[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                       Management Plan
                       January 1991


        C                                                             BAY
        morell mg, AL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM
         VIRGINIA









                       Commonwealth of Virginia
                       L. Douglas Wilder, Governor

                       Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                       The College of William and Mary
                       P.O. Box 1346
                       Gloucester Point, Va. 23062
      QH
      76.5             U.S. Department of Commerce
      .C48             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
      M36              National Ocean Service
      1991             Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                       1825 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
              HESAP AKE

















                       Washington, D.C. 20235




                                   Management Plan
                                   January 1991


                CH SAP                                                                         B
                   NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM
                 NARGINIA




                                                 U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                 COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                 CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413




                                                       Property of (7SC Libra--y




                                   Commonwealth of Virginia
                                   L Douglas Wilder, Governor

                                   Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                                   The College of William and Mary
                                   P.O. Box 1346
                                   Gloucester Point, Va. 23062

              Qj                   U.S. Department of Commerce
                                   National Oceanic- and Atmospheric Administration
             Cb                    National Ocean Service
                                   Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                                   1825 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
                                   Washington, D.C. 20235
                                                                   AKE AY










               A%
                No





                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

                      LIST OF FIGURES               ................................................................................................................... viii
                      LIST OF TABLES              ....................................................................................................................... ix
                      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                      ............................................................................................................ Yd
                      INTRODUCTION                .......................................................................................................................I
                      Chesapeake Bay-Virginia: A Reserve's Beginnings                            ..................................................................1
                      Segmentation by Salinity: Representative Sites                       .........................................................................I
                      Site Assessment and Selection                ....................................................................................................5
                      Plan for Reserve Management                   ...................................................................................................5
                      MANAGEMENT BACKGROUND                              .............................................................................................6
                      The Multi-Site System             .................................................................................................................6
                      Relationship with the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
                      Research Reserve in Maryland                  ...................................................................................................6
                      The Virginia Components, and How They Are Related                                ...........................................................7
                      Site Locations and Access              ...........................................................................................................8

                      TUE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT                             .......................................................................................... 11
                      Hydrology and Climate              ............................................................................................................. 11
                      Geology and Soils           ...................................................................................................................... 17
                      Biology      ....................................................................................................................................... 28
                             Habitats and Vegetative Communities                     ............................................................................. 28
                             Fauna     .................................................................................................................................. 42
                      THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT                            .............................................................................................. 44
                      Goodwin Islands           ........................................................................................................................ 44
                             History and Socioeconomics                 ............................................................................................ 44
                             Cultural Resources           ............................................................................................................ 44
                             Present Uses       ....................................................................................................................... 44
                             Local Activities That Might Affect the Site                   ...................................................................... 45
                      Catlett Islands        ............................................................................................................................ 45
                             History and Socioeconomics                 ............................................................................................ 45
                             Cultural Resources           ............................................................................................................ 46
                             Present Uses       ....................................................................................................................... 46
                             Local Activities That Might Affect the Site                   ...................................................................... 46
                      Taskinas Creek         ........................................................................................................................... 47
                             History and Socioeconomics                 ............................................................................................ 47
                             Cultural Resources           ............................................................................................................ 47
                             Present Uses       .........................................................................o ............................................. 47
                             Local Activities That Might Affect the Site                   ...................................................................... 48
                      Sweet Hall Marsh          ....................................................................................................................... 48
                             History and Socioeconomics                 ............................................................I................................ 48
                             Cultural Resources           ............................................................................................................ 48







                       Present Uses          ....................................................................................................................... 48
                       Local Activities That Might Affect the Site                         ...................................................................... 49
                ADMINISTRATION                  .................................  ................................................................................. 49
                Administrative Framework                   .....................  .................................................................................. 49
                       Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary                                             ...................... 50
                       The Board of Visitors, The College of William and Mary                                     .............................................. 50
                       Endowment Association of the College of William and Mary in Virginia Inc                                               . ............. 50
                       Virginia Council on the Environment                          ............................................................................. 50
                       Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation                                     .................................................. 51
                       Other Relevant Agencies                  .................................................................................................. 51
                       Private Landowners               ........................................................................................................... 51
                       Advisory Committees                 ........................................................................................................ 51
                       Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, National Oceanic and
                       Atmospheric Administration                     ............................................................................................ 51
                Staffing Requirements, Roles and Responsibilities                                ................................................................ 52
                       Director       ............................................................................................................................... 52
                       Research Coordinator                ....................................................................................................... 53
                       Education Coordinator                  ..................................................................................................... 53
                       Marine Scientist/Laboratory Technician                            ........................................................................ 54
                       Administrative Assistant/Office Manager                            ....................................................................... 55
                Advisory Committee Roles and Responsibilities                              ..................................................................... 55
                       Resource-Protection Advisory Committee                             ....................................................................... 55
                       Research and Monitoring Advisory Committee                                 .............................................................. 56
                       Education Advisory Committee                        ....................................................................................... 56
                Five-Year Plan of Activities and Staffing                      ................................................................................... 56
                       Five-Year Activities Plan             ..................................................................................................... 56
                       Five-Year Staffing Plan             ....................................................................................................... 57
                PROGRAM GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES                                                ........................................................ 57
                Mission, Goals and Objectives                   .................................................................................................. 57
                       Resource-Protection Goal                  ................................................................................................. 57
                       Resource-Protection Objectives                     ........................................................................................ 57
                       Research Goal           .................................................................................................................... 57
                       Research Objectives               .......................................................................................................... 57
                       Education Goal            .................................................................................................................. 59
                       Education Objectives                ........................................................................................................ 59
                Site Boundaries and Acquisition Strategy                          ............................................................................... 60
                Resource-Protection Plan                  ......................................................................................................... 64
                       Management Policies                 ........................................................................................................ 64
                       State and Local Regulations Affecting Reserve Sites                                ...................................................... 66
                       Existing Permits and Licenses                    .......................................................................................... 68
                       Reserve-Specific Permits                ................................................................................................... 68
                       Surveillance and Enforcement                      ......................................................................................... 68







                                                                                         iv







                         MANAGEMENT ISSUES                         .......................................................................................................... 68
                         Environmental Conditions within the York River Basin                                    ......................................................... 69
                                 The need to maintain the productivity and diversity of coastal habitats
                                 within the York River basin in the face of accelerated population growth
                                 and coastal development                   ................................................................................................. 69
                                 The need to maintain freshwater flow regimes necessary to sustain
                                 estuarine habitats within the York River basin                           ................................................................. 69
                         Environmental Conditions within Site Boundaries                                  ................................................................ 70
                         Program Development and Administration                                ............................................................................ 71
                                 The need to develop independent but complementary Reserve
                                 programs in Maryland and Virginia recognizing the Chesapeake
                                 Bay as one natural system                .................................................................................................. 71
                                 The need to develop the Reserve program within the framework of
                                 the Chesapeake Bay Program and the Virginia Coastal Resource
                                 Management Program                    ...................................................................................................... 71
                                 The need to provide continuing oversight of program administration
                                 and accomplishments                 ........................................................................................................ 71
                         Research and Monitoring at Reserve Sites                            .............................................................................. 71
                                 The need to support long-term studies                          ........................................................................... 71
                                 The need to develop a monitoring program                              ...................................................I................ 72
                                 The need to promote non-destructive, non-manipulative research                                            .............................. @72
                                 The need to link the Reserve and the scientific community                                     .......................................... 72
                                 The need to provide for the transfer of scientific information
                                 to coastal decisionmakers                 ................................................................................................. 72
                                 The need to develop and maintain computer-based interactive database
                                 and geographic information analysis capabilities                              .........*.................................................. 72
                                 The need for peer review of proposals and technical reports                                     ........................................ 72
                         Education, Interpretation and Visitor-Use Programs                                  ............................................................. 73
                                 The need to tailor education, interpretation and other visitor-use
                                 programs to Reserve site needs and constraints                              ............................................................. 73
                                 The need to establish a research, education or visitor center as part
                                 of the overall Reserve management strategy                            ................................................................... 73
                                 The need to enhance public awareness of the Research Reserve program
                                 and its role in the Chesapeake Bay Program                            ................................................................... 73
                         PUBLIC ACCESS PLAN                       ........................................................................................................... 73
                         Background            ............................................................................................................................... 73
                         Access Rules and Schedules                    ...................................................................................................... 74
                         RESEARCH AND MONITORING PIAN                                       ................................................................................ 77
                         Research Priorities             .................................................................................................................... 77
                                 National Priorities for the National Estuarine Research Reserve System                                            ...................... 77
                                 Chesapeake Bay Program Priorities                         ................................................................................. 78



                                                                                                  V







                      System-Wide Research Priorities                  ...................................................................................... 80
                      Site-Specific Research Priorities               ......................................................................................... 81
               Monitoring         ................................................................................................................................. 84
               Research Policies and Procedures                   ............................................................................................ 85
                      Types of Proposals           ............................................................................................................. 85
                      Funding       .............................................................................................................................. 85
                      Research Announcement and Prospectus                          ....................................................................... 85
                      Annual Proposal Timetable                 .............................................................................................. 86
                      Proposal Review          ................................................................................................................. 86
                      Reports      ............................................................................................................................... 86
               Research Support            ...................................................................................................................... 86
               Information Dissemination                 ....................................................................................................... 87
               Review and Evaluation              .............................................................................................................. 87

               RESTORATION PLAN                    ............................................................................................................. 88
               Resource Degradation at the Reserve Sites                      ............................................................................. 88
               Guidelines for Restoration               ....................................................................................................... 89
                      Determine the extent and severity of resource degradation                              .......................................... 89
                      Convene expert panel and set goals for restoration                          ....................................................... 89
                      Synthesize existing information and evaluate results of similar projects                                ...................... 89
                      Design and implement project                  ......................................................................................... 89
                      Monitor results and evaluate success of restoration                        ....................................................... 89

               EDUCATION PLAN                  ................................................................................................................. 89

               Framework         ................................................................................................................................. 89
               Opportunities for and Limitations to On-Site Education                             ...................................................... 90
                      Evaluation Procedure              ....................................................................................................... 90
                      On-Site Potential: Taskinas Creek                 .................................................................................... 91
                      On-Site Potential: Goodwin Islands                   ................................................................................. 92
                      On-Site Potential: Sweet Hall Marsh                   ................................................................................ 92
                      On-Site Potential: Catlett Islands               ..................................................................................... 92
               On-Site Education Programs                 .................................................................................................... 93
                      Current Programs: Taskinas Creek                    .......I........................................................................... 93
                      Current Programs: Goodwin Islands                      ............................................................................... 95
                      Current Programs: Sweet Hall Marsh                     .............................................................................. 95
                      Current Programs: Catlett Islands                  ................................................................................... 96
               Expansion of Education Programs                     .......................................................................................... 96
                      Taskinas Creek         ................................................................................................................... 96
                      Goodwin Islands           ................................................................................................................ 97
                      Sweet Hall Marsh           ............................................................................................................... 97
                      Catlett Islands       .................................................................................................................... 97
               On-Site Interpretive Media                ...................................................................................................... 98
                      Current Media: Taskinas Creek                  ........................................................................................ 98
                      Current Media: Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands and Sweet Hall Marsh                                    ...................... 98





                                                                                  Vi






                       Expansion of Interpretive Media                       ............................................................................................. 98
                               Taskinas Creek           ................................................................................................................... 98
                               Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands and Sweet Hall Marsh                                   ............................................... 100
                       Off-Site Programs and Media                     ................................................................................................. 100
                               Mobile Exhibits          ................................................................................................................ 100
                               Presentations          ................................................................................................................... 100
                               Outreach to Schools               ........................................................................................................ 100

                       VOLUNTEERPLAN                      ............................................................................................................... 100
                       Organization           ............................................................................................................................ 101
                       Scope      ........................................................................................................................................ 102
                       Volunteer Teams             ...................................................................................................................... 102
                               General Education Teams                   ............................................................................................... 102
                               Site-Specific Education Teams                    ........................................................................................ 103
                               Research Teams             ............................................................................................................... 103
                               Administration Teams                 ..................................................................................................... 104
                       FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN                                  .................................................................................... 104
                       Existing Facilities          ..................................................................................................................... 105
                       Facility and Improvement Needs                        ............................................................................................ 108
                       REFERENCES               .................................................................................................  ....................... 112
                       APPENDIX A              ........................................................................................................................... 117
                       Conservation Easements, Management Agreements and Memoranda
                       of Understanding              .................................................................................................................... 117
                               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the
                               Commonwealth of Virginia                    ............................................................................................. 119
                               Virginia Institute of Marine Science and Virginia Department
                               of Conservation and Recreation, Division of State Parks                                  ............................................. 123
                               Private Landowners               ......................................................................................................... 137
                       APPENDIX B              ........................................................................................................................... 169
                       Management Policies for York River Sites                          ................................I ............................................. 169
                       Relevant State Statutes and Regulations Affecting Proposed Reserve Sites                                             ........................ 172
                       Federal jurisdictions Affecting Proposed Reserve Sites                                  ....................................................... 176
                       State jurisdictions Affecting Proposed Reserve Sites                               ............................................................ 177












                                                                                               VU





                 LIST OF FIGURES

                 Certificate of Designation of the Reserve                    ............................................................................... xiii
                 Aerial Photographs of Reserve Sites                  ........................................................................................ xiv
                   1    Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System
                        in Virginia and Maryland             .....................................................................................................2
                   2    National Estuarine Research Reserve System                        ....................................................................3
                   3    Chesapeake Bay Segmentation Scheme                         ............................................................................4
                   4    Goodwin Islands: Poquoson West, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)                                    .........................9
                   5    Catlett Islands: Clay Bank, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)                             .................................... 10
                   6    Taskinas Creek: Gressitt, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)                            ....................................... 12
                   7    Sweet Hall Marsh: New Kent, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)                                 ............................... 13
                   8    Sweet Hall Marsh: NOAA Nautical Chart 12243, Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers                                             ..... 16
                   9    Goodwin Islands Soils Map                ............................................................................................... 18
                 10     Catlett Islands Soils Map            ................................................................................................... 20
                 11     Taskinas Creek Preliminary Geologic Map                        ..................................................................... 24
                 12     Taskinas Creek Soils Map             .................................................................................................. 26
                 13     Sweet Hall Marsh Soils Map                ............................................................................................. 29
                 14     Goodwin Islands Wetlands Map                   ........................................................................................ 31
                 15     Catlett Islands Wetlands Map               ........................................................................................... 34
                 16     Taskinas Creek Wetlands Map                  .......................................................................................... 37
                 17     Sweet Hall Marsh Wetlands Map                   ...................................................................................... 40
                 18     Catlett Islands Property Boundaries                   ................................................................................ 63
                 19     Sweet Hall Marsh Property Boundaries                      ........................................................................... 65

                 20     Trails at York River State Park              .......................................................................................... 94

                 21     First-Floor Offices in Brown House, VIMS                      .................................................................... 106

                 22     Second-Floor Offices in Brown House, VIMS                          ............................................................... 107
                 23     East Wing of Visitor Center, York River State Park                        ....................................................... 110
                 24     West Wing of Visitor Center, York River State Park                        ....................................................... Ill






                                                                                  Viii





                       LIST OF TABLES

                        1 Goodwin Islands Soils                ........................................................................................................ 19

                        2    Catlett Islands Soils         ............................................................................................................ 21

                        3    Taskinas Creek Soils            .......................................................................................................... 27

                        4    Sweet Hall Marsh Soils             ...................................................................................................... 30

                        5    Goodwin Islands Wetland Acreage                     ................................................................................... 32
                        6    Catlett Islands Wetland Acreage                 ....................................................................................... 35
                        7    Taskinas Creek Wetland Acreage                   ...................................................................................... 38
                        8    Sweet Hall Marsh Wetland Acreage                     ................................................................................. 41

                        9    Five-Year Activities Plan           ..................................................................................................... 58

                       10    Five-Year Staffing Plan           ....................................................................................................... 60

                       11    Visitor Center Functions              ................................................................................................... 74

                       12    Research Proposal Timetable, FYI 991                      ............................................................................ 86
                       13    Reserve Equipment Inventory                   .......................................................................................... 87
                       14    Evaluation of On-Site Education Opportunities                          ............................................................. 91
                       15    Inventory of Environmental Education Equipment at York River State Park                                        ............... 99

                       16    Distances and Travel Times between VIMS and Reserve Sites                                 ..................................... 108

                       17    Recreation and Park Facilities at York River State Park                         ................................................ 109

                       18    Buildings at York River State Park                 .................................................................................. 109


















                                                                                        ix





              ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                                         The Research and Information Needs
                                                                   Committee included William Apperson, De-
                The Final Environmental Impact State-              partment of Forestry; Stuart Bass, York
              ment/Final Management Plan (Chesape                  County; Rick Berquist, Department of Mines,
                                                             ak'   Minerals and Energy; Steve Brock, Depart-
              Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Sys-         ment of Game and Inland Fisheries; Arthur
              tem in Virginia, 1991) was published in Janu-        Butt, State Water Control Board; Chris Daw-
              ary 1991, prepared by the following project          son, James City County; Maurice P. Lynch,
              team at VIMS: Carroll Curtis, project direc-         The College of William and Mary; Tom Mo-
              tor and Reserve director through March 1992;         dena, Department of Waste Management;
              Sandra Hartenstine, research assistant; Paula        Bob Munson, Department of Conservation
              Hill, research assistant; and Tammy Rowe, lab-       and Recreation; Chip Neikirk, Virginia Ma-
              oratory technician.                                  rine Resources Commission; Mitchell Nor-
                Extracted from that publication, this man-         man, Department of Game and Inland Fish-
              agement plan was prepared in 1992-93 un-             eries; Sarah Pugh, Department of Agriculture
              der the direction of Maurice P. Lynch, Re-           and Consumer Services; Chuck Rosenburg,
              serve director, and with the help of Carroll         Department of Game and Inland Fisheries;
              Curtis. Bland Crowder, education coordina-           Mel Thomas, Department of Highways and
              tor and communicator, edited and designed            Transportation; and Cloyde Wiley, Depart-
              the plan. Lisa Ayers, graduate assistant, was        ment of Health.
              the editorial assistant.                                The assistance and support of the follow-
                Portions of the management plan were de-           ing sections at VIMS helped make this effort
              veloped by Carvel Blair (research and moni-          possible: Sponsored Research, Jane Lopez and
              toring plan), Mary Causey (volunteer plan)           Gayle Layman; Purchasing, John Wilkins and
              and Carol Rideout (education plan).                  Ned Hedrick; Vessels Operations, George Pon-
                Many other organizations and individuals           gonis, Sharon Miller and Raymond Forrest;
              helped in site evaluation, designation, and          Report Center, Ruth Hershner, Janet Walker
              development of the management plan. 1he              and Valise Jackson; Printing, Sylvia Motley;
              York Chapter of the Chesapeake Bay Foun-             Wetlands Department, Carl Hershner, Gene
              dation was particularly supportive.                  Silberhorn and Jim Perry; and the Dean and
                The Education Planning Committee and               Director's Office, Frank 0. Perkins, Hank
              the Research and Information needs Commit-           Humphreys, Sarah Hannick, Claudia Walthall
              tee were particularly helpful in providing           and Debbie McGee.
              guidance for this management plan. The Edu-             Many individuals and representatives of lo-
              cation Planning Committee included Lynn              cal, state and federal government reviewed
              Clements, Virginia Marine Science Museum;            this document and offered valuable com-
              Joseph D. Exhne; Virginia Department of Ed-          ments. In particular, we would like to thank
              ucation; Lee Lawrence, Virginia Institute of         Reed Bohne and Patmarie Maher of NOAXs
              Marine Science, Sea Grant Marine Education           Sanctuaries and Reserves Division and Steph-
              Program; Viva Pizer, Chesapeake Bay Foun-            anie Turner of York River State Park.
              dation; Barbara Sills, Virginia Living Museum;
              Stephanie Turner, superintendent, York River
              State Park; Octavia Cubbins, The Mariners
              Museum; Susan Gilley, Virginia Department
              of Game and Inland Fisheries; Maurice P,
              Lynch, The College of William and Mary; Ann
              Regn, Council on the Environment; Ethel
              Story, York County School System; and Holly
              Walker, Virginia Department of Conservation
              and Recreation.



                                                                X1





                                 W Of
                                         UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                         The Under Secretary for
                                     4F  Oceans and Atmosphere
                                         Washington, O.C. 20230






                         DESIGNATION OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
                  NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE IN VIRGINIA
                  GOODWIN ISLANDS, CATLETT ISIANDS1 TASKINAS CREEK
                          AND SWEET HALL MARSH COMPONENTS

         consistent with the provisions of section 315 of the Coastal Zone
         Management Act, 16 U.S.C. ï¿½ 1461, the Commonwealth of Virginia
         has met the following conditions to establish Goodwin Islands,
         Catlett Islands, Taskinas Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh as
         components of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research
         Reserve in Virginia.

              1) Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands, Taskinas Creek, and
         Sweet Hall Marsh are representative ecosystems that are suitable
         for long-term.research and contribute to the biogeographical and
         topological balance of the National Estuarine Reserve Research
         System.

              2) Virginia state laws provide long-term protection for
         reserve resources to ensure a stable environment for research.

              3) Designation of Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands,
         Taskinas Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh as reserve components will
         serve to enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine
         areas and provide suitable opportunities for public education and
         interpretation.

             4) The Commonwealth of Virginia has complied with the
         requirements of the regulations relating to designation of a
         National Estuarine Research Reserve.

         Accordingly, I hereby designate the areas of Goodwin Islands,
         Catlett Islands, Taskinas Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh as
         components of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research
         Reserve in Virginia, the boundaries of which are specified in the
         final management plan.



                                                           -Ir
                                       j       iknauss/
                                         n   Secretary for Oceans
                                            and Atmosphere
                                 ru






                                     @
                                                 nauss-'
                                              e  retary
                                                  tmosp
                                            and A








                                           idU
                                                          THE ADMINISTRATOR





            THE FOUR YORK RIVER RESERVE SITES

            Goodwin Islands














                                                          Catlett Islands















            Taskinas Creek














                                                          Sweet Hall Marsh
















                                                       3dv




             INTRODUCTION                                        of the District of Columbia; the chair of the
                                                                 Chesapeake Bay Commission; and the admin-
                                                                 istrator of the Environmental Protection
                The Chesapeake Bay, the nation's largest         Agency, representing the U.S. government,
             estuary, lies within its own sub-biogeographic      established as one of the Bay region's research
             region, the Virginian Province'   which extends     support priorities the "establishment of a sys-
             from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. The Chesa-          tem of research reserves which will provide
             peake Bay proper is approximately 200 miles         the research community with sites for long@-
             long, running from the Virginia capes at its        term habitat focused research that will be pro-
             mouth to the Coniwingo Dam on the Susque-           tected as far as possible from immediate
             hanna. River in Maryland. The fidal Bay and         threats from development."
             its tributaries are shared by the states of Mary-      It is within this context that the Common-
             land and Virginia and touch upon the Dis-           wealth of Virginia began its planning for the
             trict of Columbia. The 64,000-square-mile           Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research
             drainage basin extends into Pennsylvania,           Reserve System in Virginia. The Virginia In-
             Delaware, West Virginia and New York.               stitute of Marine Science, a component of
                Both Maryland and Virginia are develop-          The College of William and Mary and the
             ing and administering multiple-site compo-          Commonwealth's designated marine research
             nents of a National Estuarine Research Re-          laboratory, was designated by the governor
             serve (Figure 1). Each state is developing a        to take the lead role in establishing a suit-
             system that best meets its needs, but both are      able research reserve system for the Com-
             coordinating their efforts to ensure that rep-      monwealth.
             resentative habitats of the Chesapeake, "the           When the Commonwealth's Chesapeake
             nation's estuary," are well represented within      Bay concerns were reviewed, it soon became
             the National Estuarine Research Reserve Sys-        apparent that the greatest concerns focused
             tem.                                                on the major Western Shore tributaries,
                The National Estuarine Research Reserve          mainly the James, York, Rappahannock and
             System (Figure 2) was established in 1972 as        Potomac rivers. It was decided that an estua-
             the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program un-        rine research reserve system suitable for Vir-
             der Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Manage-         ginia would have to contain the range of habi-
             ment Act. In April 1986, the name of the            tats found along both the tributaries and the
             program was changed to the National Estua-          mainstem of the Bay. In addition, because
             rine Research Reserve System by the Coastal         different land-use patterns characterize the
             Zone Reauthorization Act of 1985. At the            drainage basin of each tributary, sites should
             same time, the role of the Research Reserves        be selected on each tributary and along the
             in addressing national estuarine research and       mainstem. to allowresearch on and monitor-
             management issues was emphasized, as was            ing of the effects of development in those
             the need to make maximum use of the sys-            drainage basins.
             tem for research purposes through coordina-
             tion.with NOAA and other federal and state          SEGMENTATION BY SALINITY
             agencies that sponsor estuarine research. The       REPRESENTATIVE SITES
             program is administered within the Sanctu-             A research reserve planning group re-
             aries and Reserves Division of the National
             Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.             viewed various schemes devised to divide the
                                                                 Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries into sub-
             CHESAPEAKE BAY-VIRGINIA:                            sections, settling on a segmentation scheme,
             A RESERVE'S BEGINNINGS                              developed in the early days of the Chesapeake
                In July 1988, the Chesapeake Executive           Ba@ Restoration program, that divides the
                                                                 main tributaries into three segments, a lower
             Council, made up of the governors of Mary-          estuarine reach, a .transition zone, and a tidal
             land, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the mayor          freshwater reach. It also divides the mainstein





             Figure I
             CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM
             IN VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND










                                                                        c


                                                          Otter Point    Cr
                                         BALTIMO.R.E  3-1


                                                                                               .4RE
                        -WASHINGTON                                                           *4 r




                                      mav
                                      mav
                                 Jug
                                      may f..











                                                                          moule   Bay
                                          c



                        .. .. ......



                                                             Ax
                                                                  V





                               rah



                                  Creek

                                                              lands  0.
                                                     lett  zo


                              W.
                                                        Goodwin Islands
                                 ..... .....

                                                 . . .... .





               0      10     20     30


                       NAUTICAL MILES
                                                           0



                                                                2





              Figure 2
              NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM







                                 Padilla Bay
                                                                                                 St. Lawrenc
                                                                                                 River Basin     Wells

                                                                                                                Great Bay
                    South Sloug                                                                                 Waquoit Bay
                                                                                                                Narragansett Bay
                                                                             Old
                                                                                                           Dclaware

               San Francisco Bay
                                                                                                           Chesapeake Bay. MD
                                                                                                           Chcsapcakc l1av. VA
                   Elkhorn Slough
                                                                                                           North Carolina
                                    . ........
                                                                                                         North Inlet
                                                                                                       ACE Basin
                           Tijuana River 0
                                                                                                       pclo Island


                   Waimanu                                                                    Ap       la
                                                                                        ecks
                   Valley, HI
                                                                                        Bay
                                     A Proposed
                                                                                          Rookery Bay
                                     0   Designated                                                           Jobo% Bay. PR



























                                                                    3





               Figure 3
               CHESAPEAKE BAY SEGMENTATION SCHEME







                      Tidal Freshwater Reach



                      Transition Zone



                      Lower Estuarine Reach



                      Upper Middle Bay


                      Lower Middle Bay


                      Lower Bay West


                      Lower Bay East


                      Bay Mouth


                           EMBAYMENTS



                      Upper Middle

               L-0    Upper Eastern

                      Lower Middle



                      Lower Western

                                                                                              fto- @Ooo



                                                                                              o.


                                                                                              oo
                                                                                              INO ... I.,.
                                                                                               o"O

                                                                                            ININI.*
                                                                                                        0





                                                                                                -0.

















