal of the
                 project was to systematically identify the natural heritage resources of
                 the City of Virginia Beach. The project began in 1989 and lasted three
                 years. The multi-step inventory involved review of aerial photographs
                 and gathering of other information, conducting aerial reconnaissance, and


                                                     26











                                             North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                                                       TABLE 4


                                                               NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES
                                       OF THE NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE




                                             COMMON NAME                                    SCIENTIFIC NAME                              RANKS AND STATUS*


                              PLANTS



                                 A Yellow-Eyed Grass                             _Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia                              G3G 5T?/S 1 /NF/NS

                                 Atlantic White Cedar                            Chamaecyparis ï¿½y2@ides                                        G4/S2/NF/NS

                                 Big-Headed Rush                                 Juncus migggephalus                                           G4G5/S2/NF/NS

                                 Blue Jasmine Leatherflower                      @@Iematis aLspa                                               G5/S3/NF/NS

                                 Buttonbush Dodder                               Cuscuta atabalanthiii                                         G5/Sl?/NF/NS

                                 Carolina Boltonia                               Boltonia caroliniana                                          G2Q/S2/NF/NS

                                 Carolina Lilaeopsis                             Lilaeopsis gtenuate                                           G4G5/S1S213C/C

                                 Coastal Plain Aster                             Aster racemosus                                               G3?Q/Sl/NF/NS

                                 Elliot's Aster                                  Aster nq!@ceus var. elliotii                                  G5T3T4/S2/NF/NS

                                 Elongated Lobelia                               kobelia 1!@ata                                                G3G5/Sl/NF/NS

                                 Epiphytic Sedge                                 Carex decom2asita                                             G3G4/Sl/3C/C

                                 Featherfoil                                     Hottonia inflate                                              G3G4/S2/NF/NS

                                 Joint Paspalum                                  Paspalurn S Listichum                                         G5/Sl/NF/NS

                                 Pretty Dodder                                   Cuscuta indecora                                              G5/S2?/NF/NS

                                 Sawgrass                                        Cladium mariscus var. jamgi2an2e                              G5T5/Sl/NF/NS

                                 Silky Camelia                                   Stewartia malacodendron                                       G4/S2/NF/NS

                                 Slender Dragon-Head                             Etyj2s@teia !e@h le                                           G4G5/S2/3C/NS

                                 Spanish Moss                                    Tillandsia usneoides                                          G5/S2/NF/NS

                                 Spreading Pogonia                               Cleistes divaricata                                           G4/S1 /NF/NS

                                 Virginia Least Trillium                         Trillium jjURL11um var. IdLgjn@ft=                            G3T2/S2/C2/NS

                                 Walter's Sedge                                  Carex striate                                                 G4/SlS2/NF/NS

                                 Winged Seedbox                               I  !UsLw@lia 9-18-ta                                             G3G4/Sl/NF/NS








                                                                                           27










                                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                                     TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)

                            F_           COMMON NAME                                    SCIENTIFIC NAME                             RANKS AND STATUS'

                            ANIMALS



                               Canebrake Rattlesnake                         Crotalus horridus atricaudatus                               G5/S1/NF/NS

                               Dismal Swamp Southeastern Shrew               Sorex jaaq@@ fisheri                                       G5T2/S2/LT/LT

                               Four-Spotted Pennant                          g[a@@ ag%j@da                                              G5/S2S3/NF/NS

                               Great Egret                                   Casmerodius albus                                            G5/S2/NF/NS

                               Great Purple Hairstreak                       Atlides halesus                                              G5/S2/NF/NS

                               King Rail                                     Rallus 1!22ans                                             G4Q/S2/NF/NS

                               Least Bittern                                 12EQh[yqt@Ls exilis                                          G5/S2/NF/NS

                               Marsh Rabbit                                  AYLV@ 22Lqs-tris                                           G5/S2S3/NF/NS

                               Scarce Swamp Skipper                          Euphyes dukesi                                             G3G4/S2/NF/NS

                               Virginia Rail                                 Ballus limicola                                              G5/S2/NF/NS


                            NATURAL COMMUNITIES



                               Atlantic White Cedar Swamp                    Oligotrophic Saturated Palustrine                              G3G4/S1
                                                                             Forest


                               Big Cordgrass Brackish Marsh                  Tall Estuarine Herbaceous                                        G5/S5
                                                                             Vegetation

                               Cypress - Tupelo Swamp                        Eutrophic Sernipermanently Flooded                               G5/S4
                                                                             Forest


                               Fetterbush - Sheep Laurel     Short           Oligotrophic Saturated Palustrine                                G3/S1
                               Pocosin                                       Scrub


                               Pond Pine - Fetterbush Tall Pocosin           Oligotrophic Saturated Palustrine                              G3G4/S1
                                                                             Woodland


                               Spikerush Short Freshwater Marsh              Short Herbaceous Estuarine Wetland                               G?/S1

                               Open Peat Bog                                 Oligotrophic Saturated Palustrine                                G?/S?
                                                                             Herbaceous Wetland


                               Bulrush - Cattail Freshwater Marsh            Mid-height Herbaceous Estuarine                                  G4/S3
                                                                             Wetland


                            OTHER
                               7Heron Nesting Colony

                                            Appendix 2 contains definitions of the rarity ranks and legal status abbreviations


                                                                                        28











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                thorough biodiversity survey fieldwork by botanists, zoologists, and
                ecologists. The results of the project can be found in A Natural Areas
                Inventory qf the City gf Virginia Beach, Virginia (Clampitt et al. 1993).

                Each of the eight rare natural community types is discussed below. The
                community nomenclature found in the Biological Conservation
                Datasystem (BCD) is used in this discussion. The discussion of all 32
                rare species, subspecies, or varieties is beyond the scope of this
                document. Therefore, ten "key rare species" have been selected for
                detailed discussion. The species were chosen to be representative of as
                many of the habitats and taxonomic groups as possible. The key rare
                speciesare Atlanticwhite cedar, canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalu@ horridus
                atricaudatus), Carolina lilaeopsis (Lilaeol2sis attenuata), Dismal Swamp
                southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris fisheri), elongated lobelia (Lobelia
                elongata), epiphytic sedge (Carex decomoosita), least bittern (Ixobrychus
                a@dk), scarce swamp skipper (Euphyes dukesi), spreading pogonia
                (Cleistes divaricata), and Virginia least trillium (Trillium pusillum var.
                virginianum). Key rare species are also discussed below.

                SPIKERUSH SHORT FRESHWATER MARSH
                (Short Herbaceous Estuarine Wetland)

                The North Landing River wetlands contain outstanding examples of
                several different freshwater to slightly brackish marsh types, three of
                which are natural heritage resources. The spikerush short freshwater
                marsh is perhaps the most significant of the three. This type is found in
                the interior marshes, away from open water channels. Subject to less
                tidal action than the fringing marsh types, the spikerush short freshwater
                marsh is therefore also poorer in nutrients. Ground-water seepage and
                peat-doming may be factors in this marsh type. Species richness is
                characteristically high in the spikerush short freshwater marsh (up to 29
                species per 100 square yards) and determination of dominant species
                can be difficult.    As the name implies, one or more species of
                spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.) are almost always found in this marsh type.
                Other frequently encountered species include any of several umbrella
                sedges (Cyperus spp.), several bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), twigrush
                (cladiurn mariscoides), and sawgrass (Cladiurn mariscus var. jamaicense).
                The spikerush short freshwater marsh is also often home to rare plant
                and insect species. The variety of community classification systems in
                use and the paucity of inventory data make it difficult to ascertain the
                actual global range and rarity of this marsh type, though it is thought to
                be uncommon. In Virginia, however, the community is found only in the


                                                    29










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                wetlands of Back Bay, the North Landing River, and the Northwest River.
                Because of its restricted distribution and limited occurrences, the
                spikerush short freshwater marsh is considered very rare in the
                Commonwealth. This community can be threatened by pollution,
                alteration of the hydrologic regime, and direct destruction through
                draining or filling. Problem species such as common reed and nutria
                (Myocastor coypus) also may threaten this community.

                BULRUSH - CATTAIL FRESHWATER MARSH
                (mid-height herbaceous estuarine wetland)

                The second rare marsh type is the bulrush - cattail freshwater marsh.
                Like the spikerush short freshwater marsh, the bulrush - cattail
                freshwater marsh is generally located away from the edges of channels,
                but may be close to the channels in some instances. This marsh type is
                generally somewhat richer in nutrients than the spikerush short
                freshwater marsh. Stands of southern cattail (Typha domingensis) and
                narrow-leaved cattail (Tyl2ha anaustifolia) are common along with several
                bulrush species.      Camphorweed (Pluchea foetida), pickerelweed
                (Pontederia cordata), arrow arum (Peltandra virginica), duck potato
                (Sagittaria latifolia), smartweeds (Polygonum spp.), and spikerushes are
                also frequently encountered. This marsh type is uncommon throughout
                its range and rare in Virginia. This community can be threatened by
                pollution, alteration of the hydrologic regime, and direct destruction
                through draining or filling. Problem species such as common reed and
                nutria also may threaten this community.

                BIG CORIDGRASS OLIGOHALINE MARSH
                (tall estuarine herbaceous vegetation)

                Another marsh type found on the North Landing River Natural Area
                Preserve is the big cordgrass oligohaline marsh. This community is
                strongly dominated by big cordgrass and may also contain components
                of the bulrush - cattail freshwater marsh along with other species such
                as black needlerush, switchgrass, and sawgrass. Big cordgrass marshes
                are often found at the edges of the river, its creeks, and guts. The
                nutrient regime is rich. Although a common natural community both
                globally and within Virginia, the North Landing River marshes contain
                some of the largest and most pristine stands of big cordgrass in the
                state.   The big cordgrass oligohaline marshes therefore qualify as
                exemplary natural communities and are considered one of the
                Commonwealth's natural heritage resources. This community can be


                                                    30










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                threatened by pollution, alteration of the hydrologic regime, and direct
                destruction through draining or filling. Problem species such as common
                reed and nutria also may threaten this community.

                ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR SWAMP
                (oligotrophic saturated palustrine scrub)

                Atlantic white cedar swamps are another rare natural community found
                in wetlands of the North Landing River. Atlantic white cedar swamps
                range along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from Maine
                to Mississippi. Atlantic white cedar is distributed disjunctly through its
                range; many neighboring populations are separated by vast distances.
                The presence of Atlantic white cedar trees does not necessarily
                constitute an occurrence of the Atlantic white cedar community. Only
                a handful of Atlantic white cedar swamps have been documented in
                Virginia. Atlantic white cedar swamps, restricted to freshwater coastal
                wetlands, are declining over much of their range. The community is
                considered rare to uncommon globally and extremely rare in Virginia.
                Atlantic white cedar also is considered a rare species in Virginia and may
                be found as scattered individuals throughout the wetlands of the North
                Landing River. The Atlantic white cedar community, however, is
                characterized by swamps strongly dominated by the species or even in
                purestands. Most Atlantic white cedar swamps are dependent upon fire
                for regeneration. Infrequent, intense fires burn away old trees and most
                all other vegetation. This opens up habitat for seedlings which do not
                compete well with adult trees or other species. Then, there must be a
                long period of no fire while Atlantic white cedar seedlings become
                established, mature, and produce seed. Atlantic white cedar swamps
                tend to grow up in pure, even-aged stands. The fire return interval
                ranges from 50 to 100 years. Atlantic white cedar swamps can be
                threatened by pollution, alteration of the hydrologic regime, lack of fire,
                and indiscriminate logging.

                POND PINE - FETTERBUSH TALL POCOSIN
                (oligotrophic saturated palustrine woodland)

                Pocosins are evergreen shrub wetlands found on thick peat deposits.
                Virginia is the northern edge of the range for pocosins which are
                distributed on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia into
                Florida and west into the Gulf coastal states. Pocosins are globally rare
                natural communities and are extremely rare in Virginia. Two pocosins on
                the west side of the North Landing River are the only known pocosins in


                                                   31











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Virginia that remain hydrologically intact. Other, more disturbed, but
                 quite expansive, examples of the community can be found in the Great
                 Dismal Swamp.       Pocosins can be extremely nutrient-poor.          Peat
                 accumulation, continuously wet, acidic soils, low nutrient conditions, and
                 fires are important factors in formation and maintenance of pocosins.
                 Threats to pocosins include pollution, lack of fire, peat mining, logging,
                 and alteration of the hydrologic regime.

                 Pocosins are generally broken down into three sub-types. Pond pine -
                 fetterbush tall pocosins contain evergreen shrubs over three or four feet
                 (1 - 1.2 m) in height. Common shrub species include fetterbush,
                 inkberry, and sheep laurel, but tall pocosins also have a strong
                 component of sweet bay, red bay, wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera), Atlantic
                 white cedar, and pond pine.

                 FETTERBUSH - SHEEP LAUREL SHORT POCOSIN
                 (oligotrophic saturated palustrine scrub)

                 Fetterbush - sheep laurel short pocosins contain the same shrub species,
                 but the shrubs are usually less than three or four feet (1 - 1.2 m) in
                 height. Fetterbush - sheep laurel short pocosins also have fewer trees.
                 Trees that do occur in short pocosins are predominantly stunted pond
                 pines with a few Atlantic white cedars.


                 OPEN PEAT BOG
                 (oligotrophic saturated palustrine herbaceous wetland)

                 A third variation of pocosins, the open peat bog, occurs in the North
                 Landing River watershed as scattered, small remnants. Either great
                 amounts of peat accumulation and the consequent extremely poor
                 nutrient availability, frequent fires, or a combination of both cause the
                 shrub component to be all but eliminated from a bog.                 Ferns
                 (Pteridophyta), peat mosses (Sphacinum spp.), and sedges (Carex spp.)
                 dominate the resultant boggy area.       Several rare species, such as
                 spreading pogonia, are also found in this rarest of pocosin types.



                 CYPRESS - TUPELO SWAMP
                 (eutrophic semipermanently flooded forest)

                 The cypress - tupelo swamp is a fairly common natural community which
                 has outstanding occurrences in the North Landing River wetlands. This


                                                    32











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  swamp type is characterized by bald cypress and water tupelo (Nvssa
                  aquatica). Other possible tree species include swamp tupelo, ashes, red
                  maple, and sweet gum. This swamp type tends to border upper reaches
                  of the river and its tributaries; it may form a narrow fringe or a broad
                  expanse. Alteration of the hydrologic regime, indiscriminate logging, and
                  filling or draining constitute the principal threats to this community.

                  VIRGINIA LEAST TRILLIUM
                  (Trillium 12usillurn var. virginianum)

                  The Virginia least trillium has been recently documented from one site in
                  the preserve and could potentially be found in other areas. This small
                  three-leaved plant in the lily family bears white to pink flowers in the
                  early spring. Virginia least trillium grows primarily in somewhat acidic
                  moist to saturated soils, although it does not grow in standing water.
                  The plant is most often found on the margins of swamps, on high spots
                  within swamps, or in ground-water seepage areas. The range of Virginia
                  least trillium includes southeastern Virginia, northeastern North Carolina,
                  and disjunct areas in the mountains of western Virginia and eastern West
                  Virginia. Virginia least trillium is rare throughout its range and is very
                  rare in Virginia, where it is known from only eight counties. The plant
                  is listed as endangered in North Carolina and is a candidate for the
                  Federal endangered species list. Direct destruction of individuals, loss of
                  habitat, and alteration of water quantity are the principle threats to the
                  species.

                  DISMAL SWAMP SOUTHEASTERN SHREW
                  (Sorex longirostris fisheri)

                  The Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew, a small mammal of the
                  insectivore order, is a subspecies of the southeastern shrew
                  characterized by a body size significantly larger than the average for the
                  species. Though the species ranges throughout the Southeast, the
                  Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew is apparently restricted to an area
                  roughly equal to the historical extent of the Great Dismal Swamp and
                  vicinity, which includes the North Landing River watershed. Presence of
                  the subspecies has been documented from the cities of Suffolk,
                  Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach. The Dismal Swamp southeastern
                  shrew is currently considered rare in Virginia and throughout its small
                  global range of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina.
                  The subspecies is listed as threatened at both the federal and state
                  levels. The Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew is approximately four


                                                      33










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 inches 0 0 cm) in total length with redd ish-brown fur, small eyes, hidden
                 ears, and a long snout. Dismal Swamp southeastern shrews inhabit a
                 wide variety of habitats with substantial leaf litter or other ground cover
                 where they hunt for their invertebrate prey. The principle threats to this
                 subspecies are habitat fragmentation and destruction.

                 EPIPHYTIC SEDGE
                 (Carex decomgosita)

                 The epiphytic sedge, also known as cypress-knee sedge, is a one to
                 three foot tall slender-leaved plant that grows primarily in tussocks on
                 the bases of trees (especially bald cypress), cypress knees, or downed
                 logs in the edges of swamps. The epiphytic sedge usually is found in
                 undisturbed, organic-rich backwaters. It is a perennial species that bears
                 its fruit in early summer. At one time the range of this species included
                 a large area of the east coast and midwestern states, but in recent years
                 its range has shrunk considerably. It is now found in somewhat disjunct
                 locations in the Southeast. In Virginia, epiphytic sedge is known only
                 from the North Landing and Northwest River wetlands. The species is
                 considered globally rare to uncommon and extremely rare in the state.
                 It is a candidate for listing as threatened or endangered at the state level.
                 Epiphytic sedge is threatened by degradation of water quality, alteration
                 of hydrologic regime, and direct habitat destruction.

                 SCARCE SWAMP SKIPPER
                 (Euphyes dukesi)

                 The scarce swamp skipper, also known as the brown sedge skipper or
                 Duke's skipper, is a medium-sized butterfly appearing sooty black on top
                 and pale brown underneath; females have several orange spots on the
                 upper wing surface. Females lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves
                 of specific sedge species. The larvae are dependent upon these host
                 sedges. The scarce swamp skipper utilizes both the swamp and marsh
                 habitats where it can find nectar and its host sedges. The species is
                 distributed in a few widely separated locations throughout the East. in
                 Virginia, the scarce swamp skipper is known from five sites, all in the
                 North Landing and Northwest River wetlands. The species is very rare
                 in Virginia and rare to uncommon throughout its range. It is a candidate
                 for listing as threatened or endangered at the state level. The species is
                 primarily threatened by habitat destruction, especially the elimination of
                 the host sedge species.



                                                       34











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  ELONGATED LOBELIA
                  (Lobelia elongata)

                  Also known as the purple lobelia, the elongated lobelia is a rare plant of
                  the marshes. This two to four foot tall, purple-f lowered, narrow leaved,
                  herb of the lobelia family is often found in the spikerush short freshwater
                  marshes or the bulrush-cattail freshwater marshes. This species is found
                  on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Delaware to Georgia. Because the
                  elongated lobelia is known only from the marshes of Back Bay, the North
                  Landing River, and the Northwest River in Virginia, it is considered very
                  rare in the state. Destruction or alteration of its wetland habitat is the
                  major threat to elongated lobelia.

                  SPREADING POGONIA
                  (Cleistes divaricata)

                  The spreading pogonia ranges across the Southeast. In Virginia, the
                  species is documented from only eight sites in six counties and is
                  considered extremely rare. Spreading pogonia is a delicate orchid that
                  grows up to two feet (60 cm) tall and has one stem which bears a single
                  oblong leaf and usually one pink flower. This plant grows in bogs,
                  flatwoods, and other low-nutrient, open wetlands. The habitats in which
                  spreading pogonia is usually found are generally fire dependent. The
                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve, where the plant is found in
                  the open peat bogs, is no exception. Alteration or destruction of its
                  wetland habitat, including that caused by a lack of fire, is the principle
                  threat to spreading pogonia.

                  ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR
                  (Chamaecyparis thyoides)

                  As noted above in the Atlantic white cedar swamp discussion, Atlantic
                  white cedar is a very rare species in Virginia. The tree is known from 12
                  sites in Virginia, eight of which are in Virginia Beach and the remainder
                  in three other coastal plain counties. In addition to occurring in several
                  nearly pure stands which comprise occurrences of the rare natural
                  community, Atlantic white cedar can be found in small groups or as
                  scattered individuals in the pocosins and lower-nutrient swamps of the
                  preserve. Logging, fire suppression, and water quantity alteration are the
                  main threats to this species.





                                                      35











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  CAROLINA LILAEOPSIS
                  (Lilaeopsis attenuata)

                  An aquatic species of the carrot family, Carolina lilaeopsis grows in quiet
                  shallow water or mud at the marsh's edge. The plant has slender
                  rhizomes or creeping stems from which grow clusters of four to 12 inch
                  long, spoon-shaped leaves. The leaves typically grow into tangled mats.
                  Diminutive white flowers bloom from short-stalked umbels. Carolina
                  lilaeopsis ranges on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Virginia through north
                  Florida; it is considered common to uncommon globally. In Virginia, the
                  species is very rare, occurring at nine sites, all within the City of Virginia
                  Beach. It is a candidate for listing as threatened or endangered at the
                  state level. Direct destruction of habitat and plants from boat wakes as
                  well as degradation of water quality or alteration of water quantity are
                  threats to this species.

                  CANEBRAKE RATTLESNAKE
                  (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus)

                  The canebrake rattlesnake, the only rattlesnake in southeast Virginia, can
                  grow to over four feet (1.2 m) in length. Adults have black chevron-
                  shaped markings on a yellow, tan, or gray ground color. The subspecies
                  is found in a wide range of habitats, including both upland and wetland
                  forests. Canebrake rattlesnakes prey mainly on gray squirrels and to a
                  lesser extent upon other mammalian species. The subspecies' range
                  includes the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain from southeastern
                  Virginia to   eastern Texas.        Canebrake rattlesnakes have been
                  documented from at least ten sites in the Commonwealth, but they are
                  all limited to the cities of Chesapeake, Virginia Beach, Suffolk, and
                  Newport News, and the County of York. Although the subspecies is
                  globally common, it is extremely rare and limited in distribution in
                  Virginia, prompting its listing as a state endangered species. Destruction
                  and fragmentation of habitat and killing and capture by humans are the
                  principle threats to the species.


                  LEAST BITTERN
                  (Ixobrychus exilis)

                  Least bitterns nest throughout the marshes of the North Landing River.
                  Because there are only thirteen known breeding sites for the species in
                  just eight counties in Virginia, least bitterns are considered very rare in
                  the Commonwealth. The species is more common in some other parts


                                                       36











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  of its breeding range, which includes most of the eastern United States.
                  Least bitterns are small wading birds, distinctively tan and white
                  underneath and greenish black on the crown and back. Least bitterns
                  nest and forage in fresh to brackish water marshes, especially those
                  containing stands of cattails. The birds nest solitarily or semi-colonially,
                  building their nest in tall marsh vegetation or small shrubs in the marsh.
                  Least bitterns forage for small fish, frogs, tadpoles, slugs, leeches and
                  other small animals in shallow water, mud, or marsh vegetation. Least
                  bitterns are shy and secretive; they will "freeze" in a reed-like pose if
                  approached to avoid detection. Habitat loss or alteration are the primary
                  threats to the species. Disturbance of nesting, foraging, or resting
                  behavior by human activities can also be a threat.

                  WATCH-LIST AND POTENTIAL


                  Some examples of watch-list species which occur in the preserve include
                  the southern bog lemming (Synal2tomys cooneri helaletus), harlequin
                  darner (Gonphaeschna furcillata), sheep laurel, American frog's-bit
                  (LimnobiLim spon-gia), and southern twayblade (Listera australis).
                  Examples of rare species which have a potential to occur on the preserve
                  include Hessel's hairstreak (Mitoura hesseli), bald eagle (Haliaeetus
                  leucocephalus), barking treefrog (Hyla gratiosa), Dismal Swamp green
                  stinkbug (Chlorocroa dismalia), and eastern big-eared bat (Plecotus
                  rafinesquii). Several rare species are known from the area only in historic
                  records, but also have potential to be rediscovered on the preserve. An
                  example is large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon).

                  More detailed information regarding the occurrences of all 41 natural
                  heritage resources in the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve can
                  be found in the natural heritage inventory report (Clampitt et al. 1993).

                                           HISTORIC RESOURCES


                  The Virginia Department of Historic Resources has no records for
                  archaeological sites, historic buildings, or other historic features on the
                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve. This does not mean that
                  historic resources do not exist on the site; the lack of information may
                  be a reflection of a lack of survey for historic resources. Considering
                  that the preserve is almost entirely wetlands, however, it is likely that
                  little pre-historic or historic use of the preserve occurred.

                  Because development pressures have been relatively low in southern


                                                      37










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Virginia Beach and Chesapeake, many of the historic structures remain.
                 Princess Anne Courthouse, Dawley Meetinghouse, Pungo Inn, Nimmo
                 United Methodist Church, and the Ives farmhouse are examples of
                 historic structures which can be found in the area. The City of Virginia
                 Beach has prepared several recent inventories of historic buildings and
                 sites in the city. Over 200 historic buildings are listed in the Blackwater,
                 Pungo, and Princess Anne burroughs which contain the preserve.
                 Several properties in the area have the potential for listing on the
                 National Register of Historic Places.

                            RECREATION RESOURCES AND PUBLIC ACCESS


                 Providing compatible outdoor recreation opportunities is one of the
                 purposes for the establishment of the North Landing River Natural Area
                 Preserve. The management needs of natural heritage resources will
                 always take priority over the demands for outdoor recreation at this site.

                 In 1993, VDCR conducted an assessment of public access on the North
                 Landing River and its tributaries published as North Landing River
                 Watershed Public Access and Visual Assessment (Potter et al. 1994).
                 Refer to that report for detailed public access information, including maps
                 of existing and proposed facilities in the area.

                 NEED FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES


                 There is a definite need for additional public access to outdoor
                 recreational opportunities throughout the Commonwealth. Access to
                 water-related recreation is especially in demand in Virginia and demand
                 for low-intensity recreational activities associated with natural areas
                 (birding, nature photography, etc.) is increasing, as well (VDCR 1994).
                 The increase in demand for both low-intensity outdoor recreation and
                 water-related recreation amplifies the need for access and recreation
                 opportunities at natural areas. Nature-based tourism is a young, but
                 expanding, industry in the City of Virginia Beach that will further
                 intensify this need.


                 EXISTING RECREATION


                 Most existing outdoor recreational activities in the North Landing River
                 area are water-related, but many other forms are also popular. Motor-
                 boating, waterskiing, jetskiing, boat fishing, bank fishing, and canoeing
                 are among the most popular water-related recreation. Sailing, kayaking,


                                                      38











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  swimming, rowing, and board-sailing also occur on the North Landing
                  River or its tributaries. Other recreational activities not directly related
                  to water which occur in the North Landing River area include hunting,
                  trapping, camping, picnicking, hiking, birding, nature study, sun-bathing,
                  and photography. Because the preserve is almost entirely wetlands,
                  most recreation occurs outside the site's boundaries.


                  As part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the main channel of the
                  North Landing River is subject to high traffic volumes of large recreational
                  and commercial vessels. The main channel of the North Landing River
                  is not suitable for canoes and other small non-motorized watercraft.
                  Tributary waters of the North Landing River lack the heavy traffic of large
                  motorized boats and are enjoyed by smaller power boats and non-
                  motorized watercraft.      Canoe access exists along most of these
                  tributaries; however, many existing access do not provide trip
                  opportunities or trails which do not involve back tracking.

                  Deer hunting is a popular activity among many local residents in the area.
                  Although some area hunters prefer the solitude of tree-stand hunting,
                  many are members of a hunt club which hunt in groups. Deer hunting
                  is not currently allowed on the VDCR tracts, but hunting guidelines are
                  under development that will likely allow deer hunting for resource
                  management purposes. Hunting rights were retained by a few of the
                  previous owners of some TNC tracts; deer hunting occurs on those tracts
                  in accordance with the terms of the property transfer. Duck hunting is
                  allowed in the City of Virginia Beach only from floating blinds. TNC and
                  VDCR work in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Game and
                  Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) to establish and maintain duck hunting
                  guidelines for the waters adjacent the preserve.

                  Camping on the preserve itself is not allowed, but there are two
                  campgrounds in the vicinity of the preserve. In addition to the boardwalk
                  on the Dozier tract, hiking and walking are enjoyed at several parks in the
                  area. Picnicking and other activities also occur at these parks and
                  campgrounds. Bicycle routes do not currently exist in the vicinity of the
                  preserve; roads in the vicinity are typically two-lane rural routes with
                  minimal shoulders.


                  POTENTIAL RECREATION


                  The lands and waters in the North Landing River area offer tremendous
                  opportunities for development of low intensity recreational opportunities.


                                                      39











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 The North Landing River could be considered a key component of a
                 water-oriented greenwaV or trails system. The river is already designated
                 as both a Virginia Scenic River and a Virginia Beach Scenic Waterway
                 and Canoe Trail. The Virginia Beach Outdoors Plan (City of Virginia
                 Beach 1994) suggests water as a unifying theme for outdoor recreation
                 in the city. Within the city's projected plans for future development are
                 the Landstown-Pungo Trail and the West Neck Creek Linear Park, both
                 located near West Neck Creek. These planned parks and facilities will
                 enhance the greenway and multipurpose trail opportunities in the area.
                 Future road improvement projects in this area could include the addition
                 of bikewaVs and pedestrian facilities, canoe access at bridge crossings,
                 and scenic or interpretive waysides.

                 EXISTING ACCESS


                 As part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the North Landing River
                 is accessible from the metropolitan Norfolk area via the Southern Branch
                 of the Elizabeth River and from North Carolina via Currituck Sound.
                 There are six boat ramps open to the public along the North Landing
                 River. One of these ramps is located in a publicIV-owned park; the
                 remainder are privately operated. Sites in the area which offer boat ramp
                 access include West Neck Creek Marina, Mercer Boat House, Pungo
                 Ferry Marina, Blackwater Trading Post, Bradley's Creek Landing, and
                 Munden Point Park. Additionally, tributaries can generally be accessed
                 by canoes from bridge crossings, but formal access facilities do not exist
                 at these sites. Some water access sites offer other activities. For
                 example, some marinas have picnicking areas or a swimming beach.
                 Facilities which compliment use of the waterways by boaters exist
                 throughout the watershed. These facilities include bait and tackle shops,
                 convenience stores, and small restaurants.


