Maryland uplands natural areas study, field notebook western shore

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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MARYLAND UPLAISIM
NATURAL AREAS STUDY

FIELD NOTEBOOK
WESTERN SHORE

MARYLAND
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
ANNAPOLISP MARYLAND

COASTAL ZONE

INFORMATION

QH
76.5

M37
1976

MARYLAND UPLANDS NATURAL AREAS STU7
FIELD NOTEBOOKWESTERN -SHORE

Revised 1976 by

Tim O'Meara, Tom Chaney, Wayne Klockner

ro Prepared for
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Maryland Department of Natural Resources

For further information contact:

Coastal Zcne Management Program
Energy and Coastal Zone Administration
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland 21401

Preparation of this report was partially funded
by the office of Coastal Zone Management,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Rogers and Golden, Inc., 31 W. Allens Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19119

(215) 242-6858

PREFACE

The Maryland Upland Natural Areas Study wag begun in the spring of 1975
and was designed,to partially fulfill the requirements of the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972. The original sampling methodology was designed by
Rogers and Golden, Inc., for inventorying sites on Maryland's Eastern Shore.
The fundamentals of this methodology are described in the opening chapters of
this report. During the winterof 75-76, the methodology was revised to
reflect our experience in the field the previous summer and to better.adapt
the methodology to the Western Shore.

A great effort was made to obtain input into the methodology from
potential users of this study and from experts in the various subject areas
for which sample information was to be obtained. This information was then
synthesized into a sampling procedure. The sampling-procedure was designed
to enable field personnel to quickly obtain a concise, accurate characterization
of each site. The sampling is not meant to be a substitute for the detailed
site assessments needed for a final project evaluation but to provide a means
of screening a large number of sites for specific uses.

Approximately 400 sites have been sampled on the Western Shore using
this methodology, and the results of this inventory will be made available
in computer format for potential data users. In addition, the sites will be
evaluated based on the data collected for possible designation as critical
areas of state concern.

The Field Notebook incorporated in this report represents the methodology
developed by the Coastal Zone Management Program for sampling upland natural
areas on Maryland's Western Shore. The not ebook contains a description of the
methods and techniques for data collection and is intended to serve as a manual
for organizations or individuals who may be interested in carrying out field
surveys of upland sites on the Western Shore.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was greatly aided by information and advice from many experts
and professionals. Special thanks are due the following:

John Antenucci, Department of State Planning; Earl Bradley, Coastal Zone
Management Program; Grace Brush, Johns Hopkins University; King Burnett,
Maryland Environmental Trust; James Burtis, Forest Service; Nick Carter,
Fisheries Administration; Howard Erickson, Towson College; Francis Golet,
University of Rhode Island; Herbert Harris, Natural History Society,of Maryland;
Bernard Holla, Wildlife Administration; Lee Jaslow, Environmental Services;
William Kramer, Capital Programs Administration; Randy Kerhin, Maryland
Geological Survey; Steve Long, Power Plant Siting; Bruce Nichols, Soil Conservation
Service; Maryland Park Service; Chandler Robbins, Patuxent Wildlife Research
Station; Kenneth Ropp, Capital Programs Administration; Lewis Rudasill, Capital
Programs Administration; Craig Ten,Broeck, Wildlife Administration; Tom Siccama,
Yale University.

As is apparent from the variety of people with whom we have worked, the
study incorporates a diversity of disciplines. In bringing the various elements
together, we have relied heavily on the knowledge and labor of the professional
staffs of the Department of Natural Resources,,the Department of State Planning,,
and the Soil Conservation,Service as well as members of the scientific community.
In addition, we have had the good fortune to be able to visit.with many -
knowledgeable and interested residents of the Western Shore.. We are grateful
for the courtesies, hospitality, and kindness they showed us@, as well as for
their valuable insights.

The discussion of Aquatic Buffer Zones, included in the 'discussion of
derived parameters in Chapter III, is part of an unpublished.report undertaken
independently of this study. It has been adapted and included for informational
purposes. "Aquatic Buffer Zone" Copyright 1975 John W. Rogers, Stephan B. Syz,
Arthur A. Sullivan. All rights reserved.

The permission of Francis Golet to include his paper "Classification and
Evaluation of Freshwater Wetlands as Wildlife Habitat in the G laciated Northeast"
in this report is gratefully acknowledged.

During the summer and fall, the field crew stayed at.several state parks
while involved with the site inventory. We would like to extend special thanks
to the Maryland Park Service, the park superintendents, and park employees for
providing a temporary home and all of its amenities for our field crew.

PERSONNEL

Project Manager Tom Chaney
Department of Natural Resources
Energy & Coastal Zone Administration
Tawes State Office Building, B-3
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
301-269-2784(3382)

Field Manager Tim O'Meara

Field Staff Carolyn Gawne
Wayne Klockner
Pamela Kohlberg
George Robbins
John Robinson
Eric See
Katherine Swan
Deborah Van Dyke

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . .
Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Survey Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Encoding Instructions . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 25
Card 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Area Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Area Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Nearest Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Card 2 . . . . . . . 33
Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Bibliography & Site Sources . . . . . . . . . 37
Current Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Site Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 42
Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Occurrence . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Size . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . 44
Average Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Forest Edge . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 45
Card 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 47
Contiguous Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.
Aquatic Buffer Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Number of Community Types. 52
Community Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Auditory & Visual Experience . . . . . . . . 53
Wetland Wildlife Rating . . . . . . . ... . . 53
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54@,
One-Line Description . . . . . . . . .. . . . 54
Site Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Text . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
.Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Card 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Subsection Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Similar Subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Area of Subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Page
Waterbody Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Waterbody Type . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 67
Waterbody Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Waterbody Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Waterbody Bottom Material . . . . . . . . . . 70
Beach Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Beach Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Beach Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
% of Stream Shaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Soil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Soil Drainage . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 73
Vegetation Type . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 74
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Source of Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Degree of Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
Animals . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Site Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Vegetation Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Plants . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 95
Woody Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Herbaceous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 119
Mammals . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Herptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
soils . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
D &,D + Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Well-drained Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
@eadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Aquatic Buffer Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

All

INTRODUCTION
The Maryland Upland Natural Areas Study is part of an ongoing effort
by the Maryland Coastal Zone Management Program to describe and assess the
resources of Maryland's coastal areas. The study was begun in 1975 with
the goal of surveying all areas within the Coastal Plain which had been
recommended as potential areas of critical state concern because of their
floral or faunal characteristics. The Study provides objective and
descriptive data on identified natural areas. This information will be
used to describe and evaluate the inherent value of an area as a natural
ecological unit and to ascertain its value for certain compatible uses.

For the purposes of this study, upland natural areas are defined as
areas where, at present, natural processes predominate and are not
significantly influenced by either deliberate manipulation or accidental
interference by man. The majority of sites sampled include mature forests,
wooded swamps, non-tidal wetlands, and stream corridors. Tidal areas were
excluded from this study and will be subjected to a separate inventory
and assessment.

The areas selected as candidates for field investigation were
recommended by a broad range of published and unpublished sources. These
sources are described in the parameter descriptions section under the
heading, "Bibliography". The candidate areas fall into at least one of
the following categories:

1. Areas with unusual or interesting natural features meriting
protection'by the state or local government,

2. Areas crucial to an ecological system which should be protected
from inappropriate development or use,

3. Areas considered a primary state resources, and

4. State owned lands such as open space and parks. (See Table 1)

4- The study's sampling methodology was developed with two basic goals:
(1) to provide a consistent data base so that areas could be compared, and
(2) to enable the characterization of many sites quickly and accurately.

An initial step in this study was to identify potential data users and
their specific needs. Those users with a continuing and timely need are
state agencies and departments with both functional and regulatory
responsibilities. Prior to data gathering, these users were involved in
the design of the information system. Department of Natural Resources
personnel, state and local planners, and knowledgeable persons in related
fields were interviewed about data needs to make the study as broad as
possible (See Table 2). From an analysis of the data users' needs, the

functions and scope of the study were established. As a result of these
interviews and a literature search, the sampling parameters for the
natural areas study were determined. Table 3 is a listing by field data
form of parameters which were found to be important to the study.

The major product of the Upland Natural Areas Study is a computer
storage file from which specific natural area data can be quickly retrieved.
Thi data management-system makes the data more useful by increasing its
accessibility to the users such as state agencies, county planners, and
private citizens. The data management system was designed with two main
purposes: (1) to check the data for miscoding errors and (2) to print the
data in an easily readable format. As designed, the management system will
also allow retrieval of individual site descriptions or retrieval by
individual parameters or groups of parameters. This will allow users of
theldata to objectively rank areas by evaluating the different parameters
in the context of their importance to potential site uses. Wherever
p
'ible, the data format has been made compatible with the Department of
oss
State Planning's MAGI System. An example of a computer print-out is shown
i
on the following pages.
iThe report that follows is organized into several sections. First, the
SWEVey procedure and coding process is described. This is followed by the
detailed parameter descriptions and encoding instructions for filling out
the field data forms. These descriptions and instructions are organized
by data card as shown on the sample field data forms under the section
marked "Coding". The remaining portion of the report entitled "Readings"
contains study area descriptions, glossary, and other pertinent information.

In summary, the important features of the Study are:

1. The sampling mett)-dology is set before field work begins. This
is important for consistency and uniformity of the data collected,

2. The methodology is designed to fulfill the information needs of
potential users. Since the users were included in the development
of the methodology, they are more likely to use the data collected
by this methodlogy,

3. The sampling techniques are easily replicated so that new sites can
be added and the study can be continuously updated,

4. The data is easily compared between sites, and

5. The natural areas information is readily accessible to potential
users.

-2-

Table 1: Areas Selected for field Survey

1. Areas which have unusual or interesting natural features meriting
protection by the state or local government. These natural features
might consist of:

a Natural habitats supporting unique wildlife population or a
species whose range is limited in the state or whose numbers
.are so limited as to warrant special consideration.

b. Natural areas possessing unique features such as:

1. Sandy beaches or sand dunes.

2. Bluffs having unusual exposed geologic strata or
offering scenic vistas.

3. Scarps.

4. Inland rivers having wild character, profuse bloom ing flora,
unusual floral communities, or mature, regenerating forests.

5. Forest communities with a species range limit such as bald
cypress, laurel oak, loblolly pine or overcup oak.

6. Endangered forest species such as chestnut or elm.

7. Trees which are currently national or state champions.

2. Areas which are crucial to an ecological system and should be protected
from inappropriate development or use. This category might include:,

a. Streamside forests which buffer aquatic systems from upland
contaminations such as silt, bacteria, and toxic chemicals.

b. Low wetlands which support many wildlife species, and perform
such useful functions as water filtration, floodwater storage,
and nutrient assimilation.

3. Areas which can be considered to contain a primary state resource.
These areas include:

a. Natural wildlife habits of high productivity.

b. Areas of exceptional scenic quality.

4. State owned open space and parks.

-3-

Table 21 PEOPLE INTERVIEWED

Wildlif e

Nick Carter Fisheries Administration DNR
Bernard Holla Wildlife Administration DNR
Chandler Robbins Ornithologist Patuxent Wildlife
Research Station
traig Ten Broeck Wildlife Administration DNR
Francis Golet Department of Forestry and Univ. of Rhode
Wildlife Management Island

Geology

Randy Kerhin Md. Geological Survey DNR
Vegetation

brace Brush Geography'Department Johns Hopkins Univ.
James Burtis Forestry Service DNR
State Planning

ive
John Antenucci Div-., of' Comprehens' Dept. of State
Planning, Planning

Recieation

William Kramer Capital P'@ograms Admin. DNR
Kenneth Ropp Capital Pirbgrams-Admin.. DNR
Rudasill Capital Programs Admin. DNR

-Environmental Servides.

tee Jaslow Environmental. Servlce@s, DNR
Coas@tal,Zone Management.,

Thomas Chaney Water.' Resources Admin- DNR
William Jackson- Water- Resourc7es, Admin.. DNR
Earl Bradley- Water- Resourco--s-, Admirf-@.. DNR

Soili

Bruce Nichols, Sail C6nservatiorf S'drvice
USDA

Natural Areas Studies-

Thomas Sicc a S'chool. of- F'ore@stry, Yale University
Harold, Erickson- Biology- Departmeint. Towson College

Table I PARAMETERS

A list of parameters sampled on Western Shore natural areas follows in
the order in which they appear on the data sheets which were completed for
each area.

Parameters

Card 1 Area Number
Area Name
Date
Nearest Town

Card 2 Elevation
Geology
Ownership
Bibliography
Current Use
Security
Access
Site Type
Integrity
Occurrence
Size
Average Width
Forest Edge

Card 3 Contiguous Land Use
Aquatic Buffer
of Community Types
Community Diversity
Visual Experience Score
Visual Experience Term
Wetland Wildlife Rating
Categories
One Line Description

Card 4 One'Line Description (continued)

Cards 5 Text

Cards 6 Names

-5-

Card 7 Subsection Number
Similar Subsections
Area of Subsection
Waterbody Distance
Waterbody Type
Waterbody Size
Waterbody Depth
Waterbody Bottom Material
Beach Type
Beach Length
Beach Width
% of Stream Shaded
Soil Type
Soil Drainage
Vegetation Type
Topography
Source of Disturbance
Degree of Disturbance
Passage
Animals - species, source, residency, frequency

Card 8 Number of Samples
Total % cover - canopy
Total % Cover - understory
Total % Cover - shrubs
Total % Cover - herbs
Vegetation Species
Average DBH
Layer
Impact
% Cover species

-6-

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SURVEY PROCEDURE

The following section describes the technique to be used in the field
inventory. The objective of the procedure is to obtain information to
characterize the Natural Area, to paint a mental picture of the area through
the use of words. It is not intended to generate data for'any specific
scientific purpose but rather to identify areas of potential importance as
Natural Areas and to provide information for evaluation of possible compatible
uses. In order that the information acquired for different Natural Areas be
comparable for these evaluations it is important that application of the
sampling methodology be standardized for different areas and sampling crews.
The following methodology attempts to draw the guidelines for achieving this
standardization.

Familiarization

Review all air photos, soil surveys, and topographic maps of the Natural
Areato become familiar with the topography, soil moisture, location of water
bodies and watercourses, and the contiguous land uses. Review all material in
the Natural Area folder pertaining to the site.

Preliminary Delineation

On the basis of this review make a preliminary determination as to whether
the Natural Area delineations shown on the county map are appropriate. In
some cases, overlapping areas drawn from separate sources were mapped as one
area. You may find it desirable to subdivide large areas so as to facilitate
description of the Natural Area, to more accurately describe distinct features,
orto assign additional importance to a specific area. Similarly, it may be
desirable to aggregate areas where the character of the le:d is sufficiently
similar and which are in close proximity to each other. In any cases where i
sites are divided or aggregated, follow the instructions for numbering the
new areas contained under the tab "Card 1.11

Tidal wetlands should be excluded from the Natural Area boundary as they
are not under the scope of this study. Enclosed open water areas should be
treated as part of the Natural Area.

Vegetation Type Delineation

Using the soil survey and aerial photos, carefully elineate plant
communities which appear different on the aerial photographs Soil types give
an excellent indication of the vegetation one may encounter. These are sub-
sections(.df the Natural Area. Generally, a subsection should not constitute
less than 5% of the Natural Area or 10 acres, whichever is smaller. Exceptions
should be made for small communities or features which are unusual or of
special significance to the Natural Area. Enclosed open water portions of
the Natural Area should not be designated as subsections unless they include
significant floating or emergent vegetation.

-9-

FieldZampling

Make a field reconnaissance of the different plant communities you have
delineated. In the course of the survey adjust subsection boundaries to more
accurately describe distinct vegetation communities or na'tural features. Add
or combine subsections where appropriate. Sampling stations should be located,
basal area and vegetation sampled, and resulting information recorded on a
"Vegetation Sampling Form" for each subsection. Follow the instructions for
sampling found under the tab titled Vegetation Sampling. During the course
of th' field sampling, record by subsection any spedies of mammals, birds,
reptiles, or amphibians which are observed or heard or for which a nest or
sign is found.

Where a Natural Area recorded on the site map cannot be found or it has
been altered to the extent that it cannot be considered as a Natural Area,
write@"Not Found" or "Rejected" on the site folder and list the reason it has
been excluded from the survey.

Wetlan'd Sampling

Wetland Wildlife Rating should be completed for all Natural Areas
which include one or more of the wetland classes listed under the "Wetlands"
tab.

Post Reconnaissance Review

Following the reconnaissance, review all Vegetation Sampling Forms making
certain that all pertinent portions are completed. Complete the remaining
data forms according to the following encoding instructions being cafeful
that the recorded information accurately describes the site. Complete a
"Cardl" form for each subsection. Subsections which have similar vegetational
and ph' sical characteristics may be grouped as "similar subsections." For each
,y
set of similar subsections, complete one "Card 7" form and a "Vegetation
i
Sampling Form" for each component subsection.

T,br principally unvegetated areas such as historical sites, state champion
trees,on estates, etc., complete the pertinent parameters on all data forms
except for "Card 7" and the "Vegetation Sampling Form."

Staple the completed data forms together in numerical order according to
their@card numbers. Group each set of Card 7 and Cards 8 by subsection. Do
not include the "Audio-Visual Experience/Wetland Wildlife Rating" form in the
stapled packet but include it in the folder.
I
Air PAotos

Record the numbers of all air photos on which the Natural Area is
delineated in the space provided on the sampling forms. Check to be sure
that all Natural Area boundaries and subsection boundaries are properly
drawn on these photos. Label each Natural Area and subsection by number
on each photo. Mark and number all locations where % cover vegetation
samples were taken in each subsection. Upon completion, return the photos
to the' stack of county photos.

Where aerial photos are not available for the Natural Area record the
previous information on the soil survey photos and record the appropriate
sheet numbers on the data form. Label roads and outstanding physical features
on all photos used and indicate North with an arrow.

Knowledgeable Persons

Be constantly alert for persons who may have knowledge about thenatural,
features or history of Natural Areas. These may include hunters, fishermen,
birders, school teachers and others. In conversation make it a point to
collect names of others and set up appointments to interview the people on
rainy days. Record the names of any such persons on the Names form for each
Natural Area.

The,Study was organized in the following manner to carry out the sampling.
Summer students were hired who had demonstrated experience in some type of
vegetation analysis. These field crew members then participated in a one week
training session to familiarize them with the sampling procedure and to achieve
consistency between individuals. The crew was then divided into teams of two
and each team was given the responsibility for sampling all the sites in a
county. A field manager visited each team at regular intervals to help maintain
tb6 consistency of sampling techniques between teamb, bolve proiAL-i-ci relating
to the sampling procedure, and to distribute supplies.

CODING

The nucleus of the study is the field evaluation and the data sheets
which are generated for each Natural Area. These data sheets will be
digitized on computer cards which will become the data bank for the study.
Computer programs are being devised to permit the printing-out of selected
combinations of data for easier handling and for comparison or ranking of
areas As in any computerized data systIem, observedIor ranked information will
have to be translated into coding. This is a relatively easy process. A
range of possible phenomena are listed in the encoding instructions with a
specific number or symbol assigned to each. These numbers simply stand for
the entire descriptive phrase or number associated with the actual field
observation. Unlike typographical errors, where mistakes are readily
observable, errors in encoding will be extremely difficult to detect.
Therefore, it is essential that care be exercised in entering the code
numbers into the appropriate spaces. The following sheets are instructions
for filling out data forms by parameter. They are organized in the sequence
which they occur on the data sheets. The transparent index dividers labeled -
CARD #1, CARD #2 .... correspond to the computer card numbers on the data sheets.

An example of a completed set of data forms for a hypothetical site
follows.

-13-

Crew
UPLAND NATURAL AREAS DATA FORM JRTO
Photo Number (s): AHT-5MM-16
Area Name O1Lp' p- I I,- I I I 1 1 2 3 2021 so Month 05. May 08. August
06. June 09. September
Card
#1 area number *area number date nearest town 07. Ju October

1 125079380022011107 *SINGLTON CREEK WOODS 052076 SINGLETON Sit 11p-p2 IS- pTF I 1 p2 1 p- 1I 1pV p1 8 4 1p9 1pd3U 41 4? 4 76 77 GEOLOGY SECUR OCCURRENCE

2 B 4006 1#220252 0422211 6041 3800

GEOLOGY SECURITY
01. bgb,baltimore gabbro complex 11.i, lowland deposits 1. Threatened with destruction within five years.
02. kg, james run gneiss 12. tu, u, upland deposits a. areas currently being disturbed by man
03. km, mngothy formention 13. sf, setters formation (i.e.. channelization, siltation, logging, construction)
04. kma, matawan formation 14. ta, auia formation b. areas currently under plan to be altered
05. kmo montouth formation 15. te, calvert formation (i.e. sewer lines, homes)
06. kp, potomac group 16. teh, choptank formation c. areas contiguous with new development, highway
07. pcbg, baltimore gneiss 17. tn, nanjenoy formation interc anges
08. pzgg, gunpowerder granite 18.ts, st. mary's formation d. areas zoned commercial residential, industrial
09. pzpd, port deposit gneiss 19. ve, voleanie complex 2. Areas safe for five years
10. du, uaternery deposits 20. wbg, boulder gneiss a. areas not currently threatened with destruction, but
*. more than one formation not currently protected.
3. areas safe indefinatly
as wildlife management areas or parks
4. unknown

OWNERSHIP 5pl Government i as 1pa.
1. Private Individual 6. state Government 4. 2 Corporation T. Federal Gover AVERAGE WIDTH
3titution a. unknown ACCESS 1. Disjunct - Area is broken into 4. Private or Von-Profit Public Or More than one owner 1p3or highway or road to site 2. Less than 200 feet
2. te Trail to site 3. 200t
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 3. Difficult Isolated area, no road or trail to t oo feet
5. 6oo 302 SITE TYPE pl 216 310 5. Lowland Evergreen Forest 7G 207pA Water Body 6. Upland 1200 feet
124-p3AAC 2. Upland Deciduous crest nd st
2 3. Lowland Decid:res 8. Cultural Site
2o6 120 4. Upland Evergreen Forest -a-pion FOREST EDGE
3 252- 1. Mil - Forestal portions of the site occurring
INTEGRITY eEs as a single block with a minimum of
CURRENT USE 1paion or physical feature is for1pe edge.
0 relatively stable as revealed by the pattern of regeneration 2. ations of the site somewhat
02. Vehicular Traffic (i.e. motor bikes) or tpfysoration. Disturbance is dissected or single block with
03. -rails 1 insignificant although some isturbance pening$ resulting in a moderate amount
04. Hunting 12. Pasture evidence. Vegetation is mature or relatively stable because of pe1pge.
05. Wildlife nt cu of its ability to resist succession. 3. orested portions of the site highly
06. Timber Management 14. W 2. ation or physical feature is dissected, occurriow 07. Single Home 15. changing due on either as a conseuence Includinged openings resulting
0 of ran-made or natural disturbance such as fire, erosion in a pge.
or flooding. Veet relatively young and dynamic. 4, ie - No forested subsections.
- ire management to
maintain present character.
4. pasource of change is not evident.

p4
Card Contiguous Land Use Categories
I 4 Prim. Sec. T Site No.
t1p1)1160
1 2 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3940
CONTIGUOUS LAND USE COMMUNITY DIVERSITY

of border by use for 4 principle Contiguous Land Uses
1. Contains us different vegetation cou animal habitats or physical features such as streams, bogs,
ol. ea 09. Road scarps.
02. Wetland 10. F 2. ontains a few different vegetation types and
1p.d. habitats or features.
. Park 12. Residential
05 13. Cr 3. Low - Contains predominantly one vegetation co 06. Managed Forest 14. Industrial or natural feature.
07. A 15. Recreational
0 16. Town
17. Cha Stream ONE LINE continue as one line on Card #4.

AUATIC BUFFER ZONE

1. Ad The Natural Area provides a band of natural or successional
vegetation greater than 300 feet ie than 66 border of included or contiguous auatic systems (wetlands, 'watercourses,
or waterbodies and adjacent D or D 2.1pable - The Natural Area provides a band of natural or successional
vegetation greater than 50 feet in width along more than 66% of the bord included or contiguous auatic systems.
3. In,ural Area provides a band of natural or successional
vegetation less than 50 feet in width along more than 66% of the border
of included or contiguous auatic systems.
4.

Card
Description (Cont.
spP 11,N F ' 7677

TEXT P. 1 Site No.
15!A!T-I,ylilsl IsIll-rIsl 1,1,vicl, -FT-F
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1 2 3 7677 so
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15:El,qk INT
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151JIFI.1;nlslrl 1411 1,Fls-I 17-1//Ill All FI:, IF, 1 2@ IAIN@l ISI1W,511-lElr-lolvl [email protected]
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15i'017-WIAH ICIA61SIE(PI IBIYI 11112s6ild.1 IOU-TrIAIIA I I

Emma
.60,

-U-TVTETRI TEXT P. 2 Site No.
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15 VI I I I I TI I I I I I I I I L
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F5 FY [TTT@Jjj 1 111 111 1 111-11

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NAME(S)

Site No.
16111MIRI. I ICIqlulclKl WqWnjPjLjfj8jEj9j9jVI I 1,91ol-91 131*1 IfIIIVI(51f-I,-IT-IOIAIj 1,RIPl.l I ISI1IVI6!41eH,11-lVl-l ImIst-.1 I?IAIqlrl-;IOIWIAJIEIRI I 1131IF1,1101
2 5 76 77 ao

16121HIR1.1 151111.IAISI ICI?IIlc:l,-151-rlTI I 181slyl 13141 I ISIIIMIIGII.IfIT
I-INH IADLI lpkl)zl-rl-lo[-lvlEllq-L[ I I I I I i i i i
1 2 3 76

16141 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 FEER
MG

'no so so 410 so 1W do, #M so an so so 60 'm

X_
Source
Card Similar Soil of Animals
st
Di
#7 Subqections Area Type 0 20 (Code and Source)
2 4 @ite No.
1700j/ I Y 10 11@ 10 1317 2j;F
1 2 Z 4 5 1.5 Iqld Ill Is-IdAflobighH3 S-106121.3 6171alSill'SI317!Slll@1612-IllI 1d514 17 1 It! /Ill I I I 1-++-H3191qj0
12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 30 31 32 34 35 16 394041 42 6667 76 77 80
AREA OF SUBSECTION(S) acres. including similar subsections WATERBODY BOTTOM MATERIAL TOPOGRAPHY
1, Peqt - fibrous organic material with 1. Flat - little topographic relief over most of subsection
recognizable plant parts. 2. iio-11ing, - hills with slopes < 15% over most of subsection
*WATERBODY DISTANCE 2. !t;ck - black ooze compos@-i of silt and 3. Steep - slopes > 15% over most of subsection
1-ecomposed organic matter. 4. Mixed - flat or rolling topography with significant areas
1. Same as this subsection 3. Silt fine sediment with little organic material. (>33%) with steep slopes, gorges, or bluffs
2. Inc-1 @ded or contiguous (1-10 feet) 4. T,7d granular sediment.
3 10-50 feet SOURCE OF DISTURBANCE
5. Gravel - granular se-i ent with particles larger
x e,_ 8
4: 50-100 feet than 2= (appro I _ .elmy l/ in.).
5 100-200 feet 6. Cobble - round or sab-round, water-worn rock 1. Channelization
6: 200-300 feet 17. Select"ve Cutting
-500 feet 7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals larger than a 3. Sewer Outlet 19. Fire
T. 300 '@ -1/2-'lo incies in diameter. 2. Dredging 18. Clear 'Cutting
8. Greater than 500 feet cobble. 4. Culverts 20. Windthrow
5. Bulkheading. 21. Disease
6. Dikes 22. Litter Accurulation. leaf
BEACH TYPE 7. Dams '3. Durping
WATERBODY TYPE 8. Change in Watertable 24. paper
1. Bluff steep slope or abrupt embankment along
01. Primary Stream, <5 feet wide vaterbody edge or sandy beach 9. Logs and Debris 25. V an d a I I Sri
2. 10. Beaver Dams Tranpl-n
02. Secondary Stream surrounding area gently sloping to waterbody 1
, 5-30 feet wide 11. Algal Blooms 27. Motor Vehicles
03. Tertiary Stream, 1 30 feet wide edge
. -dy T 12. Fedid Odor 28. Postacricultural.
04. Tidal Stream 3Sa Rpach - low, sloping sandy beach without dunes
4. D,=es - low, sloping sandy beach with dunes 13. Siltation 29. Other
05. Sub-estuary 14. Erosion 30. None
06. Potomac River 5. Nct aplicable 15. Ncise, 31. Flooding
07. Chesapeake Bay 16. Air Pollution
08. Pond 32. Grazing
09. Bog BEAC:1 LENGTH -
10, Pre sbvater Marsh 1. L ss than 500 feet 4. Greater than 150 DEGREE OF DISTURBANCE
11. Shrub Sw=, e 0 feet
12. Wooded Sw=-j 2. 500-1000 feet 5. Not Applicable 1. Severe - man's impact resulting in severe
13. Tidal Wetlands 3. lC,,---500 feet alteration of vegetation or natural feature
IL .Same as Subsection 01 2. Moderate - man's impact resulting In moderate
alteration of vegetation or natural feature
BEACH Y,` 1 r-' H ILow - man's impact evident but not significant
1. Less thar. 1 foot 4. Greater than 20 feet 4. TI-One - evidence of man-made disturbance not
WATERBODY SIZE 2. 1-10 feet 5. Not Applicable present over most of the subsection
1. Less thin I acre 3. 10-20 feet . I
2. 11-5 acres EASE OF PASSAGE
3. 5-10 acres
4. `0-20 acres OF STREAM SHADED I Difficult Thick understory or wet mucky soil
2. Moderate Interspersed understory or vat soil,
5. 20-30 acres 0. Less than 10" 3. 50-75% 3. Easy - Open understory, dry soils
6. Greater than 30 acres 1. 10-255 4. 75-100%
7- 'lot applicable 2. 25-50% 5. Not applicable
ANIMALS
WATERBODY DEPTH SOIL DRAINAGE iiecord 4 letter code and source for each animal.
I L as than 1 foot 1. Yes, well drained soils occur in the subsection Source 1. Observed or Feld
/Sws'-J, /., r - -

2: Greater than 1 foot 2. No, well drained soils do not occur in the subsection 2. Reported
3. Den. Vest or Spoor'

VEGETATION SAMPLING FORM
/S -b- To,,,
S k
/S i t
e No. C-j 4@
nXII131ST01-oMol 7-1 h7-F7Tild-3 131
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 0
T.11 Aw /Pff Aw Imf III III/
Species Pw /@,f P, Ir /141( I'll /kw 00 LAYER
Species I.I.COVA,@16I.COVI"ePlocov 0C011A&A116Cm,[email protected]. C ocov. Cov.. Cov. 1. canopy
IT- 7 all1 *171 wX.-I, 0,J # 17 1 1 ? 17 1 1 1 2. understory
25 71 S. Ra 0. 1 .1 117 ;Z 17 1 1 3. shrub
4. herb
33 e 0
41 ;Z f/ 49 Ir AiqA.@ I-AchorIx 0- J, IMPORT
49 1 -3/ 0-L 81-'1 W.&-t 0 1. unique or rare
57 F 0 71 0J, [email protected] O.A 0 rl endangered
65- 091 hlaellecry
73 3 3;z 3-1----l Ifed H. 1/, .3 ;z ERAGE AVERAGE
(9-16 Blank)' KOVER DBH
17 2 wMe 2
3 0-5
25@ ;z 0 Pt@vow 0 0 1-10 2=4-611
33 3 1;1 :2 0 Am 6,,t@@t 0 - 2-20 3=6-911
41 7 LE I a S" Rew L& x - 0 -30 4=9-12""
49 5' 0 1 .0 Al. Red 0. A 4-4o 5=12-18
5-50 6=18-24"
57 2 V 2131 101 X &A 0 --0 6-6o 7=24-30::
65 4 e 2 13 11 h' 9 2. 7-70 8=30-36
?3- 6 / I J?.. 0 8-8o, 9= 1-3611
IK3@ - - (9-16 Blank) L-9-90
IT_ 3 H, /e ZJ Vd."..- 0 ANIMALS:
4
25 z ? 61-1 5',-
2 7 3 7 0 81. Clee re
412 ?1? 13-101
0 0

4
.1 2 5- V1 0 ore*
9 a S-, vlt,,- ,v v -
57 A Se, r 0 0 0
65 A. -I er - I I I er
greg. Jvo.@,v wo xer
7n3 L mL wL

NOTES: I
//JS p 7ei e

0
2 fvv,, K0, t:
2

10
fmw m

S of Animal
Similar Soil I 1pt ource)
Subsections Area Type 4 5 ite No.
I jj I I I I I I 11pj 211pF 1 o I 11pY 1 1 2 21 22 2 3031 541 42 66 AREA OF SUBSECTION(S) acresar subsections MATERIAL TOPOGRAPHY
1. Peat - fibrous organic material with 1. Flat - little topographic relief over most of subsection
zable plant parts. 2. - hills with slopes of subsection
WATERBODY DISTANCE 2. oze composed of silt and 3. - slopes f subsection
1pos. r rolling topography with significant areas
1. Same as this subsection 3. Silt fine sediment ttle organic material. eep slopes, gorges, or bluffs
2 1 cus ( 4. Sand granular sediment.
30 feet 1 granular sediment with particles larger SOURCE OF DISTURBANCE
4t than ely 5et 6. Cobr worn rock 1. Chann 1ing
6. 200 . 2. Dredging 1
7. 300 7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals larger than a 3. Sewer Outlet 2.9. Fire
8. Greater than 500 feet cobble. 4. Culverts 20. W 5. Bul 21. D 6. Dikes 22. Litter Accumulation, leaf
BEACH TYPE 7. Dams I
WATERBODY TYPE eep slope or abrupt embankment along 8. Change In Wat ng 01. Primary Stream, wor sandy beach 9. Logs and Debris 25 2. 10. Beaver Dams 26. Tr 02. Secondary Stream, 5 surrounding area gently sloping to w 11. Algal Blooms 27. 03. Tertiary Stream, > 30 feet wide edge 12. F 2
04. Tidal Stream waterbody beach without dunes 13. Siltation 29. Other
05. Sub-estuary low sloping sandy beach with dunes 1 30. 06. Potomac River 5. Not a 15. Noise 3 07. Chesapeake Bay 16. Air Pollution 32. Crazing
0 BEACH
09. Bog LENGTH
10. Freshwater Marsh
1. Less than 500 feet 4. Greater than 1500 feet DEGREE OF DISTURBANCE
-2p= 2. 50 5. Not Applicable 1. Severe - man's impact resulting in severe
12. Wooded Sw 3. 1000 13. Tidal Wetlands alter tior natural feature
14. Same as Subsection 01 2man's impact resulting in moderate
BEACH WIDTH alteration of vegetation or natural feature
3man's impact evident but not significant
than I foot 0 feet ce of man-made disturbance nut
present over meat of the subsection
WATERB 2 5. Not Applicable
3. 10 I. Less than I acre
2es EASE OF PASSAGE
3. 5 4. 10 % OF STREAM SHADED 1. Difficult Thick understory or wet mucky soil
20 2. Moderate Interspersed underoils
0. Less than 10% 3. 50 3. Easy - Open under
630 acres 1. 10 4. 7. 2. 25 5. Not applicable
ANIMALS
WATERBODY DEPTH 4 letter code and source for each animal.
I Less t I. Yes, well drained soils occur in the subsection Source 1. Observed or 21phanfpt 2. soils do not occur in the subsection 2. Reported
p,

3. Den. Nest or Spoor

SAMPLING -FORM
VEGETATION
b- T
,P . 3%
T.1
/Site No. /S.-,.@t *,' "TP. I I vo I
18111-311rjoI01012171 1717-1710
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Species Tally LAYER
'Ibl.Cov.)WI
Species co,,./,-,... C 0 Z) 2 t1l, C 0 v.,A<0eA1, C 0 % cov.,6eAl. cov Cov. 1 canopy
17 y7 1 2.15- 2- 2. understory
3. shrub
25 17 4. herb
33 33 1/ 3 5- 3 X 3 5-1 1 5,
41 00 1 0 &.4 6.- 0 $4 5- IMPORT
49 01 / 0_v Bir, 0 v - 1 unique or rare
67 13 1 ;t zfee H" . ?: endangered
65 2. 5- 7 2 /1 a,,,. A,
73 d 7 d Algk G.- 6VERAGE AVERAGE
I f _8F2 (9-16 Blank)
A COVER DBH
-17- 31Y 61;2 - 0 0-5 1=1-411
25- - I - 1-10 2=4-6"
33 -1 If 13 3 1 Acr aw 3 2-20 3=6-9"
41 5, 15-1-4 0 1 0 3-30 4=9-12"
49 1 & 7 13 0 -r- 7,ji 0 - 4-4o 5=12-18"
5-50 6=18-24"
57 ?4 13 0 6-6o T=24-30"
65- 3-11- _L A110 /I/. a le T-70 8=30-36"
73 R. 1 8-80 9= >36"
1 8 3 (9-16 Blank) 9-90
17 11 ZeL4 C otle e ;2z ANIMALS:
25 S' 3 3. f 0.;S 0 . 1 0
3@ _L -7- si__ I
41 0 L; a. S
49 01 J-- c X L - A, 4e; t 0 0 @P*
57 Y 8. S_-,rj
65 F crv@
73

NOTES:
'@p..ies

0 5"

M. 4m aw,

AUDITORY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE. WETLAND WILDLIFE RATING.

