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C-o-ast-a-1 Zo-n-e "W information Center MARYLAND UPLANDS NATURAL AREAS STUDY VOLUME 2, EASTERN SHORE -Ae FIELD NOTEBOOK MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PaOGRAM ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND Q% 71@ T D 224 M2 M37 1989 V.2 'AND GOLDEN, INC., 31 W.'Allens Lane, Philadelphia. PA 19119 pA, Preparation of this report was partially funded by the office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration This report is printed on recycled paper. MARYLAND UPLANDS NATURAL AREAS STUDY Volume 2 Eastern Shore FIELD NOTEBOOK Prepared for Maryland Department of Natural Resources Coastal Zone Management Program March, 1976 Property of CSC Library U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 For further information contact: Coastal Zone Management Program Tawes State Office Building Annapolis, Maryland 21401 Prepared by: John Rogers, Stephan Syz and Fritts Golden Rogers and Golden, Inc., 31 W. Allens Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19119 (215) 242-6858 JAMES B. COULTER LOUIS N. PHIPPS, JR. SECRETARY STATE OF MARYLAND DEPUTY SECRETARY DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENERGY & COASTAL ZONE ADMINISTRATI99. TAWES STATE OFFICE BUILDINGa ANNAPOLIS 21401 April 26, 1976 Dear Sir: Enclosed for.your information is Volume II of the Coastal Management Program's Upland Natural Areas Study. This volume details the actual methodology used in surveying potential natural areas on Maryland's Eastern Shore. It should serve both as a reference for those using the data from this study or as a field notebook for those interested in carrying out additional surveys. Maps giving the location of sites inventoried and data on individual sites will be available shortly by request. If you wish additional information concerning this study please contact: Maryland Department of Natural Resources Coastal Management Program Tawes State Office Building, B-3 Annapolis, Maryland 21401 301-267-1784 Sincerely, Kenneth E. Perkins, Director Coastal Management Program, E&CZA KEP:dls Enclosure PREFACE To meet the requirements of the Coastal Zone Management Act and to fulfill the Department of Natural Resources obligation to the SCS Delmarva River Basins Survey, a thorough inventory and assessment of natural areas is to be undertaken by the Maryland Coastal Zone Management Program. The Field Notebook incorporated in this volume represents the methodology developed by the Coastal Zone Management Program for sampling upland natural areas on Maryland's Eastern Shore. The notebook contains a description of the natural history of the shore as well as a descr'iption of the methods and techniques for data collection. It is intended to serve as a manual for organizations or individuals who may be interested in carrying out field surveys of upland sites on the Eastern Shore. The process used to develop the sampling methodology described in this report is documented in Volume 1 of this series, Maryland's Upland Natural Areas Study. A great effort was made to obtain input into the methodology from potential users of this study and from experts in the various subject areas for which sample information was to be obtained. This information was then synthesized into a sampling procedure. The sampling procedure was designed to enable field personnel to quickly obtain a concise accurate characterization of each site. The sampling is not meant to be a substitute for the detailed site assessments needed for a final project evaluation but to provide a means of screening a large number of sites for specific uses. Approximately 400 sites have been sampled on the Eastern Shore using this methodology, the results of which will be made available in computer format for potential data users. In addition, the sites will be evaluated based on the data collected for possible designation as critical areas of state concern. As it is currently planned, the Field Notebook will be revised to make it applicable to Maryland's Western Shore and sites will be sampled there during the 1976 field season. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was greatly aided by information and advice from many experts and professionals. Special thanks are due the following individuals: John Antenucci, Department of State Planning; Earl Bradley, Coastal Zone Management Program; Grace Brush, Johns Hopkins University; King Burnett, Maryland Environmental Trust; James Burtis, Forestry Service; Nick Carter, Fisheries Administration; Howard Erickson, Towson College; Francis Golet, University of Rhode Island; Herbert Harris, Natural History Society of Maryland; Bernard Holla, Wildlife Administration; Lee Jaslow, Environmental Services; William Kramer, Capital Programs Administration; Randy Kerhin, Maryland Geological Survey; Steve Long, Power Plant Siting; Bruce Nichols, Soil Conservation Service; Ralph Petcher, Superintendent, Tuckahoe State Park; Chandler Robbins, Patuxent Wildlife Research Station; Kenneth Ropp,- Capital Programs Administration; Lewis Rudasill, Capital Programs Administration; Craig Ten Broeck, Wildlife Administration; Tom Siccama, Yale University. As is apparent from the variety of people with whom we have worked, the study incorporates a diversity of disciplines, In bringing the various elements together, we have relied heavily on the knowledge and labor of the professional staffs of the Department of Natural Resources, the Department of State Planning, and the Soil Conservation Service as well as members of the scientific community. In addition, we have had the good fortune to be able to visit with many knowledgeable and interested residents of the Eastern Shore. We are grateful for the courtesies, hospitality, and kindness they showed us, as well as for their valuable insights. We are especially appreciative of the congenial working atmosphere created by Tom Chaney and Bill Jackson of the Coastal Zone Management Program, and of the advice and cooperation they have offered. The permission of Francis Golet to include his paper "Classification and Evaluation of Fresh- water Wetlands as Wildlife Habitat in the Glaciated Northeast" in this report is gratefully acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface . . . . . . i Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vegetation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Site Selection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Computer Printout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Parameters . * * * , * * , , * , * , * , * , , , , , * , * * , * 39 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 List of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Natural Areas Survey Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Completed Data Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Wetland Field Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Encoding Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Card 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Natural Area Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Area Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Area Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Access to Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Nearest Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Minimum Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Current Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Ownership . @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Card 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Contiguous Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Geological Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Aquatic Buffer Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 % of 5-10 Acre Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Occurrence . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Natural Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Total Number of Vegetation Types . . . . . . . . . . . 77 iii Page Auditory and Visual Experience . . . . . . . . . . 78 Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 One Line Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Card 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Site Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Ecological Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Card 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Card 5 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Similar Subsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Subsection Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Soil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Natural Soil Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Runoff Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 High Water Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 95 Soil Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Soil Erodibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Water Body Distance . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 96 Water Body Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Water Body Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Water Body Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Water Body Bottom Material . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Beach Length . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 99 Beach Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Beach Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 % of Stream Shaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Wetland Wildlife Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Vegetation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Ease of Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Champion Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Nearest Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Woody Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 129 Herbaceous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Birds . . * ' * * ' * * * ' ' * * * ' * * * * * * * * ' 147 Reptiles and Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Van Deusen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Wetlands . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Wetland Wildlife Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 iv Page Classification and Evaluation of Freshwater Wetlands as Wildlife Habitat in the Glaciated Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Category Code Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Location of Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 A-1 Elk Neck: Bayside Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 A-2 Elk Neck: Upland Wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 4 B-1 Northern Shore: Bayside Bluff . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 B-2 Northern Shore: Upland Deciduous Forest . . . . . . . 14 6 B-3 Northern Shore: River Cross Section . . . . . . . . . 16 7 B-4 Northern Shore: Upland Swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8 C-1 Middle Shore: Tidal Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9 C-2 Middle Shore: Lowland Swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10 C-3 Middle Shore: Upland Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 11 C-4 Middle Shore: River Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . 26 12 C-5 Middle Shore: Mill 2ond and Fresh Water Marsh * * * * 28 13 D-1 Southern Shore: Upland Swamp . . . ... . . . . . . . 30 14 D-2 Southern Shore: River Cross Section . .. . . . . . . . 32 -15 D-3 Southern Shore: Maritime "Forest" . . . . . . . . . . 34 vii MILE-) N"t T@ NI VN) JIM: E17 Irr w aw so M'I@ tww@ too IM *w INTRODUCTION As part of the ongoing effort by the Maryland Coastal Zone Management Program to describe and assess the resources of Maryland's coastal areas, the CZM program has undertaken a field inventory and evaluation of upland natural areas in the sixteen coastal counties. For the purposes of this study, upland natural areas in Maryland's Coastal Plain are defined as areas where, at present, natural processes predominate and are not significantly influenced by either deliberate manipulation or accidental interference by man. Tidal areas were excluded from this study and will be subjected to a separate inventory and assessment. The purpose of the Upland Natural Areas Study is to provide both objective and descriptive data on identified natural areas. The methodology for doing this is described in this volume. This information will be used to (1) describe and evaluate the inherent value of an area as a natural . ecological unit and (2) ascertain the value of specific areas for certain compatible uses. It is anticipated that this data will prove useful to a variety of federal, state and local agencies as well as private organizations and individuals as a means to evaluate the selective significances and ecological role of various coastal zone natural areas on the Eastern Shore. The sampling procedure as developed for the Eastern Shore includes fifty parameters both objective and subjective. Subjective in this case means the field surveyor must make a decision based on his or her experience. In order to carry out the sampling, ten individuals with backgrounds*in field biology, botany, forestry, and wildlife management were divided into teams of two. Each team was assigned a county in which they were responsible for inventorying all identified sites. The actual site selective process is described elsewhere in this report. At the start of the inventory, all teams went through a five day training period to familiarize them with the sampling methodology and to try to standardize their sampling techniques. In addition, one field surveyor acted as field manager floating from team to team to help maintain the consistency of the sampling techniques between field teams. The report that follows is organized into three sections. First, the study area is described in terms of its geology, physiography, and vegetation communities. Representative cross sections of the different vegetation communities are included. This is followed by a brief overview of the site selection process, the data management system and the parameters and potential uses that were sampled for. The remaining portion of the report covers the detailed encoding instructions for filling out the field data forms. These instructions are organized by data card as shown on the sample field data form. .. ........... .............. ....... ... ............................................... ............................................. ................. ................ .......... ................. ............. ................... ........... .. CHESTFRTOWN ......... ....... .. ........ .......... ..... ....... ... %w 14 ... c 1@ cf EVILLE ....... ...... ...... ..... .... .... .. .... .... .............. ::::: "I',"", ........... .... ......... ....................... UNTO .............. ............ .. .... ...... ........ .... aea;aot: ....... ............ . ......... ..... ............. EASTo .... ..... ...... ... ........ f ... ....... . ........ .............. ............. raof" ... ... ................ .. ............. . ... ......... AIDGE ............ .. ..... ......... ........... . .......... SALISR .................. .... ........... PRIN@CE',S .......... .. .............. . ...... ... . . . . . . ....... ..... ........... ....... ........ ........ . ..... ..................... .. ................... . . ........... ....... ............. .... ............... ................. ... ... ....... .............. ................ ................... ...... :::::::; ............... .................... ............ ..... ........ . ....... . ... ......... ........... .......... . .................... ....................... .... ............................. ........... .... .. .... ............................ ...................... ...... ......... ............... ** ... * :;?::: . . ......... . em", .. ... ... .... .................... ...................... .... ............. ............ ..... ..................... ....................... .. . ........ ............... ............. ................. ...... .............. : : :::::::: .......... ........ ....... ......................... ................................ ............ ................ ................. ............ .... ..... . ............. STUDY AREA .......... ............. .. ................... ..................... ................. ............ .... ..... ...... ........... ...... ............ ..... ............... ..... .... ............ ............. STUDY AREA PHYSIOGRAPHIC L ATION The study area is confined to up- land natural areas and non-tidal fresh- PA. water wetlands on Maryland's Eastern 3 N. J. Shore. The Eastern Shore is consid- that part of Maryland ered to be VA. which is on the Delmarva Penninsula South of U.S. Highway 40. The study area lies in the south- 5 DEL. ern embayed section of the Coastal Plain Province, and ranges in eleva- tion from sea level to 253 feet at 0 Mt. Mauldin on Elk Neck. In general, 1b the landscape is flat, with typical Ra elevations ranging between 20 and 0 60 feet. Several cliffs occur along G the northern coast in Kent and Cecil Counties. Several steep, broad-faced scarps -- abrupt changes in topo- GEOLOGICAL FORMA graphy carved out by the advancing and retreating ocean during the Pleistocene Age -- occur inland in Queen Anne's, Kent and Talbot Counties. The soils of the region are gene- rally fine textured and poorly drained along the Talbot Terrace and more me- Wicomico dium to coarse textured and better talbot drained on the Wicomico Terrace. Vegetation on the Eastern Shore is more highly diversified than any other part of Maryland. (Shreve 1910). This is due, in part, to the extent and diversity of swamps, natural ponds, marshes and bogs, to the variety of FOREST TYPES soils and to the fact that several botanical species approach their northern climatic limits on the Eastern Shore. C.F The agricultural style of life is predominant on the Eastern Shore. A mosaic of farms and woodlands char- OAK- ICKORT acterize the northern part of the LWOLLY-VIRGINIA PINE study area. Farther south, in Kent, 0AX-GUR OM-PINE Queen Anne's, Talbot and Dorchester KKMK- ITE PIXE- 9 Counties, most of the land is in ag- 4DATHIN MAREW000 L"Z-M] riculture -- a land use pattern which has persisted for years. Talbot County hosts many estates, and is the second richest county in the State. In Talbot County, Route 50 generally -3- divides estates to the west from the large working farms on the east. Approximately 50% of Dorchester County is swamp or marsh. Route 50 separates agrarian lands from marshes and swamps to the south. The land use of the southern section of the Eastern Shore is a mixture of cropland and chicken farms with large timbered areas of loblol.1y pine. Much of what is now farmland on the Eastern Shore was once forested. The forests and wetlands remaining occur in areas too steep, or wet to easily cultivate or develop. Natural areas of this survey are generally directly associated with such conditions. Often these areas form sinuous streamside forests, a pattern typical of much of the central and northern Delmarva Peninsula. This pattern of narrow streamside forests is of great ecological significance, as it helps to buffer water bodies and streams from sedimentation and contamination by toxic chemicals or nutrients. VEGETATION TYPES A mosaic of soils and hydrologic conditions on the Eastern Shore tends to make vegetation communities complex and difficult to classify. For example, Virginia pine, commonly found on drier sites, is at times situated near swamp forests. Furthermore, many forests are selectively cut, while some are regenerating from previous clear cutting and others are plantations. Natural influences on the forest pattern include windthrow and flooding. Subtleties in topography, depth to the water table, and the degree and. type of disturbance all add to the vegetation's complexity. Ongoing research under the direction of Dr. Grace Brush, of Johns certain plant species with environmental conditions. It is hoped that Hopkins University, is attempting to correlate the presence or absence of this work will reveal the ecological potential of plants in this region. In the absence of Dr. Brush's final data, a preliminary classification scheme was developed from field reconnaissance to depict some of the typical communities of the mosaic on the Eastern Shore. Typical vegetation communities are shown along transects of the peninsula to give an idea of edaphic and biotic conditions. These illustrations depict conditions one might expect to find in an area. Many of the sections illustrate edge conditions such as bands of vegetation along rivers,.around ponds, or conditions in marshes. Edges are important in the mosaic pattern of fields and woodlands typical of the Eastern Shore. The four transects (Figure 1) illustrate major changes that occur from north to south within the peninsula. Vegetationally, Elk Neck (transect A) relates to the Piedmont. The other three transects show northern, central and southern peninsula characteristics. By county, these divisions are: A. Elk Neck: Cecil County B. Northern Shore:' Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, and Caroline Counties C. Middle Shore: Dorchester and Wicomico Counties D. Southern Shore: Somerset and Worcester Counties -4- The Delmarva Peninsula is interesting because it contains the transitional zone where northern deciduous forests give way to southern pine forests. The approximate northern limit of the Loblolly Pine is shown on the map (Figure 1). The Wicomico and Talbot Terrace Formations, distinguished by predominantly sandy-loams and clay-loams respectively, have characteristic plant communities associated with them (Shreve, 1910). Within sections animals are distinguished in characteristic patterns. Some species are found throughout, while others are limited to specific habitats. These observations were sketched out by the field survey staff and then correlated to information found in the following sources: Conant (1945), Hunt (1972), Natural History Society Maryland (1969), Shreve (1910), and Waggoner, (In Smithsonian, 1974a). Typical habitat sketches accompanied by a descriptive text follow. For the location of the sites refer to Figure 1. It should be noted that the patterns described are general. The tidal marsh vegetation for example, is influenced by soil moisture, tidal frequency, salinity and a variety of local conditions. Consequently, the pattern is best described as a mosaic of which the cross-section, although generalized, illustrates only one pos- sible arrangement in the overall vegetation pattern. FIGURE I LOCATION'OF SEC-TIONS 'TAL130T TF-P.P-AC-C- (CLA-Y) WICOMICO TC-IXP.ACE CSANDY) L A LX N EC K, F 5-4 APPROM MATE NORLT-HERN E-K-rL-W-r if OF 1-093LOI-LY PINE tit MIDDLE SWORE- 0 5OU7 H E R, @J E\j F jqjo p. 10*5 FIELD 15TAFF 05@C-P\JATION, 19-15; pic3vp.rc 2. F-LK NECK 13AY51"VP- FOKEST C-V+EISTN13T OAK NORT4E-Ptl Cpe5TNUT K 13ESC14 OAK wv+l-re- OAK y@ L r PITCH PINE- 5LACY, G v HESTNVT r-gE-S-rNLrr 4 rre CA&< P)'NK CA71wl.96 L WAITR -rAf5LV'. OR --------------- . .......................... ........... . ........ G FAv E- L e LLY 0 ANA am W mm low mom MM MW= A-1 ELK NECK: BAYSIDE FOREST The forests of Elk Neck have a composition and rhododendron are well established. Beech, similar to the forests of the nearby Piedmont tulip poplar, and several of the upland oaks are uplands. Steep slopes, nutrient-poor gravelly the canopy dominants. Along the Bay, cattails, soil and a deep water table retard maximum rushes and small red maples and white oaks create growth. Repeated logging often accounts for the a dense edge. Much of the Neck is protected by absence of larger diameter trees. In this con- the State. The remainder is gradually being de- text most of the Neck was known in the past as veloped with cottages. "The Barrens". (Maryland Geblogical Survey, 1902). 1 Animal life is that of the northern deciduous forest (See Section B-2). Along the water's edge Even so, the forests of Elk Neck appear creatures such as certain snakes, frogs, and crus- spectacular in places due to the rolling to- tacea may be found. Raccoons and hawks and other pography. In protected areas especially, such predators feed here. Beaver and wild turkey have as the State Park and Forest, mountain laurel been re-introduced on state lands. A2 ELK NECK: UPLAM0 WETLAND LOWLAND WETLAqC) lion -TULIP ^o PbFLArP, REV L, SWE'E'T GUM %N@MAPLE-: 5w C-ET- (3um t?06ywjoop (3 RAPE RE Lw CL RA k AZEi-EA. 4jsi@o A L VA 14 41 ALve-R W I Lp 15AY RICE-' %NATM AFRDW Ago?ovV AV-um CLA'r' 1 L-T MUCK ANP AL-LUViuM wo so am an gal ww" swim 00 so IWIMMOM A-2 ELK NECK: UPLAND AND LOWLAND WETLANDS There are many wetland pockets on Elk Neck. Small (1-10 acres) pockets of marsh and swamp These make up two distinct wetland types. Up- dot the edge of the Neck. Most of these pockets land wetlands are formed on clay and other im- are marshes with zones of vegetation which reflect pervious soils at the head of small watersheds. the water's depth. Some low-lying wooded areas Typical species include blackgum, sweetgum. and have become saturated. Stumps of upland trees now red maple. Tulip poplar is found on slightly sitting in water apparently indicate a rise in higher-ground. The shrub layer is dense and water level relative to the land. In deeper water, varied.. Herbaceous plants include many ferns, cattails, rushes, and jewelweed predominate. Animal jewelweed, sedges, nettles, skunk cabbage, and life is rich and varied because of the complexity other moisture-lovers. Shallow-rooted trees of habitas made by adjacent wetlands and upland here are particularly prone to windthrow. A woodlands. Muskrat, fox, frogs and many birds are variety of turtles, frogs, salamanders and wood- found. V land birds reside in these wetlands. FIGUILU 4. 8). WORTNEKN 'SWORE: 13AYSIP9.' f5LUPF X, VY14ITr& ruLip ftpL-; ArK A , @rll VIP41 N 11% fpINE OAX BEEC14 J-09L.OLLY P. E D OAK A JML. A C K vc- go SCE 6um All ZA Se"UTS J AND CA T-r^ S.S 'BLUE F=L," BAY INATE-Q TACLP NP CLAY LOAM an Mo (am, ow UP so kaw) as M, AM ow "an ai on an Am, m B-1 NORTHERN SHORE: BAYSIDE BLUFF Salt-tolerant loblolly pine reaches its north- weakened by erosion. Virginia pine commonly col- ern limit in Kent County along the Bay. Shore ero- onizes windthrow clearings as a pioneer. sion is gradually cutting into the upland forest dominated by white oak, beech, sweetgum and black- Wildlife is diverse along such an edge. On gum. Dogwood and black haw are typical understory the bluff, the southern leopard frog, green frog species. Near the bluff e dge, where the water and New Jersey chorus frog may be found. Most table drops to the bay, xeric woodland species, forest birds of the.region would be present. (See such as chestnut oak, are typical. As parts of Section B-2). The shallow water of the Bay pro- the clay bank fall into the Bay, the forest edge vides habitat for herons, pilot black snakes, and is invaded by disturbance species such as red red-winged black-birds, among others. maple, black cherry, sycamore, sassafras, and a dense cover of shrubs and grasses. Westerly winds augment this disturbance, blowing down trees f5 2 NORTPr=IZN SqOPe UeLANV VECIVUOUS FOR-EST MOCKEPINUT HICKOPI*lf 51-rMIZNUT WCKOkY '77 lootr"-N JV 4 PICrMUT rI m OCKRR_ L ) 'V HICKORY scec" -1 -A%; '-'N SPAN IS44 qw NUT Is IcX0 Ry WHITP- OAX C)AK -rVLIP ot eA VJILLOW 44 OAK Gum ol 6 W41TE v Aso SWE-Er GUM AMMICAN Rol-L-Y 906 **=D oop- . ............. :_ -Slit", P-4 C> -Y 0 14N m &4j M" VW am 'so '00, an on sweemeaso Nam 806040 mamas" *Am* - am so am B-2 NORTHERN SHORE: UPLAND DECIDUOUS FOREST To the north of the northern extent of loblolly Amphibians and reptiles include: pine, mature upland woodlands exhibit a wide va- riety of deciduous species. Found on both clay Dusky salamander Box turtle and sandy loams, these forests once covered most Red-backed salamander Northern cricket frog of the upper peninsula. Most farmland here has Two-lined salamander Ground skink been claimed from these areas. Although no Fowlers toad Black racer single species predominates, chestnut, white and Copperhead northern red oaks, tulip poplar, and hickories are the most common. Dogwood, American holly and Birds which are seed or insect-eaters include: immature canopy trees form the understory. Shrubs include spiciebush, pink azalea, several viburnums Cardinal Crested flycatcher and hercules club. Herbaceous growth density Slate-colored junco Crow depends on light intensity and soil moisture. On Bobwhite Blue jay steep, north-facing stream banks, hemlocks are Ruby-throated humming- Tufted titmouse sometimes found, either as pure stands, or more bird Carolina chickadee often, mixed with chestnut oaks. Pileated woodpeckers Carolina wren Red-headed woodpecker Wood thrush Many woodlots and stream-side forests of this Hairy woodpecker Yellow-throated vireo type are being invaded along the edges by Jap- Downy woodpecker Red-eyed vireo anese honeysuckle and poison ivy. These areas Eastern wood pewee Black and white warbler have been partially logged or entirely cut during the past 300 years. Clearcut areas can re-vege- Among the avian hunters are: tate within 40 to 80 years to a deciduous canopy,, often following a pioneering generation of pines. Red-shouldered hawk Screech owl Species such as black cherry, red maple, and Red-tailed hawk Great horned owl sweetgum are frequent and in some places Vir- Broad-winged hawk ginia pine forms pure or mixed stands. Older woodlands are rich in beech, oak, tulip poplar Mammals include; and hickory. This type of forest often grades into low-lying vegetation types since almost Squirrels Raccoon all non-farmed areas are adjacent to swamps or Opossum Pine vole streams (See Section B-3 and B-4). Although not Chipmunks Gray fox complete, the following species list gives an White-footed mouse Long-tailed weasel idea of the diversity of the animals which in- Striped skunk habit the woodlands. 