                 The Nature Conservancy has constructed an observation platform at the
                 confluence of the North Landing River and Pocaty Creek on the City of
                 Chesapeake tract (see Figure 3). The ten-foot tall platform is accessible
                 only by canoe or other shallow draft vessels. The tower provides a view
                 of parts of the North Landing River and Pocaty Creek as well as the
                 associated marshes and swamps. The tower is a destination point in an
                 interpretive canoe trail beginning at the Blackwater Road crossing of
                 Pocaty Creek. Canoeists must plan to backtrack to Blackwater Road for
                 take-out of canoes.


                 Just north of the crossing of Blackwater Road over Milldam Creek, The


                                                    40










                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  Nature ConservancV has*constructed a small gravel parking area and a
                  boardwalk over the marsh on the Dozier tract (see Figure 3). Parking is
                  available for approximatelV six cars and visitors can view the extensive
                  southern marshes of the preserve from the quarter-mile-long boardwalk.
                  The facilitV is maintained mostlV bV volunteers. The site is designed for
                  short-term daV use on1V and has no restrooms or other amenities.

                  Two local parks, Munden Point Park and Northwest River Park, are
                  located close to the preserve. Another local park, West Neck Creek
                  Park, has been proposed for the vicinitV. AdditionallV, Seashore State
                  Park lies onIV 12 miles (119 km) north of the preserve. Parks can serve
                  as major access points, provide a varietV of leisure and recreational
                  activities, and serve as focal points for special events.

                  Munden Point Park, located on the east shore of the North Landing River,
                  has a boat ramp, picnicking areas, a plaVground, and fishing areas.
                  Northwest River Park, less than five miles (8 km) west of the preserve,
                  offers a full range of outdoor activities including camping, canoeing,
                  hiking, and interpretive programs. Seashore State Park, Virginia's most
                  visited state park, also offers a varietV of outdoor recreation and
                  interpretive programs. Seashore State Park serves as a contact point for
                  dissemination of information regarding the preserve.

                  Augmenting the facilities and activities at these publicIV-owned parks,
                  Seneca Campground, a private facilitV located off Princess Anne Road,
                  offers camping, a swimming pool, picnic areas, and manV amenities.

                  POTENTIAL ACCESS


                  Additional small boat access could be provided at various road crossings
                  of the waterwaVs. This would increase public access to the waters for
                  small boats, while minimalIV impacting surrounding lands. Parking lots
                  or informal roadwaV pull-offs near or adjacent to the bridge crossings are
                  recommended. Perhaps a public-private partnership could be established
                  at some locations to provide appropriate parking.

                  The Kellam tract was purchased bV VDCR specificalIV to provide an area
                  for increased public access to the North Landing River Natural Area
                  Preserve. Completed plans include an access road to the site with bus
                  facilities and a boardwalk which leads from the parking area to a canoe
                  launch deck at Alton's Creek. Other site amenities include educational
                  and interpretive signage, opportunities to view the landscape, and picnic


                                                     41










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                areas.


                A 12-acre parcel located north of Pungo Ferry Road on the west side of
                the river may provide a public access site. The tract is currently in
                private ownership. The property is bounded on the west by the
                preserve, on the south by Old Pungo Ferry Road, on the east by the
                North Landing River, and on the north by Alton's Creek. Although public
                use of Old Pungo Ferry Road on the west side of the river was
                discontinued at the opening of the new Pungo Ferry Bridge, the old road
                has been retained by the City of Virginia Beach to provide the current
                owner access to the property. The parcel was originally purchased as a
                marina site. Three boat slips were dredged, but further construction was
                never implemented. The City of Virginia Beach has expressed some
                interest in acquiring this site to provide public access to the North
                Landing River and Alton's Creek. Such an access area also could be
                utilized as an educational or interpretive area for the preserve.

                Two potential problems face the conversion of the tract into a public
                access area. Vehicle entrance and exit is a safety concern. The
                intersection of the old road and new road is close to the western
                downgrade of the Pungo Ferry Bridge. Site security also is a concern at
                this location. The site is visible from the roadway, but because it is not
                located in a populated area and there are no adjacent neighbors, the
                potential exists for vandalism, after-hours use, and maintenance
                problems. The management of the site could incorporate a public-private
                partnership.    A contracted concessionaire could provide services,
                equipment, and a permanent presence on the site.

                The Old Pungo Ferry Road site has been identified as a critical site for
                public access development in the North Landing River Watershed Public
                Access and Visual Assessment (Potter et al. 1994).        The tract could
                provide a launch for canoes and other small, non-motorized boats to
                Alton's Creek via one of the existing boat slips. Upstream on Alton's
                Creek, the Kellam tract would serve as a canoe takeout or destination
                point. This type of access is greatly needed in this part of the North
                Landing River watershed. Other activities appropriate for this site may
                include m *otorized boating access to the North Landing River via a boat
                ramp on the bank of the river. Picnicking, nature observation, and
                interpretive facilities could also be incorporated into the site
                development. Because waterskiing and other motorized boating activities
                are popular in this vicinity, signage or regulation of motorboat activity
                may be needed to provide safe passage up Alton's Creek for canoes.


                                                    42











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition



                  LINKING EDUCATION AND RECREATION


                  Environmental education programs and interpretive facilities in
                  conjunction with public access and recreation opportunities are vital to
                  building support and increasing understanding of natural areas and their
                  value.


                  The opportunity to educate boaters regarding the significance of the
                  watershed should be considered a priority.          Information could be
                  disseminated to boaters by providing brochures or other educational
                  materials at the various boater retail and service locations. Cooperative
                  efforts to establish exhibits and educational materials could be pursued
                  with other agencies and organizations, such as the Virginia Department
                  of Game and Inland Fisheries, the Virginia Marine Resources Commission,
                  and the Virginia Department of Health.

                  Environmental education and interpretation opportunities are numerous
                  within the watershed. Natural areas may serve as outdoor classrooms
                  through the use of interpretive signs, self-guided tours, on-site kiosks
                  and development of interpretive brochures. Areas conducive for hiking,
                  nature study, photography, bird watching, and canoeing are important
                  to these types of low-intensity recreational interests.

                  RECOMMENDATIONS


                  A recreation and scenic resources sub-committee of the Management
                  Planning Advisory Team met during the planning process to discuss
                  recreation and public access.        The sub-committee submitted the
                  following recommendations:

                         * Hunting on the preserve should be based on the VDCR
                         and TNC hunting policies and the resource management
                         needs of the property.

                         * Public access should be prioritized based on the ability to
                         concentrate use in appropriate areas and avoid widespread
                         diverse use throughout the system.

                               Appropriate limits on access and compatible
                         management of visitors should be achieved through careful
                         planning and development of access areas. Limited parking


                                                      43










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                       areas and support facilities on a site will ultimately restrict
                       the number of people able to use the site at any given time.
                       Well-designed visitation management tools such as signage
                       or boardwalks can direct the visitors to appropriate areas.
                       Reservation systems could be implemented to appropriately
                       control access by large groups.

                       * Some water-related activities are more appropriate on the
                       main river channel; some activities are better suited to the
                       tributaries.  Table 5 shows a listing of water-related
                       activities and recommendations for the appropriateness of
                       each activity on either the main channel or tributaries.
                       Water use zones and restrictions along the waterways
                       should be developed to avoid use conflicts and to direct
                       appropriate use in ecologically sensitive areas.       [Note:
                       VDCR and TNC do not regulate boat use of the North
                       Landing River or its tributaries; VDGIF, USACE, and    USCG
                       would be necessary partners in any initiative designed to
                       regulate use of the waterways.]

                       * The location of public access sites should be selected
                       carefully to integrate appropriately the ecological needs of
 40                    the preserve with the needs of recreationists.          Also,
                       compatibility of adjacent land use and activities should be
                       considered.


                           A regional cooperative effort should be initiated to
                       encourage appropriate public access and use of the North
                       Landing River Natural Area Preserve and vicinity.


                Objectives 12A and 12B address the hunting issues (see Management
                Direction section). Other recommendations are addressed in Objective
                1413, which calls for a comprehensive access and re
                creation plan.

                                          SCENIC RESOURCES


                The identification and protection of visual or scenic resources are often
                not considered during management planning because of the perceived
                subjectivity in evaluating the resources. It is important, however, that
                scenic resources become an integral part of environmental protection and


                                                    44











                                     North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition













                                                                       TABLE 5


                                                      WATER-RELATED RECREATION
                                                 AND RECOMMENDED WATERBODIES




                                                                       RECOMMENDED                   RECOMMENDED
                                        ACTIVITY                           FOR MAIN                           FOR
                                                                            CHANNEL                    TRIBUTARIES

                                     Motorboating

                                       Waterskiing

                                        Jet Skiing

                                        Canoeing

                                        Kayaking

                                         Rowing

                                          Sailing

                                      Boat Fishing

                                     Bank Fishing
                                      Board-sailing











                                                                           45











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                 conservation efforts.


                 VALUE OF SCENIC RESOURCES


                 An awareness of the visual environment or scenic resources is key to the
                 protection of the environment, particularly in the conservation of natural
                 areas such as the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve.

                 The overall importance of scenery is becoming more of a concern as
                 citizens become more aware of the quality of their environment.
                 Landscar)e Aesthetics,. A Handbook for Scenery Management (USFS
                 1994) states the need for the conservation of natural appearing
                 landscapes is increasing because of the following:

                       expansion of urban population,

                       rapid advance of technology and its influence on
                       lifestyles,

                       increased demands for goods and services,

                       complexity of people's lives,

                       amount of land being developed into urban landscapes, and

                       disappearance of natural appearing landscapes.



                 Comparative studies of people under stress and people in recreational
                 settings show that natural landscapes and scenic quality have a positive
                 effect on the psychological and physiological well-being of humans
                 (USFS 1994). These research findings support the theory that high
                 quality scenery benefits human wellness and productivity despite the
                 absence of a dollar value being placed on scenic resources.

                 Further information regarding the importance of preserving scenic
                 resources can be found in the Draft 1995 Virainia Outdoors Plan (VDCR
                 1994).

                 The North Landing River and its tributaries also have been identified in
                 the Virginia Beach Outdoors Plan (City of Virginia Beach 1994) as an
                 area in which the city would like to encourage nature-based tourism.


                                                    46











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  The popularity of this type of recreational activity, and the subsequent
                  success of nature-based tourism as a commercial endeavor, is dependent
                  upon the appearance of the environment as a natural landscape.

                  SCENIC RESOURCES OF THE PRESERVE AND VICINITY


                  There is a direct correlation between ecological significance of the
                  preserve and scenic qualities of the landscape within the area. If the
                  ecological quality of lands within the watershed is maintained, it is very
                  likely that the overall scenic value of the area will also be conserved.

                  The watershed provides a marvelous natural setting and should be
                  preserved to maintain the visual integrity of the region. The natural
                  landscape of the marshes and swamps is not often encroached by
                  development. The primary scenic features of the area are the river, its
                  tributaries, and the surrounding riparian areas. As long as the wetland
                  vegetation and forests along the riparian areas are retained, the visual
                  integrity of the corridor should be maintained.

                  Along the North Landing River and its tributaries, "viewsheds" (parts of
                  the landscape visible from a given observation point) may be categorized
                  as from the land towards the water or as from the water towards the
                  land. Most viewing of the area is from the water by the many people
                  involved in boating or other water-related recreational activities.

                  From the water, the visual experience usually includes the wetlands and
                  the water channel itself. The viewsheds from the water vary depending
                  on the vegetation type nearest the shoreline. Evidence of suburban or
                  urban development is minimal along the North Landing River and its
                  tributaries. Generally, alteration of the landscape is evident only at road
                  crossings and in the few areas where wetlands and do not lie directly
                  adjacent to the waterways.

                  Views to the water from the land are limited to public park, preserve, or
                  water access areas and bridge crossings. The numbers of bridge
                  crossings and the type of land adjacent to the shoreline further limit
                  opportunities for views from the land to the water. Along the North
                  Landing River and its tributaries there are approximately eight bridge
                  crossings of various water bodies.

                  The Munden Point Park in the City of Virginia Beach offers an expansive
                  view of the North Landing River to its visitors.              The Nature


                                                      47










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 Conservancy's boardwalk at Milldam Creek provides viewing of the
                 marsh and Milldam Creek. The observation tower provides for viewing
                 of the confluence of Pocaty Creek and the North Landing River and the
                 associated riparian areas. Also, the proposed improvements at Alton's
                 Creek on the Kellam tract will offer views of interior marsh areas and the
                 upper reach of Alton's Creek.

                 STATE SCENIC RIVER


                 The North Landing River and its tributaries have been designated a state
                 and local scenic resource according to the Virginia Scenic Rivers Act
                 (Code of Vir-ainia, sections 10.1-400 - 418). The river was evaluated
                 and included as a Virginia Scenic River in 1988 by the Virginia General
                 Assembly. Its status as Virginia Scenic River recognizes the unique
                 scenic and cultural resources along the waterway. The Act provides
                 formal recognition, but does not establish scenic buffers or restrictions
                 on visual intrusion to the river. Also, a five member Advisory Board is
                 appointed by the Governor of Virginia to advise local and state agencies
                 regarding issues of relevance to the river's status as an important scenic
                 resource for the Commonwealth. Figure 4 shows the extent of the
                 designated state scenic river.

                 The Intracoastal Waterway is an important resource for commerce and
                 recreation along the eastern seaboard. The numbers of boats using the
                 North Landing River as part of the ICW make the perceived scenic value
                 of the waterway especially significant.

                 VISUAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES


                 The North Landing River is predominantly surrounded by flat terrain. This
                 topography limits the viewshed from water to land and from land to
                 water based on the existing shoreline vegetation. From the headwaters
                 to the North Carolina state line, the western banks of the North Landing
                 River are predominantly protected conservation lands. The extent of
                 these conservation properties from the water inland averages one mile
                 (1.6 km). Vegetation, particularly forested areas, is generally the limiting
                 factor on sight distances both from the land and from the water. The
                 eastern banks of the North Landing River do not contain as many
                 protected conservation lands and there are a few visual intrusions which
                 impact the visual quality along the river. North of West Neck Creek the
                 forested swamp forms only a narrow band along the river's eastern
                 shoreline, if it is present at all. Housing, which can be seen from this


                                                      48







               Bum
                                                                                    FIGURE 4                                                                  c::)
       Ed
                                       EXTENT OF DESIGNATED STATE SCENIC RIVER STATUS FOR
                                                                   THE NORTH LANDING RIVER
    k-
   ev
                                         -ASrAL                       w






                                                                                                                                                           U
                                                                         ou



                                e'  ess                                    S AVA             TION
                                                                       (F    RESS          r FIELD)


                                                                                                                                                            easan
                               Sub ta                                                                                                                        Ridqe 1
                                                                                                               Z-

                                                                                                                                                                                   WIE



                                                                                                                                                                       4









            168
                                                                       3                                                                                        Back B
             7


                                                                                                                                                                                  -N
                                                                                                             Land of
                                         [TENT OF STATE SCENIC                                               Profflise
                                               ESIGNAT[
                                Hicg      ER D
                                 'o   :V                 ON:           L---j

                         ickor
                                                           Lo                                                         -tu
                                                           Ri                                                                   _u,








                       Sai                                                                             Blackwa
                      Bride                                                                                                                              4
                                                                                                                    Bla       r-                                     reeds
                                                                                                                                                                        Lan
                                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                                                                          Sir




                                                                u

                                                                                                                                                V,
                                                                                 '@ @Gli-l

   Riou                                                                5


                                                                                                                           Vine

                                    U


                North


                                                 RGINIA           -7t7-                                      V GINIA           c                                             -@1 @5)'
                                        Nq,@CAROLINA
                                                                                                                 CUR

                                                                                                                                                                       C@
                                                      KILOMETERS  1        0       1       2        3        4       5        6        7       8                       7Fr  raby
                                                             t==j   f-I
                                                       MILES 1             0                                        3             4             5






       7
                                                                                      2-




                                                        4







                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                part of the river, has not incorporated a scenic buffer into the
                development.

                Because the extent of marsh increases in the southern section of the
                river, the visual impression of the river is different from the northern
                reach. A visual change is perceptible as one travels south of the Pungo
                Ferry Bridge. The river widens and a feeling of openness increases as
                one progresses toward the North Carolina state line. Again, in the
                southern part of the river corridor, the marsh adjacent to the river is
                narrower on the eastern banks.         Also, there are fewer protected
                conservation lands on this side of the river. Limited housing and other
                development is visible in that area from the river.

                One tributary of the North Landing River, Pocaty Creek (also known as
                the Pocaty River), varies from very open at its mouth where it meets the
                North Landing River to a very dense, closed corridor in its upper reaches.
                The lower section of the creek includes TNC lands on both the southern
                and northern banks. This area of Pocaty Creek will obviously be
                protected; however, the area west (up-river) of the TNC lands are
                vulnerable to visual change due to the narrow width of the creek and the
                limited extent of swamp on either side.

                West Neck Creek is a part of the City of Virginia Beach Waterways
                system as well as a part of the designated State Scenic River. This
                waterway is canoed frequently by local residents who enjoy the natural
                appearing landscape along the creek corridor. While this water body is
                very close to existing and expanding developments, there is little visual
                evidence of the development from the water. The upper portions of
                West Neck Creek give a very enclosed visual impression. Near the
                confluence with the North Landing River, the vegetation changes such
                that, south of West Neck Road, the viewshed becomes more open. This
                area also contains more bald cypress and includes stands of Atlantic
                White Cedar.


                Alton's Creek is lined mostly by marshes. The marshes and its winding
                character give this creek a sense of visual vastness. The adjoining tidal
                marshlands allow extended views over the waterway. In fact, when
                traversing this winding stream, the glimpses of the North Landing River
                and landmarks along its waterway often serve as reference points in the
                visual landscape. For example, at several points along the creek, grain
                silos on the east shore of the North Landing River and the Pungo Ferry
                Bridge are visible. Overall, this stream provides tranquil views of the


                                                    50











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  natural landscape with few interruptions due to human activity on the
                  land.


                  Visually, Blackwater Creek along with West Neck Creek may be the most
                  interesting of the North Landing River tributaries. There is a distinct
                  difference in the swamp located in the uppermost reaches of the river
                  and the marshes east of Blackwater Road. The creek is winding west of
                  Blackwater Road, featuring many "oxbows," which adds to its visual
                  interest. Also, few visual intrusions related to human activities interrupt
                  the natural environment which creates this attractive landscape. The
                  conservation lands along Blackwater Creek protect the visual integrity of
                  the creek.


                  The marshes of Milldam Creek are similar visually to Blackwater Creek.
                  Most of the creek flows through the vast southern marshes of the North
                  Landing River with no evidence of human activity apparent. Even in the
                  upper reaches, little development exists adjacent to this stream making
                  the views true to the natural environment.


                  RECOMMENDATIONS


                  The following specific recommendations regarding scenic resources
                  resulted were made by the recreation and scenic resources sub-
                  committee of the Management Planning Advisory Team:

                  * Scenic preservation measures should be developed for the waterways
                  that reach beyond the boundaries of the preserve. A local or regional
                  scenic resources management plan, scenic buffers, and scenic
                  easements may be considered. The east shore of the upper reaches of
                  the river, Pocaty Creek west of Blackwater Road, Blackwater Creek west
                  of Blackwater Road, and West Neck Creek are in special need of these
                  protective measures. Cooperative programs with Back Bay and Great
                  Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuges and the State of North Carolina
                  should be pursued to provide regional continuity in protecting scenic
                  landscapes.

                              Because there are few viewing opportunities for
                         pedestrians and vehicles, pulloffs from bridges which cross
                         the various water bodies should be encouraged by local
                         governments. Construction of future facilities and the
                         replacement of existing bridges should incorporate visual
                         access from the bridge by using a design which has an


                                                      51











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                       open rail bridge parapet.

                       * A designation for locally significant byways in the
                       vicinity of the preserve could enhance viewing
                       opportunities. Wayside pull-offs with interpretive facilities
                       or scenic vistas could be developed in cooperation with the
                       Virginia Department of Transportation and the local
                       governments.

                       * The Agricultural Reserve Program, if passed by the City
                       of Virginia Beach, also could help retain the scenic
                       resources of the area.


                       * The City of Chesapeake's cluster provision may
                       encourage the retention of scenic areas and landscapes.

                       * The disturbance and visual impact of boat wakes along
                       the waterways should be addressed. A literature search of
                       how other states manage boat wakes in sensitive areas
                       should be conducted. Users of the waterway should be
                       made aware of potential impacts to the shoreline and its
                       scenic value by boat wakes.

                          Plans with local units of government to encourage clean-
                       up of scenic areas should be continued where they exist
                       and plans for expansion explored. Two annual events
                       which focus on waterway and shoreline clean-up include
                       "Clean the Bay Day," sponsored by Clean the Bay Day,
                       Incorporated, and the "International Coastal Clean-up,'
                       sponsored by the Center for Marine Conservation.

                       * A GIS overlay district for the river corridor and the area
                       visible from the water to the land could be developed at the
                       request of the localities.











                                                    52











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                        CONSERVATION PLANNING



                 Conservation planning is an analysis of the ecological, economic, and
                 social features of a landscape and development of a science-based
                 strategy for conservation of natural areas and natural heritage resources.
                 Well formed conservation plans include a description of the natural
                 heritage resources and their conservation needs, an assessment of
                 stresses on the natural heritage resources, and conservation planning
                 boundaries designed to attenuate these stresses and facilitate the long-
                 term survival of the natural heritage resources. Conservation plans often
                 also include ecological models and protection and stewardship
                 recommendations.


                 Extensive site conservation planning for the North Landing River area,
                 including the protected tracts, was recently completed by VDCR as part
                 of a conservation planning effort for the natural areas of the City of
                 Virginia Beach. The purpose of the study was to provide information to
                 facilitate well-informed planning and wise land use decisions by the City
                 and other public and private land managers. Conservation Plannin         or
                 the Management and Protection of Natural Areas in the Cily af Virginia
                 Beach (Erdle et a[. 1994) contains the results of the study. There are
                 nine natural heritage resource sites or "natural areas" in the North
                 Landing River ecosystem. The conservation planning report contains
                 conservation plans for seven of the natural areas. Each conservation
                 plan contains information regarding the location, biodiversity rank,
                 general site characteristics, natural heritage resources, management
                 recommendations, protection recommendations, recreational, scenic, and
                 education recommendations, and an assessment of information needs.
                 Additionally, conservation planning boundaries are mapped and explained
                 for each site. The remaining two sites will be covered in a supplemental
                 document.


                 The following section contains discussions that summarize and augment
                 the information contained in the site conservation plans already
                 completed for the North Landing River ecosystem.           For additional
                 conservation planning information, refer to the conservation planning
                 report.


                                            THE ECOSYSTEM


                 The preserve is a component of a greater ecosystem including the entire


                                                    53











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 North Landing River watershed. This ecosystem is, in turn, part of a still
                 greater ecosystem involving the entire Albemarle and Pamlico estuary
                 and its drainage basin. The North Landing River Natural Area Preserve
                 is not an isolated system. Land use and natural events at local, regional,
                 continental, and even global scales contribute to the status of the
                 preserve. For this reason, conservation planning is conducted at least on
                 a local ecosystem scale.

                 For purposes of this plan, the North Landing River ecosystem is
                 delineated by the surface watershed. The extent of the ecosystem is
                 shown in Figure 5.

                                       BIODIVERSITY SIGNIFICANCE


                 Every natural area that VDCR studies, regardless of scale, is assigned a
                 biodiversity significance rank, or "13-rank," which indicates the site's
                 relative significance in terms of biological diversity on a five point scale.
                 13-ranks are derived primarily from an analysis of the rarity ranks and
                 occurrence ranks of all natural heritage resources known from a site.
                 General definitions for the five possible B-ranks are as follows:
 0                             1311   outstanding significance
                               B2     very high significance
                               B3     high significance
                               B4     moderate significance
                               B5     general significance

                 The North Landing River ecosystem ranks at B2. Though only one of the
                 nine natural areas delineated in the ecosystem ranks at B2 with the
                 remainder at B3, B4, or B5, the ecosystem is very significant for its
                 concentration of such a large number of natural heritage resources, its
                 relatively undisturbed character, and its ecological value to other
                 permanent and transient biota.         The conservation planning report
                 contains a breakdown of 13-ranks for seven of the natural areas contained
                 within the ecosystem.

                                    CONCEPTUAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL


                 A conceptual ecological model of the North Landing River ecosystem has
                 been developed by a sub-committee of the Management Planning
                 Advisory Team.         A conceptual ecological model is a general
                 representation in words, pictures, or both of the structure and function


                                                      54





                    fo,                                  BR

                                                                                                           FIGURE 5
                                                                 EXTENT OF THE NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM
                                                                                                                                             P                                              A@








                                                                                               190


                                                                                                                                                                     Zampus)






                                         r                                                  vlftr,
                                                                                                  W--4-HEAC
                                             So,th
                                             A,=m                                                                                                                                                    49\




           23                                                           urts
                      SO



                                                                                                                                                                                                               Punso
                                                                                              ASTAL                      @WAY'

                                                                                     -7
                                                                                                                                             7


                                                                                                                        e   n


                                                                                                                              AVA            TION
                                                                                                                        I F  RESS            FIELD)

                                                                                                                                                                                                   R d
                                                                                     S.b,m                                                                                               2@
                                                            C..








                                                                     nii a
                                                                                                                                                                                                      El-k B




                                                                                      Hi                                                                                         z;
                                                                                         un

                                  ]EXTENT OF
                                   LCOSYSTEM








                                                                                                                                                                       at-r



                                                                                                                                             WON

                                                                                                                   u




                                                                 e

                                                                                                                                                                       Vfm




                                                                                                                                                                                 ria,
                                                                                                            A  -                                               Gl I        c
                                                                                                      RGINI
                                                                                              lNlqT=CA
            C
                                                                                                      2                             6        7
                                                                     KILOMETERS 1      0       1             3       4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                W-d    P
                                                                     MILES 1-        -0            1                        3           4
                                                                                                               2

                                                                                                                        anthe,
                   '00





                                                                                                                                       2










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 of an ecosystem. Conceptual ecological models do not contain the
                 extensive quantification found in mathematical or computer models.

                 The primary purpose of developing the conceptual ecological model is to
                 enhance our understanding of the ecosystem with general predictive
                 capabilities and thus help guide management actions in a direction that
                 will reach the management goals. The model helps us understand what
                 identify what can be affected with mi anagement and what factors. It
                 helps to set management priorities, guides management actions, and
                 allows measures of success to be established. In addition to guiding
                 management, the model also serves several important secondary roles.
                 First, the process of developing the model, a team effort, was a learning
                 experience. Not only did experts of different fields benefit from learning
                 from others, but potential future management partners also learned to
                 work together. Second, the model not only summarizes what we do
                 know about the ecosystem, it also helps to more clearly define what is
                 not known. Questions are formulated and refined. Research and
                 monitoring priorities are identified. Third, since it was developed through
                 team effort, the model represents a consensus of the structure and
                 function of the ecosystem among the key experts and resource
                 managers. Finally, the conceptual ecological model is a powerful
                 communication tool. It can be used to explain the ecosystem and
                 management needs and also leaves a record of knowledge, assumptions,
                 and questions for future managers of the preserve.

                 The development of a conceptual ecological model is a continuous
                 process. New information from scientific research or other changes in
                 our understanding of the ecosystem will lead to revisions or perhaps
                 even a complete overhaul of the model. This fact is especially true of the
                 North Landing River ecosystem where so many gaps in the knowledge
                 of the hydrology, fire regime, and biota exist. The model presented here
                 should be considered only the first iteration in a series of many.

                 STRUCTURE OF THE ECOSYSTEM


                 The principal building blocks in the structure of an ecosystem are its
                 natural communities. The natural communities of an ecosystem can be
                 classified in many ways. The classification system for the North Landing
                 River ecosystem presented here is a composite of several classification
                 schemes. The system is designed to be useful for the conceptual
                 ecological modeling and natural area management efforts.                The
                 ecosystem structure is addressed at two hierarchical levels: classes and


                                                     56











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 associations. The North Landing River ecosystem contains six classes
                 and 19 associations. Information regarding the classes and associations
                 can be found on Table 6.


                 CLASSES


                 For purposes of this model, classes are determined by abiotic factors as
                 well as general vegetation type. The class nomenclature is based loosely
                 on community classification systems developed in A Classification of
                 Virginia's Indigenous Biotic Communities: VeQetated Terrestrial,
                 Palustrine, and Estuarine Community Classes (Rawinski 1992) and
                 Classification of Wetlands and Deer)water Habitats in the United States
                 (Cowardin et al. 1979). The six classes are terrestrial, woody palustrine
                 wetland, herbaceous palustrine wetland, herbaceous estuarine wetland,
                 woody estuarine wetland, and aquatic. There is a bias in the degree of
                 detail in the delineation of certain classes and their associations. There
                 is only one aquatic and one terrestrial class, but there are four wetland
                 classes. Further, aquatic and terrestrial classes are broken into only a
                 few associations each, but the wetland classes have many associations.
                 This bias is simply a reflection of the focus of the model; the model is
                 designed primarily to aid management of the North Landing River
                 wetlands.    Further detail in the aquatic and terrestrial classes is
                 considered unnecessary at present, but may become a focal point with
                 future revisions of the model.