                                                                       4





               of the Bay into a number of embayments and            of the York River (Mo1jack embayment), the
               distinct segments. The overall planning goal          Catlett Islands in the lower transitional reach,
               became the location and designation of at             Taskinas Creek in the transition zone, and
               least one representative habitat in each des-         Sweet Hall Marsh in the tidal freshwater Pam-
               ignated section. On that basis, the Chesa-            unkey River. The landowners of these prop-
               peake Bay National Estuarine Research Re-             erties were contacted, and most agreed to
               serve System in Virginia eventually might in-         enter into various legal agreements with VIMS
               clude more than 20 sites.                             and William and Mary, allowing their hold-
                  It was decided to develop the program              ings to be incorporated into the program.
               tributary by tributary, starting with the York        The specific agreements are included as Al>-
               River system, the MoIjack embayment, the              pendix A.
               York proper and the Pamunkey River, high-
               lighting the importance of including sites rep-       PLAN FOR RESERVE
               resenting the salinity regimes along an estu-         MANAGEMENT
               ary. The York River was chosen first because            This Management Plan details the objec-
               of logistics: site identification would be easier     tives and goals of the research, education,
               on the York because VIMS was located in its,          monitoring and resource management plans
               lower estuarine reach, allowing development           for the York River component of the Reserve.
               and testing of a site evaluation scheme on an         In addition to the specific details that are
               estuarine system familiar to VIMS scientists          spelled out in this document, the Reserve
               and staff.                                            will be managed in accordance with the Na-
                                                                     tional Estuarine Research Reserve System Pro-
               SITE ASSESSMENT                                       gram Regulations promulgated by NOAA in
               AND SELECTION                                         the Federal Register The version current as of
                  The effort began with reevaluation of all          January 1991 is included in the Final Envi-
               areas listed in an early Smithsonian compila-         ronmental Impact Statement/Final Manage-
               tion of coastal natural areas of the Chesa-           ment Plan for the Reserve (Chesapeake Bay
               peake Bay, providing a list of 18 sites in the        National Estuarine Research Reserve System
               York system. Those sites were evaluated using         in Virginia, 1991) and therefore is not repro-
               the general criteria promulgated by NOAA!s            duced here.
               Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Man-               Characterization of the York River sites in-
               agement, as expanded by VIMS to fit the spe-          cluded compilation of species lists. The spe-
               cific situation found in Virginia's portion of        cies lists also were included in the Final Envi-
               the Chesapeake Bay.                                   ronmental Impact Statement/Final Manage-
                  Each site initially identified was ranked in       ment Plan for the Reserve (Chesapeake Bay
               terms of biological representation, ecologi:-         National Estuarine Research Reserve System
               cal characteristics, naturalness, research po-        in Virginia, 1991) and are not presented here.
               tential, educational opportunities, and man-            After the York River component is desig-
               agement considerations. This process used             nated, site selection Will move to the Poto-
               expert panels made up of state, federal and           mac and Rappahannock river basins. When
               local agency personnel and scientists from            those tributary sites are identified and under
               several Virginia colleges and universities.           review by NOAA and other state, federal and
               Close coordination was maintained with citi-          local agencies, the site identification process
               zen organizations and several industry lead-          will move to the James River, the mainstem,
               ers in the York basin.                                and other embayments on the Eastern and
                  By this process, four sites were identified        Western shores of the Bay.
               as priority candidates for inclusion in the York
               River component of the Chesapeake Bay Na-
               tional Estuarine Research Reserve System in
               Virginia: the Goodwin Islands at the mouth


                                                                  5




            MANAGEMENT                                          pansion. The need for further program ex-
                                                                pansion will be assessed after the second phase
            BACKGROUND                                          is completed. When fully established, the
                                                                Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research
            THE MULTI-SITE SYSTEM                               Reserve System in Virginia could have as many
                                                                as 20 Reserve sites.
              As the nation's largest estuary, the Chesa-          The first components, located within the
            peak 'e Bay contains a diverse collection of        York River basin, are: (1) Goodwin Islands,
            habitats and salinity regimes and is subject to     at the mouth of the York River offshore a
            different human stresses in various locations.      moderately dense residential and industrial
            In light of these differences, selecting one        area of Yorktown; (2) Catlett Islands, in an
            Reserve site to characterize the Chesapeake         area of increasing residential density on the
            Bay was neither appropriate nor practical. To       north shore of the York River; (3) Taskinas
            develop a more accurate picture of the Bay          Creek, within York River State Park, sur-
            conditions, the Commonwealth of Virginia            rounded by low to moderately dense rural
            and NOAA agreed to a multiple-site Chesa-           development on the south shore of the York
            peake Bay National Estuarine Research Re-           River; and (4) Sweet Hall Marsh, in a low-
            serve System in Virginia which collectively rep-    density, rural area along the Pamunkey River,
            resent Virginia's Chesapeake Bay. The multi-        a tidal tributary to the York River.
            site system better reflects the diversity ofhabi-
            tats in the Chesapeake Bay subregion and
            permits development of complementary re-            RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
            search and education programs within the            CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL
            components of the Reserve. It maximizes the         ESTUARINE RESEARCH
            application of research and monitoring re-          RESERVE IN MARYLAND
            sults to pertinent management decisions at
            state and local levels. In addition, multiple          The goal of the National Estuarine Re-
            sites make education programs available to a        search Reserve System is to represent, with at
            greater percentage of the state populace than       least one estuarine Reserve, each biogeo-
            would be reached by a single site.                  graphic region of the United States and to
              The designation of sites is being conducted       represent the major estuarine types found in
            in phases, with each phase corresponding to         each region. Usually an estuary is represented
            specific geographic regions of the Virginia         by a single state and a single National Estua-
            portion of the Chesapeake Bay and its dde-          rine Research Reserve. However, the Chesa-
            water tributaries. For administrative purposes,     peake Bay, because of its large size and diver-
            these regions are grouped as follows: York          sity, cannot be easily represented by a single
            River basin; Rappahannock River and Poto-           Reserve. Therefore, the Commonwealth of
            mac River (Virginia shoreline) basins; James        Virginia and the State of Maryland has each
            River basin and Western Shore of the Chesa-         been given the opportunity to have a.Chesa-
            peake Bay; and Eastern Shore (Bayside) of           peake Bay National Estuarine Research Re-
            the Chesapeake Bay. An assessment of the            serve System.
            York River basin sites has been completed;             In order to create strong research and edu-
            this management plan addresses the designa-         cational programs and a comprehensive sys-
            tion of York River sites. It is anticipated that    tem of Reserve sites throughout the Chesa-
            the next phase of site selection, nomination,       peake Bay, Virginia and Maryland have coor-
            and designation (i.e., for sites in the Rappa-      dinated many of their efforts. One of the first
            hannock and Potomac River basins) will be-          actions taken in 1986 was to meet and de-
            gin after the designation of York River sites,      velop compatible site selection criteria. This
            contingent upon the availability of funds and       ensured that sites eventually selected in the
            demonstrated public interest in program ex-         two states would be complementary and
                                                                would form a comprehensive Bay-wide net-


                                                              6





              work of Research Reserves. The major cat-           ment Association of the College of William
              egories for site selection included represen-       and Mary in Virginia Inc. to the College's
              tativeness value for research, value for educa-     Board of Visitors for incorporation into the
              tion, and practical management consider-            Reserve System.
              ations.
                 The need to establish a system of Research          The CATLETT ISLANDS are located ap-
              Reserve sites throughout the Chesapeake Bay         proximately 19 nautical miles (nmi) from the
              is recommended in the Compnhensive Research         mouth of the York River and represent
              Plan for the Chesapeake Bay Program (Chesa-         mesohaline conditions (8-18 ppt). They lie
              peake Executive Council, 1988a). It is antici-      within the lower estuarine reaches of the York
              pated that once sites are designated, scien-        River. The islands consist of parallel ridges of
              tists from the Bay community may elect to           forested wetlands surrounded by extensive
              use any combination of the sites in Virginia        saltmarshes along with adjacent shallow bot-
              and Maryland suitable for their research            toms and water areas where aquatic vegeta-
              projects.                                           tion once flourished. The property is privately
                 Virginia and Maryland will continue to ad-       owned and is being incorporated into the
              minister their Reserves as separate entities        Reserve System through conservation ease-
              reflecting the management, political and            ments and a management agreement.
              other differences between the two states. Each
              state is eligible for the complete complement          TASKINAS CREEK represents the transi-
              of federal funding assistance, has its own state    tion zone of the York River (3-13 ppt) and
              funding mechanism, and has its own staff.           consists of a tidal creek with fringing marshes
              The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Re-           that grade from brackish to freshwater-domi-
              search Reserve in Maryland is located in the        nated communities. The non-tidal portion
              Department of Natural Resources, Tidewater          contains feeder streams that drain mesic oak-
              Administration, Coastal Resources Division.         hickory forests, maple-gum-oak-ash swamps,
                                                                  and freshwater marshes (Hobbs et al., 1975b).
              THE VIRGINIA COMPONENTS,                            Much of the creek watershed is undeveloped
              AND HOW THEY ARE RELATED                            and lies within the boundaries of York River
                 The first four Virginia Reserve component        State Park. A memorandum of understand-
              sites represent the different ecological zones      ing between the Virginia Institute of Marine
              of the York River as defined by the Chesa-          Science and the Virginia Department of Con-
              peake Bay segmentation scheme (Figure 3).           servation and Recreation has been signed.
              All four sites are natural areas that have re-         SWEET HALL MARSH occupies a broad
              ceived little disturbance by humans. They are       meander of the Pamunkey River, a tributary
              sites of active research, some educational ac-      to the York River and one of the most pris-
              tivides, and site-specific traditional activities   tine rivers on the East Coast. It consists of an
              such as hunting, fishing, crabbing, hiking, and     extensive tidal freshwater marsh with adja-
              recreational boating.                               cent non-tidal bottornland forest on the main-
                 The GOODWIN ISLANDS site consists of             land side and shallow flats on the seaward
              an archipelago of marsh islands surrounded          side. This combination of ecosystem types is
              by submerged vegetation beds, oyster reefs          representative of tidal freshwater conditions
              and shallow open estuarine waters. The larg-        (0-0.5 ppt) within the upper reaches of the
              est island is forested. Located at the mouth        York River system. The property is privately
              of the York River within the MoIjack                owned and management agreements between
              embayment of the western shore, the                 the owners and VIMS have been signed.
              Goodwin Islands represent polylialine salin-           Complementary programs of research and
              ity conditions (16-22 parts per thousand). The      education will be developed to make best use
              property has been donated by the Endow-             of the characteristics particular to each site


                                                                7





           concomitant with protecting the sites from          ashore. The islands can be seen from the
           human impact. For example, because Taski-           mainland along state routes 629, 656 and 622.
           nas Creek is an area of ongoing environmen-         There are no boat-launching facilities on any
           tal education, is easily accessible, is located     of those roads.
           close to populated areas of moderate but              Nearby residential and urban centers in-
           growing density, and has facilities and im-         clude Newport News (7 mi/11.2 km),
           provements to accommodate increased edu-            Poquoson (10 mi/I 1.6 km), Gloucester Point
           cational use, it will be the focus of the           (12 mi/19.2 km), Williamsburg (13 mi/20.8
           System's public education programs. Catlett         km), Hampton (16 mi/24 km), and Norfolk
           Islands and Sweet Hall Marsh, on the other          (21 mi/33.6 km).
           hand, are areas of ongoing baseline research,
           which requires undisturbed conditions. The            CATTETT ISLANDS The Catlett Islands
           sites are pristine, relatively inaccessible, and    are located approximately 19 nmi upstream
           remote from industrial and urban centers,           from the York River mouth and about 32 nmi
           which makes them ideal for continued -use in        downstream from West Point. The islands are
           environmental characterization and monitor-         offshore of Timberneck Farm between Tim-
           ing studies. The Goodwin Islands are also an        berneck and Cedarbush creeks on the north
           area of ongoing research and education but          shore of the York River (Figure 5). They are
           are located near moderately densely popu-           separated from the farm by tidal wetlands
           lated areas and tourist attractions. Access to      and creeks. Timberneck Farm is one of the
           the site is possible only by water, and some        largest working family farms and remaining
           sections of the largest island show signs of        King's Grant parcels on the York River in
           human disturbance. Use of the Goodwin Is-           Gloucester County. The islands are named
           lands will be kept at current levels of research    for the Catlett family, which has owned
           and education while studies are conducted           Timberneck Farm since 1793. Nearby resi-
           on possible visitor impacts and the need for        dential and urban centers include Gloucester
           restoration.                                        Point (9 mi/14.4 km), Gloucester (10 mi/16
              The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Re-        km), Mathews (23 mi/36.8 km), Newport
           search Reserve System in Virginia will be man-      News (23 mi/36.8 km), and West Point (26
           aged to achieve National Estuarine Research         mi/41.6 km).
           Reserve objectives. Each component will have          The Catlett Islands are accessible prima-
           its own program to meet individual research,        rily by boat. They are located approximately
           education and general use needs. All of the         5 nautical miles from VIMS. There are two
           programs will be coordinated by VIMS.               piers on the islands; one is unusable and the
                                                               other one is reserved for private (hunting)
           SITE LOCATIONS AND ACCESS                           use. Other permitted visitors must moor their
              GOODWIN ISLANDS The Good-Ain Is-                 boats and wade ashore. The islands can be
           lands are located near the mouth of the York        reached only on a flooding tide. Visitors are
           River at the northeastern tip of york County        advised to leave before low tide, lest they be-
           (Figure 4). They are separated from the main-       come stranded by the ebbing tide.
           land on the west by the Sand Box Thorofare,           By land, there is limited entry through
           which varies in width from 1/8 to 1/2 nmi.          Timberneck Farm, and the landowners' per-
           The islands are bounded on the north by the         mission is required. The farm road is used by
           York River and on the east and south by the         farm vehicles, and the only areas suitable for
           Chesapeake Bay. They are located approxi-           parking are narrow filter strips alongside cul-
           mately 12 nmi from VIMS and a public boat           tivated fields and pasture. To reach the is-
           ramp under the Coleman Bridge.                      lands, one must walk between crop rows in
              The Goodwin Islands are accessible only          cultivated fields, through dense forest, and
           by boat. There are no piers on the islands          across tidal marshes and creeks that are only
           and visitors must moor their boats and wade         navigable with hip boots at low tide.


                                                            8





                                            Figure 4
                                            GOODWIN ISLANDS
                                            Poquoson West, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)








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                                                                                             FIResearch Core Area
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                                                                                                                                                                                                         9





                  Figure 5
                  CATLETT ISLANDS
                  Clay Bank, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)




                                                                              31?                                                32






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                                                                                        10




                 TA,@KINAS CREEK Taskinas Creek          is lo-  THE NATURAL
              cated on the south shore of the York River in
              James City County about 24 nmi upstream            ENVIRONMENT
              from the river mouth, 12 nmi upstream from
              VIMS, and 8 nmi downstream of West Point           HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE
              (Figure 6). The creek has its source near the         GOODWIN ISLANDS Circulation patterns
              small town of Croaker, located 6 mi north of       around the Goodwin Islands are strongly in-
              Williamsburg. The creek flows in northeast,        fluenced by the discharge of the York River
              covering a distance of about 3 nmi. Much of        and the wind patterns in Mobjack Bay and
              its watershed is located within York River State   the Chesapeake Bay. Salinities are similar to
              Park.                                              those of adjacent Bay waters (16-22 ppt), and
                 Taskinas Creek can be reached from Inter-       nearshore waters are shallow and clear
              state 64 by taking Exit 231B (Croaker Exit)        enough to permit light penetration for sub-
              to Route 607. On Route 607, one turns right        merged aquatic vegetation growth. Surface
              on Route 606 and follows signs to the en-          water temperatures range from 5.6*C to
              trance of York River State Park. The park is       26.8*C (Brooks, 1983). Water quality is cat-
              located near greater Richmond (39 mi/62.4
              km), Hampton-Newport News (30 mi/48                egonzed as fair, although in general it is in
              km), and the rural counties of New Kent,           better condition than that of the other major
              Charles City, King William, King and Queen,        western shore tributaries (Spells and Frazer,
              Mathews and Gloucester.                            1984). No known water toxicity problems ex-
                                                                 ist in this stretch of the York River system
                 SWEET HALL MARSH Sweet Hall Marsh               (EPA, 1983a), but some areas are moderately
              is located on the Pamunkey River in King           enriched due to nutrients (EPA, 1983b). The
              William County (Figure 7). The Pamunkey            Goodwin Islands are located in an area of
              River converges with the Mattaponi River at        particular concern for low dissolved oxygen
              West Point to form the York River. Sweet Hall      levels; however, these conditions are attrib-
              Marsh encompasses one of eight major               uted to natural consequences of thermal and
              marshes and swamps created by meanders of          salinity stratification rather than to pollution
              the Pamunkey River above White House. It is        (Hyer, 1977). Seasonal ranges for dissolved
              located approximately 45 nmi from the              oxygen are 1.8-12.0 mg/1 (Brooks, 1983).
              mouth of the York River and 19 nmi upstream           CATLETT ISLANDS The hydrology of
              from West Point. By water, Sweet Hall Marsh        the lower estuarine reaches of the York River
              is approximately 34 nmi from VIMS. By land,        system is strongly influenced by tides. VIMS
              it is about 7 mi/I 1.2 km from West Point, 34
              mi/54.4 km from Williamsburg, 45 mi/72 km          Slack Water Station No. 19.21 is located di-
              from Gloucester Point, and 47 mi/75.2 km           rectly offshore of the Catlett Islands, and data
              from Richmond.                                     recorded there from 1970 to 1980 are used
                 Access to Sweet Hall Marsh is possible only     to characterize hydrologic conditions in the
              by water. Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club          vicinity (Brooks, 1983). Surface water tem-
              maintains a private road, a boathouse and a        perature ranges from 5.4*C to 27.4'C, and
              clubhouse on the uplands above Sweet Hall          dissolved oxygen concentrations range from
              Marsh. The club allows VIMS to keep a stor-        4.2 to 14.0 mg/1 (Brooks, 1983). Salinities
              age trailer on site and to use an unimproved       range from 14 to 18 ppt in the fall and from
              ramp adjacent to the boathouse for launch-         8.2 to 12 ppt in the spring, indicative of
              ing Jonboats and canoes. Research vessels          mesohaline conditions. The salinity gradient
              moor in the thoroughfare.                          tends to be cross-stream rather than vertical,
                                                                 resulting in a westerly net advective flow of
                                                                 water along the northern shore of the lower
                                                                 York River in front of the Catlett Islands and
                                                                 an easterly net flow along the southern shore.





               Figure 6
               TASKINAS CREEK
               Gressitt, Va 7 5-mmute series (topographic)



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                                                                      12





                           Figure 7
                           SWEET HALL MARSH
                           New Kent, Va. 7.5-minute series (topographic)




                                                                                                                                      00                                                                                                         29




                                                                                                 26



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                                                                                                                                             13





                 The York River channel hes approximately             Condemnation of shellfish growing areas
              one nautical mile off the Catlett Islands. Wa-        is a water quality issue around the Catlett Is-
              ter depths in the channel range froni 30 feet         lands, but conditions are improving. Water
              to 60 feet. The channel is used by large naval        samples, collected in Timberneck and
              ships in transit to and from Cheatham An-             Cedarbush creeks by the Virginia Bureau of
              nex and Camp Peary, tugboats with barges in           Shellfish Sanitation, often have been rated
              transit to and from West Point, commercial            unsatisfactory because of fecal coliforin bac-
              fishing boats, sportfishing boats, research ves-      terial contamination, primarily from deficient
              sels, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Virginia          residential septic systems, and shellfish beds
              Marine Resources Commission marine patrol.            were closed to harvest. Through the coordi-
                 The York River is fairly wide at the Catlett       nated efforts of the Shellfish Enhancement
              Islands. Fetches are 20 miles from the nor&           Task Force and through stepped-up enforce-
              west; 4 miles from the west; 2 miles from the         ment efforts by the State Health Department,
              southwest; and 2.5 miles fr6in the south. The         some areas in Timberneck and Cedarbush
              only storms and winds to directly attack the          creeks have been reopened as residential sani-
              Catlett Islands shoreline are those from the          tation system violations have been corrected
              northwest through the southeast during fall,          (COE, 1987).
              winter and early spring. Summer regional
              winds generate wave activity that also attacks          TASKINAS CREEK The mouth of Taski-
              the shoreline, although with less force               nas Creek is located midway between the Vir-
              (Anderson et al., 1976).                              ginia Institute of Marine Science slack water
                 The lower York River shoreline is incised          stations 36.95 and 47.62 (Brooks, 1983) and
              by small tidal creeks. Of these, Timberneck           almost directly onshore of a Chesapeake Bay
              Creek flows into the York River on the east-          Program water quality and benthic sampling
              ern side of the Catlett Islands and Cedarbush         station (COE, 1987). Data from these sam-
              Creek enters the river on the western side.           pling stations are used to characterize the
              Timberneck Creek is approximately 4.1 miles           hydrology and water quality of the transition
              long and drains 3.83 square miles, and                zone of the York River.
              Cedarbush Creek is 3.7 miles long and drains            The fetch across the river from the north-
              2.57 square miles (Finkelstein and Hardaway,          east is 1.5 to 2 nnii: Fetches from the north
              1980). Poplar Creek, another small creek, bi-         and east exceed 3 nmi. The York River chan-
              sects the Catlett Islands into eastern and west-      nel is used for the shipping of pulpwood and
              ern lobes. Meanders from the creeks extend            pulpwood products to and from West Point.
              into the marshes between the ridges of the              Water temperature data for 1970-1981 show
              islands.                                              a seasonal pattern that follows the air tem-
                 Overall, water quality conditions are good         perature pattern through the year. Average
              in the lower York River (EPA, 1983). A. Chesa-        minimum winter surface water temperatures
              peake Bay Program water quality monitoring            are between 3*C and 6'C. Water tempera-
              station is located off the Catlett Islands. Re-       tures increase from 10*C to 19'C through
              cent data (1985) suggest that non-point               the spring, reaching maximum temperatures
              sources are the major contributors of nitro-          around 26*C in August. Water temperatures
              gen and that point sources are the major con-         decline throughout the fall (Brooks, 1983).
              tributors to phosphorus in the lower York               Salt water intrudes from the Chesapeake
              (COE, 1987); however, there are no point              Bay beyond Taskinas Creek to the region
              dischargers near the Catlett Islands. Increased       around West Point. Salinities near Taskinas
              runoff, associated with groundcover removal           Creek from 1970 to 1980 ranged from 9 to
              and chemical contamination from lawn, gar-            13 ppt in late summer, fall, and winter and
              den and farm fertilizer, and pesticide use are        from 3 to 7 ppt in spring and early summer
              implicati--d in water quality problems in Glou-       (Haven et al., 1981; Brooks, 1983). Both
              cester County (Anderson et al., 1976).                ranges indicate transitional conditions and



                                                                  14





            reflect seasonal freshwater input. Salinities         The Pamunkey River at Sweet Hall Marsh
            within Taskinas Creek range from river sa-         is narrow, averaging 1,400 feet in width, but
            linities at the creek mouth to almost 0 ppt in     at least 12 feet deep (Figure 8). The pre-
            the non-tidal headwaters.                          dominant wind fetch at Sweet Hall Landing
              Water quality in the transitional zone of        is from the south and covers a distance of 1.5
            the York River is satisfactory. Ammonium con-      miles. Exposure to wind-generated waves is
            centrations and nitrite/nitrate concentrations     small due to the narrow width and meander-
            are low year-round due to dilution by high-        ing nature of the river.
            salinity Chesapeake Bay water, which is typi-         Mean tidal range in the Pamunkey River
            cally low in these constituents. Organic nitro-    gradually increases from West Point to Sweet
            gen concentrations are high with a maximum         Hall Marsh due to basin morphology. At Sweet
            in the spring. Orthophosphate concentrations       Hall, the range is 90 cm (NOAA, 1987), and
            are low in the spring and elevated in the fall,    much of the marsh is flooded at high tide.
            while particulate phosphorus varies season-        Flood hazard to the fastlands is low and non-
            ally, usually in conjunction with high stream      critical, primarily because of the marsh, which
            flows. Silica concentrations decrease from         absorbs flood waters and reduces flood peaks.
            West Point to the mouth of the York River          The marsh is bisected by a thoroughfare and
            due to estuarine dilution (Virginia Water Con-     incised by several meandering tidal creeks.
            trol Board, 1989).                                    Average quarterly water temperatures at
              Dissolved oxygen levels range from good          Sweet Hall Marsh are YC in winter, 20.5*C
            to poor (Sturm and Neilson, 1977). Fecal coli-     in spring, 26*C in summer, and 13*C in fall.
            form bacteria levels are sufficiently high to      The greatest rate of temperature change oc-
            force condemnation of shellfish beds in Taski-     curs during the spring quarter; autumn tem-
            nas Creek (State Water Control Board, 1980).       peratures decrease more gradually.
            Heavy metal concentrations are considerably           The Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers are
            greater than natural pristine levels in the up-    the most pristine rivers on the East Coast.
            per York River above Taskinas Creek; how-          Unlike other Virginia rivers, the Pamunkey
            ever, concentrations of copper, cadmium and        and Mattaponi do not have major urban or
            zinc in the tissues of oysters of the upper        industrial developments at the fall line. Pres-
            York River in the vicinity of Taskinas Creek       sure is mounting, however, for major residen-
            are consistent with metal concentrations in        tial/commercial developments and water di-
            oysters sampled elsewhere within the Chesa-        version projects involving these river basins.
            peake Bay (Huggett, 1977).                            The tidal freshwater portion of the Pam-
              The York River is impacted by point-source       unkey River contains moderate levels of nu-
            discharges at West Point from Chesapeake           trients. Trend analysis indicates that the ni-
            Corporation (a large producer of pulp, pa-         trogen compound levels are increasing (EPA,
            per, and paperboard), a wood veneer plant,         1983). Dissolved oxygen levels range from 4.0
            and a grain and fertilizer business. No other      to 12.4 mg/l, with the lowest levels exhibited
            towns or large industrial facilities are located   in the summer. Heavy metal concentrations
            in the transitional zone of the river, although    in sediments in the lower Pamunkey River
            residential development is increasing.             and upper York River are considerably greater
                                                               than natural pristine levels (EPA, 1983). The
              SWEET HALL MARSH The Pamunkey                    source of the metal contamination is believed
            River is oligohaline from its mouth to the         to be abandoned pyrite mines on Contrary
            eastern side of Sweet Hall Marsh and is tidal      Creek (RJ. Huggett, VIMS, pers. comm.). At
            fresh from this point to the head of the tidal     West Point, water quality in the Pamunkey
            bore. A 20-year salinity record for the Pam-       River is impacted by point-source discharges
            unkey River shows a range of 0.0 to 5.0 ppt        from a kraft paper mill and a veneer plant.
            with an average of 0.5 ppt at Sweet Hall Marsh
            (Brooks, 1983).



                                                              15





                        Figure 8
                        SWEET HALL MARSH
                        NOAA Nautical Chart 12243, Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers



                                                                                                                                          6
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                                                                                                                                                                   16
                                                                                                                                                  29         '215       22
                                                                                                                                                                 .. ...........................
                                                                                                                                         47        20 .... ......


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                                                                     sweet Hall
                                                                                                                                 8:
                                                                                                                                     17
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                                           30         33                   woot Rmll:[@nding                                      ......   22
                                24    13--@t    ..15  ........ 2.2.  50                                                                                          Hill Marsh
                                      . ........ ....         .......
                                                                                                                                      9
                                                  OYHO. PWR. CAB.                                                                             23'...
                                                  AUTH. CL. 90 FT.
                                                                         m
                                                                                     4
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                                                                                                                                             3
                                                                                                                                                      29".
                                                                             21  15::::::
                        saic Marsh                                                                                                                5'-'.,.
                                                                                                   Sweet Hall
                                                                                                        Marsh
                                                                              19
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                                       ---- ------       @\
                        ----------                                         23
                                                Coussic Landind         :
                                                                                                                                                   35
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                                                                                                       16





             '%'-'Tjvr.OLOGY AND SOILS                           described for Poquoson (Gray, 1985),
                GOODWIN ISLANDS The geomorphol-                  Plumtree Island (Johnson, 1972), and the
             ogy of the Goodwin Islands consists of aridge-      Goodwin Islands (Leonard, 1986) and for
             and-swale topography that developed from a          various locations on the Eastern Shore of the
             series of beach ridges deposited during a late      Chesapeake Bay (Mixo, 1985). Sea level
             Pleistocene regression of the sea (Leonard       '  change is the most frequently cited explana-
             1986). Beach ridges are sandy and gravelly          tion for the evolution of ridge-and-swale sys-
             features that may develop during storms or          tems. Current theory suggests that the ridges
             during continuous spring-tide high waters.          result from the deposition of beach ridges
             The stratigraphic sequence of sediments en-         parallel to the shore, marking successively
             countered on the Goodwin Islands is                 lower stands of sea level as the shoreline re-
             Yorktown Formation (Pliocene), Tabb (Pleis-         ceded about 65,000 years ago during the late
             tocene), Poquoson (Pleistocene), and Holo-          Pleistocene glaciation (Leonard, 1986; Finkel-
             cene. Vegetation patterns reflect the topog-        stein and Hardaway, 1988). Following the dep-
             raphy, with forests on the ridges and marshes       osition of sediments, the area became emer-
             in the swales.                                      gent and covered by vegetation. When the
                The shape and relief of the islands are be-      last glaciation period came to an end, sea
             ing modified by natural and human-induced           level began to rise. In the past 5,000 years,
             processes. The Goodwin Islands complex is           the rise in sea level has flooded the low-lying
             eroding along its northern (York River) shore       swales between the Catlett Islands and, more
             and prograding bayward (into the Chesa-             recently, altered the configuration of the is-
             peake Bay). The deposition of dredge mate-          lands through erosion.
             rial in 1951-1952 has acted to increase the           The complex arrangement of soils on the
             mass of the main island. Erosional patterns         Catlett Islands is presented in Figure 10 and
             around the perimeter of the islands, however,       described in Table 2. The westernmost por-
             show a net loss of mass. Approximately 104          don of the soil complex is dominated by
             acres of marsh were lost between 1854 and           Sulfaquents which are poorly drained, almost
             1954 (Anderson et al., 1975), and islands to        level (at an elevation slightly higher than sea
             the southeast have been submerged in the            level), and flooded daily by tidal water. The
             past 400 years (Leonard, 1986).                     higher ridges are dominated by the Ochra-
                In general, the predominant soil types on        quults-Haplaquepts complex, which is almost
             the Goodwin Islands may be classified as            level and poorly drained and consists of a
             TomotleyAltavista-Dragston. This soil associa-      fine grayish-brown sandy loam. Surface run-
             tion is described as being deep, poorly             Off is slow and the surface layer and subsoil
             drained to moderately well drained to some-         are extremely acidic. A seasonal water table
             what poorly drained soils that dominantly           is found at the surface and to a depth of 12
             have a loamy subsoil and are almost level (Fig-     inches in winter and spring and to a depth
             ure 9 and Table 1).                                 of 30 inches throughout the remainder of
                                                                 the year. The easternmost portion of the soil
                CATLETT ISLANDS The lower York River             complex is dominated by large areas of Eu-
             shoreline above Gloucester Point is oriented        nola fine sandy loam which is almost level
             northwest-to-southeast. The Catlett Islands lie     and moderately well drained. Surface runoff
             in a stretch of the lower York River character-     is slow and soils are acidic. The water table is
             ized by moderately low to low fastland and          found at a depth of 18-30 inches in winter
             shorelines with extensive, fringed or embayed       and spring. Fluvaquents, which are saline and
             marshes (Anderson et al., 1976).                    found along creeks, and Lumbee, which is
                The geomorphology of the Catlett Islands         an almost-level, poorly drained, acidic sandy
             is one of ridge-and-swale topography (Finkel-       loam, are found. throughout the area.
             stein and Hardaway, 1988). This topography            Sea level rise and waves generated by local
             is analogous to the ridge-and-swale systems         winds are the dominant agents of erosion in


                                                              17





                          k igure 9
                          GOODWIN ISLANDS SOILS MAP















                                                                                     24
                                 3
                                                       24,

                                               13
                             36                                    13






                                                                            '4

















































                                                                                                                18





                Table I
                GOODWIN ISLANDS SOILS
                Soil Unit     Soil Type                              Desc7iption
                     3        Axis very fine loam                    This soil is very poorly drained and is on sandy loam tidal
                                                                     marshes. The permeability is moderate and the available
                                                                     water capacity is high. Surface runoff is very slow for this soil
                                                                     type, the organic content is high, and the natural fertility is
                                                                     medium.

                   13         Dragston sandy loam                    This soil type is deep, nearly level, and somewhat poorly
                                                                     drained. The permeability is moderately rapid and the
                                                                     available water capacity is low. Surface runoff is slow and the
                                                                     erosion hazard is slight. The soil is low in organic matter
                                                                     content and low in natural fertility. The subsoil has low
                                                                     shrink-swell potential. A high water table is between the
                                                                     surface and a depth of 1-2.5 & in winter and spring.