53 IVOKT4EPt-J SHOZE: P-NJER- CIZOSS-ISEFC-MON CrMRY I- i"ZCKMNUT HI AL- Y* N C WATM Ow SPAN IS44 H ITEP OArK -Ode' O@w c::l+w5-rNUT, LACK S*(C. A M 0 R F-- OAK CIO m -61 le, \A) ti I TV M ALV@ A WAvl-NUT SVVAMP C-ttE-SrNOT VIA OAK NQ I t OAK Swmr Oum MA Ot' oe VOQ 00 OIL P, I \1 E- R WA ------------- 1-9 C L A-Y N LOAM B-3 NORTHERN SHORE: RIVER CROSS SECTION Streams above tidal influence have a combina- may be impossible due to fallen trees. Tuckahoe tion of upland and moisture-loving trees along State Park is a good example of this type of their banks. Approaching such a stream from the corridor woodland. upland, one moves from a beech or oak-hickory woods down into the floodplain composed of the Amphibians and reptiles are abundant here and in- gums, red maple, elm, lowland oaks, hackberry, clude: ashes,-and river birch. Many appear stunted and the eye-level view is dominated by thin saplings Water snake Squirrel tree frog in the.nutrient-rich moist soil often underlain Eastern hognose snake Green tree frog by clay loam. The shrub layer, as in most wet- Common mud turtle Bull frog lands, is particularly dense. Here the principal Two lined salamander Box turtle species are winterberry holly, poison sumac, box elder, various viburnums and an abundance of Birds include: woody vines such as grape and poison ivy. Along Bobwhite quail Warblers the river's edge are found trees,such as syca- Woodcock Wood duck more, box elder, and river birch, which tolerate Red-headed woodpecker Red-shouldered hawk periodic flooding. The vegetation of backwaters and floodplain swamps closely resembles that of Cardinal Barred owl the upland swamps. Mammals along the shore include: These stream corridors are the areas least Gray squirrel Raccoon disturbed by man on the Eastern Shore - often Gray fox Mink impenetrable most of the year. Due to slopes or Fox squirrel River otter saturated soils-., they were never tilled. Boating Flying squirrel rl&U9E 7 154- NOR-THEKN SWOR-E UFLANP SV\/AMP WILLOW OAK ReD MA t OWL 15LACK \NATM OAK -I oul'i \0V I L-L-ow k14 OAK C-*4rcS-rf-4UT z OAK, evyc-F-1- 6vm RM HAPLX RM MAPLE HOLLY FO&WOOD CVL125 SILKY- CLETWRA WAX ALoE-9. AWAX lAdSpAylAls 21ml 0. - "ATER -n%aj-r ---------------------- SA N DY LOAM ZS I LT LOA M SA N DY LOA M V,ILIZ eD I so so, so W moo "M=-@WWWM B-4 NORTHERN SHORE: UPLAND SWAMP In northern Caroline and eastern Queen Anne's swamp to develop. Typical species are: button- Counties there are extensive areas of upland bush, silky dogwood, alder, and clethra. Sedges, swamp -- the surface being saturated part or all reeds, skunk cabbage, and ferns grow in the of the year. All trees here have root systems standing water. These areas have been logged tolerating saturated soil'conditions. Most trees periodically and, as a consequence, oaks of great are shallow-rooted and include willow, swamp size are rare. chestnut and water oaks, blackgum, sweetgum, red maple, and white ash. The canopy is lower Animal life is plentiful. Many species of (40-50 ft.) than in deciduous upland forests. frogs and a variety of insects are readily appa- Sweetbay magnolia, American holly, and red maple rent. The four-toed salamander is found where form the understory. sphagnum moss has accumulated. Birds and mammals are common. The species list is similar to that In some places, rising water levels have of Section B-3. apparently drowned trees, allowing a shrub Cl MI-PDL2 S40PEi -TIPAL MAKSW cotp CIO xx :43 ollp 01. BAY UJAMAIrelA @ @Idnnllfi 1777,77mil,91. W SAND ANP OF,6ANic m uc K, i PIR as low wo M, so, so C-1 MIDDLE SHORE: TIDAL MARSH Although not inventoried in this study, the microscopic organisms abound. Migrating birds extensive tidal marshes of Dorchester County are feeding on fish, crustaceans, molluscs, or pictured for comparison with the adjoining fresh- marsh grasses include: water swamps. Sometimes the tidal marsh boundary is determined by a road or dike. In other places Great egret Canada goose changeg in soil or water-level mark the boundries. Snowy egret Mallard Great blue heron Black duck Salt marshes exhibit zonation along salinity Osprey Shoveller and nutrient gradients. Salt marsh cordgrass is Red-winged blackbird Marsh hawk found closer to open water, while saltmeadow cord- Clapper rail grass grows in shallower water. Patches of other grasses, as well as hightide and lowtide bush add Mammals feed on insects and fish and include: species variety. River otter Muskrat Birds frequent these areas of high food pro- Mink Nutria ductivity. Mussels and crabs, as well as many cz MIPPLE 54oRE - L-OV\]L-AND :SWAMP LoftLC)LV'( IWINE AL- tc Abo* 1711-@- e OAK -,jw Gum au tA OAK 15LAC-Y- 60M v MA9LZ Oki A. op I AMR IN wv vv Null Aly MM MM M MM MM M "Mao M M"M.M M C-2 MIDDLE SHORE: LOWLAND SWAMP Low-lying freshwater areas, generally under holly. In clearings, ferns and sedges are found. lain by impervious clays, form the headwaters of Shrubs and herbs are particularly dense on low a series of streams draining into the tidal marsh- hummocks. es of Dorchester County. Trees do not grow tall in the standing water. Soil conditions are an- Except for the removal of large timber, these aerobic and acid, retarding nutrient availability. areas have hardly been disturbed.by man. Farming White and willow oaks, blackgum and sweetgum are is impossible due to the saturated soils. Deer the dominant trees. Isolated loblolly pines are abundant, feeding in adjacent fields making stand above the other trees. Their trunks are these popular hunting areas. Birds include green tall and narrow, rising above an extremely dense heron, red shouldered hawk, woodcock and warblers. shrub layer made up of clethra, viburums, sweet- Amphibians, such as the New Jersey chorus frog, bay magnolia, alder, spicebush, and winterberry are plentiful. Fic,ogE 10 C,,3 MIPDLE- 5WQR.E- t UPLANP POR-P-ST LOSLOLLY PIPAIR LDSLA2,LLY Plpdo SPWIS14 OAK NjIp,61tjt& FINE! iln log W ITF- OAK WA-rP-P, OAK V4U-0 P16Nur rP, WCKOR-Y t VIA .4 fK6LACk)MK r")" )I OAK MAPLW MMUCA" MOW,( WILLow OAK 1401-pmT -J- OAK AMERICAN WC714 BUSH Hazwi.- C-Lu ARRovvwooo FtOLLY WA TUE W"MYKTLE Vi WA)t 7 CLAY L 0 A M SAN D LOAM m 00- l1w, so '00 so so am C-3 MIDDLE SHORE: UPLAND FOREST Away from streams the water table is 2 to 10 similar in vegetation to that described in feet deep, and a tall, often sparse, canopy of lob- Section D-1. Other areas are reverting from lolly pine or loblolly mixed with gums and oaks'is farmland to forest. Loblolly is an early pioneer found on predominantely sandy loam, with some clay on cleared land. Some pure pine stands indicate pockets. These trees are commercially timbered. such a successional site, others are timber planta- The forest is easily penetrated throughout the tions. year. All farmland in the southern half of the Eastern Shore was cleared of this type of forest Reptile3 here include: and undisturbed forests remain. Eastern spadefoot toad Green tree fzog The canopy is variable in height depending Box turtle Dusky salamander on soil texture and moisture. Deciduous species Ground skink Red-backed salamander may reach 80 feet and loblolly 90 or 100 feet in Corn snake Black racer 0 in height. A variety of oaks are found including Common king snake Pine snake scrub oak, blackjack oak and, commonly, water Copperhead oak. Hickory and sassafras are also found. The shrub layer is patchy and is mostly highbush Birds include some ubiquituous species and some blueberry, clethra, wax myrtle, inkberry holly, specially adapted to the pine woodlands: and other species. The herb layer is even less developed, and includes pioneer species such as Red-tailed hawk Brown-headed nuthatch goldenrods, asters, little bluestem, and bracken Broad-winged hawk Eastern bluebird fern. In many places there are patcheq of open Bobwhite Yellow-throated warbler sand. Mourning dove Pine warbler Great horned owl Pine woods sparrow Forests of this upland type stretch unbroken Hziry woodpecker Screech owl for many miles. As towns in this region grew, Downy woodpecker Carolina chickadee they spread into nearby forest lands. Some trees Red-cockaded woodpecker Cardinal are cleared, and others serve to enhance resi- dential development. The character of the forest Mammals include the raccoon, deer, and foxes. The is lost. In parts of Wicomico and Somerset pine vole and the pine mouse are found in these Counties shallow basins occur, forming swamps drier conditions. C4- MiPPLE si4oRO RI\/E-K C1;?-OSS 4SE:C-TION J7 APZ WHITE"' ATL A N T r- let 1% OAK 17-@; v 5LN--K WHIM 4 GR 4%4 JA MAMT1 MF- ALDC-R c-ATTAILS SPATTEV-POCK WA-rEV. I/JVVV' -rAb LE-- T. 1111UL N 1117 j 1-4 1h. V, v v V/ T. - - - - - - - v- vvvv-v CLA-r LO/\M ALLUVIUM CLAY CLAY LO'AM m'm so m JWW IMI C-4 MIDDLE SHORE: RIVER CROSS SECTION A number of estuaries have freashwater upstream, Some of these areas are favored hunting with wide, saturated flood plains. Soils are sand spots, others are inaccessible because of en- and silt loams. Atlantic white cedar is a noted tangling vegetation. Few have been drained tree species in these areas. Once common along the or cleared, although marketable timber has flowing water's edge, this tree has been extensively been removed. timbered. It is commonly associated with maritime adler which, on the East Coast, is native only to the Amphibians and terrestial wildlive is abun- Delmarva Peninsula (Shreve, 1910 pp. 127-128). dant. There are many insects. Salamanders, frogs, snakes, and turtles become food for pre- Inland from the Atlantic white cedar are found dators such as green heron, raccoon, opossum moisture-loving trees such as white and green ash and red-shouldered hawk. Insects eaters include blackgum, sweetgum, and red maple. The canopy is woodcock and prothonotary warbler. Wood ducks generally low (30-40') and irregular. Farther in- nest in the floodplain woods. Deer come from land are lowland oaks. The shrub layer is thick nearby fields to browse. and is composed of the same species as found in the lowland swamp (Section C-2), particularly on hummocks raised above totally saturated soils. C5 MIDPLE S40KE MILL POND PR25@4 WATE-K MAKS14 - Vo< GRX-E-N ASH IAIN, t RM MAPLZ lp 5LACK WILLOW 5LAC-KL com 0 ISO A Amt. MILL Po 114 D Qi %WAJ AAI VTF-FT /V I I AU 71 fI ILAA1111i @l A A CL-AY L-0 AM M UCK CLAY LOAM C-5 MIDDLE SHORE: MILL POND AND FRESHWATER MARSH During the past 250 years many mill ponds have Silted areas exhibit zonation by water depth, been created along the shallow freshwater streams with floaters (spatterdock and water lily), of Dorchester and Wicomico Counties, Some of these semi-emergents (arrowhead), emergents (cattails have become partially or wholly filled with sediment, and bulrushes), and shoreline plants (jewel- creating marshes. Many near towns have become the weed and smartweed). focus of residential development. These areas offer a Variety of wildlifEe not found in uplands or TYet- Over time, these ponds have become a de- lands alone. pository for a rich muck of organic material which seals their bottoms. A variety of in- The ponds are generally ringed by a band of sect, bird, and amphibious life is found. riparian trees such as red maple, white ash, Harblee salamander, red bellied terrapin, green ash, black willow, blackgum and sweetgum. hawks, osprey, bald eagle, muskrat, river Shrubs such as winterberry holly, clethfa, Vir- otter, painted turtles and herons are among ginia willow, alder, poison sumac and buttonbush the frequently found species. grow to the water. Sedges, blue flag, Carolina rose, and various ferns add interest to the edge. F1 P. e%S UPLAND SWPI@Mp L&BLOLLY PiNra LOBLOLL-Y PIME Jl@ 15LAC-K OAK W 14 ITF- OAW- Gum BLACK CXUM Z WILLOW OA WRITE OA Reo MAPL-a 0 t;A \60,11, 0- 0 -.n YIJ A TA5Lr= AT 5up-leo vvATr-_R IV Al AA AND CL-A--r LOAM 00 D-1 SOUTHERN SHORE: UPLAND SWAMP Large swamp areas occur in the headwaters of blackgum and sweetgum are common associates. creeks in Wicomico, Somerset, and Worcester Sometimes the surface water is perched on im- Counties as well as in poorly drained upland basins. pervious clay while the trees draw moisture Usually underlain by clay, these areas closely re- from a water table at greater depth. Because semble@the Lowland Swamps (Section C-2) of Dor- of standing water, abundant insects, and dense chester County. undergrowth, these areas have received little clearing. A few areas have been drained by The ground surface is saturated all or most ditching and programs are under way to drain of the year. The canopy is between 50 and 70 others. feet high; the shrub layer is thick. Loblolly pines are ubiquitous being tolerant of the poorly drained The edges of these swamps which occur near conditions (Fowells, 1965). There are pure pine farmlands are rich in wildlife and make excep- tional deer hunting areas. The animal species stands where the shrub layer is sparse. Red maple, here are similar to those in Section C-2. FIGUILE 14- pz CR-C)ss SEC-rloN BAL-P C,-f '44Ql -Al OAK 04A Vl- MArLE REP ItOLLY MA?LE-1 ReD c MACK 15LAe-ie AV4 6um 60M GR.APe CLEM Aq M5 s I_vm Aki A ----------------- GG MUCK AND A L-L (J\l I U M D-2 SOUTHERN SHORE: RIVER CROSS SECTION The Pocomoke River is a unique feature on The upper channel was dredged 40 years ago to the Peninsula. It drains from Delaware and flows drain upland farms. South, parallel to the ocean shore, to Chesapeake Bay. The vegetation is similar to the river cross In Maryland, the river is a unique habitat. section of the Middle Shore (Secticn C-5) with the Maritime alder is most likely to be found here. addition of bald cypress. Once occuring in great Beaver and wild turkey, have been re-introduced stands along the river --- in many places oblite- in State lands. Osprey, bald eagle, prothonotary rating the channel itself -- this tree has been warbler, and red-bellied water snakes are all almost entirely removed. Centuries of organic scarce, and have been given State protection. decomposition in the acid water have built up a The pileated woodpecker and carpenter frog are thick substrate o 'f muc'11C over the sands below also endemic to this river. Seaward, on the (Byron, 1968). lowe7- part of the river, wood ducks nest. Most animals listed for the Middle Shore River Section Along much of its 'Length, the river has no (Section C-4) are also common here. The Pocomoke well defined bank. Trees and shrubs occur in has been declared a Scenic River by the State. open water. Shrubs and vines are abundant, making overland access almost impossible. In- accessibility has preserved much of the area. MARY TIME Fo KE-S-T lost-OLLY f'INE REP MAftE POND PlNe GUM C09DAR OOLLY -5c@ls f OAK gZ-4) al cZVAR % RED I+OLL--( Alt MARL-9 WATIER ASLC- --------- ---- c!IA N D AND :SANbY LOA M D-3 SOUTHERN SHORE: MARITIME "FOREST" West of Chincoteague Bay, influenced by salt Representative reptiles include: spray and offshore winds, a band of woodland sev- eral miles wide parallels the coast. Salt-tolerant Snapping turtle Eastern hognose snake loblolly pine and red cedar are the principle spe- Spotted turtle cies. Few deciduous trees tolerate these maritime conditions. Scrub oak, pitch pine, red maple, Representative birds include: American holly, and sweetgum are found, often in stunted forms. Shrubs are sparse and herb growth Red-shouldered hawk Whip-poor-will poor. Brackish ground water, few available nut- Red-tailed hawk Crested flycatcher rients, and salty winds near the Bay retard plant Pine warbler Vireos growth (Waggoner,IN Smithsonian 1974a, p. B-13). Cardinal Much of the area has been cleared for farm- Representative mammals include: lands, particularly pasture. Many grasses thrive Ln in bayside conditions. Opossum Gray fox Gray squirrel Mink This dry area, (due to low water table, and White footed mouse White tailed deer salt spray) exhibits certain characteristic ani- mals. SITE SELECTION PROCESS The initial group of potential upland natural areas to be sampled were identified from six existing sources. The majority of the sites were taken from two Maryland Department of State Planning publications. The Compendium of Natural Features Information (Md. DSP, 1975) updates an earlier DSP publication Catalogue of Natural Areas in Maryland (Md. DSP, 1967). This is a listing of non-field checked sites throughout Maryland which was developed as a result of an extensive interview and questionnaire survey of natural resource managers, professors, naturalists and other scientists in related fields. Non-tidal wetlands were identified from DSP's 1968 Wetlands Survey. These sites were limited to wetlands greater than 5 acres. In addition, all non-tidal sites or tidal sites containing significant upland areas as identified by the Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas (1974 a & b) were included in the survey. Other major sources of sites were The Maryland DNR Eastern Shore Study (Jackson, 1973), Dr. Grace Brush, Johns Hopkins University (personal comm., 1975) and areas identified as containing rare or endangered species (Bud Holla, personal comm.). Some additional sites were identified during the literature survey, from personnel interviews, and by'field personnel during the course of the study. The sites identified as potential upland natural areas included then all non-tidal wetlands greater than 5 acres, forested sites nominated by their inclusion in previous natural area inventories, and areas identified as rare and endangered species habitat. DATA MANAGEMENT In order that the site,information generated by this might be easily accessed, a data management system was developed in order to store and retrieve the individual site descriptions. The data management system was designed with two main purposes: (1) to check the data for miscoding errors and (2) to print the data in an easily readable format. An example of the computer print out is shown on the following pages. As designed, the management system will also allow retrieval of individual site descriptions or retrieval by individual parameters or groups of parameters. This will allow users of the data to objectively rank areas by evaluating the different parameters-in the context of their importance to potential site uses. Wherever possible, the data format has been made compatible with the' Department of State Planning's MAGI system. -36- *JOHNSONTOWN-SHIPPEN CREEK WOODS 150793300021305 LOCATION, SITE TYPE, ECOLOGICAL UNIT TIDAL STREAM SHORE LOWER SLOPE FOREST NEAREST TOWN, COUNTY, ELECTION DISTRICT POMONA KENT NUMBER 7 AREA, ELEVATION, WATERSHED 4278 ACRES 0000 FEET CHESTER ONE LINE DESCRIPTION- LARGE PINE-OAK FOREST ALONG THE CHESTER RIVER PRIMARY CATEGORY- FOREST SECONDARY CATEGORY- SIGNIFICANT AND UNUSUAL WATER LAND INTERFACES TERTIARY CATEGORY- HABITAT AREA OF RARE, ENDANGERED AND UNIQUE BIRD ****************************************************************************************************************************** LOBLOLLY PINE AND OAKS CHARACTERIZE THESE FORESTS ON THE CHESTER RIVER. IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST FOREST IN THE VICIN- OCCURRENCE INFREQUENT ITY, AND HAS OVE A MILE OF SHORELINE ON THE CHESTER RIVER AND ONE OF ITS SMALL TRIBUTARIES, SHIPPEN CREEK. THIS FOREST VISUAL EXPERIENCE MEDIUM DEMONSTRATES UPLAND SUCCESSION--IN ONE SUBSECTION COVERING 21% OF THE SITE, A DENSE UNDERSTORY OF SWEETGUMS IS COMING DIVERSITY MEDIUM UP UNDER A CANOPY OF LOBLOLLY PINES. SEEDLINGS OF OAK AND OTHER TOLERANT HARDWOODS ARE COMMON ON THE FOREST FLOOR. IN ACCESS TO AREA EASY THE OTHER SUBSECTION MAKING UP 795 OF THE AREA, OAKS. SWEETGUM, RED MAPLE, AND BEECH HAVE MOSTLY REPLACED THE NATURAL INTEGRITY NATURALLY TRANSITORY PINES AS THE DOMINANT CANOPY TREES. WILDLIFE IS ABUNDANT, ESPECILALLY DEER AND UPLAND GAME. MO OSPREY NEST WERE CONTIGUOUS LAND USE N-AGRICULTURE S-WATER BODY SIGHTED IN THIS SITE, BUT THOSE NESTING ALONG THE CHESTER E-WATER BODY W-AGRICULTURE RIVER FREQUENT THE AREA. BALD EAGLES NO LONGER NEST IN THE AQUATIC BUFFER ZONE N-ADEQUATE S-NOT APPLICABLE SITE, BUT OCCASIONALLY VIST. SEVERAL HOMES HAVE BEEN BUILT E-NOT APPLICABLE W-ADEQUATE WITHIN THE SITE AND OWNERS INTEND TO PRESERVE THE NATURAL AREA. SECURITY AREA SAFE FOR FIVE YEARS CURRENT USE SEVERAL HOMES OWNERSHIP PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL (MORE THAN ONE OWNER) ZONING RURAL INVENTORY DATE 06/19/75 BIBLIOGRAPHY PEOPLE CONTACTED MARYLAND AND DEPT. STATE PLANNIN 1975 (UPUBLISHED) INVENTORY MR. AND MRS. JAMES B. HAUPT. R. D. 3. CHESTERTOWN, MD. 21620 OF MARYLAND CIRITICAL AREAS. GEORGE F. JOHNSON, R. D. 3. CHESTERTOWN, MD. 21620. JOHNSONTOWN -SHIPPEN CREEK WOODS 150793300021350 SUBSECTION SAMPLED& SIMILAR SS 01 02 AREA OF SUBSECTION 059 ACRES 219 ACRES SOIL TYPE & NATURAL SOIL GROUP ------------------ SAA B1 --------ENA F3 RUNOFF POTENTIAL ------------------ SLIGHT 18% --------HIGH (0+) DEPTH TO WATER TAGLE ------------------ 5-6 FT --------I FY WELL OR AIMED SOILS ------------------ YES --------NO SLOPE AND SOIL ERODIGILITY ------------------ 15%-,MEDIUM (.28) --------15%-,(.43) EASE OF PASSAGE ------------------ EASY --------MODERATE DISTANCE TO WAVER BODY ------------------ 0-10 FEET --------0-10 FEET TYPE OF WATER TIDAL STREAM TIDAL STREAM WATER BODY NO ACRES NO ACRES TYPE OF BODY BEACH LENGTH AND WIDTH BEACH TYPE ------------------- --------- PERCENT OF STREAM SHADED ------------------- --------- SELECT CUTTING WINDTHROW SELECT CUTTING MOTOR VEHICLES VEGETATION TYPE LUBLIGLLY PINE LOBLOLLY PINE- TOTAL AVERAGE COVER BY C=60% U=70% H=60% C=80% U=40% H=30% KEY TO VEGETATION LA VEGETATION COV I DSH LA VEGETATION COV I DBH LA LAYER C LOSLOLLV PINE 60 C AMERICA BRECH 10 12-18 C-CANDPY C BLACH WALNUT 00 6-9 C WHITE OAK 20 12-18 U-SADE C BLACH LOCUST 00 6-9 C LOBLOLLY PINE 10 12-18 S-SHURB U SWEET COR 50 C MOCKERNUT 00 12-18 H-HERB U FLR DOGWOD 10 C SWEET GUM. COV-AVERAGE PERCENT COVER U RED MAPLE. 00 C CON PERSIMMON 00 6-9 I IMPORTANCE S SWEET GUN. 30 C PIN OAK 00 9-12 R-RARE OR UNIQUE S WINEBERRY 00 C WILLOW OAK 00 12-18 C-CHAMPION TREE CANDICATE H JAP HONEYSUKL 30 U FLR DOGWOOD 30 E-ENDANGERED H TRUMPT CREEPER 10 U MOCKERNUT 00 DOM-DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT H VA. CREEPER 00 U COM PERSIMMON 10 H JCK-N-TH-PLPET 00 U REP MAPLE 10 U RED MAPLE. 10 H WINTERBERRY 00 U AMER. HOLLY 40 KEY TO ANIMALS U BLACK OAK 10 5-SOURCE F-FREQUENCY S SWEET GUM. 00 O-OBSERVED A-ABUNDENT S WINTERBERRY. 00 R-REPORTED C-COMMON S SYMPHCRPOS 00 D-DEN. NEST.SPOOR R-RARE H SMILAX 00 RES-RESIDENCE H JAP HONEY SUKL. 00 -BREEDING H SENSITIVE FERN 00 -MIGRATORY H SWEET DAY 00 WC-WINTER CONCENTRATION H LO SNT BLUBRY 00 YR-YEAR AROUND RESIDENT H VA. CREEPER. 00 UN-UNKNOWN X-ANY "X" DENOTES INPUT ERROR GEOLOGY LOWLAND DEP ANIMAL S F RES ANIMAL S F RS DINENSION 400-000 F MH TAILED DEER B A TR MH TAILED DEER D A YR VEGETATION TYPES 2 OSPREY R C BR BALD EAGLE R R UN PERCENT 5-10 AC OPENINGS 3-52 BALD EAGLE R R UN VISUAL EXPERIENCE SCORE 13 PARAMETERS Individuals having a knowleig'e.of the importance and usefulness of natural area data were interviewid to determine the parameters to be sampled in this study. Contacts included personnel in Maryland's Department of Natural Resources and other qualifled scientists. Through these interviews, specific parameters were identified which were included for sampling or, the data forms. The rationale and criteria used in selecting these parameters are described fully in Volume 1 of this report. USES Data collected through the sampled parameters can be used to assess pecific natural areas values for potential uses. This data can be put to practical use in the following fields: S Wildlife management,in forests Wildlife management in wetlands Active recreation planning Passive recreation planning Hunting in forest Hunting in wetland Commercial forestry Scientific research Fisheries Education Permit Review The manner in which specific parameters relate to these areas is described in Volume 1. -39- From interviews, the following list of parameters,was developed: SIZE Size of area Minimum dimension (feet) WATER Type of water body Size of water body Depth of water body (feet) Van Deusen Index Bottom material Water table depth (feet) Distance to water body (feet) Beach frontage (feet) Beach width (feet) Beach type Percentage of stream shaded by trees Aquatic buffer zone VEGETATION Vegetation types Number of vegetation types present Total canopy cover Total understory cover Total shrub cover Total herb cover Trees with average DBH (diameter at breast hei ght)>6" Trees>2 ft. DBH Trees older than 200 yrs. (estimate) Tree cover (average percent per species) Tree size (average DBH per species) Tree reproduction by species Shrub cover per species Herb cover per species Percent of 5-10 acre opening Site type WILDLIFE Species (from citations) Species sighted Seasonal concentration of wildlife Wetland class Interspersion of vegetation Cover type Dens, nests, spoors Residency Frequency SOITIS Well drained soils Runoff potential Erodibility coefficient. Soil types Natural soils groups -40- Table continued PHYSICAL Disturbance Contiguous land use Access to area (distance to road) Ease of passage through area Slope> 15% Visual experience Geological formation Unique geological features USE Ownership Zoning category Security Current use Previous research STATUS Occurrence Natural integrity Diversity Rare and endangered species' -41- NATURAL AREAS SURVEY PROCEDURE .The following section describes the technique to be used in the field inventory. The objective of the procedure is to obtain information to cha- racterize the dominant aspect of the vegetation of the natural area. This is for the purpose of aiding the land planaing process. It is to paint a mental picture of an area through the use of words. It is not intended to generate data for any specific scientific purpose other than to identify sites of potential importance for research. Furthermore, no original work is attemnted to estimate or model the potential effects of various impacts on ecological systems. For this we draw heavily on an extensive literature. Familiarization Review all air photos, soil surveys and topographic maps of the natural area to become familiar with the topography, soil moisture, location of - I water bodies and watercourses and the contiguous land uses. Review all ma- terial in the natural area folder pertaining to the site. Preliminary Delineation On the basis of this review make a preliminary determination as to whether the natural area delineations shown on the county map given to you are appropriate. You may find it desirable to aggregate certain categories on the county map where the character of the land is sufficiently similar. This may be especially appropriate where several areas delineated on the county map are contained within a park or wildlife refuge. On the other hand, certain large areas with a diversity of distinct fea- tures may be more easily described if subdivided into discrete natural areas. For example, a very large tree or stand of trees may be located with an other- wise uniform forest. By designating this area separately, it can be more accurately described and assigned additional importance. Where you aggregate sites, cross out the areas on the county map which you have aggregated. Where you delineate additional natural areas, give them a natural area number and indicate them as separate natural areas on the county map and the data forms. Vegetation Type Delineation Using the soil survey or current aerial photos where available, care- fully delineate plant communities which appear different on the aerial photograph. These are sub-sections of the natural area. Soil types give an excellent indication of the vegetation one may expect to encounter. Natural Area Data Form Enter all da ta on the Natural Area Data Form for card #1 and for card #2 through column 15. Field Sampling Make a field reconnaissance of the different plant communities you have delineated. Find a section of the plant community which fairly represents the character of the community as a whole. Establish a compass line which -42- Survey Procedure - coit, will pass through such representative vegetation. At the beginning of the compass line, establish an imaginary circle 10 meters in radius (use a string of this length at first to aid in estimating this distance). Estimate and record cover by species in the canopy, understory, shrub and herb layers within the 10 meter radius circle. Describe the vegetation occurring in these physiognomic strata. The canopy is the highest forest layer. The understory is composed of trees of intermediate height. The shrub layer lies below the understory and is composed of species with multiple stems. The herb layer is within a few feet of the ground but may contain woody species such as Virginia creeper, poison ivy, dewberry or even grape. The latter may be found in the canopy. Determine the average DBH of trees within the circle which reach into the canopy. (Note that where, for example, tree cover is sparse and shrubs are abundant, the shrubs can be listed immediately after canopy species on the data form as long as the apprcpriate layer, shrub in this case, is correctly coded.) Proceed along the compass line to the next station which must be at a sufficient distance. When data has been taken at a sufficient number of stations (no more than 5) to adequately reflect the composition of the community, enter the averages in the appropriate spaces on the data form. During sampling note animals which are distinctive and give an indication of their abundance. It should be noted that although wetlands are also to be ranked separately for wildlife value, the wetlands are to be sampled by estimating coverage as well. Note the location and number of each sampling station on the air photo. Where wetlands are within the natural area perform the wetlands ranking as described in the accompanying paper by Francis Golet. Where additional distinct communities are found during field recon- naisance which constitute 10 percent or more of the natural area, delineate on the map as sub-sections and sample. Where communities located in the field are indistinct or constitute less than 10 percent of the natural area, sample-them as part of the community to which they are most closely related. Small unique or unusual communities may be sampled in certain cases. When areas delineated on the soil survey or air photo turn out on field checks to be similar to'communities already sampled, it is permissible to list these communities on card #5 starting at column #5. SM21ing Station Criteria Sampiing stations are to be chosen in general according to the following criteria; a. The vegetation shall be located on a uniform topographic site, i.e., on the exposure, slope position and geological substratum. b. The sample area shall generally reflect the character of the mapping unit within which it is located. -43- Survey Procedure - cont. Preparation of Text Immediately upon completion of the survey, develop a paragraph from notes and data sheets and include the following considerations: a. The unique, distinctive or characteristic features of the natural area. b. The dominant vegetation or, if a mosaic, the type and per- cent coverage of the natural area by each type and describe corresponding site type(s). c. Characteristic DBH, any lack of reproduction, obvious trends or vegetation dynamics. d. Disturbances, historical notes. e. Unusual animals, the importance of the natural area for wild- life, unusual geologic features. f. Role of site in the coastal zone aquatic system. Post-Rec.)nnaissance Review Following the reconnaissance, review all data sheets making certain the information accurately reflects the site's features. Photos.and Maps Make certain all air photos are placed in the folder and are given a natural area number and that any alterations of natural areas are designated on county map. Code any-personal photographs taken in the field on data sheets and label slides as soon as they are developed and returned to.you. Zoning and Land Use On rainy days visit county seat and collect any zoning, land use planning or other site specific data possible on all natural areas. Knowledgeable Persons Be constantly alert'for persons who may have knowledge about the natural features or history of natural areas. These may include hunters, fishermen, birders, school teachers and others. In conversation make it a point to collect names of others and set up appointments to interview the people on rainy days. Many contacts have already been made. In the folders you will find a list of people that have been interviewed. Draw a Map On the available a1r. photos, delineate and label by vegetation type each of the subsections. In addition, label all roads and distinct physical features. An example of a completed data form follows. -AIL- CARD #1 UPLAND NATURAL AREAS Col.No. DATA FORM J R G R Crew 1 1/15079330021301055 Area Number 21 *JOHNSTOWN-SHIPPEN CREEK WOODS 56 Area Name 52 06195 Date 01 January 05 May 09 September 02 February 06 June 10 October 03 March 07 July 11 November 04 April 08 August 12 December 64 0278 Size of Area(acres) 68 1 Access to 1. Easy- Major highway road or trail to the site. 3. Difficult- Isolatted area not near road or surrounded by Area 2. Moderate- Road or trail a moderate distance from the site. wet soils. 