                 ASSOCIATIONS


                 Associations are the basic systematic unit used in the conceptual
                 ecological model. Associations are meant to represent an assemblage of
                 species that commonly occur together in the ecosystem and can be
                 delineated in the field by an ecological manager. Of course, associations
                 rarely have discrete boundaries and continuous transitions from one
                 association to another are common. As with the classes, there is a bias
                 towards the delineation of the wetland associations such that they are
                 divided into finer units than the upland or aquatic associations.
                 Association nomenclature is based upon dominant or common vascular
                 plant species. A "common name" is also given for each association for
                 convenience in discussion. Figure 6 shows a diagrammatic profile of the
                 North Landing River ecosystem with the general relative positions of the
                 associations depicted. Key rare species are also addressed at the
                 association level. Some of the rare species may be restricted to only a
                 single association for their entire life cycle, while others may occupy


                                                     57



                                                                 Table 6 - Components of Nish Landing River Ecosystem
                CIA
                                                                                                                                                                      'S

                                                                                                                                                                                              Moderately Well-
                                                                                                                                    Occupies Most of            Loams & Sandy                                                                               Some Wildfire, Pres.
                                        Corn - Soybean                       Crops                                                                                                            Drained to Poorly                  Eutrophic                      Burning                    Canebrake Rattlesnake
                                                                                                                                       Upland                         Loams                        Drainded
                                        Loblolly Pine -                                                  Submesotrophic             Sometimes Present           Loams & Sandy                 Moderately Well-                                              Some Wildfire, Pres.           Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                                                      Pine/Oak Forest                                                                                                         Drained to Poorly              Submesotrophic
                                           White Oak                                                      Forest               b/w Crops & Swamp                      Loams                                                                                     Burning                    Dismal Swamp Shrew
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Drainded
                                          Red Maple -                                                    Eutrophic Semiperm.        b/w Uplands &               Organic-Rich Silt             Temporarily to Semi-             Eutrophic to                                                Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                                                      Hardwood Swamp                     Flooded Palustrine                                                                                                                                 FRI    100+ Yrs.               Dismal Swamp Shrew,
                                   Sweetgum - Blackgum                                                    Forest                    Peat Wetlands                     Loams                   Permently Flooded              Submesotrophic                                                Vir. Least Tril ium

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Atlantic white Cedar,
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Saturated to                                                                    rs.
                                    Atlantic White Cedar                                                 Cligotro              Can Be in Peat-Based Peat or Organic-Rich                      SeasonalIT, Flooded                                                                          Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                                                                                                   yhic                                                                                                        Oligotrophic                 FRI  26-100 Y
                                                                        AWC Swamp                        urated Pa ustrine          or Non-Peat-Based
                                                                                                         Sat                                                       Silt Loams
                                            Red Maple                                                     Forest                    Forested Wetlands                                                   0)
                                                                                                         Oligotrqhic                                                                               Saturated to                                                                            Atlantic White Cedar,
                                          Pond Pine -                 Pond Pine Swamp                    Saturated Pa ustrine       Interior Wetlands                   Peat                  Seasonall Flooded                Oligotrophic                 FRI  13-100 Yrs.               C,nebrake Rattlesnake,
                                     Red Bay - Sweet Bay                                                  Forest

                                                                                                                                                                                                   Saturated to                                                                            Atlantic White Cedar,
                                          Fetterbush -                                                   Oligotrophic                                                                                                                                                -25 Yrs.
                                                                         Tall Pocosin                    Sat                        Interior Wetlands        Peat (Thinner Peat?)             Sea                                ligotrophic                ]FRI  13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0                                                           Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                                                                                         urated Palustrine                                                                         sonall@)Flooded
                                     Red Bay - Pond Pine                                                  Scrub

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Atlantic white Cedar,
                                                                                                         Oligotrophic                                                                              Saturated to
                                         Sheep Laurel -                 Short Pocosin                    Saturated Palustrine       Interior Wetlands        Peat (Thicker Peat?)             SeasonalIT, Flooded              Oligotrophic                 FRI    3-10 Yrs.               Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                    Inkberry - Fetterbush                                                 Scrub                                                                                         0)
                                          Wax Myrtle -                                                   Eutrophic Semi-            Ecotone b/w Marsh                                         Temporarily to Semi-             Eutrophic to
                                                                      Transitional Scrub                                                                        Peat or Silty Peat                                                                                   7                     Canebrake Rattlesnake
                                                                                                         pperm. Flooded        & Pocosin or Swamp                                             Permently Flooded              Submesotrophic
                                           Red Maple                                                     austrine Scrub

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Canebrake Rattlesnake,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            FRI 3-25 Yrs. Shorter
                                                                                                         Oligotrqhic                P   I   -Drained                                          Poorly Drained to
                                                                                                                   I                                                                                                         Submesotro hic                 FRI Pure Cane, Longer          Dismal Swamp Shrew,
                                          Switchcane -                                                                              00,ff
                                                                                                         Seasonally looded          Up                                                        Seasonally Flooded                             P              FRI Cane w/ Trees              Vir. Least Trillium
                                                                      Canebrake Savanna                                             1. ,or Higher                   Silt Loams
                                            Pond Pine                                                    Palustrine Woodland          Wetlands
                                                                                                         Oligot    hi                                                                              Saturated to                                             FRI     2-3 Yrs.               Spreading Pogoma
                                        Walter's Sedge -                  Open Bog                       Saturate roKsinine         Interior Wetlands        Peat (Thickest Peat?)                                             Oligotrophic
                                                                                                            d Pa                                                                              Seasonally Flooded
                                      Virginia Chain Fem                                                 Herbaceous Wetland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fire 2' to,lWr,.               Scarce Swamp Skipper,
                                                                                                                                                                                              Saturated to Semi                                                                    I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             01' trophic to                                        I
             . ....                                                                                      Short Herbaceous                                               Peat                  Perm. Flooded (May                                                Natura                     longated Lobelia
                                                                                   Marsh                                            Interior Marsh                                                                             @Teootrophic                     Unknown                    E
                                    Spikerush - Twigrush              Spikerush                          Palustrine/Estuarine                                                                      be Tidal)
                                                                                                         Weiland
                                                                                                                                    Any Marsh or                                              Poorly Drained to              Mesotrophic to                 Fire Will Generally             Least Bittern
                                                                                                                                                                      Variable                Semi-Perm. Flooded                                            Increase Stand Vigor
                                                                         Reed Marsh                      Tall Herbaceous                                                                                                         Eutrophic
                                        Common Reed                                                                fland            Sunny Weiland                                              (May be Tidal)
                                                                                                         Estuarine We

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fire 2* to H
                                                                                                                                                                                                   -Perm. Flooded
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Scarce Swamp Skipper,
                                                                                                                                                                                              Semi
                                        Olney's Three -                                                  Mid-H J h                                                                                                           Mesotrophic to
                                                                  Bulrush/Cattail Marsh                            e9tuarine            Marsh                           Peat                  to Intermit. Exposed                                              Natural FRI                Elongated Lobelia,
                                       Square - Narrow                                                   Herbaceous                                                                                ("Tidal")                     Eutrophic                      Unknown                     Least Bittern
                                         Leaved CatWI                                                    wetland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fire 2* to H dro.
                                                                                                         Mid-Height                                                                           Intermit. E osed                                                                                  st Bittern
                                                                                                                                                                        Peat                                                     Eutrophic                      Natural                     Lea
                                       Black Needlerush               Needlerush Marsh                   Herbaceous Estuarine           marsh                                                      ("Tidall                                                     Unknown
                                                                                                         Weiland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fire 21 to Wro.                Carolina Lilaeopis,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Eutrophic                      Natura             I        Least Bittern
                                                                                                                                    Outer Marsh,                                              Intermit. E osed
                                         Big Cordgrass                Cordgrass Marsh                    Tall Herbaceous                                                Peat                       ("Tida,7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Unknown
                                                                                                                                    Near Channels
                                                                                                         Estuarine Weiland
                                                                                                                                                                Organic-Rich Silt             Semi-Perm. Flooded                                                    ?                                   edge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Epiphytic S
                                        Bald Cypress -                Cypress(TupelO                     Eutrophic Semi-Perm.       Near Channels                Loams or Peat                to Intermit. Exposed               Eutrophic
                                         Water Tupelo                       Swamp                        Flooded Forest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Oliputrophic to                Possibly Created by                   7
                                                                                                                                    In Peat Based                                                  anently Flooded
                                                                                                                                                                                              Perm                                   trophic                    Peat Bum
                                                                                                                                                                        Peat
                                             Coontail                        Pool                        Lacustrine                   Wetlands
                                           Bur Reed -                                                    Warm Low-Gradient          Upper Reaches of            Organic-Rich Silt             Permanently Flooded                Eutrophic                        None                     Carolina Lilaeopis
                                                                               iter Creek
                                                                      Blackw@                            Large/Small Creek          River and Tribs.                Over Sand
                                          Water Celery


                                                                                                                                                                               and            Permanen                                                            None                     Carolina Lilaeopis
                                                                 lad       Backbay                       Low Salinity Aquatic       River and Tribs.
                                      Hornwort - Na
                                                                                                                                    Lower Reaches of
                                                                                                                                                                  Silt and S                            tly Flooded              Eutrophic










                                                                                                                                                                 Figure 6
                                                 North Landing River Ecosystem Diagrammatic Profile


                                                                                                                                    g               0              0             0                                                                                               w
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               M                                                 0                           un
                                           0                        -1i                                                                                                                                                                                                                          P.                                                 r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      :4
                  0                                                                                                                 0               "V                                           0
                                                                    z                                                               n               a                            0                                  Ot          CA                                                                                       n"                         f,
                 10                                                                               0                                                 n              w             n                                              n                                                                                        ,V
                                                                                                                                    0                                                            0                                                                                                                                                        fp
                                                                                                                     w                                                                                                                      w @                                                                          :P;l                       0
                                                                                                  0                                                 0              0             0                                  z                             CA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (0 0                         1










           NA




                                                                                                                                                                       PO
       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                                        F                            11                1 1     1 ?@Pm
       .'+LOAM & SANDY LOAM'                                                                                                                                                               .1-1,111111111111f                                       ......                      A
       .................                                                     SILT LOA                                                                                                                                    !III                     Jill           11                                                                                 lilt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    AT
         ................                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     p
                ..............                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ........                                                  SILT or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      SAND
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Vf,M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     gpw-











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 many associations at different times. Key rare species that may utilize
                 each association are also noted on Table 6. Additionally, associations
                 which comprise rare natural communities are indicated with an asterisk
                 (*) before their name.

                 Each association is described briefly below.

                 CORN - SOYBEAN (Zea mays - Glycine max): Most of the upland
                 acreage in the ecosystem is occupied by row crops or other agriculture
                 represented by this association. Corn, soybeans, and small grains are
                 the most common crops. The common name for this association of the
                 terrestrial class is "crops." Soils are moderately well-drained to poorly
                 drained loams and sandy loams. The fields are fertilized, so they are
                 generally nutrient rich. Canebrake rattlesnakes may use this association
                 temporarily while in transit to other associations.

                 LOBLOLLY PINE - WHITE OAK (RinAs taeda - Quercus alba): All of the
                 upland forest types are lumped into this one association in the terrestrial
                 class whose common name is "pine/oak forest." Forests may be pure
                 pine or may include varying proportions of hardwoods. In the early
                 successional stages, tuliptree (Liriodendron tuligifera), sycamore
                 (Platanus occidentalis), and beech (Fagus grandifolia) are common. Later
                 seres have more oaks and hickories (Carva spp.). American holly (Ilex
                 opaca), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and pawpaw (Asimina
                 triloba) are common in the understory. If present, this association
                 usually lies between agricultural land and the wetlands. Soils are
                 moderately well-drained to poorly drained loams and silt loams and the
                 nutrients are generally available at moderate levels. Intermittent wildfires
                 as well as prescribed burning of managed forests may affect this
                 association. Canebrake rattlesnakes and Dismal Swamp southeastern
                 shrews reside here.


                 RED MAPLE - SWEETGUM - SWAMP TUPELO (Acer rubrum -
                 Liguidambar styraciflua - Nvssa biflora): Though frequently dominated
                 by maple, sweetgum, and tupelo, other common species of the
                 "hardwood swamp" association of the woody palustrine wetland class
                 include loblolly pine, green ash, and black willow (ag!jK aWM). Shrubs
                 and understory trees include spicebush (Lindera -benzoin), common alder
                 (Alnus serrulata), and red bay. This association is the interior swamp,
                 generally found between the uplands and the pocosins or marshes, but
                 usually not close to channels of open water. Soils are organic-rich silt
                 loams which are eutrophic to submesotrophic and temporarily to


                                                     60











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 semipermanently flooded.' Fire is a factor in the hardwood swamp only
                 during periods of drought when fires can be quite severe. Canebrake
                 rattlesnakes, Dismal Swamp southeastern shrews, and Virginia least
                 trillium may be found in this habitat.

                 *ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR - RED MAPLE (Chamaecyparis thvoides -
                 Acer rubrum): The "AWC swamp" is a rare natural community of the
                 woody palustrine wetland class. Atlantic white cedar can grow in nearly
                 pure stands or may be mixed with other swamp species such as red
                 maple, pond pine, or loblolly pine. AWC swamps can be found among
                 the hardwood swamps or in the peat-based swamps on organic-rich silt
                 loams or peat soils. Nutrient availability is generally poor and AWC
                 swamps are saturated to seasonally flooded. Fire is a very important
                 factor in this community type as discussed previously under natural
                 heritage resources. In addition to possibly being utilized by canebrake
                 rattlesnakes, Atlantic white cedar is a rare species itself.

                 POND PINE - RED BAY - SWEET BAY Tiaws serotina - Persea borbonia -
                  Magnolia virginiana): In addition to the tree species which give this
                 association its name, this association of the woody palustrine wetlands
                 class may contain species of the hardwood swamp, such as red maple,
                 or components of the pocosin associations, such as fetterbush. "Pond
                 pine swamp" is the common name given this association. It is found in
                 the interior wetlands on peat soils where it is saturated to seasonally
                 flooded and nutrient poor.        Fire is an influencing factor in this
                 association. Atlantic white cedar and canebrake rattlesnakes can be
                 found here.

                 *FETTERBUSH - RED BAY - POND PINE (Lyonia lucida.- Persea borbonia
                 - Pinus serotina): This is the "tall pocosin" association discussed
                 previously under natural heritage resources. The association is a member
                 of the woody palustrine wetland class. Found in interior peat-based
                 wetlands, tall pocosins are characteristically nutrient poor and saturated
                 to seasonally flooded. As with the other associations in this class, fire
                 is an influencing factor. Atlantic white cedar and canebrake rattlesnakes
                 may be found in the tall pocosin.

                 *FETTERBUSH - SHEEP LAUREL - INKBERRY (Lyonia lucida - Kalmia
                 angustifolia - Ilex c1labra): The evergreen shrubs of the "short pocosin"
                 are tied together with a tangle of laurel-leaved greenbrier.           This
                 association is a member of the woody palustrine wetland class. Pond
                 pines along with some Atlantic white cedar and red maple grow here, but


                                                     61










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 are few, scattered, and stunted - Another association of the interior peat-
                 based wetlands, low pocosins are saturated to seasonally flooded and
                 nutrient poor. Fire is important. Canebrake rattlesnakes may utilize this
                 habitat.


                 WAX MYRTLE - RED MAPLE (Myrica cerifera - Acer rubrum): This is the
                 "transitional scrub" found between the marshes and the swamps or
                 pocosins or sometimes as "islands" in the interior of large marshes.
                 Besides wax myrtle and red maple saplings, this association of the
                 woody palustrine wetland class often contains poison ivy (Toxicodendron
                 radicans), loblollv pine, swamp rose (Rosa l2alustris), and species of the
                 adjacent marsh. Soils are peat or silty peat and hydrology may be tidal
                 or variously flooded.      The surface is usually very irregular and
                 "hummocky." Canebrake rattlesnakes may utilize this habitat.

                 SWITCHCANE - POND PINE (Arundinaria aigantea - Pinus l2alustris): This
                 association is called the "canebrake savanna." Only a small fraction of
                 the original area covered by this association remains. While surveying
                 the state line between North Carolina and Virginia in the 1700's, William
                 Byrd dubbed the area the "green sea" because of the vast expanse of
                 canebrake he found. Switchcane may grow in nearly pure stands with
                 only scattered pond pines and other woody vegetation or may form a
                 major or minor herbaceous componentto a woodland or forest depending
                 upon the frequency of fires burning through the area. For this reason,
                 the canebrake savanna may fall into either the woody palustrine wetland
                 or the herbaceous palustrine wetland classes. Canebrakes usually occur
                 on silt loams with only a thin organic layer and may be found in poorly
                 drained uplands or some of the higher wetlands.            The canebrake
                 rattlesnake, Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew, and Virginia least trillium
                 may be found in this habitat.

                 *WALTER'S SEDGE - VIRGINIA CHAIN FERN (Carex striata -
                 Woodwardia virainica): The "open bog" is perhaps the rarest association
                 in the North Landing River ecosystem and currently occurs as small,
                 scattered openings in the pocosins. Woody species are nearly absent so
                 the association is put in the herbaceous palustrine wetland class. An
                 intense fire will likely enhance this association. Its rare species include
                 the spreading pogonia and the canebrake rattlesnake; Walter's sedge is
                 also a rare plant found only in this association. The open bog is the most
                 nutrient poor of all the peat-based interior wetlands. The association is
                 generally found in the interior of pocosins. Its deep saturated peat may
                 be domed and completely rain-fed. In the long term, it is likely that peat


                                                     62











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                accumulation and nutrient regime maintain this association, but fires may
                reduce the stature of woody species enough to open areas of short
                pocosin into bogs.

                *SPIKERUSH - TWIGRUSH (Eleocharis spp. - Cladium mariscoidegall-
                Composition of this rarest of the marsh associations was discussed in
                the natural heritage resources section. Termed "spikerush marsh" for
                convenience, this association is dominated by a wide variety of sedge
                and rush species which almost always includes one or more spikerushes.
                Species richness is very high and rare species, such as the elongated
                lobelia and scarce swamp skipper, are often found here. Spikerush
                marshes are found in the interior of marshes, away from the creeks and
                guts. Because of this location and possibly to peat doming, spikerush
                marshes may not be subject to as great a tidal amplitude as the outer
                marsh types and, in some cases, may be influenced more by ground-
                water seepage or rain-fall than tidal action (thus its placement in both the
                estuarine and palustrine herbaceous wetland classes). This association
                also has the lowest salinities of the marsh types. Soils of spongy peat
                are deep and nutrient availability is low. Fires may not be important
                natural factors, but can be used as an effective management tool.

                COMMON REED (Phragmites australis): This potentially invasive grass
                may form pure stands in any marsh or other sunny wetland except that
                the plant does not usually grow in habitats subject to deep, prolonged
                inundation. The common name for the association is "reed marsh." The
                species is quite adaptable; soil, nutrient, and hydrologic tolerance limits
                are wide. Its adaptability allows it to fall into either the herbaceous
                palustrine wetland or herbaceous estuarine wetland class. Least bitterns
                may utilize this association for cover. Except for burns in the early
                growing season, fires will increase stem density and stand vigor.

                *OLNEY THREE-SQUARE - NARROW-LEAVED CATTAIL (Scirous
                americanus - Iyl2ha angustifolia): The "bulrush/cattail marsh" is a
                marginally rare marsh type found mostly in interior marsh areas. This
                association is in the herbaceous estuarine wetland class. Composition
                can be quite variable; some other common species include swamp rose
                mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), seaside mallow (Kosteletzkya vir-ginica),
                arrow arum, common reed, pickerelweed, duck potato, big cordgrass,
                broad-leaved cattail (Tvl?ha -latifolia), southern cattail, saltmeadow hay
                (Sgartina 12atens), switchgrass, spikerushes, saw grass, camphorweed,
                smartweeds, rushes (Juncus spp.), and other bulrushes. This association
                has more tidal influence and, thus more nutrients and slightly higher


                                                    63











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 salinity, than the spikerush marsh. The natural role of fire in this
                 association is not determined, but the hydrologic and nutrient regimes
                 are likely more influential than the fire regime. This association may
                 contain sawgrass, however, which is a fire-adapted species. The scarce
                 swamp skipper, elongated lobelia, and least bittern may be found in this
                 association.


                 BLACK NEEDLERUSH (Juncus roemerianus): The "needlerush marsh"
                 often occurs in pure stands and usually is found in the outer marshes.
                 When other species do occur in this association, they often include the
                 species listed in the bulrush/cattail marsh. This marsh type of the
                 herbaceous estuarine wetland class is typically eutrophic, tidal, and
                 slightly to moderately brackish. The natural role of fire in this association
                 is not determined, but the hydrologic and nutrient regimes are likely more
                 influential than the fire regime.       This association often contains
                 sawgrass, however, which is a fire-adapted species. Least bitterns may
                 utilize this habitat.


                 *BIG CORDGRASS (Spartina cynosuroides): "Cordgrass marshes" also
                 often occur in pure stands and cover large areas of the preserve's
                 marshes, especially along the creeks and guts. Other species may
                 include any number of those listed with the bulrush/cattail marsh. This
                 association of the herbaceous estuarine wetland class is eutrophic, tidal,
                 and slightly to moderately brackish. The natural role of fire in this
                 association is not determined, but the hydrologic and nutrient regimes
                 are likely more influential than the fire regime. Least bitterns may utilize
                 the habitat and Carolina lilaeopsis grows at the edge of this association
                 in shallow water and mud flats.


                 *BALD CYPRESS - WATER TUPELO (Taxodium distichurn - Nyssa
                 aguatica): Few tree species other than bald cypress and water tupelo are
                 able to tolerate the essentially aquatic conditions of this association
                 leading to its common name, "cVpress/tupelo swamp," and its placement
                 into its own class, woody estuarine wetland. This association is most
                 common in the upper reaches of the North Landing River and its
                 tributaries where it lines the guts, creeks, and river. Water levels are
                 affected by wind tides, but salinity is generally quite low. Epiphytic
                 sedge may be found growing on cypress knees or flared water tupelo
                 trunks in this association.

                 COONTAIL (Ceratophyllum):          The "pool" or shallow pond is an
                 association of the aquatic class. When oxidation of peat in the marsh or


                                                      64










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 peat-based swamps occurs either from fire or decomposition,
                 depressions in the surface may form which are below the water table
                 resulting in standing water. Flooding eliminates the wetland species in
                 favor of aquatics, such as coontail. Emergents may cling to the pool's
                 edges. Extreme upper reaches of guts may mimic this environment and
                 may also be abundant with coontail and other aquatics. Key rare species
                 utilization is undetermined.


                 BUR REED - WATER CELERY (Sl2arganium americanum - Vallisneria
                 americana): The open water aquatic environments have been divided
                 into two associations. The upper reaches of the river and its tributaries
                 may have submerged aquatic plants such as bur reed and water celery
                 or vegetation may be absent. This is the "blackwater creek" association.
                 These channels are normally lined by swamps, rather than marshes, and
                 the water appears black from the tanins that come from the swamps.
                 Though still subject to tides, salinity is very low. Carolina lilaeopsis may
                 be found in the shallow waters or mud flats at the edge of marshes in
                 this association.


                 HORNWORT - NAIAD (Ceratol2hyllum demersum - Naias guadalupensis):
                 The lower reaches of the river and its major tributaries are "backbay"
                 communities. Submerged aquatics such as hornworts or naiads may
                 grow in these waters. Large areas of open water, expansive bordering
                 marshes, tides, and fresh to slightly brackish conditions characterize this
                 association. There are large areas of transition between the backbay and
                 blackwater creek associations that have many characteristics of both
                 associations. Carolina lilaeopsis may be found in the shallow waters or
                 mud flats at the edge of marshes in this association.

                 FUNCTION OF THE ECOSYSTEM


                 The classes and association help to define the ecosystem's structure.
                 Ecosystem function is driven by influencing factors such as natural
                 ecological processes and gradients and anthropogenic disturbances and
                 alterations. Influencing factors of the North Landing River ecosystem are
                 grouped into six categories which are discussed briefly below.

                 SUBSTRATE: This category covers conditions, cycles, and processes
                 affecting the physical characteristics of all the substrates of the
                 ecosystem.    Existing substrate conditions such as peat depth and
                 composition, soil type, and elevation are included. Many cycles and
                 processes pertaining to substrate gain, loss, or change in physical


                                                     65










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 character are also relevant. These influencing factors may include
                 erosion (of peat or soil), sedimentation, primary production (peat
                 accumulation), storms and floods (leading to erosion or sedimentation),
                 dredging, dredge spoil disposal, channel migration (consisting of
                 simultaneous erosion and sedimentation), and peat oxidation (as by
                 decomposition or fire). The ultimate effect of these influencing factors
                 is change or maintenance of substrate composition and structure.

                 NUTRIENTS: This category includes nutrient conditions, cycles, and
                 processes in the water and soil. Phosphorus or nitrogen are usually the
                 limiting nutrients of a system, but sulfur, potassium, carbon, and trace
                 elements also can be important. Nutrient cycling/regime, eutrophication
                 (as from pollution), nutrient availability, nutrient release (as from
                 decomposition or fire), and nutrient uptake are all relevant factors. The
                 ultimate effect of these influencing factors is the maintenance of or a
                 change in the nutrients in the ecosystem.

                 HYDROLOGY: Hydrologic factors include wind tides, sea level change,
                 ditching/d raining, impoundment, waterwithdrawal/discharge, infiltration,
                 runoff, evapotranspiration, flooding, ground-water recharge/discharge,
                 surface-water flow, ground-water flow, water table level and
                 fluctuations, and precipitation. All contribute to the dynamics of the
                 hydrology of the ecosystem.

                 FIRE: The fire category includes such aspects as ground versus surface
                 versus crown fires, fire severity, fire intensity, fire return interval, and
                 lack of fire. Fire may lead to the maintenance, renewal, or total change
                 of a given association.

                 SPECIES INTERACTIONS: This category includes biological succession,
                 interspecific competition, aggressive plant invasion, herbivory, direct
                 human disturbances to the system (trampling, road construction, etc.),
                 disease, predation, seed banks, and rodent eat-outs and trails. All relate
                 to the effects of one species, population, or association on another.

                 CHEMICAL: This category involves chemical factors of the soil, air, and
                 water not covered under nutrients or any of the other categories. It
                 includes soil oxygen content, natural soil and water Ph, BOD, acid
                 deposition, salinity, and spills, leaks, or other unnatural introductions of
                 pesticides, petroleum, metals, or other toxics.




                                                      66











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                MAJOR INFLUENCING FACTORS


                Six influencing factors from the above categories have been selected for
                inclusion in the conceptual ecological model. These six influencing
                factors were chosen because they meet one or both of two criteria: (1)
                the influencing factor accounts for a large proportion of the function of
                the ecosystem and (2) land managers may be able to exert at least some
                control over the influencing factor. The six influencing factors are
                represented as two gradients and four processes. The gradients are
                nutrient regime and hydrologic regime and the processes are fire,
                succession, eutrophication, and salinity increase. Each is discussed
                below.


                NUTRIENT REGIME: One of the most influential factors affecting the
                natural community composition is availability of nutrients. Nutrient
                availability is represented as a gradient in the model. The terms that are
                used to indicate relative nutrient availability are (in order of increasing
                availability) oligotrophic, submesotrophic, mesotrophic, permesotrophic,
                and eutrophic. In the peat-based wetlands, nutrient levels are closely
                related to peat depth. As peat accumulates in the interior wetlands (i.e.,
                away from the surface channels), less water enters the association from
                ground-water seepage or surface-water run-off sources and the system
                moves towards being entirely rain-fed. This leads to increasingly poor
                nutrient conditions. Land managers may have a limited amount of
                control over the nutrient regime of the ecosystem, mostly through the
                prevention of anthropogenic eutrophication which is further discussed
                below.


                HYDROLOGIC REGIME: As a riverine ecosystem, the hydrologic regime
                is certainly one of the most important influencing factors in the North
                Landing River ecosystem. Generally, the average water table gradually
                rises relative to the ground surface from the uplands to the river.
                Hydrologic regime is, therefore, represented as a gradient. Increasing
                relative hydroperiod of aquatic and wetland associations is represented
                by the following terms: saturated, temporarily flooded, seasonally
                flooded, semi-permanently flooded, intermittently exposed, and
                permanently flooded. Upland hydrology is referred to simply as well-
                drained or poorly-drained. The hydrology of the North Landing River
                ecosystem is unlike that of most estuarine ecosystems.              Regular
                significant lunar tidal action is negligible (Doumlele 1976). What is
                generally referred to as tidal action in the North Landing River system is
                more accurately described as irregular, wind-driven water-level


                                                    67










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 fluctuations.    The word "tide" is considerably more concise and
                 convenient, however.        Because winds must blow from a certain
                 direction, at a certain minimum velocity, for a certain minimum period of
                 time to cause a significant water-level change, tidal events, either lows
                 or highs, are irregular and infrequent. Most of the time, the water level
                 does not change significantly from the mean water level. However,
                 when significant water-level fluctuations do occur, they usually last
                 longer than lunar tidal events.         Additionally, extreme water-level
                 fluctuations are not uncommon and may have far reaching implications,
                 completely draining marshes or completely inundating higher inland
                 wetlands for several days at a time. The wind tides of the North Landing
                 River system are a very important component of the hydrologic regime.
                 Wind tides could be separated out from the hydrology gradient and
                 addressed as a process in future iterations of the model. Land managers
                 have a variable amount of control over the ecosystem's hydrology.
                 Although land managers cannot control wind-tides or rainfall, they can
                 help to minimize disruption of natural hydrologic processes. Maintaining
                 locks, discouraging new canals, determining the most compatible
                 maintenance dredging and disposal techniques, preventing draining of
                 sensitive habitats, and installing water-level control structures in existing
                 ditches are examples.

                 FIRE:    Many of the palustrine associations are fire adapted or fire
                 dependent communities.         Fire can also be used as an effective
                 management tool for several of the estuarine associations. Fire could be
                 represented as another gradient expressed in terms of mean fire return
                 interval. Representation of a third dimension on a two dimensional
                 diagram is difficult, however, and fire expressed as a mean fire return
                 interval gradient would not allow representation of fire intensity. For
                 these reasons, fire is represented as a process. Land managers can have
                 a significant amount of control over this process, both by suppressing (or
                 not suppressing) wildfires and by conducting prescribed burns.