1ndicate The Experience Characteristics of The Entire Area. Circle Class Richncss
the appropriate word on the data sheet for each evaluation. Where
indicated, enter the code in the blank preceding selected evaluations. p1 5 . Add the numerical codes for a Total Score.
Dominant Class

a / Auditory Size
(p/ Noise from offsite loud i2p. Nature of offsite noise intermittent co Site Type
Visual 4x 3.0 Cover Type
ix Typical length of views long intermediate short<
Typical nature of views panoramas enclosed -Scale of landscape elements large eixed 3x Surrounding Habitat-%
CODE: 3 2 4x 3 e rate i or Open
(diversity) of great' moderate little 0 Forest
visual elements Salt Marsh
3 Views of water frequecasional rare/none
dscape rapid moderate slow Mining, Waste Disposal
change over distance Urban
of topography complex intermediate simple
3 Personal impression impressive pleasant unnotew oor Recreation
of site
Vegetative Interspersion
FEE 3x 3. Experience Total Score Juxtaposition
(enter in boxes)
2x 3.0 F3 (enter in box) 3. 2. medium Total Score
Total

ENCODING INSTRUCTIONS

gill Al dAAA
Samoa=

AREA NUMBER

Card 1, spaces 3-20.
Natural Area Numbers are recorded on the county scale site maps and on
the.:folders which correspond to each site.. Record this numl-er on the data
form, Where the number is incomplete or a new site is designated, assign
numbers according to the following directions.

4V
Al 0-
R, 4@
6a, @40
ca 4"Y All
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 .9 110 11 112 13 14 15 16 17 18
[I I I 1 9 T-

County Numbers

Indicate the County which contains the major portion of the
Natural Area.

02. Anne Arundel 08. Cecil
03. Baltimore 09. Charles
04. Baltimore City 13. Harford
05. Calvert 17. Prince Georges
19. St. Mary's

Election District

Indicate the Election District which cont ains the major portion
of the Natural Area. This information is available on the County
Topographic Maps.
Source We are considered by State Planning's MAGI computer system to
be information source #9.

-29-

Site Number County Site and Field Site

Sites have been delineated and numbered on each County Site
.Map. Record the number indicated on the map or folder.

Natural Areas are given a 4-digit number. The first two digits
.refer to the County Site Number. The second two digits refer to the
Field Site Number.. County sites are numbered sequentially within the
county. Field sites are numbered sequentially within a county site.
County sites are separate Natural Areas within a county. Field sites
designate contiguous Natural Areas within a county site which, for the
purposes of this study, are described as discrete Natural Areas.

Where a new Natural Area is designated within a county, assign it
a new county site number as the next number in the sequence of county
sites. Where a site designated as one Natural Area is determined to be
@two or more Natural Areas, assign them Field Site Numbers as the next
@numbers in the sequence of field sites with the County Site Number
.remaining unchanged. Where two or more sites designated as separate
county or field sites are determined to be one Natural Area, combine
them under one County Site Number and assign the composite the next
Field Site Number in the sequence of field sites.

Watershed Number

Each watershed and sub--watershed has been numbered by the Mary-
land Department of Natural Resources Water Resources Administration.
See the attached list and record the watershed number for each Natural
Area.

,More Than One Watershed

Where a site occurs in more than one watershed, imark an asterisk
in space 20.

-30-

AREA NAME

Card 1, spaces 21-57.

Sites Already Named

Where a site already has a name it should be recorded as given@.
on the file folder or in secondary sources of information.

Sites Without Names

Sites with no names should be given a name which reflects the
salient characteristics of the site. Where a site is assigned a name
in the field it should be indicated as such with an asterisk before
the name. Leave a space between words.

For example:

1. *MIXED FOREST WITH RHODODENDRONS

2. *WICOMICO CREEK FRESHWATER MARSH

3. *TALBOT SCARP

4. *PLAINFIELD NATURAL SPRINGS

5. *NATURAL UNDISTURBED LOBLOLLY PINE STAND

6. *REGENERATING BALD CYPRESS FOREST

7. *NORTHERN LIMIT OVERCUP OAY. STAND

*ELK NECK CLIFFS

-31-

,DATE

card 1, 58-63.
Indicate the month, day, and year on which the Natural Area was
field checked.

Month

05. May
M. June
07. July
08. August
09. September
10. October

NEAREST TOWN

Card i, spaces 64-80.
6sing a county scale map as a source,find the town nearest to the
I
Natural Area by straight line distance. Print the name in the spaces
provided, using abbreviations when necessary.

W@--
WhARE MORA-

m ISO m m

ELEVATION
Card 2, spaces 3-6.
Using the county topographic maps, indicate the elevation of the Natural
Area in feet. Where one contour interval crosses the site, record its number
as the elevation. Where more than one interval crosses the site or the site
falls between contour intervals, record the average as the elevation.
Right justify the elevation, leaving blanks before the numbers.

GEOLOGY

Card 2, spaces 7-9.
Indicate the predominant geological formation which underlies the Natural
Area using the Geologic Map of Maryland, 1968. Record the code number in the
first two spaces. If more than one formation underlies the area, place an
asterisk (*) in the third space.

01. bgb, Baltimore Gabbro Complex
02. jb, James Run Gneiss
03. Km, Magothy Formation
04. Kma, Matawan Formation
05. Kmo, Monmouth Formation
06. Kp, Potomac Group
07. pCbg, Baltimore Gneiss
08. Pzgg, Gunpowder Granite
09. Pzpd, Port Deposit Gneiss
10. Qdu, Quaternary Deposits
11. Ql, Lowland Deposits,
12. Qtu, Qu, Upland Deposits
13. Sf, Setters Formation
14. Ta, Aquia Formation
15. Tc, Calvert Formation
16. Tch, Choptank Formation
17. Tn, Nanjemoy Formation
18. Ts, St. Mary's Formation
19. Vc, Volcanic Complex
20. wbg, Boulder Gneiss
more than one formation

OWNE, RSHIP

Card 2, spaces 10 and-11.
Indicate who is the principal owner by recording the appropriate code in
the left s ace. If the area is owned by more than one party, indicate by pla i
P cing
an asterisk in the second space on the right.

Ownership

1. Private Individual
2. Corporation
3. Educational Institution
4. Private or Non-Profit Public Organization
5. Local Government
6. State Government
7. Federal Government
8. Unknown
More than one owner

-36-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Card 2, spaces 12-29.

Indicate the identification number of any,bibliographic citations which
relate to the Natural Area. Spaces are provided for citing 6 references.
This information is initially available on the site file folder for.the
following references. Encode the numbers which pertain to the source
initials found on the outside of the folder.

Bibliography

034 - Brush
216 - CNAM
207 - CT
124 - HA
2o4 - jA
2o6 - jAE
28o - PA
302 - PLOM
310 - SM
3o8 - smPA
314 - sNAAcP
220 - SP
120 - WA
252 - WE

If you become aware of other studies not listed in the folder with
information pertaining to the Natural Area, record the.citation as shown
in the enclosed sample and give it a discrete number according to the
county as follows:

County

401-430 Anne Arundel
431-460 Baltimore
461-490 Baltimore City
491-520 Calvert
521-550 Cecil
551-580 Charles
581-610 Harford
611-640 Prince Georges
.641-670 St. Mary's

-37-

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SITE SOURCES

The areas selected as candidates for field investigation were chosen and
mapped from the following sources. The initials, preceding each reference are
those which are recorded on the site folders to indicate site source and to
reference background information.

Brush Brush, Grace and M. Katherine Poese, 1975 and 1976. Personal
Communications. Following a field study of sampling and mapping
forest vegetation in Maryland, these areas were nominated for
study as potential Natural Areas. Usually, these are mapped
as general areas which require further refinement in the field.

CNAM 1968. Catalog of Natural Areas in Maryland. Maryland
State Planning Department. The purpose of this document was to
briefly present some basic information on certain Natural Areas
within the state of Maryland. Areas having unique historical,
geological, or ecological value or a combination of such values
were represented in this catalog. "Whenever possible the areas
selected had to be in a natural state or near natural condition
and not show evidence of recent disturbances that would impair
their value." These areas were not field checked.

CT Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Forest Service.
1976. State Champion Trees. Personal Communication.

HA - Harris, Herbert S. Jr. 1976. The Natural History Society of Md.,
Inc. Personal Communication, Known locations of endangered reptiles
and amphibians in Maryland.

JA - Jackson, William. 1973. Chesapeake Bay: Inventory of Potential
Shoreline Access, Recreation and Open Space Areas. Part I: The
West Shore. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Program
Planning and Evaluation section. (Unpublished)
This study was undertaken in the summer of 1972 to identify
areas with the potential to provide public recreation, open space,
or water access. Sites described and mapped by this study are
included for study as potential Natural Areas.

JAE Jackson, William. 1973. Chesapeake Bay: Inventory of Potential
Shoreline Access, Recreation,and Op@n7@Tace Areas. Part II: The
East Shore. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Program
Planning and Evaluation section. (Unpublished)
Companion volume to Part I: The West Shore. Areas in Cecil,
County are included in this volume.

NA U.S. Navy, Planning Division, Chesapeake Division. 1975. Personal
Communication. Navy bases with significant forested areas to be
checked for Natural Areas.

-39-

'PA Public lands taken from areas mapped in green on the county topo
maps and areas proposed for acquisition by Department of Natural
Resources, Land Planning Services.

PtOM - Shreve, Forrest. 1910. The Plant Life of Maryland. Maryland
Weather Service, Johns Hopkins Press.. This volume describes the
distribution of plant life in Maryland. Potential Natural Areas
mentioned in this were chosen for study in the field survey.

SM 1974. Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay
Region: Ecological Priorities. Center for Natural Areas, Ecology
Program, Smithsonian Institution.
The purpose of the study was to recommend for procurement those
Natural Areas which Smithsonian personnel judged to be of highest
priority for preservation. This survey made use of information
already available. Preliminary field checks were made on 30 percent
of the designated areas.

SMPA - Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas, 1973. "Areas Currently
Protected" mapped on 1:250,000 scale Chesapeake Bay Region map.
Conservation areas other than military sites were taken from
this map.

SNAACP 1974. Survey of Natural Areas of the Atlantic
Coastal Plain. Center for Natural Areas, Office of International
and Environmental Programs, Smithsonian Institution.
This survey mapped and described selected Natural Areas on
the coastal plain between Georgia and Massachusetts. Sites were
mapped on quad scale maps for use by the National Park Service.
@P 1975. Compendium of Natural Features Information.
Maryland Department of State Planning.
This compendium serves as an update of the Catalog of Natural
Areas in Marylanai The Natural Areas were briefly described and mapped
at a scale of 1:63,360. These sites were not field checked.

@A Abbott, Jack. 1976; 1976 Eagle Nest Surve . Cooperative project
pu
with Maryland Wildlife Administra-tion.@@ A@Un lished)
Bald eagle nest sites field checked yearly.

WE 1968. State Wetlands Inventory. Cooperative project,
Department of Game and Inland Fish, Department of State Planning.
(Unpublished)
Most of these wetlands were not field checked and any information
concerning them should be considered unverified.

CURRENT USE
Card 2, spaces 30 and 31.
Indicate the current major use of the Natural Area.

Current Use

01. Recreation
02. Vehicular Traffic (i.e. motor bikes)
03. Trails
04. Hunting
05. Wildlife Management
06. Timber Management
07. Single Home
08. Several Homes
09. Swimming
10. Fishing
11. Boating
12. Pasture
13. Agriculture
14. Woodlots
15. Dumping
16. Other
17. None

SECURITY

Card 2, space 32.
Indicate the probable time frame within which significa-it:"physical
alterations by man's activities may occur. Assess all facets of an area
which may contribute toward the encroachment or destruction of the Natural
Area.

Security

1. Threatened with destruction wit hin five years.
a. areas currently being disturbed by man
(i.e. channelization, siltation, logging, construction)
b. areas currently under plan to be altered
(i.e. sewer lines, homes)
c. areas contiguous with new development, highway
interchanges
d. areas zoned commercial, residential, industrial
2. Areas safe for five years.
a. areas not currently threatened with destruction, but
not currently protected
3. Areas safe indefinitely.
a. areas owned by conservation organizations, designated
as wildlife management areas or parks.
4. Unknown.

ACCIESS.
Card 2, space 33.
Indicate the ease of approach to the Natural Area.

Access

1. Easy - Major highway or road to site
2. Moderate Trail to site
3. Difficult Isolated area, no road or trail to the site

SITE TYPE
Card 2, space 34.
The Site Type refers to the general or dominant characteristic of the
Natural Area. It attempts to answer the question "Why was this site designated
as a Natural Area?" Where more than one type occurs within an arealist that
type which is of greater significance to the Natural Area or is of greater
regional significance.
IlCultural site" should be used to indicate a site of historical or
archeological importance.
"Champion Tree" should be used to indicatff-sites with a designated or
potential "National" or "State Champion Tree."

Site Type

1. Water Body
2. Upland Deciduous Forest
3. Lowland Deciduous Forest
4. Upland Evergreen Forest
5. Lowland Evergreen Forest
6. Upland Mixed Forest
7. Lowland Mixed Forest
8. Cultural Site
9. Champion Tree

-42-

INTEGRITY

Card 2, space 35.
Indicate the present "Natural Integrity" of the area on the basis of
natural regeneration, age, and the absence of disturbance.

Integrity

1. Naturally Permanent - Vegetation or physical feature is
relatively stable as revealed by the pattern of regeneration
or the absence of physical deterioration. Disturbance is
insignificant although some natural disturbance may be in
evidence. Vegetation is mature or relatively stable because
of its ability to resist succession.
2. Naturally Transitory - Vegetation or pbysical feature is
changing due to plant succession either as a, conseq@icnce
of man-made or natural disturbance such as fire, erosion
or flooding. Vegetation is relatively young and dynamic.
3. In Need of Management - Area will require management to
maintain present character.
4. Uncertain Possible source of change is not evident.

OCCURRENCE
Card 2, space 36.
Indicate the relative frequency of the Natural Area in the context of
its occurrence on the Western Shore Coastal Plain. Where an unusual feature
occurs within the area or where the Natural Area provides the habitat for a
particular plant or animal which is -in some way rare, un ._q,11e, or unusual, then
"Occurrence" shall be defined in terms of this feature, plant, or anim@,:.

Occurrence

1. Common - Physical features or organism freque ntly
encountered in the region.
2. Infrequent - Physical features or organism not
commonly found are present; however, none are
rare, endangered or unique.
3. Rare - Natural area containing an unusual
physical feature or organism which is rare,
endangered or at the geographic limit of its
distribution.
4. Singularly Unique - Natural area containing a
physical feature, organism or special habitat
for an organism for which the area is the only
known location in which it occurs.

-43-

SIZE
Card 2, spaces 37-40.
Record the size of the Natural Area in acres. Include all areas
designated as subsections so that the total acreage of.the subsections
equals that recorded for the site. Right justify the area, leaving blanks
before the numbers.
Use the dot grid to determine the number of acres on the aerial photo-
graphs. A dot grid (provided in the notebook) is a transparent overlay with
dotsi systematically arranged on a grid pattern. In use, the grid is aligned
witha straight line feature to avoid positioning bias and then dots or
squares are tallied for the area., Follow the instructions on the transparent
overlay

Photo Scale

1:20,000 1 inch = 1667 feet
1 dot = 0.996 acres
no. dots counted x 0.996 acres/dot = no. acres

1:31,68o 1 inch 2,640 feet
(Cecil County) 1 dot 2.5 acres
no. dots counted x 2.5 acres/dot no. acres

AVE R AGUNE WIDTH

Card 2, space 41.
Indicate the "Average Width" of the Natural Areas measured on the
aerial photographs.

Average Width

1. Disjunct - Area is broken into segments
2. Less than 200 feet
3. 200-400 feet
4. 4oo-6oo feet
5. 6oo-8oo feet
6. 800-1000 feet
7. 1000-1200 feet
8. Greater 1200 feet

Photo Scale

1:20,000 J inch = 1,667 feet
0.12 inches = 200 feet

1:31,68o 1 inch = 2640 feet
(Cecil County) 0.07 inches = 200 feet

1:15,84o 1 inch = 1,320 feet
(Xerox photos, 0.15 inches = 200 feet
Cecil County)

-44-

FOREST EDGE

Card 2, space 42.
Using the aerial photographs as a source, indicate the relative
length of forest/oPening edge which occurs along the forested portions
of the Natural Area.

Forest Edge

1. Minimal - Forested portions of the site occurring essentially
as a single block 'with a minimum of forest/opening edge.
2. Moderate - Forested portions of the site somewhat dissected
or occurring as a single block with internal openings resulting
in a moderate amount of forest/opening edge.
3. High - Forested portions of the site highly dissected, occurring
in narrow strips and/or including numerous enclosed openings
resulting in a substantial amount of forest/opening edge.
4. Not applicable - No forested subsections.

The interface between forest and opening contributes to the value of
an area as wildlife habitat as well as enhances its scenic qualities. For
the purpose of this parameter, "opening" is defined as an open water or
vegetated area with less than ten percent cover of canopy or understory
trees contiguous with or enclosed by forest. "Forest" pertains to the
portions of the site described as subsections with vegetation types
numbered 1 through 104.

-45-

W&@ M6kmk&N6. lq@ SILAALI@, L 1"&@ kjbk&LJ w, A A

CONTIGUOUS LAND USE

Card 3. spaces 3-18.

Four sets of four spaces are provided for indicating the 4 major
Contiguous Land Uses and the percent of the Natural krea's border on
which each use occurs. In the first two spaces of each set indicate
the percent of border and in the second pair of spaces encode the land
use. The total of the four percentages need not equal one hundred
percent. Where land use 01, "Natural krea" is encoded, this adjacent
area must be described as a separate site.

Contiguous Land Use

01. Natural krea
02. Wetland
03. Water Body
04. Park
05. old Field
06. Managed Forest
07. kgriculture
08. Wildlife Management
09. Road
10. Highway
11. Railroad
12. Residential
13. Commercial
14. Industrial
15. Recreational
16. Town
17. Channelized Stream
18. Right of Way
19. Dredge Spoil Disposal

-49-

AOUAtIC BUFFER ZONE

Card 3, space 19.

Aquatic buffer zones are important in protecting aquatic'systems
from@erosion and from contamination by non-point source pollutants such
as sediment, fertilizer, and pesticides.. A detailed description of the
various aspects of the aquatic buffer zone concept is included in the
field notebook.

For the purposes of this study, a buffer zone is a band of vegetation
contiguous with an aquatic system. An aquatic system is defined as a wetland,
watercourse, or water body, and adjacent soils with D or D+ runoff potential.
i +
D and D soils are included in aquatic systems because +they contribute signifi-
cant,overland runoff to storm flow. A list of D and D soils by county is
included in the field notebook.

The value a Natural Area has as an aquatic buffer depends on the width
and length of vegetation that it provides along its border with aquatic
systems. These aquatic systems may be included or contiguous: part of,
enclosed by, or adjacent to the Natural Area.

'indicate the width of vegetation within the Natural Area which occurs
along@more than 66% of the vegetation/aquatic system edge. Encode the lowest
numbered category which fits the Natural Area.

Aquatic Buffer Zone
1. Adequate - the Natural Area provides a band'of natural or
successional vegetation greater than 300 feet in width along
more than 66% of the border of included or contiguous aquatic
systems (wetlands, watercourses, or waterbodies and adjacent
D or D+ soils).
2. Questionable - the Natural Area provides a band of natural or
successional vegetation greater than 50 feet in width along
more than 66% of the border of included or contiguous aquatic
systems.
3. Inadequate - the Natural Area provides a band of natural or
successional vegetation less than 50 feet in width along more
than 66% of the border of included or contiguous aquatic systems.
4. Not Applicable

Photo Scale

1:20,000 1 inch = 1,667 feet
0.18 inches = 300 feet

1:31,68o 1 inch = 2,640 feet
(Cecil County) 0.11 inches = 300 feet
1U5,84o 1 inch = 1,320 feet
(Xerox Photos, 0.22 inches = 300 feet
Cecil County)

-50-

Example: Aquatic Buffer Zone
Without D, D+ SoilS With D, D+ SoilS

stream

Stream

atural
Area
\,,atural
Area P,
Y-
ADEQUATE
j

3 00-.-J.".

Stream

Stream 7

%
:;atural
D Area

Are
NaLural
a QUESTIONABLE

J,-

Stream
Stream

,o ;atural
Area
;7-
,4atural
Area

J
@7

INADEQUATE

60,

y
y
.y

NO. OF COMMUNITY TYPES

Card 3, spaces 20 and 21.

A diversity of community types contributes to a Natural Area's scenic,
recreational, and wildlife habitat values. Indicate the number of community
types'present in the Natural Area. Distinct vegetation communities should
each be counted as I community type. These are normally equivalent to areas
designated as subsections or sets of similar subsections. Where water bodies
or tidal wetlands are contiguous with or enclosed by the Natural Area, but
are no;t included as subsections, each water body type or wetland type should
be counted as one community type.

COMMUNITY DIVERSITY

Card 3, space 22.

Indicate the relative number of different vegetation communities and
other natural features which the Natural Area contains.

Community Diversity

1. High - contains numerous different vegetatio n communities,
animal habitats or physical features such as streams, bogs,
scarps.
2. Medium - contains a few different vegetation types and
habitats or features.
3. Low - contains predominantly one vegetation community or
natural feature.

-52-

AUDITORY & VISUAL 'EXPERIENCE

Card 3, spaces 23 and 24.

Complete the form titled "Auditory and,Visual Experience" for the Natural
Area. Encode the "Experience Total Score" in the spaces designated on the
data form.

@Card 3, space 25.'

Indicate the Experience Term which the field crew feels most closely
describes the Natural Area's Auditory and Visual Experience characteristics
relative to other Natural Areas on the Western Shore Coastal Plain.

Experience Term

1. Low
2. Medium
3. High

WETLAND WILDLIFE RATING

Card 3, spaces 26 and 27.
Complete the "Wetland Wildlife Rating" form and encode the re'sulting
score in the spaces provided, rounding to the nearest whole number.

Instructions for completing the form are included in the notebook under
the tab entitled "Wetlands." Complete this form and record the score for
all Natural Areas containing one or more of the wetland classes described in
the instructions. Included or contiguous open water areas not described'as
subsections should be included as a wetland class. Otherwise,, this rating
pertains only to.wetlands included in the Natural Area.

-53-

CATEGOR]ES

Card 3
spaces 28-39.

'Indicate-the three categories which punctuate the most interesting,
unusual or most descriptive characteristic of the Natural Area. The priority
forchoosing a category should follow the general rule of .... rare, endangered,
unusual, interesting-descriptive. All three categories need not be filled
out@; however, the Primary and Secondary Categories should be filled out
whenever possible. Record the number listed on the Category Code Sheets
which areincluded in the fieldnotebook under the tab labeled ",Categories."
Use the first four spaces.labeled "Primary" for the most important characteristics.,
"Secondary" for the secondmost important, etc.

.10NE LINE DESCRIPTION

Card 3, spaces 40-76. Card 4, spaces 3-61.

Write a brief sentence or phrase describing the salient characteristic
of the Natural Area. Youare limited to 98 spaces. Continue this description
on Card 4, treating Cards 3 and 4 as one line.

For Example:

1. Large and active natural spring
2. Small bog with nearby hiking trails
3. Natural pond, excellent wildlife area
4. Large stand of mixed hardwoods with beech predominating
5. Large bog and pond, unusual vegetation on both
6. Very remote white cedar swamp with rhododendron

SITE -NUMBER

Card 3, spaces 77-80.

Record the site number in the last four spaces on Card 3. This number
will automatically be keypunched in the same spaces on Card 4.

_54-

91. wm INS
oil

low

TEXT

Immediately upon completion or the survey, develop a paragraph fro"'
notes and Data Forms which includes the following considerations:

a. Unique, distinctive, or characteristic features of the Natural
Area.
b. Description of the dominant vegetation or, if a mosaic, the types
and percent coverage of the Natural Area by each type.
c. Characteristic DBH,. any lack of reproduction, obvious trends or
vegetation dynamics.
d. Disturbances, historical notes.
e. Unusual animals, importance of the Natural Area for wildlife,
geologic features.
f. Role of Natural Area in the coastal zone aquatic system (i.e. buffer,
natural spring, site of high erosion).

See the Data Form entitled "TEXT." Each line on the Foria will be entered
on a separate computer card and will appear on the computer print-out as one
line of the paragraph.

The County and Field Site Numbers should be entered in the appropriate
spaces in the upper right corner of the Data Forms.

-57-

M, @11'y =Mg

NAMES

Record the names of any people either listed in the folders.or to whom
you have spoken with who.have information on the Natural Area or who are very
knowledgeable about it. See the Data Form entitled "NAMES."

Each line on the Data Form should be used for onename only.

The County and Field Site Numbers should be entered ia the appropriate
spaces in the upper right corner of the Data Form.

all

-61-

SUBSECTION NUMBER

Card 7, spaces 3 and 4.

Record the number assigned to the subsection (e.g. 01, 02, 03

SIMILAR SUBSECTIONS

Card 7, spaces 5-12.

Indicate the subsections which are considered to be "similar subsections."
Similar subsections are areas with minor differences in vegetation and comparable
water bodies, disturbances and soils. Do not complete an additional Card 7 for
the similar subsections. Do complete a vegetation sampling form for each
subsection, Where fewer than four similar subsections are designated, leave
the unused spaces blank.

Card 7, spaces 13-16. AREA OF SUBSECTION

Record the area in acres for the subsection or the set of similar subsections.
Right justify the acreage, leaving blanks before the numbers.

-65-

MWAT-E.RBODY DISTANCE

-Card space 17.

Indicate the straight line distance from the subsection to the nearest
waterbody. Where the subsection is a waterbody, encode 1 (same as this
subseption) as the distance.

Water 'Body Distance

1. Same as this subsection
2. Included or contiguous (1-10.feet)
3. 10-50 feet
-100 feet
5. 100-200 feet
4. 50

6. 200-300 feet
7. 300-500 feet
8. Greater than 500 feet

-66-

WATERBODY TYPE

Card 7, spaces 18 and 19.

Indicate the Water Body Typ e to which the distance has been recorded. Where
one water body is the closest water body for more than one subsection, designate
one oil these subsections as subsection 01. Complete theremaining water body,
beach, and stream parameters for this subsection. Encode 14 (Same as subsection
01) as the Water Body Type for the other-subsections for which that water body
is closest. When "Same as subsection 01" is recorded as the Water Body Type, do
not complete the remaining water body, beach, and stream parameters (leave spaces
20 through 26 blank). If more than one Water Body Type is included or contiguous
with the Natural Area, indicate different Water Body Types for different subsections
so that all included or adjacent types are described.

Water Body Type

01. Primary Stream, < 5 feet wide
Non-tidal stream with an average width
of less than 5 feet.
02. Secondary Stream, 5-30 feet wide
Non-tidal stream with an average width
of between 5 and 30 feet.
03. Tertiary Stream, > 30 feet wide
Non-tidal stream with an average width
greater than 30 feet.
04. Tidal Stream
Streams with tidal influence which
appear as a single blue line on the
County Topographic Maps.
05. Sub-Estuary
Tidal areas other than the Chesapeake
Bay or Potomac River which appear as
a light blue signature (indicating
width) on the County Topographic Maps
06. Potomac River
The Potomac River proper.
07. Chesapeake,Bay
The Chesapeake Bay proper.
08. Pond
Small enclosed body of freshwater,
often artificially formed.
09. Bog
Waterlogged spongy accumulation of
sphagnum moss which may support herbs
such as sedges, rushes or scattered
shrubs that cover less than 50 percent
of the area.

-67-

Water Body .Type (Continued)

10. Freshwater Marsh
Soils normally covered with between
6 inches and 3 feet of water. Vegetation
is usually dominated by robust or marsh
emergents.
11. Shrub Swamp
Soils are usually waterlogged during the
growing season and often covered by
standing water. Vegetation is dominated
by shrubs including alders, willows, red
maple, buttonbush and dogwood.
12. Wooded Swamp
Soils are usually waterlogged during the
growing season and seasonally covered
with up to one foot of standing water.
Trees include willow oak, green ash, red
maple, bald cypress, black gum, etc.
13. Tidal Wetlands
Marshes and swamps which are influenced
by the tide.
14. Same.as subsection 01
Closest water body to the subsection is
the sane water body as that described
with subsection 01.

Photo Scale

1:20,000 1 inch = 1,667 feet
0.5 mm = 30 feet

1:31,68o 1 inch = 2,640 feet
(Cecil County) 0.3 mm = 30 feet

1:15,84o 1 inch = 1,320 feet
(Xerox photos, 0.6 nm = 30 feet
Cecil County)

-68-

WATERBODY SIZE

Card space 20.

Indicate the size of the water body cited under Water Body Distance.
For Water Body Types 01 through 07, encode 7 (Not applicable) under Water
Body Size. Where 14 (Same as subsection 01) is encoded for the Water Body
Type, leave this space blank.

Water Body Size

1. Less than 1 acre
2. 1-5 acres
3. 5-10 acres
4. 10-20 acres
5. 20-30 acres
6. Greater than 30 acres
7. Not applicable

WATERBODY DEPTH

Card 7, space 21.

Indicate whether the water body previously described is greater or less
than 1 foot in depth on the average. Where 14 (Same as subsection 01) is
encoded for Water Body Type, leave this space blank.

Water Body Depth

1. Less than 1 foot
2. Greater than 1 foot

-69-

"WATERBODY BOTTOM MATERIAL

Card'71., space 22.