                   24         Nimmo fine sandy loam                  This soil is deep, nearly level, and poorly drained. Permeabil-
                                                                     ity is moderate in die upper layers of the soil and moderately
                                                                     rapid in the substratum. Available water capacity is moderate
                                                                     and surface runoff is slow. The erosion hazard is slight. The
                                                                     soil is moderate in organic matter content and low in natural
                                                                     fertility. The subsoil has low shrink-swell potential. A high
                                                                     water table is between the surface and a depth of 0.5 ft. in
                                                                     winter and spring.

                   33         Tomodey fine sandy loam                This soil is deep, nearly level and poorly sandy loam drained.
                                                                     The permeability is moderate to moderately slow and the
                                                                     available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is slow.
                                                                     The erosion hazard is slight and the subsoil has a low shrink-
                                                                     swell potential. The soil is low in organic matter content and
                                                                     natural fertility.

                   35         Udorthents, loamy                      This unit consists of deep, well drained. The permeability
                                                                     ranges from moderately rapid to slow. The available water
                                                                     capacity ranges from low to high, depending on the texture
                                                                     and gravel content of the material. Surface runoff ranges
                                                                     from very slow to rapid. The erosion hazard ranges from
                                                                     slight to severe.



                the lower York River. The magnitude of shore-                 the past 100 years. At the same time, the York
                line erosion in the vicinity of the Catlett Is-               River shore in Gloucester County lost 442
                lands is moderate to severe. Historically, the                acres. This indicates a loss of approximately
                rate of shoreline retreat in the stretch of the               four acres per mile of shoreline in the past
                York River between Blundering Point and the                   century. Erosion is especially severe on the
                southern extent of the Carmine Islands (in-                   western end of the Catlett Islands, where it
                cluding the Catlett Islands area), has been                   has claimed several meters of shoreline in
                approximately 0.7 feet per year (the maxi-                    recent years, toppled trees, and undermined
                mum rate along the York River in Gloucester                   the foundation of a summer cottage.
                County has been 1.9 feet per year). Based on
                a comparison of shoreline positions between                      TASKINAS CREEK The shoreline along
                the 1850s and 1940s and an assessment of                      the transitional zone of the York River trends
                1930s and 1973 aerial photography, Ander-                     from northwest to southeast. The shoreline
                son et al. (1976) estimated that the Catlett                  is mostly low with some bluffs and somewhat
                Islands have lost approximately 56 acres in                   rugged uplands. Erosion rates range between


                                                                           19





               Figure 10
               CATLETT ISLANDS SOILS MAP



                                                                                               24
                                                                                                  2 7C@,   3016-
                                                                     @90
                      ,18
                                     29A
                           148                                      145
                                                                                             14B
                                               296                       29C
                          10 16

                        30           148                                                              14     7C
                                                                               148          6
                                                                                                 24b
                                            Alp
                                                                   27C@
                                                            14B                                      24B
                                                   2                     23
                                               I B
                                          5                                                                     30
                                               27C 29B
                               30                                                            21      @21
                                                                                                           1.4B,
                                               6
                                               7C                     21                          14B@
                                            10                                                      '6              q
                                                     14B                                          14B                 N
                           21.                                   6                              6
                                                                                                                   29B
                                                                          6
                        21:           21                                                         29A     29A
                  30                                   14B
                                               30                       148     CD                   298 Z

                                                                                      6                      0-
                               2      30                                                       21
                                                      10
                                                                                   14B
                                                                                9         29B      6  6         29.
                                                                      16       10
                                                                 30
                          30                 21     17-                                        A        14B
                       8                                                                     2
                                                                     30
                                       21                   8             21      22    16  10
                              17        8                    6 12B  6                            11c   29B
                                                                      30
                                                                                      30
                                               30                                            6
                                               21                              21                     10
                               8                                       6             16
                           Green                       @rj
                                               8       Zll@     128                                  3
                           Point               30                       30           8     21  wale
                                                                                6        0

                                                                               8       30     water       &30
                                                              6
                                                                    30                                            1@31  2
                                                                                 6              30
                                                                    8                        8
                                                                                                w 30-,30
                                                                        ro 30




























                                                                   20






                 Table 2
                 CATLETT ISLANDS SOILS
                 Soil Unit     Soil Type                               Desc7iption
                     1B        Alaga loamy sand,                       This soil is nearly level or gently sloping, It is well drained
                               0- to 4-percent slopes                  and somewhat excessively drained. It is found on broad flats
                                                                       and terraces at an elevation of less than 50 ft. Permeability is
                                                                       rapid and available water capacity is low. Surface runoff is
                                                                       slow and erosion hazard is slight.

                     6         Eunola fine sandy loam                  This soil is nearly level and moderately well drained. It is on
                                                                       broad flats throughout the county. Permeability is moderate
                                                                       and available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is
                                                                       slow and the erosion hazard is slight. The soil has a seasonal
                                                                       high water table at a depth of 1.5-2.5 ft. during winter and
                                                                       early spring.

                     8         fluvaquents, saline                     These soils are nearly level and poorly drained. They are
                                                                       along the lower courses of small streams next to areas of
                                                                       saltwater and are frequently flooded by very high tides.
                                                                       Permeability is moderately slow to slow and available water
                                                                       capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is very slow. The water
                                                                       table is at a depth of I ft. year-round.

                    9D         Hapludults, steep                       These soils are moderately steep to steep and are well drained
                                                                       or moderately well drained. They are in long and winding
                                                                       areas on side slopes of streams. Seeps and springs are com-
                                                                       mon at the lower edges of the slopes. The permeability is
                                                                       moderate to slow and available water capacity is moderate.
                                                                       Surface runoff is rapid, erosion hazard is very severe, and
                                                                       there is a moderate shrink-swell potential.

                     10        Johns sandy loam                        This soil is nearly level and moderately well drained. The
                                                                       permeability is moderate and available water capacity is
                                                                       moderate. Surface runoff is slow, erosion hazard is slight and
                                                                       the water table is at 1.5 to 3 ft- during the winter and early
                                                                       spring.

                     11        Johns variant loamy sand                This soil is nearly level and moderately well drained. It is on
                                                                       broad flats at elevations of less than 20 ft. The permeability is
                                                                       moderately rapid and available water capacity is low. Surface
                                                                       runoff is slow and erosion hazard is slight. A seasonal water
                                                                       table is at a depth of 1-2 ft. during winter and early spring.

                    12B        Kalmia. sandy loam,                     This soil is nearly level and gently sloping. It is well drained
                               0- to 4-percent slopes                  and found on long, narrow areas at an elevation of less than
                                                                       20 ft. The permeability is moderate, and available water
                                                                       capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is medium, and erosion
                                                                       hazard is slight.

                    14B        Kenansville loamy fine sand,            This soil is nearly level, gently sloping, and well and well
                               0- to 4-percent slopes                  drained. The permeability is moderately rapid, available
                                                                       water capacity is low, and surface runoff is slow. Threat of
                                                                       erosion is slight, but soil blowing is a hazard in unprotected
                                                                       areas.


                     16        Lumbee sandy loam                       This soil is nearly level and poorly drained. The permeability
                                                                       is moderate, available water capacity is low, and surface
                                                                       runoff is very slow. The erosion threat is slight. A seasonal
                                                                       water table is between the surface and a depth of I ft. during
                                                                       winter and early spring.



                                                                           21





               Table 2, continued
               CATLETT ISLANDS SOILS
               Soil Unit     Soil Type                              Deseyiption
                  17         Lumbee variant sandy loam              It is nearly level, poorly drained, and found on broad flats at
                                                                    elevations less than 10 ft. The permeability is moderately
                                                                    rapid, available water capacity is low, and surface runoff is
                                                                    vcry slow, Erosion threat is slight. There is a seasonal water
                                                                    table between the surface and a depth of I foot during winter
                                                                    and early spring.

                  21         Ochraquults-Haplaquepts                This complex consists of nearly level, poorly drained, and
                             complex                                somewhat poorly drained soils that are so intermingled that it
                                                                    is not practical to map them separately. 'Me complex is
                                                                    usually found at an elevation of more than 20 ft. The com-
                                                                    plex is about 60-percent Ochraquults, 30-percent
                                                                    Haplaquepts, and 10-percent other soils. The overall perme-
                                                                    ability is moderate to slow, surface runoff is very slow, and the
                                                                    erosion hazard is slight. A seasonal water table is between the
                                                                    surface and a depth of I ft. during winter and spring and is
                                                                    mainly at a depth of 3040 in. for the rest of die year.

                  23         Oiser loamy fine sand                  This soil is nearly level and poorly drained. It is in long,
                                                                    narrow areas at the base of escarpments and near areas of
                                                                    water. The permeability is rapid, and available water capacity
                                                                    is low. Surface runoff is very slow and erosion hazard is slight.
                                                                    A seasonal water table is between the surface and a depth of
                                                                    I ft. during winter ana spring.

                 24B         Pactolus loamy loamy sand,             This soil is nearly level and very gently sloping and is moder-
                             0- to 4-percent slopes                 ately well drained. It is on terraces at an elevation of less than
                                                                    50 ft. The permeability is rapid, available water capacity is
                                                                    low, and surface runoff is slow. The erosion hazard is slight,
                                                                    but soil blowing is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. A
                                                                    seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1.5-2.5 ft. during
                                                                    winter and early spring.

                  25         Pamlico and Portsmouth soils           This unit consists of nearly level, very poorly drained soils in
                                                                    depressional areas. The two types of soils are mapped to-
                                                                    gether because they have no major differences in use and
                                                                    management. The permeability of the soils is moderate,
                                                                    available water capacity is low, surface runoff is very slow, and
                                                                    water is ponded on the surface in some areas. The soils have
                                                                    a seasonal water table between the surface and a depth of I &
                                                                    from winter to early summer and at a depth of 2-3 ft. for the
                                                                    rest of the year.

                 27C         PsammentsHapludults                    This complex consists of sloping, well-drained and moderate-
                             complex                                ly well-drained soils that are so intermingled that it is not
                                                                    practical to map them separately. The complex is in long,
                                                                    narrow areas along drainageways and streams. Psamments
                                                                    make up about 50 percent of the complex, Hapludults about
                                                                    40 percent, and other soils about 10 percent. The overall
                                                                    permeability of the major soils of this complex is moderately
                                                                    slow to rapid, and available water capacity is low to moderate.
                                                                    Surface runoff is medium to rapid. The erosion hazard is








                                                                          22






                                                                     severe. The soil has a low to moderate shrink-swell potential.
               Table 2, continued
               CATLETT ISLANDS SOILS
               Soil Unit     Soil Type                               Descyiption
                 27D         Psamments-Hapludults                    This complex is moderately steep to steep, well drained and
                             complex, steep                          moderately well drained. It is comprised of about 60 percent
                                                                     Psamments, 40 percent other soils. The permeability of the
                                                                     major soils is moderately slow to rapid, and available water
                                                                     capacity is low to moderate. Surface runoff is rapid. The
                                                                     erosion is very severe. The underlying layers have a low to
                                                                     moderate shrink-swell potential.

                 29A         Suffolk fine sandy loam,                This soil is nearly level and well drained. It is on broad flats at
                             0- to 2-percent slopes                  an elevation of more than 20 ft. The permeability is mod-
                                                                     erate, and available water capacity is moderate. Surface
                                                                     runoff is slow. The erosion hazard is slight.

                 29B         Suffolk fine sandy loam,                This soil is gently sloping and well drained. It usually is found
                             2- to 6-percent slopes                  in broad areas at an elevation of more than 20 ft. The slope's
                                                                     permeability is moderate, available water capacity is moder-
                                                                     ate, and surface runoff is medium. The erosion hazard is
                                                                     moderate.

                 29C         Suffolk fine sandy loam                 This soil is sloping and well drained. It is in long, narrow
                                                                     areas on escarpments througout the county. The permeabil-
                                                                     ity is moderate, and available water capacity is moderate.
                                                                     Surface runoff is medium to rapid. The erosion hazard is
                                                                     severe.

                  30         Sulfaquents, frequently flooded         These soils are nearly level and are poorly drained and very
                                                                     poorly drained. They are flooded mainly along areas of salt-
                                                                     water at an elevation slightly above sea level and are flooded
                                                                     daily by tidal water.


               1 - 1 and 2.0 feet per year (Hobbs et al., 1975).                The geologic units exposed at the surface
               The shoreline is mostly composed of marshes                   in the Taskinas Creek watershed include the
               grading into swamps.                                          Eastover and Yorktown of the Chesapeake
                  The stratigraphic sequence near Taskinas                   Group (Figure 11). The Eastover and York-
               Creek is composed of the Potomac Group                        town are layers of fossiliferous marine or tidal-
               (Cretaceous), Pamunkey Group (Paleocene,                      flat sands and silts formed on a marine shelf
               Eocene and Oligocene), Chesapeake Group                       that crops out in deep valleys of Taskinas
               (Nfiocene and Pliocene), and Pleistocene and                  Creek. The Eastover Formation runs along
               Holocene sediments. These deposits consist                    the marsh boundary and is composed of
               of clay, silt, sand and gravel with variable                  quartzose, calcite and aragonite, micas, py-
               amounts of shell material. The coastal plain                  rite, glauconite, selenite, and heavy minerals
               is underlain -by sedimentary deposits, thin,                  in small amounts. The Yorktown Formation
               unconsolidated sediments, and hard rock                       crops out in valleys and is exposed in bluffs
               called "basement" (Berquist, in prep.). The                   along the York River. In steep areas, normal
               Cretaceous sediments are mainly continental                   downslope wasting is occasionally accelerated
               in origin and alternate sand and clay layers.                 by storms or flooding, exposing the forma-
               These alternating depositional sequences are                  tion. The Bacons Castle, the dominant geo-
               attributed to fluvial-deltaic processes. Tertiary             logic type at Taskinas Creek, comprises inter-
               sediments of marine origin overlie the Creta-                 tidal and marine silt, sand, and clay overlying
               ceous deposits, and a thin layer of Pleisto-                  a thin, pebbly, coarse sand. This unit is iron-
               cene sediments is found at the surface.                       stained and locally cemented by iron and


                                                                          23





                     Figure 11
                     TASKINAS CREEK PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP








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                                                                                                   I L

                                     a s
                                                                                              eel,

























                                                                                           tv.

























                                                                                           ej.











                                                                                                       24





                             I

             manganese nodules. The Shirley Formation            by groundwater withdrawals by the papermak-
             is found along the upland ridges adjacent to        ing industry (Weigmann and Kroehler, 1988).
             the York River and is composed of quartz,           Overall, relative sea level rise at Sweet Hall
             sandstone, granite, gneiss and schist. Peat lay-    Marsh is between 3.5 and 4.5 mm per year.
             ers exist in thin beds within the sands and            The geology of Sweet Hall Marsh is part of
             clays.                                              the fluvial. depositional system of the Coastal
               The Holocene deposits in the region cori-         Plain of Virginia and is that of a "young"
             sist of estuarine, marsh, swamp and alluvial        marsh, according to Odum's (1984) descrip-
             sediments. Swamp sediments (the peat layer)         tion of the developmental stages of tidal fresh-
             underlie most of the well-established swamps        water marshes. Sweet Hall Marsh is divided
             and are characterized by peat or organic-rich       into four general geomorphic zones: creek
             silt and clay. Marsh sediments are found be-        bank, levee, low marsh flat, and high marsh/
             neath brackish and freshwater marshes along         upland edge (Frey and Basan, 1986). The
             Taskinas Creek. Plant deposits are at least 34      creek bank is a wave-cut feature located along
             feet thick in some places. Alluvium, or the         the edge of the marsh and is the most dy-
             fluvial sand layer, crops out along upland          namic and tidally influenced region (Reay,
             streams and beneath estuarine silts. This grav-     1989). The creekbank grades sharply to a
             elly sand was deposited in the channel of           levee over an average distance of 8 m. The
             streams or along beaches during the Holo-           backside of the levee gradually grades into
             cene and Late Pleistocene. The soils are ae-        an expansive low marsh flat bordered by a
             scribed in Figure 12 and Table 3.                   narrow transition zone. The transition zone
                                                                 (or high marsh/upland edge) consists of two
               SWEET HALL MARSH The               tidal fresh-   components: a steep eroding sandy bank lev-
             water portion of the Pamunkey River is ori-         eling into an agricultural field, and a gently
             ented east-west and is characterized by large       sloping wedand transition to bottomland
             sweeping river meanders vegetated by fresh-         hardwood forest.
             water marshes and forested swamps. The wet-            Ledwin (1988) describes sedimentation
             lands reduce erosion rates along the Pamun-         and its role in Sweet Hall Marsh. Most sedi-
             key River shoreline. Any erosion that does          ment deposition to the marsh occurs during
             occur takes place on the outside of the river       the summer as plants trap sediment and slow
             bends where there is fastland not protected         the water velocity, allowing suspended par-
             by wetlands. In times of unusually high water       ticles to settle out. When the plants are rap-
             associated with floods or storms, the fastlands     idly growing, large quantities of nutrients and
             in the apex of the river bends are particu-         organic matter are deposited to the marsh.
             larly susceptible to erosion from flood wa-         In winter, ice scour and storm erosion ex-
             ters. Elevated lunar tides and enhanced boat        port nutrients from the marsh, although this
             wake are additional sources of wave energy          generally occurs only in the less vegetated
             that undercuts and erodes the fastlands. Re-        regions of the mars  'h.
             duction of natural vegetation on fastlands also        Preliminary information on the general soil
             increases erosion because it allows a greater       parameters at Sweet Hall Marsh is derived
             percentage of rainwater to flow over the bank       from a preliminary soils map for King Wil-
             or cliff face, accelerating slumping and shore-     liam County (Figure 13) and a recent study
             line retreat (Hobbs et al., 1975a).                 on subsurface hydrology (Reay, 1989). The
               Eustatic sea level rise in the area of Sweet      creekbank and low marsh flat are composed
             Hall Marsh is 1.5 mm per year. Compound-            primarily of a silt-clay mixture of riverine ori-
             ing this rise is localized land subsidence at       gin. The levee region has a slightly higher
             rates of 2 to 3 mm per year. The subsidence         percentage of si    iIt content, and the high
             occurs in a cone of depression centered             marsh/upland edge region has a large sand
             around West Point and results from the col-         component. Water content of soils is highest
             lapse of the water-bearing formation caused         in the high marsh/upland edge region where



                                                              25





       Figure 12
       TASKINAS CREEK SOILS MAP



























































                                        26





                 Table 3
                 TASKINAS CREEK SOILS
                 Soil Unit      Soil Type                               Desaiption
                     6          Bohicket muck                           This soil is deep, nearly level and very poorly drained. It is
                                                                        found on tidal marshes and is commonly long and winding.
                                                                        It has a low surface shrink-swell potential. Erosion is moder-
                                                                        ate and available water capacity is high.

                     8B         Caroline fine sandy loam,               This soil is deep and gently sloping. It is found on upland
                                2- to &-percent slopes                  ridges and side slopes. It has a low to moderate shrink-swell
                                                                        potential. Erosion is a moderate hazard, and water capacity is
                                                                        moderate.

                     10B        Craven fine sandy loam,                 This soil is deep and gently sloping. It is found on broad
                                2- to 6-percent slopes                  upland flats and narrow to broad ridges and side slopes. It
                                                                        has a low shrink-swell potential. Erosion is a moderate threat
                                                                        and the water capacity is moderate.

                     10C        Craven fine sandy loam,                 This soil is deep and strongly sloping. It is found onnarrow
                                6- to 10-percent                        to medium upland ridges and side slopes. The shrink-swell
                                                                        potential is low, erosion is moderate, and water capacity is
                                                                        moderate.


                     lic        Craven-Uchee complex,                   This soil is deep, strongly sloping, and so intermingled that it
                                6- to 10-percent slopes                 is not possible to map them separately. They are found on
                                                                        side slopes and narrow ridge tops. 'Me shrink-swell potential
                                                                        is low to moderate and the soils have a severe erosion hazard.
                                                                        Water capacity is low to moderate.

                     12         Dogue loam                              This soil is deep and nearly level. It is found on narrow ridges
                                                                        and low-lying terraces. The shrink-swell potential is low to
                                                                        moderate. Erosion is slight, and water capacity is moderate.

                     14B        Emporia fine sandy loam,                This soil is deep and gently sloping and commonly found on
                                2- to 6-percent slopes                  medium and broad upland ridges. The shrink-swell potential
                                                                        is low, erosion is moderate, and water capacity is moderate.

                     14C        Emporia fine sandy loam,                This soil is deep and strongly sloping and is found on side
                                6- to 10-percent slopes                 slopes and narrow ridges. Shrink-swell potential is low, threat
                                                                        of erosion is severe, and water capacity is moderate.

                     15D        Emporia complex,                        This soil complex is composed of deep, moderately steep
                                10- to 15-percent slopes                soils that formed over layers of fossil shells. It is found on side
                                                                        slopes along rivers, creeks, and drainageways. The shrink-
                                                                        swell potential is low to moderate. Threat of erosion is severe,
                                                                        and available water capacity is moderate.

                     15E        Emporia complex,                        This complex consists of areas of deep, steep Emporia soils
                                157- to 255-percent slopes              and areas of similar soils that have formed over layers of fossil
                                                                        shells. It is found on side slopes along rivers, creeks, and
                                                                        drainageways.

                     15F        Emporia complex,                        This complex is very similar to the previous one, except that
                                25- to 50-percent slopes                it is steeper.
                     17         Johnston complex                        This complex consists of areas of nearly level areas ofJohn-
                                                                        ston soils and areas of similar soils that have formed over
                                                                        fossil shells. They are on flood plains and along major
                                                                        drainageways throughout York River State Park. The soil
                                                                        complex has low potential for shrink-swell. Erosion is a
                                                                        moderate threat and water capacity is high.


                                                                              27





              Table 3, continued
              TASKINAS CREEK S01M
              Soil Unit    Soil Type                             Descyiption
                18B        Kempsville fine sandy loam,           Deep, gently sloping soils found on side slopes and uplands.
                           2- to 6-percent slopes                Shrink-swell potential is low, and erosion threat is moderate.
                                                                 Water capacity is moderate.

                19B        Kempsville-Emporia fine sandy         This complex is composed of deep, gently sloping soils on
                           loam, 2- to 6-percent slopes          medium to broad upland ridges and side slopes. Shrink-swell
                                                                 potential is low, threat of erosion is moderate, and the
                                                                 available water capacity low.

                20B        Kenansville loamy fine sand,          This soil is deep, gently sloping and found on upland ridges.
                           2- to 6-percent slopes                Slopes are smooth, and the shrink-swell potential is low.
                                                                 Erosion by water is slight and by wind is moderate. Water
                                                                 capacity is low.

                25B        Norfolk fine sandy loam,              This soil is deep and nearly level. It is found on medium up-
                           2- to 6-percent slopes                land ridges and has a low shrink-swell potential. The water
                                                                 capacity is moderate, as well as threat of erosion.

                29A        Slagle fine sandy loam,               This soil is deep and nearly level. It is found on upland
                           0- to 2-percent slopes                terraces, broad upland flats and in slight depressions. It has a
                                                                 low shrink-swell potential, a slight threat of erosion, and a
                                                                 moderate water capacity.

                31B        Suffolk fine sandy loam,              This soil has a low to moderate shrink-swell potential, slight
                           2- to 6-percent slopes                threat of erosion and moderate available water capacity. This
                                                                 type of soil is deep and gently sloping and is generally found
                                                                 on long narrow areas of broad uplands and on side slopes
                                                                 next to drainageways.

                34B        Uchee loamy fine sand,                This soil is deep, gently sloping and found on upland ridges
                           2- to 6-percent slopes                and side slopes. The shrink-swell potential is low to moder-
                                                                 ate. Erosion is slight by water and moderate by wind.


              the soil is characterized by        low bulk densi-         ate to severe erosion, as evidenced by exposed
              ties, high fiber content, and a high percent-               peat substrate, wave cut terraces and overwash
              age of organics. The creekbank and levee re-                fans. The sand substratum is sparsely to mod-
              gions show a pronounced decrease in water                   erately vegetated by beach grasses and shrubs.
              content due to increased riverine clay and                     Extensive polylialine marshes with both low
              silt deposition and decreased organic matter.               and high marsh components characterize
              The soils are described in Table 4.                         most of the Goodwin Islands complex. The
                                                                          tall form of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina
              BIOLOGY                                                     alternfflora) dominates the low marsh flora
              Habitats and Vegetative, Communities                        and covers approximately 205 acres or 70 per-
                                                                          cent of the emergent marsh area (Silberhorn,
                 GOODWIN ISIANDS The Goodwin Is-                          1981). Common reed grass (Phragmites aust-
              lands complex contains a representative as-                 rahs) has invaded several areas in the marsh,
              semblage of marsh-island habitats and associ-               replacing native big cordgrass (S. cynosuroides) -
              ated biological communities (Figure 14 and                    The high marsh contains a mosaic of the
              Table 5).                                                   following plant associations: monospecific
                 Prominent beach and overwash fan habi-
              tat exists on the northern side of the main                 stands of short-form S. alternij7ora; monospe-
              island. This habitat is experiencing moder-                 cific stands of saltmeadow hay (S. patens); salt
                                                                          pans vegetated by saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)


                                                                      28





                                          Figure 13
                                          SWEET HALL MARSH SOILS MAP


                                           ol                                                                                                                                                                                                     !,V




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      419




                                              S44











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                                                                                                                  ri                     ;. . . . . . . . . . .








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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7-c-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Axon





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                                                                                                                                                                                                                             29





              Table 4
              SWEET HALL MARSH SOILS
              Soil Unit    Soil Type                 Desc7iption
                115A       Bama soils                These soils are fine loamy that formed in loamy marine sediments on
                115B                                 uplands in the Coastal Plain. Slope is dominantly 0 to 6 percent but
                                                     ranges to 15 percent The soils are well drained and runoff is slow to
                                                     medium. The permeability is moderate. The depth of the water table is
                                                     more than 6 ft.

                 11        Conetoe soils             These soils are loamy and are on stream terraces and law marine
                                                     ten-aces of the Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These
                                                     soils are well drained and the runoff is slow. The permeability is moder-
                                                     ately rapid. The water table is deeper than 6 fL.

                67A        Kempsville soils          These soils are fine loamy and were formed in loamy sediments on the
                67B                                  upper Coastal Plain. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 6 percent but range to
                67C                                  25 percent. Kempsville soils are found on broad dissected uplands. They
                                                     are well drained with a moderate permeability. The runoff is slow to very
                                                     rapid. The depth of the water table is below 6 fL.

                359A       State soils               These soils are fine loamy and were formed in loamy fluvial or marine
                359B                                 deposits on low Appalachian and Piedmont Plateau stream ten-aces and
                359C                                 on the Coastal Plain. Slopes dominantly range from 0 to 10 percenL
                                                     The soils are well drained and runoff is slow to medium. The permeabil-
                                                     ity is moderate. A seasonal high water table ranges from 4.0 to 6.0 ft
                                                     during the wet period of the year.

                78A        Tetotum soils             These soils are fine loamy and were formed in moderately fine textured
                78B                                  fluvial stream terrace or lower Coastal Plain sediments. Slopes range
                                                     from 0 to 50 percent. They are moderately well drained, and runoff is
                                                     slow on nearly level areas and medium to very rapid on steeper areas.
                                                     The peirmeability is moderate in the subsoil and moderate to rapid in
                                                     the substratum. A seasonal high water table is between 1.5 and 2.5 &
                                                     below tlie surface from December through April during most years.