                 SUCCESSION:         Biological succession is the replacement of one
                 community of organisms by another in an orderly and predictable
                 manner. Succession is an important influencing factor from the species
                 interaction category.     Certain associations are linked by ecological
                 successions as stages or "seres" in a typical progression of one
                 association to another. Time is a major driving force behind succession.
                 In many ways, succession works opposite to fire in the ecosystem.
                 During periods between fires, succession occurs in many associations.
                 The passage of a fire may "set back" the sere of an association by


                                                       68










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 reducing the amount of biomass, especially that of woody species.
                 Succession is represented as a process in the model. Prescribed burning
                 and other ecological management tools can be utilized by land managers
                 to decelerate or remove the effects of ecological succession in some
                 situations.


                 EUTROPHICATION: Represented as a process, this influencing factor
                 involves the anthropogenic introduction of nutrients into the ecosystem.
                 Water is often the carrier of nutrients; nutrients are generally added to
                 associations via surface-water or ground-water flows or in the sediments
                 carried by the water. Fires can result in short term eutrophication,
                 creating a "spike" in nutrient availability through oxidation of biomass.
                 Land managers can exert some control over eutrophication by influencing
                 surrounding land management practices.

                 SALINITY INCREASE: Under natural conditions, the North Landing River
                 is a freshwater to slightly brackish water system except for periodic
                 intrusion of brackish waters into the lower reaches caused by wind-
                 driven water-level fluctuations. In fact, Doumlele (1976) found only very
                 low salinities (less than 1 ppt) during the marsh survey of the North
                 Landing River. Doumlele hypothesized that the brackish water species
                 growing in the system, such as big cordgrass and black needlerush, are
                 relict populations from a period when the North Landing River's waters
                 were more saline. The canals connecting the North Landing River system
                 to the saltier waters of the Chesapeake Bay have caused some concern
                 regarding increased influx of salty water, especially in the West Neck
                 Creek area where a connection to more saline waters has been
                 established with the completion of the bypass canal around Canal
                 Number Two. Because of this concern, salinity increase is represented
                 as a process. Land managers might be able to effect some control over
                 salinity by influencing water use.

                 INTEGRATION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS


                 The associations and influencing factors of the ecosystem can be
                 graphically integrated into a conceptual illustration of the structure and
                 function of the North Landing River ecosystem.           This conceptual
                 ecological model is depicted in Figure 7. The model is most easily
                 understood when considered in steps or pieces.

                 First, the two gradients, hydrology and nutrients, are assigned to the
                 horizontal and vertical axes, respectively. Nutrient availability increases


                                                     69






                                                                      Figure 7
              North Landing River Ecosystem Conceptual Ecological Model


          Intense Fire                                                                                      Cordgrass              Backbay
                                                                                                              Marsh
                                                 Crops                  Reed Marsh-A' ........

                                                                                                                                      Blackwater
                                                                                                                                        Creek
            Mild Fire                                                                                              h
                                                                                           Trans. Scrub   Needlerus
                                                                                                          Marsh
                                                                                                                     Cypress/Tupelo
                                                                                                                         Swamp

           Succession                                                         Hardwood Swamp           Bulrush/Cattail
                                                                                           Ak              Mar         0:1
                                                                                                              sh
                                                                                                                     ................ Pool


       - - - - - - - -    10-                                       00,
        Eutrophication                                  Canebrake Savanna
                                                                                 AWC Swam


                                    W       Pine/Oak Forest
                                                                              Pond Pine Swamp
                          moo-.
             Salinity
            Increase                                                         TatPc-@osein        Spikerush
                                                                                                   Marsh
                                                                       Short Pocosin
                                    0
                                    W                                  / ,.4)(                                                                             1
                                   0                          @k Open Bo.'g
                                             Well      Poorly     Saturated   Temporarily Seasonally Semi-Perm. Intermit. Permanantly
                                           Drained    Drained                   Flooded      Flooded    Flooded    Exposed     Flooded
                                                                H Y         D R,,- 0 L 0 G Y










                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  up the vertical axis; relative average water-table level increases across
                  the right of the horizontal axis.

                  Based on this system of coordinates generated by the two gradient axes,
                  each association can be ordinated or "plotted" in the illustration based
                  on its nutrient and hydrologic tolerances. Some assumptions have to be
                  made and future revisions of the model may depict different relative
                  positions of each association. Also, several artistic liberties are taken.
                  For those associations which occur across a broad range of nutrient and
                  hydrological conditions, the association name is written as much in the
                  middle of those tolerances as the diagram will allow. Similarly, some
                  associations are spread apart a little more than they should be to avoid
                  crowding in the diagram.

                  With the associations and gradients depicted, the ecological processes
                  can be added. Processes are represented as arrows leading from one
                  association to another. In order to prevent the diagram from becoming
                  over-complicated, a few liberties are also taken with the process arrows.
                  Only those processes which are considered of major significance in the
                  ecosystem or which have a direct bearing on management planning are
                  shown. Several consequences of f ire, succession, or the other processes
                  that are less important ecologically or less pertinent to ecological
                  management are not shown. Several processes can "skip" associations,
                  that is, a process that drives a progression of associations can in some
                  instances bypass one or more of the intermediate steps. This skipping
                  phenomenon is not shown, but the step-wise progressions are depicted.
                  The succession and eutrophication arrows leading to the reed marsh
                  appear to originate from nowhere. Actually, the reed marsh can be
                  derived from so many associations via succession or eutrophication
                  (depending on the presence of gemmules) that these arrows are all but
                  omitted to help keep the diagram legible.

                  The model will assist ecological managers in determining management
                  actions and to help set measures of success. For example, if the
                  ecological goal is to create and maintain an open bog association, an
                  ecological manager can examine the model and determine that to
                  accomplish that objective the hydrology must be maintained, the area
                  must be protected from eutrophication, and the bog must be subject to
                  periodic burns or the association will succeed into a short pocosin.
                  Because the model is conceptual, however, it cannot tell the ecological
                  manager when to burn, how often to burn, or how much phosphorus is
                  too much. The model will evolve as more information becomes available.



                                                     71











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                            STRESS ASSESSMENT


                  An assessment of stresses facing a site is an important element of any
                  conservation plan, for conservation actions meant to attenuate stresses
                  cannot be planned and implemented successfully if the stresses are not
                  clearly identified.   The conservation planning report discusses the
                  stresses to each natural area and its natural heritage resources. A brief
                  discussion of general stresses on the North Landing River ecosystem is
                  presented below. Stresses are considered in approximate order of
                  decreasing threat. Table 7 lists each stress, the impacts of the stress,
                  and the source(es) of the stress. Also included is an indication of the
                  presence (current or potential) and degree (low, moderate, high) of the
                  stress. For current stresses, degree refers to the level of threat to the
                  ecosystem or its natural heritage resources. If the stress is listed as
                  potential, degree refers to the supposed probability of that stress
                  occurring.

                  Although stresses are discussed separately, it is important to note that
                  often more than one stress is acting on a community or population at
                  once. Many of the stresses act simultaneously, cumulatively, or even
                  synergistically to aggravate problems afflicting the ecosystem.

                  FIRE DEFICIT


                  The decrease in the frequency of fires in the ecosystem over the past
                  several decades is probably the most immediate threat to many of the
                  natural heritage resources. Certain species and natural communities are
                  adapted to or even dependent upon fire to maintain their habitat or
                  complete their life cycle. Examples include open bogs, short pocosins,
                  tall pocosins, AWC swamps, pond pine, Atlantic white cedar, Walter's
                  sedge, and spreading pogonia. Many other species, such as large
                  cranberry, may return after the re-introduction of fire. Fire can also be
                  used as an ecological management too[ for other habitats. For example,
                  carefully applied prescribed fire can help halt the succession of the rare
                  spikerush marsh into transitional scrub. Fragmentation of the landscape,
                  and to a lesser degree, active fire suppression, has led to this stress.

                  ALTERED SURFACE-WATER QUANTITY


                  If predictions by meteorologists and ecologists regarding accelerated sea-
                  level rise are correct, sea level will likely rise faster than the associations
                  can adapt or migrate to accommodate the change. Local extirpation of


                                                        72











                                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition






                                                                             TABLE 7


                                                             STRESS ASSESSMENT FOR
                                                     NORTH LANDING RIVER ECOSYSTEM



                                      STRESSIMPACT                       PRESENCEMEGREE                              SOURCE


                             fire deficit: loss of fire                       current:high               fragmented landscape, fire
                             dependent communities and                                                   suppression
                             species

                             altered surface-water quantity:                 potential:high              accelerated sea-level rise,
                             reduction or loss of certain                                                filling/draining wetlands,
                             habitats/communities                                                        subsidence, ditching/dredging,
                                                                                                         channelizing, impoundment,
                                                                                                         increased impervious surface
                                                                                                         area (inc. run-off)

                             altered surface-water quality:                 current:medium               point and non-point source
                             alteration or reduction of certain                                          pollution including nutrients,
                             habitats/communities                                                        sediments, toxics (petroleum,
                                                                                                         pesticides, metals, etc.); salt
                                                                                                         water intrusion


                             altered ground-water quantity                  current:medium               leaching of fertilizer,
                             or quality: alteration of ground-                                           pesticides; spills/leaks of
                             water dependent/influenced                                                  toxics, large-scale ground-
                             habitats/cornmunities                                                       water withdrawal; increased
                                                                                                         impervious surface area, many
                                                                                                         others...


                             problem species: displacement                  current:medium               common reed, nutria, deer,
                             of rare species; alteration or                                              predators
                             loss of sensitive habitats and
                             rare natural communities


                             take: elimination of individuals,              current:medium               intentional killing, road kills,
                             reduced population vigor                     (to certain species)           trampling, collecting

                             disturbance: interference with                   current:low                motorboats, etc., nature-
                             foraging, resting, reproduction                                             based tourism, other
                             or certain animals                                                          recreation; logging;
                                                                                                         construction


                             direct habitat conversion:                      potentialJow                clearing forests, draining/filling
                             reduction or loss of                                                        wetlands, development, etc.
                             habitats/communities                I                                     I







                                                                                  73











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  natural heritage resources which comprise or occur in these threatened
                  associations is possible. Other possible sources of altered surface-water
                  quantity include filling draining, impoundment, dredging, channelization,
                  and increased run-off from increased impervious surface area. Any
                  disruption of natural surface-water flow patterns or river channel
                  migration would fall under this category.

                  ALTERED SURFACE-WATER QUALITY


                  Water quality problems are a current and moderate stress on the system.
                  Degraded water quality may lead to reduction or loss of habitats and
                  communities and the rare species they support. Point and nonpoint
                  source pollution are the origins of water quality problems. Contaminants
                  may include nutrients, sediments, toxics (petroleum, pesticides, metals,
                  etc.), and salt. These contaminants either directly affect the ecosystem
                  or lead to other problems, such as reduced dissolved oxygen levels or
                  reduced light penetration.

                  ALTERED GROUND-WATER QUANTITY OR QUALITY


                  Little is known about the ground-water regime of the North Landing River
                  ecosystem and precise predictions as to the effects of ground-water
                  quality or quantity alteration are difficult to assess. Alteration of ground-
                  water influenced or dependent communities and habitats is a possible
                  problem. Sources of this stress may include leaching of fertilizers and
                  pesticides into the ground water from agricultural fields, spills or leaks of
                  toxic compounds, large-scale ground-water withdrawal, increased
                  impervious surface area, landfills, abandoned wells, salt-water intrusion,
                  ground-water injection, and septic systems.



                  PROBLEM SPECIES


                  The main problem species of concern in the North Landing River
                  ecosystem are common reed, nutria, and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
                  virainiana).   Intermediate predators, such as opossums (Didelr)his
                  vir-giniana), striped skunks (Mephitis mer)hitis), and raccoons (Procyon
                  lotor), and other invasive plants could also become threats to some
                  species and habitats. Problem species may cause the displacement of
                  rare species or may cause the reduction or loss of rare natural
                  communities or significant habitats upon which some rare species
                  depend.     Problem species are a moderate, current threat to the


                                                        74











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 ecosystem.


                 TAKE


                 "Take" refers to the direct killing or other effective removal from the
                 population of individuals by humans. This is a moderate, current threat
                 to some rare species. Take may be in the form of intentional killing, road
                 kills, trampling, and collecting (plants or animals). The canebrake
                 rattlesnake is an example of a rare species threatened by take.

                 DISTURBANCE


                 Certain animal species, for example, great blue herons (Ardea herodias),
                 are sensitive to disturbance from human activities. The disturbance may
                 interfere with foraging, resting, or reproductive behavior and could
                 eventually lead to abandonment of an area. Motorboats (including
                 personal watercraft and waterskiing), nature-based tourism, and other
                 recreational pursuits can be the culprits. This is a current, but low-level,
                 stress to the system.      The degree of this stress could increase if
                 recreational activities in the area increase without careful planning.

                 DIRECT HABITAT CONVERSION


                 Clearing of forests, draining or filling of marshes, development, and other
                 factors can directly eliminate significant habitats or rare natural
                 communities. Reductions in the amount of suitable habitat bring about
                 reductions in the populations of rare species. Fortunately, the potential
                 for this threat is generally low because much of the significant habitats
                 of the ecosystem are already protected. There are exceptions to this
                 generalization, however, leading to the inclusion of this stress on the list.

                               CONSERVATION PLANNING BOUNDARIES


                 Conservation planning boundaries are the key component of any site
                 conservation plan. They help to guide conservation efforts of a natural
                 area by delineating areas of ecological significance and addressing the
                 stresses and ecological needs of the site.          Traditionally, primary
                 ecological boundaries and secondary ecological boundaries are used in
                 site conservation plans. Primary ecological boundaries encompass all
                 natural heritage resources of a natural area, including the habitat of rare
                 species and the extent of rare or exemplary natural communities.
                 Secondary ecological boundaries encompass all lands and waters


                                                      75











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                intended to mitigate natural and human stresses to the natural heritage
                resources of the site, that is they generally delineate buffer areas. For
                example, secondary ecological boundaries may encompass areas
                intended to protect water quality, screen human activity from animals
                sensitive to disturbance, or provide migration corridors between two or
                more areas of rare species habitat.

                Conservation planning boundaries should not be interpreted as regulatory
                zones or acquisition boundaries, but as conservation tools to help guide
                the protection and stewardship of the natural area.

                Detailed information on the conservation planning boundaries for the
                North Landing River ecosystem, including maps of the primary and
                secondary ecological boundaries, can be found in the conservation
                planning report. Figure 8 shows the extent of the secondary ecological
                boundaries for all nine natural areas in the North Landing River
                ecosystem.



































                                                    76




                                  190
                                                                          FIGURE 8
                                                                                                      @&Ihvge    urdens
                                                                                                        pus)    Come
                                                              SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL                     m
                                                                                                                                            Gunn
                                                                BOUNDARIES FOR THE                                                                or
                                                                NORM LANDING RIVER
                                                                         ECOSYSTEM
                                            W
                                               LaKe                                                                                                 ie


                                                                                                                                              nm 'i
                                                                            0


                                                                                                                                             Is
                                                                                                        Prin                              Comer



          Butts
                                                                2                                                                CD
                                                  z


                                                                                                                           3

                                AS7AL                  P%7,ftETWA V-                                                                        P@ungo

                                                                                        +,an in



                                                                                                                               U
                          165
                                                         e san@                                                                                      r
                                                                                            4

                                                                                                                                                r
                                                            S  AVA          TION
                         er@tress                         (F  RESS          FIELD)                                                               <11
                                 5                                                                                              easan
                                                                                                                                 id
                        Substa

                                                                                                                                                  ,,ley


                                                                                                                                       4
                                     KEY TO NATURAL AREAS


                            1. STUMPY LAKE
                            2. GUM SWAMP                                                                             5
                            3. UPPER WEST NECK                                                        -4L,
                            4. NORTH POCATY
                            5. EASTERN WETILANDS                                                     -
                                                                                                    6-
                            6. NORTH LANDING RIVER POCOSINS
        168                 7. UPPER BLACKWATER CREIX                                                                             Back B
         7                  8 SOUTHERN MARSHES
                            9. OAKUM CREEK

                                                                                           nd of
                                                                                           omise
                         Hir
                         roun


                   icko                        L.0
                                               Ri








                  Sal                                                           7                                             4
                 Bride                                                           -               iac

                5



                                        2      3      4       5      6      7      8
        KILOMETERSi
                                                                                                                                      9
                                                                        4           5
         MILES1           0          1           2           3
                                                                                                                   L
     er


                                                                                                        e
                                                                                                                               r



            Northw




                                       RGINIA                                              v GINIA        H-Cl,
       r7










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                             MANAGEMENT



                                    PRIMARY LAND CLASSIFICATION


                 According to the State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide (vdcr
                 1991) developed by the VDCR Lands Classification Committee, a site
                 should be classified according to the format described in the
                 departmental land classification system. The types of land classifications
                 recognized by VDCR are as follows:

                                     State Park,
                                     State Natural Area Preserve,
                                     State Cultural Resource Area,
                                     State Reserve,
                                     State Trail/Greenway, and
                                     Special Interest Area.

                 In accordance with the land classification system, North Landing River
                 Natural Area Preserve's primary land classification is State Natural Area
                 Preserve.


                 The State Natural Area Preserve classification is defined as a "land or
                 water area of variable acreage that may offer low intensity public use."
                 "The primary purpose of the property is to support rare plant and/or
                 animal species and/or unique natural communities, and it is, therefore,
                 dedicated to ensure their preservation." (VDCR 1991)

                                         ZONE CLASSIFICATION


                 According to the State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide, there
                 are three major zones under each of the six primary classifications which
                 may be applied to a property. The zones, based on resource analyses,
                 will direct the type of use which may occur on land areas under a major
                 classification. The zones recognized by the VDCR Lands Classification
                 Committee are as follows:


                                     Non-sensitive,
                                     Sensitive, and
                                     Preservation.


                 The Preservation zone is further divided into three sub-types:


                                                     78











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                     Preservation - Natural,
                                     Preservation - Cultural, and
                                     Preservation - Special.

                 In accordance with the land classification system, North Landing River
                 Natural Area Preserve's zone classification is Preservation - Natural.
                 Note that all of the preserve is zoned Preservation - Natural.

                 Preservation Zone - Natural is defined as "actual or proposed natural area
                 preserves dedicated to protecting natural heritage resources managed for
                 the habitat of threatened or endangered species or natural communities
                 present on the property."

                              REGULATIONS, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES

                 Regulations pertaining to the use and management of state-owned
                 natural area preserves are currently under development by VDCR. Once
                 use regulations have been established and codified, VDCR will also
                 develop departmental policies and guidelines for management of
                 properties within the state natural area preserve system.

                 According to the State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide,
                 guidelines should address the following topics:

                              recreation/other public uses,
                              hunting, fishing, trapping,
                              agriculture,
                              timber,
                              water,
                              minerals and geology,
                              soils,
                              roads, utilities, access,
                              facilities,
                              natural heritage resources,
                              wildfire,
                              insects and disease, and
                              active management of vegetation and wildlife.

                 TNC has developed policies for management of their preserves which
                 are currently under review for updating and revision.

                 Policies, regulations, and guidelines will be applied to tracts respective


                                                    79










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                of ownership. It is expected that the VDCR policies and guidelines and
                the TNC policies for management will closely parallel each other in
                content and will not cause conflicts or other problems in the
                management of the preserve as a single unit.

                                      MANAGEMENT DIRECTION


                GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


                This section contains the most important component of the management
                plan: goals and objectives. The section is organized hierarchically.
                Categories are the highest level. Categories identify the general topic
                covered by a set of goals and objectives. A brief discussion of each
                category is provided. Goals are the second level. A goal is a general
                result towards which management effort is directed. The lowest level
                are the objectives. Objectives are more specific aims, usually with a
                measurable end result, designed to help realize the goal. Objectives are
                the most basic and operational level of the management direction. As
                such, they are used as the basis for development of management
                synopses.
































                                                   80











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 [3 CATEGORY: Inventory and Research

                 There are several areas of need for biodiversity inventory and scientific
                 research at the North Landing River Natural Area Preserve and vicinity.
                 The additional information and knowledge regarding the preserve and its
                 ecosystem will be used to guide ecological management. Biological
                 monitoring is not included under this category, but under stewardship.

                        ï¿½ GOAL 1: Conduct additional biodiversity inventory.

                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1A: Complete additional inventory for rare
                                     plants.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1 B: Complete additional inventory for rare
                                     animals.


                        ï¿½ GOAL 2: Conduct scientific research and assessment of
                               ecosystem structure and function.

                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 2A: Continue hydrologic, geochemical,
                                     and vegetation research.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 213: Continue fire and vegetation history
                                     research.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 2C: Document and map vegetation types.

                        ï¿½ GOAL 3: Conduct research on priority ecological
                               management techniques.

                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 3A: Research effectiveness of prescribed
                                     fire in the control of common reed.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 313: Research effectiveness of fire in
                                     regenerating Atlantic white cedar.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 3C: Research effects of fire on pocosin
                                     and canebrake communities.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 3D: Research effects of fire on marsh
                                     communities.


                        ï¿½ GOAL 4: Conduct research on priority water quality issues.

                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 4A: Evaluate effects of maintenance
                                     dredging of ICW.
                               ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 413: Determine extent and effects of
                                     salinity changes associated with bypass canal.


                                                     81











                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

               13CATEGORY: Information Management and Planning

               This category includes all goals and objectives related to management of
               biodiversity data in BCD, environmental review, and continued
               management planning.    Specific reporting and planning needs are
               addressed under their respective goals.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 5: Maintain and utilize current records in BCD.


                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 5A: Annually review and revise as
                                 necessary EOR's, SBR's, and TBR's.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 513: Enter and annually update
                                 Stewardship Actions.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 5C: Produce an SSS annually.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 6: Provide appropriate environmental review services.

                           0 OBJECTIVE 6A: Provide appropriate environmental
                                 review of projects proposed in the vicinity of the
                                 preserve.


                     0 GOAL 7: Continue to develop resource management plan.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 7A: Periodically review resource
                                 management plan and revise as necessary.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 713: Continue to refine the site
                                 conservation plan.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 7C: Continue to refine the conceptual
                                 ecological model.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 7D: Develop a fire management plan.















                                               82











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 13CATEGORY: Protection

                 Although most of the natural heritage resources of the ecosystem have
                 been protected through acquisition, the preserve is not isolated from the
                 surrounding land use. Preservation of the natural heritage resources is
                 not assured just by owning their habitat. Additionally, acquisition of
                 several tracts has not been completed as of this writing and many tracts
                 yet remain to be dedicated. Efforts to more adequately protect the
                 natural heritage resources of the North Landing River ecosystem should
                 continue.


                        ï¿½ GOAL 8: Complete protection projects currently in progress.

                              ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 8A: Complete acquisition of targeted
                                     tracts.
                              ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 813: Complete dedication of all tracts
                                     owned by TNC and VDCR.

                        ï¿½ GOAL 9: Continue to employ a variety of protection tools to
                              secure the viability of the natural heritage resources.

                              o OBJECTIVE 9A: Secure management agreements or
                                     natural area registry on priority upland tracts.























                                                    83










                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

               13CATEGORY: Stewardship

               Stewardship is the long term management of land and water to maintain
               and enhance its natural and cultural resources.   The stewardship
               category comprises the bulk of the goals and objectives for the preserve.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 10: Provide appropriate biological monitoring.

                           0 OBJECTIVE 1OA: Conduct biological monitoring of
                                 selected rare species, problem species, and
                                 natural communities.


                     ï¿½ GOAL 11: Provide appropriate ecological management.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 11 A: Complete common reed
                                 demonstration project.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 11 B: Reintroduce fire into the
                                 pocosins.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 11 C: Utilize fire as a marsh
                                 management tool.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 11 D: Develop and implement a
                                 problem species assessment and control plan.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 12: Appropriately manage hunting on the preserve.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 12A: Continue to manage duck hunting
                                 adjacent to the preserve in cooperation with
                                 VDGIF.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1213: Develop and implement a deer
                                 hunting plan and guidelines.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 13: Design and implement programs to restore and
                           maintain water quality and quantity.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 13A: Develop a model land-use plan for
                                 priority upland tracts.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1313: Design and implement a
                                 demonstration water quality conservation project.





 0                                             84











                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

               13CATEGORY: Stewardship (continued)

                     ï¿½ GOAL 14: Provide appropriate public access and
                           recreational opportunities.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 14A: Complete development of public
                                  access facilities at Kellam tract.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1413: Develop and implement public
                                  access and recreation strategies.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 15: Provide appropriate preservation of scenic
                           resources.


                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 15A: Review proposed projects for
                                  potential impacts to scenic resources.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 15B: Encourage a regional approach to
                                  scenic resources management.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 16: Provide appropriate preservation of historic
                           resources.


                           o OBJECTIVE 16A: Review proposed projects for
                                  potential impacts to historic resources.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 17: Provide appropriate site management.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 17A: Establish and maintain
                                  appropriate signage.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1713: Implement effective site security.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 17C: Maintain access facilities and other
                                  amenities.


                     ï¿½ GOAL 18: Provide appropriate interpretation, education,
                           and promotion.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 18A: Develop and distribute written
                                  educational materials.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 1813: Provide educational programs.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 18C: Appropriately promote the
                                  preserve.






                                                85










                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

               13CATEGORY: Cooperative Management

               Cooperative management of the North Landing River Natural Area
               Preserve is crucial to the successful preservation of its natural heritage
               resources. In addition to the cooperative management process within
               VDCR, management partners outside the agency must also be involved.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 19: Coordinate management with existing partners.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 19A: Coordinate management between
                                 VDCR and TNC-
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 11913: Coordinate management with
                                 other existing partners.

                     ï¿½ GOAL 20: Develop new management partners and
                           cooperative management strategies.

                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 20A: Establish a Stewardship Advisory
                                 Committee.
                           ï¿½ OBJECTIVE 2013: Enlist support of private landowners
                                 and community organizations.


























                                               86











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                 MANAGEMENT SYNOPSES


                 Management synopses are short plans recommending why, when, and
                 how an objective may be accomplished and suggesting who may be
                 responsible for its implementation. A management synopsis for each
                 objective appears on the following pages. Each synopsis follows a
                 standard format explained below. Where an action plan is called for in
                 a synopsis, the words "ACTION PLAN" appear parenthetically. Action
                 plans are explained in a following section.

                    OBJECTIVE: This heading contains a reiteration of the objective.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: A more detailed version of the objective, often
                 containing additional information, is provided.

                 JUSTIFICATION: A discussion of need for the objective is furnished.

                 TASKS: A summary of suggested tasks or steps towards accomplishing
                 the objective are listed.

                 SCHEDULE: A time-line for implementing the objective is recommended.

                 PERSONNEL: Primary responsibility of accomplishing the objective is
                 suggested (indicated by the symbol "10"). Normally, a single person,
                 identified by job title, is given the responsibility of accomplishing an
                 objective. This suggestion is not meant to preclude delegation or joint
                 efforts. Personnel to assist with implementation also are recommended
                 (indicated by the symbol "2"'). Currently unfilled positions are indicated
                 by an asterisk (*).

                 DELIVERABLE: Possible outcomes, products, or other measures of
                 success for the objective are described.

                 PRIORITY: The relative priority of the objective, low, medium, or high,
                 is indicated. Priority indicates importance on a relative scale, that is,
                 objectives with a low priority are not unimportant, just less critical than
                 other objectives. Normally, objectives which pertain directly to the
                 preservation of natural heritage resources receive a high priority,
                 objectives which pertain indirectly to natural heritage resource
                 preservation receive a medium priority, and objectives which do not
                 pertain to natural heritage resource preservation receive a low priority.



                                                     87










                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                    OBJECTIVE 1 A: Complete additional inventory for rare plants.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Conduct additional inventory for Virginia least
                 trillium in the forested swamps and for historically documented rare
                 plants, such as large cranberry, in burned areas.

                 JUSTIFICATION: Much potential habitat for Virginia least trillium exists
                 which has not been surveyed at the appropriate time of year to detect
                 the plant; need to determine full extent of occurrences of this globally
                 rare taxon to be able to manage for the plant. Rare plants historically
                 documented from the area, but apparently no longer present, may return
                 to certain habitats following the passage of fire. These habitats need
                 post-burn checks for rare plants. Need this inventory data to help guide
                 and measure success of ecological management.

                 TASKS: Plan several site visits during appropriate periods (Mar. and Apr.
                 for trillium, several weeks to several years post-burn for others), conduct
                 surveys, submit field notes and EOR's.

                 SCHEDULE: Depends on incidence of fire for post-burn work. For
                 trillium - conduct surveys in Mar. or Apr. '95.

                 PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Botanist. 20 - DNH Regional Steward% TNC
                 Steward.


                 DELIVERABLE: EOR's and/or negative search data.


                 PRIORITY: medium












                                                     88











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                    OBJECTIVE 1113: Complete additional inventory for rare animals.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Conduct additional biological inventory on
                 preserve and in vicinity for a number of crustaceans, lepidopterans,
                 odonates, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.

                 JUSTIFICATION: Animal species are not as well inventoried as plants
                 and communities. Need to determine complete list of natural heritage
                 resources which utilize the site and vicinity and where they are found to
                 determine if active ecological management or alterations in visitation
                 patterns are necessary to preserve and enhance these occurrences.

                 TASKS:     Plan several site visits during appropriate dates; conduct
                 surveys; submit EOR's and field notes.

                 SCHEDULE: Plan surveys by 3/95; conduct surveys 4/95-11/96, submit
                 field notes and EOR's by 3/96.

                 PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Zoologist. 20 - DNH Regional Steward*.

                 DELIVERABLE: EOR's and/or negative search data.


                 PRIORITY: medium















                                                    89











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                   OBJECTIVE 2A: Continue hydrologic, geochemical, and vegetation
                research.


                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Continue ground-water monitoring and analysis
                and associated geochemical and vegetation monitoring in the North
                Landing River wetlands.