69 24 Nearest Town 71 0000 Elevation 75 4 Minimum 1. Disjunct - Area is broken into segments. 3. 200-400 feet 5. 600-800 feet 7. 1000-1200 feet Dimension 2. Less than 200 feet 4. 400-600 feet 6. 800-1000 feet 8. Greater than 1200 feet 76 2 Zoning 1. Open Space - parks, playgrounds, stream ocrridor. 5. Commercial - shopping centers, gas stations, professional 2. Rural - farms, agricultural, timber production. offices. 3. Low Density Residential - single family. 6. Manufacturing - light industry, research. 4. High Density Residentia - apartments, condominims,PUDs 7. Industrial - heavy industry. 77 08 Current 1. Recreation 5. Wildlife Management 9. Swimming 13. Agriculture Use 2. Vehicular Traffic (i.e. motor bikes) 6. Timber Management 10. Fishing 14. Woodlots 3. Trails 7. Single Home 11. Boating 15. Dumping 4. Hunting 8. Several Himes 12. Pasture 16. Other 79 1* Ownership 1. Private Individual 5. Local Government 2. Corporation 6. State Government 3. Educational Institution 7. Federal Government 4. Private or Non-Profit Public Organization 8. Unknown CARD #2 3 07 North Contiguous Landuse 5 07 South 01. Natural Area 07. Agriculture 13. Commercial 7 03 East 02. Wetland 08. Wildlife Management 14. Industrial 9 03 West 03. Water Body 09. Road 15. Recreational 04. Park 10. Highway 16. Town 05. Old Field 11. Railroad 06. Managed Forest 12. Residential 11 1 North Coastal Buffer Zone 12 4 South 1. Adequate - Any soil with a low to moderate runoff potential 3.Inadequate - Any belt of natural or succession vegetation (A through C)having a cover of natural or successional along a wetland, watercourse or water body less than 50 13 4 East vegetation 300 feet in width from the edge of a wetland (D feet in width. or D+ soil), watercourse of water body. 14 1 West 2. Questionable - Any belt of natural or successional vegetation 4. NOT APPLICABLE along a wetland, watercourse or water body less than 300 feet but greater than 50 feet in width. 15 02 Geology 01. Quaternary Deposits 05. St. Mary's Formation 09. Nanjemoy Formation 13. magothy Formation 02. Lowland Deposits 06. Choptank Formation 10. Aquia Formation 14. Potomac Group 03. Upland Deposits 07. Calvert Formation 11. Brightncat Formation 04. Yorktown Deposits 08. Piney Formation 12. Monmouth Formation 18 2 % of 5-10 Acre Openings 1 - 0-3 percent 3 - 5-8 percent 5 - 10-20 percent 7 - Greater than 30 percent 2 - 3-5 percent 4 - 8-10 percent 6 - 20-30 percent 19 2 Occurrence 3. Rare - Natural area containing an unusual physical feature or organiasms which is rare, endangered or at the 1. Common - Physical features or organism frequently encountered geographic limit of its distribution. in the region. 4. Singulary Unique - Natural area containing a physical feature, 2. Infrequent - Physical features or organism not commonly organism or special habitat for an found are present: however, none are rare. organism for which the area is the only endangered or unique. known location in which it occurs. 20 2 Diversity 1. High - Contains numerous different vegetation communities 3. Low - Contains predonminatly one vegetation community animal habitats or physical features such as strems, or natural feature. hogs, scarps. 2. Medium - Contains a few different vegetation types and habitats or features 21 2 Natural Intergrity 1. Naturally Permanent - Vegetation or physical feature is 3. In Need of Managment - Area will require management to relatively stabe as revealed by the pattern of regeneration maintin present character. or the absence of physical dterioration. Disturbance is Insignificant although some natural disturbance may be in 4. Uncertain - Possible source of change is not evident. evidence. Vegetation is mature or relatively stable because of its ability to resist succession. 2. Naturally Transitory - Vegetation or physical feature is changing due to plant succession either as a consequence of manmade or natural disturbance such as fire, erosion or flooding. Vegetation is relatively young and dynamic. -45- -45- Col. No. CARD #2 22 2 Security 1. Threatened with destruction within five years. 2. Areas safe for five yeas. a. areas currently being disturbed by man a. areas not currently threatened with destruction, but not (i.e. channlizaiton, siltation, logging, consturction) currently protected b. areas currently under plan to be altered 3. Areas safe indefinitely (i.e. sewer lines, homes) a. areas owned by conservation organizaitons, designated c. areas contiguous with new development, highway inter- as wildlife management areas or parks. changes d. areas zoned commercial, residential, industrial 4. Unknown 23 02 # of Vegetation Types 25 13 Visual Experience Score 27 02 Visual Experience Term 29 4008 Primary Category 33 3091 Secondary Category 37 6001 Tertiary Category 41 LARGE PINE-OAK FOREST ALONG THE CHE 76 STER One Line Description(continue one line description onto Card #3 when necessary) CARD #3 3 RIVER 38 61 05 Location 01 interior 05 tidal stream bank 09 ocean shore 02 island 06 non-tidal stream bank 10 water body 03 natural pondshore 07 bay shore 04 imprundment shroe 08 river bank Upland: Wetland: 63 04 Site-Type 01 ridge 06 upland isolated 11 bottomland destaic 02 upper slope 07 upland ponside 03 mid-slope 08 bottomland isolated 04 lower slope 09 bottomland pondside 05 10 bottomland streamside 65 09 Ecological Unit 01 pond 05 marsh 09 forest 02 river 06 bog 10 early forest 03 tidal stream 07 wooded swamp 11 thicket 04 non-tidal stream 08 shrub swamp 12 old field 13 unknown CARD #4 1 2/154 Bibliography 6 " Indicate The Identification Number Of Any Bibliographic Citations Which 9 " Relate To The Natural Area. This information is initially available in the 12 " site file folders. If you become aware of other studies not listed in the 15 " folder, record the citation as shown in the enclosed sample and give it a 18 " number as follows: 21 " County 24 " 701-730 Carolina 27 " 731-760 Cecil 30 " 761-790 Dorchester 791-820 Kent 821-850 Queen Anne 851-880 Somerset 881-910 Talbot 911-940 Wicomico 941-970 Worchester These additional natural area references are given discrete identification numbers by field personnel according to the county in which they are located. -46- NAME(S) Col No: CARD elect. coun. field coun-Ast. 1 isite Ste 7 L11 11.5-1017 19 13 13 CARD 3 IA I/V IPI IMIk .5 Y A u P -7- 3 1 3T@' I J C I 'y I E 1.5 7- E R IT 1 0 /1 1 -D 6' 2 CARD 3 G E-1 OTR I G I C- I If. 1 0 Y N s 0 Al R 131 1 C IH I E I 3 -r.F IR-1-rio IWIAI - .1 TI CARD 13 -J -I I I I CARD 1 3 T-1 3 -47- AUDITORY & VISUAL EXPERIENCE Indicate The Experience Characteristics Of The Entire Area. Circle the appropriate word on the data sheet for each evaluation. Where indicated, enter the code in the blank preceding selected evaluations. Add the numerical codes for a Total Score, and select the appropriate term or that score. In the margin, make note of factors to include in the write-up of the area. Auditory Noise from offsite little/none audible loud Nature of offsite noise infrequent intermittent constant Visual Typical length of views long intermediate short mixed Typical nature of views panoramas enclosed mixed Scale of lanscape elelements large moderate small mixed CODE: 3 2 1 2 Size of site large moderate small 2 Variety (diversity of great moderate little visul elements 3 Views of water frequent occasional rare/none 2 Rate of landscape rapid moderate slow change over distance 2 Complexity of topography complex intermediate simple 2 Personal impression impressive pleasant unnoteworthy of site 13 Experience Total Score (enter in boxes) Experience Term (enter in box) Score 1. 6-9 low 2. 10-14 medium 3. 15-18 high TEXT(p-l) CAR D L 0 18 1 Z- 1 0 Z- I Y P Al I FS I Iq I /V I-P I I o 14 Jk 1,5 L I-c I Y I A I N- 1,ot I I --rl J 14, 1 / I Z 1 9- 1 1 1 // If IS If I I F 1 0 1 k LE S I -r I S I 1 0 1 Al I I -r IY IC- I I I I I CARD c y -7r- v F R 0 IN F 0 7' S 7- CARD I c I / I'v / 'r y 14 /V Al 4 5 a v E R A H F s ly o I R lc 'r- 1,:;2 Al hl CARD JV16-1,ql 1,41NIPl joIvIFI jolcl IrI7-I-sI Isl"I.41z I/ a I I-rlAl_rlgl" 1 CARD A/ N S 'r-101,11EIS I-ri iplel 7- A Iq E 5 1<1 --- A s I o-FATI-@J - I z: 1v o N CARD c R A/ 7- W 1/ 7-1 El. 1 14 P <5. 1 ' N s 6 9 Al P 5 A S 7- 0 w 7-1 1 CARD c- /f Al p u Al 4 A N Al 15 s -P A-1 <; s CARD JUA 1 A/ I p I 15IN 1 17-10 Il- 16-14 1 A IN 17-1 1111,4 1,,,e 1.2@1 lu/ 1 0 1 0 IV I.-s I clallil/y Io IN I 1 0 INI ITIAle 1 I,,f-I -0 IA IF IS 17-1 1-0 CARD @,C6 CARD + 6- 1 R IF p I M A- P 5 4 1 Al @P 8 E @14///--4 7 - @ @" @@o -S 7- L )/ I - A@ v r- A EP 17 T EXT ('p- 2) Col. No. CAR D 3 /0 / Al E 5 14 1 S 1 17-1 e L-- 1 6 1 11f] 33 w [:,.-7 1,v 1 7-1. 1 TT-] I IL 1,p 11- 11 1 1 1 1 1 Is I I Id I u Lv p CARD J@M If I L IA W T-D 1 1 CIA 3 ke y Fv I e 15T R I I Al Al f@ 33 0 E I V1 INI 6 1 IT] 5-1-1wir Ile Ir- I I I CARD 3 1/ -r E J-P I I I A/ 1 17-1 H 1 1 51 1 51 1 I-r LE I I 18 1 U I TI I -r 1 9 1 0 1 -5 1 33 s -r I'v I's I I Ig 0 1AVJ 6 S 7- 5 9 CARD 3 R IR IA5 0 u F I/V I -r 1 17- 1 1 E 1 1,4 IR 1 4 1 14 33 F 4 0 1 NI GI g 1,R I IN I E I S'1-7-d CARD 3 S 17- JE I 1 9 U 71 1 0 1 c- I c IA IS I /'1 0 IN IX 1 z y 33 1 v I ,=- I R, L4 1 z- 1 1# 1 o I /y I F I s I I/V 1A v I -c I CARD 3 W 17- 1W I Iv I I A// I -r I 1.@- 1, 17-1 IF I IA IA1 I V I 1 0 IWIAJ 1,1 14 IS I I I IN Ir I 33 E Nj.P I 17-FO FFPIR I E- IS7,- 1,,e I v I E I 1@-Jhl If I IN 14 17- 1 1 x 14 1/- 1 1 1 CARD 3 TTI 33 1 1 -T I I I I I -I I I CARD 3 @3 3 CARD 33 s CARD .3 33 1+ -1 I-F I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Col. No. CARD #5 1 3/01 Subsection Sampled 5 Similar Subsections 15 059 Area of Subsection(s) (acres) 18 SAA Soil Type 22 B1 Natural Soils Group 25 6 Runoff Potential 1. D+ High 5. B+ Slight 2. D High 6. B Slight 3. C+ Moderate 7. A Low 4. C Moderate 26 6 High Water Table (depth) 1. Less than 1 ft. 5. 4-5 ft. 9. Greater tha 8 ft. 2. 1-2 ft. 6. 5-6 ft. 3. 2-3 ft. 7. 6-7 ft. 4. 3-4 ft. 8. 7-8 ft. 27 1 Soil Drainage 1. Yes Well drained soils occur in the subsection 2. No Well drained soils do not occur in the subsection 28 1 Slope 1. Less than 15% slope 2. Greater than 15% slope 29 4 Soil Erodibility 1. .17 Low 3. .24 Low 5. .32 Medium 7. .43 High 2. .20 Low 4. .28 Medium 6. .37 Medium 8. .49 High 30 1 Water Body Distance 1. 0-10 feet 3. 50-100 feet 5. 200-300 feet 7. Greater than 500 feet 2. 10-50 feet 4. 100-200 feet 6. 300-500 feet 8. Contained within some subsection 31 11 Water Body Type 01 Dace Trick Stream 17 Deep Freshwater Marsh - soil is covered with an 02 Trout Feeder average water depth between & inches and 03 Trout Stream 3 feet during the growing season. Vegetation 04 Sucker Stream includes cattails, reeds, bulrshes, spike rushes, 05 Bass Feeder and wild rice. 06 Bass Stream 18 Shrub Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the 07 Pickerel Stream growing season and often covered by standing 08 Bullhead Stream water. Vegetation is dominated by shrubs and 09 Catfish Stream includes alders, willows, buttonbush, dogwoods 10 Carp Stream and swamp privet. 11 Tidal Stream 19 Wooded Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the growing season and abasonally covered 12 Ocean - Atlantic Ocean with up to one foot of standing water. Trees 13 Bay - Bays indicated on County Topographic Maps include water oak, overcup oak, red maple, 14 Pond - small enclosed body of freshwater, often bald cypress and black gum. artificially formed 20 Tidal Wetlands - marshes and swamps which are 15 Bog - waterlogged spongy accumulation of sphagnum influenced by the tide. moss which may support herbs such as sedges, rushes or scattered shrubs that cover less than 50 percent of the area. 16 Shallow Freshwater Marsh - low lying waterlogged soils covered with an average depth less than 6 inches during the growing season. Surface water may be absent during the late summer and abnormally dry periods. Vegetation is usully dominated by robust or marsh emergents. 33 6 Water Body Size 1. Less than 1 acre 3. 5-10 acres 5. 20-30 acres 2. 1-5 acres 4. 10-20 acres 5. Greater than 30 acres 34 2 Water Body Depth 1. Less than 1 foot 2. Greater than 1 foot 35 4 Water Body Bottom Material 1. Peat - fibrous organic material with recognizable plant parts. 5. Gravel - granula sediment with particles larger than 2 mm 2. Muck - black ooze composed of sill and decomposed organic (approximately 1/8 in.). matter. 6. Cobble - round or sub-round, water-worn rock 2 1/2-10 inches 3. Silt - fine sediment with little organic material. in diameter. 4. Sand - granular sediment 7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals larger than a cobble. 36 Beach Length 1. Less than 500 feet 3. 1000-1500 feet 2. 500-1000 feet 4. Greater than 1500 feet 37 Beach Width 1. Less than 1 foot 3. 10-20 feet 2. 1-10 feet 4. Greater than 20 feet 38 Beach Type 1. Bank or Bluff - steep slope or abrupt embankment along water's edge. 3. Low, sloping sandy beach with dunes. 2. Low, sloping sand beach without dunes. -51- CARD#5(con't) 39 0 -less than 10% 2- 20-30% 4- 40-50% 6- 60-70% 8- 80-90% %Stream Shaded 1 -10-20% 3- 30-40% 5, 50%-60% 7- 70-8O% 9- 90-100% 40 Wetland Wildlife Rank 43 Vegetation Type 1. Channalization (Channalisat) 16. Air Pollution (Air Pollutn) 46 Primary Disturbance 2. Dredging 17. Selective Cutting (Select Cutng) 3. Sewer Outlet 18. Clear Cutting (Clear Cutng) 48 Secondary Disturbance 4. Culverts 19. Fir 5. Bulkheading 20. Windthrow 6. Dikes 21. Disease 7. Dames 22. Litter Accumulation, leaf (Leaf Litter) 8. Change In Watertable (Chng waterbl) 23. Dumping 9. Log and Debris (Log + Debris) 24. Littering, paper (Paper Litter) 10. Beaver Dams 25. Vandalism 11. Algal Blooms 26. Trampling 12. Fedid Odor 27. Motor Vehicles (Motr Vehicl) 13. Siltation 28. Postagricultural (Post Ag) 14. Erosion 29. Other 15. Noise 30 60 Ease of Passage 1. Difficult Thick understory or wet mucky soil 31. Flooding 32. Grazing 2. Moderate Interspersed understory or wet soil* 3. Easy Open understory, dry soils 51 5015 Animal 55 7 Source and Frequency 56 4 Residency SOURCE -FREQUENCY 57 6364 Animal 61 5 Source and Frequency 1. Observed-abundant 2. Observed-common 62 1 Residency 3. Observed-rare 63 6800 Animal 4. Reported-abundant 5. Reported-common 67 6 Source and Frequency 6. Reported-rare 68 5 Residency 7. Deu or Nust-abundant 69 8. Den or Nust-common Animal 9. Den or Neast-rare 73 Source and Frequency Residency RESIDENCY 75 Animal 1. Breeding 79 Source and Frequency 2. Migratory 80 Residency 3. Winter Concentration 4. Year-round Resident PHOTOGRAPHS#(S) 5. Unknown -52- VEGETATION SAMPLING nata Fcwm Workshest f CARD#G col f isid Sub No. coun. Air. A SHVIOM nstite Sec 3 4 5 0 .1 -% .z , A SPECIES NAME 00 p 00 14 0 6 22 SzAg-&---w 4AIaz: 013 30 0 j5- Y; 0 0 3 9414 c 0 c" s- Z: 0 J 38 o ;z 5- 5UIz@7-Gyd 5- 1 46 0 7 12- /C'Z 0 Wgrg P06 W0102 54 0 03 3 ;z -10 f c -p m,1 f-4 0 0 62 0 3 111 6 3 3 SMCL:-7-gaH 3 @- It - U 0 0 170 01.3- 7-/ F e k Y, CARW-@7 3 0 3 f- 5' 3 3 0 Lyad 7' CIffZ&A 19 0 0 &14 --y/ Qzae-Kg 27 0 7 3 Y 0 01 1 1 1 L I I 35 0 5, 43 59 67 -1 CARD t@G- 3 19 27 L 35 43 51 59 7 4@ i 6 C,anopy, Understory, Shrub, Herb- Total A,@,erage Cover Layer Avg. 'C'over Reproduction Avera,,e DBH j. canopy i. shrub 0-<5 50 X-yes -1 1-4- 6-18-Z4'' 2. i.,nderstot-y 4. herb 10 6-60 0-no a?-4- 30'' % 4 )14: @ 77, C /I O@ Ep L3 / 414 7 -#6n, Importance 2-20 7-70 .3-6 - 9'' 8 30 - 3@'@l 1. unique or rare 3-30 8-80 4m9-12't > 2. c1harripion Lree(>Zft. 4-43 9-90 5@12-1811 3. endangered -53- Col. No. CARD #5 1 3/02 Subsection Sampled 5 Simiar Subsections 15 219 Area of Subsection(s) (acres) 18 ENA Soil Type 22 F3 Natural Soils Group 25 1 Runoff Potential 1. D+ High 5. B+ Slight 2. D High 6. B Slight 3. C+ Moderate 7. A Low 4. C Moderate 26 1 High Water Table(depth) 1. Less than 1 ft. 5. 4-5 ft. 9. Greater than 8 ft. 2. 1-2 ft. 6. 5-6 ft. 3. 2-3 ft. 7. 6-7 ft. 4. 3-4 ft. 8. 7-8 ft. 27 2 Soil Drainage 1. Yes Well drained soils occur in the subsection 2. No Well drained soils do not occur in the subsection 28 1 Slope 1. Less than 15% slope 2. Greater than 15% slope 29 7 Soil Erodibility 1. .17 Low 3. .24 Low 5. .32 Medium 7. .43 High 2. .20 Low 4. .28 Medium 6. .37 Medium 8. .49 High 30 1 Water Body Distance 1. 6-10 feet 3. 50-100 feet 5. 200-300 feet 7. Greater than 500 feet 2. 10-50 feet 4. 100-200 feet 6. 300-500 feet 8. Contained within some subsection 31 11 Water Body Type 01 Dace Trickle Stream 17 Deep Freshwater Marsh - soil is covered with an 02 Trout Feeder average water depth between 6 inches and 03 Trout Stream 3 feet during the growing season. Vegetation 04 Sucker Stream includes cattails, reeds, bulrushes, spikerushes, 05 Bass Feeder and wild rice. 06 Bass Stream 18 Shrub Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the 07 Pickerel Stream growing season and often covered by standing 08 Bullhead Stream water. Vegetation is dominated by shrubs and 09 Catfish Stream includes alders, willows, buttonbush, dogwoods 10 Carp Stream and swamp privet. 11 Tidal Stream 19 Wooded Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the growing season and abasonally covered 12 Ocean - Atlantic Ocean with up to one foot of standing water. Trees 13 Bay - Bays indicated on County Topographic Maps. include water oak, overcup oak, red maple, 14 Pond - small enclosed body of freshwater, often bald cypress and black gum. artificially formed. 20 Tidal Wetlands - marshes and swamps which are 15 Bog - waterlogged spongy accumulation of sphagnum inflluenced by the tide. moss which may support herbs such as sedges, rushes or scattered shrubs that cover less than 50 percent of the area. 16 Shallow Freshwater Marsh - low lying waterlogged soils covered with an average depth less than 6 inches during the growing season. Surface water may be absent during the late summer and abnormally dry periods. Vegetation is usually dominated by robust or marsh emergents. 33 6 Water Body Size 1. Less than 1 acre 3. 5-10 acres 5. 20-30 acres 2. 1-5 acres 4. 10-20 acres 6. Greater than 30 acres 34 2 Water Body Depth 1. Less than 1 foot 2. Greater than 1 foot 35 3 Water Body Bottom Material 1. Peat - fibrous organic material with recognizable plant parts. 5. Gravel - granular sediment with particles larger than 2mm 2. Muck - black ooze composed of silt and decomposed organic (approximately 1/8 in.). matter. 3. Silt - fine sediment with little organic material. 6. Cobble - round or sub-round, water-worn 2 1/2-10 inches in diameter. 4. Sand - granular sediment 7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals lrager than a cobble. 36 Beach Length 1. Less than 500 feet 3. 1000-1500 feet 2. 500-1000 feet 4. Greater than 1500 feet 37 Beach Width 1. Less than 1 foot 3. 10-20 feet 2. 1-10 feet 4. Greater than 20 feet 38 Beach Type 1. Bank or Bluff - steep slope or abrupt embankment along water's edge. 3. Low, sloping sandy beach with dunes. 2. Low, sloping sandy beach without dunes. -54- CARD #5(con't) 0- less than %10 2- 20-30% 4- 40-50% 6 - 60-70% 8- 80-90% 3- 30-40% 5- 50-60% 7- 70-80% 9 -90-100% 39 % Stream Shaded 40 Wetland Wildlife Rank 43 Vegetation Type 1. Channalization (Channalizat) 16. Air Pollution (Air Pollution) Primary Disturbance 2. Dredging 17. Selective Cutting (Selct Cutng) 46 3. Sewer Outlet 18. Clear Cutting (Clear Cutng) Secondary Disturbance 4. Culverts 19. Fire 48 5. Bulkheading 20. Windthrow 6. Dikes 21. Disease 7. Dams 22. Litter Accumulation, leaf (Leaf Litter) 8. Change in Watertable (Chng watrbl) 23. Dumping 9. Logo and Debris Log + Debris) 24. Littering, paper (Paper Litt-) 10. Beaver Dams 25. Vandalism 11. Algal Blooms 26. Trampling 12. Fedid Odor 27. Motor Vehcle (Motor Vehicle) 13. Siltation 28. Postagricultural (Post Ag) 14.Erosion 29. Other 15. Noise 30. None 60 Ease of Passage 1. Diffict - Thickend understory or wet mucky soil 31. Flooding 32. Grazing 1. Moderate - Interspersed understory or wet soil. 3. Easy - Open understory, dry soils 51 Animal 55 Source and Frequency 56 Residency SOURCE-FREQUENCY 57 Animal 1. Observed-abundant 61 Source and Frequency 2. Observed - common 62 Residency 3. Observed- rare 4. Reported-abundant Animal 5. Reported-common 67 Source and Frequency 6. Reported-rare 68 Residency 7. Deu or Nest-abundant 8. Den or Nest common 69 Animal 9. Den or Neast-rare 73 Source and Frequency 74 Residency RESIDENCY 75 Animal 1 . Breeding 79 2. Migratory 80 Source and Frequency Residency 3. Winter Concentraion PHOTOGRAPHS 4. Year-round Resident 5. Unknown -55- VEGETATION SAMPLING )"to Form Worksheet CAnnif a Coll slect, n- .,field . Sub No. coun. St. ta sec F @T F9T3 3 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 31./ Species .14, .4 A 0 )14@N SPECIES NAME 00 00 14 51 A,,fERlcdlv HEecy 5' 22 5- 1 W#17-c OAK 5' 30 0 -4, L 0 3 1- 04 4 Y PINE 5- 38 o;z. 9 10 -5- Nac& tc, k /V a r .1 0 46 0 13 jt@ I I s S Wf - 7-6 U tf 54 0 2 2_ 0 3 Ca,,--INON @@,NSlddoN 62 0 5- 0 O..�- Al QA le 70 0 -5- 0-5-1/ 0 CARD*7 3 0[8T7 3--F1f1-0U11fX1A145 -Poawpop 3 0-:L 9 0 lVac.<ElwU 7' 0 19 0Z 2- a;Z C191"ON LFASIdda1v I 27 00 3 3 2 RIC-P eajl@41 / 35 013 101/ ;Z I I 'f A111,,141CIN 1101-4,v 43 0 5' / /:2- 1 3,44 C It LM '(@ 51 03171 4@3 0 SW-r.-7- Gaq 01 59 0 zI? Cl3 0 W1A1r,5,f &)e If 1" 0 67 3 0 6 2- 3 0 CARD *8 3 0 6o SH14AX 0 S- 5- Y- 0 0 19 09'3 5fA1S17'1V,-- ZSffAl 0 27 037 IS-4 -0 S Wef L134 Y 10 35 065-117 114 a 0 StA1,5er 43 0If 0 T4 0 VII?61AIIA CI?16@61wk 51 1 1 1 1 59 g15- 1,@ 31 Canopy, under story, Shrub, Herb Total h,,.-erage Cover Layer A.v,,,. %-C'over Reproduction Average DBH 1.,-anopy 3.shrub 0-<5 5-50 2. 1,nderstory 4. 'herb K-yes I = 1 -17 6-18-24'' 1-10 6-60 0-no 2 = 4 - 0 11 ';'- 2 4 - 3 0- Importance 2-20 7-70 3-6-9,, 8 3 0 - 3;') 'TA W45 /Specie, IV5 V11? T-unique or rare 3-30 8-80 4@ 9-12': 9- > 3' 2. c1narripion tree(> 2ft.) 4-43 9-90 5= 12- 18'' 3. endangered -56- WFTLAND FIELD SAMPLING Wetlands shall be sampled according to the procedure outlined in the enclosed paper by Francis 'I. Golet. The categories used in this procedure along with their significance coefficients and rank are summarized in the appendix "Wetlands". The Wetland Wildlife Rating Worksheet and Data Form is to be used to rank wetlands. All wetland classes found are listed in the spaces under Class Richness starting at the right. ' The rank is determined by the number of classes and multiplied by the significance coefficient to give the sub-score. Surround- ing habitats are listed as percent of the shoreline. Percentages are en- tered in boxes. Rank is determined from appendix "Wetland". CODING The nucleus of the study is the field. evaluation and the data sheets which are generated for each natural area. These data sheets will be di- gitized on computer cards which will become the data bank for the study. Computer programs are being devised to permit the printing-out of selected combinations of data for easier handling and for comparison or rank ing of areas. As in any computerized data system, observed or ranked information will have to be translated into coding. This is a relatively easy process. A range of possible phenomena are listed in the encoding instructions with a specific number or symbol assigned to each. These numbers simply stand for the entire descriptive phrase or number associated with the actual field observation. Unlike typographical errors, where mistakes are readily ob- servable, errors in encoding will be extremely difficult to detect. There- fore, it is essential that care be exercised in entering the code numbers into the appropriate spaces. The following sheets are instructions for fill- ing out data forms by parameter. They are organized in the sequence which they occur on the data sheeLs. The transparent index dividers labeled - CARD #1, CARD #2 ........ correspond to the computer card numbers on the data sheets. -57- I I ENCODING I INSTRUCTIONS I I I I i I i I I I I I I I I I ff I so I" ow m SO -am sm - as W* In M Ma I= @.m -an Im mm No *= 1 NATURAL AREA NUMBER co 00 4:9 , 0 1 2 3 4 5 617 IS 9 110 11112 13 14 15 16 17 18 1i 20 f 9 1 1 F- County Numbers Election District Indicate the county which contains Election Districts vary by the major portion of the natural area. county. This information is avail- able on County Topographic Maps. 06 Caroline Indicate the district which contains 08 Cecil the major portion of the naturial 10 Dorchester area. 15 Kent 18 Queen Anne's Source 20 Somerset 'We are considered by State Plan- 21 Talbot ning MAGI Computer System to be in- ...23 Wicomico formation source #9. 24 Worcester County Site Number Watershed Number Sites have been delineated and num- Each watershed and sub-watershed bered on each County Topographic Map. has been numbered by the Water Re- Record the number indicated on the sources Administration. See the map. attached list and record the water- shed number for each natural area. Field Site Number Natural Areas are given a 4-digit More Than One Watershed number, The first two digits refer to Where a 9-ite occurs in more than the County site number. The second 2- one watershed, mark an in column digits refer to the Field Site number 20. or other natural areas contained in a larger natural area. Thus number 1200 refers to a larger natural area while number 1201 refers to a smaller nat- NAIIARAL NATURAL ARE& ural area within natural area 1200. AREA 110o IX01 Where field personnel determine a site to be a separate natural area within a larger natural area, the Field Site Number will be given the next number in the sequence of field sites. -63- AREA NAME Sites Already Named Where the site already has a name it should be recorded as given on the County'Topographic Maps or in secondary sources of information contained in the file folders provided for the site. Sites Without Names Sites with no names should be given a name which reflects the salient characteristics of the site. Where a site is assigned a name in the field it should be indicated as such with an asterisk before the name. For Example: 1. *MIXED FOREST WITH RHODODENDRONS 2.. *WICOMICO CREEK FRESHWATER MARSH 3. *TALBOT SCARP 4. *PLAINFIELD NATURAL SPRINGS 5. *NATURAL UNDISTURBED LOBLOLLY PINE STAND 6. *REGENERATING BALD CYPRESS FOREST 7. *NORTHERN LIMIT OVERCUP OAK STAND 8. *ELK NECK CLIFFS 21 57 LeaVe a space between words -64- DATE Indicate the month, day and year. Month Month 01 January 07 July 02 February 08 August 03 March 09 September 04 April 10 October 05 May 11 November 06 June 12 December AREA SIZE Count the number of acres of each natural area Use of a dot grid is the preferred method for determining the number of acres on aerial photographs. A dot grid (provided in the notebook) is'a transparent overlay with dots systematically arranged on a grid pattern. In use, the grid is aligned with a straight-line feature to avoid positioning bias, and then dots or squares are tallied for the area. Follow the instruc- tions on the transparent overlay. Example Conversion for Grid Squares: Scale 1:15,840 - 2.5 acres/grid square 1: 20, 000 - 4 acres/grid square Source: USDA.Forest Service, Articultural Handbook 308. -65- ...................... I U 11 11: 11 11 on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... 