                145A       Tomodey soils             These soils are fine loamy and were formed in loamy marine or fluvial
                                                     sediment. These soils are on nearly level flats and slight depression on
                                                     terTaces of the Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These
                                                     soils are poorly drained and have a slow runoff. The permeability is
                                                     moderate to moderately slow. In undrained areas, the water table is
                                                     within 1 ft. of the surface during the seasonal wet periods.



              and glasswort (Salicomia t6ginica); and mono-              habitat is Estuarine Shrub-Scrub/Forested
              specific stands of black needlerush Uuncus                 Wetlands instead. The dominant shrub is wax
              roenterianus). Marsh elder (Iva ftwtescens) is             myrtle (Myfica cefifera). Subordinate species
              abundant at the marsh/shrub-scrub wetland                  include black cherry (Prunus serotina),
              ecotone. The forested wetland ridges on the                groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia), marsh
              main island are dominated by estuarine                     elder, red bay (Persea borbont), loblolly pine,
              shrub-scrub wetlands (Cowardin et al., 1979)               blackberry (Rubus argutus), and poison ivy
              with a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) overstory.              (Toxicodendron radicans).
              These areas are designated by the National                    The upland ridge is vegetated by red oak
              Wetlands Inventory as Palustrine Forested                  (Qy--Yms rubra), loblolly pine, cottonwood
              Wedand/Shrub-Scrub Saturated Wetlands.                     (Populus deltoides), and black gum (Nyssa
              However, the wetland structure, species com-               sylvatica).
              position, and tidal influence suggest that the


                                                                       30





             Figure 14
             GOODWIN ISLANDS WETLANDS MAP
             Poquoson West, Va. National Wetlands Inventory Map


                                                                                       EZEMPo
             2FLN                         F-ZFLN                 BOWL
                                                E2EMP
                                                       POWZ                                          F-ZFLNr,,,

                                                                                     F-2EMPoe

                                  DESOIR
                                  U-S                               7                  F-ZFLN     0
                                    EZFLN                  PP04R

                                                                 E2 MP
                                                                                    DOWL




















                                                               31





                Table 5
                GOODWIN ISLANDS WETLAND ACREAGE
                NNY Code         Wetland Type                                                    Replicate          Area in Acres
                E2FLN            Estuarine, intertidal, flat, regularly flooded                       1                    23
                                                                                                      2                    12
                                                                                                      3                    19
                                                                                                      4                    13
                                                                                                      5                    21
                                                                                                                  Total    88
                E2EMP            Estuarine, intertidal, emergent wedand, regularly flooded            1                   129
                                                                                                      2                     7
                                                                                                      3                   108
                                                                                                      4                     6
                                                                                                      5                    26
                                                                                                                  Total     6
                PSSIR            Palustrine, scrub-shrub wetland, broad-leaved deciduous,             1                     5
                                 seasonally flooded-tidal                                             2                     6
                                                                                                                  Total    11


                U                Uplands                                                              1                    26
                                                                                                      2                     3
                                                                                                      3                     1
                                                                                                      4                     8
                                                                                                      5                    20
                                                                                                                  Total    58
                POWZ             Palustrine, open water/unknown bottom, intermittently                1                     5
                                 exposed/permanently flooded                                                      Total     5

                PF04R            Palustrine, forested, needle-leaved, evergreen, seasonally
                                 flooded-tidal.                                                       1                     7
                                                                                                                  Total     7

                PFO/SSIR         Palustrine, forested/scrub-shrub, broad-leaved deciduous,            1                    29
                                 seasonally flooded-tidal                                                         Total    29

                ElOWL            Estuarine, subtidal, open water/unknown bottom                       1                    18
                                                                                                                  Total    18


                                                                                                          Grand Total     492



                   Subaqueous bottoms offshore of the                        mats and diatoms. They provide habitats for
                Goodwin Islands are covered by 300 acres of                  a variety of shellfish and other invertebrates,
                submerged aquatic vegetation dominated by                    as well as nursery, spawning and foraging hab-
                Zostera matina (eelgrass) and Ruppia inafitima               itats for many fishes, birds and other animals.
                (widgeon grass). These are the only seagrass                     Onjune 14,1986, a lightningminduced wild-
                beds on the south shore of the York River                    fire broke out on the Goodwin Islands and
                near its mouth (Orth et al., 1987), and they                 burned between 80 and 115 acres of upland
                have increased in size in recent years as a                  forest  '  shrub-scrub/forested wetland, and
                result of recruitment of seedlings from up-                  high marsh. The fire destroyed much of the
                stream beds and by the rapid growth of the                   above-ground shrub and herbaceous vegeta-
                recruits (Orth et al., 1985).                                tion in burned areas, charred tree trunks,
                   Sand flats around the Goodwin Islands are                 consumed organic soil layers, and exposed
                regularly exposed at low tide and are ex-                    underlying peat layers. Studies to assess the
                tremely productive because of benthic algal                  impact of fire on the Goodwin Islands system


                                                                          32





             and.its effect on plant recruitment and pri-        communities are recognized on the larger
             mary production are in progress (Silberhorn,        ridges. In cross-section, the ridges are char-
             in prep.).                                          acterized by a marsh/shrub wetland ecotone;
                                                                 a shrub wetland/forested wetland ecotone; a
                CATLETT ISLANDS The Catlett Islands              ridge terrace; and an interior forested high
             complex consists of nine prominent ridges           ground. In long section, the size and shape
             ranging in size from 8 to 24 acres and 15           of the habitats varies from ridge to ridge. The
             smaller ridges ranging in size from 2 to 6          size of ridge (length and width), topography
             acres. Broad low-lying swales occur between         and elevation profile, exposure to open wa-
             the ridges. A variety of coastal habitats are       ter (fetch), degree and duration of inunda-
             associated with the ridge-and-swale system:         tion, susceptibility to overwash, age of stand,
             emergent wetlands, forested wetland ham-            and distance from parental source appear to
             mocks, forested upland hammocks, tidal flats,       affect the development of communities within
             and tidal creeks (see Figure 15 and Table 6).       these habitat zones. The generalized descril>-
                Several types of emergent wetland habitat        tion of the habitat zones follows.
             exist on the Catlett Islands: low marsh habi-         The marsh/shrub wedand ecotone is char-
             tat inundated twice daily by semi-diurnal tidal     acterized by a fringe of marsh elder and
             action; high marsh habitat usually inundated        groundsel tree. The transition zone from
             less than twice daily; and shrub-scrub wet-         scrub-shrub wetlands to forested wetlands is
             lands habitat irregularly or seasonally flooded.    characterized by a sparsely forested overstory
             The wetlands communities associated with            dominated by young and/or stressed loblolly
             these habitats fall into the Brackish Water         pine, red cedar (juniperus virginiana), and,
             Mixed Community type according to the tidal         occasionally, American holly (Rex apaca) and
             wedand inventory for the Catlett Islands            black cherry. The shrub layer in the transi-
             (Moore, 1976).                                      tion zone contains wax myrtle, bayberry
                Saltmarsh cordgrass dominates the low            (Myyica pennsylvanica), saplings of the pine,
             marsh flora and occupies approximately 39           cedar, holly and black cherry, and a variety
             percent of the marsh area on the Catlett Is-        of vines, including poison ivy, trumpet vine
             lands. Saltmarsh cordgrass also grows in the        (Gampsis radicans), blackberry, and Japanese
             swale habitat, along with saltmeadow hay,           honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Where hu-
             saltgrass, and black needlerush. These latter       man activity is evident, the shrubs and vines
             three species occupy 11, 19 and 20 percent,         are thick. The groundcover of the transition
             respectively, of the total marsh area and grow      zone is typically an extension of the high
             in monotypic stands or in heterogeneous             marsh and is dominated by saltmeadow hay
             groups. The high marsh is dominated by              and/or saltgrass with goldenrod (Solidagv
             saltmeadow hay and saltgrass, and the shrub-        sempervirens), panic grass (Panicum spp.), gi:-
             scrub wetlands contain these same species           ant foxtail (Setafia magna), and dog fennel
             along with marsh elder and groundsel tree.          (Eupatofium capifolium). On the seaward side
             A variety of other salt-tolerant marsh plants       of ridges exposed to open water with a north-
             is found in these marshes.                          east fetch, trees are frequently uprooted.
                All but one of the ridges on the Catlett           The ridge terrace is usually dominated in
             Islands are classified by the National Wetland      the overstory by larger, densely distributed
             Inventory as Broad-Leaved Deciduous For-            loblolly pine. Red cedar, holly, black cherry,
             ested Wetland, seasonally flooded by tidal ac-      red maple (Acer rubrum), and persimmon
             tion (NWI, 1986). One ridge is classified as        (Diospyros %irginiana) grow in the subcanopy
             Coastal Upland Forest.                              and are more numerous and densely distrib-
                Several of the large ridges have been ex-        uted than on the edge of the ridge. The un-
             amined in a preliminary characterization of         derstory consists principally of American
             wetland and upland forest communities. Dis-         holly, and the shrub layer is dominated by
             tinct habitat zones and associated vegetative       wax myrtle with dense to moderately dense



                                                              33





              Figure 15
              CATLETT ISLANDS WETLANDS MAP
              Clay Bank, Va. National Wetlands Inventory Map


              7                                                                                            PFOIA
                                           E2EMP
                                                                   PFOIA----"\
              EMP                                                                             E2EMP
                          P R                              E2EVP
                                                                                                                 PF

                                                         PFOIE---o
               E2EMP                                                             PFOIE
                                                       SlE2E         KOIR                                      PFOI
                       PFOIR:f                               3         Of
                           G
                                                                                                                PFG
                              PFO

                               E2FLM                                                       R
                                                                                              E2EMP
                                                  E2FLNO                                            E2EMP
                                                                 PFOIR(o

                                                                      E2EM



                                                                        E2EMP                                E2EM






                                                                 34





               Table 6
               CATLETT ISLANDS WETLAND ACREAGE
               NVW Code          Wetland Type                                                    Replicate        Area in Acres
                     Core Area


               E2FLN             Estuarine, intertidal, flat, regularly flooded                      1                    17
                                                                                                     2                    20
                                                                                                                 Total    37
               E2EMP             Estuarine, intertidal, emergent wetland, irregularly flooded        1                   145
                                                                                                     2                    47
                                                                                                     3                     6
                                                                                                     4                     9
                                                                                                     5                     1
                                                                                                                 Total 208
               PFOIR             Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous, seasonally            1                     9
                                 flooded-tidal                                                       2                     5
                                                                                                     3                    19
                                                                                                     4                    13
                                                                                                     5                     9
                                                                                                     6                     8
                                                                                                     7                     5
                                                                                                     8                     5
                                                                                                     9                     4
                                                                                                    10                     5
                                                                                                    11                     6
                                                                                                    12                     5
                                                                                                    13                    19
                                                                                                    14                     2
                                                                                                    15                     6
                                                                                                    16                     2
                                                                                                    17                     3
                                                                                                    18                     2
                                                                                                    19                    24
                                                                                                    20                     9
                                                                                                    21                     8
                                                                                                    22                    12
                                                                                                    23                     2
                                                                                                    24                     3
                                                                                                    25                     4
                                                                                                                 Total 189
               U                 Uplands                                                             1                    19
                                                                                                                 Total    19
                                 Submerged bottoms                                                   1                   323
                                                                                                                 Total   323
                                                                                                          Grand Total    776


                     BuoLerAreq


               U                 Uplands on buffer                                                   1                     7
                                                                                                                   Total 7

                                 Submerged bottoms                                                   1                   220
                                                                                                                Total 220


                                                                                                         Grand Total     227





                                                                          35





             thickets of poison ivy, trumpet vine, bull briar    in 1975. Jones (1975) reported the trees to
             (Smilax rotund@fblia), greenbriar (S. bona-nox),    be of variable age, mostly of two different
             andjapanese honeysuckle. The ground is cov-         age groups, 15 to 20 years for the younger
             ered with pine needles, and herbaceous              pine and 40 to 50 for the older trees. Growth
             groundcover is sparse. Saltmeadow hay grows         was fair. The report advised the owners to
             on the seaward side of the terrace and panic        retain the timber stands for future volume
             grass grows occasionally on the interior side.      growth with a minimum of human activity
                The interior high ground of the forested         and to protect the timberland from forest
             wetlands contains more hardwood species             fire.
             than the ridge terrace, although species com-         The Catlett Islands once supported dense
             position and dominance vary from ridge to           submerged aquatic seagrass beds. Eelgrass dis-
             ridge. Loblolly pine is always present but may      appeared in the early 1970s and has not re-
             be subordinate to hardwoods in places. Com-         turned. A similar pattern has been observed
             mon hardwood species include white oak              elsewhere in the lower York River (e.g.,
             (Quercus alba), black oak (Q velutina), south-      around the Mumfort and Carmine Islands
             ern red oak (Q falcala), northern red oak           and at Clay Bank) (Orth et al., 1987). At-
             (Q rubra), laurel oak (Q laufifolia)@, willow       tempts to re-establish these important grasses
             oak (Q. phellos), tulip poplar (Lifiodendron        in historical areas has met with limited suc-
             tulipifiera), sourwood (Oxydend7on arboreum),       ccss. Survival rates of individual transplants
             black gum, sassafras (Sassaftas albidum),           planted in Fall 1984 to beds off Gloucester
             sweetgurn (Liquidambar styracif7ua), Hercules       Point, Mumfort Island, and Clay Bank aver-
             club (Aralia spinosa), dogwood (Cornus              aged 18.4 percent as of June 1985 (COE,
             flwida), red maple, black cherry, persimmon,        1987).
             black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) and holly.
             The understory contains younger trees of the          TASKINAS CREEK The shoreline along
             canopy species, and the shrub layer is sparse.      the transitional zone of the York River is char-
             The vines listed for the ridge terrace, as well     acterized by fringing marshes along with
             as grape (Vitis spp.), morning glory (1pomoea       pocket and tidal creek marshes extending
             purpurra) and Virginia creeper (Parthmocissus       landward into the uplands (Moore, 1980).
             quinquefolia), grow in the interior zone; how-      The biological characteristics of Taskinas
             ever, the interior vine layer is not as thick as    Creek typify those of the other creek systems
             on the ridge terrace. The forest floor is cov-      in the transitional zone of the York River.
             ered with pine needles and a sparse herba-          Based on vegetative composition, total acre-
             ceous groundcover.                                  age, area flooded, ratio of shoreline length
                The one upland ridge on the Catlett Is-          to marsh acreage, and lack of disturbance,
             lands is forested with a mixed pine-hardwood        Taskinas Creek is considered to be of pri-
             forest. Habitat zonation and community com-         mary ecological importance (Marcellus,
             position are similar to those on the forested       Silberhorn and Dawes, 1973).
             wedand ridges. The major difference is the            Several different vegetative communities
             abundance of hardwood species on the up-            exist within the Taskinas Creek watershed:
             land ridge. A variety of oaks is found in the       six different emergent creek marsh commu-
             canopy and understory, including southern           nities; forested wetlands; mesic hardwood for-
             red oak, northern red oak, white oak and            ests of upland ridges and ravines; and fring-
             black oak, although loblolly pine dominates         ing marshes bordering the York River shore-
             in places. Hickories (Carya spp.), black gum,       line (Figure 16 and Table 7).
             sassafras, sweetgum, and red maple are also           The low tidal creek marshes are dominated
             part of the subcanopy and understory.               by the following wetland communities:
                A timberland examination of forested wet-        saltmarsh cordgrass at the creek mouth and
             land ridges owned by Dean A. Ablowich was           downstream stretches, threesquare (Scirpus
             prepared by the Virginia Division of Forestry       amnicanus and S. olneyi) in the middle marsh



                                                              36





                Figure 16
                TASKINAS, CREEK WETLANDS W
                Gressitt, Va. National Wetlands Inventory Map


                                                         E2EMP
                                                                                                                    E2EMF
                           00
                                                                          FOI R                                                  E

                                                                                 ..E2FLN

                                                                                              E2ENAP


                                  CO,
                                                                                                       &\Nzk


                                                                                                                         E 2 E



                                                                               0


                )W                       50-



                                                                        59
                      0 core

                                                                                            112











                                                                        37






               Table 7
               TASKINAS CREEK WETLAND ACREAGE
               NWCode           Wetland Type                                                    Replicate          Area in Acres
                     Core Area

               E2EMP            Estuarine, intertidal, emergent wedand,                              1                   83
                                irregularly flooded                                                              Total   83
               EIOWL            Estuarine, subtidal, open water/unknown bottom                       1                   1.3
               PFOIR            Palustrine' 'forested, broad-leaved, deciduous,                      1                   10
                                seasonally flooded-tidal                                             2                   12
                                                                                                     3                     6
                                                                                                     4                     8
                                                                                                     5                   13
                                                                                                                 Total   49
               PFOIA            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous,                        1                   0.6
                                temporarily flooded                                                  2                   2.6
                                                                                                     3                   2.2
                                                                                                     4                   1.7
                                                                                                     5                   1.6
                                                                                                     6                   1.1
                                                                                                     7                   1.2
                                                                                                     8                   1.7
                                                                                                     9                   1.8
                                                                                                               Total     14.5

               PFOIC            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous,                        1                     3
                                seasonally flooded                                                              Total      3
               E2FLN            Estuarine, intertidal, flat, regularly flooded                       1                   38
                                                                                                                Total    38
               U                Uplands                                                              1                   791
                                                                                                                Total    791
                                                                                                        Grand Total      980
                     Buffer Area
               PFOIA            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous,                        1                   1.1
                                temporarily flooded                                                  2                     7
                                                                                                     3                   1.5
                                                                                                     4                   2.3
                                                                                                     5                   1.6
                                                                                                     6                   1.5
                                                                                                     7                   2.4
                                                                                                     8                   2.2
                                                                                                     9                   2.2
                                                                                                    10                   2.8
                                                                                                               Total 24.6

               PFOIC            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous,                        1                   20
                                seasonally flooded                                                   2                     3
                                                                                                                Total    23
               PF01R            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved, deciduous,                       1                     9
                                Seasonally flooded-tidal                                                         Total     9
               POWZ             Palustrine, open water/unknown bottom, intermittently                1                     7
                                exposed/permanently flooded                                                      Total     7
               U                Uplands.                                                             1                   350
                                                                                                                Total    350

                                                                                                       Grand Total 413.6






                                                                         38





              reaches, and freshwater mixed (where no             of their dampness from upland and ground-
              single species covers more than 50 percent          water discharges. There are active beaver
              of the site) in the upstream stretches. The         ponds in the research core area. They differ
              low marshes are regularly flooded at high           in age and vegetative composition and repre-
              tide. Slightly above the low marsh zone, the        sent successive phases of development.
              big cordgrass community exists and is flooded         Upland forests cover mesic ravine slopes
              generally by those tides exceeding mean high        and mesic: ridges within the core area. This
              water level. Saltmeadow hay and saltbush com-       area is rugged and is typical of the terrain
              munities occupy the interior of the marsh,          found in the transitional zone of the York
              above mean high water elevation, and are            River. The ravines have a canopy of Ameri-
              only flooded by spring tides and storm tides.       can beech (Fagus grandifolia), tulip poplar,
              Big cordgrass, cattails (Typha latifolia and T      sweetgum., chestnut oak (Quffcuspfinus), and
              angustifolia), and saltmarsh bulrush (Scirpw        northern red oak and an understory of
              robustus) border the uplands (Moore, 1980).         American holly and mountain laurel (Kalmia
                The saltmarsh cordgrass community occu-           latifolia). These species are also found on the
              pies about 53 percent of the creek wetlands,        ridges above the ravines, along with sycamore
              while saltmeadow communities occupy 12 per-         (Platanus occidentalis), mockernut hickory
              cent of the creek marsh area. The threesquare       (Carya tommtosa), Virginia pine (Pinus
              community covers about seven percent of the         virginiana), loblolly pine, red maple, white
              marsh and is significant both as a detritus         oak, black oak, southern red oak (Q falcata
              producer and in food value to wildlife. The         var. falcata), sassafras, and princess-tree (Pau-
              saltbush community covers nine percent of           lownia tommtosa) (Perry, pers. comm.).
              the marsh area, and the big cordgrass com-            Fringing marshes are found along the York
              munity occupies five percent (Marcellus,            River shoreline at the mouth of Taskinas
              Silberhorn and Dawes, 1973).                        Creek. The dominant vegetation in these
                The freshwater zone of Taskinas Creek pro-        marshes is big cordgrass. Between the big
              vides the most diverse habitat in the entire        cordgrass and the river, there is a narrow
              creek marsh. This zone is flooded almost con-       stand of saltrnarsh cordgrass. One of the most
              tinuously and has a variety of plant species,       significant values of this zone is erosion con-
              including arrow arum. (Peltandra virginica),        trol. Although the shoreline does erode, it
              pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), wild rice       does so at a much slower rate than
              (Zizania aquatica), narrowleaf cattail (Typha       unvegetated shorelines. These fringing
              angustifolia), soft stem bulrush (Scirpw            marshes also act as a filter to upland runoff
              validus), and various species of pondweed.          and, thus, protect fish and shellfish spawning
              The distribution of plant species in Ereshwa-       and nursery areas from sedimentation
              ter areas is heterogeneous and changes sea-         (Marcellus, Silberhorn and Dawes, 1973).
              sonaUy as the different species grow and die.
              During the winter, the areas are barren mud           SWEET HALL MARSH The Sweet Hall
              hammocks with only scattered stalks of vari-        Marsh Reserve consists of an extensive tidal
              ous species of plants visible (Marcellus,           freshwater marsh with adjacent bottomland
              Silberhorn and Dawes, 1973).                        hardwood forest and uplands in agricultural
                Forested wetlands (or bottomland hard-            fields, a managed pine plantation, and mixed
              wood swamps) occupy five percent of the             hardwood forests (Figure 17 and Table 8).
              Taskinas Creek area within the park bound-            Sweet Hall Marsh is one of eight large wet-
              aries. These wetlands are characterized by a        land complexes between West Point and
              mixed hardwood community of red maple,              White House. It shows the best development
              black gum, green ash (Frmdnus pmnsylvanica),        of tidal freshwater marsh communities. Be-
              and a variety of oaks and other water-tolerant      low Sweet Hall Marsh, the marshes are
              tree species. The swamps are flooded by ex-         oligohaline, and above it, at Cousiac Marsh,
              tremely high tides and generally receive most       there is an abrupt transition from freshwater



                                                                39





           Figure 17
           SWEET HALL MARSH WETLANDS MAP
           New Kent, Va. National Wetlands Inventory Map



                                   P@561E
                                                                    PFOIC
                       POWZVN                PP701C      pFOIC
                                                 0       "-e@T                           PEMR
            L (0 VAIJ/ h                          prolp,      0

                                                                                      Q
                                                                                   PPOIP

                                                                                   RIOWV
                                        IF                    PEMP
                                                                                       RiP-LM


                       PEMR

           DEMP                              3
                                        FP'




                       P1--:oiR
                  pemP,
                    RIOW                                                 PEMP




                pIf:OIR
                                              ppoip













                                                     40






                Table 8
                SWEET HALL NLARSH WETLAND ACREAGE
                AW Code          Wetland Type                                                    Replicate           Area in Acres
                      Core Area
                PEMR             Palustrine, emergent wetland, seasonally flooded-tidal                1                  918
                                                                                                                 Total    918
                PFOIR            Palustrine, forested, broad-vleaved deciduous, seasonally             1                    33
                                 flooded-tidal                                                         2                    2
                                                                                                                 Total      35
                RIFLN            Rivezine, tidal, flat, regularly flooded                              1                    5
                                                                                                       2                    10
                                                                                                       3                    10
                                                                                                       4                    7
                                                                                                                 Total      32
                RIOWV            Riverine, permanently flooded- tidal, open water/                     1                    .8
                                 unknown bottom                                                                  Total      8

                PFO/SS1C         Palustrine, forested/scrub-shrub, broad-leaved deciduous              1                    9
                                 seasonally flooded                                                              Total      9
                PF01C            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous, seasonally              1                    8
                                 flooded                                                               2                    .9
                                                                                                                Total     8.9
                U                Uplands                                                               1                  252
                                                                                                                Total     252
                                                                                                       Grand Total 1,255.7
                     Buffff Area

                PFOIA            Palustrine, forested, broad-leaved deciduous, temporarily             1                    4
                                 flooded                                                               2                  2.6
                                                                                                                Total     6.6

                Pssic            Palustrine, scrub-shrub, broad-leaved deciduous,                      1                    3
                                 seasonally flooded                                                             Total       3


                POWZ             Palustrine, Open water/unknownbottom, permanently                     1                    10
                                 flooded/intermittently exposed                                        2                    1
                                                                                                                Total       11
                U                Uplands                                                               1                  501

                                                                                                                Total     501

                                                                                                        Grand Total    521.6




                to forested swamp. Above Cousiac Marsh, for-                 ing and nursery areas. The freshwater marsh
                ested wetlands are the dominant wetland type,                communities are associated with the geomor-
                and marshes are only occasional features                     phic zones described in the "Geology and
                along the margins of swamps and uplands.                     Soils" section. The dominant species in the
                  The marsh communities at Sweet Hall                        creekbank zone are arrow arum, smooth cord-
                Marsh are classified as freshwater mixed corn-               grass, big cordgrass, smartweeds (Polygonum
                munities (Silberhorn and Zacherle, 1987).                    spp.), rice cutgrass (Lmnia orywides), wild rice,
                These communities are highly productive and                  water hemp (Amaranthus cannabinus), water
                provide habitat and forage areas for a variety               dock (Rumex verticillatus), Walter's millet
                of wildlife and waterfowl, as well as fish spawn-            (Echinochloa walten), and marsh milkweed


                                                                          41





             (Ascleftias incarnata). The levee zone of the          The uplands in the buffer area consist of
             marsh is dominated by big cordgrass, arrow          an agricultural field and mixed hardwood-
             arum, Walter's millet, smartweed, sedges            pine woodlot immediately adjacent to the
             (Carex spp.), rice cutgrass, wild rice, water       marsh and a young loblolly pine plantation
             dock, reed grass, rushes (Scirpus spp.), cat-       behind the bottomland hardwood swamp.
             tail, marsh mallow (Kosteletskya virginica), wa-
             ter hemp, beggar ticks (Bidens spp.) and panic      Fauna
             grass (Panicum virgatum). The low marsh in-            GOODWIN ISLANDS The waters around
             terior is the most productive zone, with all of     the Goodwin Islands support both sport and
             the previously named species, and is domi-          commercial fisheries. Oyster reefs (Crassostrea
             nated by arrow arum. Also found here are            virginica) and clam beds (Merrenaria
             square stem spikerush (Eleocharis quadrangu-        merrenafia) are commercially harvested. The
             lata), royal fern (Osmunda regalis), pickerel-      seagrass beds are scraped for molting blue
             weed, marsh aster (Aster vimineus), water-          crab (Callinecta sapidus). The dominant fin-
             hemlock (Cicuta maculata), and chufa (Cyperus
             shigosus). The sensitive jointvetch (Aes  chenom-   fish species taken by trawl in this area of the
             ene viiginica), a candidate for federal. listing    lower York River include hogchoker (Trineda
             as an endangered species, is found in Sweet         maculatus), white perch (Morone ameficana),
             Hall Marsh.                                         spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), oyster toadfish
               The tidal flats around Sweet Hall Marsh,          (Opsanus tau), striped bass (Morone saxatilis),
             although not vegetated by vascular plants, are      weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), bay anchovy
                                                                 (Anchoa mitchiffi), and Atlantic croaker
             extremely productive biological communities              r go
                                                                 (Mic opo nias undulatus) (Van Engel, 1968;
             because of the microscopic algae and diatoms        Bender, 1974; Jordan et al., 1972). Croaker,
             that grow on the surface of the sediment.           menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), spot, and
             The tidal flats provide habitat for a variety of    weakfish comprised 95 percent of the com-
             shellfish, crabs, and other invertebrates, and      mercial finfish landings between the Coleman
             they are also important spawning, nursery,          Bridge and the York River mouth (including
             or foraging habitats for many fish, birds and       Back Creek and Thorofare areas) in 1986 (Vir-
             other animals.                                      ginia Marine Resources Commission, 1987).
               The dominant canopy species in the bot-           The six most impbrtant species caught by
             tomland hardwood forest of the research core        sportfishermen in the York River from the
             area are green ash, black gum, red maple,           mouth to Pages Rock from 1955 to 1960 in-
             and ironwood (Garpinus carohniana). TI-ie area      cluded croaker, spot, summer flounder
             also contains sweetgum, sweetbay (Magnolia          (Paralichthys dentatus), striped bass, and puffer
             virginiana), tulip-tree, mountain laurel, red       (Richards, 1962).
             cedar, smooth alder (Alnus serrulata) bald-            The York River and its tributaries serve as
             cypress (Taxodium distichum), arrow wood            an important wintering area for migratory
             (Viburnum spp.), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), wax      waterfowl, including Mallard (Anas platy-
             myrtle, and flowering dogwood. Two types of         rhynchos), Black Duck (A. rubfipes), Canvas-
             herbaceous communities exist as ground-             back (Aythya valisineria), Lesser Scaup (A.
             cover. A herbaceous community similar to            affinis), Canada Goose (Branta canadensis),
             that found on the open marsh occupies very          Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula),
             soft muck and is covered with water at high         Bufflehead (R albeola), Ruddy Duck (Oxyura
             tide. A different herbaceous community domi-        jamaicmsis), and Tundra Swan (01or columbi-
             nates soft substrate on the solid tussocks of       anus) (Settle, pers. comm.).
             royal fern and roots of trees and shrubs. This         A variety of resident shorebirds, songbirds
             community is dominated by royal fern, jewel-        and birds of prey are found on the Goodwin
             weed, tearthumb, and cattail (Doumlele,             Islands, including Great Blue Heron (Ardea
             1976).                                              herodias), Herring Gull (Larus argentatus),
                                                                 egrets, Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima),


                                                              42





              and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). White-tail           Atlantic croaker, and the sheepshead minnow
              deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and raccoon (Pro-      (Cypfinodon vafiegatus).
              iyon lotor) have been observed on the islands.         The Taskinas Creek area supports a small
                                                                   population of muskrats. White-tail deer,
                 CATLETT ISLANDS The waters around                 opposum. (Didelphis virginiana), raccoon, and
              the Catlett Islands support both sport and           gray squirrels (&iurus carofinensk) are plenti-
              commercial fisheries. The dominant commer-           ful in the watershed.
              cial landings from Clay Bank to the Coleman            The York River and its tributaries are an
              Bridge in 1987 were American shad (Alosa             important wintering area for migratory wa-
              sapidissima) (101,969 pounds), Atlantic croak-       terfowl, including Mallard, Black Duck, Can-
              er (9,513 pounds), spot (3,567 pounds), weak-        vasback, Lesser Scaup, Canada Goose, Com-
              fish (3,394 pounds), bluefish (Pomatomus safta-      mon Goldeneye, Bufflehead, Ruddy Duck and
              trix) (2,612 pounds), summer flounder (1,121         Tundra Swan (Settle, pers. comm.).
              pounds), catfish (1dalurus spp.)             (256      A variety of resident shorebirds, songbirds,
              pounds), mullet (Mugil spp.) (212 pounds),           and birds of prey are found in the Taskinas
              white perch (158 pounds), tautog (Tautoga            Creek watershed, including Great Blue
              onitis) (35 pounds), spotted weakfish (Cyno-         Heron, Herring Gull, egrets, Seaside Spar-
              scion nebulosus) (18 pounds), and other fish         row and Osprey.
              (13,984 pounds). In 1987, 1,860,000 pounds
              of blue crabs were taken in this stretch of the        SWEET HALL MARSH Sweet Hall Marsh
              lower York River (VMRC, 1988).                       supports a variety of wildlife and waterfowl
                 The Catlett Islands are an important win-         and more than 100 species of finfish. Musk-
              tering area for migratory waterfowl, includ-         rats inhabit the levee regions of the marsh
              ing Mallard, Black Duck, Canvasback, Lesser          and have burrows that crisscross the low
              Scaup, Canada Goose, Common Goldeneye,               marsh flat to the tidal creeks. Marsh rabbits
              Bufflehead, Ruddy Duck and Tundra Swan.              (Sylvilagus palustris) are common inhabitants,
              A variety of shorebirds, songbirds, and birds        and raccoon and white-tail deer visit the
              of prey are also found on the Catlett Islands,       marsh at certain times to feed. Eastern mud
              including Great Blue Heron, Herring Gull,            turtles (Finosternum subru&rum), banded wa-
              egrets, Seaside Sparrow, Belted Kingfisher           ter snakes (Natfix sipedon), and fiddler crabs
              (Megaceryle akyon), Red-Winged Blackbird             are frequently encountered along the shore-
              (Agelaius phomiceus), Carolina Chickadee (Par-       line.
              us carolinensis), Marsh Wren (CistoUtorus platen-      Hundreds of ducks consistently winter in
              sis), Crow (Camus brachyrhynchos), and Osprey.       Sweet Hall Marsh, where they feed on a vari-
              In the spring of 1988, there were at least four      ety of marsh plants and animal foods avail-
              Osprey nests on the Catlett Islands.                 able in the shallow-water habitats. Among the
                 Other animals include white-tailed deer,          more common winter residents are Canada
              raccoon, muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), East-         Geese, Mallards, Black Ducks, Green-Winged
              ern box turtle (Terrapme camlina), ribbed mus-       Teal (Anas crecca), Ringnecks (Aythya collaris),
              sel (VolseUa demissa), fiddler crab (Uca spp.),      Pintails (Anas acuta), and Wood Ducks (Aix
              and saltmarsh snails (Melampus bidentatus).          sponsa). Great Blue Heron and other shore-
                                                                   birds, as well as Northern Harriers (Circus
                 TASKINAS CREEK The brackish marshes               cyaneus), Belted Kingfishers, Marsh Wren and
              of Taskinas Creek provide habitat for marsh          Red-Winged Blackbirds, are also common
              species such as the brackish-water fiddler (Uca      marsh inhabitants. Ospreys and Bald Eagles
              minax) and the marsh periwinkle (Littorina           (Haliaeetus kuco4halus) also live along the
              irwata). The waters in and around Taskinas           Pamunkey River near Sweet Hall Marsh.
              Creek support a variety of finfish dominated
              by spot, striped bass, oyster toadfish, weakfish,




                                                                 43




            THE HUMAN                                          area with 2,000 condominiums, a motel, golf
                                                               course, convention center, 1,200-boat marina,
            ENVIRONMENT                                        and a bridge across the Thorofare. A group
                                                               of local individuals, first calling themselves
            GOODWIN ISIANDS                                    "Citizens to Save the Thorofare" and later
            History and Socioeconomics                         incorporating as "York River Chapter of the
                                                               Chesapeake Bay Foundation," fought the de-
               The Goodwin Islands are        located near     velopment of the islands for six years. After
            Yorktown, which played a major role in the         this proposal was defeated, the islands were
            development of the United States. Most im-         acquired by the Environmental Preservation
            portantly, Yorktown and surrounding areas          Company and, in 1984, again proposed for
            were the locations of the culminating battles      development (a marina, some commercial
            of the Revolutionary War and subsequent Sur-       development and housing). Facing strong lo-
            render of Lord Cornwallis and his British          cal opposition and a recommendation by the
            army. The area also played minor roles in          York County Planning Commission against
            the War of 1812 and the Civil War.                 the development, the owners withdrew the
               The development of York County was in-          application and, also in 1984, donated the
            fluenced in the early years by Yorktown be-        islands to the Endowment Association of the
            cause of its excellent port, and later by eco-     College of William and Mary in Virginia Inc.
            nomic, employment, and associated develop-         for use by the College and its School of Ma-
            ment characteristics of federal military instal-   rine Science at Gloucester Point (i.e., VIMS).
            lations and nearby defense-oriented Newport        The islands remain uninhabited and are des-
            News and Hampton. As Newport News and              ignated as a Resource Management/Protec-
            Hampton grew, the associated development           tion Area in the 1983 York County Compre-
            (primarily residential) expanded outward into      hensive Plan, primarily because of the pres-
            York County. York County's population rc-          ence of saltmarshes and forested wetlands,
            mains highly dependent on these military and       lack of access and utilities, severe flooding
            urban employment centers.                          potential and extreme wetness.
               The Goodwin Islands are legally described
            as "Goodwin's Islands and Too's Marshes."          CUItUral      SoUr
                                                                          Re      res
            The property was originally patented to John          An archaeological survey has not been con-
            Chew in 1637 by John Harvey, Royal Gover-          ducted at the Goodwin Islands. In the event
            nor of Virginia. The islands acquired their        that one is conducted, it is likely that the
            name when deeded by Chew's heirs to Major          Goodwin Islands will yield prehistoric and his-
            James Goodwin in 1660. The property re-            toric resources.
            mained in the Goodwin family as one parcel
            until 1877 when it was divided into six par-       Present Uses
            cels and deeded to siblings of a niece of one
            of Major Goodwin's descendants. The islands           Owned by The Endowment Association of
            were reunited into one parcel by the Norfolk       the College of William and Mary in Virginia
            Fisheries Corporation, which purchased in-         Inc., the Goodwin Islands serve the educa-
            dividual parcels in 1911-1912. The islands,        tion and research missions of the College and
            "together with the entire plant and equip-         its schools. A discussion of current educa-
            ment," were purchased by the Goodwin               tional activities is presented in the Education
            Island's Land Corporation in 1920. This im-        Plan component of this management plan.
            plies that the islands were used as a fisheries    The subaqueous bottoms below mean low
            plant. The islands changed owners several          tide mark are in the public domain and are
            times until the mid-1960s when they were ac-       protected and managed by the Virginia Ma-
            quired by the Goodwin Islands Development          rine Resources Commission. The subaqueous
            Corporation, which, in 1968, proposed to de-       bottoms and waters support commercial and
            velop the islands as a summer home resort          sport fisheries.