                JUSTIFICATION: Need to establish some level of basic knowledge of the
                ground-water regime, what associations are affected by ground water,
                and how they may be affected to be able to assess stress to the system
                from ground-water threats and guide ameliorative management, if
                deemed necessary.

                TASKS: Continue monitoring pilot transect according to project proposal
                (ACTION PLAN), seek additional funding for two additional transects,
                implement according to proposal (ACTION PLAN).

                SCHEDULE: Monitoring of existing transect at some level of detail will
                be continuous, reports due quarterly and annually, proposals for
                additional funding submitted 12/94.

                PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Stewardship Director. 20 - USGS Hydrologist,
                DNH Regional Steward% TNC Stewardship Director.

                DELIVERABLE: Annual and final reports, increased understanding of
                ground-water regime.

                PRIORITY: high










                                                  90










                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                  OBJECTIVE 213: Continue fire and vegetation history research.

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Analyze peat cores already taken from preserve
               to establish past fire regime and plant community composition; take and
               analyze additional cores.

               JUSTIFICATION: Need to understand historical fire regime and plant
               communities to help guide fire management actions in pocosin and other
               fire dependent areas.

               TASKS: Continue sampling and analysis of cores according to project
               proposal (ACTION PLAN).

               SCHEDULE: Study already designed and set-up; initial sampling to
               continuethrough 4/95, analysis and final reportdue-dates undetermined.

               PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Stewardship Coordinator. 20 - Fire Ecology
               Specialist, DNH Regional Steward% TNC Stewardship Director.

               DELIVERABLE: Report of findings.

               PRIORITY: high













                                                 91










                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                  OBJECTIVE 2C: Document and map vegetation types.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Characterize, document, and inventory plant
                community types found on preserve and in vicinity; map location and
                extent of community types.

                JUSTIFICATION: Knowledge of plant community composition and extent
                is needed to help refine conceptual ecological model, track changes in
                vegetation of the watershed over time, and guide management actions.

                TASKS: Use aerial photography and other means to identify general
                types and extents of plant communities; conduct field survey to
                characterize and document community types and help define signature
                of community types on aerial photos; map location and extent of
                communities using aerial photos and extensive ground-truthing.

                SCHEDULE: Undetermined.


                PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


                DELIVERABLE: Characterizations and maps of plant communities.


                PRIORITY: medium.















                                                 92











                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                  OBJECTIVE 3A: Research effectiveness of prescribed fire in the
               control of common reed.


               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design and implement a small study to learn if
               carefully timed prescribed burning alone can be used as an effective
               means of controlling or suppressing the potentially invasive species,
               common reed.


               JUSTIFICATION: Need to find less expensive and less environmentally
               damaging technique for effective control of common reed than herbicide
               and other established methods.

               TASKS: Formulate project plan (ACTION PLAN), implement plan.

               SCHEDULE: Pending filling of DNH Regional Steward position.

               PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Regional Steward*. 2' - TNC Stewardship
               Director, DNH Stewardship Director, VDoF staff.

               DELIVERABLE: Final report of findings and recommendations.

               PRIORITY: high













                                                93











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition
















                   OBJECTIVE 313: Research effectiveness of fire in regenerating Atlantic
                white cedar.


                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design and conduct research to determine the
                most effective methods and times to apply fire to regenerate Atlantic
                white cedar stands.


                JUSTIFICATION: Atlantic white cedar communities appear dependent on
                fire for recruitment of seedlings and regeneration of stand; need to
                determine how and when to apply fire to best benefit Atlantic white
                cedar communities in the ecosystem.


                TASKS: Undetermined.


                SCHEDULE: Undetermined.


                PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


                DELIVERABLE: Report of findings and recommendations.


                PRIORITY: medium
















                                                   94











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                    OBJECTIVE 3C: Research effects of fire on pocosin and canebrake
                 communities.


                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design and implement a study of fire effects on
                 pocosin and canebrake communities.

                 JUSTIFICATION:      Pocosins and their related associations are fire
                 dependent communities. Mush area of these communities and their rare
                 species are being lost to succession. Need to determine best methods
                 for re-introducing fire into these areas to create and maintain rare natural
                 communities and special habitats.

                 TASKS: A project proposal has been developed (ACTION PLAN), seek
                 funding for project, implement project according to terms of proposal;
                 project involves background research, land-owner contact, pre- and post-
                 burn monitoring, and one to two pilot burns in pocosins.

                 SCHEDULE: Pending funding of project; implement as scheduled in
                 proposal.

                 PERSONNEL: 10 - DNH Stewardship Director. 20 - TNC Stewardship
                 Director, DNH Stewardship Biologist, DNH and TNC Stewardship
                 Assistants, DSP Site Manager, VDoF staff, other cooperators.

                 DELIVERABLE: Implementation of burn on pocosin, summary of findings
                 and recommendations.


                 PRIORITY: high










                                                   95











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                    OBJECTIVE 31): Research effects of fire on marsh communities.


                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design and implement a study to determine
                 most effective methods and times to apply fire to marsh communities for
                 purposes of natural heritage resource management.

                 JUSTIFICATION: Although marshes may not be naturally f ire-dependent,
                 fire can be used to manage marsh communities; need to establish
                 techniques of burning most effective for management of marsh-related
                 natural heritage resources.

                 TASKS: Develop a research proposal (ACTION PLAN), conduct study
                 according to proposal; project will likely involve literature searches, pre-
                 and post-burn vegetation monitoring, and several burns at different times
                 of year.


                 SCHEDULE: Undetermined.


                 PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


                 DELIVERABLE: Summary of findings and recommendations, marsh
                 burns.


                 PRIORITY: medium














                                                     96











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                    OBJECTIVE 4A: Evaluate effects of maintenance dredging of ICW.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Evaluate effects on ecosystem and natural
                 heritage resources of the regular maintenance dredging of the Atlantic
                 Intracoastal Waterway and disposal of dredged material in the North
                 Landing River.

                 JUSTIFICATION: Effects of dredging and dredged material disposal on
                 water quality, quantity, and natural heritage resources is unknown; need
                 to assess influence of this activity on these resources and identify need
                 for management or ameliorative measures.

                 TASKS: Undetermined.


                 SCHEDULE: Undetermined.


                 PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


                 DELIVERABLE: Report of findings and recommendations.


                 PRIORITY: medium
















                                                   97











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                   OBJECTIVE 413: Research extent and effect of salinity changes
                associated with bypass canal.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design and implement a study (ACTION PLAN)
                to determine the extent of salt water intrusion into the North Landing
                River system from Canal Number Two and its bypass canal and the
                effects, if any, on the plant communities in the vicinity.

                JUSTIFICATIONS:      Extent of salt water intrusion and effects of
                vegetation from bypass canal are unknown; need to determine if
                salinities are significantly changed, what the effects on the plant
                communities are, and if ameliorative measures are necessary to protect
                or restore natural heritage resources in vicinity.

                TASKS: Develop a project proposal, seek funding for proposal, and
                implement project according to proposal.

                SCHEDULE: Undetermined.


                PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


                DELIVERABLE: Report of findings and recommendations.

                PRIORITY: high












                                                 98











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                  OBJECTIVE 5A: Annually review and revise as necessary EOR's,
               SBR's, and TBR's.


               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Review and update Element Occurrence Records
               (EOR), Site Basic Records (SBR), and Tract Basic Records (TBR) in BCD
               for the preserve and vicinity every year.

               JUSTIFICATION: Current information in BCD is needed for preserve
               management planning, protection efforts, the annual scorecard process,
               and accurate report generation.

               TASKS: Submit hard copies of records to staff for review; compare
               records to field notes and other update information; make changes in
               computerized files; make appropriate changes in manual and map files.

               SCHEDULE: An annual process that should be initiated and completed
               every winter.

               PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Information Specialist. 2' - DNH Conservation
               Planner.


               DELIVERABLE: Current and correct EOR's, SBR's, and TBR's


               PRIORITY: medium














                                                 99










                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                  OBJECTIVE 513: Enter and annually update stewardship actions.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Enter stewardship actions based on objectives
                of this management plan and on subsequent action plans into BCD;
                update these action records annually.

                JUSTIFICATION: Current information in BCD is needed for preserve
                management planning, protection efforts, the annual scorecard process,
                and accurate report generation.

                TASKS: Gather stewardship actions data from management plan and
                action plans; enter data into BCD; review actions records annually for
                status and revisions; update as appropriate.

                SCHEDULE: An annual process that should be initiated and completed
                every winter.

                PERSONNEL: 10 - DNH Information Specialist. 2* - DNH Conservation
                Planner.


                DELIVERABLE: Current and correct stewardship action records in BCD.


                PRIORITY: medium















                                                 100











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition













                  OBJECTIVE 5C: Produce an SSS annually.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Produce a site stewardship summary (SSS)
                based on updated EOR's, SBR's, TBR's, and stewardship action records
                for the preserve and vicinity every year.

                JUSTIFICATION: Need an annual report from BCD to show measures of
                success in implementing management plan, provide up-to-date
                information for protection, access, and ecological management efforts,
                and helping with review and revision of management plan including site
                conservation plan.

                TASKS: Use BCD reporting functions to generate site stewardship
                abstract.


                SCHEDULE: An annual process that should occur in late winter to early
                spring following updates of BCD records.

                PERSONNEL: 1      DNH Information Specialist. 20 - DNH Conservation
                Planner.


                DELIVERABLE: Site stewardship abstract.


                PRIORITY: medium














                                                 101











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                   OBJECTIVE 6A: Provide appropriate environmental review of projects
                proposed in vicinity of preserve (See also Objectives 15A and 16A).

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Provide environmental review upon request,
                including site information, natural heritage resource information, and
                impact avoidance/minimization recommendations, for development, road
                construction, and other projects proposed in the vicinity of the preserve.

                JUSTIFICATION:       Environmental review will help to facilitate the
                completion of appropriate projects while ensuring the protection of the
                integrity of the site and its resources.

                TASKS: Respond promptly to requests for environmental review as they
                are received.


                SCHEDULE: As needed.

                PERSONNEL: 1        DNH Project Review Coordinator% 20 - DNH Regional
                Steward*.


                DELIVERABLE: Project implementation with no or minimal impacts to
                natural heritage resources.

                PRIORITY: high











                                                    102











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition









                  OBJECTIVE 7A: Periodically review management plan and revise as
               necessary.

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE:          Review the content of this preserve
               management plan on a regular periodic basis; revise the goals and
               objectives, when necessary, to reflect changes in knowledge and status
               of the site.


               JUSTIFICATION: The management plan must retain a degree of
               flexibility in order to remain a useful document. The conditions and
               status of the preserve as well as our understanding of its habitats and
               natural heritage resources will change over time. A mechanism must be
               available to allow the management plan to adapt to these inevitable
               changes.

               TASKS: Assemble a review committee of scientific experts, resource
               managers, and administrators; review plan; revise plan as appropriate;
               seek approval of VDCR Director.

               SCHEDULE: First review of plan should take place two years after initial
               approval; subsequent reviews should occur every five years thereafter.

               PERSONNEL: 1"- DNH Regional Steward*. 2'- DSP Site Manager, DNH
               Conservation Planner, DNH Stewardship Director, DNH Zoologist, DNH
               Botanist, DNH Ecologist, DNH Division Director, VDCR Director, Review
               Committee.


               DELIVERABLE: Revised management plan.

               PRIORITY: high







                                                                                                       0
                                                103











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                  OBJECTIVE 713: Continue to refine site conservation plan.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Review and revise components of North Landing
                River ecosystem site conservation plans to reflect new knowledge of the
                structure and function of the system and of the resources it contains.

                JUSTIFICATION: New information regarding the ecosystem and its
                biological resources will be discovered.    Need to reflect the new
                knowledge in the resource assessment, stress assessment, and
                conservation planning boundaries to help achieve the most complete and
                efficient preservation of the natural heritage resources of the system.

                TASKS: Assess new information regarding preserve, ecosystem, or
                similar systems resulting from work conducted either by VDCR or other
                entities as it becomes available; incorporate pertinent new information
                into site conservation plans; produce interim updated site conservation
                plans, if necessary;     incorporate changes into next revision of
                management plan goals and objectives.

                SCHEDULE: A continual process based on the availability of new
                information.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Regional Steward*. 2* - DNH Conservation
                Planner, other scientific experts.

                DELIVERABLE: Updated/revised site conservation plans.

                PRIORITY: high









                                                 104











                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                 OBJECTIVE 7C: Refine conceptual ecological model.

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Review and revise conceptual ecological model
               as new information regarding the structure and function of the
               ecosystem is discovered.

               JUSTIFICATION: New information regarding the ecosystem's structure
               and function will be discovered. Need to reflect the new knowledge in
               the conceptual ecological model to facilitate planning of effective
               ecological protection and management actions.

               TASKS: Assess new information regarding ecosystem or similar systems
               resulting from work conducted by VDCR or others as it becomes
               available; incorporate pertinent new information into conceptual
               ecological model; revise model periodically to reflect changes;
               incorporate newest iteration of model in any revisions of management
               plan.

               SCHEDULE: A continual process based on the availability of new
               information.

               PERSONNEL: 1'- DNH Regional Steward*. 20- various scientific experts.

               DELIVERABLE: Revised conceptual ecological model.

               PRIORITY: high










                                               105










                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                  OBJECTIVE 7D: Develop a fire management plan.

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Develop a comprehensive fire management plan
               (ACTION PLAN) that addresses both wildfire and prescribed burning.

               JUSTIFICATION: Fire management plan needed to state and justify
               wildfire and prescribed burn policies for the preserve, establish wildfire
               protocols for preserve, and provide comprehensive prescribed burning
               planning.

               TASKS: Draft plan, solicit review, revise, solicit VDCR Director and TNC
               Fire Manager approval.

               SCHEDULE: Pending filling of Regional Steward position.

               PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Regional Steward*. 2' - TNC Stewardship
               Director, DNH Stewardship Director, TNC Fire Manager, VDCR
               Department Director, VDoF staff.

               DELIVERABLE: Fire management plan.


               PRIORITY: medium







 0                                             106











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition
















                    OBJECTIVE 8A: Complete acquisition of targeted tracts.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Complete acquisitions and transfers of Sorey
                tract (VDCR), Miller tract (VDCR), and Woodly/Old tract (TNC).

                JUSTIFICATION: Acquisition of these high priority tracts is needed to
                secure protection of their highly significant natural heritage resources.

                TASKS: Complete negotiation of land transactions and close the sales.

                SCHEDULE: Closing date forsorey tract should be by 5/95 and for Miller
                tract should be 11/95.


                PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Natural Areas Program Manager. 2' - VDCR
                Conservation and Development Program Supervisor, TNC Protection
                Director.


                DELIVERABLE: Deed of VDCR ownership of tracts.

                PRIORITY: high














                                                   107










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                   OBJECTIVE 813: Complete dedication of all tracts owned by VDCR
                and TNC.


                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Attach Instruments of Dedication to the deeds
                of all tracts in the preserve owned by VDCR and TNC not already
                dedicated.


                JUSTIFICATION: Natural area dedication is the strongest form of
                protection for natural heritage resources available. Dedication is needed
                on all tracts of the preserve to assure appropriate use and management
                in perpetuity.

                TASKS:     Draft instruments of dedication, solicit approval from all
                appropriate parties, record instruments with deeds.

                SCHEDULE: VDCR tracts dedicated upon transfer; draft of instrument for
                pilot dedication of TNC tract completed and under review, remaining TNC
                tracts to be dedicated subsequent to pilot dedication.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Natural Areas Program Manager. 20 - TNC
                Protection Director, VA Attorney General, TNC Regional Attorney.













                                                   108











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition










                   OBJECTIVE 9A: Secure management agreements or natural area
                registry on priority upland tracts.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Conduct property owner contact and education
                for key upland tracts and secure at least one management agreement and
                20 natural area registries.

                JUSTIFICATION: The preserve is not isolated from surrounding land-use
                and preservation of natural heritage resources is not assured just by
                protecting their habitat. Conservation of upland areas which influence
                preserve is needed.

                TASKS: Meet and discuss conservation options with key land-owners,
                secure at least one management agreement on a priority tract targeted
                for Best Management Practices (BMP) demonstration (see Objective
                13B), secure natural area registry on 20 privately owned tracts within
                watershed.


                SCHEDULE: begin land-owner contact by 7/95, begin negotiations by
                10/95, complete first natural area registry by 2/96 and first management
                agreement by 3/96.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Natural Areas Program Manager. 20 - TNC
                Protection Director, DNH Protection Research Specialist, DCR
                Stewardship Director, TNC Stewardship Director.

                DELIVERABLE: conservation of priority uplands; completed protection
                portfolio.

                PRIORITY: high








                                                  109











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition








                    OBJECTIVE 1OA: Conduct biological monitoring of selected rare
                species, problem species, and natural communities.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Conduct regular base-line biological monitoring
                of selected high priority or indicator rare species, problem species, and
                natural communities both on the preserve and elsewhere within the North
                Landing River ecosystem.

                JUSTIFICATION: Base-line biological monitoring of natural heritage
                resources is needed to provide an indication of the success of active
                ecological management, help track population trends and indicate when
                active management is necessary, and assists with review of the
                management plan. Monitoring of potential problem species is needed to
                provide a means of determining the aggressiveness of a species at a site
                and if it is impacting natural heritage resources.        Monitoring also
                furnishes a mechanism for measuring success of control initiatives if they
                are implemented. Monitoring should extend beyond the preserve's
                boundaries, where appropriate, to provide comprehensive information.

                TASKS:      Develop a biological monitoring plan (ACTION PLAN),
                implement regular monitoring as dictated by the plan, report on results
                regularly.

                SCHEDULE: Pending filling of Regional Steward position.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Regional Steward*. 2* - TNC Stewardship
                Director, DNH Stewardship Director, DNH and TNC Stewardship
                Assistants.


                DELIVERABLE: Monitoring plan, annual report with monitoring data.

                PRIORITY: medium









                                                   110











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition









                    OBJECTIVE 11 A: Complete common reed demonstration project.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Continue and complete the common reed control
                 demonstration project which includes, in part, the North Landing River
                 Natural Area Preserve.


                 JUSTIFICATION: The common reed demonstration project should be
                 continued to its culmination because it is providing valuable information
                 and experience to land managers, facilitating public education regarding
                 the common reed problem, establishing ecological management
                 partnerships, and represents a contract obligation.

                 TASKS: Complete project as dictated by project proposal (ACTION
                 PLAN); this includes implementation of prescribed burns, development of
                 an educational slide show, continued biological monitoring of the control
                 and treatment areas, analysis and reporting of results, and a strategic
                 planning meeting among project cooperators to determine further steps
                 on the common reed issue.


                 SCHEDULE: Burns to be conducted in 2/95 and possibly 5/95, progress
                 report due 1/95, final report and recommendations due 1/96, slide show
                 due 4/95, meeting to be held in late '95.

                 PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Stewardship Biologist. 20 - DNH Stewardship
                 Director, project cooperators.

                 DELIVERABLE:      Progress report, final report, slide show,     meeting,
                 controlled common reed stands.


                 PRIORITY: high











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                   OBJECTIVE 11 B: Re-introduce fire to the pocosins.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Re-introduce fire into the pocosin and related
                associations of the preserve via carefully planned and safely implemented
                prescribed burns.

                JUSTIFICATION: Pocosins and their related associations (open bog,
                pond pine swamp) are fire dependent communities. Much area of these
                associations and their rare species are being lost to succession. Need to
                re-introduce fire into these areas to create and maintain the rare natural
                communities and special habitats.

                TASKS: Tasks will follow recommendations of pocosin burn study (see
                Objective 3C) and fire management plan (see Objective 7D).

                SCHEDULE:       Pending completion of pocosin burn study and fire
                management plan.

                PERSONNEL: 1'        DNH Regional Steward*. 2' - DNH Stewardship
                Director, TNC Stewardship Director, DNH Stewardship Biologist, DNH
                and TNC Stewardship Assistants, DSP Site Manager, VDoF staff, other
                cooperators.


                DELIVERABLE: Implementation of prescribed burns in pocosins, fire
                summary and other reports.

                PRIORITY: high










                                                   112











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                   OBJECTIVE 11 C: Utilize fire as a marsh management tool.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Periodically conduct prescribed burns in the
                marshes of the preserve to enhance natural heritage resources and other
                habitats and communities.


                JUSTIFICATION: Marshes will benefit from burning. Need to burn
                marshes periodically to help stimulate growth and reproduction of plants,
                stress invasive species, slow natural succession by woody plants, and
                enhance rare species and other wildlife habitat.

                TASKS: Tasks will follow recommendations of marsh burn study (see
                Objective 3D); burn units, burn plans, and rotations will be included in
                fire management plan (see Objective 7D), implement burns according to
                plans in cooperation with VDoF, USFWS, and other partners.

                SCHEDULE: Pending completion of marsh burn study.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Regional Steward*. 20 - DNH Stewardship
                Director, TNC Stewardship Director, TNC and DNH Stewardship
                Assistants, VDoF staff, other fire management cooperators.

                DELIVERABLE:      Implementation of prescribed burns, fire summary
                reports.


                PRIORITY: medium













                                                   113











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                    OBJECTIVE 11 D:       Develop and implement a problem species
                assessment and control plan (ACTION PLAN).

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Assess the threat of problem species, such as
                common reed and nutria, to the ecosystem, specific associations, and
                specific taxa based on biological monitoring information (see Objective
                10A) and other data; develop plans to control or suppress problem
                species which are imminently threatening natural heritage resource
                viability.

                JUSTIFICATION: Potential problem species may pose major, minor, or
                no threat to natural heritage resources of a site. Need to establish which
                problem species, if any, represent major threats to natural heritage
                resources. Need to formulate a realistic plan of control activities to
                attenuate any major threats identified.

                TASKS: Gather information, develop assessment and plan, coordinate
                with conservation partners and adjacent landowners, implement plan.

                SCHEDULE: Pending filling of Regional Stewardship position.

                PERSONNEL: 10 - DNH Regional Steward*. 2* - TNC Stewardship
                Director, DNH Stewardship Director.

                DELIVERABLE: Assessment and plan, control of problem species.

                PRIORITY: high










                                                   114











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                    OBJECTIVE 12A: Continue to manage duck hunting adjacent to
                preserve in cooperation with VDGIF.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Continue efforts in cooperation with VDGIF to
                guide and manage duck hunting activities on and adjacent to preserve.

                JUSTIFICATION: Need to manage duck hunting to ensure natural
                heritage resources are protected, public safety is addressed, and
                waterfowl populations are appropriately managed.

                TASKS: Continue to hold annual meetings with VDGIF regarding duck
                hunting, assist VDGIF with any information needs or active management.

                SCHEDULE: Annual meetings should take place annually well before
                waterfowl season.

                PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Regional Steward% TNC Stewardship Director.
                20 - VDGIF staff.


                DELIVERABLE: Appropriately managed duck hunting.

                PRIORITY: low













                                                                                                    0
                                                 115










                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition









                  OBJECTIVE 1213: Develop and implement a deer hunting plan and
               guidelines (ACTION PLAN).

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Develop a plan for management for deer hunting
               on preserve which contains guidelines for administration and
               implementation deer hunting; secure any necessary leases and
               agreements and implement plan.

               JUSTIFICATION:      Comprehensive deer hunting guidelines for the
               preserve have not been determined. Deer hunting could be conducted
               on the preserve for resource management purposes, in exchange for site
               management services, or as a retained property right. Deer hunting
               regulations differ from tract to tract respective of ownership and
               conditions of transfer.    A comprehensive deer hunting plan and
               guidelines are needed to resolve deer hunting issues and appropriately
               manage and administer any deer hunting on the preserve while ensuring
               preservation of natural heritage resources.

               TASKS: Develop a plan and guidelines in cooperation with VDGIF,
               implement terms of plan according to guidelines.

               SCHEDULE:       Undetermined, pending revision of VDCR hunting
               regulations for natural area preserves and review of TNC hunting
               guidelines.


               PERSONNEL: Undetermined.


               DELIVERABLE: Deer hunting plan and guidelines.

               PRIORITY: low










                                                116











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition













                    OBJECTIVE 13A: Develop a model land use p-lan (ACTION PLAN) for
                 priority for priority upland tracts.

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Evaluate possible strategies for water quality
                 and quantity conservation on upland tracts influencing the preserve and
                 develop a model land-use plan which outlines the most effective
                 measures.


                 JUSTIFICATION: The preserve is not isolated from land uses beyond its
                 boundaries; need to evaluate and recommend land-use strategies for
                 adjacent tracts that will help preserve the natural heritage resources of
                 the preserve.

                 TASKS: Evaluate data from hydrology study and other sources and
                 develop strategies for land-use, complete model land-use plan and
                 present to appropriate agencies and landowners.

                 SCHEDULE: Submit model plan by 9/30/95.

                 PERSONNEL: 1'- VDSWCD staff. 20 - TNC Stewardship Director, VDCR
                 Stewardship Director, VDCR Regional Steward*.

                 DELIVERABLE: Model land-use plan.


                 PRIORITY: medium













                                                   117











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                    OBJECTIVE 1313: Design and implement a demonstration water
                quality conservation project.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE:          Design and implement a water quality
                conservation project on a farm as a demonstration of land use compatible
                with the preservation of natural heritage resources on the preserve.

                JUSTIFICATION: The preserve is not isolated from land uses beyond its
                boundaries; need to implement a water quality conservation project as
                a demonstration of practices that will help preserve the natural heritage
                resources of the preserve.

                TASKS:      Make landowner contacts (see Objective 9A), select a
                demonstration farm and secure a management agreement with owner
                (see Objective 9A), complete farm conservation plan (ACTION PLAN) and
                implement water quality BMP's and water quality monitoring.

                SCHEDULE: Select farm by 9/30/95, complete plan by 12/15/95, install
                BMP's by 7/96.

                PERSONNEL: 10-VDSWCDstaff. 2'-VDCR Stewardship Director, TNC
                Stewardship Director, VDCR Regional Steward% VDCR Protection
                Research Specialist.

                DELIVERABLE:       Farm conservation plan, BMP's implemented on
                demonstration farm.


                PRIORITY: medium












                                                   118











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                    OBJECTIVE 14A: Complete development of public access facilities at
                 Kellam tract.


                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Complete construction of the access road,
                 parking area, boardwalk, canoe launch and other facilities designed for
                 the Kellam tract.


                 JUSTIFICATION: Because of topography and lack of road frontage,
                 public access opportunities to preserve are limited. Need to provide
                 access facilities to preserve. This access site will also provide a setting
                 for interpretive and educational facilities and programs.

                 TASKS: Facilities have been designed, most approvals and permits have
                 been obtained; final permitting, contracting of labor/materials, and actual
                 construction remain.


                 SCHEDULE: Time-line dependent on final permit approvals, bidding
                 process, and weather during construction period, but facilities should be
                 in place by 6/95.

                 PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Landscape Architect. 20 - DSP Site Manager,
                 DNH Natural Areas Program Manager.

                 DELIVERABLE: Completion of facilities.


                 PRIORITY: low













                                                    119










                       North Lending River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition








                  OBJECTIVE 1413: Develop and implement a comprehensive public
               access and recreation assessment and plan (ACTION PLAN).

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Based on the recommendations of the Advisory
               Team, develop an assessment of current public access and recreation
               opportunities, demands for access and recreation, and recommendations
               for meeting the access and recreation demands and integrating access
               and recreation development with local efforts within the preservation
               purpose of the site. Implement the recommendations of the plan.

               JUSTIFICATION: As a tertiary purpose for the establishment of the site
               is to provide outdoor recreation opportunities, an assessment and plan
               is needed to address these issues while maintaining the biodiversity of
               the site.


               TASKS: Assemble an assessment and planning committee, develop
               assessment and plan, implement recommendations of plan.

               SCHEDULE:      Complete plan and assessment by 3/96; complete
               implementation according to schedule in plan.

               PERSONNEL: For plan development: 1 0 - DPRR Recreation Planner. 20 -
                DNH Landscape Architect, DSP Site Manager, DNH Regional Steward*,
               Recreation and Access Assessment and Planning Committee. For plan
               implementation: 1 0 - DNH Landscape Architect. 20 - DSP Site Manager,
               DNH Regional Steward% other cooperators.

               DELIVERABLE: Assessment and plan; public access and recreation
               facilities.


               PRIORITY: low










                                                 120











                          North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition














                     OBJECTIVE 15A: Review proposed projects for potential impacts to
                  scenic resources (see also Objective 6A).

                  DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Review all proposed site management projects
                  and other projects which may affect the site's or surrounding's scenic
                  resources for potential visual impacts and assure that visual concerns are
                  addressed before project implementation.

                  JUSTIFICATION: Need to preserve all natural and cultural resources of
                  the site, including scenic resources. Review of projects for possible
                  visual impacts will assure that no avoidable scenic impacts occur.

                  TASKS: Review projects as they are proposed; make recommendations
                  to avoid or minimize scenic impacts.


                  SCHEDULE: As needed.


                  PERSONNEL: 1 * - DPRR Scenic Resources Specialist. 2' - DSP Site
                  Manager, DNH Landscape Architect, DNH Regional Steward*.

                  DELIVERABLE: Uncompromised scenic resources.


                  PRIORITY: low















                                                     121











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                   OBJECTIVE 1513: Encourage a regional approach to scenic resources
                management.


                DETAILED OBJECTIVE:          Based on the recommendations of the
                Management Planning Advisory Team, encourage a regional approach
                involving public and private property owners, local and regional
                government, and other conservation agencies and organizations towards
                comprehensive preservation of scenic resources within the North Landing
                River Watershed.


                JUSTIFICATION: Viewshed management units can extend only as far as
                TNC or VDCR ownership, but viewsheds from the preserve can be
                interrupted by activities outside the preserve. Therefore, need to develop
                a regional approach to scenic resources preservation.

                TASKS: Regional cooperation has already begun through completion of
                public access and visual resources study (Potter 1994). Assemble
                representatives who have an interest in or influence over scenic
                resources in the watershed, develop a regional scenic resources plan
                (ACTION PLAN), implement recommendations of plan.