0 W ru 6-0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 0 0 (A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '0 W ()1 0 OD CP 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a CP CD 0 h 0 N 4@)0 0 . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0, 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . ... N om 0 T ............ 0 0 0 rVI 4A 0 4A0 0 0 0) 0 3' 14 w -4 00 (A ID -rV C 0 C ................ 00 Ch 00-1 M W CY) a) b, -1 (1) 0 0 1% 0 (A W 0 > . . . (D 0 0 tv 0 0 0 0 Ch 0 W 0 n (9 rrl -4 4M0 0 0 (.00 N 0 7-1 ............... .......................... no . . . . ... . . . . . IV (A to - 410 IV ut 0) 0 r4 0 0 0 0 n 3 -T MODIFIED ACREAGE GRI w 0 (A 0@ IV CL 0) IV 0, 0 N to " (64 dots per square ;nch) 41 4M IV 0 V10 0 0 -4-3 To be used foracreage determin Iations on maps -0 count d > > > > > > > > > C' Place grid over area to be measured 0 n 0 C by converting factor to compute total acreape 0 a 00 fall on area boundary count alternate dots. (A0 4A U, 0 &A L4 to I cop EL YRlr-HT. 1942, NO ELEVATION -Indicate the nearest contour interval Using the County Topographic Maps, indicate the elevation by recording the elevation of the nearest contour interval. For Example: 1 1 12101 40 Where more than one contour interval exists Indicate the average elevation. For Example: 1-1 13101 20 6ITF 40 All numbers should be right justified, leaving blanks before number. -67- ACCESS TO AREA Indicate the ease of approach to a natural area 1. Easy - Major highway, road or trail to the site. 2. Moderate Road or trail a moderate distance fr om the site. 3. Difficult Isolated area, not near road or area surrounded by wet soils. NEAREST TOWN Choosing the nearest town Using the County Topographic Maps, indicate the nearest town by straight line distance. Record the town number taken from the list of nearest towns. -68- MINIMUM DIMENSION Indicate the width of the most constricted segment of the natural area 1. Disjunct - Area is broken 5. 600-800 feet into segments . 2. Less than 200 feet 6. 800-1000 feet 3. 200-400 feet 7. 1000-1200 feet 4. 400-600 feet 8. Greater than 1200 feet ZONING Indicate the current zoning status of the natural area 1. 2pfp_Space - parks, playground, stream corridors. 2. Rural - farms, agricult ural, timber production. 3. Low Density Residential single family. 4. High Density__Residential apartments, condominiums, PUDs. 5. Commercial - shopping centers, gas stations, professional offices. 6. Manufacturing - light industry, research. 7. Industrial heavy industry. -69- CURRENT USE Indicate the current major use of the natural area 01. Recreation 09. Swimming 02. Vehicular Traffic 10. Fishing (i.e.,motor bikes) 11. Boating 03. Trails 12. Pasture 04. Hunting 13. Agriculture 05. Wildlife Management 14. Woodlots 06. Timber Management 15. Dumping 07. Single Home 16. Other or none 08. Several Homes OWNERSHIP Indicate who is principal owner of the natural area 1. Private Individual 2. Corporation 3. Educational Institution 4. Private or Non-Profit Public Organization 5. Local Government 6.. State Government 7. Federal Government 8. Unknown If the area is owned by more than one party, indicate this by placing an asterisk in the second square on the right. -70- ---------------- CONTIGUOUS LAND USE -Indicate contiguous land uses for each compass direction of a natural area 01. Natural Area 09. Road, 02. Wetland 10. Highway 03. Water Body 11. Railroad 04. Park 12. Residential 05. Old Field 13. Commercial 06. Managed Forest 14. Industrial 07. Agriculture 15. Recreational 08. Wildlife Management 16, Town 17. Channelized Stream GEOLOGICAL FORMATION Indicate the geological formation which underlies the natural area using thegeologic map of Maryland 1968 01. Quaternary Deposits 08. Piney Formation 02. Lowland Deposits 09. Nanjemoy Formation 03. Up,land Deposits 10. Aquia Formation 04. Yorktown Formation 11. Brightseat Formation 05. St. Mary's Formation 12. Monmouth Formation 06. Choptank Formation 13. Magothy Formation 07. Calvert Formation 14. Potomac Group 15. Matawan If more than one formation occurs in the area, indicate this by placing an asterisk in the third square. -73- AQUATIC BUFFER ZONE Indicate the category which applies only to areas acLiLn_g as buffers to aquatic systems by compass direction For the purposes of this study, a buffer zone is a band of vegetation contiguous with wetlands or watercourses which protects them from erosion and from contamination by non-point source pollutants such as sediment, fertilizer and pesticides. Always determine the buffer direction with respect to the water body. Where a stream flows through the natural area, indicate buffers' direction from the stream. Where a natural area is on a point surrounded by a bay or broad river embayment, indicate the buffer direction from the river or bay. Where a site both contains a stream and. is flanked by an.embayment, describe the buffer to the water body having the greatest frontage on or in the natural area. For the smaller of the two water bodies, describe the adequacy of the buffer in the text. 1. Adequate. Any soil area with a low to moderate runoff potential (A through C) having a cover of natural or successional vegetation and which'is 300 fee@ in width from the edge of a wetland (D or D soil), watercourse or water body. 2. Questionable. Any belt of natural or successional vege- tation along a wetland, watercourse or water body less than 300 feet but greater than 50 feet in width. 3. Inadequate. Any belt of natural or successional vegetation along a wetland, watercourse or water body less than 50 feet in width. -74- % OF 5-10 'ACRE OPENINGS Using an aerial photograph determine the percentage of 5-10 acr@'j op!@nja&s in forests Smallopenings scattered throughout a forest add substantially to the quality of width habitat because of the favorable "edge effect" created for certain wildlife species. The major forest game species prefer the more open conditions of forest edges to those of the forest interior. A land- scape with 3 to 5 percent of the 'area in openings 5 to 10 acres in size is considered to be of highest quality for such forest wildlife. Forested re- gions with no openings or with more than 5 percent of the area in openings are considered to provide a lower'quality habitat for game species. I - 0-3 percent 2 - 3-5 percent 3 - 5-8 percent 4 - 8-10 percent 5 - 10-20 percent 6 - 20-30 percent 7 - Greater then 30 percent OCCURRENCE Indicate the relative frequency of the vegetation type(s) or other signifi- cant natural features of the natural area in the context of its freq!@@au_of occurrence on the Eastern Shore Where an unusual natural feature occurs, within the natural area or where the natural area provides the habitat for a particular plant or animal which is in some way rare, unique or unusual, then "occurrence" shall be de- fined in terms of this feature, plant or animal. 1. Common - Vegetation, physical features or organism of the natural area frequently encountered in the region. 2. Infrequent - Vegetation, physical features or organism of the natural area not commonly found are present; how- ever, none are rate, endangered or unique. 3. Rare Natural area containing an unusual physical feature or organism which is rare, endangered or at the geographic limit of its distribution. 4. lingularly Unique Natural area containing a physical fea ture, organism or special habitat for an organism for which the area is the only known location in which it occurs. DIVERSITY Indicate the number of different vegetation communities or other natural features which the site contains 1. High - Contains numerous different vegetation comm- unities, animal habitats or physical features such as streams, bogs, scarps. 2. Medium - Contains a few different vegetation types and habitats or features. 3. Low Contains predominantly one vegetation community or natural feature. NATURAL INTEGRITY Indicatethe present natural integrity of the natural area on the basis of natural regeneration, age, and the absence of man-induced disturbance 1. Naturally Permanent Vegetation or physical feature by the pattern or regeneration or is relatively stable as revealed the absence of physical deteriora- tion. Disturbance is insignificant although some natural disturbance may be in evidence. Vegetation is mature or may be relatively stable because of its ability to resist succession. 2. Naturally Transitory - Vegetation or physical feature is changing due to plant succession either as a consequence or man-made or natural disturbance such as fire, erosion or flooding. Vegetation is relatively young and dynamic. 3. In Need of Management - Area will require management to maintain present character. 4.. Uncertain Possible source of change is not evident. -76- SECURITY Indicate the probable time frame within which p ysical alterations by man's activities may occur Assess all influences operating in a locality which may contribute to encroachment upon or destruction of the natural area. 1. Threatened with destruction within Livj@ ye@rs a. area currently being disturbed by man (i.e.,channelization, siltation, logging, construction) b. areas currently under plan to be altered (i.e.,sewer lines, homes) c. areas contiguous with new development, highway interchanges d. areas zon6d commercial, residential, in- dustrial e. for sale signs 2. Areas safe for five years a. areas not currently threatened with destruc- tion, but not currently protected 3. Areas safe indefinLte a. areas owned by conservation organization, de- signated as wildlife management areas or parks. 4. Unknown TOTAL NUMBER OF VEGETATION TYPES Indicate the total number of vegetation types present in each natural area -77- AUDITORY & VISUAL EXPERIENCE Describe the experiential characteristics of the entire area Circle the appropriate word on the data sheet for each evaluation. Where indicated, enter the code in the blank preceding selected evaluations. Add the numerical codes for a Total Score. In the margin, make note of factors you want to remember to include in the write-up of the area. In addition, select the term which best summarizes your visual impression or visual experience and enter the number on the data sheet under Visual Term. Auditory Noise from offsite little/none audible loud Nature of offsite .noise infrequent intermittent constant Visual Typical length of long intermediate short mixed views Typical nature of panoramas enclosed mixed views Scale of landscape large moderate small mixed elements CODE: 3 2 1 Size of site large moderate small Variety (diversity) great moderate little of visual elements Views of water frequent occasional rare/none Rate of landscape rapid moderate slow change over distance Complexity of topo- complex intermediate simple grapby Personal impression impressive pleasant unnoteworthy of site Experience Total Score (enter in boxes) Experience Term (enter in box) 1. low 2. medium 3. high -78- CATEGORIES Indicate the three most-interesting, unusual or most descriptive character- istics of the natural area The priority for choosing a category should follow the general rule of _.rare, endangered, unusual, interesting, descriptive. All three cate- gories need not be filled out; however, the Primary and Secondary Categories should be filled out whenever possible. Record the number listed on the Category Code Sheets which follow. PRIMARY CATEGORY SECONDARY CATEGORY TERTIARY CATEGORY ONE LINE. DESCRIPTION Write a brief sentence or phrase describing the salient characteristic of the Natural area You are limited to 100 spaces. For Example: 1. Large and active natural spring 2. Small bog with nearby hiking trails 3. Natural pond, excellent wildlife area 4. Large stand of mixed hardwoods with beech predominating 5. Large bog and pond, unusual vegetation on both 6. Very remote white cedar swamp with rhododendron -79- I I i i m an an ow me m m ow m an m m an m m m 40 m an LOCATION -Indicate the general geographic location of each natural area 01 Interior - upland site. 02 Island - upland surrounded by water. 03 Natural Pond Shore - adjacent to small, enclosed body of water. 04 Water Impoundment Shore - adjacent to waterbody held back by a dam. 05 Tidal Stream Shore - adjacent to tidal stream. 06 Non-Tidal Stream Shore - adjacent to non-tidal stream. 07 Bay Shore - area bayside of an imaginary line connecting the two outer-most land peninsulas gutting out from the edge of the mouth of the stream. 08 River Shore - area interior and labeled "River" on County Topographic Maps. 09 Ocean Shore - area adjacent to ocean. 10 Waterbody - a waterbody itself. -83- SITE -TYPE Indicate a vegetation descriptor based upon topographic and hydrologic loca- tion The site-type refers to the general or dominant characteristic of the natural area. UPLAND 01 Ridge - hill crest with dry, thin or no soil. A ridge typically contains rock outcrops with .scattered pockets of soil. 02 Upper Slope - thin soils on hilltops drying early in summer and supporting species character- istic of drier sites. 03 Midslope - site displaying characteristic regional vegetation. Soils are neither excessively droughty nor excessively saturated. 04 Lower Slope - sites with a seasonal high water table (about I foot from surface) with characteristic ve- getation between streams, ponds and wetlands and the midslope. 05 Floodplain - seasonally flooded sites supporting a lower slope vegetation. WETLANDS 06 Upland-isolated wetland sites above alluvial soils and not contiguous with open bodies of water. 07 Upland-pondside - wetland sites above alluvial soils and contiguous with ponds and impoundments. 08 Bottomland-isolated - wetland sites in floodplains and/or wet soils and not contiguous with other open bodies of water. 09 Bottomland-pondside - wetland sites in floodplains and/or wet soils countiguous with ponds or impound-. ments. 10 Bottomland-streamside - wetland sites in floodplains and/or wet soils and contiguous with streams. 11 Bottomland-deltaic - wetland sites in floodplains and/or wet soils at the point where a stream enters a pond or impoundment. -84- ECOLOGICAL UNIT Indicate the generalized descriptive term for the ecolo ical s stem which prediminates in the natural area 01 Pond - small enclosed body of freshwater often artificially formed. 02 River - a flowing body of water designated as a river on the County Topographic Maps and in- terior to the first bridge. 03 Tidal Stream - a stream whose water level fluctuates -due to tidal influence. 04 Non-Tidal Stream - a stream which is above tidal influence. 05 Marsh - the soil is tsually covered with water during the growing season. Vegetation includes grasses and forbs such as bulrush, cattails, arrowheads and smartweeds. 06 Bog - waterlogged soils supported by a spongy covering of mosses. Typical vegetation in- cludes heath shrubs, moss and sedges. 07 Wooded Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged dur- ing the growing season and often covered by standing water. Trees are the dominant vege- tation. Trees include water oak, overcup oak, red maple, cypress and black gum. 08 Shrub Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the growing season'and is often covered with standing water. Vegetation includes alders, willows, buttonbush, dogwoods, and swamp privet. 09 Forest - upland site which is not less than 20 acres in area and contains at least 60% canopy cover with trees not less than 6 inches diameter at breast height. 10 Early Forest - upland site which is not less than 20 acres and contains trees with average diameter at breast height less than 6 inches with at least 60% canopy cover. 11 Thicket - upland site which is not less than 40 acres and contains shrubs, and herbaceous plants with occasional tree seedlings or saplings. 12 Old Field - area not less than 40 acres which contains predominantly herbaceous plants such as goldenrod, asters and various grasses. -85- Nun BIBLIOGRAPHY Indicate the identification number of any bibliographic citations which re- late to the natural area Some citations are in the site file folders. If you become aware of other studies record the citation as shown in the enclosed sample and give it a number as follows: County 701-730 Caroline 731-760 Cecil 761-790 Dorchester 791-820 Kent 821-850 Queen Anne 851-880 Somerset 881-910 Talbot 911-940 Wicomico 941-970 Worcester These additional natural area references are given discrete identification numbers of field personnel according to the county in which they are located. -89- GX28-7327-6 U/M 050** IBM MA5 r4R -GVL-@ (14YI &Ir @,i IWVCI@-) FORTRAN Coding Form Printed in U.S.A. Maryland Upland Natural Areas Study (2@ VE FORTRAN STATEMENT T) SEDLENCE (4,94 rl-lml ID 31 z? 'i 1@ 17 :@P ` i" 13 60 61 ? V, 6@ lk7l;' 19 69 71 C03 EL-LAETIjqIE-IRI J ANDI PIU ONI W R 1191316 1EA@IT P-NI 51RIOR Ey urSlIONS 2- P)03B.A,LTO JON @IS- H OF K 1 W5 RE55 325 P Y@ 11 I-Tr H M A 5. "E 5!e .2 Ic VV77FICAM)AI 2 c E e9F 7??r;+y T,61 7 A@07 17 or 7-- bT .14/ IN 4/ 7- VA) V@ c --J - - - I I --- 4 722AIN TY2NY-j A T7 2- FDTAN(6AL RI Al A 1 --9 10 F IM AIR A NIP5 S -TERN Sk N@-PPICDGS A6AD @JAITI 3@@ I E-P E5 Pf4l LA.1 VOL7 47 '72 -7?. 5 op TIC PAITIE ON NA R &I '@5 ?Ec- I E 5 P P (.,3 7 fl it -T, @A 21 2L 4 /A(- / 7 Iq 77r--. nl@j A --,7 II I I I r,@ r,4 7' k@ J (:DdUMAJ '770 31 @jl 11 1, V, 51 52 71 g5 -11 P A TA I M 'AAA Aid man mm m mm m mmmmm mmmmm SUBSECTION Indicate the Sub-section to which the data sampled corres onds SIMILAR SUBSECTIONS List any similar sub-sections by number in the boxes labeled "Similar Sub-sections" starting in the left pair of squares Where the numb er consists of only one digit, place a zero in the ten's place. 0%1k a SUBSECTION AREA Enter the area of the sub-section in acres Keep all numbers to the right when less than three digits. -93- SOIL TYPE Indicate the symbol for the Dominant soil type which occurs within the boundaries of each subsection of a natural area The symbols within the soil boundaries on the soils map are the soil type. Soils maps can be found at the back of each Soil Survey Manual. Left register all soil type symbols on the data sheet. For example: r57a @p 5oil Type- NATURAL SOIL GROUP Indicate the dominant natural soils group which occurs in the natural area The Soils D&ta Sheet shows Natural Soils Groups by Soil Series. Left register all Natural Soil Group symbols on data sheets. RUNOFF POTENTIAL Indicate the dominant runoff poten':ial category for each subsection in the natural area The Soils Data Sheet shows Runoff Potential Categories by Soil Series. 1. D+ High 2. D High 3. C+ Moderate 4. C Moderate 5. B+ Slight 6. B Slight 7. A Low Source: (Chiang, 1971) -94- HIGH WATERTABLE Indicate the de th to seasonal high watertable for each sub-section in the natural area The Soils Data Sheet shows watertable depth by soil series. Indicate the mloimum depth. Where more than one soil type is present, indicate the water table depth of the dominant soil. I. Less than 1 ft. 2. 1-2 ft. 3. 2-3 ft. 4. 3-4 ft. 5. 4-5 ft. 6. 5-6 ft. 7. 6-7 ft. 8. 7-8 ft. 9. Greater than 8 ft. SOIL DRAINAGM Indicate whether or not well drained soils occur within each sub-section of the natural area 1. Yes Well drained soils occur in the sub-section 2. No Well drained soils do not occur in the sub-section SLOPE Indicate the dominate range of slope for each sub-section of the natural a-rea 1. Less than 15% slope 2. Greater than 15% slope SOIL ERODIBILITY Indicate the dominant erodibility coefficient _(K. Factor) for each sub- section in the natural area 1. .17 Low 2. .20 Low 3. .24 Low 4. .28 Medium 5. .32 Medium 6. .37 Medium 7. .43 High 8. .49 High Source: USDA Soil Conservation Service WATERBODY DISTANCE Indicate the linear distance from the edge of a waterbody to the close edge of each sub-section within the natural area 1. 0-10 feet 2. 10-50 feet 3. 50-100 feet 4. 100-200 feet 5. 200-300 feet 6. 300-500 feet 7. Greater than 500 feet 8. Contained within some sub-section -96- WATERBODY TYPE Indicate the type of waterbody.present in each sub-section Van Deusen Index (see Maryland Stream Classifi- cation List). 01 Dace Trickle Stream 02 Trout Feeder 03 Trout Stream 04 Sucker Stream 05 Bass-Feeder 06 Bass Stream 07 Pickerel Stream 08 Bullheatl Stream 09 Catfish Stream 10 CaEp Stream 11 Tidal Stream 12 Ocean - Atlantic Ocean. 13 Bay - Bays indicated on County Topographic Maps. 14 Pond - small enclosed body of freshwater, often artificially formed. 15 0.8 _ waterlogged spongy accumulation of spbagnum moss which may support herbs such as sedges, rushes or scattered shrubs that cover less than 50 percent of the area. 16 Shallow Freshwater Marsh - low lying waterlogged soils covered with an average depth less than 6 inches during the growing season. Surface water may be absent during the late summer and abnormally dry periods. Vegeta- tion is usually dominated by robust or marsh emergents. 17 Deep Freshwater Marsh - soil is covered with an average water depth between 6 inches and 3 feet during the growing season. Vegeta- tion includes cavtails, reeds, bulrushes, spikerushes, and wild rice. 18 Shrub..Swamp - soil is usually waterlogged during the growing season and often covered by standing water. Vegetation is dominated by shrubs and includes alders, willows, buttonbush, dogwoods and swamp privet. 19 Wooded Sw4TR - soil is usually waterlogged dur- ing the growing season and seasonally cov- ered with up to one foot of standing water. Trees include water oak, overcup oak, red maple, bald cypress and black gum. 20 Tidal Wetlands - marshes and swamps which are influenced by the tide. -97- WATERBODY SIZE Indicate the size of each pond or impoundment within or adjacent to each sub-section of a natural area 1. Less than I acre 2. 1-5 acres 3. 5-10 acres 4. 10-20 acres 5. 20-10 acres 6. Greater than 30 acres WATERBODY DEF0"TH Indicatetbe depth pf impoundments, pon ds and streams within each sub- section of a natural area 1. Less than 1 foot 2. Greater than 1 foot .WATERBOUT BOTTOM MATERIAL Indicate the type of bottom material which occurs in water bodies or watercourses within each sub-section of a natural area. 1. Peat - fibrous organic material with recognizable plant parts. 2. Muck - black ooze composed of silt and decomposed organic matter. 3. Silt - fine sediment with little organic material. 4. Sand - granular sediment. 5. Gravel -granular sediment with particles larger than 2mm (approximately 1/8 inches). 6. Cobble -round or sub-round, water-worn rock 2 1/2-10 inches in diameter. 7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals larger than a cobble. -98- BEACH LENGTH Indicate the length of sandy beach along the water's ed&t_within each sub- section of a natural area 1. Less than 500 feet 2. 500-1000 feet 3. 1000-1500 feet 4. Greater than 1500 feet BEACH WIDTH Indicate the width @jf s,@@dy beach in each sub-section 1. Less than 1 foot 2. 1-10 feet 3. 10-20 feet 4. Greater than 20 feet B E A(w;"H T Y P E Indicate the type of beach in each sub-section of a natural area 1. Bank or Bluff - steep slope or abrupt embankment along water's edge. 2. Low, sloping sandy beach without dunes. 3. Low, sloping sandy beach with dunes. -99- OF STREAM SHADED Indicate the percentage of the stream(s) sbaded_@y_.Lree_cover in each sub- section of a natural area 0 - less than 10% 1 - 10-20% 2 - 20-30% 3 - 30-40% 4 - 40-50% 5 - 50-60% 6 - 60-70% 7 - 70-80% 8 - 80-90% 9 - 90-100% W ETLANkmD WILDLIFE RANK See the Appendix "Wetlands" -100- VEGETATION TYPES Indicate the forest cover type of each section sampled. 16 Aspen 17 Pin cherry 20 White pine-northern red oak-white ash 21 White pine 22 White pine-hemlock 23 Hemlock 24 Hemlock-yellow birch 25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch 26 Sugar maple-basswood 27 Sugar maple 28 Black cherry-sugar maple 29 Black cherry 39 Black ash-American elm-red maple 40 Post oak-black oak 41 Scarlet oak 42 Bur oak 43 Bear oak 44 Chestnut oak 45 Pitch pine 46 Eastern red cedar 47 Eastern red cedar-pine 48 Eastern red cedar-hardwoods 49 Eastern red cedar-pine-hardwoods 50 Black locust 51 White pine-chestnut oak 52 White oak-red oak-hickory 53 White oak 54 Northern red oak-basswood-white ash 55 Northern red oak 56 Northern red oak-mockernut hickory-sweetgum 57 Yellow poplar 58 Yellow poplar-hemlock 59 Yellow poplar-white oak-northern red oak 60 Beech-sugar maple 61 River birch-sycamore 62 Silver maple-American elm 63 Cottonwood 64 Sassafras-persimmon 65 Pin oak-sweetgum 75 Shortleaf pine 76 Shortleaf pine-oak 77 Shortleaf pine-Virginia pine 78 Virginia pine-southern red oak 79 Virginia pine _101- Vegetation types - continued 80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine 81 Loblolly pine 82 Loblolly pine-hardwood, 84 Slash pine 85 Slash pine-hardwoods 87 Sweetgum-yellow poplar 88 Laurel oak-willow oak 90 Beech-southern magnolia 91 Swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak 63 Cottonwood 92 Sweetgum-Nuttall oak-willow oak 93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash 94 Sycamore-pecan-American elm 95 Black willow 96 Overcup oak-water hickory 97 Atlantic white cedar 98 Pond pine 99 Slash pine-swamp tupelo 100 Pondcypress 101 Baldcypress 102 Baldcypress-water tupelo 103 Water tupelo 104 Sweetbay-swamp tupelo-red maple 107 Typha spp. (etc.) 108 Shrub swamp 109 Grasses, sedges,,rushes Source: Society of American Foresters, 1975. -102- DISTURBANCE Indicate the two dominant types of physical disturbance (where present) in each subsection of a natural area The dominant disturbance should be listed first and the less severe type second. In the following list the computerized abbreviations for long terms are given in parentheses. 1. Channelization (Channelizat) 2. Dredging 3. Sewer Outlet 4. Culverts 5. Bulkheading 6. Dikes 7. Dams 8. Change in Water table (Chng watrtbl) 9. Logs and Debris (Log+Debris) 10. B;eaver Dams 11. Algal Blooms 12. Fedid Odor 13. Siltation 14. Erosion 15. Noise 16. Air Pollution (Air Pollutn) 17. Selective Cutting (Selct Cutng) 18. Clear Cutting (Clear Cutng) 19. Fire 20. Windthrow 21. Disease 22. Litter Accumulation, leaf (Leaf Litter) 23. Dumping 24. Littering, paper (Paper Litter) 25. Vandalism 26. Trampling 27. Motor Vehicles (Motr Vehicl) 28. Postagricultural (Post Ag) 29. Other 30. None 31. Flooding 32. Grazing -103- EASE OF PASSAGE, Indicate the degree of difficulty a hiker would encounter when walking througj@ each subsection of the natural area 1. Difficult - Thick understory or wet mucky soil 2. Moderate - Interspersed understory or wet soils 3.* Easy - Open understory, dry soils ANIMALS Indicate the source, frequency and residency or each rare, cominon, or abun- dant bird, mammal, amphibian or reptile for each subsection Where they are common to the entire natural area list them for each subsection. SOURCE FREQUENCY RESIDENCY 1 Observed 1 Abundant 1 Breeding 2 Observed 2 Common 2 Migratory 3 Observed 3 Rare 3 Winter Concentration 4 Reported 4 Abundant 4 Year-round Resident 5 Reported 5 Common 5 Unknown 6 Reported 6 Rare 7 Den of Nest 7 Abundant 8 Den or Nest 8 Common 9 Den or Nest 9 Rare -104- PHOTOGRAPHS Any photographs which you take of the site should be numbered and notes should be made as to the compass direction of the shot within each sub- section. Record this information at the bottom of your data sheets under "PHOTOGRAPH". Aerial photograph numbers should be put at the top of the first page of the data form just above the squareswhich are designated "CREW". CHAMPION TREE A candidate for the chamDion tree Droaram i3 a tree which is estimated to be over 200 vears old. For our purposes any tree with a DBH greater than 2 feet is a can- didate. Candidate trees are checked by the Forest Service. Trees which are designated "Champions" will be actively protected by the Forest Ser- vice. -105- ......... . . - --------- al NAMES Record the names of any people either listed in,the folders or whom you have spoken with who have information on the natural area. See the Data. Form entitled "Names". Number each card you use in sequence. Each line of information will be entered on a separate computer card. 109- N AM E (S) Col. No. CARD elect. coun. field coun.,dist. site site 1 1 1 191 CARD 3 '33 CARD I 1 -1 tA I I I" I @3 CARD 3 33 1 1 1 '1 1 1 1 CARD. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 3.3 -110- ................ TEXT Immediately upon completion of the survey, develop a Daragraph from notes and data sheets and include the following considerations a. The unique, distinctive or characteristic features of the natural area. b. The dominant vegetation or, if a mosaic, the types and percent coverage of the natural area by each type and describe corresponding site type(s). c. Characteristic DBH, any lack of reproduction, obvious trends or vegetation dynamics. d. Disturbances, historical notes. e, Unusual animals, importance of the natural area for wildlife, geologic features. f. Role of site in the coastal zone aquatic system (i.e.,buffer, natural*spring, high erosion). See the data sheet entitled"TEXT". Each line of text will be entered on a separate computer data card. Number each Card you use in sequence. -113- Col. TEXT(p.1) No. CARD elect. coun. field Icoun dist site site I SVI I T"T"t9t, I I r CARD 3 33 1 1- 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 I-LI I I CARD 3 1 1 1-- I-T T-1 I I I I I I I -I 33 1 L I I I I I I I T-] CARD 3 1 1 J -J- CARD 3 1 1 1 -1 J -I 33 CARD 33 TA-- I I I I 1 1-1 CARD 3 33 CARD 3 .33 CARD 3 33' LL I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1-1 1 CARD 3 33 1 F- _F r F I I -j -4 --1- LJA E I-H I I EEH -114- ............ - -- -------- ------------------ -- ------- ------------------ Man MM om,M MOMM m WATERSHED -Major Basin DESIGNATIONS Minor Basin Sub-Basin Segment 02-13-99 Chesapeake Bay (Proper) -98 Lower Chesapeake Bay (below north side original Bay Bridge) -99 Upper Cbesapeake Bay (above north side original Bay Bridge) 02-12-02 Lower Susquehanna River Area -01 Susquehanna River (b elo w Conowingo Dam) 02 Deer Creek Drainage _-03 Octoraro Creek drainage 05 Susquehanna River (above Dam) -06 Broad Creek drainage -07 Castleton area drainage. -08 Oakwood area drainage -09 Pennsylvania line area drainage -10 Havre De Grace.area drainage -11 Bainbridge area drainage -12, Camp Ramblewood area drainage -15 Susquehanna River (Pennsylvania area) drainage 02-13-01 Coastal Area -01 Atlantic Ocean -02 Assawoman Bay drainage -03 Isle of Wight Bay -04 Sinepuxent Bay bridge -05 Newport Bay drainage -06 Chincoteaque Bay drainage 02-13-02 Pocomoke River Area -01 Pocomoke Sound -02 Pocomoke River, mainstem -03 Dividing Creek drainage -04 NassawAngo Creek drainage -05 Pocomoke City-Snow Hill area drainage -06 Tangier Sound -07 Little Annemessex River area drainage -08 Big Annemessex River drainage -09 Manokin River drainage -10 Pocomoke River East area drainage -11 Pocomoke River West area drainage -12 Corbin area drainage -13 Other Pocomoke River drainage -14 Deal Island area drainage -15 North Pocomoke Sound drainage Source: Maryland Water Resources Administration -117- 02-13-03 Nanticoke River Area -01 Wicomico River, mainstem -02-- Wicomico Creek drainage -03 Ferry Point area drainage -04 Nanticoke River, mainstem -05 Marshyhope Creek drainage -06 Nanticoke River West area drainage -07 Fishing Boy drainage -08 Transquaking River drainage -09 Chicamacomico River drainage -10 Blackwater River drainage -11 Monie Bay drainage -12 Wicomico River West.area drainage -13 Wicomico River headwaters area drainage -15 Nanticoke River East area drainage -16 Nanticoke River North area drainage 02-13-04 Chopta'nk River Area -01 Honga River drainage -02 Little Choptank River drainage -03 Choptank River, mainstem -04 Harris Creek-Blackwater Cover drainage -05 Broad Creek drainage -06 Tred Avon River drainage -07 Hunting Creek drainage -08 Tuckahoe Creek drainage -09 Trippe Bay area drainage -10 Choptank River area bay drainage -11 Cambridge area drainage -12 Choptank River Northwest area drainage -13 Choptank River East area drainage -14 Choptank River headwaters area drainage 02-13-05 - Chester River Area- -01 Eastern Bay -02 Miles River drainage -03 Wye River drainage -04 Eastern Bay north area drainage -05 Kent Island narrows -06 Chester River, mainstem @07 Langford Creek drainage -08 Corsica River drainage -09 Southeast Creek drAinage -10 Eastern Bay South area drainage -11 Kent Island Bay area drainage -15 Cloverfields area drainage -16 Queenstown area drainage -17 Eastern Neck (Chester River) area drainage -18 Indiantown - Riverview area drainage -19 Old Town area drainage -20 Chester River headwaters area. -30 Rock Hall area drainage 02-13-06 Elk River Area -01 Sassafras River drainage -02 Elk River, mainstem -03 Bohemia River drainage -04 Back Creek drainage -06 Northeast River drainage -07 Furnace Bay area drainage -08 Stillpond - Fairlee area drainage -@Oq Christina River drainage (Delaware) -10 Crystal Beach area drainage -11 Elk Neck (Elk River) area drainage -12 Port Herman area drainage -13 Elk River headwater area drainage -14 Elk Neck (Bay) area drainage -119- ------- ------- NEAREST TOWNS Caroline Count Dorchester County 01 American Corner 01 Airey 02 Andersontown 02 Andrews 03 Baltimore Corner 03 Bestpitch 04 Choptank 04 Bishops Head 05 Boonsboro 05 Brookview 06 Bethlehem 06 Bucktown 07 Bridgetown 07 Cambridge 08 Burrsville 08 Church Creek 09 Concord 09 Cornersville Denton 10 Crapo 11 Federalsburg 11 Crocheron 10 12 Goldsboro 12 Drawbridge 13 Greensboro 13 East New Market 14 Harmony 14 Eldorado 15 Henderson 15 Elliot 16 Hillsboro 16 Ellwood 17 Hobbs 17 Finchville 18 Marydel 18 Fishing Creek 19 Oakland 19 Galestown 20 Potters Landing 20 Henrys Grossroads 21 Preston 21 Honga 22 Ridgely 22 Hoopersville 23 Smithvilie 23 Hudson 24 Tanyard 24 Hurlock 25 Whiteleysburg 25 James 26 Lakesville 27 Linkwood Cecil County, 28 Lloyds 29 Madison 01 Cayots 30 Reids Grove 02 Ceciltown 31 Reliance 03 Chesapeake City 32 Rhodesdale 04 'Crystal Bch. 33 Salem 05 Earlville 34 Secretary 06 Elkton 35 Seward 07 Fredericktown 36 Taylors Is. 08 Port Herman 37 Thomas 09 St. Augustine 38 Toddville 10 Warwick 39 Vienna 40 Williamsburg 41 Wingate 42 Woolford Source; County Topographic Maps. -123- Nearest Towns cont. Kent County Queen Anne's County (cont.) 01 Betterton 08 Dominion 02 Chestertown 09 Dudley Corner 03 Chesterville 10 Grasonville 04 Cliffs City 11 Guys 05 Coleman 12 Hope 06 Crosby 13 Ingleside 07 Edesville 14 Kings Town 08 Fairlee 15 Love Point 09 Galena 16 Matapeake '10 Georgetown 17 Mattapex 11 Golts 18 McGinnes 12 Gratitude 19 Normans 13 Hanesville 20 Peters Corner 14 Kennedyville 21 Pondtown 15 Kentmore Park 22 Queenstown 16 Lankford 23 Roberts 17 Locust Grove 24 Roe 1$ Lynch 25 Romancoke 19 Massey 26 Ruthsburg 20 Melitota 27 Starkley Corner 21 Millington 28 Starr 22 Morgnec- 29 Sudlersville 23 Newtown 30 Templeville 24 Pomona 31 Unicorn 25 Quaker Neck Landing 32 Wye Mills 26 Rock Hall 27 Sandy Bottom 28 Sassafras Somerset County 29 Still Pond 30 Tolchester Bch. 01 Bedsworth 31 Worton 02 Birdtown 03 Champ 04 Chance Queen Anne's County 05 Cokesbury 06 Crisfield 01 Barclay 07 Dames Quarter 02 Carmichael 08 Deal Is. 03 Carville Station 09 Eden 04 Centreville 10 Ewell 05 'Chester 11 Fairmont 06 Church Hill 12 Hopewell 07 Crumpton 13 Hudsans Corner -124- Nearest Towns cont. Somerset County (cont.) Talb9t (@pt@nt, (cont.) 14 Jason 20 Windyhill 15 Kingston 21 Wittman 16 Manokin 17 Marion 18 Monie Wicomico Counly 19 Mount Vernon 20 Oriole 01 Athel 21 Princess Anne 02 Bivalve 22 Rehobetb 03 Coxs Corner 23 Rhodes Pt. 04 Delmar 24 Rumbley 05 Fruitland 25 Shelltown 06 Hebron 26 Tylerton 07 Mardela Springs 27 Upper Fairmont 08 Nanticote 28 Upper Hill 09 Parsonburg 29 Wellington 10 Pittsville 30 Wenoma 11 Powellville 31 Westover 12 Quantico 32 Widgeon 13 Royal Oak 14 Salisbury 15 Sharptown Talbot County 16 Tyaskin 17 Walston 01 Bellevue 18 Wango 02 Bozman 19 Waste Cate 03 Claiborne 20 Waterview 04 Cordova 21 Whitehaven 05 Easton 22 Willards 06 Fairbank 07 Longwoods 08 Matthews Worcester County 09 McDaniel 10 Neaviftt. 01 Basket Switch 11 Newcomb 02 Bayview 12 Oxford 03 'Beaverdam 13 Queen Anne 04 Berlin 14 Royal Oak 05 Bishop 15 Sherwood 06 Bishopville 16 St. Michaels 07 Colbourne 17 Tilghman 08 George Is. Landing 18 Trappe 09 Girdletree 19 Tunis Mills 10 Goodwill -125- Nearest Towns - cont. Worchester County (cont.) 11 Ironshire 12 Jones 13 Libertytown 14 Longridge 15 Newark 16 Ocean City 17 Pocomoke City 18 Public Landing 19 Showell 20 Snow Hill 21 Spence 22 St. Martin 23 Stockton 24 Taylorville 25 Wesley 26 Whaleysville .27 Whiton 28 Whiteburg -126- ---- ------- IBM"' I WOODY PLANTS VEGETATION 20 Mies balsamea. Balsam fir. 23 Aesculus spp. Aesculus. 24 Aesculus Hippocastanum. Horsechestnut. 25 Aesculus octandra. Sweet Buckeye. 28 Acer spp. Maple 29 Acer negundo. Box Edler. 30 Acer nigrum. Black maple. 31 Acer pensylvanicum. Striped maple. 32 Acer platanoides. Norway maple. 33 Acer rubrum. Red maple. 34 Acer saccharinum. Silver maple. 35 Acer saccharum. Sugar maple. 36 Acer spicatum. Mountain maple (Mtn. maple). 39 Ailanthus altissima. Ailanthus. 42 Akebia quinata. Akebia. 45 Albizzia Julibrissin. Mimosa. 48 Alnus spp. Alder. 49 Alnus maritima. Seaside alder. 50 Alnus rugosa. Speckled alder. 51 Alnus serrulata. Smooth alder. 54 Amelanchier spp. Service Berry. 55 Amelanchier arborea. Common Service Berry (Com. svcberry). 56 Amelanchier canadensis. Canadian Service Berry (Can svcberry). 57 Amelanchier humilis. Low Service Berry (Lo svcberry). 58 Amelanchier intermedia spach. Intermediate Service Berry (Int svcberry). 59 Amelanchier laevis. Smooth Service Berry (Smith svcberry). 60 Amelanchier obovalis. Obovate Service Berry (Obvt svcberry). 61 Amelancier sanguinea. Roundleaf Service Berry (Rd lf svcberry). 62 Amelanchier stolonifera. Stoloniferous Service Berry (Stol svcberry). 65 Amorpha fruitcosa-Falso indigo. 68 Ampelopsis arborea. Pepper-vine. 69 Aralia sp. L. Ginseng. 71 Aralia spinosa. Hercules Club. 74 Aristolochia durior. Pipe-vine. 77 Arundinaria gigantea. Brake cane. 80 Ascyrum spp. Ascyrum. 81 Ascyrum stans. St. Peter's wort. (St Pete wort). 82 Ascyrum Hypericoides. St. Andrew's Cross. (St Andy Cross). 85 Asimina triloba. Pawpaw. 86 Same as Rhododendron Viscosa 88 Baccharis halimifolia. High-tide bush. 91 Berberis spp. Barberry 92 Berberis canadensis. American Barberry (Amer Barberry). 93 Berberis Thunbergii. Japanese Barberry (Jap Barberry). 94 Berberis vulgaris. Common Barberry (Com Barberry). 97 Betula spp. Birch. 98 Betula alba. Eur.opean white birch (Eur. white birch). 99 Betula lenta. Black birch. 100. Betula lutea. Yellow birch. Source: Brown and Brown, 1972. -129- Woody Plants - cont. 101 Betula nigra. River birch. 104 Bignonia capreolata. Crossvine. 107 Broussonetia papyrifera. Paper Mulberry. 110 Callicarpa americana. Beauty berry. 113 Calycanthus floridus. Carolina allspice (Carol allspice). 116 Campsis radicans. Trumpet creeper (Trumpt creepr) 119 Carpinus caroliniana. American hornbeam (Amer hornbeam). 122 Carya spp. Hickory. 123 Carya cordiformis. Swamp hickory. 124 Carya glabra. Pignut. 125 Carya ovalis. Sweet pignut. 126 Carya ovata. Shagbark Hickory (Shagbark). 127 Carya pallida. Pale hickory. 128 Carya tomentosa. Mockernut. 131 Castanea spp. Castanea. 132 Castanea dentata. American Chestnut (Amer Chestnut). 133 Castanea pumila. Chinquapin. 136 Catalpa spp. Catalpa. 137 Catalpa b1gnioides. Southern catalpa (S. Catalpa). 138 Catalpa ovata. Chinese Catalpa (Chinese Cat.). 139 Catalpa.,-speciosa.Northern Catalpa (N. Catalpa). 142 Ceanothus americanus. New Jersey Tea (Jersey Tea). 145 Celtis spp. Celtis 146 Celtis occidentalis. Hackberry. 147 Celtis tenuifolia. Dwarf Hackberry (Dwf. Hackberry). 150 Cephalanthus occidentalis. Buttonbush. 153 Celastrus scandens. Bittersweet. 156 Cercis canadensis. Redbud. 159 Chamaecyparis thyoides. Southern White Cedar (S. White Cedar). 162 Chimaphila spp. Chimaphila. 163 Chimaphila maculata. Spotted Wintergreen (Spot wintergrn). 164 Chimaphila umbellata. Pipsissewa. 167 Chionanthus virginicus. Fringe-tree. 170 Clematis spp. Clematis 171 Clematis dioscoreifolia. Clematis. 172 Clematis verticillaris. Mountain clematis (Mtn clematis). 173 Clematis Viorna. Leather flower. 174 Clematis virginiana. Virgin's bower. 177 Clethra alnifolia. Sweet Pepperbush (Swt. Pepperbush). 180 Comptonia peregrina. Sweet fern. 183 Cornus alternifolia. Green Osier. 184 Cornus spp. Dogwood 185 Cornus Amomum. Red Willow. 186 Cornus canadensis. Bunchberry. 187 Cornus florida. Flowering dogwood (Flr dogwood). 188 Cornus obliqua. Silky dogwood. 189 Cornus racemosa. Gray-stem dogwood (Gry-stem dogwd). 190 Cornus stolonifera. Red Osier. 191 Cornus rugosa. Roundleaf dogwood. (Rndleg dogwood) 193 Corylus spp. Hazel 194 Corylus americana. American hazelnut (Amer hazelnut). 195 Corylus cornuta. Beaked hazelnut (Beak hazelnut). 198 Crataegus spp. Hawthorn. 1 Woody Plants cont. 199 Crataegus basilica. Hawthorn #1. 200 Crataegus biltmoreana. Biltmore Hawthorn (Biltmore Hthn). 201 Crataegus Calpodendron. Pear Hawthorn. 202 Crataegus Canbyi. Canby's Hawthorn (Canby's Hthn). 203 Crataegus crus-galli. Cockspur-Thorn. 204 Crataegus Dodgei. Dodge Hawthorn (Dodge Hthn). 205 Crataegus intricata. Hawthorn #2. 206 Crataegus macrosperma. Variable Hawthorn (Var. Hawthorn). 207 Crataegus Margaretta. Margaret Hawthorn (Margaret Hthn). 208 Crataegus mercerensis. Hawthorn #3. 209 Crataegus pedicellata, Scarlet Hawthorn (Scarlet Hthn). 210 Crataegus pensylvanica. Hawthorn #4. 211 Crataegus,Phaenopyrum. Washington Hawthorn (Wash Hawthorn). 212 Crataegus populnea. Hawthorn #5. 213 Crataegus pruinosa. Wax-fruit Hawthorn (Wax-fruit Hthn). 214 Crataegus punctata. Dotted Hawthorn (Dotted Hthn). 215 Crataegus rugosa. Hawthorn #6 216 Crataegus sicca. Hawthorn #7 217 Crataegus stolonifera. Hawthorn #8 218 Crataegus uniflora. Dwarf Hawthorn (Dwf Hawthorn). 219 Crataegus viridis. Southern Thorn (S. Thorn). 222 Cytisus scoparius. Scoth Broom. 224 Decadon verticillatus.Swamp loosestrife. 225 Diervilla Lonicera. Bush Honeysuckle (Bsh Honeysukle). 228 Diospyros virginiana. Common Persimmon (Com Persimmon). 231 Dirca Palustris. Leatherwood. 234 Elaeagus angustifolia. Russian olive. 237 Epigaea repens. Ground laurel. 240 Euonymus spp. Euonymus, 241 Euonymus alatus. Winged Euonymus (Wing Euonymus). 242 Euonymus americanus. Strawberry Bush. 243 Euonymus atropurpureus. Burning Bush 246 Fagus grandifolia. American Beech, 247 Fagus sylvatica. European Beech. 249 Forsythia spp. Forsythia. 250 Forsythia suspensa. Forsythia. 251 Forsythia viridissima. Forsythia. 254 Fraxinus spp. Ash. 255 Fraxinus americana. White Ash. 256 Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Green Ash. 257 Fraxinus nigra. Black Ash. 260 Gaultheria procumbens. Wintergreen. 263 Gaylussacia spp. Huckleberry. 264 Gaylussacia baccata. Black huckleberry (Blk hucklebry). 265 Gaylu@sacia brachycera. Juniper Berry. 266 Gaylussacia dumosa. Dwarf huckleberry (Dwf Hucklebry). 267 Gaulussacia frondosa. Dangleberry. 270 Gleditsia triacanthos. Honey Locust. 273 Gymnocladus dioica. Kentucky Coffeetree (Ky Coffeetree). 276 Hamamelis virginiana. Witch-hazel. 279 Hedera Helix. English Ivy. _131- WOODY Plants - cont. 281 Hibiscus spp. Marsh Mallow. 282 Hibiscus syriacus. Rose-of-Sharon. 285 Hudsonia tomentosa. Beach heath. 288 Hydrangea arborsecens. Wild hydrangea. 291 Hypericum spp. St. John's-wort. 292 Hypericum densifolorum. St. John's-wort. (St John-wort). 293 Hypericum spathulatum. St. John's-wort. (St John-wort). 296 Ilex spp. Holly. 297 Ilex decidua. Possum Haw. 298 Ilex glabra. Inkberry. 299 Ilex laevigata. Winterberry. 300 Ilex montana. Mountain holly (Mtn Holly). 301 Ilex opaca. American Holly (Amer Holly). 302 Ilex verticillata. Black Alder. 305 Itea virginica. Tassel-white. 308 Iva frutescens. Low-tide bush. '311 Juglans spp. Juglans. 312 Juglans cinera. Butternut. 313 Juglans nigra. Black walnut. 316 Juglans communis. Common juniper. 317 Juniperus virginiana. Red cedar. 320 Kalmia spp. Laurel. 321 Kalmia angustifolia. Sheep-laurel. 322 Kalmia latifolia. Mountain laurel (Mtn laurel). 323 Leiophyllum buxifolum. Sand myrtle 325 Koelrenteria paniculata. Goldenrain-Tree (Goldenrn-Tree). 328 Larix laricina. American larch. 331 Laucotboe racemosa.Fetterbush. 334 Ligustrum spp. Privet. 335 Ligustrum obtusifolium. Privet. 336 Ligustrum ovalifolium.California Privet (Cal Privet). 337 Ligustrum vulgare. Common privet. 340 Lindera Benzoin. Blume Spicebush. (Blume Spicebsh) 343 Linnaea borealis. Twinflower. 346 Liquidambar styraciflua. Sweet gum. 349 Liriodendron rulipifera. Tulip tree. 352 Lonicera spp. Honeysuckle. 353 Lonicera canadensis. Fly-honeysuckl6 (Fly-honeysukl). 354 Lonicera dioica. Mountain honeysuckle (Mtn honysukl). 355 Lonicera japonica. Japanese honeysuckle (Jap honeysukl). 356 Lonicera Morrowi. Honeysuckle #1. 357 Lonicera sempervirens. Trumpet honeysuckle (Trump hnysukl). 358 Lonicera tatarica. Tartarian honeysuckle (Tarta hnysukl). 361 Lycium halimifolium. Matrimony vine. 364 Lyonia spp. Lyonia. 365 Lyonia ligustfina. Male-berry. 366 Lyonia mariana. Stagger bush. 369 Maclura pomifera. Osage orange. 372 Magnolia spp. Magnolia. -1 32- Woody Plants - cont. 373 Magnolia acuminata. Cucumber tree. 374 Magnolia tripetala. Umbrella Magnolia (Umbrella Mag). 375 Magnolia virginiana. Sweet Bay. 378 Menisperum canadense. Canadian Moonseed (Can Moonseed). 381 Menziesia pilosa. Minnie-bush. 384 Mitchella repens. Partridge berry (Partridge bry). 387 Morus spp. Mulberry. 388 Morus alba. White Mulberry. 389 Morus rubra. Red Mulberry. 392 Myrica spp. Myrica. 393 Myrica cerifera. Wax-myrtle. 394 Myrica pensylvanica. Bayberry. 397 Nemopanthus mucronata. Catberry. 400 Nyssa sylvatica. Black gum. 401 Opuntia humifusa-Prickly pear. 403 Ostrya virginiana. Hop Hornbeam. 406 Oxydendrum arboreum. Sorrel Tree. 409 Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Virginia Creeper (Va Creeper). 412 Paulownia tomentosa. Empress tree. 415 Persea Borbonia. Red Bay. 418 Philadelphus spp.Mock Orange. 419 Philadephus cor6narius. Garden Mock-orange (Gdn Mock-orng). 420 Philadelpbus hirsutus. Hairy Mock-orange (Hry Mock-orng). 421 Philadelphus inodorus. Common Mock-orange (Com Mock-orng). 422 Philadelphus pubescens. Gray Mock-orange (Gry Mock-orng). 425 Phoradendon flavescens. Mistletoe. 428 Physocarpus opulifolius. Ninebark. 431 Picea spp. Spruce. 432 Picea Abies. Norway Spruce. 433 Picea glauca. White Spruce. 434 Picea pungens. Blue Spruce. 435 Picea rubens. Red Spruce. 438 Pinus spp. Pine. 439 Pinus echinata. Yellow Pine. 440 Pinus resinosa. Red Pine. 441 Pinus rigida. Pitch Pine. 442 Pinus serotina., Marsh Pine. 443 Pinus strobus. White Pine. 444 Pinus sylvestris. Scotch Pine. 445 Pinus taeda. Loblolly Pine. 446 Pinus virginiana. Virginia Pine. 449 Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore. 452 Populus spp. Populus. 453 Populus alba. White poplar. 454 Populus canescens. Gray poplar. 455 . Populus deltoides. Eastern cottonwood (E.cottonwood). 456 Populus gileadenisis. Balm of Gilead (Gilead Balm). 457 Populus grandidentata. Large-tootbed aspen (Ig tooth aspen). 458 Populus heterophylla. Downy poplar. 459 Populus nigra. Black poplar. 460 Populus tremuloides. Trembling aspen. -133- Woody Plants - cont. 463 Prunus spp. Prunus. 464 Prunus alleghaniensis. Allegheny Plum (Allgny Plum). 465 Prunus americana. American Wild Plum (A Wild Plum). 466 Prunus angustifolia. Chickasaw Plum. 467 Prunus avium.Bird Cherry. 468 Prunus Cerasus. Sour Cherry. 469 Prunus Mahaleb. Mahaleb Cherry. 470 Prunus maritima. Beach Plum' 471 Prunus pensylvanica. Pin Ch;rry. 472 Prunus Persica. Peach. 473 Prunus serotina. Black Cherry. 474 Prunus virginiana. Choke Cherry. 477 Ptelea trifoliata. Water-ash. 480 Pyrus spp. Pyrus. 481 Pyrus americana. American mountain ash (Am mtn ash). 482 Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Wild crab. 483 Pyrus arbutifolia. Red chokeberry. 484 Pyrus communis. Common pear. 485 Pyrus coronaria. Wild crab. 486 Pyrus floribunda. Purple chokeberry (Pur chokeberry) 487 Pyrus Malus. Apple. 488 Pyrus melanocarpa. Black chokeberry (Blk chokeberry). 491 Quercus spp. Oak. 492 Quercus alba. White oak. 493 Quercus bicolar. Swamp white oak. 494 Quercus coccinea. Scarlet oak. 495 Quercus falcata. Southern red oak (S red oak). 496 Quercus ilicifolia. Scrub oak. 497 Quercus imbricaria. Shingle oak. 498 Quercus lyrata. Swamp post oak. 499 Quercus macrocarpa. Bur oak. 500 Quercus marilandica. Black Jack oak. 501 Quercus Michauxii. Basket oak. 502 Quercus Muchlenbergii. Ye Ilow oak. 503 Quercus nigra. Water oak. 504 Quercus palustris..Pin Oak. 505 Quercus Phellos. Willow,oak. 506 Quercus prino'ides. Chinquapin oak. 507 Quercus Prinus. Chestnut oak. 508 Quercus rubra. Red-oak. 509 Quercus Shumardii. Shumard's oak. 510 Quercus stellata. Post oak. 511 Quercu&velutina. Black.qak. 512 Quercus laurifolia. Laurel-leaved oak. 514 Rhamnus spp. Buckthorn. 515 Rhamnus cathartica. Common Buckthorn (Com Buckthorn). 516 Rhamnus frangula. European Buckthorn (Eur Buckthorn). 519 -Rhododendron spp. Rhododendron. -134- Woody Plants - cont. 520 Rhododendron arborescens. Smooth azalea. 521 Rhododendron atlanticum. Dwarf azalea. 522 Rododendron calendulaceum. Flame azalea. 523 Rhododendron canescens. Sweet azalea. 524 Rhododendron maximum. Rosebay. 525 Rhododendron nudiflorum. Pink azalea. 526 Rhododendron roseum. Mountain azalea (Mtn azalea). 527 Rhododendron vicosum. Swamp azalea. 529 Rhus spp. Rhus. 530 Rhus aromatica. Fragrant sumac. 531 Rhus copallina. Shining sumac. 532 Rhus glabra. Smooth sumac. 533 Rhus radicans. Poison Ivy. 534 Rhus toxicodendron. Poison Oak. 535 Rhus typhina. Staghorn sumac. 536 Rhus vernix. Poison sumac. 539 Ribes spp. Ribes 540 Ribes americanum. Black currant. 541 Ribes cynosbati. Dogberry. 542 Ribes glandulosum. Skunk currant. 543 Ribes rotundifolium. Eastern wild gooseberry (E. gooseberry). 546 Robinia spp. Locust. 547 Robinia hispida. Bristly Locust. 548 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia. Black Locust. 551 Rosa spp. Rose 552 Rosa canina. Dog Rose. 553 Rosa carolina. Low Pasture Rose (L Pasture Rose). 554 Rosa eglanteria. Sweet Brier. 555 Rosa multiflora. Multiflora Rose (Multiflr Rose). 556 Rosa palustirs. Swamp Rose. 557 Rosa virginiana. Pasture Rose. 560 Rubus spp. Raspberry 561 Rubus argutus. Tall blackberry (Tall bkberry). 562 Rubus allegheniensis. Allegheny blackberry (Allgny bkberry). 563 Rubus cuneffolius. Sand blackberry (Sand bkberry). 564 Rubus Eusleuii. Southern dewberry (S. dewberry). 565 Rubus flagellaris. Northern dewberry (N. dewberry). 566 Rubus hispidus. Swamp dewberry. 567 Rubus occidentalis. Wild Black raspberry (Blk raspberry). 568 Rubus odoratus'. Purple-flowering raspberry. 569 Rubus ostryifolius. Dewberry. 570 Rubus pensilvanicus. Blackberry #1. 571 Rubus phoenicolasius. Wineberry. 572 Rubus ideas strigosus. Maximum Red raspberry (Max red rsberry). 575 Salix spp. Willow. 576 Salix alba. White Willow. 577 Salix babylonica. Weeping willow. 578 Salix Bebbiana. Bebb's willow. 579 Salix capra. Goat willow. 580 Salix caroliniana. Ward's willow. 581 Salix discolor. Pussy willow. 582 Salix fragilis. Crack willow. 583 Salix hispida. Bristly crier. 584 Salix humilis. Upland willow. . -11r.- Woody Plants - cont, 585 Salix interior. Sandbar willow. 586 Salix lucida. Shining willow. 587 Salix nigra. Black willow. 588 Salix pentandra. Bay-leaf willow (Bay-lf willow). 589 Salix purpurea. Purple willow. 590 Salix rigida. Heart-leaf willow (Heart-If willow). 591 Salix sericea. Silky willow. 594 Sambucus spp. Elder. 595 Sambucus canadensis. Common elder. 596 Sambucus pubens. Red-berry Elder (Red-bry Elder). 599 Sassafras albidum. White Sassafras (Wt Sassafras). 602 Smilax spp. Smilax. 603 Smilax Bona-nox. Bullbrier. 604 Smilax glauca. Sawbrier. 605 Smilax laurifolia. Laurel-leaf brier (Laurl If brier).. 606 Smilax rotunfifolia. Common greenbrier (Com greenbrier). 609 Solanum Dulcamara. Bittersweet. 612 Spiraea spp. Spiraea. 613 Spiraea alba. Narrow-leaved Meadow Sweet (Nr-lv Md-Sweet). 614 ',.Spiraea cotymbosa. Corymed Spiraea. 615 Spiraea japonica. Japanese spirea (Jap spirea). 616 Spiraea latifolia. American Meadow Sweet (Am Md-Sweet). 617 Spiraea tomentosa. Steeple-bush. 620 Staphylea trifolia. American bladderunut (A. bladdernut). 621 Styrax grandifolia. Storax. 623 Symphoricarpos spp. Symphoricarpos 624 Symphoricarpos alba. Snowberry. 625 Symphoricarpos-,.orbiculatus..Coralberry- 628 Symplocos tinctoria. Horse-sugar. 631 Syringa spp. Lilac. 632 Syringa Persica. Persian lilac. 633 Syringa vulgaris. Lilac. 636 Taxodium distichum. Baldcypress. 639 Thuja occidentalis. N. white cedar. 642 Tilia spp. 643 Tilia americana. Basswood. 644 Tilia heterophylla. White Basswood. 647, Tsuga canaden*sis. Hemlock. 650 Ulmus spp. Elm. 651 Ulmus americana. American elm. 652 Ulmus parvifolia. Chinese elm. 653 Ulmus procera. English elm. 654 Ulmus pumila. Siberian elm. 655 Ulmus rubra..Red elm. 658 Vaccinium. spp. Vaccinium. 659 Vaccinium angustifolium. Low sweet blueberry (Lo swt blubry). 660 Vaccinium atrococcum. Black High-bush blueberry (Bk hi-bsh bbry). 661 Vaccinium caesariense. Jersey blueberry (Jsy blubry). 662 Vaccinium corymbosum. High-bush blueberry (hi-bsh-blubry). 663 Vaccinium macrocarpon. American cranberry (A. cranberry). -136- Woody Plant s - cont. 664 Vaccinium. myrtilloides. Canadian Blueberry (Can blueberry) 665 Vaccinium. Oxycoccos. Small cranberry (Sml cranberry). 666 Vaccinium. stamineum. Deerberry. 667 Vaccinium. vacillans. Low blueberry. 670 Viburnum spp. Viburnum. 671 Viburnum acerifolium. Maple-leved viburnum (Maple-lv vib) 672 Viburnum alnifolium. Hobblebush. 673 Viburnum cassinoides. Witberod. 674 Viburnum dentatum. Southern Arrow-wood (S. Arrow-wood). 675 Viburnum Lentago. Nannyberry. 676 Viburnum nudum. Possum-haw. 677 Viburnum prunifolium. Black haw. 678 Viburnum Rafinesquianum. Downy Arrow-wood (Downy Arrow-wd). 679 Viburnum recognitum. Smooth Arrow-wood (Smth Arrow-wd). 682 Vitex Agnus-castus. Chaste tree. 685 Vitis spp. Grape. 686 Vitis aestivalis. Summer grape. 687 Vitis Labrusca. Fox grape. 688 Vitis riparia. Frost grape. 689 Vitis rotundifolia. Muscadine grape (Muscadine grp). 690 Vitis rupestris. Sugar grape. 691 Vitis vulpina. Winter grape. 694 Wisteria spp. Wisteria. 695 Wisteria floribunda. Wisteria #1. 696 Wisteria frutescens. Wisteria #2. 697 Wisteria sinesis. Sweet Wisteria. -137- HERBACEOUS PLANTS 705 Acorus calamus. Sweet Flag. 708 Agropyron spp. Couch Grass #1. 709 Agropyron repens. Couch grass #2. 712 Agrostis spp. Agrostis. 713 Agrostis hyemalis. Rough Hair grass (Rg Hair grass). 716 Alisma spp. Water Plantain #1 (Watr Plantan 1). 717 Alisma plantago-aquatica. Water Plantain #2 (Watr Plantan 2). 720 Allium. spp. Garlic. 721 Ambrosia spp. Ragweed. 723 Ammophila arenaria. Sand reed. 725 Andropogon spo. Beard Grass. 726 Andropogon Blue Stem grass (Blue Stem grass). 727 Andropogon ftrcatus. Forked Beard-grass (Frk Berd grass). 728 Andropogon glomeratus. Bushy Beard-grass (Bsy Berd grass). 729 Andropogon scoparius. Little blue-stem (Ul blue stem). 730 Andropogon ternarius. Silvery Beard-grass (Slv Berd grass). 731 Andropogon virginicus. Virginia Beard Grass (Va Beard Grass). 734 Anthoxanthm 6pp. Vernal grass #1. 735 Anthoxanthum odoratum. Vernal grass #2. 738 Arisaema sp. Jack-in-the-pulpit (Jk-n-th-plpit). 739 Arisaema triphyllum. Jack-in-the-pulpit (ick-n-th-plpit). 742 Aristida spp. Three-awn. 743 Ari stida odoratum. Poverty Grass. 744 Asclepias spp. Milkweed. 747 Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus. 750 Asplenium felix-femina. Lady Fern. 751 Asplenium platyneuron. Ebony Spleenwort (Ebony SpInwort). 752 Aster spp Wild aster. 754 Botrychium ternatum. Grape fern. 755 .....,.Botrychium virginianum. Virginia Grape fern (Va Grape fern). 758 Bromus @pp. Brome-grass. 761 Carex spp.. Carex. 764 Cenchrus tribuloides. Bur-grass. 765 Ceratophyllum spp. Coontail., 767 Chaetochloa spp. Foxtail grass. 770 Chamaelirium spp-Blazing star #1. 771 Chamaelirium luteum. Blazing star #2. 772 Chimaphila maculata. Spotted wintergreen. (Spottd wintrgrn). 774 Chrosperma spp. Fly poison #1. 775 Chrosperma muscaetoxicum. Fly poison #2. 776 Ciraea quadrisulcata. Enchanters nightshade. (Ench nitshade). 778 Commelina spp. Day flower. 781 Corallorhiza spp. Coral-foot. 782 Corallorhiza multiflora. Large Coral-foot (Lg Coral ft). 785 Crypripedium.spp. Ladies Slipper. 788 Cyperus spp. Cyperus. 791 Cypripedium acaule. M@ccasin Flower (Mocasin Flwr). 794 Danthonia spp. Wild Oat-grass. 795 Daucus carota. Wild carrot. Source: Shreve, 1910 and Britton and Brown, 1963 -138- Herbaceous Plants cont. 796 Datura spp. Jimson weed. 797 Dioscorea Villosa .Yam root. 800 Distichlis spicata. Marsh Spike grass (Mrsh spk grass). 803 Dryopteris acrostichoides. Christmas Fern. 804 Dryopteris marginalis. Marginal Shield Fern (Margn SId Fern). 805 Cryopteris noveboracensis. New York Fern. 806 Dryopteris intermedia. American Shield-fern (Am Shield fern). 809 Dulichium arundinaceum. Dulichium. 812 Eleocharis spp. Spike Rush. 815 Elymus spp. Wild Rye. 818 Equisetumarvense. Field Horsetail (Field Horsetl). 819 Equisetum byemale. Scouring-rush. 822 Ergrostis spp. Love Grass. 825 Erianthus spp. Plume Grass #1. 826 Erianthus saccharoides. Plume Grass #2. 829 Eriocaulon spp. Pipewort #1. 830 Eriocaulon septangulare. Pipewort #2. 833 Eriophorum spp. Cotton-grass. 834 Eriophorum virginicum. Virginia Cotton-grass (Va Coton grass). 837 Erythronium spp. Adder's Tongue. 840 Festuca spp. Fescue. 843 Fimbristylis spp. Fimbristylis. 844 Fragaria spp. Strawberry. 846 Fuirena spp. Fuirena 847 Galium spp. Bedstraw. 848 Glyceria spp. Manna Grass. 849 Gyrostuchys spp.Ladies Tresses. 852 Habenaria spp. Orchis. 855 Hemerocallis fulva. Day Lily. 858 Heteranthera spp. Mud Plantain. 859 Heteranthera dubia. Water Star grass (Watr Star gras). 862 Homalocenchrus spp. White grass. 865 Hordeum spp. Barley. 868 Hypoxis hirsuta. Star grass. 871 Hystrix hystrix. Bottle-brusb grass (Botle-brsb Grs). 872 Impatiens spp. Jewel-weed. 874 Iris spp. Iris. 875 Iris versicolor. Large Blue-flag (Lg Blue-flag). 878 Isoetes saccharata. Quillwort. 881 Juncus spp. Bulrush. 884 Lemna minor. Duckweed. 885 Lepedeza spp. Bush Clover. 887 Lilium spp. Red lily. 888 Lilium canadense. Wild Yellow Lily (Wld Yelow Lily). 891 Limodorum tuberosum. Grass-pink. 894 Liparis liliifolia. Large Tway blade (Lg Tway blade). 897 Lolium spp. Lolium. 900 Lorinseria areolata. Net-veined Chair-fern (Nt-vnd-Chn-fern). 903 Lycopodium complanatum. Crow-foot. 904 Lycopodium inundatum. Bog Club-moss. 905 Lycopodium obscurum. Ground Pine #1. -139- Herbaceous Plants - cont. 906 Lycopodium tristachyum. Ground Pine #2. 909 Malaxis uniflora. Green Adders mouth (Grn Aders moth). 912 Mariscus mariscoides. Twig Rush. 915 Medeola virginiana. Indian Cucumber-root (Idn Cucumbr rt). 918. Melanthium spp. Bunch flower #1. 919 Melanthium latifolium. Crisped Bunch flower (Crsp Bneh flwr). .920 Melanthium virginicum. Bunch flower #2 (Bunch flowr #2). 921 Monotropa spp. Pine sap. 922 Mentha spp. Spearmint. 923 Muhlenbergia spp. Dropseed grass. 926 Najas spp. Naiad. 927. Najas flexilis. Pondweed. 928 Najas gracillima. Tbread-like Najas (Thrd-lke-Najas). 929 Nuphar spp. Water lilly (yellow) (Ywl wt lilly). 930 Nyphaea spp. Fragrant water lilly (Frgnt wt lilly). 