                                                              44





                The Goodwin Islands are located offshore           Reserve Training Center; Naval Fuel Depot;
             of Goodwin Neck and Crab Neck, moderately             Colonial National Historical Park; Naval
             dense residential areas of York County (Cen-          Weapons Station; Cheatham Annex; and
             sus Area 505) whose population grew by 26.7           Camp Peary.
             percent to 5,516 between 1960 and 1980 and
             whose number of housing units increased by            Local Activities That Might Affect
             16.4 percent between 1970 and 1980. Popu-             the Site                            %/%I
             lation density (off military bases) for this cen-       No activities exist or are planned that
             sus area was 1.09 persons per net acre in 1980.
             The majority of the neighboring Dandy and             might have significant environmental impacts
             Seaford areas are designated Low-Density              on the Goodwin Islands. However, the fol-
             Single-Family Residential in recognition of           lowing events could harm the Goodwin Is-
                                                                   lands: oil spills, industrial accidents, dredg-
             the extremely wet conditions present over             ing of the Thorofare, or a downriver bridge
             much of the area and the need to protect              crossing of the York River.
             creeks from further siltation and water qual-
             ity degradation. Most lots in subdivisions near       CATLETr ISLANDS
             the Goodwin Islands are one acre or larger.
                Commercial land uses in the vicinity of            History and Socioeconomics
             Goodwin Islands include neighborhood con-               In 1634, the Colony of Virginia was divided
             venience activities in the centers of older, well-    into eight shares. Among these was Charles
             established residential areas such as Yorktown        River County, later changed to York County.
             and Seaford; general commercial activities            In 1651, a portion of the county between the
             along Route 17; tourist/commercial activities         York and Piankatank rivers was separated
             in the Yorktown area; and water-oriented com-         from it and named Gloucester. In 1654, the
             mercial/industrial activities in the Seaford          western portion of Gloucester beyond the
             and Dandy areas. Water-related activities have        Poropotank River became part of New Kent
             historically held a very important position in        County, and in 1790, the county was sepa-
             York County's commercial base. 1hey include           rated into Gloucester and Mathews counties.
             marinas, seafood businesses and boat-build-           Early accounts describe Gloucester County as
             ing operations. The Goodwin Islands are               having a prosperous agricultural society, the
             thought to have been used for a barrel fac-           main crop being tobacco. Gloucester was the
             tory and a menhaden reduction plant.                  scene of military encounters during the Revo-
                Two major industrial plants, Amoco Oil Re-         lution, the War of 1812 and the Civil War.
             finery and a Virginia Power generating plant,         The courthouse area, and the area immedi-
             the York River Sewage Treatment Plant, and            ately surrounding it, have served as a center
             a county landfill are located on the Goodwin          of residential and commercial activity for
             Neck peninsula. The availability of rail ser-         more than 300 years.
             vice, good highway access, public utilities, and        The York River was not settled until 1630,
             large parcels of land combine to make this            primarily because of the unhiendly attitude
             area well suited for heavy industrial develop-        of King Powhatan, whose capital was on the
             ment. The Goodwin Islands were once pro-              north bank of the river at Purtan Island
             posed for a deepwater offshore marine ter-            (upriver from the Catlett Islands). Once civi-
             minal. A Superfand National Priority List site,       lization reached the York River, however, plan-
             Chisman Creek, is in the vicinity.                    tations developed and fine houses were built
                Approximately half of York County's land           quickly on its shores.
             area is owned by the federal government                 The Catlett Islands were part of a 1639
             (military installations, or park property) or         King's Grant to George Menefie consisting
             by adjacent jurisdictions (reservoir water-           of 3,000 acres along the north shore of the
             sheds). Federal land holdings near the                York River from Timberneck Creek to Aber-
             Goodwin Islands include the U.S. Coast Guard




                                                                45





              deen Creek. Known originally as Timberneck           ism took their tolls on it. The Ferguson hunt-
              Plantation and later as Rosewell, the grant          ing lodge has succumbed to a similar fate
              included what became Timbemeck, Farm,                and is not salvageable. The one intact struc-
              Shelly Plantation and Rosewell Plantation. In        ture is a small hunting lodge built and used
              1680, the plantation then known as Rosewell          by Homer Buck, who leases hunting rights
              was acquired by John Mann in a game of               frornJohn W.C. Catlett and William E. Catlett.
              pushpin. Rosewell was inherited by John                The Catletts' Timberneck Farm consists of
              Mann's daughter Mary, who marriedMathew              approximately 1,000 acres of uplands and ap-
              Page, and later by son Mann Page, grandson           proximately 500 acres of wetlands (on the
              Mann Page 11, and great-grandson John Page.          Catlett Islands). Approximately 500 acres of
              In 1793, John Page sold the estate's Timber-         uplands are farmed, producing soybeans and
              neck Farm portion, including the marsh is-           corn, and with a small-scale livestock opera-
              lands, to the firstjohn W.C. Catlett. 'Descen-       don. Today, Gloucester County is the fastest
              dants of the Cadetts still own the property.         growing county in the state. This increase re-
              The main house, the second built on the site,        flects a general area-wide increase in popula-
              was built by the Catletts around 1800 and is         tion throughout the Middle Peninsula and
              on the National Register of Historic Places.         the Newport News-Hampton area to the
                The Catlett Islands have remained in the           south. Although much of the northern half
              Catlett family for almost 200 years, with the        of the county remains rural and largely de-
              exception of two parcels. One parcel, con-           voted to agriculture (chiefly soybeans and
              taining 64 acres on the eastern end of the           corn) or forestry, the southern portion, par-
              islands, was sold by the firstjohn W.C. Catlett      ticularly the Route 17 corridor between Glou-
              to Houlder Croswell in 1868. Croswell built a        cester and Gloucester Point, has experienced
              home on his island, locally callcd GrOSWC11's        rapid residential and commercial develop-
              Island. In 1921, Croswell's son sold the is-         ment in recent years. Scattered residential de-
              land to Francis LeGate, whose widow sold it          velopment of the shoreline in this area, in-
              in 1950 to William H. Fergusonjr., the present       cluding the shorelines of Timberneck and
              owner. A second parcel, 79 acres on the west-        Cedarbush creeks, also has occurred at a
              ern end of the islands, was sold by the first        rapid pace, contributing to problems associ-
              John W.C. Catlett's grandson Charles in 1920.        ated with public witer supplies and septic
              This parcel passed through seven different           tank systems.
              owners before being purchased in 1972 by
              Dean A. and Merrilu Ablowich, the present            Local Activities That Might Affect
              owners. The Ablowich cottage was moved to            the Site                             a,
              the islands in the 1920s from a location across        The only existing or planned activities that
              the York River.                                      might have significant environmental impacts
              Cultural Resources                                   on the Catlett Islands relate to increased resi-
                                                                   dential development in adjacent watersheds.
                An archaeological survey has not been con-         Possible impacts are increased runoff, sedi-
              ducted; however, in the event that one is con-       mentation and nutrients. from septic fields
              ducted, it is likely that the Catlett Islands will   and fertilized lawns and gardens; displace-
              yield prehistoric and historic resources.            ment and poaching of wildlife; and introduc-
                                                                   don of exotic plant species. Another relates
              P@-esent Uses                                        to a proposed upriver bridge crossing of the
                Little direct human use of the Catlett Is-         York River, which would encourage further
              lands occurs today, except for waterfowl hunt-       residential development in the county.
              ing, research, and commercial fishing in the
              waters around the islands. The islands are no
              longer inhabited. The Ablowich cottage was
              abandoned in 1985 as rising seas and vandal-


                                                                 46





             IDAVSKINAS CREEK                                     who also owns a parcel of the Catlett Islands.
             History and Socioeconomics                           Ferguson sold the 2,505 acres to the Com-
                Before the seventh century, the Mattaponi         monwealth of Virginia in 1969 Uohnson,
             and Pamunkey Indians (Algonquians) inhab          1  1990).
             ited the Peninsula. The names of many land              Sycamore Landing, near the park, was
             forms and creeks in the area are derived from        originally public. When it became private,
             Indian names. In York River State Park, Taski-       Ferguson donated one acre of his land for a
             nas Creek, Mattapom' Trall, Pamunlcey TrA            new public boat ramp at Croaker Landing.
             and Powhatan Forks Trail are such names.             Cultural Resources
                The first ownership record for Taskinas
             Creek is for Mount Folly, which was built in            There are 15 archaeological sites within
             the 1600s and encompassed land at the west-          York River State Park. Two of the sites have
             ern end of the park (Abbott Associates, 1975).       been fairly thoroughly investigated and have
             In 1673, Mount Folly was owned by Brian              been dated to between 1000 B.C. and 1500
             Smith and consisted of 966 acres of high             A.D. Egloff, et al. (1988) concluded that two
             ground and 250 acres of marsh. Smith also            sites near Croaker landing are locally unique.
             owned 900 acres luiown as Taskinask. By 1689,        The sites indicate an unusually dense human
             Mount Folly and the 900 acres of Taskinask           OccuPation in an area that was otherwise cul-
             became the Daniel Parke estate (Virginia Ar-         turally isolated. The cultural remains found
             chaeological Services Inc., 1988.) Nearby is         are well preserved. Of significance is a previ-
             Stonehouse, a 17th-century military retreat          ously undefined type of ceramic ware, Croaker
             or outpost used during Bacon's Rebellion. It         Landing, and a previously undefined type of
             is on the National Register of Historic Places       projectile point, Potts Side-Notche& The site
             (Virginia Archaeological Services Inc., 1988).       was probably a small, perhaps transient, en-
                A tobacco inspection warehouse stood at           camPment that was occupied for short peri-
             the mouth of Taskinas Creek during the 17th          ods at various times of the year, It did not
             century. Colonial tobacco often was transport-       play a special role widiin the prehistoric settle-
             ed in poor condition, so an inspection sys-          ment system and is rare for the Coastal Plain
             tem was set up to standardize the quality of         of Virginia-
             the tobacco and improve its reputation
             (McCartney, 1990).                                   P@esent Uses
                Riverview Plantation, located just outside           The Taskinas Creek Reserve in York River
             of the park's eastern boundary, was a tobacco        State Park is used for day-use recreation and
             plantation in the 18th and 19th centuries. In        environmental education. A discussion of rec-
             the Civil War, the Union Army is said to have        reational and educational opportunities at
             used Riverview Plantation as a hospital dur-         Taskinas Creek is presented in the Education
             ing the Battle of Richmond. The plantation           Plan component of this management plan.
             house has been restored by the current owner            Adjacent properties are in large landhold-
             on its original site (McCartney, 1990).              ings, smaller single-family lots, and small con-
                The Peninsula remained predominantly              venience centers. Housing density in the
             rural during the 18th century, and large plan-       Taskinas Creek watershed is low, but residen-
             tations were interspersed with small and             tial development is increasing. Between 1975
             middle-sized farmsteads. During the 18th and         and 1980, a new trend in residential growth
             19th centuries, Mount Folly and Taskinask            in James City County began to appear: the
             passed through several owners.                       growth of small-lot subdivisions scattered in
                At the mouth of Taskinas Creek, a house           the traditionally rural upper part of the
             and an artesian bottling plant were located          county.
             at the mouth of Taskinas Creek in the 1930s.
             The main tract of land that now comprises
             the park was acquired by WilliamJ. Ferguson,


                                                                 47





              Local Activities That Might Affect                   Marsh and Cohoke Swamp. The estate ex-
              the Site                                             tended inland one mile. Claiborne divided
                 The only existing or planned local activi-        the estate among three sons: Romancoke to
              ties that might have significant environmen-         William 11; Sweet Hall to Thomas; and
                                                             0     Gohokc to John. Romancoke remained in the
              ftd impacts on TasEnas Creel relate to in-           Claiborne family until 1686. Since then it has
              creased residential development in the Taski-        had several owners, including George Wash-
              nas Creek watershed and adjacent watersheds.         ington, John Parke Custis, George Washing-
              Possible impacts include increased runoff,           ton Parke Custis, and Robert E. Lee Jr.
              sedimentation, and nutrient loadings from            Romancoke is now owned by Sture Olsson,
              septic fields and fertilized lawns and g-ardens;     son of Ellis Olsson, who founded Chesapeake
              displacement of wildlife; and introduction of        Corporation.
              exotic plant species. Other scenarios relate            The Sweet Hall tract remained in the
              to impacts associated with a possible upriver        Claiborne family until 1756 when it was sold
              bridge crossing of the York River, a possible        as two tracts: Sweet Hall, which included the
              Ware Creek reservoir, and possible changes           Sweet Hall house built in 1720, and
              in salinity distributions in the York River re-      Tuckacomon or Tuckoman, which included
              sulting from withdrawal of water from the            Sweet Hall- Marsh, then called Tocoman or
              Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers.                       Tuckoman Marsh. The Tuckoman Tract con-
              SWEET HALL NlARSH                                    sisted of approximately 500 acres of uplands
                                                                   and 500 acres of marsh. The first Tuckoman
              History and Socioeconomics                           house, built before 1801, stood on the high
                 King William County was formed in 1702,           ground overlooking the Pamunkey River near
              50 years after Capt. John West, a brother of         where the Southern Railway runs through a
              Virginia's early governor, Lord Delaware,            cut today. A fire destroyed this house. The
              settled the lower county and named the pen-          overseer's house, which still stands, became
              insula West Point. Many homes built in the           the second Tuckoman House. Tuckoman Es-
              first quarter of the 18th century are still stand-   tate changed hands several times during the
              ing. The courthouse, built in 1725, is the old-      late 19th century before the marsh was ac-
              est courthouse in continuous service in the          quired by the Tacoma Hunting and Fishing
              United States.                                       Club in 1898. Since then, Sweet Hall Marsh
                 Prior to Capt. John West, West Point was          has been passed down to descendants of the
              the seat of Opechancanough, chief of the             original club members,
              Pamunkey, brother of Powhatan and leader
              of the massacre of 1622, which almost exter-         Cultural Resources
              minated the English in Tidewater Virginia.              Sweet Hall Marsh has not been surveyed
              At that time, the Pamunkey tribe was the larg-       for archaeological resources. Because of its
              est in the Powhatan confederacy. Descendants         long history of use, Sweet Hall Marsh and
              of this tribe live today on the Pamunkey and         adjacent uplands probably would yield sig-
              Mattaponi Indian reservations on the banks           nificant prehistoric and historic resources if
              of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers, re-            surveyed.
              spectively.
                 Sweet Hall Marsh was part of the original         present Uses
              Romancoke Estate on the Pamunkey River                 Today, William and Fred Reed and
              granted in 1653 to Col. William Claiborne,           Coleman Worthani III, grandsons of original
              Secretary of State of Colonial Virginia. Com-        members of Tacoma Hunting and Fishing
              prising more than 5,000 acres, Romancoke             Club, are the principal club members and
              extended from Herrick Creek (below Olsson's          owners of Sweet Hall Marsh. A record book
              Pond) to Cohoke Creek and included the               in the clubhouse shows that Sweet Hall Marsh
              marshes now called Lee Marsh, Sweet Hall



                                                                48





             has been used exclusively for hunting and          Local Activities That Might Affect
             fishing for almost 100 years. With the excep-      the Site
             tion of John Dalton, every governor of Vir-           The most significant proposals that might
             ginia until Gerald Baliles has hunted at Sweet     harm Sweet Hall Marsh are those to with-
             Hall. Several presidents have been invited to      draw water from the Pamunkey and
             hunt but were prevented from coming by the         Mattaponi rivers for urban needs. Several lo-
             Secret Service, which felt that they could not     califies in and around the York River basin
             be adequately protected while hunting. The         have identified the Pamunkey and Mattaponi
             uplands above Sweet Hall have always been
             used for timber and agriculture. The present       rivers as being capable of meeting projected
             clubhouse was built around 1947; prior to          water needs into the next century. The con-
             that, the clubhouse was where Wilton Dunn          sequences of the water withdrawal include
             and family now live. The Dunns hai- been           long-term reduction in instream. flow; change
             resident caretakers of Sweet Hall Marsh since      in the salinity distribution within the York
             1898. The boathouse was built in 1982.             River and its tributaries; and loss and alter-
                In addition to hunting and fishing, Sweet       ation of wetlands, anadromous fish spawning
             Hall Marsh is used for research and student        areas, and migratory waterfowl wintering habi-
             projects by investigators from VIMS.               tats. Higher salinities resulting from freshwa-
                Tick Hill, the loblolly pine plantation above   ter reduction could destroy all of the herba-
             Sweet Hall Marsh, was acquired by Chesa-           ceous freshwater vegetation in Sweet Hall
             peake Corporation in 1942. When purchased,         Marsh and Cousiac Marsh and the woody veg-
             the tract contained mixed loblolly and Vir-        etation of Cousiac Marsh, Cohoke Swamp and
             ginia pine seedlings that had recruited to the     West Island.
             site from seed trees left after a previous har-       Other impacts to Sweet Hall Marsh result
             vest. Chesapeake Corporation clear-cut Tick        from excessive boat wake in the thorough-
             Hill in 1982-1983. The site was prepared for       fare and localized subsidence. Increased resi-
             planting in the summer of 1983 and direct-         dential development along the Pamunkey
             planted by hand in the spring of 1984 usmig        River poses a threat to Sweet Hall through
             nine-month-old seedlings. The stand will be        erosion and reduction in water quality.
             harvested at age 30.
                Adjacent lands, like most of King William
             County, are primarily in agriculture or man-       ADMINISTRATION
             aged woodlands. The principal industry in
             King William is based on abundant forests.         ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
             Lumber mills are scattered throughout the            The operation and management of the
             county and a major pulp and paper mill,            Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research
             owned by Chesapeake Corporation, is located        Reserve System in Virginia is the responsibil-
             in West Point. One-fourth of the county's          ity of VIMS. However, this management plan
             population of 9,327 in 1980 lived in West          is implemented through a cooperative effort
             PoinL 1he remainder lived on grain and d i
                                                          'Y    between VIMS, participating state agencies,
             farms or in low-density housing develop-           appointed advisory committees, affected land-
             ments. The county's population grew by 24          owners, and the Sanctuaries and Reserves Di-
             percent between 1970 and 1980 and is still         vision of the National Oceanic and Atmo-
             growing, primarily as a result of the growth       spheric Administration. The following admin-
             in employment opportunities in the north-          istrative framework identifies the roles and
             ern periphery of the Richmond metropoli-           responsibilities of the agencies and advisory
             tan area.                                          committees involved in implementing this
                                                                plan. Landowners were also invited to serve
                                                                on advisory committees and participate in
                                                                decisionmaking. Agreements committing the


                                                             49





             agencies and landowners to the long-term           that use of the sites is consistent with rel-
             protection and management of theReserve            evant policies and agreements. The Board of
             System are presented in the Appendix A.            Visitors will approve proposals for property
                                                                acquisition and facilities development and use
             Orgin;a -Institute of Ma-yine Science,             of donated property value as state match for
             The College of William and Mary                    federal acquisition and development awards.
               VIMS has been designated by the gover-           Endowment Association of the College
             nor of Virginia to develop and manage the
             Reser.ve System and to receive and adn-dnis-       of William and Mary in Virginia Inc.
             ter federal grants and state funds for it. Gen-      The Endowment Association will hold gifts
             eral Assembly funds received by VIMS for the       donated to the College for the Reserve Sys-
             Reserve System can be used as state match          tem that are not transferred to the Board of
             for SRD awards to VIMS. VIMS also can use          Visitors or donated directly to VIMS. The En-
             in-kind contributions and private sector funds     dowment Association win set up endowments
             as state match for SRD operations, research,       for the Reserve System and distribute invest-
             monitoring and education awards to VIMS.           ment dividends to VIMS for use in approved
             Funds from other state and federal agencies,       research and education programs.
             as well as from private donations, also will be
             used by VIMS to fund specific research and         Virginia Council on theEnvironment
             educafion projects at Reserve sites.                 The Council on the Environment is the
               VIMS will serve as the headquarters for          Commonwealth's federally designated recipi-
             the Reserve system and take the lead role in       ent of funds under Sections 306 and 309 of
             implementing and coordinating programs for         the Coastal Zone Management Act. As such,
             research, monitoring, resource protection and      the council solicits proposals from VIMS and
             education at Reserve sites. The Reserve di-        other qualified applicants for projects that
             rector and other staff are VIMS employees.         are appropriate for funding under these sec-
             VIMS will continue to provide research assis-      dons of the Act and administers awarded fed-
             tantships for graduate students in the School      eral funds where appropriate. It is anticipated
             of Marine Science, internships for high            that some 306 and 309 projects will be con-
             school, undergraduate and graduate students,       ducted at the Reserve sites.
             mentorships for teachers, and staff for the          The Council on the Environment coordi-
             advisory committees affiliated with the Re-        nates state activities under the Virginia Chesa-
             serve System. The specific roles and respon-       peake Bay Initiative. VIMS reports to the
             sibilities of Reserve program staff, research      council on research activities, including the
             assistants and volunteers are listed below.        development and management of the Reserve
               VIMS will be on-site manager for Reserve         System. The council also coordinates state,
             sites and will administer site-specific manage-    regional and local government review of pro-
             ment agreements pertaining to on-site opera-       posals pertaining to the development and
             tions. The dean and director will be the sig-      management of the Reserve System. It will
             natory official for VIMS on such agreements.       mediate any disputes arising from the imple-
                                                                mentation of interagency agreements between
             The Board of Visitors,                             VIMS and other participating state agencies
             The College of William and Mary                    and between VIMS and NOAA,
               The Board of Visitors of The College of
             William and Mary will hold title to Reserve        Virginia Department of Conservation
             System properties (e.g., Goodwin Islands) and      and Recreation
             will serve as grantor on donated conserva-           The Virginia Department of Conservation
             tion easements. As on-site manager of Reserve      and Recreation owns York River State Park,
             sites, VIMS will ensure the Board of Visitors      which contains the Taskinas Creek Research



                                                             50





               Reserve. The department's Division of State            tutions and the private sector to serve on the
               Parks manages the park. The division will re-          committees. The Reserve System director will
               tain this responsibility and assist in the coop-       provide the dean and director with a list of
               erative management and operation of the                candidates on the basis of interest shown by
               Taskinas Creek Reserve site. The division will         individuals and areas of expertise. Appoint-
               provide office space for the Reserve System's          ments will be made for two years. Three advi-
               education coordinator as soon as appropri-             sory committees are being contemplated: re-
               ate space in the visitor center or proposed            source protection; research and monitoring;
               research and education center is available.            and education. The composition, roles and
               Although the education coordinator will be             responsibilities of these committees are de-
               supervised by the Reserve director, he or she          scribed later in this plan.
               will work closely with the park manager to
               ensure that Reserve activities are coordinated         Sanctuaries and Reserves Division,
               with park events and programs.                         National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                 The division's additional responsibilities re-       Administration
               garding the Taskinas Creek site are listed in            The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division is
               the Memorandum of Understanding between                authorized under Section 315 of the Coastal
               the Department and VIMS (see Appendix A).              Zone Management Act to make matching
               Other Relevant Agencies                                (70:30) grants to states for acquisition, devel-
                 Other relevant agencies will retain respon-          opment, operations, monitoring and educa-
               sibilities for resource management and                 tion at National Estuarine Research Reserves.
                                                               Sur-   Funding for research is available to any quali-
               veillance and enforcement of applicable stat-          fied individual or institution. As part of this
               utes and regulations. These agencies will be           authority, SRD is responsible for ensuring that
               represented on advisory committees. A de-              each Reserve is managed according to Na-
               scription of applicable responsibilities andju-        tional Estuarine Research Reserve System
               risdictions is contained in Appendix B.                regulations (15 CER 921) and individual man-
                                                                      agement plans. To ensure effective Reserve
               P@ivate Landownen                                      management, SRD evaluates performance
                 Owners of private property that is         incor-    concerning the operation and management
               porated into the Chesapeake Bay National               of the Reserve program, including the re-
               Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia          search, education and interpretation activi-
               will retain property rights and liabilities pur-       ties conducted there. When federal support
               suant to the terms of conservation easements           for Reserve operations expires, SRD requires
               or management agreements. Landowners will              the managing state agency to submit an an-
               be invited to participate on advisory commit-          nual report on operations and management.
               tees and in volunteer programs. They will be             SRD publishes quarterly status reports de-
               kept informed of Reserve activities through            scribing ongoing activities at designated and
               meetings, correspondence and the Reserve               proposed sites and periodically publishes
               newsletter. Copies of draft easements and              guidance memoranda. SRD initiates an an-
               agreements are presented in Appendix A.                nual request for research, monitoring and
                                                                      education proposals, conducts a peer review,
               Advisory Committees                                    and awards matching grants. In addition, SRD
                 The dean and director of VIMS will invite            is developing a coordinated information ex-
               the heads of participating agencies to submit          change program for Reserves to enhance na-
               names of agency representatives for appoint-           tionwide understanding and management of
               ment to appropriate advisory committees.               estuaries.
               The dean and director also will invite repre-
               sentatives from research and academic insti-