                SCHEDULE: Hold initial meeting of working group by 10/95; complete
                plan by 10/96.

                PERSONNEL: 10 - DPRR Planner. 20 - members of working group.

                DELIVERABLE: Regional scenic resources plan; intact scenic resources.

                PRIORITY: low











                                                   122











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                    OBJECTIVE 16A: Review proposed projects for potential impacts to
                  historic resources (see also Objective 6A).

                  DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Review any proposed construction of public
                  access or other facilities through Department of Historic Resources for
                  assessment    of   possible    impact   to    historic  resources     and
                  recommendations regarding how to avoid or minimize potential impacts.

                  JUSTIFICATION: Need to preserve all natural and cultural resources of
                  the site, including historic resources. Review of projects for possible
                  historic resource impacts will assure that no avoidable impacts occur and
                  that unavoidable impacts are minimized.

                  TASKS: Request review of proposed projects by Department of Historic
                  Resources; implement recommendations to best capability within
                  preservation purview of site.

                  SCHEDULE: As needed.


                  PERSONNEL: 1' - DNH Landscape Architect. 20 - DSP Site Manager,
                  DHR Project Review Supervisor.

                  DELIVERABLE: Completed project with no or minimal impacts to historic
                  resources.


                  PRIORITY: low













                                                    123










                       North Lending River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition












                   OBJECTIVE 17A: Establish and maintain appropriate signage.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Establish and maintain entrance, directional,
                boundary, rules, interpretive and other signage at the preserve in order
                to enhance enjoyment of the site by visitors, provide for environmental
                education, and encourage compliance with resource protection and safely
                rules.


                JUSTIFICATION: Because sufficient staff does not exist to guide,
                educate, and supervise each visitor to the preserve, signs are needed to
                provide pleasant and educational visits to the preserve while assuring
                safety and resource protection.

                TASKS: Design signs for the site including entrance, directional, rules,
                boundary, and interpretive signs; have signs manufactured; install
                signs; maintain and replace signs as necessary.

                SCHEDULE: As needed or in relation to other site development projects.

                PERSONNEL: 10 - DSP Site Manager. 20 - DNH Landscape Architect,
                DNH Regional Steward% TNC Stewardship Director, Stewardship
                Volunteers.


                DELIVERABLE: Signs.

                PRIORITY: low













                                                  124











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















                   OBJECTIVE 11713: Implement effective site security.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE:        Provide adequate site security measures
                including patrolling, enforcement, signage, and education.

                JUSTIFICATION:      Need to assure resource protection rules and
                regulations are followed and that visitor safety is addressed.

                TASKS: Complete marking of all boundaries with appropriate signs,
                periodically patrol site and implement law enforcement actions as
                necessary, educate visitors regarding preserve use rules.

                SCHEDULE: Continuous.


                PERSONNEL: 1'- DSP Site Manager orTNC Stewardship Director. 2'-
                 DNH Regional Steward% TNC Stewardship Assistant.

                DELIVERABLE: Marked boundaries, increased public awareness, incident
                reports, etc.


                PRIORITY: medium
















                                                125











                    North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

















                OBJECTIVE 17C: Maintain access facilities and other amenities.

             DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Maintain, replace, and repair existing facilities
             designed for public access or other purposes; this refers primarily to
             access roads, parking areas, boardwalks, restrooms, picnic tables, and
             the other facilities in the public access areas.

             JUSTIFICATION: Existing facilities must be properly maintained to retain
             their effectiveness and safety.

             TASKS: Maintain, replace, or repair the existing facilities and maintain,
             replace, or repair any future facilities.


             SCHEDULE: As needed.


             PERSONNEL: 1' - DSP Site Manager or TNC Stewardship Director
             (respective of tract ownership).


             DELIVERABLE: Well-maintained facilities.


             PRIORITY: low

















                                          126











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition











                    OBJECTIVE 18A:        Develop and distribute written educational
                materials.


                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Design, produce, and update written educational
                materials, such as fact sheets, regarding the preserve, its ecosystem,
                and its resources.


                JUSTIFICATION: Educational materials can be distributed to the public
                through direct contact, special events, direct mailings, or at
                presentations and used to increase public awareness of the significance
                and ecology of the site and to help promote appropriate visitation of the
                preserve.

                TASKS: Preserve fact sheet, pocosin fact sheet, and cypress/tupelo
                swamp fact sheet already developed, update preserve fact sheet,
                develop fact sheets on marshes and selected rare species.

                SCHEDULE: Updated preserve fact sheet by 5/95; other fact sheets and
                brochures developed as resources allow.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DSP Site Manager. 20 - DNH and TNC Stewardship
                Assistants, DVCS Public Communications Manager, DNH Regional
                Steward *

                DELIVERABLE: Updated preserve fact sheet, additional fact sheets and
                brochures.


                PRIORITY: low












                                                   127










                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition










                   OBJECTIVE 11813: Provide educational programs.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Provide field tours, presentations, and other
                educational programs designed to increase public awareness of the
                preserve, its resources, and its ecosystem.

                JUSTIFICATION: Educational programs are needed to increase public
                awareness to biodiversity and other ecological issues, explain basic
                ecologic principles, and engender support for the preserve, natural
                heritage resource preservation, and conservation programs in general.

                TASKS: Provide guided educational tours of preserve; give presentations
                regarding the preserve to school groups, civic associations, special
                interest groups, etc; display educational exhibits at special events or
                community gathering places; develop other educational programs.

                SCHEDULE: Tours to be provided upon sufficient demand or when
                deemed appropriate by staff; presentations provided upon request when
                resources allow; display exhibits as opportunities arise, implement other
                programs when appropriate.

                PERSONNEL: 1' - DSP Site Manager. 20 - DNH and TNC Stewardship
                Assistants, DVCS Public Communications Manager, TNC Director of
                Communications.


                DELIVERABLES:       Tours, presentations, exhibits, other educational
                programs.


                PRIORITY: low




10                                                 128











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition









                    OBJECTIVE 18C: Appropriately promote preserve.

                  DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Promote greater awareness of the preserve and
                  appropriate visitation through a variety of techniques including press
                  releases, mapping, other publications, and remote signage.

                  JUSTIFICATION: Promotional programs are needed to increase public
                  awareness of the existence of the preserve and preserve system,
                  biodiversity and other ecological issues, to engender support for the
                  preserve, natural heritage resource preservation, and conservation
                  programs in general, and to encourage appropriate visitation and use of
                  the site. Promotional programs must always balance visitation with the
                  needs of the natural heritage resources of the site.

                  TASKS:    Arrange for an articles to appear in local and/or regional
                  newspapers about the preserve; consider whether to have the preserve
                  included on state road maps and other maps utilized by travelers;
                  consider whether to have preserve included in other publications, such
                  as state parks brochures or local or state-wide magazines; consider
                  directional signage off-site designed to guide visitors to the preserve.

                  SCHEDULE: Continuous.


                  PERSONNEL: 1' - DSP Site Manager. 20 - TNC Communications
                  Director, TNC and DNH Stewardship Assistants, DNH Regional Steward%
                  DVCS Public Communications Manager.

                  DELIVERABLE: Newspaper articles, maps showing preserve (?), articles
                  in other publications (?), off-site signage (?).

                  PRIORITY: low










                                                   129











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition













                  OBJECTIVE 19A: Coordinate management between VDCR and TNC.

                DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Coordinate management planning and activities
                between TNC and VDCR.


                JUSTIFICATION:      Management coordination efforts are needed to
                facilitate timely and effective cooperative management efforts and assure
                that management planning and implementation initiatives are completed
                appropriately.

                TASKS: Determine responsibilities for cooperative management and any
                issues which will be managed independently. Coordinate management
                informally by diligent efforts to keep communications open and assist
                each other in accomplishing tasks. Coordinate management formally
                through quarterly meetings of VDCR and TNC management staff in
                which progress and status of management actions are reviewed.

                SCHEDULE: Continuous, meetings quarterly.

                PERSONNEL:      1* - DNH Regional Steward* and TNC Stewardship
                Director. 2' - VDCR NAMT, DSP Site Manager.

                DELIVERABLE: Coordinated management efforts.

                PRIORITY: medium














                                                  130











                         North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition










                    OBJECTIVE 1913:       Coordinate management with other existing
                 partners (see also Objectives 2A, 2B, 3A, 7A, 713, 7C, 7D, 11 A, and 17A
                 which require involvement of other conservation partners).

                 DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Coordinate planning, site management, and
                 ecological management efforts among VDCR, TNC and other existing
                 management partners such as the Virginia Department of Forestry, the
                 Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, the U.S. Fish and
                 Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the U.S Army Corps of Engineers.

                 JUSTIFICATION:      Management coordination efforts are needed to
                 facilitate timely and effective cooperative management efforts and assure
                 that management planning and implementation initiatives are completed
                 appropriately.

                 TASKS: Coordinate management informally by diligent efforts to keep
                 communications open and assist each other in accomplishing tasks.
                 Coordinate management formally through meetings of VDCR and TNC
                 management staff with other management partners in which progress
                 and status of management actions are reviewed.

                 SCHEDULE: Continuous, meetings as needed.

                 PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Regional Steward* and TNC Stewardship
                 Director. 2* - VDCR NAMT, other management partners.

                 DELIVERABLE: Coordinated management efforts.

                 PRIORITY: medium











                                                   131










                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition









                 OBJECTIVE 20A: Establish a Stewardship Advisory Committee.

               DETAILED OBJECTIVE:        VDCR and TNC will jointly establish a
               Stewardship Advisory Committee consisting of representatives of local
               governments, state and federal resource management agencies, scientific
               experts, and other appropriate individuals whose purpose shall be to
               advise and assist TNC, VDCR, and their management partners in the
               management of the preserve and act as advocates for the preserve in the
               community.

               JUSTIFICATION: VDCR and TNC lack the complete expertise and
               knowledge of all aspects of the North Landing River ecosystem to
               effectively manage the preserve alone. An advisory group is necessary
               to help fill gaps in knowledge of the system and to act as advocates for
               the preserve in the community.

               TASKS:     Compose a list of candidates for membership on the
               Stewardship Advisory Committee, invite candidates to participate, host
               quarterly meetings of group and utilize group for information and other
               needs.


               SCHEDULE: Produce list of candidates and alternates by 5/95, invite
               candidates to participate by 7/95, conduct first quarterly meeting by
               11/95 and quarterly thereafter.

               PERSONNEL: 1* - DNH Regional Steward% 2* - DNH Stewardship
               Director, TNC Stewardship Director.

               DELIVERABLE: Functional stewardship advisory committee.

               PRIORITY: low







go
                                                 132











                   North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition















              OBJECTIVE 2013: Enlist support of private landowners and community
            organizations.

            DETAILED OBJECTIVE: Solicit support and assistance with certain
            preserve management tasks from neighboring private land-owners and
            local community organizations, and other volunteers.

            JUSTIFICATION: Since VDCR and TNC land management resources are
            limited, assistance from local residents, community organizations, and
            other volunteers is needed.


            TASKS:     Solicit assistance from local residents and community
            organizations for specific tasks or in general depending upon need and
            opportunity.

            SCHEDULE: As needed.


            PERSONNEL: Variable.


            DELIVERABLE: Management assistance from residents or organizations.

            PRIORITY: medium















                                             133











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                        MANAGEMENT UNITS


                Management units are parcels of land within the preserve delineated
                based on land use and receiving a particular management treatment.
                Management units indicate compatible uses within defined areas on a
                property. Some management units may be mutually exclusive or
                adjacent, but others may overlap or be nested.

                The State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide developed by the
                VDCR Lands Classification Committee lists the following thirteen types
                of management units:

                                    concentrated use,
                                    support/administrative,
                                    historical and cultural use,
                                    dispersed recreation,
                                    viewshed,
                                    natural area preserve,
                                    zoological/botanical,
                                    geologic,
                                    wildlife,
                                    timber,
                                    agricultural,
                                    scenic river, and
                                    control limitation and special use.

                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve contains three types of
                management units: natural area preserve, concentrated use, and scenic
                river.


                MANAGEMENT UNIT DELINEATION


                The extent of the management units are mapped in Figure 9 and
                discussed below. Although the management units encompass both TNC
                and VDCR tracts, ultimate management authority and responsibility for
                a tract lies with the owner.


                The entire extent of the properties of the natural area preserve comprise
                the natural area preserve management unit. All other management units
                are nested within the natural area preserve management unit.

                The concentrated use management units center on the public access


                                                  134



                                                                                                                                                                                                       \-V
                                                                                                                          -,Ille-=     C"          0'
                                                                                                                             _tV       --B-T
                                                                   _rZ
                                                                                                                                                                                                      @M    or
                                                                                                 FIGURE 9
                         MANAGEMENT UNITS OF NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE
                                                                t
                                                                   m                                                                   rA
                                                                   I py
                                                                   Lake                                  16-zl                                                                                         w
                                                                                                                            0





                                                                                                                                                 Prin                                            Co


                                                                                                                                           6
               Buns
                                                                                                                                                                                     C:)


       d
                                                                                         T14C  -Z-



                                                                                               7-
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ngo


                        TNC                    --a-

                                                  0                                                       w7                                                                       4*

                                     155                                           ou
                                                                                 e ant



                                                                                      S AVA                 TI
                                     6tress                                               RESS             FIELD)

                                  Su                                                                                                                                                 Mono J,
                                                                                                                                       TNC:;@--

                                                                     KFY
                                                                                                                                                                                                              wle-
                                                                                                                                                                                                             rner
                                            NATURAL AREA PRESERVE                                                                                                                cc)
                                            NLNNAGEMENTIUNIT                                                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                                                                                          0

                                            CONCENTRATED USE
                                            MANAGEMETI"UNIT


                                            SCENIC RIVER
                                            MANAGEMENTUNIT
                                                                                                                                                                    VDCR

                                                                                                                                               TNC i.-
              169                                                                                                                                                                       Back B

              7


                                                                                                                               Land of
                                                                                                                                Promise


                                      r un


                                                                                                                                                                           TNC
                              ickor                                 Lo
                                                                    R                                                                                                            J








                                                                                                                        Blackwo
                           S
                          Bride                                                                                                                                                                reeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Laa n
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Str p







                                                                                                                                                                          v,










                    No
          F'\
                        KILOMETERS 1              0        1         2         3         4          5        6          7        8
                                                                                                                                                                          CR
                                                                                                                  4               5                                                                          5@
                         MILES 1@'                0                                                                                    --;lNlA
                                                                                                 lu@
                                                                                                                                       CURR
                                                                  R











                        North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                areas. There are three concentrated use management units. These units
                include the parking lot and boardwalk on the Dozier tract, the proposed
                access facilities on the Kellam tract, and the observation platform on the
                City of Chesapeake tract.

                The scenic river management unit includes scenic buffers on either side
                of the North Landing River and its tributaries that have been designated
                as state scenic rivers. Generally, the buffer includes all open lands
                adjacent the river and a minimum 100 foot scenic buffer strip of forest
                beyond the river or open land to preserve the viewshed from the river.

                MANAGEMENT STANDARDS


                Management standards reflect the management direction set in the goals
                and objectives and further define and direct land use for each
                management unit. Standards ensure that land uses are compatible within
                a management unit and among management units. On the following
                pages, the intent of each management unit is summarized as the "desired
                future" and management standards for 15 land use categories are stated.

                Because TNC has ultimate authority and responsibility for management
                of the tracts they own, the management standards presented below may
                not apply to TNC-owned property in some situations.























                                                   136











                               North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                     Management Standards for Natural Area Preserve Management Unit


                     Desired Future                   Natural area preserve management units consist of
                                                      areas on private or public land which have been
                                                      dedicated as natural area preserves. Formal
                                                      classification of these units can only occur with the
                                                      approval of the VDCR Director and an ecological
                                                      assessment and recommendation by the Division of
                                                      Natural Heritage. The purpose of this management
                                                      unit is to preserve natural heritage resources. Only
                                                      uses compatible with this purpose are permitted. The
                                                      natural area preserve management unit encompasses
                                                      the entire preserve; other management units are
                                                      nested within this unit. In any situation where the
                                                      management standards of the natural area preserve
                                                      management unit and the standards of other units
                                                      appear to conflict, the standards for the natural area
                                                      preserve unit assume priority.


                     Standards

                     Geologic and Soil                Removal or alteration of geologic or soil resources is
                     Resources                        prohibited, except for small alterations necessary to
                                                      develop public access facilities or to provide for
                                                      ecological management.

                     Water Quality                    All activities within this management unit must be
                                                      conducted in a manner to avoid or minimize impacts
                                                      to water quality.

                     Air Quality                      Prescribed burning shall be conducted only in
                                                      compliance with VDEQ air quality regulations and
                                                      VDoF smoke management guidelines. Burn plans
                                                      must delineate smoke management strategies.

                     Landscape                        Anthropogenic landscaping is prohibited, except
                     Management                       within concentrated use management units for
                                                      purposes of facilitating or enhancing public access or
                                                      enjoyment and within the scenic river management
                                                      unit for purposes of providing a visual buffer.
                                                      Plantings shall be of native stock whenever possible.
                                                      If non-native stock must be used, only non-invasive
                                                      species shall be planted.

                     Agriculture                      Agriculture uses prohibited.





                                                                137











                           North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                  Watercourses                   Watercourses shall not be altered or impounded,
                                                 except for purposes of restoration to a natural
                                                 condition.


                  Wetlands                       Wetlands shall not be altered, except that small areas
                                                 of wetlands within concentrated use management
                                                 units may be altered under certain circumstances and
                                                 conditions to facilitate approved public access (see
                                                 concentrated use management prescription) and that
                                                 wetlands may be altered to restore an area to natural
                                                 conditions for purposes of natural heritage resource
                                                 management. Projects will comply with local, state,
                                                 and federal wetlands regulations at all times.

                  Insect and Disease             Programs to control insect and disease outbreaks are
                                                 prohibited, except for purposes of protecting natural
                                                 heritage resources or natural ecological processes or
                                                 when a public health emergency is declared. Any
                                                 control programs implemented under the above
                                                 conditions must have approval of the tract owner or
                                                 be mandated by law.

                  Forest Resources               Management of forest resources solely for fiber
                                                 production is prohibited. When necessary to meet
                                                 natural heritage resource management needs, limited
                                                 forest management activities may be permitted.

                  Historic Resources             Any artifacts, archaeological sites, historic structures,
                                                 or other historic resources discovered on the site will
                                                 be managed for preservation. If compatible with
                                                 preservation of historic and natural heritage
                                                 resources, interpretation and research of historic
                                                 resources may be permitted.

                  Recreation Resources           Recreational uses shall be permitted only if they are
                                                 compatible with preservation of natural heritage
                                                 resources. Recreational use will generally be limited
                                                 to the concentrated use management units.

                  Scenic Resources               Scenic resources shall be preserved, except where
                                                 their alteration is necessary for natural heritage
                                                 resource management.













                                                          138











                              North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition



                     Natural Heritage                Preservation of natural heritage resources is the
                     Resources                       principal purpose of this management unit. Only land
                                                     uses which either further the preservation intent or do
                                                     not interfere with the preservation intent are
                                                     permitted. Habitat manipulation and protective
                                                     measures favoring natural heritage resources shall be
                                                     undertaken as specified in the goals and objectives of
                                                     this resource management plan.

                     Collection of Natural or        Collection of natural or historic resources is
                     Historic Resources              prohibited, except with a valid permit from VDCR or
                                                     TNC and any other applicable agencies.

                     Fish and Wildlife               Management actions intended to augment fish and
                     Resources                       wildlife populations solely for the enhancement of
                                                     recreational hunting, fishing, or trapping are
                                                     prohibited. Waterfowl hunters may enter the unit to
                                                     search for downed waterfowl. Deer hunting rights
                                                     have been retained on certain tracts by the previous
                                                     owners. Hunting and trapping for resource
                                                     management purposes may occur under the guidance
                                                     of a plan.
































                                                               139











                             North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                   Manaaement Standards for Concentrated Use Mananement Units



                   Desired Future                   Concentrated use management units generally include
                                                    areas which serve concentrations of people, such as
                                                    day use areas, visitor services facilities, and water
                                                    access areas. The purpose of the concentrated use
                                                    management units is to provide public access to the
                                                    preserve and direct the public to less sensitive parts
                                                    of the site. Generally, low-intensity public uses such
                                                    as birding, photography, and non-manipulative
                                                    educational activities are encouraged within this unit.
                                                    Natural heritage resource management shall retain
                                                    priority over any and all public access development or
                                                    recreational within this unit.


                   Standards



                   Geologic and Soil                Removal or alteration of geologic or soil resources is
                   Resources                        prohibited, except for small alterations necessary to
                                                    develop public access.

                   Water Quality                    All activities within this management unit must be
                                                    conducted in a manner to avoid or minimize impacts
                                                    to water quality.

                   Air Quality                      Prescribed burning is generally not conducted within
                                                    concentrated use management units, but any burning
                                                    that is conducted shall follow the same air quality
                                                    standards of the natural area preserve management
                                                    unit.


                   Landscape                        Landscaping and related work may occur for
                   Management                       purposes of facilitating or enhancing public access or
                                                    enjoyment or for minimizing erosion associated with
                                                    construction projects. Plantings shall be of native
                                                    stock whenever possible. If non-native stock must be
                                                    used, only non-invasive species shall be planted.

                   Agriculture                      Agriculture uses prohibited.

                   Watercourses                     Watercourses shall not be altered or impounded,
                                                    except for purposes of restoration to a natural
                                                    condition.








                                                             140











                              North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition



                     Wetlands                        Small areas of wetlands may be altered only if other
                                                     options to avoid wetland alteration are not reasonably
                                                     possible. If wetlands must be altered, impacts will be
                                                     minimized to the greatest extent possible and the
                                                     project will comply with local, state and federal
                                                     wetlands regulations at all times.

                     Insects and Disease             Programs to control insect and disease outbreaks are
                                                     prohibited, except for purposes of protecting natural
                                                     heritage resources or natural ecological processes or
                                                     when a public health emergency is declared. Any
                                                     control programs must have approval of the tract
                                                     owner or be mandated by law.

                     Forest Resources                Generally, management of forest resources solely for
                                                     fiber production is prohibited. When necessary to
                                                     facilitate public access, limited forest management
                                                     activities may be permitted if they are compatible
                                                     with natural heritage resource preservation.

                     Historic Resources              Any artifacts, archaeological sites, historic structures,
                                                     or other historic resources discovered on the site will
                                                     be managed for preservation. If compatible with
                                                     preservation of historic and natural heritage
                                                     resources, interpretation and research of historic
                                                     resources may be permitted.

                     Recreation Resources            Recreational uses shall be permitted only if they are
                                                     compatible with preservation of the natural heritage
                                                     resources. Recreational uses of the preserve will
                                                     generally be restricted to these units.

                     Scenic Resources                Scenic resources shall be preserved, except where
                                                     their alteration is necessary for natural heritage
                                                     resource management.

                     Natural Heritage                Preservation of natural heritage resources is the
                     Resources                       principal purpose of this site. Only public access and
                                                     use which is compatible with natural heritage
                                                     resource preservation shall be permitted. Habitat
                                                     manipulation and protective measures favoring
                                                     natural heritage resources shall be undertaken as
                                                     specified in the goals and objectives of this resource
                                                     management plan.

                     Collection of Natural or        Collection of natural or historic resources is
                     Historic Resources              prohibited, except with a valid permit from VDCR or
                                                     TNC and any other applicable agencies.



                                                               141










                                 North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                      Fish and Wildlife                     Management actions intended to augment fish and
                      Resources                             wildlife populations solely to enhance recreational
                                                            hunting, fishing, and trapping are prohibited. Hunting
                                                            and fishing are generally prohibited within
                                                            concentrated use management units.




















































                                                                        142











                             North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                    Management Standards for Scenic River Manacement Unit



                    Desired Future                  The Virginia State Scenic Rivers Act provides formal
                                                    recognition of scenic waterways, but does not
                                                    provide scenic buffers or other viewshed protection
                                                    measures. Scenic river management units generally
                                                    include the shores of state or federally designated
                                                    scenic waterways and protect the largely primitive
                                                    and pristine visual surrounding of the waterway with
                                                    an adequate scenic visual buffer. The purpose of this
                                                    management unit is to provide a visual buffer to the
                                                    designated state scenic waterway. Natural heritage
                                                    resource management shall retain priority over any
                                                    and all scenic resource protection measures.


                    Standards



                    Geologic and Soil               Removal or alteration of geologic or soil resources is
                    Resources                       prohibited, except for small alterations necessary to
                                                    develop public access or ecological management
                                                    facilities.


                    Water Quality                   All activities within this management unit must be
                                                    conducted in a manner to avoid or minimize impacts
                                                    to water quality.

                    Air Quality                     Prescribed burning shall be conducted only in
                                                    compliance with VDEQ air quality regulations and
                                                    VDoF smoke management guidelines. Burn plans
                                                    must delineate smoke management strategies.

                    Landscape                       Anthropogenic landscaping is prohibited, except
                    Management                      where necessary to provide adequate visual buffers.
                                                    Plantings shall be of native stock whenever possible.
                                                    If non-native stock must be used, only non-invasive
                                                    species shall be planted.

                    Agriculture                     Agriculture uses prohibited.

                    Watercourses                    Watercourses shall not be altered or impounded,
                                                    except for purposes of restoration to a natural
                                                    condition.









                                                              143











                             North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                    Wetlands                         Wetlands shall not be altered, except that small areas
                                                     of wetlands within concentrated use management
                                                     units may be altered under certain circumstances and
                                                     conditions to facilitate public access (see
                                                     concentrated use management prescription) and that
                                                     wetlands may be altered to restore an area to natural
                                                     conditions for purposes of natural heritage resources
                                                     management. Projects will comply with local, state,
                                                     and federal wetlands regulations at all times.

                    Insects and Disease              Programs to control insect and disease outbreaks are
                                                     prohibited, except for purposes of protecting natural
                                                     heritage resources or natural ecological processes or
                                                     when a public health emergency is declared. Any
                                                     control programs implemented under the above
                                                     conditions must have approval of the tract owner or
                                                     be mandated by law.

                    Forest Resources                 Generally, management of forest resources solely for
                                                     fiber production is prohibited. When necessary to
                                                     meet natural heritage resource management needs,
                                                     limited forest management activities may be
                                                     permitted.

                    Historic Resources               Any artifacts, archaeological sites, historic structures,
                                                     or other historic resources discovered on the site will
                                                     be managed for preservation. If compatible with
                                                     preservation of scenic, historic, and natural heritage
                                                     resources, interpretation and research of historic
                                                     resources may be permitted.

                    Recreation Resources             Recreational uses shall be permitted only if they are
                                                     compatible with preservation of the scenic and
                                                     natural heritage resources. Recreational use will
                                                     generally be limited to the concentrated use
                                                     management units.


                    Scenic Resources                 Adequate visual buffers between the scenic
                                                     waterway and visual intrusions shall be provided.

                    Natural Heritage                 Only land uses which are compatible with natural
                    Resources                        heritage resource preservation are permitted. Habitat
                                                     manipulation and protective measures favoring
                                                     natural heritage resources shall be undertaken as
                                                     specified in the goals and objectives of this resource
                                                     management plan.


                    Collection of Natural or         Collection of natural or historic resources is
                    Historic Resources               prohibited, except with a valid permit from VDCR or
                                                     TNC and any other applicable agencies.


                                                               144












                                  North Lending River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                       Fish and Wildlife                     Management actions intended to augment fish and
                       Resources                             wildlife populations strictly for the purpose of
                                                             enhancing recreational fishing, hunting, or trapping
                                                             are prohibited. Waterfowl hunters may enter the unit
                                                             to search for downed waterfowl. Deer hunting rights
                                                             have been retained on certain tracts by the previous
                                                             owners. Hunting and trapping for resource
                                                             management purposes may occur under the guidance
                                                             of a plan.

















































                                                                        145










                       North Lending River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                            ACTION PLANS


                Action plans are documents which outline in more detail than a
                management synopsis the steps that will be taken to accomplish an
                objective. Action plans are generally recommended in situations where
                the number and complexity of tasks needed to reach an objective exceed
                the capacity of a management synopsis alone. Action plans are often
                utilized when evaluations of existing conditions or team planning efforts
                are needed.    Action plans normally include budget and schedule
                information. Many action plans consist of project proposals or grant
                applications.

                The management synopses recommend the development of 15 action
                plans. Table 8 lists the 15 action plans along with the applicable
                objective and whether the action plan is existing or proposed.





























                                                  146











                                   North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                                      TABLE 8


                                                         ACTION PLANS FOR THE
                                     NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE


                                ACTION PLAN TITLE                      RELATED OBJECTIVE                      EXISTING /PROPOSED___]

                          Hydrologic and Geochemical             2A: Continue hydrologic,
                          Investigations of the wetlands         geochernical and vegetation                          existing
                          of the North Landing River             research.

                          Fire History Investigations of         213: Continue fire and vegetation
                          the Pocosins of the North              history research.                                    existing
                          Landing River and the Great
                          Dismal Swamp

                          Trial Use of P rescribed Burning       3A: Research effectiveness of
                          for the Control of Common              prescribed fire in the control of                    proposed
                          Reed                                   common reed.

                          Restoring a Wetland                    3C: Research effects of f ire on
                          Ecosystem: a Fire Management           pocosin and canebrake                                existing
                          Proposal for the North Landing         communities.
                          River Wetlands

                          Use of Prescribed Fire as a            3D: Research effects of fire on
                          Management Tool for the                marsh communities.                                   proposed
                          Marshes of the North Landing
                          River

                          Salinity Changes and Effects on        413: Determine extent and effect
                          Vegetation in West Neck Creek          of salinity changes associated                       proposed
                          and the North Landing River            with bypass canal.