Ind-icat,e the predominant bottom type found in the water body previously
des.cri-be& 'Where 14 (same as subsection 01) is encoded forVater Body lype,
leave this space blank..

Water Body Bottom Material

1. Peat - fibrous organic material with recognizable
plant parts.
2. Muck - black ooze composed of silt and decomposed
organic matter.
3. Silt - fine sediment with little organic material.
4. Sand - granular sediment.
5. Gravel - granular sediment with particles larger
than 2mm (approximately 1/8 in.).
6. Cobble - round or sub-round, water-worn rock 2@-2-10
inches in diameter.
7. Rock - solid aggregate of minerals larger than a
cobble.

-70-

BEACH TYPE

Card 7, space 23.

Indicate the beach type which occurs along the water body previously
described. Where one of 09 through 13 are encoded for Water Body Type
record 5 (Not applicable) for Beach Type. Where 14 (Same as subsection 01)
is recorded for the Water Body Type, leave this space blank.

Beach Type

1. Bluff steep slope or abrupt embankment along
waterbody edge or sandy beach
2. Bank - surrounding area gently sloping to waterbody
edge
3. Sandy Beach - low, sloping sandy beach without dunes
4. Dunes - low, sloping sandy beach with dunes
5. Not applicable

BEACH LENGTH

Card 7, space 24.

Indicate the-length of sandy beach which occurs along the water body
previously described. Where 14 (Same as subsection 01) is encoded for Water
Body Type, leave this space blank. Where no sandy beach occurs on the water
body or the Water Body Distance is greater than 10 feet encode 5 (Not applicable)
as the Beach Length.

Beach Length

1. Less than 500 feet
2. 500-1000 feet
3. 1000-1500 feet
4. Greater than 1500 feet
5. Not applicable

-71

BEACH WIDTH

Card 7, space 25.

Indicate the width of sandy beach which was described under Beach Length.
Where Beach Length was left blank leave this space blank. Where Beach Length
was encoded as 5 (Not applicable) record the Beach Width as 5 (Not applicable).

Beach Width

1. Less than 1 foot
2. 1-10 feet
3. 10@-20 feet
4. Greater than 20 feet
5. Not applicable

O/o OF STREAM SHADED

Card 7, space 2

Where one of 01 through 04 is encoded for Water Body Type, indicate
the percent of the subject stream which is shaded by tree or shrub cover
with the sun directly overhead. Where the Water Body Type is not a stream,
encode 5 (Not applicable) for % of stream shaded. Where 14 (Same as
subsection 01) is encoded for Water Body'Type,,leave this space blank.

% of Stream Shaded

0. less than 10%
1. 10-25%
2. 25-50%
3. 50-75%
4. 75-100%
5. Not applicable

-72-

SOIL TYPE

Card 7, spaces 27-30.

Record the symbols for the dominant soil type which occurs within the
subsection as indicated on the maps in the county soil survey Left register
all soil types symbols, leaving blanks after the code. Where a subsection such
as a pond which has no soil type recorded on the soil survey, encode "W" in
the left most box under "Soil Type."

SOIL DRAINAGE

Card 7, space 31.

Indicate whether well drained soils occur in the subsection. Well
drained soil types are listed by symbols under the tab entitled Well Drained
Soils in the field notebook.

Soil Drainage

1. Yes, well drained soils occur
in the subsection.
2. No, well drained soils do not
occur in the subsection.

-73-

VEGETATJON TYPE
Card 7, spaces 32-34.

Indicate the.vegetation.type which characterizes the subsection.. Forest
vegetation types are described in the booklet Forest Cover Types of'North
America, Societ .y of American Fo3@esters, 1975. Record the vegetation ty'pe.@
which best' describes the subsection.

Vegetation Types

14 Northern pin oak
16 Aspen
21 White pine
23 Hemlock
29 Blackcherry
39 -Bladk'ash-American elm-red maple
40 Post oak-black oak
41 Scarlet oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern red cedar
47 Eastern red cedar-pine
48 Eastern red cedar-hardwoods
49 Eastern red cedar-pine-hardwoods
50 Black locust
51 White pine-chestnut oak
52 White oak-red-oak-hickory
53 White oak
54 Northern red oak-basswood-white ash
55 Northern red oak
56 Northern red oak-mockernut hickory-sweetgum
57 Yellow poplar
58 Yellow poplar-hemlock
59 Yellow poplar-white oak-northern red oak
60 Beech-sugar maple
61 River birch-sycamore
62 Silver maple-American elm
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras-persimmon
65 Pin oak-sweetgum
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine-oak
77 Shortleaf pine-Virginia pine

79 Virginia pine
78 Virginia pine-southern red oak

80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine-hardwood

-74-

Vegetation types continued

87 Sweetgum-yellow poplar
88 'Laurel oaku-willow oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum-Nuttal oak-willow oak
93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash
94 Sycamore-pecan-American elm
95 Black willow
96 Overcup oak-water hickory
97 Atlantic white cedar
98 Pond pine
101 Bald cypress
102 Bald cypress-water tupelo
103 Water tupelo
104 Sweetbay-swamp tupelo-red maple
107 Robust emergents (Typha spp., etc.)
108 Shrub swamp
109 Grasses, sedges, rushes
110 Floating leaved and submerged vegetation
111 Shrub or old field vegetation

TOPOGRAPHY

Card 7, space 35.

Indicate the type of topography which typifies the subsection.

Topography

1. Flat - little topographic relief over most of subsection
2. Rolling - hills with slopes < 15% over most of subsection'
@3. Ste2k - slopes > 15% over most of'subsection
4. Mixed - flat or rolling topography with significant areas.
T>3371) with steep slopes, gorges, or bluffs

-75-

SOURCE OF DISTURBANCE

Card 7, spaces 36-39.

Indicate the primary and secondary sources of physical alteration which
are evident in the subsection. The first two spaces should be used for
encoding the dominant type of disturbance. The co-dominant or less devestating
type'should be recorded in the second pair of spaces.

Source of Disturbance

1. Channelization
2. Dredging
3. Sewer Outlet
4. Culverts
5. Bulkheading
6. Dikes
7. Dams
8. Change in Watertable
9. Logs and Debris
10. Beaver Dams
11. Algal.Blooms
12. Fedid Odor
13. Siltation
14. Erosion
15. Noise
16. Air Pollution
17. Selective Cutting
18...Clear Cutting
19. Fire
20. Windthrow
21. Disease
22. Litter Accumulation, leaf
23., bumping
24. Littering, paper
25. Vandalism
26. Trampling
27. Motor Vehicles
28. Postagricultural
29. Other
30. None
31. Flooding
32. Grazing

-76-

DEGREE OF DISTURBANCE

Card 7, space 40.

Indicate the relative amount, of disturbance which is evident in the
subsection as a result of man's actions.

Degree of Disturbance

1. Severe mants impact resulting in severe
alteration of vegetation or natural feature
2. Moderate.- man.'s impact resulting in moderate
alteration of vegetation or natural feature
3. Low man!s impact evident but not significant
4. None evidence of man-made disturbance not
present over most of the subsection

I)ILIQSAGE

Card 7, space 41.

Indicate the degree of difficulty a hiker would encounter when walking
through the subsection.

Ease of Passage

1. Difficult - thick understory or wet mucky soils
2. Moderate - interspersed understory or wet soils
3. Easy open understory, dry soils

-77-

ANIMALS

Card 7, spaces 42-66.

Record the code and source for any birds, marnmals, and herptiles which
are@known to occur in the subsection. Six sets of five spaces are'provided
for citing six species. In the first four spaces of each set, record the
four number code for the species. In the fifth space of each set--6ncode
whether the animal was observed or heard, reported, or a sign of the species
was seen. Where more than 6 species are eligible for citation, encode the
more unusual or rare species. If necessary, additional species important to
the'Natural Area may be encoded in other subsections.

Animals

Record 4 number code and source for each animal.

Source 1. Observed or Heard
2. Reported
3. Den, Nest or $poor

Where known, the residency and frequency of occurence of each animal
in Maryland will be automatically printed for each species on the sites'
computer printout. These are encoded for your reference with eachlist
of species according to the following scheme.

Residency

1. Breeding
2. Migratory
3. Winter
4. Year Round

Frequency

1. Abundant, common
2. Fairly common, uncommon
3. Rare
4. Endangered

-78-

SITE NUMBER

card 7, spaces 77-80.

Record the County Site Number and Field Site Number in the last four
spaces of Card 7.

-79-

in 1 :9
ft@',
.MW :-,4f i
BA; 'o *A
AL
@@AoI

me SO ow No on., In on

VEGETATION SAMPLING

Locate sampling stations in areas of each subsection which fairly represent
the character of the community as a whole. These sampling stations should be
chosen to meet the following criteria:

a. The vegetation shall be located on a uniform topographic
site, i.e. on the exposure, slope position, and geological
substrate.

b. The sample area shall generally reflect the character of
the mapping unit within which it is located.

At each sampling point, first measure basal area by tallying trees with a
BAF-10 wedge prism. A properly ground and calibrated prism is merely a tapered
wedge of glass that bends or deflects light rays at a specific offset angle.
When a tree stem is viewed through such a wedge, the bole appears to be displaced,
as if seen through a camera range finder. The prism is rotated above a sampling
point for a 360 degree.circle. Use of the prism requires that it be held precisely
over the sampling point at all times, for this point and not the observer's eye
is the pivot from which the stand is swept. All tree stems not completely offset
at 4.5 feet above the ground when viewed through the wedge are counted; others
are not tallied. Trees that appear to be borderline should be measured and
checked with the appropriate plot radius factor before arbitrarily deciding to
tally every other borderline stem. A tree which forks below 4.5 feet is tallied
as two trees; a tree which forks above 4.5 feet is counted as one.

'The prism may be held at any convenient distance from the eye, provided it
is always positioned directly over the sampling point. Proper orientation also
requires that the prism be held in a vertical position.and at right angles to
the line of sight; otherwise, large errors in the tree tally may result. A
complete explanation of point sampling and instructions for using the wedge
prism are included in the reprint following the sampling instructions.

Record the number of trees counted at each sample point on the "Vegetation
Sampling Form" in the box marked "Tally" above the proper sample number. At
the completion of the survey, record the total number of trees counted in each
subsection and the number of basal area samples taken in the proper boxes at
the top of the "Vegetation Sampling Form."

A Basal Area.Factor-10 prism has an offset angle of 104.18 min. With
this viewing angle, all trees no farther than 33 times their diameter from
the sample point a're tallied. As a result of this relationship, each tree
counted represents 10 square feet of basal area/acre at 4.5 feet above the
ground. (Basal area is the cross sectional area of a tree stem.) For each
subsection, the computer will divide the total number of trees tallied by
the number of sample points and multiply this quotient by 10 toget the basal
area/acre of the subsection in square feet. This will give an idea of the
relative density of trees in different subsections.

The number of trees counted in each subsection using the prism is
dependent on both the diameter of the trees in the stand and their spacial
distribution. The accuracy of the resulting basal area measurement is

-83-

dependent on the variability of these two factors. For this reason, diverse
stands require a higher sampling intensity than even-aged stands of low diversity.
As a rule of thumb, a minimum of 4 samples is required for a monotypic, single-
aged stand such as a pine plantation; up to 10 samples are required for mixed-
aged stands with a diversity of species such as a mixed hardwood forest.

As a representation of the species composition of each subsection, the
vegetation should be described for each physiognomic strata. The canopy is
the highest forest layer. The understory is composed of trees of intermediate
height. The shrub layer lies below the understory and is generally composed
of species with multiple stems less than 20 feet tall. The herb layer is within
a few feet of the ground but may contain woody species such as partridgeberry,
poison ivy, etc. Where vines extend into the canopy and understory, record
them with the herb layer and note them in the text. Estimate and record percent
cover by species for each layer under the appropriate sample point number on
the "Vegetation Sampling Form." Record average DBH (Diameter Breast Height
diameter at 4.5 feet above the ground) for the canopy species. Record this
information at a sufficient number of sampling points to adequately reflect
the coniposition of the community. Generally, fewer of these samples will be
required than basal area samples, but a basal area sample should be taken at
each of these vegetation sample points.

At the completion of the survey, average the DBH,and percent cover estimates
for each species and record these in the proper spaces at the left of the "Vegeta-
tion Sampling Form." Average the percent cover for each layer and note these at
the top. Encode the layer for each species and note impact where applicable.
Finally, encode the number for each species as found on the lists which follow
in the notebook.

If conditions do not permit doing Basal area samples and no prism samples
are taken, leave "No. Samples" and "Total Tally" blank. Do not put "O"Is in
these spaces. An "0" should only be used in "No. Samples" if 10 samples are taken.

-84-

Reprinted from:

Avery, Eugene T. Ph.D. 1967. Forest Measurements. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York.

POINT-SAMPLE TIMBER CRUISING

A NEW ANGLE TO CRUISING

10-1 The concept of point sampling. In its elementary form,
point sampling is merely a method of selecting trees to be tallied -on
the basis of their sizes rather than by their frequency of occurrence
Sample "points," somewhat analogoins to plot centers, are randoinqly or
systematically located within a forested tract, and a simple prism or
angle quage that subtends a fixed angle of view is used to "sight in"
each tredbh. Tree holes close enough to tile observation point to com-
pletely fill the fixed sighting angle are tallied; steins too small or too
far away are ignored. Thus the probability of tallying any given tree
is proportional to its BA, and consequently more time is spent on larger,
high-valuqe trees than is the case with conventional strip or line-plot
cruising.
The concept of point sampling wqas developed and first reported

165

1948 by Walter Biterlich, a forest engineer of Salzburg, Austria. The ing angle chosen, in turn, is largely based on the average size and dis-
Introduction and adowption of the method in North America were largely tribution of trees to be sampled. Furthermore, from the standpoint of
due to the efforts of Lewis R. Grosenbaugh, a biometrician with the subsequent volume computations, it is desirable to select a sighting angle
U.S. Forest Sercice. Groenbaugh recognized the potetialities of the having a BAF that can be expressed as a whole number rather than
angel-guage idea and expanded it into a complete inventory system that as a fractional number.
has largely supplanted strip and line-plot cruising in many regions. In In Eastern United States, a predetermined sighting angle of 104.48
the United States, the technique is usually referred to as the Bitterlich min (BAF of 10 sq ft per acre) is commonly used in second-growth
system of sumply as point sampling. These two terms are generally sawtimber or dense pole-timber stands. Critical angles of 73.66 min (BAF
favored ober variable-plot sampling or plotless cruising. 5) and 147.34 min (BAF 20) are often employed for light-density pole
stands and for large, old-growth sawtimber, respectively. With small,
10-2 The basal area approach. Point sampling does not require meas- scattered stems, the sighting angle is narrowed so that it will extend
urements of either plot areas or tree diameters. If a predetermined basal farther out for trees of minimum diameter; conversely, where large tree
atea factor (BAF) of 10 sq ft per acre is assumed and a toral of 75 trees diameters are common, the angle is enlarged to reduce excessively heavy
is tallied on 15 sample points, the average of fice trees per point multi- field tallies.
plied by 10 provides a BA estimate of 50 sq ft per acre. The well-estab-
lished relationship between tree BA and volumes also makes it feasible
to use point sampling for obtaining conventional timber inventory data
when "counted" trees are recorded by merchantable or total height
classes.

10-3 Selecting a sighting anle. BA conversion factors are dependent
on the sighting angle (or "critical angle") arbitrarily selected. the sight-

-86-

TABLE 10-1 Common Basal Area Factors and Angle Sizes Used in 49.5' 66'
Point Sampling SAMPLING
POINT
Basal Ratio (tree
area Angle size, Angle size, diameter to Plot radius 6" DIAM 12" DIAM 18" DIAM 24" DIAM
factor min diopters plot radius) factor 16.5'
33'
1 32.94 0.96 1/104.4 8.696
2 46.59 1.36 1/73.8 6.149
3 57.06 1.66 1/60.2 5.021
4 65.89 1.92 1/52.2 4.348

5 73.66 2.14 1/46.7 3.889
10 104.18 3.03 1/33.0 2.750
15 127.59 3.71 1/26.9 2.245
20 147.34 4.29 1/23.3 1.944
25 164.73 4.79 1/20.9 1.739

30 180.46 5.25 1/19.0 1.588
35 194.92 5.67 1/17.6 1.470
40 208.38 6.07 1/16.5 1.375
50 232.99 6.79 1/14.8 1.230 FIG. 10-1 Ratio of tree diameter to plot radius for
60 255.23 7.44 1/13.5 1.123 BAF 10. Adapted from Hovind and Rieck.
1961.

SOURCE: Hovind and Rieck. 1961.

Depending on the region, average tree size, and amount of underbrush The reason for this is that each stem and its imaginary zone "represent"
a definite part of an acre and a specific number of trees per acre, depend-
restricting line-of sight visibility, the BAF is usually chosen to provide
ing on its size. The derivation of values for 6-in.- and 12-in.-dbh trees
an average tally of 5 to 12 trees per sample point. In Western United
in Table 10-2 provides an explanation or "proof" of this theory.
States where larger timber predominates, a BAF of 20 to 60 is in com-
mon use. For "West Side" Douglas fir, a BAF of 40 might be regarded Considering the 6-in. dbh first, its imaginary "plot" radius is read
as typical, but an instrument with a BAF of 20 would be more frequently from Table 10-2 as 16.50 ft. This hypothetical zone represents an imagi-
nary plot of 0.0196 acre around each 6-in.-dbh stem (column 3 of
encountered in sampling stands of "East Side" ponderosa pine.
10-4 Plot radius factor. To illustrate the meaning of BA conversions
listed in Table 10-1, a sighting angle of 104.18 min (BAF 10) may be
presumed. As this angle can also be defined by placing a 1-in. horizontal
intercept on a sighting base of 33 in. (column 4 of Table 10-1.), it follows
that all trees located no farther than 33 times their diameter from the
sample point will be tallied. Accordingly, a 1-in. dbh tree must be within
33 in. of the point, a 12-in.-dbh tree will be tallied up to 396 in. (33.0 E
ft) away, and a 24-in. or 2-ft-dbh tree will be recorded up to a distance
of 66 ft (Fig. 10-1). This 1:33 ratio of tree diameter to plot radius,
a constant for the specified angle of 104.18 min, has a value of 2.75 0G
ft (33- 12) when expressed as a "plot radius factor." Thus for each
full inch added to stem diameter, a tree can be 2.75 ft farther from
the sample point and still be tallied.

HOW POINT SAMPLING WORKS
10-5 Imaginary free zones. As the plot radius factor for BAF 10 has F
been developed in the preceding section, all subsequent explanations of
point-sampling theory and tree volume conversions in this chapter will 0q0
presume a sighting angle of 104.18 min and a BAF of 10 sq ft per
acre. Nevertheless, the underlying principles discussed may be applied
to any other angle or BAR
Because each tree "sighted in" must be within 33 times its diameter
of the sample point to be tallied, it is convenient to presume that all FIG. 10-2 Imaginary zones proportional to stem diam-
trees are encircled with iiuatqnarv zones whose radii are exactly 33 times
eter and encircling each tree determine
the diameter of each tree stem. All these imaginary circles that enconi- which trees will be tallied at a given point.
pass a given sampling point oil the ground repressent trees to be tallied Adapted from Houind and Rieck, 1961.
(Fig. 10-2). Thus tile probability of tallying any given tree is propor-
tional to its stem 13A. A 12-in. dbli has four times the probability of Table 10-2). By dividing 0.0196 into 1.00 acre, it can be seen from
bein, counted as a 6-in.-dbli steni. Stated in another way, tile chances column 4 that there can be 51.02 such areas fitted into a single acre.
of tallving one 12-in.-cibli tree are the -same as that of encountering Thus when one 6-in.-dbh tree is tallied, it is tacitly assumed that there
four 6-in.-Albll tre-. are 51.02 such stems per acre. Accordingly, the BA of a 6-IN.-dbh tree
70-6 Equality of trees on a per acre basis. For the sighting angle of (0.196 sq ft from column 5), multiplied by 51.02 trees per acre, yields
104.18 min, each tallied tree (regardless of its size or relative position the "constant" BAF of 10 sq ft per acre (column 6).
For 12-in.-dbh stems, the imaginary plot radius is 33.00 ft, and the
to the sampling point) represents 10 sq ft of BA on a per acre basis.

168 FOREST MEASUREMENTS POINT-SAMPLE TIMBER CRUISING 169

TABLE 102 Derivation of the Basal Area Factor o 10 S Ft Per Acre for tal inrp at the Other. To 4abfiAi
Point Sampn
inin (B.\],- 1()@, all int(@r(,,pt wide oil
I
be czlsik (oi. othcr factor
ry 1'ree per I Basal Basal area in(- to rat .lo@ p]
Tr Ibi 11 11111gina t:;a,inarv ',r acre, .0vided ill Table 10-1. 0Re8ga
in. )1ot radills, o@sizv, ztere p @ee per the sl.E,,htjIj,r @11()Ul(j I)e at lea@t 24 in. 61(
ft n of S* ellis S(i ft S ft to keep both tlic intercept and the tree in
(4)t (6)
.0) (5) -hen the @tick -ati,e 1.@ itcd. all tree diain
counted; tlio@ are i-nore
4 11.00 0 00S7 114.94 0.087 10 angle ai e sinallei ZD
-cept Shout
t6.50 0.0196 51-02 0.196 10 exact IV the wzalllc size as the ilitel
Is 22-00 0.0349 2S 65 0.349 10 their exact dbli and distance from the sam
10 27 _50 0.0545 1 S.35 1). 545 10 dbli and the appropriate plot radiuss factor 6(2
12 33.00 0.07S5 12.74 0.78.5 10 whether the tree is "in," "out," or a bordei
4 38.50 0. 10619 9.35 1 . 069 10 trees are rare, but if they are encountered
44-00 0. 1396 7.16 1.396 10 1,
", tree.
49.50 0. 1 5.66 1.767 10 With a stick gatige, the observer@s eye r
I C
sighting angl(-: lience the 1@tick inust be, piv(
20 55.00 0. 2 IS2 4.58 2.182 10 - n
22 60. 50 0.2640 3.79 2.640 10 exact point for a correct tree tallv. When
24 4@6 00 0. 3142 3.1S 3. 142 10 by a particular individual, the stick -au,e
26 71.50 0.36,,7 2.71 3.13S7 10 as other niore expcn@ive point-@anipling 0de
28 77.00 0.4276 2.34 4.276 10 pole stands and where heavy underbru0Al is e
is often ea@ier to u@e than more @Ophisticated r
30 82 W 0.4901) 2.04 4.909 10
32 88.00 0. 55S5 4.79 5.585 10 10-8 The Spiegel relascope. -This i@@ a vers
34 93. 50 0.6305 1.59 6. 305 10 developed foi- point sampling by Walter B0itt
36 99. 01) 0. 7069 1.41 7, 069 W ruc-ed device that rnav be uSe2dfor det crillini
lt d of rr2 10 di meters, tree hci(,ht@, horizontal distances o
dbli X 2. 75 oA)05454D2 colunin 4 X 5 11 n
vlultin 43,561) plot size tion for slope, and inea-@urenleilt of @Aope
1t value for- 1111111hei-of troe-@ per:ivre maY %%ir.% sliglItlY. tjep(!jj(1in,,, upon number topog"raphic @@Cak-- siphtilig all"0A- are prov0i(
of lcial plnco-s expresse(l for imaginary plot size. or 40, ind the instrument automatically coi
The base has .1 tripod socket for U-se when
implied plot size is 0-078.5 acre. OnIv 12.74 trees per aCI-C are as@unie*d- rnent@z- are desired.
Fi,@tabll:Aiiiient of nnale@ with t6he
appomate1v One-fOlIrtll the IIIIIIII)el. of treeS How-
what analogou@ to inc,,o@urin, di@tance, with
ever, 12-in.0Abli tre(- have fol,11, tjiije@ th(@ 13A of 6-in.-(11111 8Aen)@@, a-')()
this value (0.785 @ fti froin column 5. multiplied by 12.74 trc-c@i per principal diffci-ence i@ that the rela@cope su
acre, again I I)ro(hicc.@ a BA of 10 @ ft pei - acr(,. The @@aniv "proof" applies and the trali@@it and :@tadia sx-telli is ba@@(.d
anglv@ The Spiegel rvla@:Cope coiill)]CX ill 4d
to all other trce encolliltered 11-hen .@,Ilnplillff wid) a BAF 10 an"le
lzc.@ to ti.@e. Its principal di@advalitagc@@ are that
g and lack.,3 the optical ualjtie:@ for good sig-0lit
rainy days.
INSTRUMENTS FOR POINT SAMPLING
10-9 The wedge prism. A properly grou0w
10-7 The stick-type angle gouge. This @iinple. horizontfil z I I 11-1, 10 @Ila I I Illerely a tapf-red wf.(Jfr(@ Of aja@;; t1lat 1)('11(61
-1 ;@pccir -cc @tenl i:@z Vic
oftn ollsist@ Of a NN-0011011 "Oil vvith a 1)0(-)) 1@zllght at 011(' CDd and a - IC r2X.-Ct angle. Whell a ti

170 FOREST MEASUREMENTS POINT-SAM

2qW the bole appears to be displaced, as if see through a camera range
2qz finder. The amount of offset or displacement is controlled by the prism
0 strength, measured in diopters. As one prism dipoter is equal to a right
angle displacement of one unit per 100 units of distance, a 3.03-diopter
prism will produce a displacement of one unit per 33 units of distance,
qIqr i.e., a critical angle of 104.18 min. Other prism-strength relationships
4qW are given in Table 10-1.
qLLqJ 8qXq:
... . ....... .2qz

0
Field use of the prism requires that it be held precisely over the
W q>_ sampling point at all times, for this point and not the observer's eye
qC2qr
qCqr 8qW
------ 6q0 is the pivot from which the stand is "swept" by a 360 circle. All tree
qCqO 8qW stems not completely offset when viewed through the wedge are counted;
others are not tallied (Fig. 10-3). Trees that appear to be borderline

should be measured and checked with the appropriate plot radius factor
before arbitrarily deciding to tally every other borderline stem.
The Prism may be held at any convenient distance from the eye,
6qFz provided it is always positioned directly over the sampling point. Proper
orientation also requires that the prism be held in a vertical position
and at right angles to the line of sight; otherwise, large errors in the
tree tally may result (Fig. 10-4).
The wedge prism is simple, relatively inexpensive, portable, and as
accurate as other angle gauges when properly calibrated and used. Some

q@qj
sighting difficulties are found in dense stands where displaced bole sec-
7 tions offset into one another, and special corrections must be applied
when slopes of 15 per cent and greater are encountered. However, the
latter disadvantage may be cited for all point-sampling devices except
the Spiegel relascope.

CL
E
10-10 Calibration of prisms or angle gauges. Precision-tested prisms
and angle gauges should be used whenever feasible, because a BAF of
0 exactly 5, 10. or 40 is conducive to faster computations than such

values as 4.9, 9.8, or 39.5 (See. 10-3). Prisms ground to within +1
r: min of a specified angle are desired, for such deviation will usually
result in a maximum error of about 2 per cent for a BAF 10 prism.
q_qj Where inexpensive prisms or angle gauges are employed and the exact
2q< BAF is unknown, such devices should be carefully calibrated. As indi-
. . ...... qF- vidual eyesights may vary appreciably, it may even be desirable to
calibrate all instruments (regardless of price or supposed precision) for
0 each cruiser's own sighting habits or peculiarities.
To calibrate a prism or angle gauge, a target of known width (for
2qz example 1.0 ft is set up against a contrasting background. With the
angle gauge or prism in proper orientation, the observer backs away
I6qE_q7 from the target until the target exactly fills the sighting angle (or until
the prism image is displaced as shown for the "borderline" tree in Fig.

0
7 -7 -

172 FOREST MEASUREMENTS POINT-SAMPLE TIMBER CRUISING 173

critical angles, however, this
The exact distance from target to instrument is then measured I I
10-31. The of tile near eq
and the BAF computed by this relationship:
functions for narrow angles. For reliable reults
he mounted on a plane table, tripod, or vise
BAF = 10,8890
Of the horizontal distance to tile target
is tile target width Ill feet, is tile distance to target rived, conversions similar to those in Table
where It
to simplify subsequent Inventory computation
in feet. at target is used in calibra-
The foregoing formula, is not exact when a flat 10-11 Corrections for slope. Unless the Spiegel
target is a circular cross section with dial
but only when the establish subsequent angles, Corrections must be made in point sampling
When slope is 15 per cent or greater, that
elevation per 100 horizontal feet (Stage, 1959)
When the wedge prism is used, an appro
pensation for slope can he made by tilting
through. the estimated slope angle- at right
PRISM HELD CORRECTLY
TABLE 10-3 Slope Correction Table for Point Sampling*

Maximum per cent Maximum ln degrees, Multiply
of slope at of slope at
count by
sampling point sampling, point

15 6.75 1.01
20 9.00 1.02
25 11.25 1.03
30 13.50 1.04
PRISM TILTED OR DIPPED 35 15.75 1.06
40 18.00 1.08

45 20.25 1.10
50 2 2.50 1.12
55 24.75 1.14
60 27.00 1.17
65 29 .25 1.19

70 31.50 1.22
75 33.75 1. 25
36.00 1.28
85 38. 25 1.31
PRISM TIPPED IN VERTICAL 90 40.50 1.34
PLANE 95 42.75 1.38
100 45.00 1.41

This correction for tree count. BA, and volume per acre is
true only when it is assumed that in this sampling procedure
a proportionate number of trees will be added when the slope

distance is corrected to the true horizontal distance. For all
FIG. 10-4 Correct and incorrect methods of holding the practical purposes, however, tree count, BA, and volume can
adapted from hovind be corrected by using the above mulitpliers.
wedge prism. SOURCE: Hovind and Ricek, 1961.
ricek, 1961.