                                                                  51




              STAFFING REQUIREMENTS,                               Monitors day@to-day operation of the Reserve
              ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES                              System and progress of sponsored pro-
                An adequate staff is essential for meeting            grams and projects;
              the mission, goals and objectives of this man-       Directs program development, site selection,
              agement plan. When fully developed, the Re-             and nomination process for additional
              search Reserve program should include the               sites;
              following salaried staff positions: program di-      Directs baseline environmental assessment
              rector; research coordinator; education co-             and socioeconomic background research
              ordinator; laboratory technician; and office            for sites proposed for nomination;
              manager/clerical. The Reserve System also            Directs the development of management
              will provide funding for research assistant-            plans and environmental impact assess-
              ships and internships and will hire part-time,          ments for approved sites;
              seasonal and contractual employees as                Coordinates the development of research,
              needed.                                                 education and resource-protection priori-
                Unpaid volunteers will be a major compo-              ties and presents findings to appropriate
              nent of the administrative framework.                   advisory committees for review and ap-
                                                                      proval;
              Director                                             Coordinates activities with the Chesapeake
                A director for the Reserve was hired by               Bay Program, Virginia Coastal Resources
              VIMS in 1987. The director, headquartered               Management Program, Virginia River Ba-
                                                                      sin Committees, Heritage Program, The
              at VIMS in the Dean/Director's Office, is re-           Nature Conservancy, Chesapeake Bay Foun-
              sponsible for overall program development               dation, and other relevant groups;
              and management. Responsibilities are:                Coordinates research program activities with
              Prepares annual budget requests for state and           those of the Chesapeake Bay Program and
                federal funds, including justification for            other Bay-wide programs;
                base funding and requests for new initia-          Drafts conservation easements and manage-
                tives;                                                ment agreements for Reserve sites and ne-
              Oversees expenditure of state, federal and              gotiates terms and conditions;
                private ftinds, proportioning budgets to ac-       Develops resource-protection guidelines and
                commodate fiscal needs for salaries, assis-           policies for the Reserve System as issues
                tantships, field work, equipment, audiovi-            arise and presents them to the Resource-
                sual aids, supplies, travel and contractual           Protection Advisory Committee for appro-
                services;                                             priate action;
              Approves programs and projects funded un-            Provides guidance and mentorship to gradu-
                der the auspices of the Research Reserve              ate students in marine resource manage-
                program;                                              ment, undergraduate students in honors
              Prepares required semi-annual reports for the           programs, high school students in the
                Council on the Environment, quarterly and             Governor's School for Science and Tech-
                annual reports for NOAA, and periodic re-             nology, and teachers-in-training;
                ports for private funding sources;                 Serves on the sub-faculty of the division of
              Supervises the research coordinator, educa-             the School of Marine Science and devel-
                tion coordinator and other staff as they              ops and conducts special problems courses
                are added, research assistants, interns, vol-         involving the Reserves; and
                unteers, and contractual personnel, or del-        Assumes responsibility for other staff positions
                egates supervisory role as appropriate;               until these positions are filled.
              Serves as principal contact for the Reserve
                System, represents VIMS in public relations
                and media contacts, and makes presenta-
                tions to local officials, environmental or-
                ganizations, and other interested groups;


                                                                52





               Research Coordinator                                    Assists in the training of volunteers, research
                  The research coordinator will be headquar-              assistants and interns and monitors and
               tered at VIMS and is responsible for imple-                evaluates their performance;
               menting and coordinating the research and               Recommends locations for research and
               monitoring component of this plan. Specific                monitoring stations within Reserve sites
               responsibilities are as follows:                           and provides technical advice and assis-
               Directs the research and monitoring program,               tance to scientists in conducting research
                  designing and carrying out research and                 and monitoring as available;
                  monitoring projects, where appropriate;              Ensures that all necessary permits are ac-
               Provides staff support for the Research and                quired, liability release forms are signed,
                  Monitoring Advisory Committee and helps                 and proof of self-insurance is obtained
                  the director and participating agencies pre-            (where necessary) before researchers ini-
                  pare and update an annual list of priori-               tiate research or monitoring projects; -
                  ties for research and monitoring at Reserve          Develops additional research guidelines and
                  sites;                                                  policy statements as new issues arise and
               Coordinates the review of priorities for re-               presents them to the Research and Moni-
                  search and monitoring by the Research and               toring Advisory Committee for appropri-
                  Monitoring Advisory Committee;                          ate action;
               Issues requests for proposals for System-               Reviews environmental impact proposals and
                  funded research and monitoring projects                 provides written comments and expert tes-
                  and initiates a peer review for proposals               timony regarding Reserve resources, re-
                  received. Assists SRD in the review of SRD-             search findings, and environmental impacts
                  funded proposals'When needed;                           of proposed activity;
               Evaluates the results of the peer review for            Visits Reserve sites regularly and keeps field
                  Reserve-funded research and makes rec-                  journal and photographic records of re-
                  ommendations to the director and Re-                    search activities;
                  search and Monitoring Advisory Commit-               Ensures that all research permit conditions
                  tee;                                                    are met, including removal of research ap-
               Serves as liaison with the scientific commu-               paratus and site restoration when projects
                  nity, promotes data utilization, and is the             are concluded;
                  primary contact for scientists performing            Provides outreach to area schools, universi-
                  research within the Reserves;                           ties and research-funding agencies;
               Coordinates research activities within the Sys-         Makes presentations on Reserve-sponsored
                  tem and communicates with other Reserve                 research to civic groups, professional soci-
                  programs and other management areas, es-                edes and other groups; and
                  pecially education and volunteer programs;           Reports to the director for the performance
               Administers Reserve-funded research grants'                of these responsibilities.
                  monitors research progress, evaluates
                  progress toward achieving specified goals            Education Coordinator
                  and objectives, and conducts a peer review              The education coordinator will be head-
                  of final reports. Assists SRD in reviewing           quartered at VIMS. He or she is responsible
                  SRD-fanded projects when needed;                     for implementing and coordinating the edu-
               Prepares required reports for the Council on            cation program component of this manage-
                  the Environment and NOAA;                            ment plan. Specific responsibilities are as fol-
               Maintains a record of relevant research                 lows:
                  projects and products (e.g., reports, publi-         Directs the education program, designing and
                  cations, databases);                                    carrying out educational and interpretive
               Maintains an inventory of research equip-                  projects, where appropriate;
                  ment and supplies and identifies priorities          Provides staff support for the Education Ad-
                  for purchase;                                           visory Committee and assists participating


                                                                    53





                agencies in preparing and updating an an-         Develops additional educational guidelines
                nual list of priorities for education, inter-        and policy statements as issues arise and
                pretation and visitor-use programs to be             presents recommendations to Education
                developed for the Reserve System;                    Advisory Committee for appropriate action;
             Coordinates the review of priorities for edu-        Visits Reserve sites regularly and keeps a pho-
                cation, interpretation, and visitor use with         tographic record of ongoing education, in-
                the Education Advisory Committee;                    terpretation and visitor-use activities for use
             Issues requests for Reserve- and SRD-funded             in slide presentations and exhibits;
                proposals for education, interpretation and       Provides outreach to area schools, college,
                visitor-use programs and projects and con-           universities, and other environmental edu-
                ducts a peer review for proposals received;          cation organizations;
             Evaluates the results of the peer review and         Makes presentations to civic groups, profes-
                makes recommendations to the director                sional societies, and other groups upon re-
                and Education Advisory Committee;                    quest, as available; and
             Is liaison with the academic community and           Reports to the director for the performance
                acts as primary contact for educators bring@-        of these responsibilities.
                ing groups to the Research Reserve sites;
             Coordinates approved education, interpreta-          Ma7ine Scientistl
                tion and visitor-use activities within the Re-    Laboratory Technician
                serves and communicates with other Re-               The marine scientist/laboratory technician
                serve management areas, especially re-            will be based at VIMS and will be responsible
                search and volunteer programs;                    for helping in Reserve-sponsored research
             In consultation with the Education Advisory          and monitoring activities. He or she will main-
                Committee, reviews design proposals and           tain computer software and hardware, data-
                construction progress for all interpretive        bases, maps, photographs, library holdings,
                facilities and exhibits to ensure that they       scientific field equipment, herbarium collec-
                are consistent with the goals of the Re-          tion, draffing and publishing equipment and
                serve, this management plan, and contrac-         supplies, and other equipment used in analy-
                tual arrangements;                                sis of sites. Specific responsibilities are:
             Administers Reserve-ftinded education grants,        Assists in field research, collecting and -ana-
                monitors progress of funded education, 'in-          lyzing data, and preparing technical reports
                terpretation and visitor-use activities, evalu-      from biological, oceanographic and geo-
                ates progress toward achieving specified             graphical data and information;
                goals and objectives, and conducts a peer         Planimeters and digitizes geographic data,
                review of education and interpretive prod-           develops habitat maps, and conducts inte-
                ucts and media;                                      grated data analyses using geographical in-
             Provides technical advice and assistarice, as           formation systems and other appropriate
                available, for education and interpretation          software;
                programs;                                         Conducts literature review and external data-
             Trains and supervises volunteers who assist             base searches and synthesizes the findings;
                in education programs and monitors and            Prepares computer tables, graphics and re-
                evaluates their performance;                         ports for publications and presentations;
             Prepares progress reports for the Council on         Maintains numerical databases, scientific col-
                the Environment and SRD;                             lections, field equipment, maps, photogra-
             Maintains a directory of all relevant educa-            phy, imagery and supporting technical re-
                tion projects and products for the Research          ports;
                Reserve program;                                  Provides field support and assists program sci-
             Maintains an inventory of educational me-               entists and volunteers; and
                dia, equipment and exhibits, and identi-          Reports to the director for the performance
                fies priorities for purchase;                        of these responsibilities.

                                                                54





               Administrative Assistant/                                 documents, acquires minutes of meetings
               Offi ce Ma n age r                                        on Reserve matters, and prepares routine
                 The administrative assistant will be head-              correspondence on Reserve and College
               quartered at VIMS. He or she will provide                 matters;
               support to the -Reserve director by perform-           Coordinates internship program. Prepares an-
               ing a variety of administrative functions, in-            nouncements of internship opportunities.
               cluding reviewing, summarizing, prioritizing              Serves as interface between prospective in-
                                                                         terns and staff. Assists with paperwork, find-
               and expediting daily routine issues requiring             ing housing, and orientation;
               top-level review and response. Specific respon-        Conducts various clericaljobs, including typ-
               sibilities are as follows:                                ing, word-processing, text editing, proof-
               Designs and maintains a recordkeeping and                 reading, mailing, filing and transcribing;
                 milestone-tracking system for projects and           Prepares appropriate forms, inlcuding those
                 awards. Apprises staff, volunteers, students'           for purchase orders, local travel, "venda-
                 and contractors of upcoming due dates.                  cards," petty cash and vessel use;
                 Collects input from staff, volunteers, stu-          Maintains inventory and stocks of office sup-
                 dents and contractors and compiles quar-                plies, making purchases at VIMS Central
                 terly performance reports for NOAA, semi-               Supply or through an appropriate commer-
                 annual reports for the Council on the En-               cial vendor when inventory gets low, and
                 vironment, and the annual VIMS report.                  provides supplies to other staff-,
                 Provides timely information to SRD for the           Maintains mailing lists and prints labels when
                 National Estuarine Research Reserve Sys-                needed;
                 tem quarterly status report;                         Makes travel arrangements for other program
               Maintains a calendar of work flow for staff,              staff and helps visitors to the Reserve sites
                 volunteers, students and contractors. Ad-               find appropriate accommodations;
                 vises Reserve director on progress of as-            Supervises printing and mailing of newslet-
                 signments and recommends changes and                    ter, brochures and reports and works with
                 additions;                                              volunteers assigned to publication and writ-
               Reviews mail for headquarters, assigns mail               ers' teams;
                 to appropriate staff for response and ad-            Serves as receptionist for visitors and people
                 vises director of assignments. Reviews con-             telephoning the office;
                 tent and accuracy of completed informa-              Assists other staff on special projects and pub-
                 tion prepared for director's approval.                  lications; and
                 Drafts responses to routine matters and in-          Reports to the director for the performance
                 terprets and responds to issues covered by              of these responsibilities.
                 established policies;                                         I
               Schedules meetings of advisory committees.             ADVISORY COMMITTEE ROLES
                 Works with director and coordinators to
                 develop agendas. Prepares letters announc-           AND RESPONSIBILITIES
                 ing meetings and handouts for meetings.              Raource-Notection Advisory Committee
                 Arranges meeting facilities and logistics;              The Resource-Protection Advisory Commit-
               Conducts research on special projects. For             tee will comprise representatives of affected
                 example, conducts deed research on prop-             landowners, the Goodwin Islands Steering
                 erties proposed for inclusion in the Re-             Committee, state resource management agen-
                 serve System;                                        cies, and affected counties. In addition, a staff
               Serves as liaison with the Board of Visitors           member of the Council on the Environment
                 and Endowment Association Of The COl-                and the Reserve director will serve as voting
                 lege of William and Mary. Maintains Board            members. A NOAA representative will serve
                 and Endowment Association schedules,                 ex officio. The Resource-Protection Advisory
                 prepares resolutions and other pertinent             Committee's duties are as follows:



                                                                   55





            Provides guidance for establishing annual pri-      Monitors and provides advice on local issues
               orities for resource-protection and restora-        and new opportunities for cooperative re-
               don efforts within Reserve sites;                   search and monitoring;
            Reviews and monitors the progress of spe-           Evaluates overall progress toward achieving
               cific resource-protection activities carried        research and monitoring priorities and ad-
               out within a Reserve site to ensure that            justs long@-term direction accordingly.
               they are consistent with the goals and man-
               agement policies of this plan;                   Education Advisory Committee
            Considers the need for additional resource             The Education Advisory Committee will
               protection as new issues arise and makes         comprise representatives of area institutions
               recommendations to regulatory agencies           of higher education, state agencies conduct-
               concerning the need for additions or revi-       ing education, Alliance for the Chesapeake
               sions to existing regulations;                   Bay, Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Mariners'
            Monitors progress in implementing the ac-           Museum, Virginia Living Museum, and Vir-
               quisition strategy and provides guidance         ginia Marine Science Museum. In addition, a
               on the terms of conservation easements           staff member of the Council on the Environ-
               and management agreements; and                   ment and the Reserve director will serve as
            Reviews proposals for facilities development,       voting members. A representative from NOAA
               including siting, design and construction,       will serve in an ex officio capacity. The Edu-
               to ensure consistency with resource-protec-      cation Advisory Committee's responsibilities
               tion policies and provisions of this man-        are as follows:
               agement plan.                                    Reviews and approves lists of annual priori-
                                                                   ties for education and interpretation ac-
            Research and Monitming Adviso?:v                       tivities for appropriate Reserve sites;
            Committee                                           Reviews education proposals and designs pro-
               The Research and Monitoring Advisory                posals for all educational and interpretive
            Committee will consist of representatives of           facilities, displays, media, curricula, train-
            area colleges and universities, state resource         ing programs, etc., and monitors progress
            management agencies (e.g., representatives             of specific activities to ensure that they are
            of the original Research and Information               consistent with the goals of the Reserve
            Needs Committee), affected counties, Virgin-           program and this management plan;
            ia Academy of Sciences, Virginia Sea Grant          Evaluates progress toward achieving priori-
            colleges, Virginia Consortium of Marine Sci-           ties for education and interpretation and
            ence Graduate Programs, Chesapeake Re-                 adjusting long-term priorities accordingly;
            search Consortium, and Chesapeake Bay Re-              and
            search Planning Committee. In addition, a           In consultation with the Resource-Protection
            staff member of the Council on the Environ-            Advisory Committee, develops additional
            ment and the Reserve director will serve as            visitor-use policies as new issues arise, and
            voting members. A repre     'sentative of NOAA         provides recommendations to regulatory
            will serve as an ex officio member.                    agencies for additions or revisions to exist-
               The Research and Monitoring Conunittee's            ing regulations.
            responsibilities are as follows:
            Reviews and approves priorities for Reserve         FIVE-YEAR PLAN OF ACTIVITIES
               research and monitoring projects;                AND STAFFING
            Reviews Reserve research and monitoring pro-        Five-Year Activities Plan
               posals and interim and final research and           The implementation of this management
               monitoring reports;                              plan, including the hiring of staff-, the initia-
            Reviews permit applications;                        tion of research, monitoring, education and
                                                                volunteer programs; and the development of



                                                             56





             facilities, will begin after designation and will   desired conditions rather than specific ac-
             be phased in during the five-year life of the       dons, whereas the objectives are short-term,
             plan (see Table 9). Certain activities will take    measurable steps that can be taken to fulfill
             place before designation. After the first five-     the goals. The activities and programs rec-
             year period, this plan will be revised and the      ommended for implementation under this
             schedule changed accordingly.                       plan are aimed at achieving the objectives.
             Five-Year Staffing Plan                             Resource-Protection Goal
                            11
               Table 10 presents a five-year staffing plan,      To protect the natural integrity of the ecosys-
             which assumes the availability of funds and         tems within the Research Reserve from dis-
             approval for hires. The start of Year 1 coin-       ruptive activities inside and outside of the
             cides with the beginning of the state fiscal        Reserve's boundaries
             year (July 1, 1991). Year 1 is also the second
             year in the FY1990-92 biennium. In Year 1, a        RaoUrCe-Proteclion 0@ectives
             full-time education coordinator and a part-         Through conservation easements, Manage-
             time research coordinator will be hired us-            ment agreements, memoranda of under-
             ing state funds, and a graduate intern will be         standing, or land acquisition, to acquire
             recruited using private (endowment) funds.             and protect key land and water areas ap-
             A marine scientist and an administrative as-           proximating entire ecological units and
             sistant will be hired with federal funds. Re-          comprising the research core and adjacent
             queso will be made to the General Assemb'Y             buffer areas;
             for state funds and full-time equivalents for       To coordinate existing surveillance and en-
             the federally funded positions, as appropri-           forcement and, when necessary, establish
             ate. SRD funds will be used for those posi-            a mechanism to increase resource protec-
             dons until state support is obtained.                  tion;
                                                                 To coordinate surveillance and enforcement
                                                                    and, when necessary, to establish a mecha-
             PIRC)GRAM GOALS,                                       nism to increase resource protection;
                                                                 To provide for adequate public participation
             OBJECTIVES                                             as a means to promote compatible uses of
             AND STRATEGIES                                         the Reserve and enhance awareness of the
                                                                    need to protect sensitive resources; and
             MISSION, GOALS                                      To rehabilitate Reserve habitats where neces-
                                                                    sary to restore natural biodiversity and pre-
             AND OBJECTIVES                                         vent further resource degradation.
               The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Na-
             tional Estuarine Research Reserve System in         Research Goal
             Virginia is to establish a statewide network of     To use Research Reserves for long-term stud-
             estuarine Research Reserves that will repre-        ies to improve understanding of natural and
             sent the diversity of coastal ecosystems found      human processes in estuaries and to develop
             within the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake       information for improved decisionmaking.
             Bay and its tributaries, as identified for the
             Chesapeake Bay Program. Estuarine Research          Research 01@ectives
             Reserves will be managed by the Virginia In-
             stitute of Marine Science in cooperation with       To promote long-term baseline studies to
             relevant local, state and federal agencies and         characterize flora and fauna at Reserve sites
             affected landowners.                                   and to elucidate ecological interrelation-
               Reserve sites will be managed to meet spe-           ships;
             cific goals and objectives. The goals are long@
             term and somewhat open-ended, focusing on


                                                              57






                Table 9
                FIVE-YEAR ACTIVITIES PLAN
                Predes4gnation: July 1, 1990-june 30, 1991                      Second Year. July 1, 1992-June 30, 1993
                Finalize conservation easements and management                  Manage designated sites according to the ter-ins of
                agreements for Catlett Islands and Sweet Hall Marsh.            conservation easements, management agreements
                Finalize memorandum of understanding for Taskinas               and memorandum of understanding.
                Creek.                                                          Receive an operations award from SRD.
                Complete transfer of tide for Goodwin Islands.                  Negotiate conservation easements and management
                Prepare the final management plan.                              agreements for private and public lands adjacent to
                                                                                Reserve sites.
                Hire an education coordinator and research coordi-              Receive an acquistion and development award to
                nator, contingent upon availability of funding.                 begin construction and/or renovation of a research
                Establish first volunteer teams by working with the             and education center and associated facilities.
                Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay to place citizen                Evaluate achievements of first monitoring and
                water quality monitors at all York River Reserve sites          education awards and apply for additional awards
                and by continuing volunteer involvement in bird                 from SRD.
                census and vegetation analysis at the Catlett Islands.
                                                                                Encourage scientists to apply for fimding under SRD
                Fint Year. July 1, 1991-June 30, 1992                           research awards for priority research projects idend-
                Manage designated sites according to the terms of               fied in this plan.
                conservation easements, management agreements                   Recruit an unpaid volunteer coordinator.
                and memorandum of understanding.                                Expand the volunteer program by working with the
                Receive an operations award from SRD.                           Chesapeake Bay Foundation to identify "Bay Watch-
                Receive an acquisition and development award from               ers" for the Reserve sites and by expanding bird
                                                                                census, vegetation analysis and beach clean-ups to at
                SRD to develop concept and site plans for a research            least one additional York River Reserve site. Continue
                and education center and associated facilities,                 citizen water quality monitors at all York River
                including state capital outlay proposal, required               Reserve sites, volunteer bird census and vegetation
                architectural, engineering, archaeological, historic            analysis at the Catlett Islands, and estuarine debris
                preservation, and construction plans, and necessary             monitoring at the Goodwin Islands. Evaluate achieve-
                permit applications.                                            ments and effectiveness of volunteer teams and team
                Receive monitoring and education awards from SRD.               members and make changes, including adding teams
                                                                                and volunteers as needed to help support research
                Encourage scientists to apply for funding under SRD             and education programs funded under this phase.
                research for priority research projects identified in
                this plan.                                                      Evaluate results of software and hardware analysis of
                                                                                GIS and database management requirements and
                Seek ftmding for a study of software and hardware               purchase recommended software and hardware, as
                requirements for a geographic information system                funds permit.
                and database management system.                                 Continue to seek additional funds from public and
                Establish and convene advisory committees.                      private sources for research and education projects.
                Seek other sources of funding for research and                  Convene advisory committee meetings in accordance
                education projects (e.g., from private contributions,           with proscribed schedule;
                Virginia Environmental Endowment, Earth Watch,
                Renew America, etc.).                                           Complete designation process for Research Reserve
                Develop a manual for volunteer involvement in the               sites on Rappahannock and Potomac rivers; and
                Reserve.                                                        Prepare required reports for the General Assembly,
                                                                                Council on the Environment and SRD.
                Develop a Reserve brochure.
                Develop a mobile exhibit
                Complete site identification and evaluation process
                for Research Reserve sites on the Rappahannock and
                Potomac rivers.
                Prepare required reports for the General Assembly,
                Council on the Environment and SRD.




                                                                             58





                Table 9, continued
                EEVE-YEAR ACTMTIES PLAN
                Third Year July 1, 1993-june 30, 1994                        Continue to convene regular meetings of advisory
                Manage designated sites according to tems of                 committees.
                operations award, conservation easements and                 Initiate site-selection process for Research Reserve
                management agreements.                                       sites on theJames River and along the Western Shore
                Receive an operations award from SRD.                        of the Bay.
                Evaluate achievements of second monitoring and               Prepare required reports for the General Assembly,
                education Awards and apply for third-year monitor-           Council on the Environment and SRD.
                ing and education awards from SRD.                           Fourth and Fifth Years: July 1,' 1 994-June 30, 1996
                Continue to encourage scientists to apply for SRD               VIMS will continue to manage the Reserve sites,
                research awards.                                             refining and modifying operations as experience is
                Develop an education and research prospectus for             gained, and will confinue to expand the program
                Reserve sites.                                               contingent upon the availability of ftmds and demon-
                Coordinate, expand and evaluate volunteer pro-               strated interest in program expansion. During the
                grams.                                                       fifth year, VIMS will convene an external body to
                                                                             review progress and achievements under this plan
                Continue to maintain and update GIS and data files.          and to make recommendations for changes to the
                                                                             plan. VIMS will revise the management plan accord-
                Continue to seek funds from public and private               ingly and will hire additional staff contingent upon
                sources.                                                     the availability of funds and demonstrated needs.


                To improve understanding of tributary water                      and concerns related to estuarine manage-
                   quality, particularly spatial and temporal                    ment and protection;
                   dynamics, requirements for growth and sur-                To collaborate with other organizations to
                   vival of living resources, and contributions                  provide educational and interpretive ser-
                   and effects of point and non-point pollu-                     vices at appropriate Reserve sites;
                   tion;                                                     To provide opportunities for teacher train-
                To promote better understanding of estua-                        ing, student projects, internships and as-
                   rine physical processes, such as tidal influ-                 sistantships in which participants work with
                   ence, circulation dynamics, freshwater in-                    scientists, gain field experience'and learn
                   flow, stratification patterns and sediment                    about the importance of research results;
                   dynamics;                                                 Through volunteer programs and personal
                To encourage studies that make effective use                     contact with Reserve resources, to enhance
                   of past research and that address data gaps                   interest in and commitment to the Chesa-
                   in the Reserve's information base; and                        peake Bay and its tributaries;
                To provide for effective use and communica-                  To provide appropriate facilities that contrib-
                   tion of research results.                                     ute to educational, interpretive, volunteer
                                                                                 and research use of Reserve sites; and
                Education Goal                                               To provide for appropriate traditional uses
                To enhance public awareness, understanding                       of Reserve sites, including hunting, fish-
                and wise use of estuarine resources in the                       ing, trapping and boating.
                Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
                Education Objectives
                To promote knowledge of the Research Re-
                   serve, its resources and its programs, as
                   well as knowledge of broader coastal issues




                                                                           59






                 Table 10
                 FIVE-YEAR STAFFING PLAN
                 Positi (* denotes new position)                                FTE    Position (* denotes new position)                           YTE
                 Year I                                                                Year 4
                 Program director       .......................................................IProgram director  .....................................................I
                 Education coordinator*        ..................................  ........1Education coordinator   ............................................I
                 Research coordinator*         ............................................. 0.5 Research coordinator ..............................................I
                 Administrative assistant*     ...........................................IAdministrative assistant ............................................I
                 Marine scientist*     .......................................................IMarine scientist  ........................................................I
                 Research assistant I     ................................................... 0.5 Research assistant I.................................................. 0.5
                 Research Intern*      ...................................................... 0.5 Research assistant H................................................. 0.5
                         TotW Year I FTE       ....................................... 5.5 Intern  ....................................................................... 0.5
                                                                                       Clerical, part-time, hourly
                 Year 2                                                                Volunteer coordinator, part-time, hourly
                 Program director       ......................................................ITotal Year 4 FrE     ....................................... 6.5
                 Education coordinator         .............................................I
                 Research coordinator          .............................................. 0.5 Year 5
                 Administrative assistant      ............................................IProgram director  .....................................................I
                 Marine scientist    .........................................................IEducation coordinator ............................................I
                 Research assistant I     .................................................. 0.5 Research coordinator ..............................................1
                 Intern  ....................................................................... 0.5 Administrative assistant ............................................1
                 Clerical, part-time, hourly*                                          Marine scientist    ........................................................1
                 Volunteer coordinator, unpaid*                                        Research assistant I    .................................................. 0.5
                         Total Year 2 FrE      ........................................ 5.5 Research assistant II ................................................. 0.5
                                                                                       Intern   ....................................................................... 0.5
                 Year 3                                                                Office manager/clerical, part-time, hourly
                 Program director       ......................................................IVolunteer coordinator, part-time, hourly
                 Education coordinator         ..............................................ITotal Year 5 FrE      ....................................... 6.5
                 Research coordinator          ............................................... 0.5
                 Administrative assistant      .............................................I
                 Marine scientist    .........................................................1
                 Research assistant I     .................................................. 0.5
                 Research assistant ll*     ................................................ 0.5
                 Intern  ....................................................................... 0.5
                 Clerical, part-time, hourly
                 Volunteer coordinator, (unpaid)
                         Total Year 3 FrE      ....................................... 6.0




                 SITE BOUNDARIES                                                       polyhahne conditions and insular biogeogra-
                 AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY                                              Phy.
                    GOODWIN ISIANDS The proposed Re-                                      The proposed buffer zone surrounds the
                 serve consists of a 777-acre research core en-                        Goodwin Islands and encompasses submerged
                 compassing the entire Goodwin Islands com-                            aquatic vegetation beds, oyster reefs, uncon-
                 plex, and an 830-acre buffer zone. The core                           solidated substrates, and shallow open water.
                 area includes 276 acres of emergent                                   To the north, east and south of the Goodwin
                 polyhaline wetlands, 29 acres of broad-leafed                         Islands, the buffer zone extends seaward from
                 forested wetlands, 7 acres of needle-leafed for-                      the core boundary to a depth of 2.0 m, which
                                                                                       .  roughly the boundary between wetlands
                 ested wetlands, 11 acres of scrub-shrub wet-                          is
                 lands, 58 acres of upland forest, 88 acres of                         and deepwater habitats, as defined by
                 intertidal Rats, 5 acres of palustrine open wa-                       Cowardin et al. (1979). To the west, the buffer
                 ter (ponds), 303 acres of submerged aquatic                           zone boundary coincides with the eastern
                 vegetation beds, and 343 acres of non-veg-                            channel of the Thorofare.
                 etated subaqueous bottoms. Community type                                In 1984, the Goodwin Islands were donated
                 and biotic composition are typical of                                 to the Endowment Association of the Col-

                                                                                   60





                lege of William and Mary in Virginia Inc., a                    beds. The seaward boundary of the core area
                charitable corporation established to receive                   coincides with the seaward margin of the
                gifts that serve the education and research                     former seagrass beds at a depth of 0.6 m (2.0
                mission of The College of William and Mary                      feet below mean sea level). The landward
                and its schools. The Endowment Association                      boundary of the core area coincides with the
                accepted the islands so that they could be                      wetland/upland boundary on Timberneck
                used for scientific research and marine sci-                    Farm. The buffer zone extends seaward to a
                ence education through the College's Virginia                   depth of 2.0 m and includes 220 acres of
                Institute of Marine Science and School of                       submerged bottoms. The forested slope above
                Marine Science. In 1990, the Endowment As-                      the wetlands on Timberneck Farm forms a
                sociation donated the property to the Board                     natural landward buffer to the core area.
                of Visitors of the College so that it could be                     The Catlett Islands are privately owned.
                incorporated into the Reserve as state prop-                    The owners of all but one parcel have agreed
                erty. That transfer enables VIMS to use the                     to permit incorporation of the islands into
                fair market value of the Goodwin Islands as                     the Reserve through conservation easement
                state match for federal acquisition and devel-                  or management agreement and retain the
                opment funds. The following restrictive cov-                    right to:
                enants have been added to the deed:                                Continue to use the Catlett Islands for naturalistic
                                                                                   purposes subject to the conditions set forth in the
                   The Goodwin Islands are to be preserved as a                    easement or agreement;
                   natural area and protected from development in                  Continue to hunt, fish, trap, and gather oysters on
                   perpetuity;                                                     and around the Catlett islands subject to appli-
                   The College ofWilliam and Mary faculty, staff and               cable laws, or restrict the use thereof for these
                   students will continue to have access to the                    activities;
                   Goodwin Islands for research and educational                    Improve, repair, restore, alter, remove, remodel
                   use;                                                            or replace existing permitted structures, provided
                   VIMS will remain the on-site manager and respon-                that such activity is consistent with the manage-
                   sible for controlling access to and activities on the           ment plan; and
                   Goodwin Islands; and                                            Continue to use the Catlett Islands, adjacent up-
                   Should [the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine                   lands, and waterways for all purposes consistent
                   Research Reserve System in Virginia] cease to                   with the terms of the plan.
                   exist or should any of the requirements listed               In return, VIMS agrees to:
                   above be violated, the ownership ofthelslandswill
                   revert back to the Board of Trustees of the Endow-              Prepare and keep current a management plan to
                   ment Association.                                               directfuture research activities involving the Catlett
                           Goodwin Islands Site Owneyship                          Islands;
                Owner                                         Parcel Size          Manage the property for the purpose of conduct-
                                                              (in acres)           ing basic and applied scientific research consis-
                The College of William and Mary           ........... 492          tent with the management plan;
                Commonwealth of Virginia          ................... 1,115        Conduct ecological surveys and maintain data-
                                                                                   bases for monitoring purposes;
                   CATLETT ISLANDS The proposed                         Re-        Provide timely and accurate information through
                search Reserve consists of a 6Wacre research                       periodic meetings and reports to the landowners
                core, which encompasses all but a small por-                       and the citizens of the Commonwealth regarding
                don (79 acres) of the entire Catlett Islands                       the quality and conservation of living and non-
                ecological unit, and a 220-acre buffer zone.                       living resources of the Catlett Islands; and
                The core area includes 168 acres of emer-                          Provide adequate liability insurance for those
                gent mesohaline marsh, 164 acres of broad-                         employed in permitted activities on the Catlett
                leaved forested wetlands,' 14 acres of forested                    Islands and fumish evidence of such coverage.
                upland hammock, and 351 acres of sub-                              The terms of the conservation easements
                merged bottoms that once supported seagrass and management agreement are presented


                                                                            61





                     in Appendix A. The value of the donated                                             ish and freshwater wetlands, 65.7 acres of bot-
                     conservation casements or property can be                                           tomland hardwood forest, 372 acres of ul>-
                     used by VIMS as match for federal acquisi-                                          land deciduous forest, 3 acres of intertidal
                     tion and development funds.                                                         flats and 1.3 acres of creek bottom. A buffer
                         Figure 18 shows property boundaries on                                          zone will be developed if agreements can be
                     the Catlett Islands. The easternmost parcel,                                        reached with adjacent priviite landowners.
                     Parcel 65 (64 acres) is owned by William H.                                             As a part of York River State Park, the Taski-
                     Ferguson Jr., who has entered into a manage-                                        nas Creek component encompasses land and
                     ment agreement with VIMS. Five parcels are                                          water already in the public domain. The area
                     owned by Catletts. John W. C. Catlett Jr.,                                          so defined is sufficient to meet the goals and
                     Charles Catlett and Mary Armistead Catlett                                          objectives of the program, although addi-
                     Burruss own Parcel 64 (115 acres), Parcel 90                                        tional buffer areas are desirable. The possi-
                     (112 acres); and Parcels 87/89 (115 acres).                                         bility of including privately owned wetlands,
                     Mary Armistead Catlett Burruss owns Parcel                                          creek bottom and forests on ravine slopes
                     91 (112 acres). These parcels have been do-                                         adjacent to the park boundary as buffers is
                     nated through conservation easements to The                                         being explored. These areas will be proposed
                     College of William and Mary. The Common-                                            for inclusion at a later date if approved by
                     wealth owns open-water areas below mean low                                         the landowners and NOAA.
                     tide.                                                                                   The Reserve's goals and objectives comple-
                         Excluded from the Reserve is Parcel 88                                          ment those of York River State Park. The Park
                     (79 acres) owned by Dean A. and Merrilou                                            is managed for passive recreational, educa-
                     Ablowich. After the closing of the comment                                          tional and research uses. Because a partner-
                     period for the Draft Environmental Impact                                           ship between the Virginia Department of
                     Statement and Draft Management Plan for                                             Conservation and Recreation and VIMS
                     the Reserve, Mr. and Mrs. Ablowich decided                                          would be mutually beneficial, a memorandum
                     not to enter into a management agreement                                            of understanding between these entities has
                     with VIMS under the terms set by the Com-                                           been signed (see Appendix A) identifying
                     monwealth and NOAA. Therefore, this par-                                            roles and responsibilities for the department
                     cel will not become part of the Reserve.                                            and VIMS regarding the Reserve program.