                          North Landing River Natural            713: Develop a fire management
                          Area Preserve Fire Management          plan.                                                proposed
                          Plan

                          North Landing River Natural            1OA: Conduct biological
                          Area Preserve Biological               monitoring of selected rare                          proposed
                          Monitoring Plan                        species, problem species, and
                                                                 natural communities.

                          Control of Common Reed in the          11 A: Complete common reed
                          Southern Watersheds: a Habitat         demonstration project.                               existing
                          Demonstration Project

                          North Landing River Natural            11 D: Develop and implement a
                          Area Preserve Problem Species          problem species assessment                           proposed
                          Assessment and Control                 and control plan.
                          Recommendations





                                                                         147










                                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                       TABLE 8 (CONTINUED)




                           ACTION PLAN TITLE                RELATED OBJECTIVE                EXISTING /PROPOSED


                        North Landing River Natural      1213: Develop and
                        Area Preserve Deer Hunting       implement a deer hunting                  proposed
                        Plan and Guidelines              plan and guidelines.

                        Model Land Use Plan for          13A: Develop a model land
                        Lands within the North           use plan for priority upland              proposed
                        Landing River Watershed          tracts.

                        Agricultural BMP Plan for a      1313: Design and implement
                        Demonstration Farm in the        a demonstration water                     proposed
                        North Landing River              quality conservation plan.
                        Watershed

                        Comprehensive Access and         1413: Develop and
                        Recreation Plan for the          implement public access                   proposed
                        North Landing River Natural      and recreation strategies.
                        Area Preserve and Vicinity

                        Regional Scenic Resources        1513: Encourage a regional
                         reservation Plan for the        approach to scenic                        proposed
                        North Landing River              resources management.
                        Watershed





































                                                                     148











                                 North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                           .   REFERENCES



                      ad hoc Southern Watersheds Committee. 1994. Virginia Beach Agricultural Reserve Program. 30
                               April 1994. 43 pp.

                      Bales, J.D., and S.C. Skrobialowskii. 1993. Salt transport in a tidal canal, West Neck Creek,
                               Virginia. pp. 1422-1427in H.W. Shen, S.T. Su, and F. Wen, eds., Hydraulic Engineering
                               '93. American Society of Civil Engineers.

                      Christensen, N.L., R.B. Wilbur, and J.S. McLean. 1988. Soil-Vegetation Correlations in the
                               Pocosins of Croatan National forest, North Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                               Biological Report 88(28). 97 pp.

                      City of Chesapeake. 1990. A Comprehensive Plan for the City of Chesapeake, Virginia. 153 pp.

                      City of Virginia Beach. 1992. City of Virginia Beach, Virginia: the Comprehensive Plan.

                      City of Virginia Beach. 1994. Virginia Beach Outdoors Plan - Draft.

                      Clampitt, C.A., J.C. Ludwig, T.J. Rawinski, and C.A. Pague. 1993. A Natural Areas Inventory
                               of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Report #93-14.Virginia
                               Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA.
                               1 March 1993.


                      Copeland, B.J., R.G. Hodson, S.R. Riggs, and J.E. Easley, Jr. 1983. The Ecology of Albemarle
                               Sound, North Carolina: an Estuarine Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of
                               Biological Services, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-83/01. 68 pp.

                      Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
                               DeeDwater Habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/3 1. U.S. Department of Interior,
                               Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 103 pp.

                      DMIMIE. 1993. Geologic Map of Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. 1:500,00scale.

                      Dournlele, D.G. 1976.City of Virginia Beach Marsh Inventory, Volume 1: North Landing River and
                               Tributaries. Special report #118, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
                               VA. 49 pp.

                      Erdle, S.Y., M.A. Donoff, L.R. Smith, C.A. Caljouw, and H.D. Bernick, Ill. 1994. Conservation
                               Planning for the Management and Protection of Natural Areas in the City of Virginia
                               Beach, VA. Natural Heritage Technical Report #94-12. Virginia Department of
                               Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. June 1994.

                      Frost, C.C. 1989.History and Status of Remnant Pocosin, Canebrake, and White Cedar Wetlands
                               in Virginia. unpublished report submitted to Virginia Department of Conservation and
                               Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA. 35 pp.

                      Hatch, D.R., J.E. Belshan, S.M. Lantz, G.R. Swecker, and E.E. Starner. 1985. Soil Survey of the
                               City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
                               Service. 131 pp.





                                                                     149










                                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                    REFERENCES (CONTINUED)


                      HRPDC. 1993. Hampton Roads Databook: 1993. Hampton Roads Planning District Commission.
                               218 pp.

                      Laderman, A.D. 1989. The Ecology of the Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands: a Community Profile.
                               U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85(7.21). 114 pp.

                      Lillywhite, D.P., and K. Nieman. 1993.Virginia Population Projections 2010.Virginia Employment
                               Commission, Richmond, VA. 180 pp.

                      NOAA. 1993. Local climatological data for Norfolk, Virginia, 1992. U.S. Department of
                               Commerce, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. 8 pp.

                      Potter, J.L, M. Heinricht, and C.A. Caljouw. 1994.North Landing River Watershed Public Access
                               and Visual Assessment. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond,
                               VA. 69 pp.

                      Rawinski, T.J. 1990.A Classification of Virginia's Indigenous Biotic Communities: Phase 1, Upper
                               Levels of the Hierarchy. unpublished report, Virginia Department of Conservation and
                               Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA. 11 pp.

                      Rawinski, T.J. 1992. A Classification of Virginia's Indigenous Biotic Communities: Vegetated
                               Terrestrial, Palustrine, and Estuarine Community Classes. Natural Heritage Technical
                               Report #92-2 1. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural
                               Heritage, Richmond, VA. 25 pp.

                      Richardson, C.J., and J.W. Gibbons. 1993. Pocosins, Carolina bays, and mountain bogs. pp
                               257-310 in W.H. Martin, S.G. Boyce, and A.C. Echternacht, eds. Biodiversity of the
                               Southeastern United States / Lowland Terrestrial Communities. John Wiley and Sons,
                               Inc.


                      Riggs, S.R., J.T. Bray, R.A. Wyrick, C.R. Klingman, J.C. Hamilton, D.V. Ames, and J.S. Watson.
                               1993. Sedimentation and Sediment Quality in the North Landing River, Currituck Sound
                               Estuarine System, North Carolina and Virginia. Report #92-22, Albemarle-Pamlico
                               Estuarine Study. 42 pp.

                      Sharitz, R.R., and J.W. Gibbons. 1982. The Ecology of Southeastern Shrub Bogs (Pocosins) and
                               Carolina Bays: a Community Profile.. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Biological
                               Sciences, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-82/04.93 pp.

                      USFS. 1994 Landscape Aesthetics, a Handbook for Scenery Management. U.S. Department of
                               Agriculture, Forest Service, Handbook #701.

                      VDCR.    1991. State Lands Resource Management Plan Guide. Report of the VDCR Lands
                               Classification Committee, Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation,
                               Richmond, VA. 10 pp.

                      VDCR.    1993. Virginia Nonpoint Source Pollution Watershed Assessment Report. Virginia
                               Department of conservation and Recreation, Division of soil and Water Conservation,
                               Richmond, VA. 157 pp.




                                                                     150











                                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                   REF@ERENCES (CONTINUED)


                      VDCR. 1994. The 1995 Virginia Outdoors Plan - Draft. Virginia Department of Conservation and
                               Recreation, Division of Planning and Recreation Resources, Richmond, VA.

                      VDEQ. 1995. General report of all waterbody data: North Landing River. 27 January 1995.
                               Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water. 3 pp.

                      VWCB. 1992. Virginia Water Quality Assessment, 305(b) Report to EPA and Congress. Virginia
                               Water Control Board Information Bulletin # 588.

                      Weigman, D.L., and C.J. Kroehler. 1989. Threats to Virginia's Groundwater. Virginia Water
                               Resources Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
                               44 pp.

                      Wickham, W.P. 1988. The Waters of Southeastern Virginia, Volume II: a Regional Waterways
                               Guide. Southeastern Virginia Planning District Commission, Chesapeake, VA. 135 pp.







































                                                                  151











                                 North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition






























                                                                 APPENDIX 1
 0                                 NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE
                                         MANAGEMENT PLANNING ADVISORY TEAM












 0                                                                     152










                      North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                        . APPENDIX 1


                       NORTH LANDING RIVER NATURAL AREA PRESERVE
                          MANAGEMENT PLANNING ADVISORY TEAM



                                     H. Clayton Bernick, III
                                     City of Virginia Beach
                                     Department of Planning

                                        Dana Bradshaw
                       Center for Conservation Biology at William and Mary

                                          Julie Bright
                        Virginia Dare Soil and Water Conservation District

                                        David Brownlie
                          Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

                                         John Carlock
                          Hampton Roads Planning District Commission

                                        Judy Dunscomb
                           The Nature Conservancy, Virginia Chapter

                                        Billie Jean Elmer
                         VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                             Division of Soil and Water Conservation


                                        Roger Everton
                            VA Department of Environmental Quality
                                        Division of Water


                                        Michael Focazio
                                      US Geologic Survey

                                          Cecil Frost
                               NCDA Plant Conservation Program

                                         Carl Garrison
                                  VA Department of Forestry



                                             153











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                          QMC Len Gunther
                                           U.S. Coast Guard


                                           Fred Hazelwood
                           VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                        Division of State Parks


                                             Valerie King
                                        City of Virginia Beach
                                 Department of Parks and Recreation

                                             Philip Koury
                           VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                        Division of State Parks


                                             Scott Kudlas
                            Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department

                                            Joe McCauley
                                  Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge

                                             Chris Ludwig
                           VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                     Division of Natural Heritage

                                             Randy Owen
                                  VA Marine Resources Commission


                                            William Petree
                                          City of Chesapeake
                                 Department of Parks and Recreation
                                         Northwest River Park


                                              Jaleh Pett
                                         City of Chesapeake
                                       Department of Planning


                                             Janit Potter
                           VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                            Division of Planning and Recreation Resources




                                                 154











                       North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                            Andrew Reid
                                    US Army Corps of Engineers
                                  Operations and Readiness Branch

                                            Steve Roble
                           VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                    Division of Natural Heritage

                                            Robert Rose
                                      Old Dominion University
                                 Department of Biological Sciences

                                            Mimi Sadler
                                VA Department of Historic Resources

                                           Alan Savitzky
                                      Old Dominion University
                                 Department of Biological Sciences

                                           Cindy Schulz
                                    US Fish and Wildlife Service


                                           Don Schwab
                            VA Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
                                         Division of Wildlife


                                          Gene Silberhorn
                                   VA Institute of Marine Science


                                             John Tate
                       VA Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
                                     Office of Plant Protection
















                                                155











                                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                            PROJECT LEADERS



                                                             Kennedy H. Clark
                                       VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                      Division of Natural Heritage

                                                                 Sandra Erdle
                                       VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                      Division of Natural Heritage



                                       VDCR NATURAL AREAS MANAGEMENT TEAM



                                                               Caren Caljouw
                                       VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                      Division of Natural Heritage

                                                               Theresa Duffey
                                       VA Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                      Division of Natural Heritage



                                                   CZMP GRANTS COORDINATOR



                                                                Laura McKay
                                            VA Department of Environmental Quality
                                           Division of Intergovernmental Coordination
















                                                                       156











                                   North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition
                                                                                                                                                   .10

























                                                                  APPENDIX 2
                                                   DEFINITIONS OF RARITY RANKS                                                                      9
                                              AND LEGAL STATUS ABBREVIATIONS























                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                        157






                               Definition of Abbreviations Used on Natural Heritage Resource Lists
                                                                of the
                                          Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation

     Natural Heritage Ranks
 Q
       e following ranks are used by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation to set protection priorities for
       turat heritage resources. Natural Heritage Resources, or IINHR's,w are rare plant and animal species, rare and exemplary
       turaL communities, and significant geologic features.       The primary   criterion for ranking NHR's is the number of
     populations or occurrences, i.e. the number of known distinct Localities. Also of great importance is the number of
     individuals in existence at each locality or, if a highly mobile organism (e.g., sea turtles, many birds, and butterflies),
     the total number of individuals. Other considerations may include the quality of the occurrences, the number of protected
     occurrences, and threats. However, the enoasis remains on the number of populations or occurrences such that ranks will
     be an index of known biological rarity.
     S1       Extremely rare; usually 5 or fewer populations or occurrences in the state; or may be a few remaining individuals;
              often especially vulnerable to extirpation.
     S2       Very rare; usually between 5 and 20 populations or occurrences; or with many individuals in fewer occurrences; often
              susceptible to becoming extirpated.

     S3       Rare to uncommon; usually between 20 and 100 populations or occurrences; may have fewer occurrences, but with a Large
              number of individuals in some populations; may be susceptible to large-scale disturbances.

     S4       Common; usually >100 populations or occurrences, but way be fewer with many Large populations; may be restricted
              to only a portion of the state; usually not susceptible to immediate threats.

     S5       Very common; demonstrably secure under present conditions.

     SA       Accidental in the state.

     SB#      Breeding status of an organism within the state.

     SE       Exotic; not believed to be native in the state.

     SH       Historically known from the state, but not verified for an extended period, usually > 15 years; this rank is used
              primarily when inventory has been attempted recently.

     SN#      Non-breeding status within the state. Usually applied to winter resident species.

              Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation to either accept or reject the report.
  ou          status uncertain, often because of Low search effort or cryptic nature of the element.
     Sx       Apparently extirpated from the state.

     Sz       Long distance migrant whose occurrences during migration are too irregular, transitory and/or dispersed to be
              reliably identified, mapped and protected.

     Global ranks are similar, but refer to a species' rarity throughout its total range. Global ranks are denoted with a IIGII
     followed by a character. Note that GA and GN are not used and GX means apparently extinct. A 11011 in a rank indicates that
     a taxonomic question exists concerning that species. A I,?" in a rank indicates uncertainty as to that species' rarity.
     Ranks for subspecies are denoted with a 'IT". The global and state ranks combined (e.g. G2/S1) give an instant grasp of a
     species' known rarity.

     These ranks should not be interpreted as legal designations.

     Federal Legal Status

     The Division of Natural Heritage uses the standard abbreviations for Federal endangerment developed by the U.S. Fish and
     Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species and Habitat Conservation.

     LE   -Listed Endangered                                              3A - Former candidate - presumed extinct
     LT   -Listed Threatened                                              3B - Former candidate - not a valid species under
     PE   -Proposed Endangered                                                  current taxonomic understanding
     PT   -Proposed Threatened                                            3C - Former candidate - common or well protected
     C1   -Candidate, category  1                                         NF - no federal Legal status
     C2   -Candidate, category  2

     State Legal Status

     The Division of Natural Heritage uses similar abbreviations for State endangerment.

          Listed Endangered             PE - Proposed Endangered          SC - Special Concern
          - Listed Threatened           PT - Proposed Threatened
 40 - Candidate                         NS - no state Legal status

     For information on the  Laws pertaining to threatened or endangered species, contact:
          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for all FEDERALLY listed species
          Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Plant Protection Bureau for STATE Listed plants and insects
          Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for all other STATE Listed animals

     3/94











                                    North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition
                                                                                                                                                     0







                                                                   APPENDIX 3                                                                        9
                                                              SCIENTIFIC NAMES

























                                                                                                                                                    9
                                                                          159










                                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                             APPENDIX 3


                                                         SCIENTIFIC NAMES


                     To enhance readability, common names of species are used in the text
                     of this document. Scientific names are given parenthetically at the first
                     use of each common name. Below, the scientific name for each common
                     name is listed.



                                       American frog's-bit                          Limnobium soonaia
                                       American holly                               llex or)aca
                                       Atlantic white cedar                         Charnaecyparis thvoides
                                       arrow arum                                   Peltandra virainica .
                                       bald cypress                                 Taxodium distichurn
                                       bald eagle                                   Haliaeetus leucocephalus
                                       barking treefrog                             Hvla aratiosa
                                       beech                                        Faaus arandifolia
                                       big cordgrass                                Spartina cynosuroides
                                       black needlerush                             Juncus roemerianus
                                       black willow                                 Salix nj=
                                       broad-leaved cattail                         Tyr)ha latifolia
                                       bulrushes                                    Scirous spp.
                                       bur reed                                     Sparoanium americanum
                                       camphor weed                                 Pluchea foetida
                                       canebrake rattlesnake                        Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
                                       Carolina lilaeopsis                          Lilaeopsis attenuata
                                       cattails                                     Tvr)ha spp.
                                       common alder                                 Alnus serrulata
                                       common reed                                  Phraamites australis
                                       coontail                                     Ceratophyllum spp.
                                       corn                                         Zea mays
                                       Dismal Swamp green stinkbug                  Chlorocroa dismalia
                                       Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew              Sorex lonairo tris fisheri
                                       duck potato                                  Saoittaria falcata
                                       eastern big-eared bat                        Plecotus rafinesouii
                                       elongated lobelia                            Lobelia elonnata
                                       epiphytic sedge                              Carex decom[)osita
                                       fetterbush                                   Lvonia lucida
                                       ferns                                        Pteridophyta
                                       flowering dogwood                            Cornus florida
                                       great blue heron                             Ardea herodias
                                       green ash                                    Fraxinus oennsylvanica
                                       harlequin darner                             Gonphaeschna furcillata
                                       Hessel's hairstreak                          Mitoura hesseli
                                       hickories                                    Carva spp.
                                       hornwort                                     Cerator)hvllum demersum
 Ol                                    inkberry                     160             llex glabra












                                  North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                 SCIENTIFIC NAMES (CONTINUED)


						large bog cranberry			Vaccinium macrocarpon
						laurel-leaved greenbrier		Smilas laurifolia
						least bittern				Ixobrychus exilis
						lobiolly pine				Pinus taeda
						naiad						Najas guadalupensis
						narrow-leaved cattail			Typha angustifolia
						nutria					Myocastor coypus
						oaks						Ouercus spp.
						Olney's three-square			Scirpus americanus
						opossum					Didelphis virginiana
						pawpaw					Asimina triloba
						peat mosses					Sphagnum spp.
						pickerelweed				Pontederia cordata
						poison ivy					Toxicodendron radicans
						pond pine					Pinus serotina
						raccoon					Procyon lotor
						red bay					Persea borbonia
						red maple					Acer rubrum
						rushes					Juncus spp.
						saltmeadow hay				Spartina patens
						sawgrass					Cladium mariscus var. jamaicense
						scarce swamp skipper			Euphyes dukesi
						seaside mallow				Kosteletzkya virginica
						sedges					Carex spp.
						sheep laurel				Kalmia angustifolia
						smartweeds					Polygonum spp.
						southern bog lemming			Synaptomys cooperi helaletus
						southern cattail				Typha domingensis
						southern twayblade			Listera australis
						soybean					Glycine max
						spicebush					Lindera benzoin
						spikerushes					Eleocharis spp.
						spreading pogonia				Cleistes divaricata
						striped skunk				Mephitis mephitis
						swamp rose					Rosa palustris
						swamp rose mallow				Hibiscus moscheutos
						swamp tupelo				Nyssa biflora
						sweet bay					Magnolia virginiana
						sweetgum					Liquidambar styraciflua
						switchcane					Arundinaria gigantea
						switchgrass					Panicum virgatum
						sycamore					Platanus occidentalis
						tuliptree					Liriodendron tulipifera
						twigrush					Cladium mariscoides
						umbrella sedges				Cyperus spp.
						Virginia chain fern			Woodwardia virginica


									161


                                      










                                North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition

                                                SCIENTIFIC NAMES (CONTINUED)


                                         Virginia least trillium                       Trillium pusillum var. virainianum
                                         Walter's sedge                                Carex striata
                                         water celery                                  Vallisneria americana
                                         water tupelo                                  Nyssa aouatica
                                         wax myrtle                                    Myrica cerifera
                                         white oak                                     Quercus alba
                                         white-tailed deer                             Odocoileus virainiana















































                                                                        162











                                   North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition
                                                                                                                                                     0


























                                                                  APPENDIX 4
                                                                   ACRONYMS                                                                         0









                                                                         163                                                                        0











                 North Landing River Natural Area Preserve Resource Management Plan, First Edition


                                  APPENDIX 4



                                  ACRONYMS



           Several acronyms are used in this document. Each is defined at its first
           use and in the following list.



           AWC       Atlantic White Cedar
           BCD       Biological Conservation Datasystem
           BMP       Best Management Practice
           C&A       Chesapeake and Albemarle
           EOR       Element Occurrence Record
           DPRR      Division of Planning and Recreation Resources
           DNH       Division of Natural Heritage
           DSP       Division of State Parks
           DSWC      Division of Soil and Water Conservation
           DVCS      Division of Volunteerism and Constituent Services
           GIS       Geographic Information System
           1CW       Intracoastal Waterway
           NAMT      Natural Area Management Team
           SBR       Site Basic Record
           SSS       Site Stewardship Summary
           TNC       The Nature Conservancy
           TBR       Tract Basic Record
           USACE     United States Army Corps of Engineers
           USFWS     United States Fish and Wildlife Service
           USCG      United States Coast Guard
           USGS      United States Geologic Survey
           VDCR      Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
           VDoF      Virginia Department of Forestry
           VDGIF     Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
           VDSWCD    Virginia Dare Soil and Water Conservation District










                                     164















                                                                                                                      I






                        APpendices:


                               D. Natural Resources Pror
                                                               ,des













                                                                                                                      I

                                                                                                                    '
                                                                                                                      p
                                                                                                                    I *























                                                                                                                 , 'Ahk
                                                                                                                I XE
                                                                                                                :,, qw
                                                                                                                 1IL:




                                                   THE,                                                             BAY
                                                                                                        A.



                                                           ALLIANCE FOR THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

                                                                                                             h.           into the Bay's mouth. Some accounts
                                                                                                                          credit the Viking explorer, Thorfinn
                                                                                                                          ruarisienni as early as the 11th Cen.
                                                                                                                          tury. Others claim that the Italian,
                                                                                                                          Giovanni da Verrazano, set foot on its
                                                                                                                          shores when he sailed along the coast
                                                                                                                          from the Carolinas to Maine in 1524.
                                                                                                                          And yet a third group credits Pedro
                                                                                                                          Menendez de Aviles, the Spaniard
                                                                                                                          who founded St. Augustine in 1566.
                                                                                                                          Regardless of who was first, it was
                                                                                               P
                                                                                                                          the start of big changes for the Bay as
                                                                                                                          Europeans came in search of trea-
                                                                                                                          sure, conquest and resources to fuel
                                                                                                    @k                    expanding commercial ventures and
         THE MANY FACES OF                                                                           7                    burgeoning colonial empires.
         THE CHESAPEAKE                                                                                                      Of course, the Europeans did not
          The very words, Chesapeake Bay,                                                                                 find the Bay region uninhabited-
         evoke a kaleidoscope of images, place                                                                            Native Americans had been in resi-
         names, and folklore. It is the nation's                                                                          dence since 8000 B.C. The Native
         largest estuary, a place where salt                                                                              Americans had already cleared fields,
         water from the ocean meets fresh                                                                                 established large towns, and were
                                                                                                                          managing woodlands for hunting.
         water from rivers, and its impressive               Washingr.,                                                   Archaeology provides evidence of the
         stature is reflected in the early names                                                                          extent of the Indians'use of Bay
         that paid the Bay tribute: "Great                                                                                resources. Every year, empty oyster
         Waters," "Mother of Waters" and                                                                                  shells were stacked on top of the past
         "Great Shellfish Bay." Throughout his-                                                                           year's discarded shells to form piles
         tory, the Chesapeake has played an                                                                               known as "midden heaps." The
         integral role in the lives of its people.                                                                        largest recorded midden heap was
         If you were a Susquehannock Indian                                                                               between 18 and 20 feet deep and cov-
         Nving in the early 1600s, the Bay was                                                                            ered 30 acres near Popes Creek on the
           ystery-both a source of edible de-                                                                             Potomac River.
     Whts and a pathway for your adver-                                16
                                                                        7                                                    Still, the Bay the Europeans found
         sary, the Piscataways. If you were a                             %
                                                                                                                          was so rich and productive it seemed
         soldier in the War of 1812, you might                                                                            boundless and inexhaustible. The
         have fought some bloody battles on its
         waters. And if you were a coffee mer                                                                             early colonists adopted some Native
         chant in Baltimore in the early 1900s,                                                                           American ways, (like eating oysters
                                                                                                                          and smoking tobacco) and from the
         you very likely depended on the arrival              0414,C                                                      Indian word "Tschiswapeki" derived
         of "The Josephine" for your livelihood,                                                                          the name "Chesapeake." They took
          Indeed, the Chesapeake Bay and its                                                                              over the ready-made fields, and estab-
         complex ecosystem defy easy descri p-                                                                            lished their own towns on the old
         tion and understanding. From its ori-
         gins at Cooperstown, New York to its
         mouth in southern Virginia, one can                                                River                                                   Ocean
         witness geographical and biological                     %
         diversity to match the wide spectrum
                                                                                               FRESH WATER
         of cultures that exist here: Amish farm-                     7
         ers, government workers in the
         Nation's Capitol, sailors on a weekend
         excursion in Norfolk, sixth-generation                             CAI-
         watermen whose trace of Elizabethan
         accent confirms their Cornish heritage.                 0                          Fresh Wat r   a  Salt
         This fact sheet can only give you a                                                 water mix in Bay               Bottom
         taste of the Bay's history@ ecology and
         challenges. Consider it an invitation                                                                            Indian sites. The town of Crisfield,
         to learn more and as you learn, to take           44f,
         an active role in Bay restoration.                                                                               Maryland, or example, was built atop
                                                                                                                          old oyster shells in 1663.
         CHESAPEAKE PAST:                                                                                                   As the European settlements grew,
         A Bit of History                                                                                                 more and more land was cleared in
                                                                                                                          the effort to "tame the wilderness."
          In our concern over today's pollution                                                                           By 1675, all of Virginia's Eastern
         nadlines and our apprehension for
           Bay's future, we sometimes forget                                                                              Shore had been parceled out. Over
                                                                                                                          time, new technologies like the gun
     0, hundreds of years of human events                                                                                 and the moldboard plow began to
                                                                                                   44





































         that combined to set the stage for the
         Chesapeake's current dilemma. Where                                                                              reshape the Bay system in ways we
         did it all begin? Historians disagree on                                                                         are only now beginning to compre-
         who was the first European to travel                                                                             hend. And from the earliest days of
                                                                                                                          colonial history to modern times runs