931 Onoclea sensibilis. Sensitive Fern. 934 Ophioglossum spp. Adders Tongue #1 (Aders Tongue 1). 935 Ophioglossum vulgatum. Adders Tongue #2 (Aders Tongue 2). 936 Opuntia humifusa. Prickly pear. 938 Orchis spectabilis. Showy Orcbis. 941 Orontium. aquaticum. Golden club. 944 Osmunda cinnamomea. Cinnamon Fern. 945 Osmunda claytoniana. Interrupted Fern (Interupt Fern). 946 Osmunda regalis. Royal Fern. 952 Panicum spp. Panic Grass. 953 Panicum agrostidiforme. Narrow-leaved Panic Grass (Nw-lv Panic Gs). 954 Panicum capillare. Witch grass. 955 Panicum crus-galli. Cockspur Grass. 956 Panicum. dichotomum. Narrow Panicum (Nrw Panic). 957 Panicum. microcarpon. Barbed Panic-grass (Barb Panic gs). 960 Paspalum. spp. Paspalum. 961 Paspalum florldanum. Florida Paspalum (Flord Paspalum). 962 Paspalum laeve. Field Paspalum. 965 Peltandra virginica. Arrow-arum. 968 Peramium pubescens. Rattlesnake Plantain (Rtlesnk Platan). 971 Phalaris spp. Phalaris. 972 Phalaris arundinacea. Reed Canary Grass (Rd. Cnry Grass). 973 Phalaris canariensis. Canary Grass. 976 Phegopteris phegopteris. Long Beech Fern (Lng Beech Fern). 979 Philotria spp. Water-weed #1. 980 Philotria canadensis. Water-weed #2. 983 Phleum prantense. Timothy. 986 Phragmites australis. Reed grass. 988 Phytolacca americana. Pokeweed 989 Poa spp. Poa. 990 Padophyllum peltatum. May Apple. 992 Pogonia spp. Pogonia. 995 Polygonatum biflorum. Solomons Seal. 996 Polygonum spp.-Smartweed. 998 Polypogon spp. Polypogon. 999 Polypogon monspeliensis. Beard-grass. 1000 Polystichum. acrostichoides. Christmas Fern. -140- Herbaceous Plants - cont. 1002 Pontederia cordata. Pickerel-weed. 1005 Potamogeton spp. Pondweed #1. 1006 Potamogeton crispus. Pondweed #2. 1067 Potamogeton diversifolius. Pondweed #3. 1008 Potamogeton lonchites. Pondweed #4. 1009 Potamogeton mysticus. Pondweed #5. 1010 Potamogeton natans. Pondweed #6 1011 Potamogeton nuttallii. Pondweed*#7. 1012 Potamogeton pectinatus. Pondweed'#8. 1013 Potamogeton perfoliatus. Pondweed #9. 1014 Potamogeton pulcher. Pondweed #10. 1017 Pteridum aquilinum. Bracken Fern; 1020 Ruppia maritima. Tassel Pondweed (Tasel Pondweed). 1023 Rynchospora spp. Beaked-rush. 1024 Rynchospora alba. White Beaked-rush (Wt Beakd-rush). 1025 Rynchospora corniculata. Horned Rush. 1028 Sagittaria spp. Arrow-head #1. 1029 Sagittaria engelmanniana. Arrow-head #2. 1030 Sagittaria graminea. Arrow-head #3. 1031 Sagittaria lancifolia. Lance-leaved Arrow-head (Lance lv Ar hd). 1032 Sagittaria latifolia. Arrow-head #4. 1033 Sagittaria subulata. Arrow-head #5. 1034 Saururus cernuus. Lizard tail. 1036 Scirpus spp. Club-rush. 1039 Scleria spp. Nut Rush. 1042 Selaginella apus. Creeping Selaginella (Creep Sela). 1045 Sisyrinchium spp. Blue-eyed grass (Blu-eyed grass). 1046 Sisyrinchium graminoides. Stout Blue-eyed g .rass (St Blu-eyd gras). 1047 Smilacina racemosa.False Solomon Seal(Fls Solmn Seal). 1048 Solidago spp. Goldenrod. 1052 Spathyema foetida. Skunk cabbage. 1054 Sphagnum spp. Sphagnum. 1055 Sphenopholis spp. Eatons grass. 1058 Spirodela polyrhiza. Greater Duckweed (Crt Duckweed). 1061 Stenophyllus capillaris. Hair-like Stenophyllus (Hr-like Stenop). 1064 Syntherisma spp. Finger grass #I(Finger gras 1). 1065 Syntherisma Ischaemum. Small Crab-grass (Sm Crab-grass). 1066 Syntherisma sanguinale. Finger-grass #2 (Finger gras 2). 1068 Thalictrum spp. Meadow Rue. 1069 Tipularia unifolia. Crane-fly Orchis (Crn-fly orchis). 1072 Tradescantia virginiana. Spiderwort. 1075 Trillium spp. Wake-robin. 1078 Tripsacum dactyloides. Gama Grass. 1081 Typha angustifolia. Cat-tail #1. 1082 Typha latifolia. Cat-tail #2. 1083 Urtica spp. Stinging Nettle. (Stinging Nettl), 1085 Uniola spp. Uniola. 1086 Uniola latifolia. Broad-leaved Spike grass (Bd-lvd Spk grs).. 1087 Uniola laxa.'Slender Spike grass (S1 Spike grass). 1089 Utricularia spp. Bladderwort. 1090 Uvularia spp. Bellwort. 1093 Vallisneria americana. Tape grass. 1094 Vallisneria spiralis. Tape grass #2. -1 LA Herbaceous Plants - cont. 1096 Veratrum viride. American White Hellebore (Am Wt Helebore). 1097 Viola spp. Violet. 1098 Woodwardia areolata. Netted Chain Fern. (Nettd Chan Frn). 1099 Xyris spp. Yellow-eyed Grass. 1102 Zizania aquatica. Wild Rice. Addenda 295 Ilex coreacea. Large Gallberry (Large Balberry). 607 Smilax walterec. Redberried Greenbrier. 680 Viburnum rufidulum. Rusty blackhaw. 757 Bidens spp. Beggars Tick. 816 Ep*,fagga.virg#iana. Beechdrops. 839 Eupetorium spp. Joe Pyeweed. 848 Glyceria spp. Manna-grass. 850 Goodyera pubescens. Rattlesnake plaintain (Ratlsnk plantn). 867 Hypericum spp. St. John's Wort. 896@ Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal Flower. 907 Lycopsis spp. Water horehound. 908 Lycopodium. lucidulum. Shining club moss. 916 Mikania Scandens. Climbing Lemp. 924 Myriophyllum spp. Water Mill foil. 1001 Polymnia uvedalia. Large flowered leaf-cup. 1935 Sarracenia spp. Pitcher plant. 1043 Sium spp. Water parsnip. 1044 Setaria spp. Foxtail grass. 1067 Thalypterus palustris. Marsh fern. 1071 Tracaulon spp. Tear-Thumb. 1201 Unknown fern. 1202 Unknown grass. 1203 Unknown sedge. 1204 Unknown herb. I m m am @ an m m on Im ow w m so an m m ow me w MAMMALS Mammal identification numbers are always preceeded by the number 5 MAMMALS 001 Blarina brevicauda. Short tail shrew. 002 Castor canadensis. Beaver. 003 Clethrionomys gapperi. Red-backed vole. 004 Condylura cristata. Star nosed mole. 005 Cryptotis parva. Least shrew. 006 Didelphis marsupialis. Opossum. 007 Glaucomys volans. Flying squirrel. 008 Lutra canadensis. River otter. 009 Lynx rufus. Bobcat. 010 Mephitis mephitis. Striped skunk. Oil Microtus pennsylvanicus. Meadow vole. 012 Mus musculus. House mouse. 013 Mustela frenata. Long tail weasel. 014 Mustela vison. Mink. 015 Odocoileus virginianus. White tailed deer (wh tailed deer). 016 Ondatra zibethicus. Muskrat. 017 Oryzomys palustris. Rice rat. 018 Peromyscus leucopus. White footed mouse (wh footed mouse). 019 Pitymys pinetorum. Pine mouse. 020 Procyon lotor. Raccoon. 021 Scalopus:aquaticus. Common mole. 022 Sciurus carolinensis. Gray squirrel. 023 Sciurus niger. Fox squirrel. 024 Sorex cinereus. Masked shrew. 025 Sylvilagus floridanus. Eastern Cottontail (E. Cottontail). 026 Tamias striatus. Eastern chipmunk 027 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Red squirrel. 028 Urocyon cinereoargenteus. Gray fox. 029 Ursus americanus. Black bear. 030 Vulpes fulva. Red fox. 031 Zapus hussonius. Meadow jump mouse (Meadw jump mouse). 032 Marmota monax. Woodchuck. 999 Unknown. Source: Smithsonian Institute, 1974 -145- ------------------------------------ - - w0 CDI m m m m @ m m- m m w m w m m w m m M: BIRDS Bird identification numbers are always preceeded by the number 6* Green Heron 201 Purple Martin 611 Hooded Warbler 684 Mallard 132 Blue Jay 477 House Sparrow 688 Wood Duck 144 Common Crow 488 E. Meadowlark 501 Turkey Vulture 325 Car. Chickadee 736 R-w. Blackbird 498 Red-shd. Hawk 339 House Wren 721 North. Oriole 507 Sparrow Hawk 360 Tuft. Titmouse 731 Orchard Oriole 506 Bob White. 280 Carolina Wren 718 Cmmn. Grackle 511 Killdeer 273 Mockingbird 703 Br.-h. Cowbird 495 Rock Dove 313 Catbird 704 Scarlet Tanager 608 Mourning Dove 316 Brown Thrasher 705 Cardinal 593 Yell-Bill Cuckoo387 Robin 761 Blue Grosbeak 597 Screech Owl 373 Wood Thrush 755 Indigo Bunting .598 Whip-poor-will 417 E. Bluebird(Box)766 Am. Goldfinch 529 Chimney Swift 423 Bluebird(Cavity)766 Ruf.-S. Towhee 587 R.-thr. Hummer 428 B-grGnatcatcher 751 Chipping Sparrow 560 B. Kingfisher 390 Starling 493 Field Sparrow 563 Y.-Sh. Flicker 412 W. -eye Vireo 631 Song Sparrow 581 Pileated Wdpkr. 405 R.-eye Vireo 624 B & W Warbler 636 Hairy Woodpkr. 393 Parula Warbler 648 Pine Warbler 671 Downy Woodpkr. 394 Prairie Warbler 673 Ovenbird 674 E. Kingbird 444 La. Waterthrush 676 Kent. Warbler 677 Gr.-cr. Flycat 452 Yellowthroat 681 Y. Br. Chat 683 E. Phoebe 456 Woodcock 228 Cedar Waxwing 619 Acadian Flycat. 465 Spot. Sandpiper 263 Yel. Thr. Vireo 628 Wood Pewee 461 Bl.-B. Cuckoo 388 Warbling Vireo 627 Barn Swallow 613 Barn Owl 365 Prothonotary W. 637 Pied.-b. Grebe 006 Gr.Horned Owl 375 Worm-eating W. 639 Gr. Blue Heron 194 Barred Owl 368 Yellow Warbler 652 Least Bittern 191 Chuck-will-wdow 416 Cerulean Warb. ' 658 Canada Goose 172 Rd.Hded.Woodpkr 406 Yel.-thr. Warbler 663 Black Duck 133 Alder Flycatchr 801 Am. Redstart 687 Blue-wing Teal 140 WillowFlycatcbr 466 Summer Tanager 610 Hded. Merganser 131 Least Flycatchr 467 Grasshopper Sp. 546 Black Vulture 326 Horned Lark 474 Vesper Sparrow 540 Cooper's Hawk 333 Tree Swallow 614 Savannah Sp. 542 Red-tailed Hawk 337 Bank Swallow 616 Henslow Sparrow 547 Brd.-wing Hawk 343 Rgh-w. Swallow 617 Swamp Sparrow 584 Osprey 364 Cliff Swallow 612 House Finch 519 W.-Br. Nuthatch 727 Fish Crow 490 R. neck Pheas't 309 Veery 756 King Rail 208 Brown Creeper 726 Great Egret 196 Virginia Rail 212 Bald Eagle 800 Snowy Egret 197 Rd-bellied Wdpkr409 Blck.Crn.Nt. Herqn202 La. Heron 199 Ltle. Blue Heron200 Am. Bittern 190 Cattle Egret 198 Source: Chandler Robbin.s, Patuxent Wildlife Research Station *Additional species sighted were assigned numbers according to the A.O.U. List of Species Numbers and Recommended Band Sizes. -149- L m m m mm m m M--M MM M M M = mmmm Herptofauna identification numbers are always REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS preceeded by the number 7 TURTLES 080 Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille). Common Musk Turtle (Musk Turtle) 081 Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (Lacepede). Common Mud Turtle (Mud Turtle). 082 Cbelydra serpentina serpentina (Linne). Snapping Turtle. 083 Clemmys guttata (Schneider). Spotted Turtle. 084 Clemmys mublenbergii (Schopf). Muhlenberg's Turtle (Muhlenberg Turtl). 085 Terrapene carolina carolina (Linne). Common Box Turtle (Box Turtle). 086 Malaclemys terrapin terrapin (Schopf). Northern Diamond-backed Terrapin (N Di-bk Terrapin). 087 Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur). Common Map Turtle (Map Turtle. 088 Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider). Eastern Painted Turtle (E Painted' Turtle). 089 Pseudemys rubriventris rubriventris (Le Conte). Red-bellied Terrapin (Rd-bely Terrapin). SALAMANDERS 001 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin). Hellbender. 002 Triturus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque. Common Newt. 003 Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Spotted Salamander (Spot Salamander). 004 Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst). Marbled Salamander (Marbl Salamander). 005 Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Green). Eastern Tiger Salamander (E Tiger Salamand). 006 Desmognathus fuscus fuscus (Rafinesque). Northern Dusky Salamander (N Dusky Salamand). 007 Plethodon cinereus cinereus (Green). Red-backed Salamander (Rd-back Salamand). .008 Plethoden glutinosus glutinosus (Green). Slimy Salamander. 009 Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel). Four-toed Salamander (4-toed Salamand), 010' Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird. Baird's Red Salamander (Baird Rd Salamand). Oll Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini). Red Salamander. 012 Eurycea bislineata (Green). Northern Two-lined Salamander (N 2-line Salamand). 013 Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green). Long-tailed Salamander (Long-tail Salamand). Source: Conant, 1945 -153- Reptiles and Amphibians - cont. FROGS AND TOADS 020 Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii (Harlan). Spadefoot Toad. 021 Bufo terrestris americanus Holbrook. American Toad. 022 Bufo woodhousii fowleri Hinckley. Fowler's Toad. 023 Acris crepitans Baird. Cricket Frog. 024 Pseudacris nigrita triseriata (Wied). Chorus Frog. 025 Hyla cinerea (Schneider). Green Tree Frog. 026 Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied. Northern Spring Peeper (N Spring Peeper). 027 Hyla versicolor versicolor Le Conte. Common Tree Frog. 028 Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Bull Frog. 029 Rana clamitans Latreille. Green Frog. 030 Rana palustris Le Conte. Pickerel Frog. 031 Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog. 032 Rana sylvatica sylvatica Le Conte. Wood Frog. 033 Rana virgatip6s Cope. Carpenter Frog. SNAKES 040 Carphophis amoena amoena (Say). Eastern Worm Snake (E Worm Snake). 041 Diadophis punctatus (Linne). Ring-necked Snake (Ring-neck Snake). 042 Heterodon contortrix contortrix (Linne). Common Hog-nosed Snake (Hog.-nosed Snake). 043 Opheodrys aestivus (Linne). Keeled Green Snake (Keel Green Snake). 044 Coluber constrictor constrictor(Linne). Black Snake. 045 Elaphe guttata (Linne). Corn Snake.. 046 Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say). Pilot Black Snake (Pilot Bl Snake). 047 Lampropeltis getulus getulus (Linne). Common King Snake (King Snake). 048 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede). Common Milk Snake (Milk Snake). 049 Lampropeltis triangulum temporalis (Cope). Coastal Plain Milk Snake. (Cstl PI Milk Snk). 050 Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbachj. Scarlet Snake. 051 Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster (Forster). Red-bellied Water Snake. (Rd-bely Water Snk)'. 052 Natrix scptemvittata (Say). Queen Snake. 053 Natrix sipedon (Linne). Common Water Snake (Water Snake). 054 Storeria dekayi dekayi (Holbrook). Dekay's Snake. 055 Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer). Red-bellied Snake (Red-bellied Snk). 056 Haldea valeriae (Baird and Girard). Eastern Ground Snake (E Ground Snake). 057 Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Linne). Eastern Ribbon Snake (Ribbon Snake). 058 Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linne). Common Garter Snake (Garter Snake). 059 Agkistrodon mokeson mokeson (Daudin). Northern Cooperhead (N Copper- head). -154- LIZARDS 070 Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Green). Common Swift. 071 Lygosoma laterale (Say). Brown-backed Skink (Br-backed Skink). 072 Eumeces fasciatus (Linne). Blue-tailed Skink (Blu-ta-iled Skink). 073 Eumeces laticeps (Schneider). Large-headed Skink (Large-head Skink). -155- MhL I 'A im on= NEW= IL M A R YLAND STRE AM CLASSIFI-CATION, Natural Resources Inventory, Department of Research and Education., Solomons, Md. C ode Strea-m' i., Ldth Depth Temp.. 17ater.Quality Bottom Flow Volume Characteristic Shade and Cover Else. Characters No. Class Forms DACE 01 Very Cool Usually clea'r 'Boul- Little Little Blacknose Dace Usually has- Extreme upper TRiCXLE to Shan= clean water ders some forest cov- reaches of =st except in Gravel er but may have strea.-o. spring Sand n on e 2 TROUT 31 Shall(r.7 Cold Clear, clean Rubble Medium Little Trout* Mudd- Moderate shades, 'Watet volume not FEEDER to water to to lers &" Creek insufficient &reat enough to 7 gravel Medium Chubs stream cover for support legal sized la:rge fish trout popu., 3 TROUT 51 Shallow Cold Clear, clean Rubble Med1ji'm Medium Trout,'Iadd- Moderate am1t With tTout feeder ST?2U' and Tiith water to to to , lers, River & of shade, streams :CLowin.-, -4-v over pools gravel Yod.. Mod. Creek Chubs cover for fish main axis SUC-M 31 L'Pdium Cool Intermediate Sand Medium M ledium Common Sucker Lack shade and Has characteristics 4 _ - I Ln STRFAM to may carry and Common cover of trout stream and 201 silt at times gravel Shiner may fall below 5 BASS 101 Shallow Cool Clear to Sand ?L-dium. Medium Smallmouth Medium amo@ t Insufficient vol=-e un FEEDER and with slightly tui- and Bass, Cray- of shade and of water to suoport 07er, pools bid"vrater gravel fish & Mussels ccrrer bgal popu. of bass 6 PASS 201 I!ediu--,- Cool Clear to Sand Mod. Mb d . Smallmouth Medium a7ouant Sufficient vol=a STREAM an d iTith slightly tur-w Bass, Chubs, shade & mod. and deep pools over pools bid water & Crayfish an't of cover 7 C=,,EL 201 Mod. Cool Dark turbid Muck.$ Medium Medium Chain Pickerel Moderate shade Aquatic vegetation, s- to Sunfish, Crap- and cover serves as ., RE, ard with to waters sand stream PI over pools Warm slow pie & Golden cover 8 BULL" 201 Medium Warm Turbid Water' Mhd Little Medium Bullheads and Medium shade a-id Only occasional HEAD to to and to to var2ety of cover pools STREITJ 509 Cool muck Medium Little Sunfishes CATFISH 701 Mod, Cool Turbid Water Mud Medium Medium Catfish, Bull- Medium shade Frequent deep pool-- 9 STREW11 -and to Sand and heads & vari- and cover over Warm Gravel Mod, ety of pan- fishes C.*P 701 Yedilra Warm Luddy so-M e- 1@ud ' Medium Little Carp, Sunfi&es Little shade Characterized by 10 S TIRZ0 and to times highly and to L Catfish in and cmer only a Tv,,r species over Mod. turbid water muck Ifedium iror7inal areas of fish present ___ - I - I k1ledium to d_ 5 Yadiw, Warm Seasonally Sand Slow L!adium Var-ety of S ise sha& Shallow to deep STRZU md; claar and 16af-k tv f r a "_@ 'In 11 -',Inld Iiti'Ae Ichannels with bars maddlyj* more Peat. Madiu-ni salt@Tater stream ccwe@@ or less forms -brackish ATLANTIC OCEAN DRAINAGE AND POCOMOKE RIVER WATERSHED S-rREAM CLASSIPICATION (STANpAptp FOR MAFZYI-AMV>) PAC2- TRIr-KLF- TROUT FE-L-ocrik %..00, -3- *rF?,OU-r STVr@-AM 4 t2ELAWARJE=@@ L11 4- SUCKIEft STREAM MA--5 F-ez-PC-P, STRIE-Am 0 5ULLWE-AP S-rROAM 4 cl C-^TFISH STF-reAM 10- C- A Ft IP S T' lit RA M 4 I(- T I P A L s-r re r--A M I I AY '5T REAMS 1-jorr (foPg,:o AR-*@ CODE- I Ocm^r4 I 7 0 sLr IL OD.7 41 0 k Aral L) L-L J-* 4v fl il 0 10, MA19Z@,(LNtjQ (LP,tjCp q 0 IN MlLe5 APAPTL-r,> FF-OM'- tQ^7UP.@AL fZES0(JKCF--S IN'\laN-r0P-y PL-FARTMe"T' or RESEARCH ANr> r-puc^TION S,OL-omotos) MAXYL-AND -160- EASTERN BAY AREA AND CHESTER RIVER WATERSHED "0 01/ 4 WN '7 in, - '17 .00 A ZI < till 4@w 2 10 4 CL 4- i o 1 1 4 5 d?u& '-7k-Aj L 2-3 -7-1 LAAJAje IM M1 c S7REAM (2.LASSjF=jCAM0N SAY lp (srxtjDAJZD POP- MAIRYL-A") I I)AC-2 TP-le-KL-F- z TI;Lou-r peep!2-w -rpou-r STP@E-A%M sucKE-Z S-rPeA%M < 0 11 15 - 13AcSs FIRREPE-0 (, (.- ,^ss S'rP.SAM f 7 p IC STP -AM _rC_p EA51-0 N "0 C-^-rr- ism sT K CA m L9 to- e--,',.izp r L Sr p_oA 11 NOT c,oFa-DARE COPC= 51-(ZE-AMS U1, L@\,APAPTCRV FP-C)M* MATvP@AL P-l2S0\j9c-E-- JK1\/*lQT0P-Y (?P-FT. OF P.C-Sr=#4;-1cH AND F-DU(-A-r[ON I so 1-0 M 0 WS, rufa, $Zy LA N P -161- CHOPTANK AND BLACKWATER R.IVERS WATERSHEDS % 04 STREAM CLASSIFICATION (STANOokko F-02. MAAYLAtJz') I - PACE TPLICKL-E ?- -r P- o L., T na c- E) eF it 3- -rp-OUT S71RE-AM +- S U C- K 5:- R -zp'r IZ E A M 45- 13ASS FE E-VE I- BA%S 'STIRLTEAM PIC-KC-Pal- 5rizC-AM 15uL--HrAr) S-179,E-AM q- c-Ar F IS H s -rREA " to- CA 9@ p is-rpe^m -1-10A@L '5-rP.C-AM w 5T'jZC-AM5 NOT APF- r-oc>r= z < < d -11 < di I 'A, I I Ci OOR 's, 71 Pok Cc CAM RlDej 4 17 It Jp-;loop 1 4 5 0., +0/ C9 APAf7E-V FROM' OF @kNprr-.OoCATIO)Q I.-Om ONS, M^P,-rt.-ANJP -162- NANTICOKE AND WICOMIC-0 RIVERS WATERSHEDS Jf. 4 4 STKEAM CLASSIFICATION 4 if (s-rANppvtP FoN mAivYL^wv,) 4 I PACE TRICKLE 2- TROUT PEE-DER, *3 TKOUT STREAM 4- 5UCKER@ STREAM '7 5- OASS FEEPE-F, 4 (v - BASS S-rgaAM 7- Fl<-KIEREL ST-REAM 8- OULLWEAV 5TIZEAM ,q - CATFISW 5-rRE-AM 4 10- CAP-1- 5'rlZEAM 11 - TIPAL 5-rFt-eA%M ST WEAM5 NOT COVED ARE COPE 1, If t> EL.101. \AJ A, P@ r= M A RY 7 it 0 1 2 34 (1 CA>. IIf + 7 4 A A It 4p 1@1 G If .9 -A It .XI -L q, 'L,6ke- APAIP'rC-p P9-o m , <@ -1 NJN"rVP-,'tL FZL-SC>UACC-% lr@j\joN-roFty P6EPAlZTP-lelj-r OF gFSEpRrH P"D EDUC-A-moW NIAP@YLA@,jp -163- SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WAT,ERSHED p E ".N s 'Y L- k 10 1 A- CC-D. 4 4 4 H 4 HAV (D Z, C C? , 0 V0tfP-MlA R. A 4 6 SCALe IN M IL.C-S STREAM CLASSIFICAT-tON (STAINPAIRP rVK MAP-YI-ANP) I - PACG -rPlr-KLM 7-- rozou-r PeEzvr=p, Fit 4- SLjc ?<E-V, s-rPC-AM 5- 15AS5 FP-ePr--R m e5AISS VrRt-7AM P1 CKeIZEL 'S'rKr-Am 4@ j5UL-LHe-AP STR E@A M -P -r F ISH 'S -rF, eA M .4 73 7- C-A P:;Zom- rm 10- C@A R F S -r p- C- A r4 U NA-rVJLAL PLESOUJZCC-S INVENTORY 11 -riPAL STFL@AM j?r=pAq,-rmeNT oP gr-SC-AmCH,@2PL44krION 71 a STKEAMS NOT' ARe@ r-ope 1. SOL-Omo"sl MAJZ-fLANP SOILS UA7A Runoff Depth to Well Natural Potential Seasonal High Drained Erodibility Soil Soil Series Rating Water Table Soils Coefficient Group Aura B+ 20 ft. .43 B2 Barclay C 1 .24 F2 Bay@oro D 0 .43 F3 Beaches .17 A2 Bettsville C+ 1.5 .43 Ez Bertie C 0-1.5 .37 F3 Bibb D+ 0-1 .24 GZ Bladen D 0-1 .43 F3 Borrow pits D -- Bp Buttertown. C+ 1-2 .43 B2 Chillum C, + 5 .32 B2 Christiana B 5 .37 B3 Clay pits D -- Bp Coastal beach -- A2 Collington B 5 .28 Bi Downer B + 1 0 .28 Al Dragston C .28 F2 -167 Soils Data - Table Continued Runoff Depth to Well Natural Potential Seasonal High Drained Erodibility Soil eries Rating Water Table Soils Coefficient Group Soil S Elkton D+ 0-1 .43 F3 Evesboro B 10 .17 Al Fallsington D 0-1 .28 Fl Fort Mott B+ 5 .20 Al Gale stown B+. 5 .17 Al Gravel pits D Bp Johnston D 0 .43 G2 Keyport C 2 .43 Z2 Klej B 2 .17 E Lakeland B 5 .17, A Leon C 1 .17 F I Leonardtown Ej+ 0 .43 F3 Loamy & clay D .49 B3 land Made land -- Ma Matapeake B 5 .32 BI Matawan C 4. 2 .32 E2 Mattapex C+ 2 .37 E3 Mixed Alluvial D 0-1 .28 G 2 land Muck D 0 -- G2 -168- Soils Data - Table Continued Runoff Depth to Well Natural Potential Seasonal High Drained Erodibility Soil Soil Series Rating Water Table Soils Coefficient Group Norfolk B 10 .28 B2 Othello D+ 0-1 37 F3 Plummer D+ 0-1 .17 F Pocomoke D 0 .28 F 2 Portsmouth D 0 Z8 F3 Rumford B 5 .24 A1 Rutledge D 0 .17 FI Sandy land, D .49 Alc steep Sassafras B 5 .28 BI St. Johns D 0 .17 Fl Stony land D HIC Swamp D 0 G3 Tidal marsh D 0 -- G3 Woodstown C + 2 .28 El Source: USDA. Soil Conservation Service (Chiang 1971), Maryland Dept of State Planning 1973 Natural Soils Groups of Maryland. -169- k DIAL AAWAIL A ,,illy Im - -- --------------------- m mom m m boa= m WE TLAND WILDLIFE RATING Wetland Classes Dominance Richness 5 acre minimum Class -Class Rank 1. Open water 4,2 5 or more .3.0 2. Deep marsh 3 4 2.5 3. shallow marsh 7,6 3 2.0 4. Seasonally flooded flats 1,8 2 1.5 5. Meadow 5 1 1.0 6. Shrub swamp 7. Wooded swamp 8. Bog Size Rank 9. Very small - less than 10 acres 1.0 10. Small - 10-50 acres 1.5 11. Medium-sized - 51-100 acres 2.0 12. Large - 101-500 acres -2.5 13. Very large - greater than 500 acres 3.0 Site Types Cover Types Site_Types Rank 14. Upland-isolated 24 17,18,19 3.0 15. Upland-lakeside 23 2.5 16. Bottomland-isoladed 22,26 15,16 2.0 17. Bottomland-lakeside 20,21,25 1.5 18. Bottomland-streamside 27 14 1.0 .19. Bottomland-deltaic Cover Typ s 20. Cover occupies more than 95 percent of the wetland area. 21. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring in a peripheral band. 22.' Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring in dense patches or diffuse open stands. 23. Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring in a peripheral band. 24. Cover-occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring in dense patches or diffuse open stands. 25. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetlAnd area, occurring in a peripheral band. 26. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring in patches or diffuse open stands. 27. Coveroccupies less than 5 percent of wetland area. -173- Wetland Wildlife Categories cont. Surroun ding Habitat Tvves Habitats. Rank 28. Agricultural or-open land 2 or more of 29. Forest land 28,29,30 making 3.0 30. Salt marshes up more than 90% 31. Mining or waste disposal area 1 or more of 32. Urban land 28,29,30 making 2.0 33. Outdoor recreation facilities up 50-90% 1 or more of 28,29,30 making 1.0 up less than 50% Vegetative Interspersion T Rank 34. Type 1 1.0. 35. Type 2 2.0 ..36. Type 3 @.o Weeland JuxtaRosition 37. Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (different dom. class) or open water bodies within one mile. (or) Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (same dom. class) within 1/4@mile (or) Wetland greater than 500 acres, with three or more wetland classes (including deep marsh or shallow marsh). 38. Hydr ologically connected to other wetlands (different dom. class) or open water bodies from 1-3 miles away. (or) Within 1/2 mile of other wetlands.(differlent dom. class) or open water bodies, but not hydrologically connected). 39. All other possibilities. Rank 37 3.0 38 2.0 39 1.0 -174- WETLAND WILDLIFE RATING Col. Sig. Coeff. Rank Sub-score No, Class Richness x 5 1 16 [/1 Dominant Class 5 x 13 Size 5 x 14 Site Type 4 x ..16 Cover Type 18 ED 3 Surrounding Habitat 4 20 Agricultural or open 22 Forest 24 Salt Marsh 26 Mining, Waste disposal 28 Urban 30 Outdoor Recr'eation Vegetative Interspersion 3 32 Juxtapostion 2 34 TOTAL SCORE TOTAL SCORE 36 -175- CTASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF FRESHWATER WETLANDS AS WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE GLACIATED NORTHEAST1'2 Francis C@. Golet, Assistant Professor, Department of Forest and Wildlife Management, University Rhode Island.. Abstract A detailed classification system for freshwater wetlands is presented along with ten criteria for the evaluation of wetlands as wildlife habitat. The results are based on a two-year field study of over 150 wetlands located throughout the state of Massachusetts. The major components of the classi- fication system include wetland classes and subclasses, based on the domi- nant life form of vegetation and surface water depth and permanence; size categories; topographic and hydrologic location; surrounding habitat types; proportions and interspersion of cover and water; and vegetative intersper- sion. These components are combined with wetland juxtaposition and water chemistry to produce c.-iteria for wetland evaluation. Using a system of specifications and ranks, wetlands can be arrayed according to their wild- life value for decision-making. Wetlands traditionally have been regarded as waste areas. More than one- third of the nation's total original wetland acreage has been obliterated, and the remaining acres are fast disappearing (Shaw and Fredine, 1956). In the prairies and in the south, man has drained wetlands primarily for agri- cultural purposes. In the northeast, expansion of urban areas has created a growing need for land suitable for highway construction and cammercial, industrial and housing development, often at the expense of wetlands. During the last 10 years, several northeastern states, realizing the natural values of freshwater wetlands, enacted laws-to control their alteration.. Implementation of these laws has been generally unsuccessful because decision- makers lack appropriate criteria for wetland evaluation. In 1969 a research team of wildlife biologists@ hydrogeologists, landscape planners and resource econamists organized at the University of Massachusetts to develop a decision- making model for public management of freshwater wetlands (Larson, 1971). 1This paper is a contribution of the Massachusetts Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. The work Pas supported by the U.S. Department of the Interior., Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-379).,,Dr. Joseph S. Larson, Principal Investigator. 2Reference: 1973. Trans. Northeast Fish & Wildlife Conf. 30:257-279. -177- This paper is a contribution of the wildlife sub-project toward evaluation of wetlands as wildlife habitat. Early in this study, it became clear that a detailed wetland classification system was prerequisite to development of criteria for evaluation. The national classification system devised by Martin et al. (1953) has been used widely, but it is too generalized.for wetlands research and management on a regional or statewide scale. ld'te@%Tart and Kantrud (1971) produced a detailed system for the Prairie Pothole Region, but similar refinements are notably lacking in other parts of North America. Golet (1972) and Golet and Larson (i.974) have described several of the more prominent systems being used throughout the United States and Canada. Nearly all of these classification systems were developed to facilitate description and evaluation of waterfowl babitat. Because of the greatly expanded''use of northeastern freshwater wetlands by educational groups, ers, na ture photographers, as uell as.sportsmen, the bird watchers, hik this-'study is maximum wildlife production an standard for evaluation in' d diversity. The classification System presented here identifies wetland features that determine the' presence and abundance of a great variety of wildlife 6pecies. Criteria. for wetland evaluation are developed from this system. Acknowledgments Special appreciation is extended to my major advisor, Dr. Joseph S. Larson, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Univergity of Massachusetts, for his advice and criticism throughout this study. I am grateful to Warren Blandin, Chief of Research; Richard Cronin, Chief of Information and Educa- tion; Harry Heusmann, Chief Waterfowl Biologist; and all district biologists of the Massachusetts. Division of Fisheries and Game who helped in various phases of this work. Massachusetts Audubon Society personnel identified many wetlands valuable forwildlife. Harry Ahles, Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts., reviewed the section on plant classification. Materials and Methods During 1970 a reco'nnaissance study provided a broad range of qualitative data on the nature and diversity of 131 freshwater wetlands in Massachusetts. After refining earlier physiographic maps of the state (Office of River .Basin Studies, 1954;.Beaumont, 1956), 1 selected usually four or more U.S.G'.S. map quadrangles as study areas within each physiographic region (Figure 1). These quadrangles were selected so as to include a maximum number of wetlands, a maximum diversity of surficial geologic substrates, both alkaline and acidic hydrochemical ground-water facies (Motts and Saines, 1969), and several vetlands deemed valuable as wildlife habitat by state or federal wildlife agencies. Within.each study area, I selected specific wetlands so as to achieve diver- sity with respect to the following criteria: hydrologic location, surficial -178- nw, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - %0 ------------------ L PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS LEGEND j4 OF I Beflishirt Valley lowland MASSACHUSETTS 2 Western Highland 3 Conn River Valley Lowland 4 Central Upland STUDY AREAS 11979) Am STUDY WETLANDS (1971) 5 Eastern Plateau 6 Boston - Sudbury Lowland 7 Seaboard Low land 8 CoastaI Lowland Study- Quadrangle 1310 F1 9 Study Welland 1971 Figure 1. Physiographic regions of Massachusetts, study areas for wetland reconnaissance (1970) and high value study metlands (1971). geologic substrate, wetland class as outlined by Martin et al. (1953), size, and urban-rural context. Land-use maps (mecConnell and Garvin, 1956) were used in the selection and field study of wetlands. I obtained addition-al data from topographic maps, surficial geologic maps and 1:20,000 aerial photographs. During 1971 1 asked biologists from the Massachusetts Division of fisheries .and Game and the Massachusetts A-adubor, Society to identify -oletlands of high value to wildlife in the various physiographic regions. After adding several wetlands designated "high'value" for waterfowl by the federal inventory (Office of River Basin Studies, 1954), 1 selected 38 high value wetlands and gathered detailed qualitative data on them in the field. The locations of these wetlands are designated by dots in Figure 1. Extensive literature review on the habitat requirements of wetland wildlife species supplemei-ited field work (Golet, 1972). In addition, I reviewed and summarized nine years of unpublished water chemistry data collected by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game in 95 lakes and ponds located throughout the state. Results Classification of Freshwater Wetlands Life forms and sub-forms of wetland vegetation. The classification of plant life 1-'orms was the first step toward wetland classification. Five life forms and 18 sub-forms are recognized (Figures 2 and 3). The forms represent obvious divisions of vegetation. trees, shrubs, emergents, surface plants and submergents. Because differences in wildlife valu0often exist between plants belonging to the same life form, I have divided each form into sub- forms which reflect not only differences in structure, but differences in ecology and stand density as well. Below is a description of each life form and sub-form. Height classes given .are average. Latin names are taken from the eighth edition of Gray's Manual (Fernald, 1950). TREES (3 sub-forms). Woody plants.greater than 20 ft tall. 1. Live deciduous trees. Living trees that lack leaves or needles during late fall, winter and early spring (e.g., Acer rubrum). 