                                     Catlett Islands Site Oumership                                                     Taskinas Creek Site Ownership
                     Owner                                                     Parcel Size               Owner                                                             Size
                                                                               (in acres)*                                                                             (in acres)
                     William H. Fergusonjr                . ............... 65  ............ 64          Department of
                     John W, C. CatlettJr. et at              . ........... 64  ........... 115          Conservation and Recreation                     ................... 525
                     John W. C. CatlettJr. et at              . ........ 87/89      ......... 155
                     John W. C. CatlettJr. et at              . ........... 90  ............ 112             SWEET HAU MARSH The Sweet Hall
                     Mary A. Catlett Burruss                 ............... 91 ........... 112          Marsh research core consists of 871.26 acres.
                     Commonwealth of Virginia                                                            It encompasses 818 acres of emergent fresh-
                         (open water)          .............................................. 352        water marsh, 35 acres of permanently flooded
                                                                                                         broad-leaved forested wetlands, 8.9 acres of
                        Note: The acreage figures from tax records do                                    seasonally flooded forested wetlands, 9 acres
                     not agree with those from the National Wetland                                      of scrub-shrub wetlands, and 0.36 acres of
                     Inventory map because of dfferent survey meth-                                      tidal flats. The proposed buffer zone consists
                     ods.                                                                                of 521.6 acres. It encompasses 1 acre of per-
                                                                                                         manently flooded riverine bottom, 10 acres
                         TASKINAS CREEK The Reserve site con-                                            of open water, 6.6 acres of temporarily
                     sists of a 525-acre research core within the                                        flooded wetland forest, 3 acres of seasonally
                     boundaries of York River State Park. The core                                       flooded scrub-shrub wetlands, and 501 acres
                     area will include: 83 acres of emergent brack-                                      of upland forest.



                                                                                                    62





                          Figure 18
                          CATLETT ISLANDS PROPERTY BOUNDARIES



                                                                                                                            32
                                                                                                                                                                      .... ..... ...
                                                                                                                                                                          ... . ........
                                                                                                                                                                   ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                         s
                                               N;1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 35'


                                                                                                                                                                                          n635
                                                                                                      :0:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  IX

                          unclaring
                          Ant
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Rosewell
                                                                                                                                                                                                             rn     rden




                                                                             Oliver Landing;                                                                          35






                                                                                                                      .... .......

                                                                                                                                                                                                                .z


                                                                                                                                    p
                                                   ........                                         eq



                                                   ..........                                                                                                                    . .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             26



                                                                                                                                                                                 7



                                                         ..........
                                                          .........                                                  9%0                  91

                                                                                         L Greg n Point 2
                                                                                                                                                              4b+
                                                                                                                           4
                                                                                                                           Cb
                                   A                             .....
                                                                                                                                                                                             0



                                                                         ........... .

                                                                                                                                        .0 410
                                                                                                                                                             165








                                                                                                                                      . . . . . . . . .. . .


                                                   FIResearch Core Area
                                                   r._._1
                                                   LLJ Buffer Area
                                                   EM Excluded from CBNERRS-VA




                                                                                                                               63





                           Except for that part of the Reserve that is                                        Provide adequate liability insurance for those
                       below mean low water, which is owned by the                                            employed in permitted activities on Sweet Hall
                       Commonwealth, the core and buffer areas                                                Marsh and furnish evidence of such coverage.
                       are privately owned. The marsh core and part
                       of the upland buffer are owned by Tacoma                                                        Sweet Hall Marsh Site Ownership
                       Hunting and Fishing Club and the forested                                          Owner                                                         Parcel Size
                       wetland core; the remaining upland buffer is                                                                                                     (in acres)*
                       owned by Chesapeake Corporation. (Figure                                           Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club                           .... 18 .... 949
                       19). Chesapeake's upland property is man-                                          Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club                           .... 17 .... 145
                       aged for pulpwood production and is sched-                                         Chesapeake Corporation                    ..................... 12 .... 189
                       uled for harvest in 2004. There is a natural                                       Commonwealth of Virginia
                       vegetative buffer strip between the pine plan-                                         (open water)          .............................................. 352
                       tation and the forested wetlands.                                                  * Note: The acreage figures from tax records do
                           The Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club and                                        not agree with acreage figures from the National
                       Chesapeake Corporation have signed man-                                            Wetland Inventory map because of different sur-
                       agement agreements with VIMS (see Appen-                                           vey methods.
                       dix A) - The landowners permit access to the
                       property for research and education but re-                                        RESOURCE-PROTECTION PLAN
                       serve for themselves, their personal repre,,,                                      Management Policies
                       tatives, their heirs, their successors, and their                                      The following is a synopsis of the manage-
                       assigns the right to:                                                              ment policies that will be adhered to in ful-
                           Continue to use Sweet Hall Marsh for naturalistic                              filling the goals and objectives listed above.
                           purposes subject to the conditions set forth in the                            Specific policies are given in Appendix B.
                           agreement;                                                                         The health and natural integrity of Reserve
                           Continue to hunt, fish, and trap at Sweet Hall                                 sites will be protected and, where necessary,
                           Marsh subject to applicable laws, or lease or re-                              restored, to provide a productive, stable envi-
                           strict the use thereof for these activities;                                   ronment for research, education and com-
                           Create ponds in the buffer area above Sweet Hall                               patible traditional activities. Reserve pro-
                           Marsh and raise and release ducks and geese;                                   grams, activities and facilities will augment,
                           Improve, repair, restore, alter, remove, remodel                               not replace, the conservation, research, edu-
                           or replace existing permitted structures, provided                             cation and historical uses of the site by the
                           that such activity is consistent with the manage-                              site property owners. Reserve programs also
                           ment plan; and                                                                 will complement traditional uses outside Re-
                           Continue to use Sweet Hall Marsh and adjacent                                  serve boundaries. Public access policies will
                           uplands and waterways for all purposes consistent                              be developed individually for each site (see
                           with the terms of the agreement.                                               Public Access Plan below) .
                       In return, VIMS agrees to:                                                             Unless otherwise stated in conservation
                           Prepare and keep current a management plan to                                  easements, management agreements or mem-
                           direct ffiture research activities involving Sweet                             oranda of understanding, site property own-
                           Hall Marsh;                                                                    ers will continue to protect and administer
                           Manage die property for the purpose of conduct-                                their lands and facilities, including those des-
                           ing basic and applied scientific research consis-                              ignated as Reserves, and to use their lands
                           tent with the management plan;                                                 and facilities for activities that do not adversely
                           Conduct ecological surveys and maintain a cur-                                 affect implementation of this management
                           rent information base for monitoring purposes;                                 plan, conflict with Reserve goals and objec-
                           Provide timely and accurate information through                                tives, or adversely affect the Reserve's natu-
                           periodic meetings and reports to the landowners                                ral resources.
                           and the citizens of the Commonwealth regarding                                     Present levels of traditional, compatible
                           the quality and conservation of living and non-                                uses (e.g., hunting, fishing, trapping, oyster-
                           living resources of Sweet Hall Marsh; and                                      ing, boating) at and adjacent to Reserve sites


                                                                                                       64





              Figure 19
              SWEET HALL MARSH PROPERTY BOUNDARIES



                                                   7
                         4-


                                                                    0
                                      'V

                                                 6



                                                      Sweet Hal
                                                                                                                      Hill
                                                               .........                                             Mars
                                                                                                                           h




                     -10  --------------

                                                           e                   ...     .. ....
                                                        Sw e










                                                                  i'da








                                                                         S w e e t       a 11         M a r s h



                                    j
               A10

                        Research Core Area                                                                              Hill
                                                                                                                      Marsh


                         Buffer Area










                                                                      65





              will continue as provided for by local, state        research and education programs also re-
              or federal law. Activities of adjacent property      quires prior approval. All projects will use
              owners will not be restricted by Reserve des-        best-management practices to preclude deg-
              ignation, although appropriate action will be        radation of the natural environment and cul-
              considered if off-site activities threaten the       tural resources. The use of toxic substances
              Reserve's natural integrity or designated uses.      is prohibited in the core area and strongly
                The Reserve manages sites - cooperatively          discouraged in the buffer area. Proper dis-
              with VIMS, site owners, local government             posal of all trash, litter and common pollut-
              agencies, state govern  *ment agencies and pri-      ants is mandatory.
              vate organizations. Resource protection will            Restoration will be minimal. In general,
              rely on a number of existing federal, state          Reserve sites are pristine, and any degrada-
              and local laws and regulations, as well as Re-       tion is minor. Minor restoration may be un-
              serve management and site owner policies.            dertaken to control erosion, eradicate exotic
              Reserve staff will need to be knowledgeable          plants or re-establish native vegetation to pre-
              of and involved with land and water use is-          serve the Reserve site or enhance its research
              sues in the vicinities of Reserve sites.             and education value. (Please see the Restora-
                VIMS will arrange to provide basic support         tion Plan).
              services required to carry out this manage-             The planning of any construction will in-
              ment plan. Federal and state funding may be          clude the review of an archaeological survey
              used for capital improvements, such as the           of the area. A determination will be made as
              construction of Reserve facilities or improve-       to whether or not known archaeological sites
              ment of access roads, boat ramps and trails.         are directly significant and portions of the
              Funds from a variety of federal, state and pri-      site would be disturbed by construction. Wher-
              vate sources will be sought to fund research         ever feasible, construction plans will be al-
              and education programs. Reserve budget and           tered to preclude disturbing sites having ar-
              proposals will follow the state fiscal year, July    chaeological, historical or cultural signifi-
              1 throughJune 30.     VIMS will coordinate the       cance.
              distribution of federal, state and private funds        The Reserve will retain the ability to alter
              and will act as liaison between NOAA and             or amend the specific management policies
              the site owners, agencies and organizations          outlined in Appendix B as changes occur in
              involved in Reserve programs.                        the relevant statutes, laws and regulations; as
                Land will be brought into the Reserve pro-         resource-use patterns change; and as im-
              gram only through agreements with willing            proved scientific information is obtained. The
              participants or through fee-simple acquisition       policies will be reviewed as part of the overall
              from willing sellers. The Commonwealth will          management review and modified as needed.
              not use condemnation procedures to acquire           The policies will be applied site-specifically
              land for the Reserve program.                        as proscribed in relevant conservation ease-
                Resource protection and non-manipulative           ments, management agreements and memo-
              research will be given the highest priorities        randa of understanding.
              in the management of Reserve sites. With
              the exceptions of samples taken for approved         State and Local Regulations
              research programs and fish and game taken            Affecting Reseme Sites
              under site-specific traditional-use policies,          4,
              nothing may be removed from the core area               VIMS will rely upon existing regulations,
              without the approval of the Reserve manager          statutes and jurisdictions to protect the health
              and site owner. Plants, animals, minerals or         and productivity of Reserve sites. In addition,
              any parts of these (including such things as         VIMS and affected landowners will tailor and
              leaf litter) must remain to protect the core         implement certain land-use policies for the
              area's integrity. Removal of objects and             specific needs of individual sites. Appendix B
              samples from the buffer zone for approved            provides a brief description of state resource


                                                                66





             protection responsibilities and regulations         Homer Buck, who leases hunting rights from
             and a fist of federal and state jurisdictions       the Catletts. Two other structures are no
             affecting the sites. Through the use of a Re-       longer habitable. The Ferguson hunting lodge
             source Protection Advisory Committee, VIMS          was destroyed by fire.
             will seek to coordinate the review of activities
             and proposals affecting the Reserve sites.            TASKINAS CREEK York River State Park
                All local ordinances 'county zoning restric-     has its own special land classification system
             tions, and critical area designations will con-     as provided by the rules and regulations of
             tinue to apply to Reserve sites. The following      the Division of the State Parks. Under that
             zoning classifications now apply:                   classification system the Taskinas Creek wa-
                                                                 tershed is classified "undeveloped special,"
                GOODWIN ISLANDS The Goodwin Is-                  with small areas designated "undeveloped
             lands are zoned Residential-Conservation            open." Undeveloped special areas are defined
             (RC). The Residential-Conservation District         as areas not presently being considered for
             is the least intensive zoning classification in     development or preservation that are highly
             York County. It is intended primarily to apply      susceptible to erosion, pose a safety hazard,
             to low-density residential use (5-acre mini-        or are being specifically managed (e.g., for
             mum lot size) and to the vast amounts of            wildlife or forests). This classification might
             federally owned military and U.S. Park Ser-         restrict public use. "Undeveloped open" is
             vice property in the county, as well as to pub-     not presently being considered for develop-
             licly or privately owned conservation or envi-      ment and maintained in a natural condition,
             ronmentally sensitive areas. Under this classi-     although not particularly unique, but repre-
             fication, primary permitted uses are conven-        sentative of the local natural environment.
             tional residential development (single-family       These areas are available for public access.
             detached dwellings), cluster residential de-          Property outside the park boundaries is
             velopment, and agriculture. The Goodwin Is-         zoned as Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Resi-
             lands are uninhabited, and no utilities or ser-     dential, Low Density Residential, or Conser-
             vices operate on the islands.                       vation. Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Resi-
                                                                 dential areas include farms, forests and scat-
                CATLETT ISLANDS The Catlett Islands              tered homes for which utilities and urban
             are zoned as a Rural District (R-1). In gen-        services do not exist and are not planned for
             eral, that classification covers the rural areas    the near future. Appropriate activities prima-
             in Gloucester County that are farms or for-         rily include continued farming and forestry,
             ests. The intent of the district is to preserve     along with some recreational and public or
             the rural character of Gloucester County by         semi-public and institutional uses, which may
             maintaining farming and forestry, by conserv-       require a spacious site and are compatible
             ing water and land resources, and by protect-       with rural surroundings. Low Density Resi-
             ing watersheds. The district provides for very      dential areas include residential development
             low-density residential housing but controls        or land suitable for development with overall
             against random commercial and industrial            densities as great as four dwellings per acre.
             uses and residential subdivisions. The permit-      Conservation areas are not considered suit-
             ted uses include agriculture, forestry, portable    able for active development and usually con-
             sawmills, single-family detached dwellings,         sist of stream beds, wetlands, flood hazard
             mobile homes, home gardens, hunting clubs,          areas and critical habitats.
             fishing clubs, natural wildlife preserves and
             similar conservation areas, golf courses, coun-       SWEET HALL MARSH Sweet Hall Marsh
             try clubs, and riding stables.                      and adjacent bottomlands and uplands are
                The Catlett Islands are uninhabited, al-         zoned as an Agricultural-Rural Residence Dis-
             though several structures are present. One is       trict (AR). Usually, lands within AR districts
             a hunting lodge frequently occupied by Mr.          are reserved for agriculture, forestry and ru-



                                                              67





             ral land use, although low-density, single-fam-    play a Reserve flag from the research vessel
             ily residences are allowed. The purpose of         or land vehicle to alert authorities and land-
             the AR district is to encourage continued ag-      owners that approved activities are in
             ricultural and forest uses and preserve the        progress. The permit and flag must be re-
             natural beauty of rural areas of the county        turned to Reserve headquarters upon comple-
             for which urban services, such as water and        tion of the permitted activity.
             sewer mains, are not planned. Areas like
             Sweet Hall Marsh were designated natural fea-      Surveillance and Enforcement
             tures in the 1983 Comprehensive Plan for              Existing surveillance and enforcement
             King William County and are recommended            mechanisms will remain in effect. Reserve
             for protection from adverse impacts. These         sites fall under a number of different and
             areas are being considered for designation         sometimes overlapping jurisdictions of local
             as Forestal and Agricultural Districs in the       and state agencies, and coordination and co-
             revised comprehensive plan (in prep.).             operation among all authorities is essential.
                                                                The Division of State Parks will be respon-
             Existing Permits and Licenses                      sible for surveillance and enforcement of
               Existing requirements for local, state and       park-specific rules and regulations within York
             federal permits and licenses will be observed,     River State Park. Law enforcement on pri-
             and usual application procedures will be fol-      vate lands will remain the responsibility of
             lowed.                                             county sheriffs and game wardens. VIMS will
                                                                coordinate and cooperate with these regula-
             Reserve-Specific Permits                           tory authorities and invite their representa-
               Two types of permits will be issued by VIMS      tion on the Reserve's Resource Protection
             for activities conducted within Research Re-       Advisory Committee. VIMS will request to be
             serve sites, a basic research permit to princi-    notified of all warnings and citations occur-
             pal investigators conducting approved re-          ring within Reserve boundaries.
             search projects and a special-use permit that         In addition to regulatory authorities, the
             may be issued under special circumstances          Reserve will use education, signs and other
             for activities otherwise prohibited by man-        devices, as necessary, to deter vandalism, lit-
             agement policies. Requests for basic and spe-      tering, poaching and other abuses. The Re-
             cial-use permits will be carefully reviewed by     serves will be adequately posted with infor-
             Reserve staff and the Resource Protection          mation about access policies, controlled and
             Advisory Committee. In addition to Reserve         allowable uses, reasons for restrictions, and
             permit applicants, the Division of State Parks     consequences of violations. This information
             will continue to issue permits for activities in   will be posted in strategic locations where
             York River State Park, and the Department          problems have occurred or are occurring.
             of Game and Inland Fisheries will continue
             to issue scientific collection permits for any     MANAGEMENT ISSUES
             faunal resources under its jurisdiction.
               Applications for permits from other agen-           The following section describes significant
             cies must be obtained from the appropriate         issues related to the management of the York
             agency. A permittee must carry approved Re-        River components. The issues stem from con-
             serve permits at all times and properly dis-       ditions and potential conditions in the York
                                                                River basin and at the individual sites. Identi-
                                                                fying management issues allows pinpointing
                                                                of research, education and resource protec-
                                                                tion needs and justification of programs and
                                                                activities proposed in the Final Management
                                                                Plan.




                                                             68





               ENVIRONMENTAL                                       in Tidewater Virginia and elsewhere in the
               CONDITIONS WITHIN                                   eastern United States where population
               THE YORK RIVER BASIN                                growth and economic development have in-
                                                                   creased the need for increased offstream with-
               The need to maintain the productivity               drawals. Several localities in and around the
               and diversity of coastal habitats tidthin           York River basin are studying potential water
               the York River basin in theface of                  supplies that can meet projected needs in
               accelerated p6pulation growth and                   the next century.
               coastal develohment                                   Singularly and in combination, several of
                                                                   those studies could result in projects that
                 The York River is one of the least disturbed      would threaten the environmental integrity
               of Virginia's tributaries, yet its watershed is     and stability of the Reserve sites. Hanover
               one of the fastest developing. The river is         County is studying the feasibility of construct-
               relatively unpolluted and extremely produc-         ing Crump Creek Reservoir on the Pamun-
               tive, but there are signs of worsening ecolop       key River to store water withdrawn from the
               cal conditions within the basin, including de-      Pamunkey at a rate of 25 million gallons per
               clines in harvestable finfish, shellfish, and wa-   day (mgd). Spotsylvania County is studying
               terfowl; loss of submerged aquatic vegetation,      the feasibility of impounding the Po River, a
               wetlands, and deciduous forests; and increases      tributary to the Mattaponi River, wbich would
               in nutrients, turbidity, toxic substances, and      reduce minimum instrearn flow by 8 mgd. A
               other contaminants at selected locations.           regional Raw Water Study Group, consisting
                 Population growth is one of the major             of the cities of Newport News and Williams-
               threats to environmental quality in the York        burg and York and James City counties, has
               River basin. Population growth east of Inter-       identified several scenarios involving the York
               states 64 and 95 along the crescent from Fred-      River basin among the possible alternatives
               ericksburg to Hampton Roads is changing the         for its water supply needs. The scenarios are
               rural character of the basin through a boom         (1) construction of Ware Creek Reservoir to
               in housing and commercial development and           satisfy near-term needs of an estimated 4.5
               concomitant development of water supplies,          mgd for the localities comprising the study
               waste treatment facilities, roads, power facili-    group and long-term needs of 2.5 mgd for
               ties, landfills and municipal centers. The          New Kent County; (2) construction of Ware
               population in the York River basin is expected      Creek Reservoir to receive an additional 40
               to increase by 57 percent to 280,000 by 2000        mgd from the Pamunkey River and 40 mgd
               (COE, 1987).                                        from the Chickahominy River to satisfy long-
                 The Reserve sites will play an important          term needs of an additional 35 mgd for mem-
               role in assessing the environmental impacts         bers of the study group; or (3) construction
               of population growth and land development           of Cohoke Creek Reservoir on the Pamun-
               in the York River basin. The sites will be used     key River to store 75 mgd pump-over from
               for monitoring environmental conditions;            the Mattaponi River to satisfy long-term needs
               studying the roles of natural habitats in main-     of an additional 35 mgd for members of the
               taining environmental quality; determining          study group and 3 mgd for King William
               ecological carrying capacities of coastal habi-     County (Malcom Pirnie Inc., 1990).
               tats; and establishing scientific criteria for        Consequences of water withdrawals from
               identifying and delineating critical areas.         the York River basin may affect Reserve sites
                                                                   through changes in salinity regimes and the
               The need to maintain fteshWaterflOW                 loss and alteration of wetland habitats that
               regimes necessary to sustain estuarine              provide substantial and critical ecological sup-
               habitats within the York River basin                port to fisheries, waterfowl and wildlife. A
                 Protecting minimum instrearn river flow is        1983 run of the VIMS Salinity Intrusion
               emerging as a significant management issue          Model for the Corps of Engineers' Water Sup-

                                                                69





             ply Study for Hampton Roads, Va., predicted             ciated with freshwater withdrawal, sea level
             that a withdrawal rate of 40 mgd from the               rise and local subsidence.
             Pamunkey River would cause the 2 ppt and 6
             ppt isohalines to move upriver 2.2 miles and            ETSWIRONMENTAL
             1.2 miles, respectively, from their locations           CONDITIONS WITHIN
             during the driest month of a medium-flow                SITE ]ROUNDAMS
             year. This withdrawal rate probably would de-              Educational and recreational uses of Re-
             stroy 250 acres of freshwater marsh in Sweet            search Reserve sites are allowed to the de-
             Hall Marsh, 667 acres of freshwater marsh               gree that they do not disturb natural condi-
             and 200 acres of forested wetlands in C'AOUSI*aC        tions or ongoing scientific investigations. Re-
             Marsh, and 270 acres of forested wetlands in            cent studies have documented the impacts of
             Cohoke Swamp (FWS, 1989a). Larger with-                 human activities including hiking and camp-
             drawals would logically result in art even              ing, in protected areas (Cole and Marion,
             Lyreater dezree of salinity intrusion and con-
                                                                     1988). In general, the impacts include in-
             comitant impacts.                                       creased erosion, soil compaction, vegetation
                Other possible adverse environmental im-             and wildlife disturbance or destruction, and
             pacts associated with the water supply pro-             introduction of non-native species. Such stud-
             posals are (1) alterations of the physical and          ies have found that considerable impact can
             chemical hydrology of the estuary, including            occur rapidly and with only light use, whereas
             water discharge volume and timing and wa-               recovery requires long periods with no use.
             ter quality; (2) decrease in nutrient availabil-        Protected areas also are impacted by people
             ity to downriver systems; (3) substantial elimi-        who deface signs, steal archaeological arti-
             nation or modification of wildlife habitat, re-         facts, poach wildlife, and litter. The environ-
             sulting in less diverse and less numerous fish,         mental, social and economic costs of such
             amphibian, reptile, marnmal and bird popu-              abuses can be significant and irreparable.
             lations; and (4) alterations of and barriers to         Lack of awareness is an underlying reason
             the natural passive movement and migration              for neglect and willful abuses (Council on
             of fish and other aquatic wildlife (EPA,                Environmental Quality, 1988).
             1989b). Reduced freshwater inflow also may                 Resource protection policies for Reserve
             alter the location of the turbidity maximum             sites will help maintain natural, healthy habi-
             zone, change sediment delivery rates, and sig-          tats for long-term study. The initial thrust of
             nificantly alter basin geomorphology, which,            the long-term research and monitoring pro-
             in turn, could increase downstream erosion              gram will be to describe baseline conditions
             rates.                                                  and functional relationships at Reserve sites.
                There are indications of salinity intrusion          The program then will strive to develop reli-
             into the lower Pamunkey and Mattaponi niv-              able indicators of habitat health and moni-
             ers resulting from sea level rise and localized         tor their status and trend conditions. Studies
             subsidence. At least one of the Reserve sites,          will be conducted to identify thresholds above
             Sweet Hall Marsh, is already threatened by              which impacts are substantially increased and
             sea level rise and land subsidence, which               recovery times are extended and to develop
             would be worsened by reduced freshwater riv-            a monitoring program to detect unaccept-
             erine inflow.                                           able impacts. The Reserve program will use
                Designation of Reserve sites emphasizes the          corrective strategies to minimize impacts
             national, state and local significance of these         when threshold levels are exceeded and will
             natural areas and the need to protect them              undertake an education campaign to reduce
             from human influences that could change                 impacts through increased public awareness
             their natural conditions or the processes gov-          and involvement in the Reserve program. Re-
             erning those conditions. Research at Reserve            serve management will prohibit public access
             sites will be used to predict the impacts asso-         to environmentally sensitive natural areas hav-
                                                                     ing low resistance to impacts and low resil-