A -oil AM: 00 M M

With angle. gauges such as the stick type, the unadjusted field tally sampling process, it is helpful to compile tables of limiting distances
can be corrected by (1) measuring the slope at right angles to the contour in advance of fieldwork. These are easily prepared by multiplying vari-
in per cent or degrees and (2) applying corresponding correction factors ous tree diameters by the appropriate plot radius factor (Table 10-4).
to BA or volume per acre estimates from Table 10-3. The amount of For maximum utility, such tables should be expressed in feet and links.
slope is usually measured with an Abney level. When brush or other obstructions make it necessary to move from
10-12 Doubtful frees, limiting distances, and bias. Most cruisers pos- the sampling point to view certain stems, special care must be exercised
ain-
sess some degree of observer bias wben "sighting in" doubtful trees. In a to maintain the correct distances from obscured trees. Failure to in *
strict sense, borderline trees occur only when the distance from the sam- tain proper distance relationships can result in sizable errors in the
pling point to the stem center is precisely equal to tree dbh times plot tally, especially when using a large BAR
radius factor. Therefore, if doubtful trees are regularly checked by care- 10-13 Choice of instruments. In summary, the selection of a point
ful measurement, the borderline tree is rarely encountered. sampling sighting gauge is largely a matter of balancing such factors
To encourage r .egular field checks.of doubtful trees and speed up'the as costs, efficiency, and personal preferences. All the devices described
here will provide a reliable tree tally if they are properly calibrated
TABLE 10-4 Horizontal Limiting Distances in Feet for BAF 10 Point-sampling Instruments and carefully used. Accordingly, the following generalizations will be
primarily useful to the newer advocates of point sampling:
Dbby in. 0.0 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.3 1 0.4 1 0.5 1 0.6 1 0.7 0-8 1 0.9 1 When steep slopes are regularly encountered, the Spiegel relascope is preferred.
- I 1 2 For relatively flat topography, either the wedge prism or the stick gauge may
5 13.75 14.02 14.30 14.57 14.85 15.12 15.40 i5.67 15.95 16-22 be used. The prism is particularly desirable for persons who wear eyeglasses,
6 16.50 16.77 17.05 17.32 17.60 17.87 18.15 18.42 18.70 18-97 because the vertex of the sighting angle occurs at the prism rather than
at the observer's eve. However, the prism is difficult to use in dense stands
7 19.25 19.52 19.80 20.07 20.35 20.62 20.90 21.17 21.45 21.72
8 22.00 22.27 22.55 22.82 23.10 23.37 23.65 23.92 24.20 24.47 due to displacement of stem sections into one another.
9 24.75 25.02 25.300 25.57 25.85 26.12 26.40 26.67 26.95 27.22 3 The simple stick gauge, though largely supplanted by the prism, is preferable
10 27.50 27.77 28.05 28.32 28.60 28.87 29.15 29.42 29.70 29.97 in dense stands---especially if the cruiser does not wear spectacles. Cruisers
who use point sampling only occasionally will find the stick gauge more
11 30.25 30.52 30.80 31@07 31.35 31.62 31.90 32.17 32-45 32.72 reliable, because there are fewer ways for errors to result with this device
12 33.00 33.27 33.55 33.82 34.10 34.37 34.65 34.92 35.20 35-47 than with the wedge prism.
13 35.75 36.02 36.30 36.57 36.85 37.12 37.40 37.67 37.95 38.22
14 38,50 38.77 39-05 39.32 39.60 39.87 40.15 40.42 40.70 40-97 VOLUME CONVERSIONS
15 41'.25 41.52 41.80 42.07 42.35 42.62 42.90 43.17 43.65 43.72
10-14 Tree countand basal area. As previously described, each tree
16 44.00 44.27 44.55 44.82 45.10 45.37 45.65 45@92 46.20 46.47 tallied in point sampling, regardless of its diameter, represents the same
17 46.75 47.02 47.30 47.57 47.85 48,12 48.40 48-67 48.95 49.22
IS 49.50 49.77 50.05 50.32 50.60 50.87 51.15 51.42 51.70 51.97 amount of BA on a per acre basis. BA per acre for any tract may
19 52.25 52.52 52.80 53.07 53.35 53.62 53.90 54.17 54.45 54-72 thus be computed by this relationship:
20 55.00 55.27 55.55 55,82 56.10 56.37 56.65 56.92 57.20 57.47
BA per acre = total trees tallied X BAF
21 57.75 58.02 58.30 58.57 58.85 59.12 59.40 59.67 59.95 60.22 no. of -points
22 60.50 60.77 61105 61.32 61.60 61.87 62.15 62.42 62.70 62.97
23 63.25 63.52 63.80 64.07 64.35 64.62 64.90 65-17 6.5.45 65.72 If the BAF is 10 and 160 trees are tallied at 20 sample points, the
24 66.00 M27 66.55 66.82 67.10 67.37 67-6.5 67.92 6S.20 GS.47 BA per acre would be 160/20 X 10 = 80 sq ft per acre. As with all
25 68.75 69.02 69.30 69.57 69.85 70.12 70.40 70.67 70.95 71.22 cruising techniques, it is presumed that the counted trees are representa-
26 71.50 71i@7 72-05 72.32 72. 60 72.87 73-15 73.42 73.70 73.97 tive of the population sampled.
27 74.25 74.52 74.80 75.07 75.35 7.5.62 75-90 76.17 76.45 76.72 10-15 Derivation of tree volumes. IMost cruisers are . i.nterested in vol-
28 77.00 77.27 77.55 77.82 78.10 78.37 78.65 78.92 79.20 79. 47
29 79.75 80.02 80.30 SO.57 80.85 81.12 81.40 81.67 8 1. 95 82-22 unies expressed in board feet, cubic feet,'or cords rather than BA alone.
30 82.50 82.77 83. 05 83.32 s3.60 83.87 84.15 84.42 84.70 84.97 When using point sampling, volume computations are handled differently

POINT-SAMPLE TIMBER CRUISING 177
176 FOREST MEASUREMENTS

from conventional cruising, because all sizes of trees have the same To review thr forgoing computations, the height classes desired for
field tallying are listed first in column 1. The average dbh that corre-
BA per acre. The variable of dbh (a function of BA) can therefore
be ignored when only total volumes are required, and the field tally sponds to each height class must be obtained from existing records or

can be reduced to a simple stem county by height classes. Average stand special field samples (column 2). With these two values known, the
volumn per acre is determined by using ratios of the volumes of each volume per tree (column 3) is read from any desired tree volumne table.
height class to their respective BA. The ratios or volume factors can Number of trees per acre (column 4), based on the appropriate dbh

be quickly determined by use of the "per acre conversion factors" in class, may be read directly from Table 10-2 for BAF 10 conversions--or
Table 10-2 and the volume of one tree of a specified size. Volume per computed as described in Sec. 10-6. Finally, the volume per acre conver-
acre can thus be derived by this relationship: sion (column 5) is simply a product of volume per tree and number
Volume per acre= volumn per tree)(no trees per acre) of trees per acre.
no. of sample points 10-16 Field tally by height classes. The reason that point sampling
To illustrate the computation of volume per acre conversions, it may appears to be such a simple method of deriving standing tree volumes
be assumed that cordwood factors are desired for 1-bolt (8 ft of mer- is that most of the computational work is accomplished in advance of
chantable height) trees in the Lake states by five tree diameter classes. the field tally. When the volumn per acre conversions are incorporated
directly into the field tally form and trees are recorded by height classes
Essential steps in deriving these converting factors can be illustrated only, a minimum of post-cruising calculations are necessary. Under these

in tabular form: conditions, the field record essentially becomes a cumulative tally sheet
and volumes call be speedily summarized (Table
Trees Per acre Volume Per Merchantable
height, Corresponding Volume per (Table 10-2), acre,
dbh class, in. tree, cd (column 3 x 4) X 4)
ft no. of stems TABLE 10-5 Simplified Field Tally and Volume Summary Fc
Point Sampling
8 6 0.017 51.02 0.87
8 8 0.031 28.65 0.80
8 10 0.049 18.35 0.90 Tract: La Crosse, Wisconsin Timbered area: 40 acres
8 12 0.070 12.74 0.89 No. of points: 20 BAF: 10
8 14 0.095 9.35 0.89 Height class, Tree tally, Volume per acre, Ta
no. of stems ed
For the single 8-ft-height class listed, it will be noted that volume
per acre conversions show very little change from one dbh class to an- S 20 0.9
other. Hence, unless stand table are required, it is superflous to break 16 :10 1.5
down the tally by diameter classes. As shown here, a volume factor -24 40 2.0
of 0.9 cd will suffice for a11 8-ft heights, irrespective of diameter changes. alhes
32 20 2.5
1,q11 be C.0111pute'ql 40 10 3. t)
For other height classes, volume per acre factors might be computed 4S 5 q3.
as follows: Totals 125 Trees
Trees per acre Volume per 125 trees
Merchantable BA per nere. q- X 11) 62.5 srj ft per acre
Corresponding Volume pr (Table 10-2), acre, 20 points
height, dbh class, in. tree, cd (column 3 x 4)
no. of stems 240.5 ed
ft Average volunme per acre 12.0-95 ed Per a
20 points
2,S . 6 -5 S9
8 15
16 11) 0. Its: I S: 52
24 12 0 155 12, 74 1 it
32 );5 2.52 2.5 When stand and stock tables are needed and
14 0. 269
3 qbv qdiallieter special cunuqfqlative tally qsh
40 1S 0-5:; 1 5. 66
71 35
4 22 01pS Thornton and lqlutcllion. 1958t.

7 FOREST MEASUREMENTS 2qOINT8qqLE
4q= 8qM 8qM 4qM

POINT-SAMPLE CRUISING INTENSITY and Stover, 1957). In this test, BAF 10 point samples were measured
from the centers of 655 circular 1/4-acre plots that were distributed
1017 Comparisons with conventional plots. There is no fixed plot size throughout 12 counties. Volume per acre comparisons were made for
when using point sampling; hence it is difficult, to compute cruise inten- BA, cubic-foot volumes, and board-foot volumes.
sity on a conventional area-basis. Each tree has its own imagi- Differences in mean volumes by the two sampling methods were not
nary plot radius (depending on the BAF used), and the exact plot size significant at the 5 per cent level. Coefficients of variation for point
cannot be easily determined, even after the tally has been made. How- sampling were only 7 to 12 per cent larger than for the 1/4-acre plots,
ever, approximations can be made on the basis of the average stem and standard errors were within 0.5 per cent of each other. It was esti-
diameter encountered at a given point. mated that 20 per cent more point samples would be needed to provide
the same accuracy in cubic volume as derived from the plots; however,
even with these additional samples the points could be measured in
Assuming an even-aged plantation with a single dbh class
and a critical angle of 104.18 min, the area sampled would have a radius considerably less field time.
of 6 X 2.75 or 16.5 ft-equivalent to about 1/50 acre. If the dbh class
were doubled to 12 in., the effective sample area would quadruple to 10-20 Attributes and limitations. In summary, the principal advantages
about 1/12 acre. To sample a full 1/5 acre, average dbh would have
to be about 19 in. of point sampling over plot cruising are:

From the foregoing, it follows that use of BAF 10 sample points in 1 It is not necessary to establish a fixed plot boundary; thus greater cruising
lieu of the same number of 1/5- or 1/4-acre plots will usually result
speed is possible.
in a tally of fewer trees. From a statistical standpoint, however, the 2 Large, high-value trees are sampled in greater proportions than smaller stems.
selection of trees according to size rather than frequency may more 3 BA and volume per acre may he derived without direct measurement of
stem diameters.
4 When volume per acre conversions are developed in advance of fieldwork,
than offset this reduction of sample size--and with an additional saving efficient volume determinations can be made in a minimum of time. Thus
in time. Conversely, it must be remembered that smaller samples of the medhod is particularly suited to quick, reconnaissance-type cruises.
any kind require larger expansion or blow-up factors. Thus when point
sampling is adopted, the so-called borderline trees must always be closely
checked, for the erroneous addition omission of a single stem reduces The main drawbacks to point sampling are:
the accuracy of any volume estimate by the amount of the BAF.

1 Heavy underbrush reduces sighting visibility and cruising efficiency.
10-18 Number of sampling points needed. The only accurate method 2 Because of the relatively small size of sampling units, carelessness and errors
of determining how many point samples should be measured is to deter- in the tally (when expanded to tract totals)are likely to be more serious
mine the standard deviation (or coefficient of variation) of BA or volume than in plot cruising.
3 Slope compensation causes difficulties that may result in largo errors unless
per acre from a preliminary field sample. When this has been done,
special care is exercised. Similar difficulties are encountered in strip and line-
plot cruising of course.
sampling intensity may be derived from Table 8-1 or by formulas de-
scribed in Secs 8-15 and 8-16. If the statistical approach is not feasible, 4 Some problems arise in edge-effect bias when sampling very small tracts
the following rules of thumb will often provide acceptable results: or long narrow tracts.

1 If the BAF is selected according to tree size so that an average of 5 to
12 trees are counted at each point, use the same number of points as 1/5-acre
plots.
2 With a BAF 10 angle gauge and timber that averages 12 to 15 in. in diameter,
use the same number of points as 1/10-acre plots.
3 For reliable estimates, never use fewer than 20 points in natural timber
stands or less than 10 points in even-aged plantations.
10-19 Point samples versus plots. Of the numerous field comparisons
of point sampling and plot curising, one of the more extensive evaluations
was made by the U.S. Forest Survey in Southeast Texas (Grosenbaugh

POINT-SAMPLE TIMBER CRUISING 181
180 FOREST MEASUREMENTS

AA 0

WOODY PLANTS
.20 Abies balsamea. Balsam fir.
23 Aesculus spp. Aesculus.
24 Aesculus Hippocastanum. Hor .sechestnut.
25 Aesculus octandra. Sweet Buckeye.
28 Acer spp. Maple.
29 Acer negundo. Box Elder.
30 Acer nigrum. Black maple.
31 Acer pensylvanicum. Striped maple.
32 Acer platanoides. Norway maple.
33 Acer rubrum. Red maple.
34 Acer saccharinum. Silver maple.
35 Acer saccharum. Sugar maple.
36 Acer spicatum. Mountain maple (Mtn. maple).
39 Ailanthus altissima. Ailanthus, Tree of heaven.
42 Akebia quinata. Akebia.
45 Albizzia julibrissin. Mimosa.
48 Alnus spp. Alder.
49 Alnus maritima. Seaside alder.
50 Alnus rugosa. Speckled alder.
51 Alnus serrulata. Smooth alder.
52 Althaea'officinalis. Marshmallow.
54 Amelanchier spp. Service Berry.
55 Amelanchier arborea. Common Service Berry (Com. svcberry).
56 Amelanchier canadensis. Canadian Service Berry (Can. svcberry).
57 Amelanchier humilis. Low Service Berry (Lo. svcberry).
58 Amelanchier intemedia spach. Intermediate Service Berry (Int. sv.cberry).
59 Amelanchier laevis. Smooth Service Berry (Smith svcberry).
60 Amelanchier obovalis. Obovate Service Berry (Obvt. svcb6rry).
61 Amelanchier sanguinea. Roundleaf Service Berry (Rd. lf. svcberry).
62 Amelanchier stolonifera. Stoloniferous Service Berry (Stol. svcberry).
65 Amoroha fruticosa. Falso indigo.
68 Ampelopsis arborea. Pepper-vine.
69 Aralia sp. L. Aralia.
71 Aralia spinosa. Hercules Club.
74 Aristolochia durior. Pipe-vine.
77 Arundinaria gigantea. Brake cane.
80 Ascyrum spp. Ascyrum.
81 Ascyrum stans. St. Peter's wort. (St. Pete wort).
82 Ascyrum hypericoides. St. Andrew's Cross. (St. Andy Cross).
85 Asimina t:,iloba. Pawpaw.
88 Baccharis halimifolia. High-tide bush.
91 Berberis spp. Barberry.
92 Berberis canadensis. American Barberry (Amer. Barberry).
93 Berberis thunbergii. Japanese Barberry (Jap. Barberry).
94 Berberis vulgaris. Common Barberry (Com. Barberry).
95 Berchemia scandens. Rattan-vine.
97 Betula spp. Birch.
98 Betula alba. European white birch (Eur. white birch).
99 Betula lenta. Black birch.
100 Betula lutea. Yellow birch.

-97-

Woody Plants cont.

101 Betu
la nigra. River birch.
104 Bignonia capreolata. Crossvine.
107 Broussonetia papyrifera. Paper Mulberry.
110 Callicarpa americana. Beauty berry.
113 Calycanthus floridus. Carolina allspice (Carol. allspice).
116 Campsis radicans. Trumpet creeper (Trumpt. creepr.).
119 Carpinus caroliniana. American hornbeam (Amer. hornbeam).
i22 Carya spp. Hickory.
123 Carya cordiformis. Swamp hickory.
124 Carya glabra. Pignut.
125 Carya ovalis. Sweet pignut.
126 Carya ovata. Shagbark Hickory (Shagbark).
127 Carya pallida. Pale hickory.
128 Carya tomentosa. Mockernut.
131 Castanea spp. Castanea.
132 Castanea dentata. American Chestnut (Amer. Chestnut).
133 Castanea pumila. Chinquapin.
136 Catalpa spp. Catalpa.
137 Catalpa bignonioides. Southern catalpa (S. Catalpa) .
1138 Catalpa ovata. Chinese Catalpa (Chinese Cat.).
139 Catalpa speciosa. Northern Catalpa (N. Catalpa).
i42 Ceanothus americanus. New Jersey Tea (Jersey Tea).
145 Celtis spp. Celtis.
1146 Celtis occidentalis. Hackberry.
147 Celtis tenuifolia. Dwarf Hackberry (Dwf. Hackberry).
f,50 Cephalanthus occidentalis. Buttonbush.
.1 53 Celastrus scandens. Bittersweet.
56 Cercis canadensis. Redbud.
159 Chamaecyparis thyoides. Southern White Cedar (S. White Cedar).
f60 Chamaedaphne calyculata. Leatherleaf.
462 Chimaphila spp. Chimaphila.
1.63 Chimaphila maculata. Spotted Wintergreen (Spot wintergrn.).
164 Chimaphila umbellata. Pipsissewa.
167 Chionanthus virginicus. Fringe-tree.
170 Clematis spp. Clematis.
171 Clematis dioscoreifolia. Clematis.
172 Clematis verticillaris. Mountain clematis (Mtn. clematis).
i73 Clematis Viorna. Leather flower.
1!74 Clematis virginiana. Virgin's bower.
1@77 Clethra alnifolia. Sweet Pepperbush (Swt. Pepperbush).
180 Comptonia peregrina. Sweet fern.
183 Cornus alternifolia. Green Osier.
i84 Cornus spp. Dogwood.
1;85 Cornus Amomum. Red Willow.
1186 Cornus canadensis. Bunchberry.
1.87 C,ornus florida. Flowering dogwood (Flr. dogwood).
1188 Cornus obliqua. Silky dogwood.
f89 Cornus racemosa. Gray-stem dogwood (Gry.-stem dogwd.).
1;90 Cornus stolonifera. Red Osier.
191 Cornus rugosa. Roundleaf dogwood. (Rndleg. dogwood).
193 Corylus spp. Hazel.
04 Corylus americana. American hazelnut (Amer. hazelnut).
195 Corylus cornuta. Beaked hazelnut (Beak. hazelnut).
08 Crataegus spp. Hawthorn.

Woody Plants - cont

199 Crataegus basilica. Hawthorn #1.
200 Crataegus biltmoreana. Biltmore Hawthorn (Biltmore Hthn.).
201 Crataegus Calpodendron. Pear Hawthorn.
202 Crataegus Canbyi. Canby's Hawthorn (Canby's Hthn.).
203 Crataegus crus-galli. Cockspur-Thorn.
204 Crataegus Dodgei. Dodge Hawthorn (Dodge Hthn.).
205 Crataegus intricata. Hawthorn #2.
206 Crataegus macrosperma. Variable Hawthorn (Var. Hawthorn).
207 Crataegus Margaretta. Margaret Hawthorn (Margaret Hthn.).
208 Crataegus mercerensis. Hawthorn #3.
209 Crataegus pedicellata. Scarlet Hawthorn (Scarlet Hthn.).
210 Crataegus pensylvanica. Hawthorn #4.
211 Crataegus Phaenopyrum. Washington Hawthorn (Wash. Hawthorn).
212 Crataegus populnea. Hawthorn #5.
213 Crataegus pruinosa. Wax-fruit Hawthorn (Wax-fruit Hthn.).
214 Crataegus punctata. Dotted Hawthorn (Dotted Hthn.).
215 Crataegus rugosa. Hawthorn #6.
216 Crataegus sicca. Hawthorn V.
217 Crataegus stolonifera. Hawthorn #8.
218 Crataegus uniflora. Dwarf Hawthorn (Dwf. Hawthorn).
219 Crataegus viridis. Southern Thorn (S. Thorn).
222 Cytisus scoparius. Scotch Broom.
224 Decodon verticillatus. Swamp loosestrife.
225 Diervilla Lonicera. Bush Honeysuckle (Bsh. Honeysuckle).
228 Diospyros virginiana. Common Persimmon (Com. Persimmon).
231 Dirca Palustris. Leatherwood.
234 Elaeagnus angustifolia. Russian olive.
237 Epigaea repens. Ground laurel.
240 Euonymus spp. Euonymus.
241 Euonymus alatus. Winged Euonymus (Wing. Euonymus).
242 Euonymus americanus. Strawberry Bush.
243, Euonymus atropurpureus. Burning Bush.
246 Fagus grandifolia. American Beech.
247 Fagus sylvatica. European Beech.
249 Forsythia spp. Forsythia.
250 Forsythia suspensa. Forsythia.
251 Forsythia viridissima. Forsythia..
254 Fraxinus spp. Ash.
255 Fraxinus americana. White Ash.
256 Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Green Ash.
257 Fraxinus nigra. Black Ash.
Gaultheria procumbens. Wintergreen.
263 Gaylussacia spp. Huckleberry.
264 Geylussacia baccata. Black huckleberry (Blk. hucklebry.).
265 Gaylussacia brachycera. Juniper Berry.
266 Gaylussacia dumosa. Dwarf huckleberry (Dwf. Hucklebry.).
267 Gaylussacia frondosa. Dangleberry.
270 Gleditsia triacanthos. Honey Locust.
273 Gymnocladus dioica. Kentucky Coffeetree (Ky. Coffeetree).
276 Hamamelis virginiana. Witch-hazel.
279 Hedera Helix. English Ivy.

_99-

Woody Plants - cont.

2@81 Hibiscus spp. Mallow.
@82 Hibiscus syriacus. Rose-of-Sharon.
2'85 Hudsonia tomentosa. Beach heath.
2'88 Hydrangea arborescens. Wild hydrangea.
291 Hypericum spp. St. John's-wort.
2@92 Hypericum densifolorum. St. John's-wort. (St. John-wort).
Z93 Hypericum spathulatum. St. John's-wort. (St. John-wort).
2'95 Ilex coreacea. Large Gallberry (Large Balberry).
2'96 Ilex spp. Holly.
2@97 Ilex decidua. Possum Haw.
198 Ilex glabra. Inkberry.
299 Ilex laevigata. Winterberry.
A,00 Ilex montana. Mountain holly (Mtn. Holly).
301 Ilex opaca. American Holly (Amer. Holly).
5,02- Ilex verticillata. Black Alder.
305 Itea virginica. Tassel-white.
308 Iva frutescens. Low-tide bush.
ill Juglans spp. Juglans.
J12 Juglans cinerea. Butternut.
313 Juglans nigra. Black walnut.
316 Juniperus communis. Common juniper.
117 Juniperus virginiana. Red cedar.
J20 Kalmia spp. Laurel.
3121 Kalmia angustifolia. Sheep-laurel.
j22 Kalmia latifolia. Mountain laurel. (Mtn. laurel).
325 Koelreuteria paniculata. Goldenrain-Tree (Goldenrn.-Tree).
326 Kosteletzkya virginica. Seashore-mallow.
@28 Larix laricina. American larch.
531 Leucothoe racemosa. Fetterbush.
j34 Ligustrum spp. Privet.
j35 Ligustrum obtusifolium. Privet.
j36 Ligustrum ovalifolium. California Privet (Cal. Privet).
@37 Ligustrum vulgare. Common privet.
1.40 Lindera Benzoin. Blume Spicebush. (Blume Spicebsh.).
343 Linnaea borealis. Twinflower.
346 Liquidambar styraciflua. Sweet gum.
J49 Liriodendron tulipifera. Tulip tree.
j52 Lonicera spp. Honeysuckle.
J53 Lonicera canadensis. Fly-honeysuckle (Fly-honeysukl.).
j54 Lonicera dioica. Mountain honeysuckle (Mtn. honysukl.).
j55 Lonicera japonica. Japanese honeysuckle (Jap. honeysukl.).
j56 Lonicera Morrowi. Honeysuckle #1.
557 Lonicera sempervirens. Trumpet honeysuckle (Trump. hnysukl.).
@58 Lonicera tatarica. Tartarian honeysuckle (Tarta. hnysukl.).
@61 Lycium halimifolium. Matrimony vine.
@64 Lyonia spp. Lyonia.
3 65 Lyonia ligustrina. Male-berry.
566 Lyonia mariana. Stagger bush.
369 Maclura pomifera. Osage orange.
172 Magnolia spp. Magnolia.

_100-

Woody Plants - cont.

373 Magnolia acuminata. Cucumber tree.
374 Magnolia tripetala. Umbrella Magnolia (Umbrella Mag.).
375 Magnolia virginiana. Sweet Bay.
378 Menisperu 'm canadense. Canadian Moonseed (Can. Moonseed),
381 Menziesia pilosa. Minnie-bush.
384 Mitchella repens. Partridge berry (Partridge bry.).
387 Morus spp. Mulberry.
388 Morus alba. White Mulberry.
389 Morus rubra. Red Mulberry.
392 Myrica spp. Myrica.
393 Myrica cerifera. Wax-myrtle.
394 Myrica pensylvanica. Bayberry.
397 Nemopanthus mucronata. Catberry, Mountain.Holly.
400 Nyssa sylvatica. Black gum.
401 Opuntia humifusa. Prickly pear.
403 Ostrya virginiana. Hop Hornbeam.
406 Oxydendrum arboreum. Sorrel Tree.
409 Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Virginia Creeper (Va. Creeper).
412 Paulownia tomentosa. Empress tree.
415 Persea Borbonia. Red Bay.
418 Philadelphus spp. Mock Orange.
419 Philadelphus coronarius. Garden Mock-orange (Gdn. Mock-orng.).
420 Philadelphus hirsutus. Hairy Mock-orange (Hry. Mock-orng.).
421 Philadelphus inodo Irus. Common Mock-orange (Com. Mock-orng.).
422 Philadelphus pubescens. Gray Mock-orange (Gry. Mock-orng.).
425 Phoradendron flavescens. Mistletoe.
428 Physocarpus opulifolius. Ninebark.
431 Picea spp. Spruce.
432 Picea Abies. Norway Spruce.
433 Picea glauca. White Spruce.
434 Picea pungens. Blue Spruce.
435 Picea rubens.. Red Spruce.
438 Pinus spp. Pine.
439 Pinus echinata. Yellow Pine.
440 Pinus resinosa. Red Pine.
441. Pinus rigida. Pitch Pine.
442 Pinus serotina. Marsh Pine, Pond Pine.
443 Pinus strobus. White Pine.
444 Pinus sylvestris. Scotch Pine.
445 Pinus taeda. Loblolly Pine.
446 Pinus virginidna. Virginia Pine.
447 Pinus nigra. Austrian Pine.
449 Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore.
452 Populus spp. Populus.
453 Populus alba. White poplar.
454 Populus canescens. Gray poplar.
455 Populus deltoides. Eastern cottonwood (E. cottonwood).
456 Populus gile.adensis. Balm of Gilead (Gilead Balm).
457 Populus grAndidentata. Large-toothed aspen (1g. tooth aspen)..
458 Populus heterophylla. Downy poplar.
/@459 Populus nigra. Black poplar.
460 Populus tremuloides. Trembling aspen.
461 Potentilla spp. Cinquefoil.

_101-

Woody Plants cont.

463 Prunus spp' P'runus.
4@4 runus all;ghaniensis. Allegheny Plum (Allgny. Plum).
465 Prunus americana. American Wild Plum (A. Wild Plum).
466 Prunus.angustifolia. Chickasaw Plum.
467 Prunus'avium. Bird Cherry.
468 Prunus Cerasus. Sour Cherry.
469 Prunus Mahaleb. Mahaleb Cherry.
470 Prunus maritima. Beach Plum.
471 Prunus pensylvanica. Pin Cherry.
472 Prunus Persica. Peach.
473 Prunus.,serotina. Black Cherry.
474 Prunus virginiana. Choke Cherry.
07 Ptelea trifoliata. Water-ash.
480 Pyrus spp. Pyrus.
481 Pyrus americana. American mountain ash (Am. mtn. ash).
,48L Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Wild crab.
'480 Pyrus arbutifolia.. Red chokeberry.
484 Pyrus communis. Common pear.
485 Pyrus coronaria. Wild crab.
-486_ Pyrus floribunda. Purple chokeberry (Pur. chokeberry).
487 Pyrus.Malus. Apple.
488 Pyrus, melanocarpa. Black chokeberry (Blk. chokeberry).
49!1`@ Quercus spp. Oak.
4�2' Quercu"S alba. White oak.
4�3 Quercus bicolar. Swamp white oak.
4@4 Quercus coccinea. Scarlet oak.
495 Quercus falcata. Southern red oak (S. red oak).
406 Quercus ilicifolia. Scrub oak.
497 Quercus imbricaria. Shingle oak.
408 Quercus lyrata. Swamp post oak.
499 Quercus macrocarpa. Bur oak.
500 Quercus marilandica. Black Jack oak.
561 Quercus Michauxii. Basket oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak.
562 Quercus Muehlenbergii. Yellow oak.
503 Quercus nigra. Water oak.
564 Quercus palustris. Pin Oak.
505 Quercus Phellos. Willow oak.
566 Quercus prinoides. Chinquapin oak.
507 Quercus Prinus. Chestnut oak, Rock oak.
508 Quercus rubra. Red oak.
509 Quercus Shumardii. Shumard's oak.
5iO Quercus stellata. Post.oak.
5il Quercus velutina. Black oak.
512 Quercus laurifolia. Laurel-leaved oak.
514 Rhamnus spp. Buckthorn..
5i5 Rhamnus cathartica. Common Buckthorn (Com. Buckthorn).
5i6. Rhamnus f .rangula. European Buckthorn (Eu'r. Buckthorn).
5i, 9 Rhodo ,dendron spp. Rhododendron.

-102-

Woody Plants - cont.

520 Rhododendron arborescens. Smooth Azalea.
521 Rhododendron atlanticum. Dwarf Azalea.
522 Rhododendron calendulaceum. Flame Azalea.
523 Rhododendron canescens. Sweet Azalea.
524 Rhododendron maximum. Rosebay.
525 Rhododendron nudiflorum. Pink Azalea.
526 Rhododendron roseum.' Mountain Azalea (Mtn. azalea.).
527 Rhododendron viscosum. Swamp Azalea.
529 Rhus spp. Rhus.
530 Rhus aromatica. Fragrant Sumac.
531 Rhus copallina. Shining Sumac.
532 Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumac.
533 Rhus radicans. Poison IVY.
534 Rhus toxicodendron. Poison Oak.
535 Rhus typhina. Staghorn Sumac.
536, Rhus vernix. Poison Sumac.
539 Ribes spp...Ribes.
54o Ribes americanum. Black Currant.
541 Ribes cynosbati. Dogberry.
542 Ribes glandulosum. Skunk Currant.
543 Ribes rotundifolium. Eastern Wild Gooseberry (E gooseberry).
.546 Robinia spp. Locust.
547 Robinia hispida. Bristly Locust.
548 Robinia pseudo-acacia. Black Locust.
551 Rosa spp. Rose.
552 Rosa canina. Dog Rose.
553 Ro'sa carolina. Low Pasture Rose (L. Pasture tose).
554 Rosa eglanteria. Sweet Brier.
555 Rosa multiflora. Multiflora Rose (Multif1r. rose).
556 Rosa palustirs. Swamp Rose.
557 Rosa virginiana. Pasture Rose.
56o Rubus spp. Raspberry.
561 Rubus argutus. Tall Blackberry (Tall bkberry).
562 Rubus allegheniensis.' Allegheny Blackberry (Allgny bkberry).
563 Rubus cuneifolius. Sand Blackberry (Sand bkberry).
564 Rubus eusleuii. Southern Dewberry (S. dewberry).
565 Rubus flagellaris. Northern Dewberry (N. dewberry).
566 Rubus hispidus. Swamp Dewberry.
567 Rubus occidentalis. Wild Black Raspberry (Blk. raspberry).
568 Rubus odoratus. Purple-Flowering Raspberry.
569 Rubus ostryifolius. Dewberry.
570 Rubus pensilvanicus. Blackberry #1.
571 Rubus phoenicolasius. Wineberry.
572 Rubus ideas strigosus. Maximum Red Raspberry (Max. red rsberry).
575 Salix spp. Willow.
576 Salix alba. White Willow.
577 Salix babylonica. Weeping Willow.
578 Salix bebbiana. Bebb's Willow.
.579 Salix capral. Goat Willow.
580 Salix caroliniana. Ward's Willow.
581 Salix.discolor. Pussy Willow.
582 Salix,,fragilis. Crack Willow.
.583 Salix hispida., Bristly Crier.
584 Salix humilis. Upland Willow.

-103-

Woody Plants - cont.

585 Salix interior. Sandbar willow.
596 Salix lucida. Shining willow.
581 Salix nigra. Black willow.
598 Salix pentandra. Bay-leaf willow (Bay-1f. willow).
589 Salix purpurea. Purple willow.
550 Salix*rigida. Heart-leaf willow (Heart-1f. willow).
5j1 Salix sericea. Silky willow.
594 Sambucus spp. Elder.
595 Sambucus canadensis. Common elder.
556 Sambucus pubens. Red-berry Elder (Red-bry. Elder).
5�9 Sassafras albidum. White Sassafras (Wt. Sassafras).
602 Smilax spp. Smilax.
603 Smilax Bona-nox. Bullbrier.
604 Smilax glauca. Sawbrier.
605 Smilax laurifolia. Laurel-leaf brier (Laurl.-lf. brier).
666 Smilax rotundifoli.a. Common greenbrier (Com. greenbrier).
607 Smilax walterei. Redberried Greenbrier.
668 Solanum spp. Nightshade.
669, Solanum Dulcamara. Bittersweet.
612' Spiraea spp. Spiraea.
613 Spiraea alba. Narrow-leaved Meadow Sweet (Nr.-lv. Md.-Sweet).
614 Spiraea corymbosa. Corymed Spiraea.
615 Spiraea japonica. Japanese spiraea (Jap. spiraea).
616 Spiraea latifolia. American Meadow Sweet (Am. Md.-Sweet).
6b Spiraea tomentosa. Steeple-bush.
620 Staphylea trifolia. American bladdernut (A. bladdernut).
6il Styrax grandifolia. Storax.
6@3 Symphoricarpos spp. Symphoricarpos.
624 Symphoricarpos alba. Snowberry.
625 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Coralberry.
628 Symplocos tinctoria. Horse-sugar.
631 Syringa spp. Lilac.
632 Syringa Persica. Persian lilac.
633 Syringa vulgaris. Lilac.
63i6 Taxodium distichum. Baldcypress.
639 Thuja occidentalis. N. white cedar.
642 Tilia spp. Basswood.
643 Tilia americana. Basswood.
6 '44 Tilia heterophylla. White Basswood.
6,47 Tsuga canadensis. Hemlock.
&@O Ulmus spp. Elm.
6 '@1 Ulmus americana. American elm.
6.52 Ulmus parvifolia. Chinese elm.
6'53 Ulmus procera. English elm.
04 Ulmus pumila. Siberian elm.
6,55 Ulmus rubra. Red elm.
6i58 Vaccinium. spp. Vaccinium.
659 Vaccinium angustifolium. Low sweet blueberry (Lo. swt. blubry.).
66 Vaccinium atrococcum. Black High-bush blueberry (Bk. hi.-bs'h. bbry.).
661 Vaccinium caesariense. Jersey blueberry (Jsy. blubry Y. . I
662 Vaccinium corymbosum. High-bush blueberry (hi.-bsh.-blubry.).
6,63 Vaccinium. macrocarpon. American cranberry (A. cranberry),.

-104-

Woody Plants - cont.