            a constant thread-conflict over          scopic free-floating plants to the        much or all of the water's dis-          Specific commitments are out-
            ownership of the Chesapeake's            pine trees along the Shenandoah,          solved oxygen. Such areas of             lined in such areas as water
            riches. Warfare, piracy, forced          all have a part in maintaining            low or no dissolved oxygen can-          quality, public education, living
            labor, and bloody disputes over          this system's balance.                    not support other Bay creatures.         resources, and population
            boundaries and oyster bars have             The Bays physical nature as               Population growth and its             growth and development. A
            all left their marks. Many of            an estuary is both the source of          effect on the Bay is the most            direct outgrowth of the Agree-
            today's policy debates are rooted        its richness and the source of its        complex and politically sensitive        ment is a concerted, c0opeA&e
            in such past conflicts.                  vulnerability. The overall pro-           issue facing Bay managers                campaign taking place in 1W
                                                     portion of fresh and salt water           today. A study released in Jan-          Bay community to meet these
            C,"")@ESAPEAKE PRESENT:                  in the Bay depends largely on             uary, 1989 by the 2020 panel -           commitments and manage the
            J-1 Complex and                          the amount of rainfall that is            a commission appointed by the            Bay's resources wisely. For the
            Fragile System                           carried to the Bay from the               Bay state governors -predicts            past two and a half years, such
                                                     Chesapeake's major rivers.                another 2.6 million residents            efforts have included the con-
               Geologically speaking, Chesa-         During a wet year, the entire             .(20 percent increase) in the            cerns and advice of citizens, sci-
            peake Bay is very young. It was          Bay will be somewhat fresher              watershed by the year 2020.          A   entists and local government
            created by the death of the last         than normal, and conversely a             population increase of this mag-         officials. Proposed policies have
            Ice Age, some 12-18,000 years            dry year will result in higher-           nitude translates into extensive         been circulated and open to pub-
            ago. As the glaciers retreated           than-average salinities. The Bay          changes in current land use pat-         lic scrutiny, inviting all of us
            and the polar ice caps shrank,           is also dependent on the quality          terns to more developed land. If         who use the Bay to have a voice
            the huge volume of melting ice           of freshwater flowing from the            this growth is not rationally            in governing it.
            caused sea level to rise. The ris-       tributaries. Pollution flowing to         planned, the report warns we                 While the monitoring and
            ing ocean in turn engulfed the           the Chesapeake tends to stay              will all pay the costs in the form       modeling programs put into
            coast and flooded the river val-         there- either in the water col-           of more pollution, inadequate            place have resulted in an exten-
            ley of the ancient Susquehanna           umn, the bottom sediments or              infrastructure, and more expen-          sive body of information that
            river, creating Chesapeake Bay.          the Bays living resources.                sive transportation. Many fear           helps direct public policy, we are
            The Bay we know today is near-                                                     that sprawling or scattered              far from understanding the in-
            ly 200 miles long, fed by 48             CHES.4,FEAKE AT RISK                      development will undermine the           tricacies of so powerful a system
            major rivers and 100 small tribu-        A Divcrsity of ProbIc-ims                 progress made by Bay restora-            as Chesapeake Bay. The rates
            tarics draining a 64,000 square                                                    tion efforts thus far.                   and magnitude of declines in
            mile basin. Earth and water                 What ails the Chesappake?                                                       Bay resources, however, force us
            continue to compete for this ter-        For people working to restore             BAY PESTCPAT!0N.'                        to set directives based upon
            ritory, redrawing the shoreline          the Bay, this is a commonly               Identifying tl@, e Pro U1,11arn,         what we do know, and to modify
            as land is built up in some areas        heard question and one that de-                                                    policies as more knowledge
            and lost beneath the waves in            fies simple explanation. Depend-             Efforts to halt the degrada-          becomes available. In some
            other places. People have also           ing on where you are in the               tion occurring in Chesapeake             areas of study, we are just begin-
            redrawn shorelines, often on a           Chesapeake, the problem is dif-           Bay started as early as 1973,            ning to know what questions to
            much faster scale than nature.           ferent. Highly industrialized             when then-Senator Charles                ask. Throughout this process,
            Excessive clearing and poor land         areas such as the ports of Balti-         Mathias conducted a tour of              we need to keep the following
            management have increased up-            more and Hampton Roads have               water quality problems in the            points in mind:
            land erosion, sending tons of sed-       suffered from years of toxic              estuary. The trip resulted in a              Each of us %kill affect tho..
            iment downstream. Asa result,            heavy metals and dangerous                conversation with the adminis-               -that fact is inescapable.
            communities that were once               chemical compounds dumped                 trator of EPA and eventually led             However, it is up to each of us
            important ports are now land-            by neighboring industries. In             to a five-year, $25 million EPA              to decide whether our impact
            locked. On the other side, the           other urban areas, such as the            study. Out of ten candidate                  will be a positive or negative
            construction of seawalls and             Anacostia and Potomac rivers,             issues, three were chosen as tar-            one.
            breakwaters has interfered with          runoff from the land, huge flows          gets for the study: nutrient en-             The Bay's ecosystem depends
            the natural flow of sand, caus-          of treated wastewater, and con-           richment, toxics, and the disap-             upon each of it's constituent
            ing beaches to rapidly erode.            tarninated sediments are to               pearance of underwater grasses               parts. We cannot sacrifice
               Saltwater mixes into the Bay          blame. In the northern and in-            (called submerged aquatic vege-              the wetlands, the tributaries,
            from the Atlantic Ocean. Fresh-          land reaches of the watershed,            tation or SAV by scientists).                or the land, and still save the
            water flows from the Bay's trib-         runoff from agricultural lands               The report, presented to Con-             Bay.
            utary rivers, with about 50 per-         bringing sediments, nutrients             gress in 1983, concluded that nu-            The Bay suffers from a vari-
            cent coming from the Susque-             and pesticides is the culprit. In         trient enrichment was the chief              ety of problems, some of
            hanna. Saltwater is heavier              short, the answer to "What ails           factor in the decline of SAV beds.           which have developed over
            than freshwater, so it tends to          the Bay?" is "you and me."                Responding to the serious impli-             many years. We cannot
            .. creep" up the Bay along the           Each one of us contributes to             cations of the study's findings              expect the solutions to be
            bottom while the freshwater              the Bay's woes by the activities          and underscoring their commit-               quick or simple.
            flows down from the tributaries          that we undertake each day.               ment to the Chesapeake, the Bay
            on the surface. As a result, the         From driving our cars, to flush-          states and EPA signed the first
            Chesapeake ranges from totally           ing our toilets, to using toxic           Chesapeake Bay Agreement in
            freshwater areas in the North            chemicals, we represent the               December, 1983. Programs                 Chesapeake Regional
            and upstream in its rivers, to           source of the Bay's problems.             were soon put in place to begin          Information Service
            areas near the Bay's mouth that             A particularly difficult pollu-        reducing the input of nutrients          1-800-662-CRIS
            arc about as salty as the ocean.         tion problem in the Bay and its           and Baywide coordinated moni-            Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay
               Thus, the Bay can support             rivers is excess nutrients-               toring and modeling began.
            both fresh and marine life               nitrogen and phosphorus. Nutri-              A second Bay Agreement,               717-236-8825-Perinsylvania
            forms, plus those that can toler-        ents wash off the land in sedi-           signed in 1987 by the governors          301-377-6270-Maryland
            ate fluctuating salinity levels.         ments and fertilizers, and enter          of Pennsylvania, Maryland and            804-775-095 I-Virginia
            The variety of conditions sup-           the Bay from sewage treatment             Virginia, the Mayor of the Dis-
            ports some 2,700 species. All            plants. In overabundance, they            trict of Columbia, the Chesa-            This fact sheet is a publication of the
            are linked in a complex, interde-        set off a chain reaction, causing         peake Bay Commission and the             Alliance for the Chesa,:@,c Bagige.
            pendent web of producers and             phytoplankton to grow explo-              EPA, expands upon the first              As part of its commiLm    . re
            consumers. From the eagle's              sively or"bloom", then die and            agreement and delineates state           ible use of natural resource,, P@W.
            huge nest high in a wetland tree         sink to the bottom. Bacteria              and federal participation                was made possible by a generous
            to the worms in the Bay's bot-           begin to decompose the dead               through a defined set of compIL-         grant from:
            torn sediments, from the micro-          algae and in the process use up           mentary goals and objectives.                          &A
                                                                                                                                                      Nalav
                                         PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER                                                                             VIRGINIA POWER




                                                                                                                                        ES





                                                                                                                     r r_


                                                         _BA CK                    BA           Y.
         Recent concerns about water quality and fishery landings,                 raising, grain (field corn and winter wheat) and soybean cropping,
         both commercial and recreational, in the Albemarle and                     ho ise breeding, and some vegetable and fruit production. Another
         Pan-Aico Sounds resulted in ajoint study by the U. S.                      3,005 acresare d eloped for urban uses.
                                                                                                      @v
         Environmental Protecqon Agency and the State
         of North Carolina. The Albemarle-Pamlico                                   Back Bay has,,experienced only small lunar tides (maximum lunar
                                                                        REDWING LAK
         Estuarine Study (APES) Program is an effort to                               tide range is approximately six inches) after the closing of
         identify current and potential problems in the                                Currituck Inlet during a storm in 1830. Since that time Back
         estuary and to develop a management plan to                                    Bay has changed from a tidally influenced salt water estuary to
         improve and maintain the health of the                                         a wind tide dominatedfresh/brackish estuary. Floraandfauna
         estuary.                                                                        within the estuary changed as well. The stripedbass, shrimp,
                                                                           BRINSONS INLET JAKE and clams that depended on salt water were replaced by
         The health of Back Bay and the                                                     largemouth bass, crappie and other fresh water inhabit-
         Currituck Sound are closely linked.                                                ants.
         Likewise, the water quality of the
         Currituck Sound has a great effect                                    BLACK G@T
         on the Albemarle and Pamlico
         Sounds. Back Bay is an expansive
         estuary located in the southeastern                LOTUS GARDENS
                                                                  ARK
         portion of the City.of Virginia Beach
         and protected from the ocean by the
     Malse Cape barrier beach. The water-                                                                                  Human activities have had a
     IMM contains 66,750 acres, including                                         NORTH SAY                                 significant influence on the
         25, 100 acres ofopen water. Anexten-                                                                               Bay as well. Dune stabili-
         sive network of streams and lakes                N                                           zation efrorts   along the shoreline south of
         drains the watershed.                                                         LITTLE ISLAND    Sandbridge ended periodic storm overwash.
                                                                                                         These infusions of seawater were associated
         The watershed is primarily undis-                       11101Z11-111      SHIPPS SAY             with apparent increases in water clarity and
         turbed with 15,039 acres of land                                  ec*                             submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)
         classified as undeveloped. An addi-                         a                                       growth. The flushing effect of overwash
         tional 9,795 acres of undeveloped                                                                     events may have been a significant factor
         land are protected in two National                                                                      in the hydrologic workings of the Bay.
         Wildlife Refuges, a State Park, and
         two state Waterfowl Management
                                                                                                                     The closing of the western channel
                                                            44 J@                                                      around Knott's Island, during
                                                                        REDHEAD BAY                                      the construction of the Knott's
                                                                                                                         Jsland Causeway in the 1890s,
                                                                                                                          further diminished lunartides
                                                                                                                           and reduced water exchange
                                                                                                                            between Back Bay and* the
                                                                                                                             Currituck Sound. In-1920,
                                                                                                                             Carrey's Ditch Was dug
                                                                        BACK BAY                                              through this area in an
                                                               DEVIL CREE                                                      effort to increase, flush-
                                                                                                                                ing in the southwestern
                                                                        TROJAN WILDLIFE                                         portions of the Bay.
                                                                         MANAGEMENT AREA
         Areas. Development is further restricted
                                                                                                                                 In hopes of reversing
         by the City of Virginia Beach's Southern                     POCAHONTAS W1DUFE
         Wqft                                                          MANAG.EMENT AREA                                           waterquality declines,
            , Ltshed Management Ordinance which
     J&@i jWablished to protect the rural charac-                                 MACKAY ISLAND                                    the City of Virginia
     'wleri'mos of the southern portion of the city.                             NATIONAL WILDLIFE                                  Beach operateda salt
                                                                                 REFUG
                                                                                                                                    water pumping fa-
         Agricultural uses accountfor 13,811 acres ofthe                                    VIRGINIA                                 cility at Little Is-
         watershed. Chief agricultural uses include hog                                NORTH CAROL                                    land Coast Guard







            Station from 1964 to 1987 that discharged           The decline in Eurasian milfbil in the             American peregrine falcon, and the brown
            seawater into the Shipps Bay subregion of           Chesapeake Bay was attributed to the ef-           pelican.
            Back Bay. Increasing the average salinity           fects of two diseases, Northeast Disease
            of the Bay, from 0.7 parts per thousand             and Lake Venice Disease. Northeast Dis-            Back Bay has a limited ability to assi d
            (ppt) (Average Bay Salinity, May 27,1965)           ease was believed tobe produced by avirus,         pollutantloads. Thereareonlytwo,
            to 3 ppt (ten percent of the strength of            a virus-like particle, or a toxin produced         ted point source discharges with combin
            seawater) was expected to increase water            within and released by an infected plant.          flows of less than 50,000 gallons per day of
            clarity and SAV growth without signifi-             Lake Venice Disease modified the cellular          secondary treated domestic wastewater.
            cantly impacting the fresh water species            structure of the leaf surface, allowing ex-
            inhabiting the Bay. However, the average            tensive algal buildup on the leaf surface.         Non-point sources contribute significant
            baywide salinity remained well below the            This buildup reduced the ability ofthe plant       pollutant loads to Back Bay. Runoff from
            stated goal.                                        to photosynthesize, eventually stopping            agricultural fields and swine feed lots, and
                                                                transpiration and smothering the plant.            to a lesser extent from urban development
            In 1983, due to few pumping interruptions           Both diseases have been identified in Back         contribute pesticides, phosphorus, and ni-
            and low rainfall, the average baywide sa-           Bay.                                               trogen.
            linity increased to 1.5 - 1.8 ppt. Due to the
            circulation patterns of the Bay, however,           Current research has proposed another hy-          Within the watershed are eight swine rais-
            the average monthly salinity in Northand            pothesis to explain the decline of SAV. In         ing operations, which use anaerobic waste
            Shipps Bays was nearly 3 ppt and a daily            response to elevated nutrient levels, par-         lagoons to manage animal wastes. These
            high of6.42 ppt was recorded in North Bay.          ticularly nitrogen, SAV tends to grow so           lagoons are expected to be maintained and
            This may seem high, but average salinity            fast that its stems become fragile and             pumped out on a regular basis, with the
            after a storm overwash event often reached          crumble readily underphysical. stress, caus-       waste being applied to the land. A recent
            22.5 ppt. Due to a lack of demonstrated             -ing theplants tobreakoffnear the roots and        evaluation of the issue concluded that on a
            positive effects on the Bay's resources, the        die. These "corpses" can be seen com-              collective basis, the -equipment and the
            pumping ofsaltwater into theBay ceased in           monly in both Back Bay and the North               necessary access for management do exist.
            August, 1987.                                       Carolina Sounds.                                   It was determined that water quality was
                                                                                                                   not negatively impactedby the current state
            Growth patterns of SAV in Back Bay have             "The diversity and abundance of wildlife           of hog waste management in the Southern
            followed a pattern of introduction, coloni-         resources in the Back Bay watershed are            Watersheds.
            zation, stabilization, depletion, and de-           directly related to the distribution and va-
            cline. This cycle has been observed over            riety of vegetation in the area." (Mann &          Recreational activities in the watershed
            the last century for several different species      Associates, 1984) Back Bay is an impor-            include both boat and shore fishing, h    W&
            of SAV. In the history ofthe Bay no species         tantbreeding ground, livingquarters, hunt-         ing, canoeing, wildlife observation,    wqF
            has ever substantially repopulated after its        ing ground, rest stop, and nursery to a wide       skiing, biking, and camping.
            initial decline.                                    variety of terrestrial and marine life. It is
                                                                particularly important as awintering ground        The City of Virginia Beach recently com-
            The most recent SAV species to populate             for mallards, black ducks, pintails, Canada        pleted a Southern Watershed Management
            the.Bay was Eurasian milfbil. First re-             geese and snow geese. For species migrat-          Area Report, which identifies several prob-
            ported in the late sixties, the new grass had       ing further, it acts as an important rest stop     lems in the watershed, and outlines recom-
            spread across the entire Bay in less than a         on the Atlantic Flyway. Loggerhead turtles         mended strategies and solutions for deal-
            decade. It flourished in areas not thought          come ashore at False Cape to lay their eggs.       ing with them.
            able to support plant life and grew so dense        White tailed deer, red fox, opossum, rac-
            that it had to be cut back in areas of regular      coon, gray squirrel, red tailed hawk, and a        The Back Bay Watershed has been desig-
            boat traffic. By the mid-eighties, only             host of other species make a home in the           nated as a component ofthe Back Bay Focal
            scattered stands and colonies in the eastern        upland areas of the Back Bay watershed.            Area for implementation of the North
            expanses of the Bay remained. This                  The nationally threatened piping plover is         American Waterfowl Management Plan.
            parallelled the experience of Eurasian mil-         thought to breed in the dunes of Back Bay          This program and other state, regional, and
            foil in the Chesapeake Bay only a few years         National Wildlife Refuge. Other species            local efforts are expected to enhance envi-
            prior.                                              that make their homes in the Back Bay              ronmental conditions in the Watershed.
                                                                Watershed include.the bald eagle, the



                Albemarle-Pamlico
                    Drainage      Area                          This Albemarle-Pamlico Profile ...

                                                                ... was produced by the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission with
                                                                                                                                          arle-Pamlico
                                                                funding from the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study. The Albem
                                ...    .........
                                                                System, second largest estuary in the nation, drains 30,000 square miles in
                                                                two states. The Study is authorized by the Clean Water Act of 1987 and is
                                                                funded jointly by the US EPA and the State of North Carolina. It is one of 17
                                 ..........
                                                                national estuarine programs in the country whose purpose is to produce a
                                   H GkROL
                    ...      ............... ..............
                                                                management plan for maintaining the health of our estuaries. To find out more
                                                                about the Study and how to get involv6d, call (919) 946-6481.



                                                                                                                              PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER 1993




                                                            Jam-                                        PROFILES
                                                            bum
                                                                             Ob--
          ........... ..                                                                                    woo
                                                               11111110IMPAn-
                                                                  lw@


                                           --------- -


                                    NORTH LANDING!                                                                 IVER

         Recent concerns about water quality and                                                                            Northwest River areas, as
         fishery landings, both commercial and
         recreational, in the Albemarle and                                                                                 one of the' premiere
                                                                                                                            unspoiled natural areas in
         Pandico Sounds resulted in a joint
                                                                                                                            the state. The North Land-
         study by the U. S. Environmental Pro-                                                                            ing area was named the top
         tection Agency and the State ofNorth
                                                                                                                         natural area in Virginia. With
         Carolina. The Albemarle-Pamlico                                                                               the help of the Nature Conser
         Estuarine Study (APES) Program                                                                            vancy, the Division of Natural Heri-
         is an effort to identify current and                                                                      tage has established the North Landing
         potential problems in the estuary          ALBEMARLE            WOIA@                                     River Natural Area Preserve. Currently,
                                                       AND
         and to develop a management plan cNEs"Ema cANAL                          ROAO                             5,612 of a proposed 10,000 acres have
         to improve and maintain the health                                                                        been acquired. The core of the protected
         of the estuary.                                                                                           lands extends along the North Landing
                                                                                                                   River across Pungo Ferry Road east of
         The health of both the North Landing                                                                      Blackwater Road. The Nature Conser-
         River and the Currituck Sound, which                                                                      vancy has acquired several more tracts
         receives water from the North Landing                                                                     in Virginia Beach and Chesapeake to
         River, theNorthwestRiver, andBackBay                                                                      add to theNorth LandingRiverNatural
         has a direct effect on the Albemarle Sound.                                                               AreaPreserve. The Division ofNatural
                                                                                                                   Heritage is completing fieldworkfor its
     .,dlkThe North Landing River flows from Great                                                                 Natural Areas Inventory and expects to
     IWridge Locks in Chesapeake through south-                                                                    recommend acquisition of additional
         western VirginiaBeach to the Currituck Sound.                                                             acreage to protect the more than 3 8 rare
         Its traverse ofChesapeake and Virginia Beach                                                              or endangered species of plants and
         covers 22 miles and it drains approximately                      C9011                                    animals that are concentrated along
         71,794 acres of land. The Great Bridge Lock                                                               the river.
         is the western terminus ofthe Albemarle and
         Chesapeake Canal which links the Southern                                                                 West Neck Creek and Virginia Beach
         Branch of the Elizabeth River with the                                                                    Canal Number 2 connect the North
         North Landing River. The Albemarle and                                                                    Landing and Lynnhaven rivers. To-
         Chesapeake Canal is 8.5 miles long. The                                                                   gether, these water bodies comprise the
         Intracoastal Waterway makes use of the                                                                    spine of the City of Virginia Beach's
         North Landing as a vital part of the                                                                      Scenic Waterways System. Several tribu-
         north-south route.                                                                                        taries of the North Landing River are also
                                                                       0
                                                                                                                   part of the Virginia North Landing State
         The North Landing Watershed com-                                                                          Scenic River. These include West Neck
         prises a total area of more than 74,636                            PU14GO FERRY ROAD                      Creek, Pocaty Creek/River, and
         acres, of which 2,841 acres are open                                                                      Blackwater Creek. Other tributaries in-
         water. Like Back Bay, the primary land                                                                    clude Cooper's Ditch, Walnut Creek,
         use in the North Landing Watershed is              0,A                                                    Snake Creek, Nfilldam Creek, Oakem's
         agriculture. Soybeans, field corn, and wheat                                                              Creek, Chelydra Stream, and Stumpy
         are the predominant crops. Potatoes, strawber-                                                            Lake.
         ries, squash, beans, andtomatoes are also grown.                                         MUNDEN OIN
         Agricultural activities use 32,633 acres of the                                                PARK       Stumpy Lake is a reserve reservoir
         available land in the basin, and 26,164 acres                          M4 DAM CREEK                       for the City of Norfolk's water sys-
         are undeveloped. Developed land, including                                                                 tem. Storm overflow is drained
         residential, commercial, industrial, and road-                                           _"0                from the lake to the North Landing
         ways only cover 12,997 acres of the watershed.                                                              River. Stumpy Lake has been clas-
                                                                                                                      sified as "eutrophic" by the Vir-
   *Me Virginia Department of Conservation and                                                                         ginia State Water Control Board.
         Recreation, Division of Natural Heri-
         tage, has identified the North Landing             VIRGINIA                                                    The City of Virginia Beach re-
         River area, as well as the Back Bay and     - - - NORTH CAR LINA                                                cently completed a Southern







                WatershedManagementAreaReportwhi                                   ch         quality problems are often assumed to be
                identifies several problems in the River, as                                  related to the water quality problems along
                well as Back Bay's, and outlines recom-                                       the Elizabeth River. Another concern of
                mended strategies and solutions for deal-                                     late, however, is the link between the
                ing with them.                                                                Lynnhaven River and the Chesapeake Bay
                                                                                              to the North Landing River by means of
                Recreational activities in the watershed                                      West Neck Creek and Canal No. 2. Fears
                include both boat and shore fishing, hunt-                                    have been expressed about this connection,
                ing, canoeing, wildlife observation, water                                    principally due to the potential for water
                skiing, and power boating.                                                    from the Chesapeake Bay to increase salin-
                                                                                              ityintheNorthLandingRiverandCunituck
                Water quality monitors have indicated the                                     and Albemarle Sounds. These issues are
                following problems in the North Landing                                       currently being studied.
                River: low dissolved oxygen, high concen-
                trations of fecal coliform, nutrient (phos-                                   The North Landing River Watershed has
                phorous) loadings, and metals (manganese                                      been designated as a component of the
                and iron). Most of these problems stem                                        Back Bay Focal Area for implementation
                from non-point sources such as animal                                         of the North American Waterfowl Man-
                waste and fertilizers running off agricul-                                    agement Plan. This program and other
                tural and recreational lands. Several small                                   state, regional, and local efforts are ex-
                point sources do contribute to these prob-                                    pected to enhance environmental condi-
                lems, including the NorfolkDredging Com-                                      tions in the Watershed.
                pany, Southeastern Elementary School,
                Bergy's Dairy Farm, and Hope Haven -
                Union Nfission.


                The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal once
                played a vital role in interstate commerce
                and transportation, but when water trans-
                portation was replaced by rail and high-
                ways, the canal lost much of its former
                importance. At one time the canal allowed
                both goods and tourists to flow from Nor-                                                                                                                     AL
                folk to ports south. Steamboats, rivcrboats,
                and barges plied their way through the
                canal. In 1890, nearly 400,000 tons of
                freight passed through the canal's waters.
                Today, although still used for some com-
                mercial trips, the canal is most often used
                by pleasure craft making small day or week
                trips to the Sounds of North Carolina or
                those making the long voyage between
                northern harbors and Florida and the Car-
                ibbean.


                Concerns have been raised about the pos-
                sible negative impacts of the Albemarle
                and Chesapeake Canal connecting the North
                Landing River and the Southern Branch of
                the Elizabeth River. Downstream water




                      Albemarle-Pamlico
                          Drainage              Area                                          This Albemarle-Pamlico Profile ...


                                                 ......................
                                                 ....X                                        ... was produced by the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission with
                                                   'VIRGINIA"
                                                   ....... ......
                                                                                              funding from the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study. TheAlbemarle-Pamlico
                                                         ...........
                                                                                              System, second largest estuary in the nation, drains 30,000 square miles in
                             .... .............
                                                                                              two states. The Study is authorized by the Clean Water Act of 1987 and is
                                                                                              funded jointly by the US EPA and the State of North Carolina. It is one of 17
                                      ....................................                    national estuarine programs in the country whose purpose is to produce a
                                           NORTH CAROL                                        management plan for maintaining the health of our estuaries. To find out more
                                   . .. .............. .. . .. . .....,..........
                                                         .. . .......
                                                   .. ....... .... .......
                                            ... ....... ....... ....
                                               .....................
                                                                                              about the Study and how to get involved, call (919) 946-6481.
                                                         ...........
                                                                            _J


                                                                                                                                                                                         PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER 1993




                                                         M1                                           -PROFILES



                                            NORTHWEST RIVER

         Recent concerns about water quality and fishery landings, both           before entering the Currituck Sound. The drainage basin covers
         commercial and recreational, in the Albemarle andPamlico Sounds          approximately 66,436 acres.
         resulted in a joint study by the U.S. Environmental Protection
         Agency and the State of North Carolina. The Albemarle-Pamlico            Land in the Northwest RiverBasin is primarily undeveloped, being
         Estuarine Study (APES) Program is an effortto identify current and       either wetlands or uninanaged forest lands. Nearly 46,356 acres in
         potential problems in the estuary and to develop a management            the basin fall into this category. Agricultural lands comprise
         plan to improve and maintain the health of the estuary.                  another 16,527 acres, and urban activities use only 3,554 acres of
                                                                                  land in the basin.
         The health of both the Northwest River and the Currituck Sound,
         which receives water from the Northwest River, the North Landing         The Northwest River Basin, which is entirely contained within the
                                                                                  Coastal Plain, is characterized by low lying lands with very few
                                                                                                locations exceeding 25 feet above mean sea level.
                                       0                                                         The Northwest River Basin's soils are predomi-
                                                                                                 nantly of the mucky peat variety, ranging from
                                       0
                                                                                                  somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained.
                                                                                                     Due to soil composition, land in the Northwest
                                                                                                         River Basin is generally unsuited for septic
                                                                                                          drain fields.

                                                                                                               The City of Chesapeake started with-
                                                                                                                  drawing water from the river in
                                                                                                                     1980 as its main source of drink-
                                                                                                                          ing water, culminating more
         River,                                                                                        N                             INDIAV CREEK ROA0
         and Back Bay,
         has a direct effect on the                                                                                                NORTHWEST RIVER
                                                                                                                                 7- @@ PARK
                                                                                                                                   /Z
         Albemarle Sound.

         The Northwest River experiences small
         tidal flucMations; and occasional reverse flows
         due to winds. It has been classified as an estua-          016                                       NORTHI&EST
         rine body by the Virginia State Water Control
         Board. The discharge from the Northwest River is
         difficult, if not impossible, to quantify due to a very low
         current velocity (on calm days current velocity of less
         than two centimeters per second is common) and the                  LRqINIA
                                                                        NORTH CAROLINA
         domination of its current by wind direction. Scientists
         say that the Northwest River behaves more like a lake or
         reservoir than a river.                                                                  J(,

         Following storms, concentrations of fecal colif-                                                        than a decade of planning. Accord-
         orm bacteria and nutrients tend to rise, with an                                                        ing to its permit from the U.S. Army
         increase in available dissolved oxygen and bio-                                                        Corps of Engineers, the City is al-
         chemical oxygen demand. Dissolved oxygen                                                              lowed to withdraw a maximum of ten
         drops as biological oxygen demand is satisfied.                                                   million gallons per day (mgd). Actual
         Due to weak currents, dissolved oxygen replen-                                                 withdrawal has averaged 8 mgd. Due to the
         ishment is slow. Without another storm, algal                                         unusual flow patterns of the river, increased down-
          looms peak within 10 to 15 days of the previous storm.                  stream salinity may result from water withdrawals from the river.
                                                                                  This has been a major concern to the -City and the regulatory
         The Northwest River flows 13 miles in a southeasterly direction          agencies. In recent years, the salinity of the Northwest River has
         across the City of Chesapeake from near the Dismal Swamp                 indeed increased during periods of low flow or drought. This has
         entering North Carolina at Tull's Bay. It flows another two miles        restricted the use of the river as a drinking water source during






                                                                                                                                                                           7-ILL
             these periods. In 1985 increased water                        Ditch, Mill Stream, Indian Creek, and
             withdrawals coupled with a drought and                        Smith Creek.
             othernatural occurrencescombinedto make
             water taken from the Northwest River too                      Recreational uses of the river include both
             salty to be safely consumed by residents on                   shore and boat fishing, power boating and
             salt-restricted diets. During this period,                    water skiing, wildlife observation, and ca-
             the City provided access to wells for drink-                  noeing. Northwest River Park, a city park,
             ing water at the municipal complex.                           is bordered by the Northwest River along
                                                                           its southern border, Smith Creek and In-
             The Northwest River has regularly suf-                        dian Creek on its east and westborders, and
             fered dissolved oxygen depletion, high                        Indian Creek Road on the north. This park
             nutrient (both phosphorus and nitrogen)                       provides easy access to the riverfor fishing,
             loadings, and pH problems. Most water                         canoeing, row boating, and other recre-
             quality problems are due to non-point                         ational activities. The Northwest Wilder-
             sources and normal swamp drainage.                            ness Area in southern Chesapeake adds to
             (Swamp drainage, although a naturally                         natural area recreation opportunities. The
             occurring condition, contributes to water                     Area consists of 180 acres in its natural
             quality standards violations in the North-                    condition and is located on the site of the
             west River.) Point source dischargers to                      Naval Security Activity, Northwest.
             the river include the Naval Security Group
             Activity - Northwest Sewage Treatment                         The Northwest River Watershed has been
             Plant, Saint Brides Correctional Center,                      designated as a component ofthe Back Bay
             Chesapeake Water Treatment Plant and                          Focal Area for implementation ofthe North
             Chesapeake WTP sludge lagoons.                                American Waterfowl Management Plan.
                                                                           This program and other state, regional, and
             According to the Virginia               State   Water         local efforts are expected to enhance envi-
             Control Board (VSWCB) and Virginia                            ronmental conditions in the Watershed.
             Institute of Marine Science reports, the
             Northwest River, due to its estuarine type
             flow and swamp drainage, has a severely
             limited ability to assimilate pollutants.
             Accordingly, the VSWCB advised against
             siting any facilities whose activities might
             endanger the drinking water supply in the
             Northwest River Basin.
                                                                                                                          6  ?N
             Chesapeake and state regulatory agencies
             classify a portion ofthe Northwest River as
             a Public Water Supply zone. This classifi-
             cation encompasses the area that extends
             five miles upstream and five miles down-
             stream of the raw water intake point to
             protect the water supply. The City also
             restricts urban-type development within
             the watershed above the intake to protect
             the water supply.

             Tributaries of the Northwest River include
             the Northwest Canal, Twelve Foot Ditch,
             Weston Ditch, Happer Ditch, Beaverdam



                  Albemarle-Pamlico
                      Drainage         Area                                This Albemarle-Pamlico Profile ...

                                               ...........
                                            ............
                                            .............
                                                                                was produced by the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission with
                                            VRGINJA
                                                                                                                 -Pamlico Estuarine Study. The Albemarle-Pamlico
                                        ...................... ....        funding from the Albemarle
                                               ...........
                          ........ .........                               System, second largest estuary in the nation, drains 30,000 square miles in
                                                                           two states. The Study is authorized by the Clean Water Act of 1987 and is
                                                                           funded jointly by the US EPA and the State of North Carolina. it is one of 17
                           ........ ...... .. ......... ....................
                             ...........
                                                                           national estuarine programs in the country whose purpose is to produce a
                   .........       ...............................
                                                                           management plan for maintaining the health of our estuaries. To find out more
                                            .. ...................
                                                                           about the Study and how to get involved, call (919) 946-6481.
                                            .................
                                            ..............




                                                                                                                                                    PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER 1993











                                                                                                                     NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY


                                                                                                                    3 6668 14111950 5