2. Live evergreen trees. Living trees that retain their leaves or needles throughout the year (e.g., Picea mariana). 3. Dead trees.' Standing dead trees and tree stumps 5 ft or more in height. SHRUBS (6 sub-forms). Woody plants less than 20 ft tall. Woody plants taller than 20 ft at maturity (and commonly called trees) are considered shrubs when less than 20 ft tall. 4. Tall slender shrubs. Shrubs 10 to 20 ft tall, having usually one distincE trunk, and unbranched for 3 ft or more above the ground (e.g., Alnus rugosa). 5. Bushy shrubs. Non-aquatic shrubs 4 to 7 ft -ball, having usu lly several stems, a bushy appearance and often branched from within 1 ft of the ground (e.g., Vaccinium corymbos so M Novo tm Ime" M NW)M 400wom TREES SHRUBS 40- 9@ 30- I I.- 00 20- clr@ 10- fb d)r LIVE LIVE DEAD TALL BUSHY LOW LOW DECIDUOUS EVERGREEN TREES SLENDER SHRUBS SPARSE COMPACT AGUATIC DEAD TREES TREES SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS Figure 2. Sub-forms of wetland trees and shrubs. e N EMERGENTS SURFACE SUBMERGENTS PLANTS 4 -Ala- TALL SHORT MEADOW MEADOW ROBUST EMERGENTS EMERGENTS EMERGENTS NARROW- BROAD- SUB-SHRUBS LEAVED LEAVED MARSH FLOATING MARSH EMERGENTS PLANTS EMERGE NTS FLOATING- LEAVED PLANTS SUBMERGENTS Figure 3. Sub-forms of vetland emergents, surface plants and submergents. 'T'N kVlD 6. Low compact shrubs. Non-aquatic shrubs less than 4 ft tall,.having usually several stems, very dense foliage, and often branched from within 6 in of the ground (e.g., Myrica gale). 7. Low sparse shrubs. Non-aquatic, simple or sparsely branched shrubs up to 3 ft tall (e.g., Spiraea tomentosa). 8. Aquatic shrubs. Shrubs up to 7 ft tall, growing in standing water 6 in or more deep (e.g., Cephalanthus occidentalis.). 9. Dead shrubs. Standing dead shrubs and tree stumps less than 5 ft tall. EIVIERGENTS (6 sub-forms). Rooted herbaceous or semi-woody plants that have the majority of their vegetative portion above the water surface. This includes herbaceous plants growing on moist, but exposed soil. 10. Sub-shrubs. Emergents up to 5 ft tall with herbaceous, arching stems; a persistent semi-woody base; and growing in vater up to 18 indeep (e.g., Decodon verticillatus). 11. Robust emergents. Tt-out, erect emergents 5 to 10 ft tall which persist upright during the winter and into the second spring (e.g., Typha latifolia). 12. Tall meadow emergents. Grass-like emergents up to 6 ft tall, often forming dense stands; found on moist or seasonally flooded soil (e.g., Phalaris arundinacea). 13. Short meadow emergents. Sedge-like emergents less than 4 ft tall,, some species forming tussocks; found on moist or seasonally flooded soil (e.g., Juncus effusus). 14. Narrow-leaved marsh emergents. Narrow-leaved emergents less than 5 ft tall, growing in water up to 18 in deep (e.g.., Sparganium eurycarpum). 15. Broad-leaved marsh emergents. Broad-leaved emergents less than 3 ft tall, growing in water up to 18 in deep (e.g., Pontederia cordata). SURFACE VEGETATION (2 sub-forms). Plants with vegetative parts principally on the water surface. 16. Floating-leaved Vegetation. Rooted plants with leaves floating on the water surface (e.g.., Nymphae odorata). 17. Floating vegetation. Non-rooted plants that float freely on the water surface (e.g., Lemna minor). SUBMERGENTS (1 sub-form). Plants that lie beneath the water surface, except for flowering parts in some species. 18. Siibmergents. (e.g., Ceratophyllum demersum). Wetland classes and subclasses. Wetland classes are synonymous with the folloving freshwater wetland types outlined by Martin et al (1953): open fresh water, deep fresh marsh, shallow fresh marsh, fresh meadow, seasonally flooded basins and flats, shrub swamp, wooded swamp and bog. Seasonally flooded flats are restricted to river floodplains, whereas they also- include upland basins in the Martin et al.(1953) system. A wetland subclass is one of two or more types of wetlands of the same class that differ signif- icantly in their wildlife value, chiefly because of differences in dominant sub-forms of vegetation. The subclasses below are those most common in Massachusetts. Additional subclasses can be named simply by using a sub-fom name to modify a class name; e.g., sub-shrub shallow marsh. -184- OPEN WATER (OW). This class applies to water j1 -to 10 ft deep, associated with any of the other wetland classes, but usually with deep or shallow marshes. Submergent and surface vegetation are dominant. Vegetated open water (OVI-1). Surface vegetation is present. Sub- mergents that reach to within 6 in of the surfaco may be present. Non-vegetatea open water (OW-2). Surface vegetation and near-surface submergents are absent. DEEP MARSH (DM). Thib class applies to metlands with an average water depth between 6 in and 3 ft during the growing season. Emergent marsh vegeta- tion is usually dominant, with surface and submergent plants present in open areas. Dead woody deep marsh (DM-1). Standing dead trees (sub-form #3), dead ih-rubs or stumps (-@'@9) are the most abundant form of cover. Shrub deep marsh (DYI-2). Aquatic shrubs (:,@,L8) are the dominant form of cover. If shrubs cover less than 50 percent of the area, the wetland is classified shrub deep marsh. It is classified shrub swamp (see below) if the shrub cover is 50 percent or greater. orm #10) Sub-shrub deep marsh (DM-3). Decodon verticillatus (sub-f is the dominant cover plant. Robust deep marsh (DM-4). Robust emergents (#11) are dominant. This is the classic deep marsh described,as Type 4 by Martin et al.(1953). Narrow-leaved deep marsh (DVI-5). Narrow-leaved marsh emergents (#14) are dominant. Broad-leaved deep marsh (DM-6). Broad-leaved marsh emergents U45) are dominant. SHALLOW MARSH (SM). This class applies to wetlands dominated usually by robust or marsh emergents, vith an average water depth less than 6 in during the growing season. Surface water may be absent during the late summer and abnormally dry periods. Floating-leaved plants (#16) and submergents (#18) are often present in oDen areas. Robust shallowmarsh (SM-1). Robust emergents (#11) are dominant. Nerrov-leaved shallow marsh (SM-2). Narrow-leaved marsh emergents (:ffl4) are dominant. Broad-leaved shallow marsh (SM-3). Broad-leaved marsh einergents 04'15) are dominant. Floating-leaved shallow marsh (SM-4). Floating-leaved vegetation (i46) dcmina . This is an unusual wetland type which occurs primarily on Cape Cod. It is classified shallow marsh since the average water depth is less than 6 in. Most of the surface @,iater is gone by late summer, leav- ing water lilies lying,on exposed mud. Emergent plants occur only in sparse stands on the periphery.. SEASONALLY FLOODED FLATS (SF). This class applies to extensive river flood- plains where flooding to a depth of 12 or more inches occurs ann ually during late fall, winter and spring. During the summer, the soil is saturated, with a fem inches of surface water occurring locally. ...Dominant vegetation usually is emergent, but shrubs and scattered trees may be present. Seasonally flooded emergent flats (SF-1). Meadow emergents (#12, 13) dominate, with robust (4,j'll) and marsh emergents (-#14, 15) occurring in 7-yetter places, particularly along the stream. Bus'ky (#5) and aquatic shrubs are oftenfound near the stream ay _,cattered across the -185- floodplain. This subclass resembles an ungrazed meadow (M-1, belov) exce'pt for its greater si@@e, its floodplain locction end its generally deeper surface water during the spring. Seasonally flooded shrub flats (SF-2). Aquatic (#8) and bushy (#5) shrubs are dominant. Low sparse shrubs UN) are sometimes abundant. Ground cover is largely sedges and grasses like those that dominate the previous subclass. Shrub flats are similar in appearance to bushy shrub swamps (SS-2) and aquatic shrub swamps (SS-4) except for their floodplain location and their generally deeper surface water during the spring. MEADOW (M). This class applies to wetlands dominated by meadow emergents (#12@ 13), with up to 6 in of surface water during the late fall, winter and early spring. During the growing season the soil is saturated and the surface exposed, except in shallow depressions and drainage ditches. Meadows occur most cormonly on agricultural land where periodic grazing or mowing keeps shrubs from becoming established. The structural differences in meadow vegetation often result frcm grazing; therefore, meadows have been divided into grazed and.ungrazed subclasses. Ungrazed meadow (M-1). The effects of grazing are absent. By early summer, most ungrazed meadows support dense, unbroken stands of tall meadow emergents (#12); short meadow emergents (#13) and broad-leaved herbs are often present, but rarely dominant. This subclass occurs in two major locations: on agricultural land and on the floodplains of small streams. In the latter site, the meadows resemble miniature seasonally flooded flats. Grazed meadow (M-2). Cover plants are greatly modified as a result of grazing. Certain plants such as Juncus effusus and Spiraea tomentosa persist while most of the grasses and sedges are sel7ec-tiveli removeT_. SHRUB-SWAMP (SS). This class applies to wetlands dominated by shrubs where the soil surface is seasonally or permanently flooded with as much as 12 in of water. Carex stricta is the characteristic ground cover beneath shrubs. Meadow R12, 13) or marsh emergents (#14, 15) occupy open areas. Sapling shrub swamp (SS-1). Tall slender shrubs (#4) are dominant. The term "sapling" is used because the most common 'woody species in this subclass is Acer rubrum. Large Alnus rugosa, although technically not a sapling, is7t-he second most common species. Bushy shrub swamp (SS-2). Bushy shrubs (#5) are dominant. Compact shrub swamp (SS-3). Compact shrubs (116) are dominant. Stands of Chamaedaphne calyculata are excluded because this species typically grows on peat, in bogs, rather than on mineral soil or muck, the charac_ teristic substrate of swamps. Aquatic shrub swamp (SS-4). Aquatic shrubs (#8) are dominant. They cover more than 50 percent of the wetland area (cf. DM-2). Aquatic shrub swamps contain surface water longer and of greater depth than other shrub swamp subclasses. WOODED SWAMP (WS). This class applies to wetlands dominated by trees. The soil surface is seasonally flooded with up to 1 ft of water. Several levels of vegetation are usually present, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plant@s. In mature wooded swamps, microtopography is very ronounced. Trees and many shrubs gro7i on well developed windthrow mounds while marsh emergents and ferns occupy the vernal pools. -186- Deciduous wooded swamp (WS-1). Deciduous trees (,1.1) are dominant. Evergreen wooded swamp (WS-.2). Evergreen trees (#2) are dominant. Sphagnum often covers the ground in vetter areas, but the soil is m k rather than peat. uc BOG(BG). This class applies to wetlands where the accumulation of Sphagnum moss, as peat, determines the nature of the plant community. Young bogs commonly have floating peat mats which creep out-,,!ard from shore over the surface of open water. Northern New England bogs resemble those of the Boreal Forest region. Picea mariana and Larix laricina are characteristic tree species. In southern New England bogs especially those in the coastal zone, Chamaecyparis thyoides is dominant. Chamaedaphne calyculata, Kalmia angustifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, and Eriophorum spp. are charac- teristic plants found in bogs throughout the northeast. A bog often can be divided into at least five zones (Molizuk and Livingston, 1966): open water, bog mat (Sphagnum and sedges), low shrubs, high shrubs and trees. In Massachusetts, bogs dominated by low shrubs or by trees are most common. Shrub bog (BG-1). Low, compact shrubs (,ff16) are dominant. Wooded E-og (BG-2). Evergreen trees (#2) are dominant. Acer rubrum is usually present, but s eldom does it reach maximum size on the peat mat. Size categories. Wetlands in the glaciated northeast range from less than 1 acre to several thousand acres in size. The size categories de .vised apply to individual metlands as typed on aerial photographs. In interpreting the influence of size on a wetland's wildlife value, both the size and the juxtaposition of the wetland with others in a complex must be considered.' The following size categories mere devised for use in statewide or regional planning. In a more localized area, a 50-acre wetland might be considered "large." Size categories: 1. Very Small -- less than 10 acres 2. Small -- 10-50 acres 3. Medium-sized -- 51-100 acres 4. Large -- 101-500 acres 5. Very Large - greater than 500 acres Site types. Site type is a metland descriptor based upon topographic and hydrologic location. Topographic location can be broadly categorized as either upland or bottoraland. Upland sites lie above-alluvial or outwash plains, above stream valleys-and floodplains. Most upland wetlands occur on bedrock, on till or on small pockets of outvash overlying till; the water table is usually perched. Bottomland sites lie chiefly on the alluvium of stream floodplains, on outwash plains or on glacial lake deposits. Perched water tables may occur, but regional water tables are the rule. A wetland's hydrologic location may be lakeside, streamside, deltaic or isolated. To.be isolated, the metland r.,@ust not border any larger body of open water, Small streams may course through it, but the metland is obviously not subordinate to the streams. Isolated wetlands usually owe their metness as much to groundwater seepage and surface runoff as to stream-flow. Streamside wetlands occur along a large stream and occupy part of all of its floodplain. A lakeside metland occurs on the margin of a lake. A deltaic-metland lies at the point where a stream enters a lake. Site types: ,1* Upland isolated 2. Upland lakeside 3. Bottomland isolated 4. Bottomland lakeside 5i Bottomland streamside 6. Bottomland deltaic Cover types. The relative proportions of cover and open water and their degre@ of-interspersion are two of the most vital features affecting wildlife value(Williams and Marshall, 1938; Meindall, 1958; Weller, 1964; Weller and Spatcher, 1965; McGilvrey, 1968). Collectively these features constitute the cover type, a term coined by.Stewart and Kantrud (1971). In their system, where each wetland usually consists of one wetland class, "cover" refers to stands of plants on the periphery of, or interspersed with,.areas of open water. I have expanded their concept considerably to fit the northeastern wetland which often consists of several wetland classes. In this system cover type is determined from aerial photographs with field checking. "Cover" can include entire wetland classes (e.g., wooded swamp, shrub swamp) as. well as stands of individual plants, "Open water" consisis'of the class open water (OW) and the smaller open portions of marshesand bogs. Stewart and Kantrud (1911) recognized four cover types; I have outlined eight. They are diagrammed in Figure 4 and described below. Cover types: 1. Cover occupies more than 95 percent of the wetland area. 2. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring in a peripheral band. 3. Cover occupies.76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring in dense patches or diffuse, open stands. 4. Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring in a peripheral band. 5. Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetldnd area, occurring in dense patches or diffuse, open stands. 6. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring in a peripheral band. 7. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetlahd area, occurring n patches or diffuse, open stands. 8. Cover occupies less than 5 percent of the wetland area. Vegetative interspersion types. Since most wildlife species require more than one structural type of vegetation, their population density depends partly on the presence and length of certain kinds of edge. In this con- text, edge refers to the line of contact between two different sub-forms of vegetation. Whereas wildlife numbers are closely related to the total length of edge, wildlife diversity is a function of the number of kinds of edge. Small sub-@orm stands have more edge per unit of area than larger stands. For wetland evaluation, I recommend a minimum size of 1 acre for recognition of a sub-form stand. Since long, narrow strips of vegetation, like those that flank streams, are extremely significant to wildlife, these should be-cbnsidered during evaluation, even though the total area of such a strip might be far less than 1 acre. Figure 4. Wetland cover types. White areas indicate water (with or without surface plants'); black areas indicate emergents, shrubs or trees. AOL ;-A COVE R TYPE I COVE R T Y P E2 .Amk@ io COVE R TYPE 3 COVER TYPE 4' COVER TYPE 5 COVER TYPE 6 COVER TYPE 7 COVER TYPE 8 Figure 511lustrates three wetlands which contain the same number of life forms (three) and sub-forms (six), but which represent different vegetative interspersion types. The number of kinds of edge associated with each type is just an example; it is not the characteristic number for that type. Vegetative interspersion types: 1. Low Interspersion -- Length and types of edge are at a minimum. The wetland consi'sts of concentric life form and sub-form zones or a single sub-form. Sub-form stands are large and unbroken. 2. Moderate Interspersion -- Edge is moderate in length and in the distribu- diver@ity. Ther,.! is somc .tion of sub-form stands, but life form zones remain largely intact. 3. High Interspersion -- Edge is abundant and consists of many kinds. Life form zones are broken into segments of variable size and shape. Sub-form stands are small and scattered. Surrounding habitat types. The nature of the surrounding habitat is a key feature.determiniTg a wetland's wildlife value. Waterfowl and most other vietland wildlife depend upon suitable surroundings for food and nest sites. The surrounding habitat types also determine what upland species are likely to use the metland. Furthermore, intense human activity adjacent to a wet- land can deter many species from utilizing the wetland. Surrounding "natural habitat may serve as a buffer, reducing disturbance of wildlife and satisfying some of their requirements. The broad surrounding habitat types below were adopted from a land use cover-typing system developed by MacConnell and Pywell (1969): 1. Agricultural or Open Land 2. Forest Land 3. Salt Marshes 4. Mining or Waste Disposal Areas 5. Urban Land 6. Outdoor Recreation Facilities Additional descriptive components. The ccmponents described so far represent the most important ecological features determining a wetland's wildlife value. Two other components, wetland juxtaposition and water chemistry., are useful in wetland evaluation (see next section) but are not employed in classifica- tion. Criteria for Wetland Evaluation Once a wetland has been classified, evaluation is straightforward. Table 1 contains ten criteria and a relatively simple rating systexi. Each criterion has specifications describing three or more possible categories into which agiven wetland might be placed, Specifications have been assigned ranks, ranging from 3 (highest value) to 1 (lowest value). During evaluation a wetland receives a rank.for each of the ten criteria. If, for any criterion, more than one specification seems to fit the wetland, the ranks for those specifications are averaged. Since sane criteria are more important than others, each has been given a fixed numerical value, called a significance coefficient, ranging from 5 (most important criteria) to 1 (least important 77- INTERSPERSION TYPE 1 INTERSPERSION TYPE 2 INTERSPERSION TY P E 3 DECIDUOUS TREES TALL MEADOW EMtRGENTS TALL SLENDER SHRUBS ROBUST EMERGENTS BUSHY SHRUBS BROAD-LEAVED EMERGENTS Figure 5. Examples of the' three x4etland vegetative interspersion types. Type 1 -- minimum length of edge, large units and few types of edge (five in this example). Type 2 -- moderate length of edge, medium-large units and moderate number of types of edge (seven in this example). Type 3 -- great length of edge, small units and many types of edge (eleven in this example). _191- Table 1. Wildlife criteria, significance coefficients, specifications and ranks. Rank (3-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0) Criteria Specifi cations Wetland Cless 5 or more 4 classes' 3 classes 2 classes 1 class Richness (5)l classes Lominant Wet- SF, DM Siq WS, SS OW, BG M land Class (5) Size Category (5) over 500 acres 101-500 acres 51-100 acres 10-50 acres under 10 acres Subclass 10 or more 6-9 4-5 2-3 1 Richness (4) subclasses subclasses subclasses subclasses subela7ss Site Type (4) bottomland - bottomland.- upland - lakeside isolated isolated bottcmland - deltaic lakeside bottomland - streamside Number in parentheses after each criterion is its significance coefficient. Table 1. (Continued) Rank (3-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0) Criteria Specifications Wetland Juxta- Hydrologically Hydrologically All position (2) connected to connected to other wetlands other wetlands (different'dom. (different dom. class) or open class) or open water bodies water bodies within 1 mile. from 1-3 miles (or) - away. Hydrologically (or) other connected to Hydrologically other wetlands connected to (same dam. other wetlands class) within (same dom. 1/4 mile. class) from 1/4- (or) 1 mile away. Wetland greater (or) possibilities than 500 acres, Within 1/2 mile with three or of other wetlands more wetland (different dom. classes (includ- class) or open ing DIM or. Sh) water bodies, but not hydrologically connected. No Mo so so SM to go an OM M so no M404060M on, So 40 M '00 , , , @w '00 so W, so M an M aw Table 1. (Continued) Ranh 0-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0) Criteria Specifications Surrounding 2 or more of 1 or more of fol- 1 or more of Habitat following con- loving constitute following con- Types (4) ctitute more 50-90% of surrounding stitute less than 90% of habitat: than 50% of surrounding 1. forestland surrounding habitat: 2. agricultural or habitat: 1. forestland open land 1. forestland 2. agricultural.. 3. salt marsh 2. agricultural or open land (or) or open land 3. salt marsh 1 of preceding con- 3. salt marsh stitutes more than 90% of surrounding habitat. Cover Type (3) Type 5 Type 4 Type 3 Type I Type 8 Type 7 Type 2 Type 6 Vegetative Interspersion Type (3) Type 3 Type, 2 Type 1 m-MMORM-MMUS man* Table 1. (Continued) Rank (1.0) (2.5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0) friteria Specifications Water Chemistry (1) Total Alkalinity Total Alkalinity Total Alkalinity greater than 69 23-69 ppm CaCO less than 23 ppm CaCO 3' prm CaCO 3* 3* pH greater than 7.5 pH 6.5-7.5 pH less than 6.5 U1 criterion). A sub-score is 'calculated for each criterion by multiplying the significance coefficient for that criterion by the rank given. Scores for all criteria are su=ed and a total wetland score is obtained. This final score represents, in simple quantitative fashion, the wetland's relative wildlife value. Table 2 illustrates the scoring procedure for an imaginary wetland. Table 2. Wetland scoring (ranks are based on fictitious data). Significance Criterion Coefficient Rank Subscore 3 2.0 10.0 -A.. Class Richness 5 2. Dominant Class 5 3.0 15.0 3. Size 5 2.5 12.5 4. Subclass Richness 4 2.5 10.0 5. Site Type 4 2.0 8.0 6. Surrounding Habitat 4 3.0 .12.0 7. Cover Type 3 2.Q 6.o 8. Veg. Interspersion 3 1.0@ 3.0 9. Juxtaposition 2 2.0 4.0 10. Water Chemistry 1 3.0 3.0 Total Wetland Score 83.5 The lowest possible total score is 36 and the highest is 108. This implies, and rightly so, that even the least valuable metland has same wildlife value. For some criteria there are five categories of specifications and five corre- sponding ranks (3-0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0). For other criteria, where our knowledge or measurement ability is less refined, only three categories of specifications and ranks (3.0, 2.0, 1.0) are recognized. A brief description of each of the criteria follows. 1. Wetland class richness. This criterion describes the number of wetland cla present in a wetia d, where 5 acres is the minimum area recognizable as a separate class. As class richness increases, so'doeithe likelihood for greater wildlife species richness. Wetland class richness is the broadest and single most important criterion for evaluation. 2. Dominant wetland class. Some wetland classes have greater value than others for wildlife diversity and production, and certain classes provide the only suitable habitat for some species highly valued by man (e.g., water- fowl). Dcminant life form of vegetation, water depth and permanence of surface wat er are the major characteristics considered in ranking classes (see Table 1). The dominant class is the one that clearly occupies the greatest area. If two or more classes are co-daminant., the ranks are averaged. -196- 3. Size categories. Wetlands are ranked frcm largest to smallest, according to the general principle that as size increases, so does wildlife value. Greater size usually results in greater insulation from human disturbance, greater habitat diversity and greater wetland longevity. In addition, wet- lands larger than 100 acres are of great value to flocks of migrating water- fowl. 4. Subclass richness. This variable goes one step further than wetland clas's richness in assessing habitat diversity. Just as particular life forms characterize classes, particular sub-forms characterize subclasses. A wet- land's broad wildlife value increases as the number of subclasses increases. As noted above, a wetland segment must be at least 1 acre in size to be recognized as a separate subclass. 5. site type. Bottomland wetlands are generally more valuable than upland wetlands because of greater soil fertility, more sustained surface water levels and greater life expectancy. Similarly, wetlands associated with open water bodies are usually more valuable than isolated ones. Using this rationale I grouped site types into th-ree categories for evaluation (see Table 1). 6. "Surrounding habitat @ypes. Freshwater wetlands bordered by forest, agricultural or open landi or salt marsh are more valuable to wildlife than those adjacent to land more intensively developed by man. Furthermore, diversity in the surrounding habitat increases the possibility of wildlife diversity within the wetland. 'The percentage of the surrounding habitat types present-determine. the rank given for this criterion. 7. Cover type. This variable can be assessed in wetlands consisting of one or many wetland classes, although its value is most evident in evaluating deeD and shallow marshes. Studies (Weller and Spatcher, 1965; McGilvrey, 1968) suggest that a cover-water ratio-of approximately 50:50 is optimal for waterfowl and marsh birds in general. Highest ranks are thus given to wet- lands with nearly equal proportions of cover and water. Areas with nearly total cover or total open water receive low ranks. In addition, cover inter- spersed with water is deemed more valueble than a band of cover surrounding open water. 8. 