664 Vaccinium myrtilloides. Canadian Blueberry (Can. Blueberry).
665 Vaccinium Oxycoccos. Small cranberry (Sml. cranberry)
666 Vaccinium stamineum. Deerberry.
667 Vaccinium vacillans. ''Low blueberry.
670 Viburnum spp. Viburnum.
671 Viburnum acerifolium. Maple-leaved viburnum (Maple-lv. vib.).
672 Viburnum alnifolium. Hobblebush.
673 Viburnum cassinoides. Witherod.
674 Viburnum dentatum. Southern Arrow-wood (S. Arrow-woo .d).
675 Viburnum Lentago. Nannyberry.
676 Viburnum nudum. Possum-haw.
677 Viburnum prunifolium. Black-haw.
678 Viburnum Rafinesquianum. Downy Arrow-wood (Downy Arrow-wd.).
679 Viburnum recognitum. Smooth Arrow-wood (Smth. Arrow-wd.).
680 Viburnum rufidulum. Rusty black-haw.
681 Viburnum molle. Soft-leaved Arrow-wood (Sft. Lvd. Arrow-wd.).
682 Vitex Agnus-castus. Chaste tree.
685 Vitis spp. Grape.
686 Vitis aestivalis. Summer grape.
687 Vitis Labrusca. Fox grape.
688 Vitis riparia. Frost grape.
689 Vitis rotundifolia. Muscadine grape (Muscadine grp.).
690 Vitis rupestris. Sugar grape.
691 Vitis vulpina. Winter grape.
694 Wisteria spp. Wisteria.
695 Wisteria floribunda. Wisteria #1.
696 Wisteria frutescens. Wisteria #2.
697 Wisteria sinensis. Sweet Wisteria.

Sources:

Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1972. Woody Plants of Maryland.
Port City Press, Baltimore.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book Co.,
New York.

-105-

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

2000 Acalypha virginica. Three-seeded Mercury.
2003 Achillea millefolium. Common Yarrow.
2006 Acnida cannabina. Water-Hemp.
2009 Acorus calamus. Sweet Flag.
2012 Actinomeris alternifolia. Wingstem.
2013 Adiantum pedatum. Maidenhair Fern.
2015 Aeschynomene spp. Sensitive Joint Vetch.
2018- Agastache nepetoides. Purple Giant Hyssop.
2021 Agrimonia spp. Cocklebur.
2024 Agropyron spp. Couch Grass #1.
2027 Agropyron repens. Couch Grass #2.
2030 Agrostis spp. Agrostis.
2033 Agrostis hyemalis. Rough Hair Grass (Rg Hair Grass).
2036 Alisma spp. Water Plantain #1 (Watr Plantan 1).
2039 Alisma plantago-aquatica. Water Plantain #2 (Watr Plantan 2).
2042 Ailium. spp. Garlic.
2045 Amaranthus spp. Amaranth.
2048 Ambrosia spp. Ragweed.
2051 Amianthium. Muscaetoxicum. Fly-Poison.
2054 Ammophila arenaria. Sand Reed.
2057 Amphicarpa bracteata. Hog-Peanut.
2060 Anagallis arvensis. Scarlet Pimpernel.
2063 Andropogon spp. Beard Grass.
2066 Andropogon geradi. Forked Beard-Grass (Frk Berd Grass).
2069 Andropogon scoparius. Little Blue-Stem (Ltl Blue Stem).
2072 Andropogon ternarius. Silvery Beard-Grass (Slv Berd Grass).
2075 Andropogon virginicus. Broom-Sedge (Va Beard Grass).
2078 Anemone spp. Anemone.
2081 Anemonella thalictroides. Rue-Anemone.
2084 Antennaria spp. Everlasting.
2087 Anthemis spp. Chamomile.
2090 Anthoxanthum. spp. Vernal Grass #1.
2093 Anthoxanthum. odoratum. Vernal Grass #2.
2096 Apios americana. Groundnut.
2099 Aplectrum. hyemale. Putty-Root.
2102 Apocynum spp. Dogbane.
2105 Aquilegia spp. Columbine.
2108 Arabidopsis thabana. Mouse-Ear-Cress.
2111 Arabis spp. Rock-Cress.
2113 Arctium. spp. Burdock.
2115 Arisaema sp. Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Jk-n-th-pl-pit).
2117 Arisaema triphyllum. Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Jck-n-tb-plpit).
2119 Aristida spp. Three-Awn.
2121 Aristida dichtoma. Poverty Grass.
2123 Asclepias spp. Milkweed.
2125 Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus.
2127 Asplenium platyneuron. Ebony Spleenwort (Ebony Splnwort).
2129 Aster spp. Wild Aster.
2131 Athyrium felix-femina. Lady Fern.
2133 Athyrium Thelypteroides. Crested Fern.
2134 Atriplex spp. Orach.
2137 Baptisia spp. False Indigo.
2140 Barbaria spp. Winter-Cress,

-107-

Herbaceous Plants cont.

2143 Bidens spp. Beggars Tick.
2146 Boehmeria cylindrica. False Nettle.
2149 Botrychium dissectum. Grape Fern.
2152 Botrychium virginianum. Virginia Grape Fern (Va Grape Fern).
2155 Brasenia schreberi. Water-Shield.
2158 Bromus spp. Brome-Grass.
2161 Bulbostylis capillariis. Bulbostylis.
2164 Cahile edentula. Sea-Rocket.
2167 Callitriche spp. Water Starwart.
2170 Calopogon pulchellus. Grass-Pink.
217i Capsella bursa-pastoris. Shepherd's-Purse.
2176 Cardamine spp. Bitter Cress.
2179 Carex' spp. Carex.
2182 Cas.�ia spp. Senna.
2185 Cenchrus tribuloides. Bur-Grass..
2188 Centaurea spp. Star-Thistle.
2191 Cerastium spp. Mouse-Ear-Chickweed.
2194 Ceratophyllum sop. Coontail.
2197 Chamaelirium spp. Blazing Star #1.
2200 Chamaelirium luteum. Blazing Star #2.
2203 Chelone spp. Turtlehead.
2204 Chelone Iyoni. Red Turtlehead.
2206 Chen6o6ditini.spp. Pigweed.
2209 Chimaphila macdlata. Spotted Wintergreen. (Spottd Wintrgrn).
2212 Chr:ysopgis spp. Golden Aster.
221.5 Cichorium intybus. Chicory.
2216 Cicuta maculata. Water Hemlock.
221� Cinna spp. Wood Reedgrass.
2221 Circaea quadrisulcata. Enchanters Nightshade (Ench Nitshade).
2224 Cirsium spp. Common Thistle.
2227 Cladium mariscoides. Twig Rush.
223b Claytonia spp. Spring-Beauty.
2233 Collinsonia canadensis. Horsd-Balm.
2236 Comandra umbellata. Bastard-Toadflax.
223� Commelina spp. Day Flower.
22412 Convolvulus spp. Bindweed.
224i5 Corallorhiza spp. Coral-Root.
2240 Coreopsis spp. Tickseed.
2251 Croton spp. Croton.
225 '4 Cryptotaenia canadensis. Honewort.
2257 Cuscuta spp. Dodder.
2260 Cynoglossum spp. Wild Comfrey.
2263 Cyperus spp. Cyperus.
2266 Cypripedium spp. Ladies Slipper.
2269 Cypripedium acaule. Moccasin Flower (Mocasin Flwr).
2272 Danthonia spp. Wild Oat-Grass.
227.5 Daucus Carota. Wild Carrot.
2278 Datura spp. Jimson Weed.,
228'0 Dennstaedtia punctilobula. Hayscent Fern.
2281 Den*taria spp. Toothwort.
2284 Deschampsia spp. Hairgrass.
228 '7 Desmodium spp. Ticl-trefoil.
229,0 Dianthus spp. Pink.
2293 Digitaria spp. Finger Grass #1.

Herbaceous Plants - cont.

2296 Disitaria ischaemum. Small Crab-Grass.
2299 Digitaria sanguinalis.. Finger Grass #2.
2302 Diodia teres. Buttonweed.
2305 Dioscorea spp. Yam.
2309 Distichlis spicata. Marsh Spike Grass (Mrsh Spk Grass).
2411 Draba spp. Draba.
2414 Drosera spp. Sundew.
2417 Dryopteris spp. Wood Fern.
2420 Dryopteris cristata. Crested Wood Fern.
2423 Dryopteris hexagonoptera. Broad Beech Fern.
2426 Dryopteris marginalis. Marginal Shield Fern (Margn Sld Fern).
2429 Dryopteris noveboracensis. New York Fern.
2432 Dryopteris phegoptaris. Long Beech Fern.
2435 Dryopteris spinulosa. Spinulose Wood Fern.
2438 Dryopteris thelypteris. Marsh Fern.
2440 Duchesnea indica. Ind. Strawberry.
2441 Dulichium arundinaceum. Dulichium.
2444 Echinochloa spp. Echinochloa.
2447 Eleocharis spp. Spike Rush.
2450 Elephantopus spp. Elephant's Foot.
2453 Elodea spp. Waterweed.
2456 Elodea canadensis. Waterweed.
2459 Elymus spp..Wild Rye.
2462 Epifagus virginiana. Beechdrops.
2465 Epilobium. spp. Willow Herb,
2468 Equisetum spp. Horsetail.
2471 Equisetum. arvense. Field Horsetail (Field Horsetl).
2474 Equisetum hyemale. Scouring-Rush.
2477 Eragrostis spp. Love Grass.
2480 Erechtites spp. Fireweed.
2483 Erianthus spp. Plume Grass #1.
2486 Erianthus giganteus. Plume Grass #2.
2489 Erigeron spp. Fleabane.
2492 Eriocaulon spp. Pipewort #1.
2495 Eriocaulon septangulare. Pipewort #2.
2498 Eriophorum spp. Cotton-Grass.
2501 Eriophorum virginicum. Virginia Cotton-Grass (Va Coton Grass).
2504 Erythronium. spp. Adder's Tongue.
2507. Eupatorium spp. Joe Pyeweed.
2508 Eupatorium. Perfoliatum. Boneset.
2510 Euphorbia spp. Spurge.
2513 Festuca spp. Fescue.
2516 Fimbristylis spp. Finbristylis.
2519 Fragaria spp. Strawberry.
2522 Frbelichia spp. Cottonweed.
2525 Fuirena spp. Fuirena.
2528 Galium. spp. Bedstraw.
2531 Gentiana spp. Gentian.
2534 Geranium spp. Cranesbill.
2537 Gerardia spp. Gerardia.
2540 Geum spp. Geum.
2541 Glechoma Hederacea. Ground Ivy.
2543 Glyceria spp. Manna Grass.
2546 Gnaphalium spp. Cudweed.

_109-

Herbaceous Plants cont.

2549 Gonolobus spp. Angle-Pod.
2552 Goodyera pubescens. Rattlesnake Plaintain (Ratlsnk Platn).
2555 Gratiola spp. Hedge-Hyssop.
2558 Habenaria spp. Orchis.
2561 Hackelia.virginiana. Stickseed.
2564 Helianthemum. spp. Frostweed.
2567 Helianthus spp. Sunflower.
2570 Hemerocallis fulva. Day Lily.
2573 Hepatica spp. Liverleaf.
2576 Heteranthera spp. Mud Plantain.
2579 Heteranthera dubia. Water Star Grass (Watr Star Gras).
2582, Hexalectus spicata. Crested Coral-Root.
2585 Hieracium spp. Hawkweed.
2588 Hordeum spp. Barley.
2591 Houstonia spp. Star-Violet.
2594 Hydrocotyle spp. Water-Pennywort.
2597 Hypericum spp. St. John's Wort.
2599@ Hypericum Virginicum. Marsh St. John's-Wort (Marsh St. Jns-Wt.)
2600 Hypoxis hirsuta. Star Grass.
2603 Hystrix patula. Bottle-Brush Grass (Botle-Brsh-Grs).
2606 Impatiens spp. Jewel-Weed.
2609 Ipomoea spp. Morning Glory.
2612. Iris spp. Iris.
2615 Iris versicolor. Large Blue-Flag (Lg."Blue-Flag).
2618 Isoetes saccharata. Quillwort.
2621 Isotria verticillata. Whorled Pogonia.
2624 Juncus spp.,,Bulrush..
2626 Jussiaea repens.' Primrose Willow.
2627 Lactuca spp. Wild Lettuce.
2630 Lamium spp. Dead-Nettle.
2633 Laportea canadensis. Wood-Nettle,.
2636 Lechea spp. Pinweed.
2642 Lemna minor. Duckweed.
2643 Leontodon autumnalis. Fall Dandelion.
2645 Lepidium spp. Pepperwort..
2648 Lespedeza spp. Bush Clover.
2651 Liatris spp. Button Snakeroot.
2654 Lilaeopsis chinensis. Lilaeopsis.
2657 Lilium spp. Red Lily.
2660 Lilium. canadense. Wild Yellow Lily (Wld Yelow Lily).
2663 Limonium spp. Sea-Lavender.
2665 Linaria canadensis. Toad-Flax.
2666 Lindernia spp. False Pimpernel.
2669 Linum spp. Flax.
2672 Liparis lilifolia. Large Tway Blade (Lg Tway Blade).
2675 Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal Flower.
2678 Lolium spp. Lolium.
2681 Ludwigia spp. False-Loosestrife.
2684 Ludwigia palustris. Water-Purslane.
2687 Lugala spp. Woodrush.
2690 Lychnis spp. Campion.
2693 Lycopodium spp. Club-Moss.
2696 Lycopodium complanatum. Crow-Foot.
2699 Lycopodium inundatum. Bog Club-Moss.

_110-

Herbaceous Plants - cont.

2702 Lycopodium lucidulum..Shining Club Moss.
2705 Lycopodium obscurum. Ground Pine #1.
2708 Lycopodium tristachyum. Ground Pine #2.
2711 Lycopsis spp. Water Horehound.
2714 Lygodium salmatum. Climbing Fern..
2717 Lysimochia spp. Loosestrife.
2720 Lythrum spp. Loosestrife.
2723 Malaxis unifolia. Green Adders Mouth (Grn Aders Moth).
2736 Malva spp. Mallow.
2739 Medeola virginiana. 'Indian,Cucumber-Root (Idn Cucumbr Rt).
2742 Melampyrum lineare. Cow-Wheat.
2745 Melanthium spp. Bunch Flower #1.
2748 Melanthium lybridum. Crisped Bunch Flower (Crsp Bnch Flwr).
2751 Melanthium virginicum. Bunch Flower #2 (Bunch Flowr #2).
2754 Melilotus spp. Sweet Clover.
2757 Mentha spp. Spearmint.
2760 Mikania Scandens.
2763 Mimulus spp. Monkey-Flower.
27@64 Mimulus ringens. Monkey-Flower.
2766 Mollugo verticillata. Carpetweed.
2769 Monarda spp. Horsemint.
2772 Monotropa spp. Pine Sap.
2775 Monotropsis odorata. Pygmy Pipes.
2778 Ifuhlenbergia spp. Dropseed Grass.
2781 Myosotis spp. Forget-Me-Not.
2784 Myriophyllum spp. Water Mill Foil.
2787. Myriophyllum spicatum. Eurasian Water Milfoil.
2790 Najas spp. Naiad.
2793 Najas flexilis. Pondweed.
2796 Najas gracillima. Thread-like Najas (Thrd-lke-Najas).
2799 Narcissus spp. Narcissus.
2802 Nasturtium officinale. Watercress.
2805 Nuphar spp. Water Lily (W.t Lily).
2808 Nymphaea spp. Fragrant Water Lily (Frgnt Wt Lily).
2811 Obolaria virginica. Pennywort.
2814 Oenothera spp. Evening-Primrose.
2817 Onoclea sensibilis. Sensitive Fern.
2820 Ophioglossum spp. Adders Tongue #1 (Aders Tongue 1).
2823 Ophioglossum vulgatum. Adders Tongue #2 (Aders Tongue 2).
2826 Opuntia humifusa. Prickly Pear.
2829 Orchis spectabilis. Showy Orchis.
2832 Orontium aquaticum. Golden Club.
2835 Osmorhiza spp. Sweet Cicly.
2838 Osmunda cinnamomea. Cinnamon Fern.
284.1 bsmunda claytoniana. Interrupted Fern (Interupt Fern).
2844 Osmunda regalis. Royal Fern.
2847 Oxalis spp, Wood Sorrel.
2850 Panicum spp. Panic Grass.
2853 Panicum agrostoides. Red-Top Panic Grass (Nw-Lv Panic Gs).
2856 Panicum capillare. Witch Grass.
2859 Panicum dichotomum. Narrow Panicum (Nrw Panic).
2862 Panicum microcarpon. Barbed Panic-Grass (Barb Panic Gs).

Herbaceous Plants - cont.

2865 Paspalum spp. Paspalum.
2868 Paspalum floridanum. Florida Paspalum (Flord Paspalum).
2871 Paspalum laeve. Field Paspalum.
2874 Passiflora spp. Passion-Flower.
2877 Pellaea spp. Cliff-Brake.
2880 Peltandra, virginica. Arrow-arum.
2883 Penthorum sedoides. Ditch-Stonecrop.
2886 Phalaris spp. Phalaris.
2889 Phalaris arundinacea. Reed Canary Grass (Rd. Cnry G rass).
2892 Phalaris canariensis. Canary Grass.
2895 Phaseolus solystachios. Wild Bean.
2898 Phleum pratense. Timothy.
2899 Phlox maculata. Phlox.
2901 'Phragmites communis@. Reed Grass.
2904 Phryma, leptostachya. Lopseed.;
2907 Physalis spp. Ground-Cherry.
2910 Phytolacca americana. Pokeweed.
2913 Pilea spp. Richweed.
2916 Plantago spp. Plantain.
2919 Pluchea spp. Stinkweed.
2922 Poa spp. Poa.
2925 Podophyllum peltatum. May Apple.
2928 Podostemum ceratophyllum. Threadfoot.
2931 Pogonia spp. Pogonia.
2932 Pogonia ophioglossoides. Beard Flower.
2934 Polygala spp. Milkwort.
2937 Polygonatum biflorum. Solomons Seal.
2940 Polygonum spp. Smartweed.
2943 Polygonum arifolium. Halberd-Leaved Tearthumb.
2945 Polygonum sagittatum. Arrow-Leaved Tearthumb (Arr-Lvd Trthmb).
2946 Polygonum ceandens. False Climbing Buckwheat.
2949 Polymnia uvedalia. Leaf-Cup.
2952 Polypogon monspeliensis. Beard-Grass.
2955 Polystichum acrostichoides. Christmas Fern.
2958 PontederiA cordata. Pickerel-Weed.
2961 Potamogeton spp. Pondweed #1.
2964 Potamogeton crispus. Pondweed #2.
2967 Potamogeton diversifolius. Pondweed #3.
2970 Potamogeton nodosus. Pondweed A.
2973 Potamogeton mysticus. Pondweed #5.
2976 Potamogeton natans. Pondweed #6.
2979 Potamogeton epihydrus. Pondweed V.
2982 Potamogeton pectinatus. Pondweed #8.
2985 Potamogeton perfoliatus. Pondweed #9.
2988 Potamogeton pulcher. Pondx4eed #10.
2991 Proserpinoca spp. Mermaidweed.
2994 Prunella vulgaris. Heal-All.
2997 Pteridium aquilinum. Bracken Fern.
3000 Ptelimnium spp. Mock Bishop-s-Weed.
3003 PycnAnthemum. spp. Mountain-Mint.
3006 Ranunculus spp. Buttercup.
3009 Rhexia spp. Deergrass.
2912 Rhynchospora spp.,Beaked-Rush.
3015 Rhynchospora alba. White Beaked-Rush (Wt Beakd-Rush).
3018 Rhynchospora corniculata. Horned Rush.

Herbaceous Plants - cont.

3021 Rorippa spp. Yellow Cress.
3024' Rorippa islandica. Yellow Cress.
3027 Rudbeckia spp. Coniflower.
3030 Rumex spp. Dock, Sorrel.
3033 Ruppia maritima. Tassel Pondweed (Tasel Pondweed).
3036 Sabatia spp. Sabatia.
3039 Sagittaria spp. Arrow-Head #1.
3042 Sagittaria engelmanniana. Arrow-Head #2.
3045 Sagittaria graminea. Arrow-Head #3.
3048 Sagittaria falcata. Lance-Leaved Arrow-Head (Lance Lv Ar Hd).
3051 Sagittaria latifolia. Arrow-Head A.
3054 Sagittaria subulata. Arrow-Head #5.
3057 Salicornia spp. Glasswort.
3060 Salsola kali. Saltwort.
3063 Salvia spp. Sage.
3066 Samolus parviflorus. Wate'r-Pimpernel.
3069 Sanguinaria canadensis. Bloodroot.
3072 Sanguisorba spp.
3075 Sanicula spp. Black Snakeroot.
3078 Sarracenia spp. Pitcher., Plant.
3091 Satureja spp. Savory.
3094 Saururus cernuus. Lizard Tail.
3097 Saxifraga spp. Saxifrage.
3100 Scirpus spp. Club-Rush.
3103 Scleria spp. Nut Rush.
3106 Sedum spp. Stonecrop.
3109 Selaginella apoda. Selaginella.
3112 Senicio spp. Squaw-Weed.
3115 Seriocarpus asteroides. White-Topped Aster.-
3118 Setaria spp. Foxtail Grass.
3111 Sicyos angulatus, Burr-Cucumber.
3124 Silene spp. Catchfly.
3127 Sisyrinchium. spp. Blue-Eyed Grass (Blu-Eyed Grass).
3130 Sisyrinchium angustifolium. Stout Blue-Eyed Grass (St Blu-Eyd Gras).
3133 Sium. suave. Water Parsnip.
3136 Smilacina racemosa. False Solomon Seal (Fls Solmn Seal).
3137 Smilax pseudo-china. False China Root (Fls China-Root).
3139 Solidago spp. Goldenrod.
3142 Sorgum halepense. Johnson-Grass.
3145 Sparganium spp. Bur-Reed.
3148 Spartina patens. Salt Meadow Grass.
3149 Spartina cynosuroides. Salt-Reed Grass.
3151 Sphagnum spp. Sphagnum.
3154 Sphenopholis spp. Eatons Grass.
3157 Spiranthes spp. Ladies-Tresses.
3160 Spirodela polyrhiza. Greater Duckweed (Grt Duckweed).
3163 Sporabolus spp. Rush-Grass.
3166 Stellaria spp. Chickweed.
3169 Strophostyles spp. Wild Bean.
3172 Stylosanthes spp. Pencil Flower.
3175 Symplocarpus foetidus. Skunk Cabbage.
3178 Taraxacum spp.,Dandeli -on.
3181 Teucrium'canadense.. Wood-Sage.
3184 Thalictrum spp. Meadow Rue.

-113-

Herbaceous Plants - cont.

3187 Tipularia discolor. Crane-Fly Orchis (Crn-Fly Orchis).
3190 Tovara virginiana. Jumpseed.
.3193 Tradescantia virginiana. Spiderwort.
3194 Trapa spp. Waterchestnut.
3196 Trifolium spp. Clover.
3199 Trillium spp. Wake-Robin.
3202 Triosteum spp. Horse Gentian.
3205 Triplasis purpurea. Sand-Grass.
3208 Tripsacum dactyloides. Gama Grass.
3211 Typha angustifolia. Narrow-Leaved Cat-Tail.
3214 Typha domingensis. Southern Ca.t-Tail.
3217 Typha latifolia. Common Cat-Tail. .
3220 Urtica spp. Stinging Nettle (Stinging Nettl).
3223 Uniola spp. Uniola.
3226 Uniola latifolia. Broad-Leaved Spike Grass (Bd-Lv Spk Grs).
3229 Uniola laxa. Slender Spike Grass (Sl Spike Grass).
3230 Urtica dicila. Stinging Nettle (Stng Nettle).
3232 Utricularia spp. Bladderwort.
3235 Uvularia spp. Bellwort.
3238 Valerianella spp. Lamb's-Lettuce.
3241 Vallisneria americana. Tape Grass.
3244 Veratrum viride. American White Hellebore (Am Wt Helebore).
3247 Verbascum spp. Mullein.
3250 Verbena spp. Vervain.
3253 Verbesina spp. Crown-Beard.
3256 Vernonia spp. Ironweed.
3259 Veronica spp. Speedwell.
3262 Vicia spp. Vetch.
3265 Vinca minor. Periwinkle.
3268 Viola spp. Violet.
3269 Wolffia spp. Water-Meal.
3271 Woodwardia areolata. Netted Chain Fern (Nettd Chan Frn).
3274 Woodwardia virginica. Virginia Chain Fern.
3277 Xanthium spp. Cocklebur.
3280 Xyris spp. Yellow-Eyed Grass.
3283 Yucca filamentosa. Silkgrass.
3286 Zannichellia palustris. Horned Pondweed.
3289 Zizania aquatica. Wild Rice.
3292 Zizaniopsis miliacea. Water Millet.
3295 Zizia aptera. Zizia.
3298 Zostera marina. Eelgrass.
3301 Lichens.
3304 Unknown Fern.
3307 Unknown Herb.
3310 Unknown Grass.
3313 Unknown Sedge.
3316 Unknown Moss.

Sources:
Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book Co.,
New York. -

Higman, Daniel. 1975. Addition to: An Ecologically Annotated Checklist
of the@Vascular Flora at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology,. Chesapeake
Bay Center for Field Biology. Rhode River. (Unpublished).

-114-

Herbaceous Plants - Sources - cont.

Mercer, W. 0. 1969. Taxonomic and EcoloAical Survey of the Flora of
Calvert County, Maryland. Masters Thesis. University of Maryland. College Park.

Sterber, Michael T. C.S.V. 1967. "The Vascular Flora of Anne Arundel
County, Maryland: An Annotated Checklist." Castanea 36:263-312.

-115-

%AMA ffs MMM, PgL?gN
X@L' TO.
N NO i
; rl"

BIRDS
rd

NUMBER SPECIES P@ NUMBER SPECIES @-4
6007 Common Loon 3,'2 6332 Sharp-Shinned Hawk 3 2
6011 Red-throated Loon 3,2 6333 Cooper's Hawk 3,3
6002 Red-necked Grebe 3,3 6337 Red-Tailed Hawk 4,2
6003 Horned Grebe 3,2 6339 Red-Shouldered Hawk 4j2
6006 Pied-billed Grebe 4,2 6343 Brood-Winged Hawk 1,2
6117 Gannet 3,3 6347 Rough-Legged Hawk 3,2
6120 Double-Cr. Cormorant 2,2 6349 Golden Eagle 3,3
6194 Great Blue Heron 4,2 6352 Bald Eagle 4,4
6201 Green Heron 1,1 6331 Marsh Hawk 3,2
6200 Little Blue Heron 1,2 6364 Osprey 1,1
6198 Cattle Egret 1,2 6356 Peregrine Falcon 3,4
6196 Common Egret 1,2 6357 Merlin 3,3
6197 Snowy Egret 1,2 6360- American Kestrel 4,2
6199 Louisiana Heron 1,2 6289 Bobwhite 4,1
6202 Blk.-Cr. Night Heron 4,2 6309 Rg-Necked Pheasant .4,2
6203 Yel.-Cr. Night Heron 1,3 6208 King Rail 4,2
6191 Least Bittern 1,2 6211 Clapper Rail 4,2
6190 American Bittern 1,2 6212 Virginia Rail 4,2
6186 Glossy This 1,2 6214 Sora 1,3
6178 Mute Swan 4,3 6216 Black Rail 1,3
6180 Whistling Swan 3,2 6218 Purple Gallinule 1,3
6172 Canada Goose 3,2 6219 Common Gallinule 1,2
6171 Wt.-Fronted Goose 2,3 6221 American Coot 3,2
6169 Snow Goose 3,2 6274 Semipalmated Plover 1,2
6132 Mallard 4,2 6277 Piping Plover 1,2
6133 Black Duck 4,2 6273 Killdeer 4,2
6135 Gadwall 2,2 6270 Blk-Bellied Plover 3,2
6143 Pintail 3,2 6283 Ruddy Turnstone 2,3
6139 Green-Winged Teal 3,2 6228 Am. Woodcock 4,2
6140 Blue-Winged Teal 4,2 6230 Common Snipe 3,2
6136 European Wigeon' 3,3 6265 Whimbrel 2,2
6137 American Wigeon 3,2 6261 Upland Plover 2,3
6142 Shoveler 3,3 6263 Spotted Sandpiper 1,2
6144 Wood Duck 1,2 6256 Solitary Sandpiper 2,2
6146 Redhead 3,2 6258 Willet 1,2
6150 Ring-Necked Duck 3,2 6254 Greater Yellowlegs 2,2
6147 Canvasback 3,2 6255 Lesser Yellowlegs 2,2
6148 Greater Scaup 3,2 6234 Knot 2,3
6149 Lesser Scaup 3,2 6239 Pectoral Sandpiper 2,2
6151 Common Goldeneye 3,2 6240 White-Rumped Sandpiper 2,2
6153 Bufflehead 3,2 6241 Baird's Sandpiper 2,3
6154 Oldsquaw 3,2 6242 Least Sandpiper 3,2
6165 White-winged Scoter 3,2 6243 Dunlin 3,2
6166 Surf Scoter 3,2 6231 Short-B. Dowitcher 2,2
6163 Black Scoter 3,2 6233 Stilt Sandpiper 2,2
6167 Ruddy Duck 3,2 6246 Semipalm. Sandpiper 2,2
6131 Hooded Merganser 4,3 6247 Western Sandpiper 2,2
6129 Common Merganser 3,2 6262 Buff-Br. Sandpiper 2-3
6130 Red-Br. Merganser 3,2 6249 Marbled Godwit 2:3
6325 Turkey Vulture 4,1 6248 Sanderling 4,2
6326 Black Vulture 4,1 6225 American Avocet 2,3

_119-

W (U
(U k
NUMBER SPECIES P@ NUMBER SPECIES

6223 Northern Phalarope 2,2 6617 Rough-Wing. Swallow 1,2
6042 Glaucous Gull 3,2 6613 Barn Swallow I'l
6043 Iceland Gull 3,2 6612 Cliff Swallow 1,2
6047 Gt. Blk-Backed Gull 4,1 6611 Purple Martin 1,1
6051 Herring Gull 4,1 6477 Blue Jay 4,2
6054 Ring-Billed Gull 4,1 6488 Common Crow 4,2
6058 Laughing Gull 1,2 6490 Fish Crow 4,2
6060 Bonaparte's Gull 2,2 6736 Carolina Chickadee 4,1
6063 Gull-Billed Tern 1,2 6731 Tufted Titmouse 4,1
6069 Forster's Tern 1,2 6727 White Br. Nuthatch 4,2
6070 Common Tern 1,1 6728 Red Br. Nuthatch 3,2
6074 Least.Tern 1,2 6729 Brown-Head. Nuthatch 4,1
6065 -Royal Tern 1,2 6726 Brown Creeper 4,2
6064 Caspian Tern 2,2 6121 House Wren 1,1
6077 Black Tern 2,2 6722 Winter Wren 3,2
6080 Black Skimmer 1,2 6718 Carolina Wren 4,1
6316 Mourning Dove 4,1 6725 Lg. Bill. Marsh Wren 4,2
6387 Yellow-Billed Cuckoo 1,1 6724 Sht.-Bill. Marsh Wren 1,2
6388 Black-Billed Cuckoo 1,2 6703 Mockingbird 4,1
6365 Barn Owl 4,2 6704 Catbird 4,2
6373 Screech Owl 4,1 6705 Brown Thrasher 4,2
6375 Great Horned Owl 4,1 6761 American Robin 4,1
6368 Barred Owl , 4,1 6755 Wood Thrush 1,1
6366 Long-Eared Owl 4,3 6759 Hermit Thrush 3,1
6367 Short-Eared Owl 3,2 6758 Swainson's Thrush 2,2
6372 Saw-Whet Owl 4,3 6757 Gray-Cheeked Thrush 2,2
6416 'Chuck-Will's Widow I'l 6756 Veery 1,1
6417 Whip-Poor-Will 1,1 6766 Eastern Bluebird 4,2
6420 Common Nighthawk 1,2 6751 Blue-Gr. Gnatcatcher 1,1
6423 Chimney Swift 1,1 6748 Golden-Cr. Kinglet 4,2
6428 Ruby-T. Hummingbird 1,2 6749 Ruby-Cr. Kinglet 3,2
6390 Belted Kingfisher 4,2 6697 Water Pipit 3,2
6412 'Yellow-Sh. Flicher 4,2 6619 Cedar Waxwing 4,2
6405 Pileated Woodpecker 4,2 6622 Loggerhead Shrike 4,3
6409 Red-Bellied Woodpecker 4,1 6493 Starling 4,1
6406 Red-Headed Woodpecker 4,2 6631 White-Eyed Vireo 1,2
6402 Yellow-B. Sapsucker 4,2 6628 Yellow-Throat. Vireo 1,2
6393 Hairy Woodpecker 4,2 6629 Solitary Vireo 1,2
6394 Downy Woodpecker 4,1 6624 Red-Eyed Vireo 1,1
6444 Eastern Kingbird 1,2 6626 Philadelphia Vireo 2,3
6452 Gt. Crest. Flycatcher 1,1 6627 Warbling Vireo ' 1,2
6456 Eastern Phoebe 1,2 6636 Blk.-&-White Warbler 1,2
6463 Yellow-Bellied Flyc. 2,2 6637 Prothonotary Warbler 1,1
6465 Acadian Flycatcher 1,1 6639 Worm-Eating Warbler 1,2
6466 @Traill's Flycatcher 1,3 6642 Golden-Wing. Warbler 1,2
6467 Least Flycatcher 1,2 6641 Blue-Winged Warbler 1,2
6461 Eastern Wood Peewee 1,2 6647 Tennessee Warbler 1,2
6459 Olive-Sided Flyc. 2,2 6645 Nashville Warbler -2,2
6474 Horned Lark 4,2 6648 Parula Warbler 1,3
6614 Tree Swallow 1,2 6652 Yellow Warbler 1,2
6616 Bank Swallow 1,2 6657 Magnolia Warbler 1,1
6650 Cape May Warbler 2,2

-120-

NUMBER SPECIE9@
NUMBER SPECIES 4) @4

6654 Blk. Thr. Blue Warb. 1,1 6549 Sharp-Tail. Sparrow 4,2
6655 Myrtle Warbler 3,1 6550 Seaside Sparrow 4,2
6667 Blk. Thr. Green War. 1,1 6540 Vesper Sparrow
6658 Cerulean Warbler 1,2 6575 Bachman's Sparrow 1,3
6662 Blackburnian Warbler 1,2 6567 Slate-Colored Junco 4,2
6663 Yel.-Throated Warbler 1,1 6559 Tree Sparrow 3,1
Chestnut-Sided Warbler 1,1 6560 Chipping Sparrow 4,2
6660 Bay-Breast.. Warbler 2,2 6563 Field Sparrow 4,1
6661 Blackpoll Warbler 2,2 6554 White-Crown. Sparrow 3,2
6671 Pine Warbler 4,2 6558 White-Thr. Sparrow 3,1
.6673 Prairie Warbler 1,1 6585 Fox Sparrow 3,2
6672 Palm Warbler 3,3 6583 Lincoln's Sparrow 2,2
6674 Oven Bird 1,1 6584 Swamp Sparrow 4,1
6675 North. Waterthrush 1,2 6581 Song Sparrow 4,1
6676 La. Waterthrush 1,2 6536 Lapland Longspur 3,3
6677 Kentucky Warbler 6534 Snow Bunting 3,2
6678 Connecticut Warbler 2,2 6310 Wild Turkey 4,3
6679 Mourning Warbler 2,2
6681 Yellowthroat 4,1
6683 Yellow-Breast. Chat 1,1
6684 Hooded Warbler 1,1
Wilson's Warbler 2,3 Source:
6686 Canada-.Warbler 1,1
6687 American Redstart 1,1 1974. List of Species
6688 House Sparrow 4,1
Numbers and Recommende and Sizes.
6494 Bobolink 1,2 American Ornithological'Union.
6501 Eastern Meadowlark 4,1
6498 Red-Wing. Blackbird. 4,1 Robbins, Chandler S. and Willet T.
6506 Orchard Oriole 1,1 Van Velzen. 1968. Field List of the
6507 Baltimore Oriole 1,2 Birds of Maryland. Maryland Ornithological
Rusty Blackbird 3,2 Society. Baltimore.
6513 Boat-Tailed Grackle 4,2
6511 Common Grackle 4011
6495 Brown-Head. Cowbird 4,2
6608 Scarlet Tanager 1,1
6610 Summer Tanager 1,2
6593 Cardinal 4,1
Rose-Br. Grosbeak 1,2
6597 Blue Grosbeak 1,2
6598 Indigo Bunting 1,1
6604 Dickcissel 1,3
Evening Grosbeak 3,2
6517 Purple Finch 4,2
6519 House Finch 4,2
6533 Pine Siskin 3,3
6529 American Goldfinch 4,2
Red Crossbill 3,3
6587 Rufous-Sided Towhee 4,2
6542 Savannah Sparrow 4,2
6546 Grasshopper Sparrow 1,1
.6547 Henslow's Sparrow 1,2

4@2
ggj-

MAMMALS

5034 Bat, Big Brown. Eptesicus fuscus. 4,1
5035 Bat, Eastern Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus subfl4vus.
5036 Bat, Evening. Nycticeius humeralis. 1:2
5037 Bat, Hoary. Lasiurus cinereus. 2,3
5038 Bat, Keen's Myotis. Myotis keenii. 4,1
5039 ,Bat, Little Brown. Myotis lucifugus. 4,1
5040 Bat, Red. Lasiurus borealis. 4,1
5041 Bat, Silver Haired. Lasionycteris noctivagans. 2,-
5002 Beaver. Castor *canadensis. 4,2
5026 Chipmunk, Eastern. Tamias striatus. 4,1
5025 Cottontail, Eastern. Sylvilagus floridanus. 4,1
5015 Deer, White-Tailed. Odocoileus virginianus. 4,1
5028. Fox, Gray. Urocyon cinereoargenteus. 4,1
5030 Fox, Red. Vulpes vulpes. 4,1
5042 Lemming, Southern Bog. Synaptomus cooperi. 4,_
5014 Mink. Mustela vison. 4,-
5021 Mole, Eastern. Scalopus aquaticus.
5004 Mole, Star-Nosed. Condylura cristata. 4,1
5043 Mouse, Deer. Peromyscus maniculatus. 4,2
5044 Mouse, Eastern Harvest. ,Reithrodontomys humulis. 4,3
.5012 Mouse, House. Mus musculus. 4,1
5031 Mouse, Meadow Jumping. Zapus hudsonius. 4,1
5018 Mouse, White-Footed. Peromyscus leucopus. 4,1
5016 Muskrat. Ondatra zibethicus. 4,1
.5006 Opossum. Didelphis marsupialis. 4,1
5008 Otter, River. Lutra canadensis. 4,1
5020 Raccoon. Procyon lotor. 4,1
5017 Rat, Marsh Ric6. Orzomys palustris. 4,1
5045 Rat Norway. Rattus norvegicus. 4,1
5005 Shrew, Least. Cryptotis.parva. 4,1
5024 Shrew, Masked. Sorex cinereus. 4,1
5046 Shrew, Pigmy. Microsorex hoyi. 4,3
5001: Shrew, Short-Tailed. Blarina brevicauda. 4,1
5047 Shrew, Southeastern. Sorex longirostris. 4,3
5010 Skunk, Striped. Mephitis mephitis. 4,-
5023 Squirrel, Eastern Fox. Sciurus niger vul@inus. 4,3
5022 Squirrel, Gray. Sciurus carolinensis. 4,1
5027 Squirrel, Red. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. 41)2
5007 Squirrel, Southern Flying. Glaucomys volans. 4,1
5011 Vole, Meadow. Microtus pennsylvanicus. 4,1
5048 Vole, Pine. Pitymys pinetorum. 4,1
5013 Weasel, Long-Tailed. Mustela frenata. 4,_
5032 Woodchuck. Marmota monax. 4,1

Source:

Paradiso, John L. 1969. Mammals of Maryland. North American Fauna,
Number 66, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

-125-

HI@RPTILES

CAUDATA

Q) $-4
P@ rX,
7006 Dusky salamander, Northern. Desmognathus fuscus fuscus. 4,-
7009. Four-toed salamander. Hemidactylium scutatum. 4,-
7001 Hellbender. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis. 4,4
7013 Long-tailed salamander., Eurycea longicauda longicauda. 45-
7004 Marbled salamander. Ambystoma opacum. 4$-
7010 Mud salamander, Eastern. Pseudotriton montanus montanus. 4,-
7007 Red-backed salamander. Plethodon cinereus ' cinereus. 4s-
7011 Red salamander, Northern. Pseudotriton 'ruber ruber. 4s-
7002 Red-spotted newt. Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens. 4$_
7008 Slimy salamander. Plethodon glutinos us glutinosus. 4s-
7003 Spotted salamander. Ambystoma maculatum. 4,_
7005 Tiger salamander, Eastern. Ambystoma tigrinum.tigrinum. 4,4
7012 Two-lined salamander, Northern. Eurycea bislineata bislineata. 4,-

SALIENTIA

7021 American toad. Bufo americanus americanus. 4.)_
7028 Bullfrog. Rana catesbeiana. 411-
7023 Cricket frog, Northern. Acris crepitans crepitans. 4 -
7022 Fowler's toad. Bufo woodhousei fowleri. 4:-
7027 Gray treefrog. Eastern. Hyla versicolo.r.. 4,-
7034 Gray treefrog., Southern. Hyla chrysoscelis. 4,-
7029 Green frog. Rana clamitans melanota. 4,-
7025 Green treefrog. Hyla cinerea. 4,-
7031 Leopard frog, Northern. Rana pipiens.
7035 Leopard frog, Southern. Rana utricularia utricularia. 4,-
7036 Narrow-mouthed toad, Eastern. Gastrophryne carolinensis. 4,4
7037 New Jersey chorus frog. Pseudacris triseriata kalmi. 4,-
7030 Pickerel frog. Rana palustris. 4,-
7020 Spadefoot, Eastern. Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki. 41,-
7026 Spring peeper, Northern. Hyla crucifer crucifer. 4,-
7038 Upland chorus frog. Pseudacris triseriata feriarum. 4,-
7032 Wood frog. Rana sylvatica sylvatica. 4s-

SQUAMATA (SAURIA)

7073 Broad-headed skink. Eumeces laticeps. 4,-
7070 Fence lizard, Northern. Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus. 4$1
7072 Five-lined skink. Eumeces fasciatus. 4,1
7074 Six-lined racerunner. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus- 4$-
7071 Ground skink. Leiolopisma laterale. 4,2

-129-

AQUAMATA (SERPENTES)

Resid.
Freq.
7044 Black racer, Northern. Coluber constrictor constrictor. 4,1
7046 Black rat snake. Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta. 4,1
7054 Brown snake, Northern. Storeria dekayi dekayi. 4,1
7059 Copperhead, Northern. Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. 4,1
7045 Corn snake. Elaphe guttata guttata. 4,3
7056 Earth snake, Eastern. Virginia valeriae valeriae. 4 3
7050 Garter snake, Eastern. Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis. 4,1
7042 Hognose snake, Eastern. Heterodon platyrhinos. 4,1
7047 Kingsnake, Eastern. Lampropeltis getulus getulus. 4,-
7049 Milk snake, Coastal plain. Lampropeltis triangulum temporalis. 4 3
7048 Milk snake, Eastern. Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum. 4,-
7060 Mole snake. Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata. 4,2
7052 Queen snake. Natrix septemvittata. 4,1
7061 Rainbow snake. Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma. 4,4
7055 Red-bellied snake, Northern. Storeria o. occipitomaculata. 4,2
7057 Ribbon snake, Eastern. Thamnophis sauritus sauritus. 4,-
7041 Ringneck snake, Northern. Diadophis punctatus edwardsi. 4,-
7043 Rough green snake. Opheodrys aestivus. 4,1
7050 Scarlet snake, Northern. Cemophora coccinea copei. 4,3
7062 Timber rattlesnake. Crotalus horridus horridus. 4,2
7053 Water snake, Northern. Natrix sipedon sipedon. 4,1
7040 Worm snake, Eastern. Carphophis amoenus amoenus. 4,1

CHELONIA

7091 Atlantic green turtle. Chelonia mydas mydas. 2,4
7092 Atlantic leatherback. Dermochelys coriacea coriacea. 2,4
7093 Atlantic loggerhead. Caretta caretta caretta. 2,4
7094 Atlantic ridley. Lepidochelys kempi. 2,4
7084 Bog-turtle. Clemmys muhlenbergi. 4,4
7085 Box turtle, Eastern. Terrapene carolina carolina. 4,1
7095 Cumberland turtle. Feral. Chrysemys scripta troosti. 4,-
7086 Diamondback terrapin, Northern. Malaclemys terrapin terrapin- 4,1
7087 Map turtle. Graptemys geographica. 4,-
7081 Mud-turtle, Eastern. Kinosternon subrubrum. subrubrum. 4,1
7088 Painted turtle, Eastern. Chrysemys picta picta. 4,1
7089 Red-bellied turtle. Chrysemys rubriventris. 4,1
7096 Red-eared turtle. Feral. Chrysemys scripta elegans. 4,-
7082 Snapping turtle-, Common. Chelydra serpentina serpentina. 4,1
7083 Spotted turtle. Clemmys guttata. 4,1
7080 Stinkpot. Sternotherus odoratus. 4,1
4,1
7097 Wood.turtle. Clemmys-insculpta. 4,1

Sources:
1973. "Endangered Amphibians and Reptiles of Maryland: A Special
Report." Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society. The Natural History
Society of Maryland, Inc. Vol. 9, No. 3.

Harris, Herbert S. 1975. "Distributional Survey (Amphibia/Reptilia): Maryland
and D.C." Bulletin of the;Maryland Herpet logical Society. The Natural History
Society of Maryland, Inc. Vol. 11, No. 3.
McCauley, Robert H. Jr. Ph.D.,1945. The Reptiles of Maryland the District
of Columbia. Hagerstown, Maryland.

A WN
"MRS

D & D+ SOILS

Anne Arundel County Charles County

Bm Bibb (D) Bo - Bibb (D)
Ck, Cm, - Colemantown (D) Ek - Elkton (D)
Ek, En - Elkton (D) Fs - Fallsington (D)
Fa Fallsington (D) Le - Leonardtown (D)
Mt Mixed Alluvial (D+) Os, Ot - Othello (D)
Os Osier (D) Ov - Osier (D)'..
Ot Othello (D)
Sr, Ss - Shrewsbury (D)
Harford County

Baltimore County Ad - Aldino (D)
Av - Alluvial (D)
Ad - Aldino (D) Ba - Baile (D)
Av - Alluvial (D) Cr - Chrome (D)
Ba - Baile (D) En - Elkton (D)
Co, Cn - Chrome (D) Fs - Fallsington (D)
Du - Dunning (D) Hb - Hatboro (D)
Em, En, Eo - Elkton (D) Ke, Kf - Kelly (D)
Fa, Fs - Fallsington (D) Kr - Kinkara (D)
Hb - Hatboro (D) Lr - Leonardtown (D)
Ke, Ks, Ku - Kelly (D) Ot - Othello (D)
Ll, Lm, Ln, Lo - Lenoir (D) Wa, Wc - Wachung (D)
Lr - Lenardtown (D)
Mh, Mo - Meluin (D)
Ot - Othello (D) Prince Georges County
Po - Pocomoke (D)
Wa, Wc - Wachung (D) Bn, Bo, Br - Bibb (D)
Cl - Colemantown (D)
Ek, El - Elkton (D)
Calvert County Fl, Fs, Fu - Fallsington (D)
Ha - Hatboro (D)
Ek - Elkton (D) Hy - Hyde (D)
Fs - Fallsington (D) +) Jo, Ju - Johnston (D)
Mu - Mixed Alluvial (D Le - Leonardtown (D)
Ot - Othello (D) Mw - Mixed Alluvial (D+)
01, Ot - Othello (D)
Pr - Plummer (D)
Cecil County Sm, Sn Shrewsbury (D)

Ad - Aldino (D)
Ba - Baile (D)
Cm, Cn - Chrome (D)
El, Em - Elkton (D)
Fa, Fm - Fallsington (D)
Ha - Hatboro (D)
Lo - Leonardtown (D)
Mu - Mixed Alluvial (D"+.
Oh - Othello (D)
Wa - Wachung (D)

-133-

WELL -DRAINED SOILS

Anne ArundelCounty Calvert County

Ca, Cb - Chillum Ev - Evesboro
Cc, Cd - Christiana Ho, Hw, Hy - Howell
Cn, Cc, Cp - Collington Ml - Marr
Cr Comus Mm, Mn - Matapeake
Cs, Ct - Croom Oc - Ochlockonee
Eo, Es, Eu, Er - Evesboro Rd, Re - Rumford
Ga Galestown Sa, Sh, Sl, Sp, Sr.- Sassafras
Hf, Hg, Hs, Ht, Hy, Hz Howell Wa - Westphalia
Mf Marr
Mk, Mm, Matapeake
Mu, Mv, Mw, Mx - Monmouth Cecil County
My, Mz - Muirkirk
Ru, Ry - Rumford Au - Aura
Sa, Sf, Sn - Sassafras Ce - Chester
Wa Westphalia Ch - Chillum
ClB2 - Christiana
Cm, Cn - Chrome
Baltimore County Cs, Ct - Collington
Cu - Comus
Bm, Bn - Baltimore Eo - Elsinboro
Bw, By - Brandywine Ev - Evesboro
Cc, Cg - Chester Ge - Glenelg
Ch, Ck, Cl - Chillum Le, Lg - Legore
Cm - Christiana Ml, Mm - Manor
Cn, Co - Chrome Series Mn, Mo - Matapeake
Cv - Comus Mt, Mv, My - Montalto
Cw - Conestoga Ne - Neshaminy
Ed, Eg - Edgemont Ru - Rumford
Eh, Ek, El - Elioak Sa, Sg, Sf, Sr Sassafras
Es - Elsinboro
Ft - Fort Mott
Ga - Galestown
Gc, Gg, Gl - Glenelg
Ha - Hagerstown
Ho, Hr, Hs - Hollinger
Jp, Ju - Joppa
Le, Lf, Lg, Lh -'Legore
Mb, Mc, Md, Me, Mg, Mh Manor
Mk - Matapeake
Ms - Montalto
Mt - Mt. Airy
Ne - Neshaminy
Re, Rs, Ry - Relay
Sh, Sl, Sn, Ss - Sassafras
Su - Sunnyside

Charles County Prince Georges County
Au. - Aura
ChB, ChC - Chillum Au, AV - Aura
CrB, CrC - Croom Ca, Cb - Chillum
Eqv - Evesboro Cc, Cd, Ce, Cf - Christiana
Ga. - Galestown Cm, Co - Collington
GvE - Gravelly Land Cr - Comus
Mg - Magnolia Cs, Ct, Cu - Croom
M1 - Marr Em, En, Eu - Elsinboro
Mm, Mn - Matapeake Ge, Re, We - Evesboro
Oc - Ocklockonee Ga, Gd, Gm, Ge - Gaiestown
Gn, Go - Glenelg
Rd, Rg - Rumford Hc - Howell
SaE - Sandy Land Mf, Mg - Magnolia
Sh - Sassafras Mh, Mk - Manor
Wa, We - Westphalia Ml - Marr
Wk, Wm - Wickham Mn, Mm, MP - Matapeake
Mx - Monmouth
Harford County Mz - Muirkirk
Oc, Oh, Ok - Ochlockonee
Rd, Re - Rumford
Br - Brandywine
Cc, Cg - Chester SaE - Sandy Land
Ch, Ck - Chillum Sf, Sg, Sl, Sh, Sk - Sassafras
CrE Chrome St, Su, Sw - Sunnyside
Cv - Comus Wa, Wb, We - Westphalia
Eh - Elioak
ES - Elsinboro
EvC Evesboro
Gc, Gg - Gleneig
Jp Joppa
Le, Lg, Lf - Legore
Mb, Mc, Md, Mg - Manor
Mk Matapeake
Ms Montalto
Ne, Ns - Neshaminy
Sh, Sl, SS - Sassafras
Wh - Whiteford

-135-

Mull,
NO
m t
--,
-4

WATERSHED DESIGNATIONS

STATE OF MARYLAND

WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION

Watershed Designations

Major Basin
Minor Basin
Sub-Basin
Segment

02-13-99 Chesapeake Bay (Proper)
-98 Lower Chesapeake Bay (below north side original Bay Bridge)
- 99 Upper Chesapeake Bay (above north side original Bay Bridge)

02-12-02 Lower Susquehanna River Area - 3
-01 Susquehanna River (below Conowingo Dam)
-02- Dear Creek drainage
-03 Octoraro Creek drainage
-05 Susquehanna Ri.ver (above Dam)
-o6 Broad Creek drainage
-07 Castleton area drainage
-o8 Oakwood area drainage
-00 Pennsylvania line area drainage
-10 Havre De Grace area drainage
-11 Bainbridge area drainage
-12 Camp Ramblewood area drainage
-15 Susquehanna River (Pennsylvania area) drainage

02-13-06 Elk River Area - 9

-01 Sassafras River drainage
02 Elk River, mainstem
-03 Bohemia River drainage
-o4 Back Creek drainage
-o6 Northeast River drainage
-07 Furnace Bay area drainage
-o8 Stillpond - Fairlee area drainage
-09 Christina River drainage (Delaware)
-10 Crystal Beach area drainage
-11 Elk Neck (Elk River) area drainage
-12 Port Herman area drainage
-13 Elk River headwaters area drainage
-14 Elk Neck (Bay) area drainage

-139-

92-15@07 Bush River Area 10

-01, Swan Creek drainage
-012 Bush River drainage
-03 Bynum Run drainage
-o4 Winters Run drainage
-05 Aberdeen Proving Ground area drainage
-06 Susquehanna Flats area drainage

02@13-o8 Gunpowder River Area

-01 Gunpowder River drainage
-02 Gunpowder Falls drainage
-013 Little Gunpowder Falls drainage
-o4 Bird River drainage
-05 Middle River drainage
-o6, Browns Creek area drainage
-07 Seneca Creek drainage

O@-13-09 Patapsco River Area - 12

-01 Back River drainage
-0@ South Branch Patapsco River drainage
-03 North Branch Patapsco River drainage
-04 Patapsco River drainage (confluence North and South Branch.
to Hanover Street Bridge)
-05 Inner Baltimore Harbor (Patapsco River from Hanover Street to
straight line between Hawkins Point and Sollers Point)
-o6 North drainage to Inner Baltimore Harbor
-w Outer Baltimore Harbor drainage (straight line between Rock
Point and North Point from Sollers Point)
-08 South drainage to Inner Baltimore Harbor
-09 Bodkin area drainage
-10 Shallow Creek drainage

02-13"10 West Chesapeake Bay Area - 13

-01 Magothy River drainage
-02 Severn River drainage
-03 South River drainage
-A West River drainage
-05 Other drainage of West Chesapeake Bay area
-o6 Beverly Beach area drainage
-07 Bay Ridge area drainage
-o8 Broadneck area drainage
-05 Pinehurst Gibson area drainage

-140-

02-18-11 Patuxent River Area 14

-01 Patuxent River, mainstem.
-02 Western Run (Branch) drainage
-03 Little Patuxent River drainage
A Middle Patuxent River drainage
:05 Other drainage of Patuxent River area (directly into
Chesapeake Bay)
-o6 Patuxent River east area drainage
-07 Patuxent River southwest area drainage
-o8 Patuxent River west area drainage
-09 Patuxent River headwaters area drainage
o2,14-'ol. Lower Potomac River Area 16

-02 Lower Potomac River, mainstem (from mouth to Marshall Hall)
Saint Mary's River drainage
-o4 Saint George Creek drainage
-05 Breton Bay drainage
-o6 Saint Clement Bay drainage
-07 Wicomico River drainage
-o8 Gilbert Swamp drainage
-09 Zekiah Swamp drainage
-10 Port Tobacco River drainage
-11 Nanjemoy Creek drainage
12 Nattawoman Creek drainage
;-13 Potomac River mouth area drainage
-14 Huggins Point Strait Point area drainage
-15 White Neck Point to Colton Point area drainage
@16 Morgantown area drainage
-17 Cedar Point area drainage
-18 Chicamuxen Creek to Riverside area drainage
-19 Potomac Heights area drainage
-20 Lower Potomac River area Virginia drainage

02-14-02 Washington Metropolitan Area - 17

-01 Potomac River, mainstem. (from Marshall Hall to FR/MO County Line)
-02 Piscataway Creek drainage
-03 Anacostia River drainage
-o4 Rock Creek drainage
-05 Bryan Point area drainage
o6 Seneca Creek drainage
-_07 Washington,D.C. south area drainage
-o8 Central Washington,D.C. area drainage
-09 Rockville-Bethesda area drainage
-10 Poolesville area drainage
-15 Washington-Metropolitan area Virginia drainage

-141-

CATEGORIES

GEOLOGIC (Landform)

100i Gorges
1002 Distinctive mountain features
.1003 Cliffs, Bluffs
loo4 Natural rock outcrops of geologic significance
1005 Mannade rock outcrops of geologic-significance (road,cuts
and quarries)
loo6 Natural sand, beach, dune features
1007 Fossil evidence
loo8 Scarp
1009 Otherunusual geologic formations

SOILS

2101 Unusual soil groups; undisturbed by human activity

HYDROLOGIC

3091 Significant and unusual water-land interfaces (i.e. islands;
scenic stretches of coast, rivers, streams, lakes or ponds)
3092 Whitewater stretches
3093 Waterfalls
3o94 Natural Springs
3095 Marshes, bogs, swamps, flats (coastline)
3o96 Marshes, bogs, swamps, flats (inland)
3097 Aquifer recharge areas
3o98 Water areas supporting unusual or significant.freshwater
aquatic life
3099 Lakes, ponds of unusually low productivity
3100 Lakes, ponds of unusually high productivity
3101 Unusual natural river, lake, pond
3102 Stream and marginal wetland habitat
3103 Floodplain
31o4 Lake or pond
3105 Other unusual hydrologic feature

BIOLOGICAL FLORA,

4ool Rare, remnant or unique species of plants
4002 Unique plant community
4003 Plant communities unique to a geographic area
4oo4 Individual plant specimen(s) of unu sual significance (i.e. large-
trees).
4005 Plant communities of-unusual age or-maturity
4oo6 Plant communities of unusual diversity and productivity
4007 Areas exhibiting outstanding seasonal color

-145-

Category Code Sheet cont.

4008 Forest
4oO Managed Forest
4olO Field or shrub vegetation

BIOtOGICAL FAUNA (terrestrial animals)

5091 Habitat area of rare, endangered and unique species
.5092 Habitat area of unusual significance to a fauna community
(i.e. feeding, breeding, wintering, resting)
5093' Fauna communities unusual to a geographic area
5094, Habitat areas supporting fauna communities of unusual
diversity and productivity
5095, Habitat areas exhibiting other interesting features

BIOLOGICAL FAUNA (birds)

6001 Habitat areas of rare, endangered and unique species
6002 Habitat area of unusual significance to a fauna community
(i.e. feeding, breeding, wintering, resting)
6oO3' Fauna community unusual to a geographic area
6oo4 Habitat areas supporting fauna communities of unusual
diversity and productivity

BIOLQ'GICAL FAUNA (aquatic life)

7091 Habitat areas of rare, endangered and unique species
7092 Habitat areas of unusual significance to a fauna community
7093 Fauna communities unusualto a geographic area
7094 Habitat areas supporting fauna communities of unusual
diversity and productivity

CULTURAL - AESTHETIC - VISUAL

8ool Manmade features having unusual aesthetic features or
aesthetic significance due to natural setting (i.e. old mill
along creek)
8002 Scenic gravel or unimproved roads
80D3 Vista points
8oo4 Trail systems
8005 Unusual juxtaposition of manmade and natural features
8oo6 Unusually scenic area

-146-

WETLAND WILDLIFE RATING

A Wetland Wildlife Rating should be completed for all Natural Areas which
include one or more of the wetland classes listed on the following page. These
wetlands should be sampled according to the procedure outlined in the enclosed
reprint by Frances C. Golet. The categories used in this procedure along with
their significance coefficients and rank are summarized for your convenience.

Encode the data choice which describes the wetlands in the appropriate
boxes and record percent of border for each use by "Surrounding Habitat."
Determine the significance coefficient for each choice and multiply by the
rank to get subscores. Record and total the subscores, and round up to the
nearest whole number to get the Wetland Wildlife Rating. Record the resulting
score in the appropriate boxes on "Card 3."

-149-

Wetldnd Classes
Class Dominant
5 acre minimum Richness Class Rank
1. Open water 5 or more 4,2 3.0
2. Deep marsh 4 3 2.5
3. Shallow marsh 3 7,6 2.0
4. Seasonally flooded flats 2 1,8 1.5
5. Meadow 1 5 1.0
6. Shrub swamp
7. Wooded swamp
8. Bog

Size
Rank
9. Very small - less than 10 acres 1.0
10. Small - 10-50 acres 1.5
11. Medium-sized - 51-100 acres 2.0
12. Large.- 101-500 acres 2.5
13. Very large - greater than 500 acres 3.0

Site.,Types
Site Types Rank
14. Upland-isolated 17, 18, 19 3.0
15. Upland-lakeside 2.5
16. Bottomland-isolated 15, 16 2.0
17. Bottomland-lakeside 1.5
18. Bottomland-streamside 14 1.0
19. Bottomland-deltaic

Cover Types

20. Cover occupies more than 95 percent of the wetland area.
21. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
22. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in dense patches or diffuse open stands.
23, Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
24. Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in dense patches or diffuse open stands. - I
25. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
26. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring
.in patches or diffuse open stands.
27. Cover occupies less than 5 percent of wetland area.

-150-

Cover Types (continued)

Cover Types Rank
24 3.o
23 2.5
22,26 2.0
20,21,25 1.5
27 1.0

Surrounding Habitat Types
Habitats Rank
28. Agricultural or open land 2 or more of
29. Forest land 28,29,30 making 3.0
30. Salt marshes up more than 90%
31. Mining or waste disposal area 1 or more of
32. Urban land 28,29',30 making 2.0
33. Outdoor recreation facilities up 50-90%
1 or more of
28,29,30 making 1.0
up less than 50%

Vegetative Interspersion
Rank
34. Type 1 1.0
35. Type 2 2.0
36. Type 3 3.0

Juxtaposition

37. Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (different dom.
class) or open water*bodies within one mile.
(or)
Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (same dom. class)
within 1/4 mile..
(or)
Wetland greater than 500 acres, with three or more wetland
classes (including deep marsh or shallow marsh).
38. Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (different dom.
class) or open water bodies from 1-3 miles away.
(or)
Hydrologically connected to other wetlands (same dom. class)
from 1/4-1 mile away.
(or)
Within 112 mile of other wetlands (different dom. class)
or open water bodies, but not hydrologically connected.
39. All other possibilities

Rank
37 3.0
38 2.0
39 1.0

CTASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF FRESHWATER WETLANDS AS WILDLIFE HABITAT IN
THE GLACIATED NORTHEAST 1,2

Francis C. Golet, Assistant Professor, Department of Forest and Wildlife
Management, University Rhode Island.

Abstract

A detailed classification system for freshwater wetlands is presented along
with ten criteria for the evaluation of wetlands as wildlife habitat. The
results are based on a two-year field study of over 150 wetlands located
throughout the state of Massachusetts. The major components of the classi-
fication system include wetland classes and subclasses, based on the domi-
nant life form of vegetation and surface water depth and permanence; size
categories; topographic and hydrologic location; surrounding habitat types;
proportions and interspersion of cover and waterand vegetative intersper-
sion, These components are combined with wetland juxtaposition and water
chemistry to produce criteria for metland evaluation. Using a system of
specifications and ranks, wetlands can be arrayed according to their wild-
life value for decision-making.

Wetlands traditionally have been regarded as waste areas. More than one-
third of the nation's total original wetland acreage has been obliterated,
and the remaining acres are fast disappearing (Shaw and Predine, 1956). In
the prairies and in the south, man has drained wetlands primarily for agri-
cultural purposes. In the northeast, expansion of urban areas has created
a growing need for land suitable for highway construction and commercial,
industrial and housing development, often at the expense of wetlands.

During the last 10 years, several northeastern states, realizing the natural
values of freshwater wetlands, enacted laws to control their alteration.
Implementation of these laws has been generally unsuccessful because decision-
makers lack appropriate criteria for metland evaluation. In 1969 a research
team of wildlife biologists, hydrogeologists, landscape planners and resource
economists organized at the University of Massachusetts to develop a decision-
makingmodel for public management of freshwater wetlands (Larson, 1971).

This paper is a contribution of the Massachusetts Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit. The work vas supported by the U.S. Department of the
Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the
Water Resources Research Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-379), Dr. Joseph S. Larson,
Principal Investigator.
Reference: 1973. Trans. Northeast Fish & Wildlife Conf. 30:257-279.

-152-

This paper is a contribution of the wildlife sub-project toward evaluation
of wetlands as wildlife habitat.

Early in this study, it became clear that a detailed wetland classification
system was prerequisite to development of criteria for evaluation. The
national classification system devised by Martin et al. (1953) has been used
widely, but it is too generalized.for wetlands research and management on a
regidnal or statewide scale. Stewart and Kantrud (1971) produced a detailed
system for the Prairie Pothole Region, but similar refinements are notably
lacking in other parts of North America. Golet (1972) and Golet and Larson
(1,974) have described several of the more prominent systems being used
throughout the United States and Canada.

Nearly all of these classification systems were developed to facilitate
description and evaluation of waterfowl habitat. Because of the greatly
expanded use of northeastern freshwater wetlands by educational groups,
bird watchers, hikers, nature photographers, as well as.sportsmen, the
standard for evaluation in this 'Study is maximum wildlife production and
diversity. The classification system presented here identifies wetland
features that determine the presence and abundance of a great variety of
wildlife species. Criteria for wetland evaluation are developed from this
system.

Acknowledgments

Special appreciation is extended to my major advisor, Dr. Joseph S. Larson,
Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts,
for his advice and criticism throughout this study. I am grateful to Warren
Blandin, Chief of Research; Richard Cronin, Chief of Information and Educa-
tion; Harry Heusmann, Chief Waterfowl Biologist; and all district biologists
of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game who helped in various
phaseis of this work. Massachusetts Audubon Society personnel identified
many wetlands valuable for wildlife. Harry Ahles, Department of Botany,
University of Massachusetts, reviewed the section on plant classification.

Materials and Methods

During 1970 a reconnaissance study provided.a broad range of qualitative
data on the nature and diversity of 131 freshwater wetlands in Massachusetts.
After refining earlier physiographic maps of the state (Office of River,
Basin Studies, 1954;, Beaumont, 1956), 1 selected usually four or more
U.S.G.S. map quadrangles as study areas within each physiographic region
(Figure 1). These quadrangles were selected so as to include a maximum
number of wetlands, a maximum diversity of surficial geologic substrates,
both alkaline and acidic hydrochemical ground-vater facies (Motts and
Saine6, 1969), and several vetlands deemed valuable as wildlife habitat by
state.or federal wildlife agencies.