'Vegetative interspersion. A wetland receives a rank for this criterion according to which interspersion type (Figure 5) it approximates. High ranks are associated with an abundance of edge between sub-form stands, small size of such stands and a large number of different kinds of edge. 9. Wetland juxtaposition, A wetland's value is generally higher if it is located near other wetlands, exDecially if the adjacent wetlands contain classes or subclasses different from those of the wetland being evaluated. Moreover, the value increases if these wetlands are interconnected by streams. In such cases, wildlife (especially waterfowl) can move safely between wet- lands to best meet their habitat requirements. The ranking of specifications listed in Table 1 reflects these considerations, -197- 10. Water chemLst Lr. Water chemistry influences the presence, abundance and distribution of aquatic plants and invertebrates (Juday, 1942; Moyle, 1945, 1946; Jahn and Hunt, 1964). Decision-makers have no time to adequately sample and describe wildlife food plants and animals, but water chemistry determinations can serve as indices of potential productivity. Brooks and Deevey (1963) pointed out that New England surface waters are very dilute and extremely soft for the most part.. Analysis of water chemistry data provided by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game produced support for this generalization. These data suggest that average total alkalinity ..in excess of 70 PPm CaC03 and pH values above 7.5 can be considered high. Specifications for pH (Tdble 1) are based-upon clear-cut groupings of the graphed data for 95 ponds and lakes. Alkalinity specifications derive from classes of Brooks and Deevey (1963). Total alkalinity is the better index of productivity; pH is less reliable., and should only be used if alkalinity data are not obtainable. Discussion This system of wetland classification and evaluation allows one to objectively group wetlands-according to their wildlife value and to identify key areas for preservation and acquisition. Use of the system assumes, however, acceptance of the stated standard for evaluation: maximum wildlife produc- tion and diversity. The above criteria would not be suitable for use by a state fish and game agency attempting to identify valuable wood duck (@ix sponsa) pro6uction areas. For that case, more specialized criteria would be required. Two major constraints guided the development of this system. First, it was designed for,use by decision-makers. A special.effort was made to produce criteria that are as uncomplicated and objective, and yet as sensitive, as possible. The necessary.data for most of the evaluation can be obtained from recent aerial photographs, topographic maps and surficial geology maps. Wetlahd subclass, vegetative interspersion and water chemistry are key descriptors which require unavoidable, but limited, field work. Shortage of time and expertise would render a more sophisticated system useless to the decision-maker. The choice to consider virtually all.wildlife species during evaluation imposed another major constraint. Although wildlife production and diversity are both reasonable goals, they are not strictly compatible. It is impossible to maximize the production of all species at once, since each has a different set of-habitat requirements. The broadness of the criteria reflect the over- riding influence of compromise. Certain wetlends possess characteristics that render them unique or of out- standing value. For example, a wetland might support the only nesting colony of black-crovned night herons(Nycticorax nycticorax) in an entire state. Such a metland merits preservation, even though it might not score highly by this system. Clearly, some subjective decisions must be made. -198- Similarly, after a wetland has been scored by-this system., other subjective considerations are in order. What human impacts are operating on the vetland, and to what extent do these depress the total score? In some cases, proper control of land use practices can raise significantly a wetland's wildlife value. Secondly, what.is the wetland's potential for enhancement via habitat manipulation? Two wetlands with identical scores might be differentiated according to their potential for enhancement. This potential depends on such factors as topographic and hydrologic location. Above all, the value of any wetland must be viewed in its proper context. The absolute value of a score is meaningless; the score has meaning only in relation to the scores of other wetlands. All wetlands in Amherst, Massachu- setts might be evaluated and their scores compared. The "average" score would undoubtedly vary from the "average" score in Worcester or Provincetown since wetland characteristics are greatly influenced by physiography and land use. Any attempt at the use of cut-off scores in decision-making must be sensitive to the importance of the scale of reference. Literature Cited Beaumont, A. B. 1956. The soils of Massachusetts. Univ. Massachusetts Ext. Serv. Spec. Circ. No. 64. Amherst, Mass. 32 pp. Brooks, J. L. and E. S. Deevey, Jr. 1963. New England. PP. 117-162. In Frey, D. G. (Ed.). Limnology in North America. Univ. Wisconsin Pre@s_s, Madison, Wis. 734 pp. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co.) N.Y& 1632 pp. Golets F.,C. 1972. Classification and evaluation of freshwater wetlands as wildlife habitat in the glaciated Northeast. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. xv+ 179 PP. and J. S. Larson. 1974. Classification of freshwater wetlands in the glaciated Northeast. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resource Pub. No. 116. Washington, D.C. 56 ppq,. Jahn, L. R. and R. A. Hunt. 1964. Duck and coot ecology and management in Wisconsin. Wis. Conserv. Dept. Bull. No. 33. Madison, Wis. 212 pp. Juday, C. 1942. The summer standing crop of plants and animals in four Wisconsin lakes. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 34:103-135. Larson, J. S. 1971. Progress toward a decision-making model for public management of freshwater wetlands. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resources Conf. 36:376-382. MacConnell, W. P. and L. E. Garvin. 1956. Cover mapping a state from aerial photographs. Photogranmetric Engineering 22(4):702-707. MacConnell, W. P. and H. R. Pywell. 1969,, Use of aerial photographs to evaluate the recreational resources of the Connecticut River in Comiec- ticut. Univ. Massachusetts Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 574. Amherst, Mass. 73 PP. Martin, A. C.@ N. Hotchkiss, F. M. Uhler and W. S. Bourn. 1953. Classifica- tion of wetlands of the United States. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rept. No. 20. Washington, D. C. 14 pp. McGilvrey, F. B. (Ed.) 1968. A guide to wood duck production habitat require- ments. U. S* Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resource Pub. No. 60. Washington, D.C. 32 pp. Mendall,, H. L. 1958. The ring-necked duck in the Northeast. Univ. Maine Bull. 6o(16). 320 pp. Noizuk, G. A. and R. B. Livingston. 1966. Ecology of red maple in a Massa- chusetts upland bog. Ecol. 47(6):942-950. Motts, W. S. and M. Sain6s: 1969. The occurrence and characteristics of ground-water contamination in Massachusetts. Univ. Massachusetts Water Resources-Research Center Pub. No. 7. Amherst, Mass. 70 PP. Moyle, J. B. 1945. Some chemical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants in Minnesota. Am. Midland Naturalist 34(2):402-420. 1946. Some indices of lake productivity. Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 76:322-334. Office of River Basin Studies. 1954. Wetlands inventory of Massachusetts. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.., Boston, Mass. 14 pp.+ appendices. Shaw, S. P. and G. C', Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circ. No. 39. Washington, D.C. 67 PP. Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification o f natural ponds and lakes in the glaciated prairie region. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resources Pub. No. 92. Washington, D. C. 57 PP. Weller, M. W. 1964. Ecology. In Delacour, J. (Ed.), The waterfowl of the World. Country Life,, Ltd., London, Vol. 4.364 pp. and C. S. Spatcher. 1965. Role of habitat in the distribution and abundance of marsh birds. Iowa Agr. and Home Econ. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rept. No. 43. Iowa State Univ. of Sci. and Tech., Ames, Iowa. 31 PP. Williams, C. S. and W. H. Marshall. 1938. Evaluation of nesting cover for waterfowl on Bear River Refuge. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 3:64o-646. -200-' --------------------------------- - - mom Womeo somm vn@ mom CATEGORY CODE SHEET 1 GEOLOGIC (Landform) 001 Gorges 002 Distinctive mountain features 003 Cliffs, bluffs 004 Natural rock outcrops of geologic significance 005 Manmade rock outcrops of geologic significance (road cuts and quarries) 006 Natural sand, beach, dune features 007 Fossil evidence 008 Scarp 009 Other unusual geologic features 2 SOILS 101 Unusual soil groups undisturbed by human activity 3 HYDROLOGIC 091 Significant and unusual water-land interfaces (e.g., islands; scenic stretches of coast, rivers, streams, lakes or ponds) 092 White water stretches 093 Waterfalls 094 Natural Springs 095 Marshes, bogs, swamps, flats (coastline) 096 Marshes, bogs, swamps, flats (inland) 097 Aquifer recharge areas 098 Water areas supporting unusual or significant freshwater aquatic life .099 Lakes or ponds of unusually low productivity 100 Lakes or ponds of unusually high productivity 101 Unusual natural river, lake or pond 102_ Stream and wetland margin habitat @103 Floodplain 104 Lake or pond 105 Other unusual hydrologic feature 4 BIOLOGICAL-FLORAL 001 Rare, remnant or unique species of plants 002 Unique plant community 003 Plant community unique to a geographic area 004 Individual plant specimen(s) or unusual significance (e.g., large trees) 005 Plant communities of unusual age or maturity 006 Plant communities of unusual diversity and productivity 007 Areas exhibiting outstanding seasonal color 008 Forest 009 Managed Forest 010 Field or shrub swamp Category Code Sheet - cont. 5 BIOLOGICAL FAUNAL (terrestial animals) 091 Habitat areas of rare, endangered and unique species 092 Habitat areas of unusual significance to a faunal community (e.g., feeding, breeding, wintering, resting) 093 Faunal communities unusual to a geographic area 094 Habitat areas supporting faunal communities of unusual diversity and productivity 095 Habitat areas exhibiting other interesting features 6 BIOLOGICAL - FAUNAL (birds) 001 Habitat areas of rare, endangered and unique species 002 Habitat areas of unusual significance to a faunal community (e.g., feeding, breeding, wintering, resting) 003 Faunal community unusual to a geographic area 004 Habitat areas supporting faunal communities of unusual diversity and productivity 7 BIOLOGICAL - FAUNAL (aquatic life) 091 Habitat areas of rare, endangered and unique species 092 Habitat areas of unusual significance to a faunal community 093 Faunal communities unusual to a geographic area 094 Habitat areas supporting faunal communities of unusual di- versity and productivity. 8 CULTURAL-AESTHETIC-VISUAL 001 Manmade features having unusual aesthetic features of aesthetic significance due to natural setting (e.g., old mill along creek) 002 Scenic gravel or unimproved roads 003 Vista points 004 Trail systems 005 Unusual juxtaposition of manmade and natural features 006 Unusually scenic area 007 Archaeological site -204- MOEN= GLOSSARY Aquatic Buffer Zone - a band of vegetation contiguous with wetlands and watercourses which protects an aquatic system from excess runoff, erosion and contamination from non-point sources of pollution such as fertilizers and pesticides. The width of vegetated land necessary to adequately buffer the aquatic system varies, depending on the soil's ability to store water and the type and extent of the vegetation in the buffer. Aquatic System - a wetland, watercourse, or water body and contiguous areas with D or D+ soils. Bacterial Danger Zone - soil between the highest water table level and one foot below the lowest water table level; where conditions are ideal for bacterial growth. Basal Area - the area, usually measured in square feet, of the cross-section at breast height of a single tree or of all trees in a stand. Baseflow - stream flow derived from deep percolation of infiltrated water that enters the permanently saturated ground water system and discharges into the stream channel. Buffer - a limited use area between a developed area and a protected area. Categories - a division within a parameter used for the purpose of scaling. Class - a group of areas considered as a unit (e.g., wetlands, forests, fields). Community - any assemblage of populations living in a prescribed area or physical habitat. Contamination - befoulment through contact with a pollutant (e.g., pesticide, herbicide, toxic chemical, oil residue, bacteria, sediment). Contiguous Land Use - the type of use being made of land adjacent to and bordering a natural area. Critical Area - areas where man's activities can have a relatively severe impact on natural systems. Critical areas may also be habitats which are infrequently found in a state or in the nation as a whole. DBH - tree diameter at*breast height (4.5 feet above the ground). Detritus - particles of plant matter in varying stages of decomposition. Disturbance - a disruption, or perturbation, of an ecosystem resulting from human activity. Diversity - the number of different vegetation types, animal species or physical features (e.g., streams, scarps, bogs) which the natural area contains. Drainageway - a pathway for watershed drainage, characterized by wet soil vegetation; often intermittent in flow. Edaphic Climax - where topography, soil, water, fire and other disturbances are such that the climatic climax cannot develop. -207- Endemic - a species of limited geographic extent. Erodibility Coefficient - (K factor) - the erosion rate per unit of erosion index for a specific soil in continuously cultivated fallow ground on a 9% slope, 72.6 feet long. This factor is used by the Soil Conservation Service to calculate the erosion from a particular soil. Exotic species - any plant or animal species not naturally a member of the plant community in which it is found. Fauna - a collective term for the animal species present in an ecosystem. Floodplain a flat, low-lying area bordering a river or stream which is flooded only at-times of high water. Flora - a collective term for the plant species present in an ecosystem. Floristics - plant species composition of an area. Ground flow - the movement of wa ter within the ground. Ground water - that part of the subsurface water which is in the zone of saturation. Habitat the area of residence for an animal species or a community'of species. Home range - the area to which individuals, pairs, or family groups of ver- tebrates and the higher invertebrates restrict their activity. Infiltration - the flow or movement of water through the soil surface into the ground. Mottling - colored spots in soil horizons which indicate the existence of fluctuations in the ground water level. Natural area - areas where at present natural processes predominate and are not significantly influenced by either deliberate manipulation or accidental interference by man. . . I @ I Natural integrity - the'degree to which a natural area is characterized by the natural regeneration of vegetation, mature or stable vegetation and the absence of man-induced disturbances. Natural soils group - a new classification system of the State of Maryland's Department of State Planning which groups soils into similar major proper- ties and features. The soil typologies of each county are regrouped around six categories of interest: agriculture, productivity, erosion susceptability, permeability, depth of bedrock, depth of water table, and stability. In general, the natural soil groups are arranged in order of increasing limita- tion for most uses. Occurrence - the relative frequency of the vegetation type(s) or natural features in a natural area within the context of its frequency of occur- rence on the Delmarva Peninsula. -208- Overland flow water flowing over the ground surface. Parameter - a topic whose information ig amenable to collection and analysis. Partial area - dynamic, saturated, often shallow, stony or compacted areas near streams which contribute large volumes of runoff during a storm. Perched water.table - water table above an impermeable bed underlain by unsaturated rocks of sufficient permeability to allow movement of ground water. Percolation - movement under hydrostatic pressure of water through the in- terstices of the ground. Primary productivity - the amount of organic matter produced by photosynthe- sis. Quadrat - a sampling area, usually square, of relatively small but consis- tent size. Return flow - subsurface flow which intersects the ground surface and emerges as a spring or seep. Runoff - the discharge of water through surface streams, expressed usually in units of volume such as gallons, cubic feet or acre-feet. Runoff potential - the potential of the soil to shed rainwater. The runoff potential rating is based on soil catenas. Soils are grouped into seven runoff potential rating categories according to internal drainage, depth and texture ofthe soil as well as subsurface soil conditions. The rating system enables hydrologists or land management personnel to classify the soils hydrologically. D and D+soils have the highest runoff potential while A soils have the lowest. This system not only expands S.C,S. hydro- logic soil groups but also includes relevant soils information to reclassify certain soils based on recent research. Saturated overland flow - surface water flowing over saturated soils near streams and drainage ways. Security - the probable period of time during.which no significant man- induced'. direct or indirect alteration of a natural area is foreseen. Sedimentation - the process of gravitational deposition of soil and other particles transported by water. -Soil series - 'a group of soils developed by the same combination of genetic processes. Its horizons have similar differentiating characteristics and arrangement in the soil profile and soils have developed from the same kind of parent material. Except for the "A" horizon texture (which is used to classify soil series into types) all soils having similar physical, chemical and morphological characteristics such as structure, texture, pH, base sa- turation, organic matter content, topographic position, drainage, depth, color, parent material and horizon thickness, type and arrangement belong to the same series. -209- Soil series are named for the geographic location where they were first described. Hence names such as Pocomoke, Sassafras, etc. Soil type - a subdivision of the soil series based on the texture of the "A" horizon. Soil individuals belonging to the same type have similar characteristics as required by the soil series as well as the same sur- face texture. Soil types derive their name by adding the surface texture to the series name. Subsection- a division of a natural area which reflects a discrete vege- tation type, site-type or natural feature. Substrate - layer beneath the soil surface. Subsurface flow - water flowing through substrate, often along impeding layers (fragipan) in the soil. Succession - a systematic series of species replacement in a biological system. Transpiration - giving off of moisture and gases through the surface of leaves and other parts of a plant. Trophic level -a step in the food chain. yype - a subdivision of a class, a group having distinguishing chara@teris- tics, (e.g., pond, marsh, swamp; oak-beech, mixed oak, oak-pine). Uplands sites where the soil is dry or moist most of the year including, ridges, upperslopes, midslopes, lowerslopes and well drained stream ter- races. Vegetation - the mosaic of plant communities in the landscape. Vegetation structure - the density and distribution of leaf surfaces ver- tically and horizontally. Canopy, understory, shrub and herb layers are common descriptions of vegetation structure. Vegetation types - an assemblage of plants consisting of particular species composition. The vegetation type is named for the dominant or co-dominant species. Vegetation-types such as "Oak-Hickory" or "Bald cypress", may include'as many as 20 different species of trees, as well as numerous shrubs and herbs. In some cases the transition between adjacent types are gradual; therefore the description given the vegetation type is mFre typical of the center of the type than its edge. Water table - the highest level at which the soil or underlying rock mate- r�al is wholly saturated with water. In certain places a perched water table may be separated from a lower water table by a dry zone. Well drained soil - soils nearly free of mottling and commonly of an inter- mediate texture. Wetland - any area where the water table stands at or above the land sur- face for at least part of the year. Wetlands are described according to the degree of wetness and the type of vegetation which the site supports. PERS ONNEL The following personnel were responsible for the completion of this report: Project Director, Interviews, John Rogers Parameter Determination and Sampling Methodology Sampling Methodology, Computer Stephan Syz Format, Interviews, Editor Visual Analysis Method ' Research, Fritts Golden Business Manager, Editor Literature Search, Local Public Steve Elkinton Relations, Graphics Field Survey Supervisor, Sam Poole Site Cataloguing Site Cataloguing Kay Fairs George MacPherson Computer Programming Andrew Schwartz Typists Vera Dutton Linn Syz Ann Rogers Office Personnel Debbie Golden Ted Wall Consultants Tom Siccama Grace Brush Field Survey Staff Carl Bailey Steve Dawson John Hutson Wayne Klockner Chris Merker Tim O'Meara George Robbins Eric See Arthur Tai -211- BIBLIOGRAPHY MARYLAND AND CHESAPEAKE BAY REGIONAL STUDIES Besley, F. W., 1916. The Forests of Maryland. Maryland State Board of Forestry, Baltimore, 152 pp. (With county maps). Brodie, J.E. and Nolley, J., 1974. Maryland's Primary Wood Industry. Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis: Md., 59 pp. Cleaves.' E., 1968. Geological Map of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. Cohen, S.M. and McErlean, A.J., 1972. A Cross-Reference Index to Current (1971-1972) Bilogical and Biology-Related Research on Chesapeake Bay, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, College Park: Uni- versity of Maryland, Gloucester Point: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 60 pp. plus 161 pp. Addendum. Inventory of Research Preliminary to Corps.of Engineers Study. Ferguson,-R.H., 1967. The Timber Resources of Maryland, U.S.D.A. Resource Bulletin NE-7, Upper Darby: NE Forest Experimental Station, 93 pp. Footn6r, Hulbert, 1944. Rivers of the Eastern Shore, 375 pp. Lippson, A.J., 1973. The Chesapeake Bay in Maryland-An Atlas of Natural Resources, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 56 pp. (Maps). Excellent Description of Species Dynamics in Bay. Maryland Department Forests and Parks, 1966. Maryland State Parks: A Master Plan for Outdoor Recreation, 1967-1976, 27 pp. Maryland Department Forests and Parks, 1971. Maryland State Parks-Action Program for Development. Detailed Development Phasing of Individual Parks. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1970. A Guide to Maryland's Pub- lic Hunting Areas, 49 pp. Maryland Department of State Planning, 1970. Maryland Outdoor Recreation and Open Space Concept Plan. Maryland Department of State Planning, 1970. Scenic Rivers in Maryland, 40 pp. (With Maps).. Surveys 7 Rivers (Including Pocomoke) and outlines State Plans for Preservation and Development, Maryland Department of State Planning, 1973. Natural Soil Groups of Mary- land, Pub. 199, 153 pp. and Tables. Maryland Department of State Planning, 1974. State and Federal Land In- ventory, 68 pp. (With Maps). Maryland Department of State Planning, et. al., 1965. Classification and Inventory of Wildlife Habitats in Maryland, Baltimore, 74 pp. -215- Maryland Department of State Planning, Maryland Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969. Groundwater Aquifers and Mineral Commodi- ties of Maryland. , Maryland Geolog -ical Survey, 1902. Cecil County, 32 pp. (With Maps). Explores Geology, Soil, and Forest Resources. Maryland Geological Survey, 1926. Kent County, 184 pp. (With Maps). Explores Geology, Forest, and Soil Resources. Maryland Geological Survey, 1926. Queen Anne's County, 174 pp. (With Maps). Explores Geology, Soil, and Forest Resources. Maryland Geological Survey, 1926. Talbot County, 174 pp. (With Maps). Explores Geology, Soil, and Forest Resources. Maryland Geological Survey General Report, 1906. Vol. 6. Includes Descriptions of Physical Features, Geology, Soils, and His- tory of each County. Maryland Geological Survey General Report, 1918. Vol. 10. Includes Geographical Descriptions, Excursions, Natural Resources, and Water Bearing Formations by County. Murray, G.E., 1961. Geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province of North America, NYC: Harper Bros., 692 pp. Natural History Society of Maryland, 1973. Endangered Amphibians and Rep- tiles of Maryland: A Special Report, Bulletin of the Maryland Herpi- tological Society, 9(3):42-93. Penfoun d, W.T., 1952. Southern Swamps and Marshes in Botanical Review. 18(G):413-446. Raymond, Parish, Pine, and Plavnick, 1973. The State of Maryland Histo- rical Atlas, Annapolis: Maryland Department Economic and Community Development, Maryland Department of State Planning. Good Geo-Referenced Overview of Historical Development from Indian Times. Illustrates Isolation of Eastern Shore. Shreve, Forrest, 1910. The Plant Life of Maryland, Maryland Weather Ser- vice Special Pub. 3:533 pp. Excellent Analysis of Vegetation Areas as Related to Soil Geology, etc. (Good Introduction to Area). Soil Conservation Service, 1936. Soil Survey of Kent County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. (Out of Print). Soil Conservation Service, 1957. Soil Survey of Dorchester County, Mary- land, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. (Maps Only). Soil Conservation Service, 1964. Soil Survey of Caroline County, Mary- land, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1966A. Soil Survey of Queen Anne's County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. -216- Soil Conservation Service, 1966B. Soil Survey of Somerset County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1970A. Soil Survey of Talbot County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1970B. Soil Survey of Wicomico County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1973A. Soil Survey of Cecil County, Maryland, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1973B. Soil Survey of Worcester County, Mary- land, Washington, D.C.: U.S.D.A. Soi 1Conservation Service, 1975A. Delmarva River Basins Study -- Plan of Work (U.S.D.A. et. al.,) (A 3 State Cooperative Watershed Study, Pri- marily Agricult-ural7).- Soil Conservation Service, 1975B. Erodibility Factors (K) and Textures of the A, B, and C Horizons of Maryland Soils and Land Types, in Mary- land Technical Guide, Appendix A-3, College Park: SCS (U.S.D.A.) 17 pp. Stewart, R.E., 1962. Waterfowl Populations in the Upper Chesapeake Region, Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 65, Washington, D.C.: Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (U.S. Department of Interior) 208 pp. (With Maps). Tatnall, R.R., 1946. Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore Wilmington: Society of Natural History of Delaware 313 pp. (With Maps). Annotated Taxonomic Listing, Tinker, D.W. and Boynton, W., 1970. Assateague Ecological Studies Final Report, University of Maryland, Natural Resources Institute Contri- bution No. 446. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 1974. Coastal Wetlands of Virginia: Interim Report 3, 52 pp. Vokes, H.E., 1957. (Revised 1968 by J. Edwards). Geography and Geology of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey, Bulletin 19. Companion to Cleaves, Geological Map of Maryland. Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd, 1972. Maryland Chesapeake Bay Study, 403 pp. (Describes Natural and Social Parameters Affecting Bay Planning). EASTERN SHORE DISTRIBUTIONAL STUDIES Brown, R.G. and Brown, M.L., 1972. Woody Plants of Maryland, Port City Press, Baltimore, 347 pp. Complete Taxonomic Reference for Trees, Shrubs and Vines. -217- Brush, Grace, 1975. (Unpublished). Forest Ecology of the Piedmont Region. Maryland, 50 pp. (With Distribution Maps). Outlines Dr. Brush's Sampling Techniques. Conant, Roger, 1945. An Annotated Check List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Delmarva Peninsula, Wilmington: The Society of Natural History of Delaware, 9 pp. McCauley, Robert H., 1941. A Distributional Study of the Reptiles of Mary- land and the District of Columbia PhD. Thesis: Cornell University,, 75 pp. Natural History Society of Maryland,1969. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Maryland and The District of Columbia, in Bulletin of the Maryland Herpitological Society, 5(4), pp. 99-153. (Mainly Distributional Maps). Paradiso,.J.L., 1969. Mammals of Maryland, North America Fauna, No. 66,- Washington D.C.: Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (U.S. Department of Interior) 194 pp. (Complete Listing with Distributions). Robbins, Chandler, 1975. (Unpublished). Maps of Bird Species Ranges in Maryland, 167 pp.@ Taylor, G. and Flyger V., 1973. Distribution of the Delmarva Fox Squirrel (Sciurus Niger Cinereus) in Maryland, in Chesapeake Science 15(l):59-60. EASTERN SHORE NATURAL AREA INVENTORIES Brush, Grace, 1975. Personal Communication - Vegetational Study Sites on The Eastern Shore. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1973. 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