Within each study area, I selected specific wetlands so as to achieve diver-
sity with respect to the following criteria: hydrologic location, surficial

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------ ------
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-----------

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS LEGEND

I Berkshire Valley Lowland
OF 2 Western Highland
MASSACHUSETTS 3 Conn River Valley lowland k-
A Central Upland
STUDY AREAS0970) Alto STUDY WETLANDS (1971) Plat au
olas:.,@r,-Sudb'@ry Lowland
7 Seaboard Lowland
8 Coastal lowland

Study Quadrangle 1070
F1 Q,
0 Study Welland 1971
'I Ellu.

Figure 1. Physiographic regions of Massachusetts, study areas for wetland
reconnaissance (1970) and high value study i,.ietlands (1971).

geologic substrate, wetland class as outlined by Martin et al. (1953), size,
and' urban-rural context. Land-use maps (MacConnell and Garvin, 1956) were
used in the selection and field study of wetlands. I obtained additional
data from topographic maps, surficial geologic maps and 1:20,000 aerial
photographs.

During 1971 1 asked biologists from the Massachusetts Division of fisheries
and Game and the Massachusetts Audubon Society to identify wetlands of high
value to wildlife in the various physiographic regions. After adding several
wetlands designated "high value" for waterfowl by the federal inventory
(Office of River Basin Studies, 1954), 1 selected 38 high value wetlands
and gathered detailed qualitative data on them in the field. The locations
of these wetlands are designated by dots in Figure 1. Extensive literature
reviem on the habitat requirements of wetland wildlife species supplemented
field work (Golet, 1972). In addition, I reviewed and summarized nine years
of unpublished water chemistry data collected by the Massachusetts Division
ofTisheries and Game in 95 lakes and ponds located throughout the state.

Results

Classification of Freshwater Wetlands

Life forms and sub-forms of wetland vegetation. The classification of plant
life forms was the first step toward wetland classification. Five life forms
and 18 sub-forms are recognized (Figures 2 and 3). The forms represent
obvious divisions of vegetation: trees, shrubs, emergents, surface plants
and submergents. Because differences in wildlife value often exist betiyeen
plants belonging to the same life form, I have divided each form into sub-
forms which reflect not only differences in structure, but differences in
ecology and stand density as well.

Below is a description of each life form and sub-form. Height classes given
are average. Latin names are taken from the eighth edition of Gray's Manual
(Fernald, 1950).

TRE.ES (3 sub-forms). Woody plants greater than 20 ft tall.
1. Live deciduous trees. Living trees that lack leaves or needles
during late fall, minter and early spring (e.g., Acer rubrum).
2. Live evergreen trees. Living trees that retain their leaves or
needles throughout the year (e.g., Picea mariana).
3. Dead trees. Standing dead trees and tree stumps 5 ft or more
in height.

SHRUBS (6 sub-forms). Woody plants less than 20 ft tall. Woody plants
taller than 20 ft at maturity (and commonly called trees) are considered
shrubs when less than 20 ft tall.
4. Tall slender shrubs. Shrubs 10 to 20 ft tall, having usually
one distinct trunk, and unbranched for 3 ft or more above the
ground
5. Bushy shrubs. Non-aquatic shrubs 4 to 7 ft tall, having
(e.g., Alnus rugosa).

usually several stems, a bushy appearance and often branched
from within 1 ft of the ground (e.g., Vaccinium corymbosum).

TREES SHRUBS

40-

30.

Ln
20.

LIVE L IVE DEAD TALL BUSHY LOW LOW
DECIDUOUS EVERGREEN IREES SLENDER SHRUBS SPARSE COMPACT AQUATIC DEAD.
TREES TREES SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS SHRUBS

Figure 2. Sub-foxms of metiand trees and shrubs.

EMERGENTS SURFACE SUBMERGENTS

PLANTS

V. I

2-
X

TALL SHORT
MEADOW MEADOW ROBUST NARROW-
EMERGENTS EMERGENTS EMERGENTS BROAD- SUB-SHRUBS
LEAVED
MARSH LEAVED FLOATING
MARSH
EMERGENT$ PLANTS
EMERGE NTS

FLOATING-
LEAVED
:PLANTS

SUBMERGENrs

Figure 3. Sub-foms of metland emergents, surface plants and s-abmergents.

Low compact shrubs. Non-aquatic shrubs less than 4 ft tall, having
usually several stems, very dense foliage, and often branched from
within 6 in of the ground (e.g., Myrica gale).
7. Low sparse shrubs. Non-aquatic, simple o@r_sparsely branched shrubs
up to 3 ft tall (e.g., Spiraea tomentosa).
8. Aquatic shrubs. Shrubs up to 7 ft tall, growing in standing water
T'"In-or more deep (e.g., Cephalanthus occidentalis).
9. Dead shrubs. Standing dead shrubs and tree stumps.less than 5 ft
tall.

EIVIERQENTS (6 sub-forms). Rooted herbaceous or semi-woody plants that have
the majority of their vegetative portion above the water surface.
This includes herbaceous plants growing on moist, but exposed soil.
10. Sub-shrubs. Emergents up to 5 ft tall with herbaceous, arching
stems; a persistent semi-woody base; and growing in water up to
18 in deep (e.g., Decodo verticillatus).
11. Robust emergents. Stout, erect emergents 5 to 10 ft tall which
persist upright during the winter and into the second spring
(e.g., Typha latifolia).
12. Tall meadow emergents. Grass-like emergents up to 6 ft tall,
often forming dense stands; found on moist or seasonally flooded
soil (e.g., Phalaris arundinacea).
13. Short meadow emergents. Sedge-like emergents less than 4 ft tall,
some species forming tussocks; found on moist or seasonally
flooded soil (e.g., Juncus effusus).
14. Narrow-leaved marsh emergents. Narrow-leaved emergents less than
5 ft tall, growing in water up to 18 in deep (e.g., Sparganium
eurycarpum).
T5. Broad-leaved marsh enmergents. Broad-leaved emergents less than
3 ft tall, growing in water up to 18 in deep (e.g., Pontederia
cordata).

SURFACE VEGETATION (2 sub-forms). Plants with vegetative parts principally
on the water surface.
16. Floating-leaved vegetation. Rooted plants with leaves floating on
the water surface (e.g., Nymphaea odorata).
17. Floating vegetation. Non-rooted plants that float freely on the
water surface (e.g., Lemna minor).

SUBIVIERGENTS (1 sub-form). Plants that lie beneath the water surface, except
for flowering parts in some species.
18. Submergents. (e.g., Ceratophyllum demersum).
i

Wetland classes and subclasses. Wetland classes are synonymous with the
foll6ving freshwater wetland types outlined by Martin et al (1953): open
fresh vater, deep fresh marsh, shallow fresh marsh, fresh meadow, seasonally
flooded basins and flats, shrub swamp, wooded swamp and bog. Seasonally
flooded flats are restricted to river floodplains, whereas they also
include upland basins in the Martin et al.(1953) system. A wetland subclass
is one of two or more types of i.?etlands of the same class that differ signif-
icantly in their wildlife value, chiefly because of differences in dominant
sub-forms of vegetation. The subclasses below are those most common in
1iiassachusetts. Additional subclasses can be named simply by using a sub-form
name to modify a class name; e.g., sub-shrub shallow marsh.

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OPEN WATER (OW). This class applies to water 3 to 10 ft deep, associated
uith any of the other metland classes, but usually with deep or shallol?
marshes. Submergent and surface vegetation are dominant.
Vegetated open vater (Ow-l). Surface vegetation is present. Sub-
mergents that reach to within 6 in of the surface may be present.
Non-vegetated open water (OW-2). Surface vegetation and near-surface
submergents are absent.

DEEP MARSH (DM). Thih,@class applies to wetlands with an average water depth
between 6 in and 3 ft during the growing season. Emergent marsh vegeta-
tion is usually dominant, with surface and submergent plants present in
open areas.
Dead woody_deep marsh (DM-1). Standing dead trees (sub-form #3), dead
shrubs or stumps (1',19) are the most abundant form of cover.
-ab s '8) are the dominant form of
Shrub deep marsh (DM-2). Aq'uatic shr
cover. If shrubs cover less than 50 percent of the area, the wetland
is classified shrub deep marsh. It is classified shrub swamp (see
below) if the shrub cover is 50 percent or greater.
Sub-shrub deep marsh (DM-3). Decodon verticillatus (sub-form #10)
is the dominant cover plant.
Robust deep marsh (DM-4). Robust emergents (#11) are dominant. This
is the classic deep marsh described as Type 4 by Martin et al.(1953).
Narrow-leaved deep marsh (DIA-5). Narrow-leaved marsh emergents (#14)
are dominant.
Broad-leaved deep marsh (DM-6). Broad-leaved marsh emergents G45)
are dominant.

SHALLOW MARSH (SM). This class applies to wetlands dominated usually by
robust or marsh emergents, with an average water depth less than 6 in
during the growing season. Surface water may be absent during the late
summer and abnormally dry periods. Floating-leaved plants (#10) and
submergents V18) are often present in open areas.
Robust shallow marsh (SM-1). Robust emergents (#11) are dominant.
Narrow-leaved shallow marsh (SM-2). Narrov-leaved marsh emergents
(1,14) are dominant.
Broad-leaved shallow marsh (SM-3). Broad-leaved marsh emergents O#L15)
are dominant.
Floating-leaved shallow marsh (SM-4). Floating-leaved vegetation (#16)
dominates. This is an unusual wetland type which occurs primarily on
Cape Cod. It is classified shallow marsh since the average water depth
is less than 6 in. Most of the surface 7.jater is f
gone by late summer, leav-
ing water lilies lying on exposed mud. Emergent plants occur only
in sparse stands on the periphery...

SEASONALLY FLOODED FLATS (SP). This class applies to extensive rive 'r flood-
plains where flooding to a depth of 12 or more inches occurs annually
during late fall, minter and spring. During the summer, the soil is
..saturated, with a few inches of surface iiater occurring locally.
Dominant vegetation usually is emergent, but shrubs and scattered trees
may be present.
Seasonally flooded emergent flats (SF-1). Meadow emergents (#12, 13)
'11) 15) occurring in
dominate, with robust (j't ind marsh.emergents (#14,
7.ietter places, particularly along the streami. Bus',y (#5) and aquatic
shrubs (-#8) are often found near the stream ar scattered across the

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floodplain. This subclass resembles an ungrazed meadow (M-1, belov)
exce.-ot for its greater sise, its floodplain locction and its generally
deeper surface water during the spring.
Seasonally flooded shrub flats (SF-2). Aquatic (#8) and bushy (#5)
shrubs are dominant. Low sparse shrubs 04;@7) are sometimes abundant.
Ground cover is largely sedges and grasses like those that dominate
the previous subclass. Shrub flats are similar in appearance to bushy
shrub swamps (SS-2) and aquatic shrub swamps (SS-4) except for their
floodplain location and their generally deeper surface water during the
spring.

MEADOW (M). This class applies to wetlands dominated by meadow emergents
(#12, 13), with up to 6 in of surface water during the late fall, winter
and early spring. During the growing season the soil is saturated and
the surface exposed, except in shallow depressions and drainage ditches.
Meadows occur most commonly on agricultural land where periodic grazing
or mowing keeps shrubs from becaning established. The structural
differences in meadow vegetation often result frcm grazing; therefore,
meadows have been divided into grazed and.ungrazed subclasses.
Ungrazed meadom.(M-1).. The effects of grazing"are absent. By early
summer, most ungrazed meadows support dense,, unbroken stands of tall
t13) and broad-leaved
meadow emergents (#12); short meadow emergents U
herbs are often present, but rarely dominant. This subclass occurs in
two major locations: on agricultural land and on the floodplains of
small streams. In the latter site, the meadows resemble miniature
seasonally flooded flats.
Grazed meadow (M-2). Cover plants are greatly modified as a result of
grazing. Certain plants such as Juncus effusus and Spiraea tomentosa
persist while most of the grasses and sedges are sea7ectiveli remove d.

SHRTJB-SWAMP (SS). This class applies to wetlands dominated by shrubs where
the soil surface is seasonally or permanently flooded with as much as
12 in of water. Carex stricta is the characteristic ground cover beneath
shrubs. Meadow R-12, 13) or marsh emergents (#14, 15) occupy open areas.
Sapling shrub swamp (SS-1). Tall slender shrubs (#4) are dominant.
The term "sapling" is used because the most common woody species in this
subclass is Acer rubrum. Large Alnus rugosa, although technically not
a sapling, i the secoiid nost ccim@on species.
Bushy shrub swamp (SS-2). Bushy shrubs 0#5) are dominant.
Compact shrub swamp (SS-3). Compact shrubs (#6) are dominant. Stands
of Chamaedaphne calyculata are excluded because this species typically
grows on peat, in bogs, rather than on mineral soil or muck, the charac-
teristic substrate of swamps.
Aquatic shrub swamp (SS-4). Aquatic shrubs (#8) are dominant. They

shrub swamps contain surface water longer and of greater depth than
cover more than 50 percent of the wetland area (cf. DM-2). Aquatic

other shrub swamp subclasses.

WOODED SWAMP (WS). This class applies to wetlands dominated by trees. The
soil surface is seasonally flooded with up to 1 ft of water. Several
levels of vegetation are usually present, including trees, shrubs and
herbaceous plants. In mature wooded swamps, microtopography is very
Pronounced. Trees and many shrubs gro@@i on iiell developed windthrow'
mounds while marsh emergents and ferns occupy the vernal pools.

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Deciduous -tviooded swamp (TATS-1). Deciduous trees (#1) are dominant.
Evergreen wooded swamp (WS-2). Evergreen trees (#2) are dominant.
Sphagnum often covers the ground in metter areas, but the soil is
muck rather than peat.

BOG(BG). This class applies to wetlands where the accumulation of Spha
moss, as peat, determines the nature of the plant community. Young bogs
commonly have floating peat mats which creep out-eard from shore over the
surface of open water. Northern New England bogs-resemble those of the
Boreal Forest region. Picea mariana and Larix laricina, are characteristic
tree species. In southern New England boSs especially those in the
coastal zone, Chamaecyparis thyoides is dominant. Chamaedaphne calyculata,
Kalmia angustifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, and Eriophorum spp. are.,charac-
teristic plants found in bogs throughout the northeast. A bog often can
be divided into at least five zones (Molizuk'and Livingston, 1966): open
vater, bog mat (Sphagnum and sedges), low shrubs, high shrubs and trees.
In Massachusetts,-bogs dominated by low shrubs or by trees are most
cormlon.
Shrub bog (BG-1). Low, compact shrubs (-#16) are dominant.
Wooded boE (BG-2). Evergreen trees (#2) are dominant. Acer rubrum is
usually present, but seldom does it reach maximum size on the peat mat.

Size categories. Wetlands in the glaciated northeast range from less than
1 acre to several thousand acres in size. The size categories devised apply
,to individual wetlands as typed on aerial photographs. In interpreting the
influence of size..on a wetland's wildlife value, both the size and the
juxtaposition of the vTetland vith others in a complex must be considered.
The following size categories were devised for use in statewide or regional
planning. In a more localized area, a 50-acre metland might be considered
`large.

Size categories:
1. Very Small -- less than 10 acres
2. Small -- 10-50 acres
3. Medium-sized -- 51-100 acres
4. Large -- 101-500 acres
5. Very Large -- greater than 500 acres

Site types. Site type is a wetland descriptor based upon topographic and
hydrologic location. Topographic location can be broadly categorized as
either upland or bottomland@ Upland sites lie above alluvial or outwash
plains, above stream valleys and floodplains. Most upland wetlands occur
on bedrock, on till or on small pockets of outmash overlying till; the mater
table is usually perched. Bottomland sites lie chiefly on the alluvium of
stream floodplains, on outwash plains or on glacial lake deposits. Perched
water tables may occur, but regional water tables are the rule.

A vetland's hydrologic location may be lakeside, streamside, deltaic or
isolated. To.be isolated, the -T.,7etland r!iust not border any larger body of
ol)en water. Small streams may course through it, but the vetland is obviously
not subordinate to the streams. Isolated wetlands usually owe th;eir wetness
as much to groundwater seepage and surf ace runoff as to stream-flow. . .
Streamside wetlands occur along a large stream and occupy part of all of
its floodplain. A lakeside wetland occurs on the margin of a lake. A
deltaic vetland lies at the point where a stream enters a lake.

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Site types:
1. Upland isolated
2. Upland lakeside
3. Bottomland isolated
4. Bottomland lakeside
5i Bottomland streamside
6. Bottomland deltaic

Cover types. The relative proportions of cover and open water and their
degree of interspersion are two of the most vital features affecting wildlife
value (Williams and Marshall, 1938; Meindall, 1958; Weller, 1964; Weller and
Spatcher, 1965; McGilvrey, 1968). Collectively these features constitute
the cover type, a term coined by.Stewart and Kantrud U971). In their system,
"cover" refers to
vhero each wetland usually consists of one wetland class
stan,As of plants on the periphery of, or interspersed with,.areas of open
i..iate@r. I have expanded their concept considerably to fit the no*rtheastern
wetland which often consists of several wetland classes. In this system
cover type is determined from aerial photographs with field checking.
hrub swamp)
as well as stands of individual plants. "Open water@' consists'of the class
"Cover" can include entire metland classes (e.g., wooded swamp, s

open water (OW) and the smaller open portions of marshes.and bogs. Stewart
and Kantrud (1971) recognized four cover types; I have outlined eight.
They'are diagrammed in Figure 4 and described below.

Cover types:
1. Cover occupies more than 95 percent of the wetland area.
2. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
3. Cover occupies 76-95 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in dense patches or diffuse, open stands.
4. Cover occupies 26-75 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
5. Cover occupies 26-75 percent.of the wetland area, occurring
n dense patches or diffuse, open stands.
6. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in a peripheral band.
7. Cover occupies 5-25 percent of the wetland area, occurring
in patches or diffuse, open stands.
8. Cover occupies less than 5 percent of the wetlandarea.

Vegetative interspersion types. Since most wildlife species require more
than@one structural type of vegetation, their population density depends
partly on the presence and length of certain kinds of edge. In this con-
text', edge refers to the line of contact between two different sub-forms
of vegetation. Whereas wildlife numbers are closely related to the total
length of edge, wildlife diversity is.a function of the number of kinds of
edge. Small sub-form stands have more edge per unit of area than larger
stands. For wetland evaluation, I recommend a minimum size of 1 acre for
r
like@those that flank streams, are extremely significan"t to wildlife, these
ecognition of a sub-form stand. Since long, narrow strips of vegetation,

should be considered during evaluation, even though the total area of such
a strip might be far less than 1 acre.

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Figure 4. Wetlana cover types. White areas indicate water (with or
without surface plants); black areas indicate emergents,
shrubs or trees.

@1;,jl A06

COVE R TYPE I COVE R T Y P E2

COVE R TYPE 3 COVER TYPE 4

Jill
jo
Iwo

COVER TYPE 5 COVER TYPE 6

Aff

COVER TYPE 7
COVER TYPE 8

Vigt!�6 5-illustrates three -wetlands which contain the same number of life
PQimisl(thtee) and sub-forms (six), but which represent different vegetative
inters"pe-r-sision types. The number of kinds of edge associated with each type
18 JupA an example; it is not the characteristic number for that type.

V6getative interspersion types:
1. Low Interspersion -- Length and types of edge are at a
minimum, The wetland consists of concentric life form
and sub-form zones or a single sub-form. Sub-form stands
are.large and unbroken.
2. Moderate Interspersion -- Edge is moderate in length and
diver@ity. Ther(.! is same'irregularity in the distribu-
tion of sub-form stands, but life form zones remain
largely intact.
High Interspersion -- Edge is abundant and consists of many
kinds. Life form zones are broken into segments of variable
size and shape. Sub-form stands are small and scattered.

Surrounding habitat types. The nature of the surrounding habitat is a key
feature determining a wetland's mildlife value. Waterfowl and most other
wetland wildlife depend upon suitable surroundings for food and nest sites.
The surrounding habitat types also determine what upland species are likely
to us6 the wetland. Furthermore, intense human activity adjacent to a met-
land dan deter many species from utilizing the metland. Surrounding "natural"
habitat may serve as a buffer, reducing disturbance of wildlife and satisfying
some 6P their requirements. The broad surrounding habitat types below were
addpt6d tram a land use cover-typing system developed by iviacConnell and
Pywell (1969):

1. Agricultural or Open Land
2. Forest Land
3. Salt Marshes
4. Mining or Waste Disposal Areas
5. Urban Land
6. Outdoor Recreation Facilities

Additional descriptive components. The components described so far represent
the most important ecological features determining a uetland's mildlife value.
Two other components, wetland juxtaposition and water chemistry, are useful
in metland evaluation (see next section) but are not employed in classifica-
ti6h.

Criteria for Wetland Evaluation

Once a. vtetland has been classified, evaluation is straightforward. Table 1
dontains ten criteria and a relatively simple rating system. Each criterion
has specifications describing three or more possible categories into which
a given wetland might be placed. Specifications have been assigned ranks,
ranging from 3 (highest value) to 1 (lowest value). During evaluation a
v6tl&n,d receives a rank for each of the ten criteria. If, for any criterion,
more @,hah one specification seems to fit the wetland, the ranks for those
specifications are averaged. Since scme criteria are more important than
others, each has been given a fixed numerical value, called a significance
coefficient, ranging from 5 (most important criteria) to 1 (least important

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INTERSPERSION TYPE 1

INTERSPERSION TYPE 2

INTERSPERSION TY P E 3

DECIDUOUS TREES TALL MEADOW EMtRGENTS

TALL SLENDER SHRUBS ROBUST EMERGENTS

GENTS
BUSHY SHRUBS BROAD-LEAVED EMER

Figure 5. Examples of the three vetland vegetative interspersion types.,
Type 1 -- minianum length of edge, large units and few types of
edge (five in this example).. Type 2 -- moderate length of
edge, medium-large units and moderate number of types of edge
(seven in this examiple). Type 3 -- great length of edge,
small units and many types of edge (eleven in this example).

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Table 1. Wildlife criteria, significance coefficients, specifications and ranks.

Rank (3-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0)

Criteri4. Specifications

Wetland Cless 5 or more 4 classes 3 classes 2 classes 1 class
Richness (5)l classes

Lominant Wet- SF, DM SM WS, Ss OW, BG M
land Class (5)

Size Category (5) over 500 acres 101-500 acres 51-100 acres 10-50 acres under 10 acres

Subclass 10 or more 6-9 4-5 2-3
Richness (4) subclasses subclasses subclasses. subclasses subelabs

Site Type (4) bottomland - bottomland.- upland
lakeside isolated isolated
bottomland - b e;6;6 ea!lftnd
deltaic lakeside
bottomland -
streamsiae

1Number in parentheses after each criterion is its significance coefficient.

Table 1. (Continued)

Rank (3-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0)

Criteria Specifications

Wetland Juxta- Hydrologically Hydrologically All
position (2) connected to connected to
other wetlands other wetlands
(different dom. (different dam.
class) or open class) or open
'ttiater bodies water bodies
within 1 mile. from 1-3 miles
(or) - away.
Hydrologically (or) other
connected to Hydrologically
other wetlands connected to
(same dom. other wetlands
class) within (same dom.
1/.4 mile. class) from 1/4-
.(or) 1 mile away.
Wetland greater (or) possibilities
than 500 acres, Within 1/2 mile
with three or of other wetlands
more wetland (different dom.
classes (includ- class) or open
ing DIM or. SM)'. water bodies, but
not hydrologically
connected.

ow. 4M

low an on M AM 'M On OW an' an go as 'M M, as as

Table 1. (Continued)

Rarll-.-. 0-0) (2-5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0)

Criteria Specifications

Surrounding 2 or more of 1 or more of foi- 1 or.more of
Habitat following con- lowing constitute following con-
Types (4) ttitute more 50-90% of surrounding stitute less
than 9(#o of habitat: than 50% of
surrounding 1. forestland surrounding
habitat: 2. agricultural or habitat:
1. forestland open land 1. forestland
2. agricultural 3. salt marsh 2. agricultural
or open land (or) or open land
salt marsh I of preceding con- 3. salt marsh
stitutes more than
94, of surrounding
habitat.

Cover Type (3) Type 5 Type 4 Type 3 Type 1 Type 8
Type 7 Type 2
Type 6

Vegetative
Interspersion
Type (3) Type 3 Type 2 Type I

Table 1. (Continued.)

Rank (3.0) (2.5) (2.0) (1-5) (1.0)

Criteria Specifications

Water ChEMistry (1) Total Alkalinity Total Alkalinity Total Alkalinity
greater than 69 23-69 ppm CaCO3 less than 23
ppm CaCO ppm CaCO
3' 3'
pH greater than 7.5 pH 6.5-7.5 pH less than 6.5

GIN

criterion). A sub-score is calculated for each criterion by multiplying
the significance coefficient for that criterion by the rank given. Scores
for all criteria are summed and a total wetland score is obtained. This
final'score represents, in simple quantitative fashion, the wetland's
relative wildlife value. Table 2 illustrates the scoring procedure for
an imaginary wetland.

Table,2. Wetland scoring (ranks are based on fictitious data).

Significance
Criterion Coefficient Rank Subscore

1. Class Richness 5 2.0 10.0
2. Dominant Class 5 3.0 15.0
3. Size 5 2.5 12.5
Subclass Richness 4 2.5 10.0
5. Site Type 4 2.0 8.0
6. Surrounding Habitat 4 3.0 12.0
7. Cover Type 3 2.0 6.0
8. Veg. Interspersion 3 1.0 3.0
9. Juxtaposition 2 2.0 4.o
10. Water Chemistry 1 3.0 3.0

Total Wetland Score 83.5

The lowest possible total score is 36 and the highest is 108. This implies,
and rightly so, that even the least valuable wetland has some wildlife value.
For some criteria there are five categories of specifications and five corre-
sponding ranks (3-0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0). For other criteria, where our
knowledge or measurement ability is less refined, only three categories of
specifications and ranks (3.0, 2.0, 1.0) are recognized. A brief description
of each of the criteria follows.

1. Wetland class richness. This criterion describes the number of wetland
classes present in a wetland, where 5 acres is the minimum area recognizable
as a separate class. As class richness increases, so does the likelihood
for greater wildlife species richness. Wetland class richness is the
broadest and single most important criterion for evaluation.

2. Dominant wetland class. Some wetland classes have greater value than
others for wildlife diversity and production, and certain classes provide
the only suitable habitat for some species highly valued by man (e.g., water-
fowl). Dominant life form of vegetation, water depth and permanence of ,
surface water are the major characteristics considered in ranking classes
(see Table 1). The dominant class is the one that clearly occupies the
greatest area. If two or more classes are co-dominant, the ranks are averaged.

-170-

3. Size categories. Wetlands are ranked frcm largest to smallest, according
to the general principle that as size increases, so does wildlife value.
Greater size usually results in greater insulation from human disturbance,
greater habitat diversity and greater metland longevity. In addition, wet-
lands larger than .100 acres are of great value to flocks of migrating water-
fowl.

4. Subclass richness. This variable goes one step further than wetland
class richness in assessing habitat diversity. Just as particular life forms
characterize classes, particular.sub-forms characterize subclasses. A met-
land's broad wildlife value increases as the number of subclasses increases.
As noted above, a wetland segment must be at least 1 acre in size to be
recognized as a separate subclass.

5. Site type. Bottomland wetlands are generally more valuable than upland
wetlands because of greater soil fertility, more sustained surface water
levels and greater life expectancy. Similarly, wetlands associated with
open water bodies are usually more valuable than isolated ones.' Using
this rationale I grouped site types into three categories for. evaluation
(see Table 1).
6. :,Surrounding habitat types. Freshwater wetlands bordered by forest,
agricultural or open landi or salt marsh are more valuable to wildlife than
those adjacent to land more intensively developed by man. Furthermore,
diversity in the surrounding habitat increases the possibility of wildlife
diversity within the wetland. The percentage of the surrounding habitat
types present determine, the rank given for this criterion.

7. Cover type. This variable can be assessed in vetlands consisting of one
or many metland classes, although its value is most evident in evaluating
deen and shallow marshes. Studies (Weller and Spatcher, 1965; McGilvrey,
1968) suggest that a cover-water ratio of approximately 50:50 is optimal for
waterfoml and marsh birds in general. Highest ranks are thus given to wet-
lands with nearly equal proportions of cover and water. Areas with nearly
total cover or total open water receive low ranks. In addition, cover inter-
spersed with water is deemed more valuable than a band of cover surrounding
open water.

8. Vegetative interspersion. A wetland receives a rank for this criterion
according to which interspersion type (Figure 5) it approximates. High ranks
are associated with an abundance of edge between sub-form stands, small size
of such stands and a large number of different kinds of edge.

9. Wetland_juxtaposition. A metland's value is generally higher if it is
located near other wetlands, expecially if the adjacent wetlands contain
classes or subclasses different from those of the-metland being evaluated.
Moreover, the value increases if these wetlands are interconnected by streams.
In such cases, wildlife (especially waterfoml) can move safely between wet-
lands to best meet their habitat requirements. The ranking of specifications
listed in Table 1 reflects these considerations.

_171-

10. Water chemistry. Water chemistry influences the presence, abundance and
distribution of aquatic plants and invertebrates (Juday, 1942; Moyle, 1945,
1946;@Jahn and Hunt, 1964). Decision-makers have no time to adequately
sample and describe wildlife food plants and animals, but water chemistry -
determinations can serve as indices of potential productivity. Brooks and
Deevey (1963) pointed out that New England surface waters are very dilute
and extremely soft for the most part. Analysis of water chemistry data
provided by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game produced support
for this generalization. These data suggest that average total alkalinity
in excess of 70 PPm CaC03 and pH values above 7.5 can be considered high.
Specifications for pH (Tdble 1) are basedupon clear-cut groupings of th 'e-
graphed data for 95 ponds and lakes. Alkalinity specifications derive from
classes of Brooks and Deevey (1963). Total alkalinity is the better index
of productivity; pH is less reliable, and should only be used if alkalinity
data a.re not obtainable.

Discussion

This system of wetland classification and evaluation allows one to objectively
group-wetlands-according to their -wildlife value and to identify key areas
for preservation and acquisition. Use of the system assumes, however,
.acceptance of the stated standard for evaluation: maximum wildlife prbduc-
.tion 'and diversity. The above criteria would not be suitable for use by a
state fish and game agency attempting to identify valuable wood duck (Aix
sponsa) production areas. For that case, more specialized criteria would
be required.

Two major constraints guided the development of this system. First 'it 'was
designed for use by decision-makers. A special.effort was made to produce
criteria that are as uncomplicated and objective, and yet as sensitive, as
possible. The necessary data for most of the evaluation can be obtained,
from recent aerial photographs, topographic maps and surficial geology maps.
Wetland subclass, vegetative interspersion and water chemistry are key
descriptors which require unavoidable, but limited, field work. Shortage
of ti,me and expertise 'would render a more sophisticated system useless to
the decision-maker.

The choice to consider virtually all wildlife species during evaluation
impos 'ed another major constraint. Although wildlife production and diversity
are both reasonable goals, they are not strictly-compatible. It is impossible
to maximize the production of all species at once, since each has a different
set of habitat requirements. The broadness of the criteria reflect the over-
riding influence of compromise.

Certain wetlands possess characteristics that render them unique or of out-
standing value. For example, a wetland might support the only nesting colony

Such a wetland merits preservation, even though it might not score highly
of black-crovned night herons (!Tycticorax nycticorax) in an entire state.

by this system. Clearly, some subjective decisions must be made.

_172-

Similarly, after a wetland has been scored :by @his sysuem, other subjective
considerations are in order. What human impacts are.operating on the w6tland,
and to what extent do these depress the total score? In some cases, proper
control of land use practices can raise significantly a wetland's wildlife
value. Secondly, what is the Wetland's potential for enhancement via habitat
manipulation? Two wetlands with identical scores might be differentiated
according to their potential for enhancement.. This potential depends on
such factors as topographic and hydrologic location.

Above all, the value of any metland must be vieved in its proper context.
The absolute value of a score is meaningless; the score has meaning only in
relation to the scores of other wetlands. All wetlands in Amherst, Massachu-
setts might be evaluated and their scores compared. The "average" score
would undoubtedly vary from the "average" score in Worcester or Provincetown
since wetland characteristics are greatly influenced by physiography and'. .
land use. Any attempt at the use of cut-off scores in decision-making must be
sensitive to the importance of the scale of reference.

Literature Cited

Beaumont, A. B. 1956. The soils of Massachusetts. Univ. Massachusetts Ext.
Serv. Spec. Circ. No. 64. Amherst, Mass. 32 pp.

Brooks, J. L. and E. S. Deevey, Jr. 1963. New England. Pp.'117-162. In
Prey, D. G. (Ed.), Limnology in North America. Univ. Wisconsin Press,
Madison, Wis. 734 pp.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co.,
N.Y. 1632 pp.

Golet, F.,C. 1972. Classification and evaluation of freshwater wetlands as
wildlife habitat in the glaciated Northeast. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ.
Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. xv+ 179 Pp.

and J. S. Larson. 1974. Classification of freshwater wetlands in the
glaciated Northeast. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resource Pub. i\To. 116.
Washington, D.C. 56 pp@@

Jahn, L. R. and R. A. Hunt. 1964. Duck and coot ecology and management-in
Wisconsin. Wis. Conserv. Dept. Bull. No. 33. Madiso'n., Wis. 212 pp.

Juday, C. 1942. The sumer standing crop of plants and'animals in four
Wisconsin lakes. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters-34:103-135.

Larson, J. S. 1971. Progress toward a decision-making model for public
management of freshwater 7,,ietlands. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. and Nat.
Resources Conf. 36:376-382.

MacConnell, W. P. and L. E. Garvin. 1956. Cover mapping a state from aerial
photographs. Photogranmetric Engineering 22(4):702-707.

-173-

MacConnel I W. P. and H. R. Priell. 1969. Use of aerial photographs to
evaluate the recreational resources of the Connecticut River in Coraiec-
tidut. Univ. Massachusetts Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 574. Amhersty
Ma s s - 73 PP

Viartin!, A. C., N. Hotchkiss, F. M. Uhler and W. S. Bourn. 1953. Classific a-
tiQn of wetlands of the United States. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.L
Sp ec. 5ci. Rept. No. 20. Washington, D. C. 14 pp.
McGilv:iey, F. B. (Ed.) 1968. A guide to wood duck production habitat require-
uk"_Xlts. U. S.' Fish and Wildl. Serv. Resource Pub. No. 60. Washington,.
D.C. 32 pp.

Mendall, H. L. 1958. The ring-necked duck in the Northeast. Univ. Maine
Bull. 6o(16). 320 pp.

1-:@`oizuk, G. A. and R. B. Livingston. 1966. Ecology of red maple in a Massa-
chusetts upland bog. Ecol. 47(6):942-950.

NlottS3 W. S. and M. Sain&s: 1969. The occurrence and characteristics of
ground-water contamination in Massachusetts. Univ. Iviessachusetts Water
Resources-Research Center Pub. No. 7. Amherst, Mass. 70 pp.

Moyle, J. B. 1945. Some chemical factors influencing the distribution of
aquatic plants in Minnesota. Ani. Midland Naturalist 34(2):402-420.

1946. Some indices of lake productivity. Trans. Am. Fisheries Sop.
--- 76:322-334.

Office' of River Basin Studies. 1954. Wetlands inventory of Massachusetts.
U S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Boston, Mass. 14 pp.+ appendices.

Sham, S. P. and G. C. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U. S.
Fish and Wildl. Serv. qirc. No. 39. Washington, D.C. 67 PP.

Stewart' R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of natural ponds
and lakes in the glaciated prairie region. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.
Resources Pub. No. 92. Washington, D. C. 57 PP.

Weller, M. W. 1964. Ecology. In Delacour, J. (Ed.), The waterfowl of the
World. Country Life, Ltd., London. Vol. 4.364 pp.

and C.,S.. Spatcher. 1965. Role of habitat in the distribution and
abundance of marsh birds. Iowa Agr. and Home Econ. Exp. Sta. Spec.
Rtpt. No. 43. Iowa State Univ. of Sci. and Tech., Ames, Iowa. 31 PP.

Williams, C. S. and W. H. Marshall. 1938. Evaluation of nesting cover for
waterfowl on Bear River Refuge. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 3:64o-646.

-174-

Irv

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03511-A
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-Tit

It,

WESTERN SHORE
STUDY AREA

-7
Scale

Md. G
...I

STUDY AREA

The Upland Natural Area Study is confined to the Maryland counties bordering
the.Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac River up to the District of
Columbia, and Cecil County. The inland boundary of the study essentially follows
a line corresponding to Interstate 95. The study is therefore limited to areas
lying within Maryland!s Coastal Plain.

Maryland's Coastal Plain falls within the northern embayed portion of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province. This embayed portion of the
Coastal Plain is characterized primarily bythe presence of drowned river systems
and barr ier beaches (ocean coast). The Bay itself represents the drowned
portion of the Susquehanna River and its tributaries.

The rolling uplands of the Western Shore Coastal Plain are generally
bounded by deep stream valleys. These uplands are underlain by a series of
southeasterly dipping layers of relatively unconsolidated sand, clay and
gravel. These sediments range in age from early Cretaceous to Holocene and
represent deposition in a variety of marine environments. Fossils are
abundant in many of these formations particularly in the Calvert Cliffs
area. (The first fossil to be described in North America came from these
formations.)

Nine major soil associations occur in the study area. Because of the
nature of the parent material these soils are usually sandy,and often have
significant amounts of silt and clay mixed in. Medium to moderately course
textured soils predominate throughout the Western Shore. Of note are the
Beltsville soils which cover much of-Southern Maryland. These soils axe
characterized by a deep,compact fragipan lying below the soil surface. This
layer inhibits both water movement and root penetration often causing the
vegetation in these areas to represent types associated with arid regions.
Othello soils, found throughout the Coastal Plain, develop on the fine silts
of lowlands deposits and, therefore, are generally found in level, flat areas
bordering the Bay and its tributaries.

Mixed hardwood forests originally covered most of the Western Shore
uplands. These forests are characterized by oaks, hickories, maples, beech
and gum. Dogwood, sassafras and holly are characteristic understory species.
Because of intensive agricultural practices and logging, few remnants of
Maryland's original forests remain. Typical forest-stands today are second
and third growth stands. This extensive clearing also accounts for the
increase in the percent of pine forests through out the region. The pines
represent an early successional stage which is often maintained because of
continued disturbance. Typical pine species include Scrub Pine (Pinus
virginiana) and Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) (Shreve, et al, 1910).

Two vegetation associations can be considered lowland areas, the
Gum-Pine association and river swamps. The Gum-Pine association is
characterized by Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and Loblolly pines
along with red maples and several oaks. The river swamps occur along the
flood plain of the rivers. The best example of this vegetative community

is Zekiah swamp running along the Wicomico River in Charles County. The
dominant trees of this association are Sweet Gum, River Birch, and Swamp
Oaks. Southern Maryland lies just within the range of the Bald Cypress
(Taxodium distichum) which is represented in a large swamp in Southern
Calvert County (Shreve, et al, 1910).

Extensive marshes are found bordering the rivers of Maryland. These
grade-from typical salt marshes in the lower stream reaches to fresh marshes
further upstream and in the northern portions of the Bay. These marshes play
an important role in buffering the stream banks from the waves washing against
the shore as well as trapping sediments washed from the uplands. Typical
species range from Spartina, Scirpus and Juncus for salt marshes to Typha,
Potamogeten, and Numphaea in fresh marshes.

-179-

Aquatic Buffer Zone

Owing to its importance to the Coastal Zone Management Program,
various aspects of the aquatic buffer zone are extensively detailed be-
low.

in recent decades, the degradation and loss of aquatic systems has
underscored the need for sound ecological management of streams, ponds and
wetland. Increased public awareness of the relationship of land use, water
quality, and aquatic life led to the enactment of the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Act of 1972 as well as to passage of the 1972 amendments to the
Federal Water Quality Act. Such legislation provides the potential for
environmental protection through responsible State action.

As mandated in Section 205 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
states are required to delineate areas of particular concern and indicate
permissible land uses. Sites with rare or otherwise important species
and physical features are candidates for designation as areas of concern.

Within all sites containing water courses or water bodies, a critical
zone of land exists between the water and the neighboring upland. This'
zone is of particular concern because it is both fragile and, under nat-
ural conditions, acts as a buffer to the,aquatic system. Throughout the
coastal zone, buffers play a variety of roles. They are of primary impor-
tance in protecting aquatic systems against impacts accompany agriculture
and development, which include sediment, toxic chemicals such as herbicides
and pesticides, fertilizers, nutrients, oils and bacteria. In addition,
this zone detains runoff and controls erosion on streamside slopes. These
vegetated buffers provide a visually diversified landscape and contribute
to environmental quality by providing wildlife shelter, nesting sites and
food.

The present land use pattern of the Eastern Shore contains many lush
stream side forests of sufficient width to serve important protective func-
tions with respects to aquatic biota. The natural vegetation in these
buffer zones maintains the health of the aquatic system by (1) maintaining
a balanced nutrient regime, (2) moderating water temperatures by shade,
(3) providing aquatic organisms with food sources, (4) reducing the
scouring of stream bottoms and (5) preventing sedimentation through con-
trol of runoff and erosion. Thus, when retained in a natural condition,
buffer zones serve as maintenance-free "public works projects". once
destroyed, these amenities and their services are lost and are difficult,
if not impossible, to replace at reasonable cost. Functionally equiva-
lent benefits can only be attained by public expenditures for water fil-
tration, dredging, recurrent stocking of streams with fish, flood control-
programs and the creation of artificial wildlife habitats. Natural
amenities are irreplaceable.

-180-

The following discussion outlines the key features considered in the
identification of aquatic buffers and in ascertaining adequate buffer
widtq@s under varying conditions. First is described the key physical pro-
cesses which occur along water bodies and watercourses, these are then re-
lateqd to appropriate buffer widths. A discussion of possible compatible
uses is included. This discussion is detailed to provide decision makers
with a thorough understanding of the processes and considerations involved
in determining adequate widths for aquatic buffer zones.

Runoff

When rain strikes the ground it can dislodge soil particles and trans-
port,this sediment, as well as any oil residues, pesticides, fertilizers,
to watercourses. In general, it is the properties of the soil which deter-
mine whether the rain will infiltrate into the ground or move overland as
runoff to the aquatic system. If the rate of rainfall is greater than the
capacity of the soil to absorb it, or if the soil is already saturated, the
unabsorbed excess becomes overland flow, and the water and its contents can
reach the aquatic system.

If the precipitation is absorbed by the soil it may move toward the sur-
facewater system by a variety of pathways. If the soil is deep and of
fairly uniform permeability, the subsurface water moves downward to the zone
of saturation and then flows within the soil to the nearest watercourses.
(Dunne, 1974).

OVERLAND
Figure 2

Soils or rocks with varying properties may compl qicate this simple pattern
(Davis and Dewiest, 1966). Generally, ground water flows slowly, and the
unde rground paths of flow are long. Therefore, most underground flow con-
tributes only to the streamisaseflow, the basic stream flow to which
storm water is an addition.

If percolating water encounters an impeding horizon (claypan or fragi-
pan),in the subsoil, at some shallow depth part of the water will be diverted
horizontally over the impeding layer and will reach the watercourses sooner
by a shorter path. This diversion through the soil, often along the impeding
surface, is called sub-surface flow, and is one form of the general ground
flow. (June, 1974).

Where water follows this shorter path or where steeper slope gradients
occur, water may reach the stream channel more quickly than by typical ground-
water flow and may contribute to the storm peak-flow of the stream (Weyman,
1970:, Ragan, 1968). On some slopes, sub-surface flow may intersect the ground

-181-

surface and emerge as a spring or seep. The water then traverses the sur-
face of a saturated area as return flow (Dunne, 1974).

Figure 3
@Ub-6URFACE:,
RETURN, kND
6ATURATED OVERLAND
6kTU I?ATEP FLOW!b
KLMD FL6W

..........
FIZA6 I F
\0 :"i:::31Mj1P
5A-ruR A -r i ot4
OF
0 _K,

Rain falling directly onto saturated soils near streams cannot infil-
trate into the wet soil, but runs over the surface to the stream channel.'
This is termed saturated overland flow. It is impossible to separate sa-
turated overland flow from return flow and the two together are usually
considered saturated overland flow (Dunne, 1974).

Partial Areas

The occurrence of each water flow process is a function of geology,
physiography, soil properties, vegetation and land use in a particular
region. Recent studies of undeveloped watersheds in the eastern United
States and in England have shown that a saturated area adjacent to streams
contributes the greatest runoff volume during storms. A number of inves-
tigations (Table 3) support the idea that most overland flow occurs from
areas that make up no more than 107., and usually only 1-17. of a drainage
basin (Dunne and Black, 1971). Betson (1964) first discussed these areas
when he realized that only partialareas of entire basins in the Tennessee
Valley could be contributing runoff to storm flow. Hence, he coined the
term "partial area" for these saturated, often shallow, stony, or compacted
areas. This modifies the classic theory of Horton (1933) which implies
that most rainfall events exceed the infiltration capacity of the soil
and that overland flow is commonly widespread in area.

Partial areas are dynamic, expanding and contracting seasonally and
with variations in storm duration and intensity, When expanded during
storms, the outer edge of these areas can be considered the outer edge of
the functional aquatic system. Under dry conditions the areas contract.
In general, partial areas parallel the water's edge, but their shape and
size is dependent on local geology, soils, relief, vegetation and land use.
At a minimum, partial areas are critical to the protection of aquatic systems.
They are the natural zone of overland flow and are highly erodible.

Table 3. PROPONENTS OF PARTIAL AREA THEORY

S.E. Forest Exp. S.E.F.E.S. Postulate West Virginia
Station, 1962

Betson, 1964 Tennessee Valley Postulate Tennessee
Authority

Ragan, 1968 U.S. Forest Ser- Field Study Vermont
vice

Dunne and Black, McGill & Cornell Field Study Vermont
1971 Universities

Chiang, 1971 D.E.P. Penn. Computer Model Pennsylvania
(Pers. comm.)

Hills, 1971 Bristol Univ. Field Study England

Freeze, 1972a,b IBM, Thomas Computer Model New York
Watson Research (sub-surface
Center runoff)

Grubr.uck and U.S.D.A. Water- Field Study Pennsylvania
Heald,, 1974 shed Research (Phosphate
Center transport)

-183-

Soils are a good indicator of where partial areas are located. Chiang,
(1971) has recognized that certain physical soil properties help identify
the relative runoff potentials of different soils. Chiang's method of classi-
fication is an expansion of the Soil Conservation Service's Hydrologic Soils
Groups, as well as a reclassification of certain soil series (Table 4).

Table 4. RUNOFF POTENTIAL RATING TABLE (Chiang, 1971)

11 TTT TV V Vi Vii

Well Drained Moderately Somewhat Poorly Very
moderately well drained poorly crained poorly
shallow deep deep drained drained
(181.) (18"-36") (36")

1. Medium texture C or (-FD)*** +C B or (+Bq)** +C C +D D
or mixture of
coarse to fine
texture

2. Coarse texture +C or (+I))*** B +11 or (A) B +C -D D
(B)*
3. Fine texture C or (D)*** C +C or (B)** C C D D

4. Medium textured +C B +B + C C -D D
soil on vertically
fractured rock

5. Coarse textured qB + B A B + C + D D
soil on vertically
fractured rock

Revised rating for well-drained soils:
if fraqgipans or clay pans exist in deep soils
if tqhe soil is deeper than 10 ft. and ex-
cessively well drained
if the soil is less than 9" deep

qlqoq/q.

This system recognizes that shallow soils over impermeable bedrock, as well

as deep soils with shallow fragipans or clay lenses, may quickly become sa-
turated, generating runoff. This is supported by other recent studies
(Hewlett and Hibbert, 1967; Hewlett and Nutter, 1970; Whipkey, 1965). Soils
classified byhiang as D and D2q+ have high runoff potentials and are roughly
equivalent to partial areas (Chiang, 1974, pers. comm.). Where these soils
existin juxtaposition to aquatic systems, they should be considered the
outer boundaries of the aquatic system. In addition, C and C2q+ soils may be-
come sIaturated seasonally or during storms, and generate runoff. Although
these soils generate runoff less frequently, they may be included as part of
the buffer zone.

Several processes combine to reduce the infiltration capacity of the soil
during a storm. When soils are cleared of vegetation, the filling of fine
pores with water reduces capillary forces drawing water into the soil and the
storage potential of the soil is more quickly reached. If clay is present in
the soil, the clay particles swell as they become wet, reducing soil pore
size. The impact of the raindrops, the major cause of erosion, (Young and
Weirs8qma, 1973) breaks up soil aggregates, splashing fine particles over the
surface and washing them into pores where they impede infiltration. At the
beginning of a storm, percolation generally exceeds rainfall intensity and
there is little accumulation of water on the soil surface. As either the in-
tensity increases or the infiltration rate is decreased by saturation, rain-
fall exceeds infiltration capacity. At first, this excess rainfall fills
surface depressions. When the depressions become filled the excess becomes
overland flow traversing the land in a system of rills (Emmett, 1970).

Slope

Another consideration in the protection of aquatic systems from excess
runoff and siltation is the slope of the adjacent land. On slopes greater
than qiqO percent the slope of surface depressions is too steep to permit a
significant retention of water and silt (Leopold, 1968). In fact, depending
on the pattern of land management or the type of soil, surface depressions
may be absent. Where denuded slopes of greater than 10 percent occur next
to aquatic systems, particularly with soils having high erosion potentials,
they Pose a significant hazard to the aquatic system. In developing water-
sheds, where the soils are denuded of vegetation, the sediment yields in
streams can be increased to 100 times their natural rates (Wolman., 1964).
Slopes greater than 10 percent must be carefully managed, particularly
along,streams, and should be kept covered with vegetation. They should be
considered. as part of the buffer zone depending on their proximity to the
aquatic system.

Urbanization

In an urbanizing watershed, the path of surface water flow is largely
determined by sewers, roads, rooftops and other impervious surfaces and by
land uses. The two factors governing the stream flow regime are the per-
centage of the watershed area made impervious and the rate at which the
water is transmitted to stream channels. The former is governed by the type
of land use, the latter by the density, size and characteristics of tribu-
tary channels and storm sewers (Leopold, 1968). Impervious surfaces in up-
lands which are connected to aquatic systems by sewers are, in effect, man-
made partial areas. Alternative methods for infiltrating water on site,
such as pervious pavement and rooftop or other types of detention ponds,
should be given serious consideration over shunting water directly to aquatic
systems via sewers.

Surfaces such as lawns, pastures and trails are usually compacted and
may act as impervious surface. In intense storms surfaces such as lawns
become matted and runoff occurs in sheets and rills. When next to aquatic
systems, they do not provide the impediment to runoff necessary for the
system's protection. Vegetation undergoing natural succession is much more
effective in detaining and retaining runoff.

Vegetation

Vegetation protects the soil from raindrop impact, traps sediment,
and impedes overland flow. At the same time, root systems, particularly
in partial areas, absorb significant volumes of soil water during the grow-
ing season, thereby potentially increasing the infiltration capacity of
streamside soils.

The foliage and roots of streamside trees such as blackgum, willow,
red maple and beech are substantially more efficient than other plants at
removing water from the soil (Fowells, 1965; Lee, 1942). Trees also pro-
vide litter and humus which absorb and store water. Roots which penetrate
deep into the ground aerate the soil, maintaining its porosity and granular
structure (Buckman and Brady, 1974). Shade from a floodplain or streamside
forest moderates temperatures in the stream, thus buffering aquatic organisms

136

AQUATIC BUFFERS
Figure 8
j7zoge5T CAKsOPY, :5H P.00, AND CANOPY E-VAPO-`TlZAPSetF;-'0S
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LI-rTE R AND 4UMUS FOKE-5-F
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PROTECT 501 , D TM-MpE-P-ATUFLE=- FLUCTUATIONS.
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-187-

from temperature extremes. Leaf material also serves as a significant source
of food and nutrient for aquatic flora and fauna (Vannote, 1975). If vege-
tation is removed and more sunlight allowed to penetrate the water surface,
diurnal temperature fluctuations may exceed the tolerance of aquatic fauna
during one or.all of the life phases (Auberton and Patrick, 1965), meanwhile,
the food necessary for certain organisms may be eliminated by tree removal
(Vannote, 1975).

Biological Contamination

The soil is a rich medium for culturing both pathenogenic and non-path-
enogenic bacteria. The nutrient rich, moist soils of partial areas,are es-
pecially important in this respect.

Bacteria and viruses move through the soil with ground water flow. The
movement of the pollution in the soil is connected with and dependent upon
the rise and fall of the ground water table and the alternation of wet and
dry weather conditions (Stiles and Crohurst, 1923).

The soil between the highest water table level and one foot below the
lowest water table level is called the bacterial danger zone (Stiles and
Crohurst, 1923). Here the conditions are ideal for bacterial growth. Par-
tial areas often have a seasonal high water table at or near the surface,
therefore, the bacterial danger zone is at or near the surface in these
areas.

4qBAqCrqe @Z I A A qQ D V I RU-S RICW 5okl__ 15 TF+G
01@ %X -Vr_' -2-qOqWF- IDEEAL CULTUR-AIL 501 L AS
q-"Pq_Tq@AOL_C_ q-D1vm F-vp-MAWY
qWV4T TA.SLr VIRVSS AI-jL> 4qMIC2qK04q51A2qL-
t r-T f5ek-OqW 6q52qU6q62q5T4qK0qAT4qEq:
LOJEL- O;r qWATER
. . ... .. .. .
Noma 8qW Figure 9

The properties of the soil in contact with bacterial or viru lent sources
play a dominant role in the subsequent life and movement of the contaminant
(Caldwell, 1937, 1938). Soils which are very fine to fine grained sands
with a high clay content are best suited to remove biological contamination
(Romero, 1972). Bacteria in wet, nutrient rich soils have been known to
survive up to five years, however, 60-100 days is probably a more common
life span in temperate climates (Romero, 1972).

Many scientific studies report various sicknesses and epidemics caused
by viruses traveling more than 50 feet in soil. Most controlled experiments
indicate that viruses have a tendency to deteriorate within 10 feet of their
source (Romero, 1972). Significant concentrations of anaerobic bacteria pro-
bably travel 50 feet according to Caldwell (1938, 1937);and Romero (1972)
concludes that under ideal conditions the maximum travel distance of biolo-
gical contaminants within ground water ranges from 50 to 100 feet. However,
contaminant movement in non-saturated soils is considerably less than.in
saturated soils, with maximum lengths of travel appearing to be in the
vicinity of 10 feet. Bacteria or viruses might travel considerably farther

-188-

than predicted if contaminated water is intercepted by a stream during the
course of travel (Romero, 1972). If impregnated with bacteria and viruses
by septic tanks or leaky sewers, partial areas, which shed surface waters,
to streams, may become contaminated, creating a health hazard.

BACTEAIA rP_A\jr-L. SO'-(00' IN 0RUNDWATP_P,.
rOLLUTAPTS T9_,4f\JC-L VIR-US AND
MUCH L_12_ss 11`1@
NOW -SATUIZATED
Fv1,P IA AKsO \j I fZuseS j85A0C_74T 6E 4F-i A
Cft TRAVEL rn(5444T F0AV 6E L
F#,P-1-PC-IZ -T4)%,@j ?P_EPtcrE-v

. . . . . . Figure 10

Setbacks

The United States Public Health standards suggest a minimum setback of
100 feet between wells or watercourses and septic tanks (Romero, 1972). The
Maryland Health Department requires a minimum setback of 25 feet from wells
and watercourses. Romero (1972) recommends a 100 foot setback from all wells
and water bodies unless it can be shown that a shorter distance will not in-
crease the probability of contamination. Aquatic biologists and hydrologists
realize that circumstances dictate different setbacks, and that a setback of
300 feet should be recognized as a standard if all bacteria and nutrients are
to be filtered out by the soils, (Leopold, 1968; Patrick, pers. comm.)

'360' Lse-r5Ar_K :5ur,6Fs-rec> 13OLEOPOLD AND PArKicK.

106 5ETSACKSUG(51@57f=_17 By
DE.PT OF @4EALTW AND M. KOME11RO VA R 10 U 65
?-1' M I WIMUM ts-rwc
FROM WAMQcouesF_ 5F_T5ACKS
REQU19 ED IN MAIZYLA)JD
Figure 11

Using partial areas increases the accuracy of determining the length of
setbacks from water bodies and aquatic systems. The setback should be de-
lineated from the landward edge of the partial areas (D and D+soils). Thus,
while the setback is standard, the distance from the water body is variable
depending on the width of the partial area. As noted above setbacks less
than 50 feet will probably not filter out the biological and nutrient con-
taminants. Setbacks over 300 feet increase the adequacy.

The following illustrations show the considerations of soil character
and vegetation used to evaluate the adequacy of aquatic buffer zones during
the field survey of sites for this study.
T

189-

ADEQUATE

P A fz-7- IAL A F-eA

-TV
PA'R,71AL ARE@N

S U F F F--@

............. .....
. . . . . . . ........

.. .. .. ....
0 AIND V+ ot

9AFMAL
Af-E-A NARROVIJ
5 T ?--P-A M
P
-T I A L A?- F--A
AP
65@ 8t., C'
C- so I L-S 13 F F E FZ-

allESTIONADLE

5TREAM-SIDE:
FAKTIAL AF-E
5.15,11C AK6 C. I"
C+

. ....... . .
..........
FE
H A PNJ 5 CC) . . . . . . . . . . .
7 ......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PARTIAL
AREA

-TIAL
I(.. re

S' 3 T-' c-, A'tJ D

P ........... . . . . . ........
[+@\Nj 50, lilt [ImOllitl I I
I- re

Figure 12

-190-

QUIR5TIONADLE (POSS]t5LY INADEQUATE-)

PAR-TIAL AKCRA MWIMAL 50-5ACK
n 71-7
r ;T Y-@.. F\,4!@. P55 I \j E LY
D FIA I N E P 50) L--(;
So
-A, N F-0 50ILS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I.... ....... . . . .... .
............
.....................
t>P
jig",
D DT 50

ApolTIoNAL BOFFEK AREA _FA2.TIAL AP_2A
b.
- - - - - - - - - --
S_rEEP
SLOPES
-2 0

WHEM :SLc)PC-5 C4P.C-ATEZ TRAPJ
loolo ccc-uK NZ-A4Z 09- AD)AcZrs'r rO
PA F@_T I A L A?- 9:-@ , T t+EY M (6, H T
L@F_ tr-J,'_LV0GD IN T4F_ BUrF@FR
;@ofje, 416H
loc7o SL-oPF--
RUNOFF MA<C- -rl4C-SE- AIRPAG
. . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D A D P It L s
!Z- _e@, OF ?C)LLUT@ON.
0,.) 9,c

PA@Z-r I A L- A I:z EA INADEaUATP

WIPE
5T R C-A M - 5 t I? E@
174N RT I A L A F, RA

C, C+ 1-@+A E501
I L5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
. . . . . . . . . .
D AND Pt DiL

PACLTI,kL
AREA Ap- zo VV
ST REAM-
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Figure 13

GLOSSARY

Aquatic Buffer Zone - a band of vegetation contiguous with wetlands and
watercourses which protects an aquatic system from excess runoff, erosion
and contamination from non-point sources of pollution such as fertilizers
and pesticides. The width of vegetated land necessary to adequately buffer
the aquatic system varies, depending on the soil's ability to store water
and the type and extent of the vegetation in the buffer.

Aquatic System - a wetland, watercourse, or water body and contiguous areas
with D or D+ soils.

Bacterial Danger Zone - soil between the highest water table level and one
foot below the lowest water table level; where conditions are ideal for
bacterial growth.

Basal Area - the area, usually measured in square feet, of the cross-section
at breast height of a single tree or of all trees in a stand.

Baseflow - stream flow derived from deep percolation of infiltrated water
that enters the permanently saturated ground water system and discharges
into the stream channel.

Buffer - a limited use area between a developed area and a protected area.

Categories - a division within a parameter used for the purpose of scaling.

Class - a group of areas considered as a unit (e.g., wetlands, forests, fields).

Community - any assemblage of populations living in a prescribed area or
physical habitat.

Contamination - befoulment through contact with a pollutant (e.g., pesticide,
herbicide, toxic chemical, oil residue, bacteria, sediment).

Contiguous Land Use - the type of use being made of land adjacent to and
bordering a natural area.

Critical Area - areas where man's activities can have a relatively severe
impact on natural systems. Critical areas may also be habitats which are
infrequently found in a state or in the nation as a whole.

DBH - tree diameter at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground).

Detritus particles of plant matter in varying stages of decomposition.

Disturbance - a disruption, or perturbation, of an ecosystem resulting from
human activity.

Diversity - the number of different vegetation types, animal species or
physical features (e.g., streams, scarps, bogs) which the natural area contains.

Drainageway - a pathway for watershed drainage, characterized by wet soil
vegetation; often intermittent in flow.

Edaphic Climax - where topography, soil, water, fire and other disturbances
are such that the climatic climax cannot develop.

Endemic - a species of limited geographic extent.

Erodibility Coefficient - (K factor) - the erosion rate per unit of erosion
index for a specific soil in continuously cultivated fallow ground on a 9%
slope, 72.6 feet long. This factor is used by the Soil Conservation Service
to calculate the erosion from a particular soil.

Exotic species - any plant or animal species not naturally a member of the
plant community in which it is found.

Fauna - a collective term for the animal species present in an ecosystem.

Fldodplain - a,flat, low-lying area bordering a river or stream which is
flooded only at times of high water.

Flora - a collective term for-the plant species present in an ecosystem.

Fldristics plant species composition of an area.

Ground flow themovement of water within the ground.

Ground water that part of the subsurface water which is in the zone of
saturation.

Habitat - the area of residence for an animal species or a community of
species.

Home ran&e - the area to which individuals, pairs, or family groups of ver-
tebT'ates and the higher invertebrates restrict their activity.

Infiltration - the flow or movement of water through the soil surface into
the ground.

Mottling - colored spots in soil horizons which indicate the existence of
fludtuations in the ground water level.

Natural area - areas where at present natural processes predominate and are
not@significantly influenced by either deliberate manipulation or accidental
interference by man.

Nattiral integrity the degree to which a natural area is characterized by
the natural regeneration of vegetation, mature or stable vegetation and the
absence of man-induced disturbances.

Natural soils group - a new classification system of the State of Maryland's
Department of State Planning which groups soils into similar major proper-
tie: and features. The soil typologies of each county are regrouped around
six'categories of interest: agriculture, productivity, erosion susceptability,
perme
general, the natural soil groups are arranged in order of increasing limita
ability, depth of bedrock, depth of water table, and stability. In

tion for most uses.

Occurrence - the relative frequency of the vegetation type(s) or natural
features in a natural area within the context of its frequency of occur-
rence on the Delmarva Peninsula.

-193-

overland flow water flowing over the ground surface.

Parameter - a topic whose information is amenable to collection and analysis.

Partial area - dynamic, saturated, often shallow, stony or compacted areas
near streams which contribute large volumes of runoff during a storm.

Perched water table - water table above an impermeable bed underlain by
unsaturated rocks of sufficient permeability to allow movement of ground
water.

Percolation - movement under hydrostatic pressure of water through the in-
terstices of the ground.

Primary productivity - the amount of organic matter produced by photosynthe-
SIS,

Quadrat - a sampling area, usually square, of relatively small but consis-
tent size.

Return flow - subsurface'flow which intersects the ground surface and
emerges as a spring or seep.

Runoff - the discharge of water through surface streamsi expressed usually
in units of volume such as gallons, cubic feet or acre-feet.

Runoff potential - the potential of the soil to shed rainwater. The runoff
potential rating is based on soil catenas. Soils are grouped into seven
runoff potential rating categories according to.internal drainage, depth
and texture of the soil as well as subsurface soil conditions. The rating
system enables hydrologists or land management personnel to classify the
soils hydrologically. D and D+soils have the highest runoff potential
while A soils have the lowest. This system not only expands S.C,S. hydro-
logic soil groups but also includes relevant soils information to reclassify
certain soils based on recent research.

Saturated overland flow - surface water flowing over saturated soils near
streams and drainage ways.

Security - the probable period of time during which no significant man-
induced, direct or indirect alteration ofa natural area is foreseen.

Sedimentation - the process of gravitational deposition of soil and other
particles transported by water.

Soil series - a group of soils developed by the same combination of genetic
processes. Its horizons have similar differentiating characteristics and
arrangement in the soil profile and soils have developed from the same kind
of parent material. Except for the "A" horizon texture (which is used to
classify soil series into types) all soils having similar physical, chemical
and morphological characteristics such as structure, textureY pH, base.sa-
turation, organic matter content, topographic position, drainage, depth,
color, parent material and horizon thickness, type and arrangement belong
to the same series.

_194-

Soil series are named for the geographic location where they were
first described. Hence names such as Pocomoke, Sassafras, etc.

Soil type - a subdivision of the soil series based on the texture of the
"A" horizon. Soil individuals belonging to the same type have similar
characteristics as required by the soil series as well as the same sur-
face texture. Soil types derive their name by adding the surface texture
to the series name.

Subsection- a division of a natural area which reflects a discrete vege-
tation type, site-type or natural feature.

Substrate - layer beneath the soil surface.

Subsurface flow - water flowing through substrate, often along impeding
layers (fragipan) in the soil.

Succession - a systematic series of species replacement in a biological
J
system.

Transpiration giving off of moisture and gases through the surface of
leaves and other parts of a plant.

Trophic level -a step.in the food chain.

T@pe - a subdivision of a class, a group having distinguishing characteris-
tics, (e.g., pond, marsh, swamp; oak-beech, mixed oak, oak-pine).

Uplands - sites where the soil is dry or moist most of the year including
ridges, upperslopes, midslopes, lowerslopes and well drained stream ter-
races.

Vegetation - the mosaic of plant communities in the landscape.

Ve getation. structure - the density and distribution of leaf surfaces ver-
tically and horizontally. Canopy, understory, shrub and herb layers are
common descriptions of vegetation structure.

Vegetation types - an assemblage of plants consisting of particular species
composition. The vegetation type is named for the dominant or co-dominant
species. Vegetation types such as "Oak-Hickory" or "Bald cypress", may
include as many as 20 different species of trees, as well as numerous shrubs
and herbs. In some cases the transition between adjacent types are gradual;
therefore the description given the vegetation type is more typical of the
center of the type than its edge.

Water table - the highest level at which the soil or underlying rock mate-
ridl is wholly saturated with water. In certain places a perched water
table may be separated from a lower water table by a dry zone.

Well drained soil - soils nearly free of mottling and commonly of an inter-
mediate texture.

Wetland - any area where the water table stands at or above the land sur-
face for at least part of the year. Wetlands are described according to
the degree of wetness and the type of vegetation which the site supports.

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