                                                                    70





             ience to recovery and to areas containing ar-      gram as providing a much-needed element
             tifacts of archaeological, cultural or histori-    in coastal resource management and the over-
             cal importance. Facilities development plans       all Chesapeake Bay restoration program. This
             will receive adequate environmental impact         management plan identifies the relationship
             assessment. Reserve management will work           between the Research Reserve program, the
             with appropriate state and local agencies to       Chesapeake Bay Program and the Virginia
             ensure that activities occurring outside of Re-    Coastal Resources Management Program.
             serve site boundaries do not impact Reserve
             resources or programs. Advisory committees         The need to provide continuing
             will be formed to ensure that monitoring and       oversight of program administration
             enforcement activities are coordinated.            and accomplishments
             PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT                                   Approximately every three years, NOAA
             AND ADMINISTRATION                                 will evaluate the Reserve to assess the effec-
                                                                tiveness of the management plan, identify
             The need to develop indebendent but                which programs are successful and which are
             complementary Reserve programs in                  not, and pinpoint better ways to fulfill man-
             Maryland and Virginia recognizing the              agement objectives. In addition, the Reserve
             Chesapeake Bay as one natural system               staff will conduct an in-house evaluation of
                                                                program strengths and weaknesses each year
                In 1986, the governors of Virginia and          and will revise the management plan every
             Maryland agreed that the two states would          five years.
             coordinate efforts to establish Research Re-
             serves within the Chesapeake Bay. Since then,      RESEARCH AND MONITORING
             Virginia and Maryland have continued this          AT RESERVE SITES
             spirit of cooperation in developing and imple-
             menting site evaluation criteria and methods.      The need to support long-term studies
             Future efforts will include coordinating gen-         Few research programs are endowed with
             eral research and management objectives;           sources of funding for acquiring the long-
             complementary efforts in designing and im-         term data needed to distinguish long-term
             plementing specific monitoring, research and       cycles from unidirectional changes or anthro-
             education programs; and sharing scientific         pogenic changes from natural ones (NSF,
             and technical information. Each state is eli-      1978). Reserve management win strive to es-
             gible for the complete share of federal fund-      tablish long@term funding (i.e., longer than
             ing assistance, has its own state funding mech-    the typical one- to two-year funding cycle)
             anism, and has its own staff. Scientists from      and will give preference to investigators dem-
             the Chesapeake Bay community will be en-           onstrating commitment to long-term studies.
             couraged to use any combination of the sites       An endowment, based on a private gift, has
             in Virginia and Maryland that are suitable         been established, and other sources of long-
             for their research. Research proposals will also   term funding will be sought from federal,
             be solicited for studies involving other Re-       state and local government agencies and the
             search Reserves in the national system.            private sector. Reserve management will work
                                                                with SRD to determine whether or not an
             The need to develop the Reserve program            application to theNational Science Founda-
             within theframework of the Chesapeake              don's Long@Term Ecological Research and
             Bay Program and the Virginia Coastal               Land-Margin Ecosystem Research programs
             Resource Management Program                        should be considered.
                The Reserve program is recognized by the
             Commonwealth of Virginia and by the ex-
             ecutive council of the Chesapeake Bay Pro-


                                                              71





            The need to develop a monitoring                   making decisions that affect estuarine re-
            Program                                            sources. The mechanism must involve a two-
              As a long-term program of study is being         way exchange of information, to ascertain
            established, resource information for each Re-     what problems and information are of great-
            serve site must be assessed to identify gaps in    est priority to coastal managers and to make
                                                               research results readily available to support
            knowledge, as must the types of monitoring         decisions regarding estuarine resources
            programs required to address major ecolo i
                                                          917  (House Report 99-103, 1985). Such a mecha-
            Cal issues. Determining what parameters            nism was used by the Scientific Technical Ad-
            should be measured requires assessing the          visory Committee in preparing the Compre-
            parameters already being monitored, as well        hensive Research Plan for the Chesapeake
            as identifying ecological data not yet being       Bay Program (Chesapeake Executive Coun-
            collected that could prove important. Reserve      cil, 1988a) and is used by the Research Plan-
            management will identify those needs through       ning Committee for the Chesapeake Bay Pro-
            a phased monitoring program.                       gram. The Reserve used a similar mechanism
            The need to promote non-destructive,               in developing this management plan and will
                                                               continue this approach after designation
            non-mant lative research                           through the'implementation of advisory com-
                       I
                       P'U
              Because Research Reserves represent natu-        mittees and an educational outreach pro-
            ral ecosystems where ecological processes and      gram.
            fimcdons operate without human impact, ma-
            nipulative research will be emphasized. Cer-       The need to develop and maintain
            tain allowances may be considered when ma-         computer-based interactive database
            nipulation is necessary to restore degraded        and geographic information analysis
            areas or to eradicate invasive species.            capabilities
            The need to link the Reseme and the                   The Research Reserve should develop and
            scientific community                               maintain computer-based interactive database
              Research Reserves are intended to furnish        and geographic information analysis capabih-
            attractive environments for scientific research    ties that are consistent among sites, easily
            and serve as scientific controls (i.e., a system   used, and compatible with other computer-
            of checks and balances) for research con-          based databases and environmental analysis
            ducted in other estuarine environments. Suc-       systems used at federal, state and local levels
            cessful implementation of the programis con-       throughout the Chesapeake Bay. Virginia and
            tingent upon the involvement and enthusi-          Maryland shouldjointly review and evaluate
            asm of the scientific community (House Re          software and hardware system requirements
                                                            -  before investing resources in acquisition. This
            port 99-103, 1985). By virtue of its headquar-     analysis will be conducted before long-term
            ters at VIMS, the Reserve will be able to pro-     research and monitoring programs are fully
            mote awareness of the program and the Re-          initiated.
            serve sites among scientists, resource man-
            agement agencies and institutions of higher        The needforpeer review ofproposals
            learning.                                          and technical reports
            The need to Providefor the transfer                   Sponsored research must be subject to peer
            of scientific information to coastal               review of the kind characteristic of the Na-
             a                                                 tional Science Foundation and National Sea
            decisionmakers                                     Grant. Such careful review will be the best
              To improve coastal decisionmaking, an ef-        guarantee for success, utility and importance
            fective mechanism must be established be-          of the research. The Reserve will promote a
            tween the Research Reserve and individuals         competitive proposal process and provide suf-


                                                             72





             ficient time for proposal preparation and re-       The need to establish a research,
             view to ensure that proposals are scientifi-        education or visitor center as Part of the
             cally sound and are adequately reviewed. The        overall Reserve management strategy
             Reserve's peer-review process will be consis-         NOAA encourages the establishment of re-
             tent with NOAA guidelines.                          search, education or visitor centers within the
             EDUCATION, INTERPRETATION                           boundaries of Reserve sites to focus national
             AND VISITOR-USE PROGRAMS                            and local attention on tile Reserve; to foster
                                                                 better communication between the Reserve
             The need to tailor education,                       program and the scientific and education
             inter,bretation and other visitor-use               communities; and to facilitate on-site re-
             Programs to Reserve site needs and                  search, education and volunteer programs
             constraints                                         (see Table 11). The centers provide unique
               Research Reserves provide excellent oppor-        means of public access and opportunities for
             tunities for communicating with the general         research and education. The Reserve pro-
             public about the importance, values and sen-        poses to build or restore a structure to serve
             sitivities of estuarine environments. In gen-       as a research and education center at one of
             eral, education, interpretation and compat-         the sites.
             ible types of recreation (e.g., traditional hunt-   The need to enhance public awareness
             ing, fishing, canoeing, nature-watching, hik-
             ing) are encouraged at Research Reserve sites       of the Research Reserve program and its
             if they do not disrupt the estuary's natural        role in the Chesapeake Bay Program
             characteristics or ongoing scientific investi-        The Reserve will undertake a campaign to
             gations (House Report 99-103, 1985).                establish its identity for residents and visitors
               The level of public use proposed        herein    in Tidewater Virginia, the general public, state
             for the Research Reserve sites has been de-         agencies, and local governments. The Reserve
             termined for individual sites by considering:       staff will design, distribute and update a bro-
             (1) resource sensitivity, such as presence of       chure, a newsletter, a research prospectus,
             rare, threatened or endangered organisms;           and other orientation and interpretive publi-
             relict, fragile or significant natural communi-     cations on the Reserve program and sites.
             ties; or significant archaeological or cultural     The staff also will work with organizations
             resources; (2) potential conflict or interfer-      and agencies with programs on the Chesa-
             ence with ongoing research or monitoring;           peake Bay and its tributaries to encourage
             (3) compatibility with existing traditional         them to incorporate or use the Reserve pro-
             uses; (4) degree of public access; (5) acces-       gram in their activities. Specific educational
             sibility; and (6) alternate nearby opportuni-       and interpretive activities Will be directed to-
             ties for on-site education and interpretation       ward coastal management decisionmakers and
             programs.                                           individuals or groups that routinely make de-
               For sites determined to be suitable for on-       cisions affecting estuarine and coastal envi-
             site education and interpretation, visitor-use      ronments.
             programs will be designed to minimize on-
             site impacts. Disruption of remote, relatively      PUBLIC ACCESS PLAN
             undisturbed parts of the Reserve sites will be
             precluded by using existing access areas and
             trails and limiting wandering and uncon-            BACKGROUND
             trolled use of sensitive areas. Designated ar-        Section 921.13 (a) (5) of the National Es-
             eas will be patrolled periodically and trash        tuarine Research Reserve System regulations
             and debris removed to discourage littering.         requires a plan for public access as part of a
             Existing access will dictate the nature and dis-    Reserve's overall management plan. However,
             tribution of visitor-use programs.                  the regulations do not specify the public ac-


                                                              73





                Table 11                                                      following criteria: sensitivity of resources to
                VISITOR CENTER FUNCTIONS                                      human activities; compatibility with research;
                NOAA recommends that planning for research and                compatibility with traditional uses; compat-
                educational facilities and visitor centers should take        ibility with adjacent land uses; existing de-
                into account the following uses.                              gree of public access; and alternative oppor-
                Administration                                                tunities for public access within the York River
                Reserve staff offices                                         basin. Decisions on access at individual sites
                Volunteer association office                                  also considered the policies of affected land-
                Reception area
                Meeting areas                                                 owners.
                                                                                 Public access to Reserve sites will be con-
                Research                                                      trolled to protect each site's ecological integ-
                Working space for guest researchers                           rity and provide a stable environment for re-
                   and research interns
                Basic laboratory facilities (wet and dry labs)                search. The Reserve will encourage traditional
                Storage area (equipment)                                      uses that do not conflict with Reserve goals
                Library                                                       and compatible educational uses that help
                Education and Interpretation                                  achieve those goals. Traditional activities will
                Permanent exhibit areas                                       continue at levels permitted at present un-
                Rotating exhibit areas                                        der local and state laws and under regula-
                Information and sales area                                    tions imposed by site property owners. Ac-
                Classroom/hands-on discovery room                             cess rules and schedules will remain valid.
                Auditorium (seating area for educational                      For properties that are not adequately pro-
                and interpretive programs)
                Outdoor classroom/amphitheater                                tected, VIMS will work with the site property
                Walkway to main trailhead                                     owners and the Reserve's Resource Protec-
                Common Building Areas                                         tion Advisory Committee to develop specific
                Visitor parking                                               access rules and schedules. VIMS and site
                Staff parking and maintenance access                          property owners reserve the right to impose
                Mechanical area                                               additional restrictions to curtail any activity
                Electrical room                                               threatening to disturb natural conditions or
                Washrooms                                                     ongoing research and education activities.
                Utility room
                Other                                                         ACCESS RULES
                Kitchen                                                       AND SCHEDULES
                Dormitory                                                        The following rules and schedules for pub-
                                                                              lic access will be adopted for the York River
                                                                              Reserve sites.
                cess plan's contents nor the extent to which
                the Reserve must be available for public visi-                   GOODWIN ISLANDS The College of Wil-
                tation. The regulations do state that use lev-                liam and Mary maintains a limited-use pub-
                els are set by individual states and that ac-                 lic-access policy for the Goodwin Islands. In
                ceptable uses must be consistent with the pro-                accordance with that policy, the Goodwin Is-
                gram mission and goals. Because the Reserve                   lands are managed exclusively for research
                will have a multiple-component design, NOAA                   and education. However, traditional public
                has agreed that public access provisions can                  uses, such as picnicking, beachcombing, crab-
                be tailored site by site (Bohne, 1987). In ag@                bing and fishing, are compatible and accept-
                gregate, the sites will contribute to balanced                able uses if visitors do not willfully or negli-
                access to the whole Reserve system.                           gently disturb the environment or scientific
                  A site-by-site assessment of public access                  experiments, poach, or litter. Primitive camp-
                levels, areas and schedules has been con-                     ing occurs occasionally but is not encouraged
                ducted for each site. Opportunities for pub-                  because of litter and the threat of fire. In the
                lic access were evaluated on the basis of the                 waters around the Goodwin Islands, fish, oys-


                                                                           74





              ters and crabs are harvested, and floating            manipulative research. The islands are posted
              duck blinds may be used. No stationary blinds         against trespass. In the waters around the
              are allowed. The islands are posted every year        Catlett Islands commercial and recreational
              to ensure that stationary blinds are not              fishermen harvest fish and crabs in accor-
              erected. Overall, visitor use is minimal.             dance with state laws and regulations. The
                 Permission to visit the Goodwin Islands for        property owners reserve the right to continue
              research or education purposes is obtained            to harvest oysters.
              through a permit process conducted by VIMS.              The portions of the Catlett Islands within
              The permit application is reviewed by the             the Reserve win be managed exclusively for
              Goodwin Islands Steering Committee at                 research and existing traditional uses. Re-
              VIMS, which was set up to coordinate use of           search projects must receive permission from
              the islands, and is approved by the Reserve           VIMS, and the Reserve's Research and Moni-
              director. All other activities are controlled by      toring Advisory Committee. Research use will
              laws and regulations. Under the Reserve pro-          be limited to the period between dawn and
              gram, the Goodwin Islands will continue to            dusk (except under special-use permits to
              be used for research, education and compat-           study nocturnal organisms) and confined to
              ible traditional public uses. Proposed research       specific areas. Hunting, trapping and oyster-
              and educational projects must be approved             gathering are the exclusive rights of the prop-
              by VIMS through an appropriate advisory               erty owners and their assigns. Commercial
              committee. The public will continue to use            and recreational fishing and crabbing will
              the beach for picnicking, beachcombing and            continue in accordance with laws and regula-
              other non-destructive recreation. Primitive           tions. To preserve the pristine yet fragile en-
              camping will be discouraged by implement-             vironment of the Catlett Islands and promote
              ing a dawn-to-dusk public access policy. VIMS         use for long-term ecological research, gen-
              will promote anti-littering and fire preven-          eral public access will not be allowed.
              tion through signs posted on the islands and             Primary access to the islands will continue
              through other appropriate educational me-             to be by water. Each request for limited ac-
              dia. The public will continue to crab, fish           cess by land over existing roads will be con-
              and clam in and around the Reserve in ac-             sidered by the landowners and Reserve man-
              cordance with applicable state laws and regu-         ager. Research activities may continue dur-
              lations. VIMS will continue to purchase and           ing hunting season with the permission of
              post shoreline duck hunting licenses to pre-          landowners.
              vent the erection of duck blinds. Floating               No increase in public access is expected as
              blinds will still be allowed.                         a result of designation as a Research Reserve
                 Prosecution of violators will serve as a de-       site. The number of research projects is an-
              terrent against vandalism, littering and arson.       ticipated to remain at its present level of two
              When warranted, the assistance of state and           to three projects a year.
              local law enforcement agencies may be called             Designation of the Catlett Islands compo-
              upon to enforce access policies.                      nent of the Reserve will not restrict the land-
                 Little increase in public use is expected as       owners' ability to use lands outside of the
              a result of the designation of the Goodwin            Reserve boundaries for traditional uses or as
              Islands as a Reserve site. The islands are sepa-      they may use the uplands in the future con-
              rated from the mainland by water and acces-           sistent with local ordinances. Present uses in-
              sible only by shallow draft boat. There are no        clude crop farming, livestock raising, tree
              docking facilities on the islands.                    farming, hunting, trapping and residential
                                                                    use. Future uses may include expansion or
                 CATLETT ISLANDS The Catlett Islands                retirement of cropland or pasture and tim-
              are privately owned, and visitation is con-           ber harvest. These activities should not im-
              trolled by the property owners. The only per-         pact the Catlett Islands.
              mitted uses are hunting, trapping and non-


                                                                   75





               When warranted, the assistance of state and      uses, as well as for approved research and
            local law enforcement agencies will be called       monitoring. The Reserve will use the west-
            upon to enforce access policies. Close asso-        ern portion of the watershed for research and
            ciation with affected property ownersshould         nature study; however, this area will not be
            help prevent major trespass problems.               placed under a more restrictive access policy
                                                                at this time. This western portion of the wa-
               TASKINAS CREEK Because Taskinas Creek            tershed has limited capabilities due to limita-
            is part of York River State Park, access is con-    tions of steep slopes and moderately to highly
            trolled by park regulations and at Taskinas         erodible soils. Much of this area has been
            Point is allowed from 8 a.m. to dusk. Croaker       preliminarily classified as sensitive and spe-
            Landing can be used for boating 24 hours a          cial land by the Department of Conservation
            day; a 10 p.m. closing time is posted and en-       and Recreation, reflecting the capabilities of
            forced for non-boating activities there. The        the area. 71he department's Natural Heritage
            eastern portion of Taskinas Creek within the        Program has indicated that this western por-
            park is used for passive recreation and na-         tion is being evaluated for designation as a
            ture study. Visitors are encouraged to use self     natural area. Therefore, some areas of the
            guided hiking trails, bridle trails and desig-      western portion of the park may be placed
            nated picnic areas and to participate in            under restrictive access at some time in the
            guided canoe trips. Canoeing other than the         future. The Reserve will review park permit
            guided canoe trips is permitted. Access to          applications for Taskinas Creek.
            the western portion of Taskinas Creek is not           Some increase in public use of York River
            encouraged. The park maintains a locked gate        State Park is expected with the designation
            at an old fire trail on Route 605, but access is    of the Taskinas Creek Research Reserve site
            not expressly restricted. Although die park         because the Reserve will actively promote the
            recognizes the sensitive nature of some areas       appropriate portions of Taskinas Creek for
            within the western portion of Taskinas Creek,       passive recreation, nature study and research.
            passive recreation is not restricted as long as     However, this increase should not adversely
            visitors adhere to environmental constraints.       affect the resources of the park or the Re-
            Access is not, at this time, controlled through     serve. An increase in public use also may re-
            a permit system, Other sections of the park         sult if a research and education center is built
            provide public access for fishing, boating (in-     within the buffer zone of the Reserve on the
            cluding boat ramp and parking), horseback           eastern side of Taskinas Creek.
            riding, and other recreation-related purposes.         In a recent assessment of land suitabilities
               The park is open year-round, but the visi-       within the park, the eastern section of Taski-
            tor center is closed in winter. The park            nas Creek was classified as suitable for exist-
            charges a nominal fee for canoe trips, - i i            public access. It was determined that this
                                                       picnic   ing
            shelter rentals, parking and brochures. Spe-        area could withstand increased visitor use
            cial-use permits are required for other-than-       without concomitant adverse impacts. On the
            traditional uses (e.g., research, field trips and   other hand, because of resource sensitivity,
            special events). Prosecution of violators serves    the western portion of Taskinas Creek was
            as a deterrent against poaching, illegal use of     deemed unsuitable for development of pub-
            off-road vehicles, vandalism and littering.         lic access facilities (Department of Conserva-
               Under the Rest-rve program, park regula-         tion and Recreation, 1989).
            tions, use restrictions and permit process af-         Public education, along with close associa-
            fecting Taskinas Creek and its watershed will       tion with nearby property owners, should help
            remain in effect to preclude degradation of         prevent major trespass problems. The park
            the Reserve's wetlands and adjacent environ-        will continue to enforce park regulations and
            ments. The eastern portion of the Taskinas          prosecute violators.
            Creek watershed will remain accessible for
            appropriate educational and recreational



                                                              76





               SWEET HALL MARSH Like the Catlett                 anct environmentally sensitive past practices
             Islands, Sweet Hall Marsh is pristine and very      and applicable state or local regulations. Cur-
             sensitive to human disturbance. The prop-           rent uses include crop farming, tree farm-
             erty is owned by the Tacoma Hunting and             ing, hunting, trapping, and use of off-the-
             Fishing Club and is used by the club for hunt-      road vehicles. Future use may include clear-
             ing, fishing and trapping. The club has given       ing for cropland, pulpwood harvesting, con-
             VIMS permission to conduct non-destructive          struction of a new hunting lodge, and con-
             research in a portion of the marsh since 1984.      struction of a small pond in the goose field
             In the waters around Sweet Hall Marsh, hook-        behind Club House Creek. The uplands are
             and-line fishing, drift-net fishing and pot-fish-   in the buffer zone and the activities could be
             ing (for eels) are practiced. On the uplands        monitored for possible environmental impact
             above Sweet Hall Marsh, the club and the
             adjacent landowner, Chesapeake Corporation,
             control access and allow hunting by permit.         RESEARCHAND
               Under the Reserve program, public access
             to Sweet Hall Marsh will not be allowed in          MONITORING PLAN
             order to protect this fragile environment and
             ongoing research efforts. No significant i
                                                            in-  RESEARCH PRIORITIES
             crease in research visitation to Sweet 142LI1         The development of a research and moni-
             Marsh or adjacent bottomland hardwood for-
             est is expected as a result of designation as a     toring plan for the Reserve presented a for-
             Reserve site. During an average year, as many       midable challenge in that such a plan must
             as six concurrent research projects and two         address national, Bay-wide, Reserve-wide, and
             educational field trips may be underway at          site-specific research and monitoring needs.
             Sweet Hall Marsh. In addition, weekly water         Fortunately, plans identifying national and
             quality samples are collected from the club's       Bay-wide research and monitoring priorities
             dock on the Pamunkey River. Research and            have been prepared (NOAA, 1987b; Chesa-
             educational uses of Sweet Hall Marsh will re-       peake Executive Council, 1988b). Therefore,
             quire permits issued by the Reserve.                preparation of this plan required determin-
               Research will be eliminated in the interior       ing only which national and Bay-wide priori-
             of the marsh at least two weeks before duck         ties are appropriate for consideration at the
             season begins each year, and any barriers           York River Reserve sites and what additional
             (e.g., the catwalk over Club House Creek)           York River system-wide or site-specific projects
             restricting access to the interior of the marsh     are needed. To accomplish this,@ the Reserve
             will be removed during duck season.                 solicited input from state resource manage-
               This management plan includes a proposal          ment agencies, affected county governments,
             to upgrade the boat launching area to en-           and individual scientists.
             able researchers to deploy small, trailerable       National Piiorities for the National
             research vessels (Jonboat or Privateers). The
             ramp will not be available for public use. The      Estuarine Research Reserve System
             dirt road leading from Route 637 to the               Although large data sets exist for many of
             launching area is private and will be chained       the fundamental processes of estuaries, there
             and locked below the clubhouse following            are significant gaps in the information needed
             designation.                                        to understand the complex functions of most
               Designation of Sweet Hall Marsh as a Re-          estuaries (NOAA, 1987b). To address that is-
             serve site will not restrict the club's or Chesa-   sue, some of the nation's most capable estua-
             peake Corporation's ability to use the uplands      rine scientists gathered in 1984 to review the
             above the marsh for traditional uses or as the      existing state of knowledge on the nation's
             Club or Chesapeake may use the uplands in           estuaries. From that assessment, SRD com-
             the future consistent with their conservative       piled a list of national research needs. In or-


                                                              77





               der to qualify for SRD funding, the Reserve's                changes, predicting impacts, and identifying
               research proposals must address one or more                  correlations with other observed phenomena;
               of the national priorities. These research pri-              and
               orities are related to improving understand-                    SPECIAL STUDIES Special studies to an-
               ing of the following:                                        swer specific management questions and im-
                  WATER MANAGEMENT Research on                              prove coastal resource management.
               the functional relationships between freshwa-                   The rationale for these research priorities
               ter inflow, salinity regimes, nutrient dynam-                is described in the National Estuarine Re-
               ics, coupling of primary and secondary pro-                  search Reserve System Research Plan (NOAA,
               duction, maintenance of wetland and aquatic                  1987b). Each year SRD issues a National Es-
               communities, and responses and recovery of                   tuarine Research Reserve System Research
               estuaries to changes in freshwater inflow;                   Opportunity Announcement in which it
                  SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT Research                              elaborates on the latest interpretation of these
               on sediment dynamics (delivery, accumula-                    priorities. Proposal funding decisions are
               tion, composition, and absorption and des-                   based on the relationship between the pro-
               orption of contaminants); sedinienta6on im-                  posed research and these national pr4orities.
               pacts to flora, fauna, water quality, primary
               production and habitats; and resilience and                  Chesapeake Bay 11@,ogram 157iolities
               recovery of estuaries to sedimentation events;                  In 1983, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
                  NUTRIENTS AND OTHER CHEMICAL                              the District of Columbia, the U.S. Environ-
               INPUTS Research on short- and long-term                      mental Protection Agency and the Chesa-
               responses of estuaries to nutrient inputs and                peake Bay Commission formally agreed to co-
               recycling, synthetic chemicals, and exotic ma-               ordinate interstate planning and programs
               terials;                                                     for the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries
                  COUPLING OF PRIMARYAND SECOND-                            and established mechanisms to facilitate that
               ARY PRODUCTION Research on quantita-                         coordination. Since 1983, this joint commit-
               tive relationships between primary and sec-                  ment has led to new levels of government
               ondary production, comparative trophic im-                   cooperation, including a new, more compre-
               portance of vascular plants vs. planktonic or-               hensive Chesapeake, Bay Agreement by the
               ganic matter, fisheries utilization of detritus              Chesapeake Executive Council in 1987, which
               as a food source, and impact of detritus-pro-                promises accelerated advances in the Bay's
               ducing wetland and seagrass bed acreage and                  restoration and protection. Also since 1983,
               quality reduction; and                                       scientific understanding of the Bay, its re-
                  ESTUARINE FISHERY HABITAr RE-                             sources, and its problems has improved.
               QUIREMENTS Research to characterize es-                         While much has been learned about the
               tuarine fishery habitat, nursery, food, hydro-               Chesapeake Bay in recent years, significant
               logical, and hydrodynamic requirements.                      information gaps remain in our understand-
                  In addition to these areas, SRD recognizes                ing of the ecosystem. In particular, the ability
               the need for site-specific baseline            informa-      to answer managerial questions on the basis
               tion and lists the following research areas as               of sound interdisciplinary data is frequently
               being appropriate for national funding. The                  lacking. These shortcomings have been de-
               first two priority areas are also priorities un-             scribed by several authorities:
               der the SRD phased monitoring program.                          One of the primary problems we face in address-
                  INITIAL BASELINE SURVEYS Baseline                            ing degradation ofcoastal waters is the fact thatwe
               surveys to fill information gaps and better                     know too little about them. We need to increase
               characterize the sites' resources, environment                  our knowledge of the various pollution sources
               and ecology;                                                    and how each of these sources, alone or in combi-
                  ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Sys-                                nation, affects our coastal resources (EPA, 1989a).
               tematic periodic monitoring of selected pa-                     Our current understanding of the Bay must be
               rameters to provide a database for detecting                    tempered by the realization that estuaries are our



                                                                          78





                  most complex aquatic environment...basic tenets              and refinement of these needs into research
                  of oceanography or lininology do not necessarily             needs and priorities. In order to receive Re-
                  hold in the estuary (Chesapeake Executive Coun-              serve approval, research at designated sites
                  cil, 1988a).                                                 must fulfill one or more of the Chesapeake
                  Estuarine science has suffered from sociopolitical           Bay Program research priorities. In addition,
                  pressures to restrict research in estuaries to ap-           data generated through the Reserve's re-
                  plied, relevant and responsive programs, often               search and monitoring will be made avail-
                  without concern for the real scientific
                  problems ... Chesapeake Bay has not escaped this             able to the EPA!s Chesapeake Bay Liaison Of-
                  constraint (Chesapeake Executive Council 1988a).             fice to support other Bay research and moni-
                  Many of the important first-order disciplinary               toring  .programs. The following Bay research
                  (i.e., purely biological, chemical, geological, or           phonties will be encouraged at Reserve sites,
                  physical) scientific questions on estuaries have             as appropriate:
                  been addressed; few of the second-order disciplin-              INITIAL SHORT-TERM PRIORITIES Re-
                  ary questions have been considered; and almost               search to provide management information
                  none of the most important, complex interdisci-              on sediment/water-column nutrient flux;
                  plinazy questions that relate to the interactions of
                  the physical, chemical, biological, and geological           evaluation of BMP effectiveness; analysis of
                  processes have been studied. It is this level of             living resource data sets; stock assessments;
                  understanding which is required for effective                evaluation and analysis of monitoring capa-
                  management (Schubel, 1986).                                  bilities; and sublethal responses to toxins.
                  We are fortunate in that much of what i                         LONGER-TERM PRIORITIES Fundamen-
                                                                          s    tal research on circulation and mixing pro-
               learned in one estuarine system has some rel-                   cesses; water quality, habitat and ecosystem-
               evance in other estuarine systems. We have,                     level models; interactions between various tro-
               however, determined that each estuarine sys-                    phic levels (particularly pelagic in communi-
               tem taken in its entirety has unique charac-                    ties); genetic makeup of living resources (par-
               teristics that must be understood if we are to                  ticularly for exploitable stocks); significance
               manage that system (Chesapeake Executive                        of groundwater flow and contamination; and
               Council, 1988a).                                                impacts of specific land uses on aquatic, wet-
                  To address data and information gaps, the                    land and riparian habitats.
               Chesapeake Executive Council published a                           RESEARCH SUPPORT PRIORITIES Sup-
               Comprehensive Research Plan for the Chesa-                      port related to preparedness to conduct re-
               peake Bay Program in 1988. The plan was                         search, including advanced analytical chemi-
               developed using input from:                                     cal equipment (particularly for identification
               e More than 350 questionnaires sent to sci-                     of organic and metallo-organic compounds);
               entists and resource managers in the Bay re-                    remote sensing; and automated data analysis
               gion soliciting recommendations for specific                    technologies.
               research or statements of information needs                        GENERIC, LONGER-TERM NEEDS Re-
               specific to the objectives and commitments                      search related to improved understanding of
               in the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement;                           structure and function of coastal habitats
               * A research conference that addressed the                      (submerged aquatic vegetation, emergent sa-
               understanding of estuarine processes in sev-                    line marshes, tidal freshwater habitats, non-
               eral areas critical to Bay management; and                      vegetated wetlands, benthic habitats, oyster
               e A subcommittee of the Scientific and Tech-                    reefs); impacts of modification of coastal and
               nical Advisory Committee that reviewed de-                      contiguous habitats; water column processes
               tailed research needs, research plans, and                      (related to plankton communities, inorganic
               management issues submitted by a number                         nutrient cycling, replenishment and storage,
               of institutions.                                                micro-circulation, and interactions among
                  The result of this effort was two-fold, a com-               mainstem and adjacent water bodies); tox-
               prehensive list of research needs associated                    ins; circulation (in relation to eddies, fronts,
               with specific objectives and commitments of                     plumes, wind, anoxia, and transport of plank-
               the 1987 Bay Agreement and further analysis


                                                                           79





              tonic larvae); genetic variability and structure    Complete inventory of flora and fauna;
              of Chesapeake Bay stocks; watershed pro-            Monitoring of selected flora and fauna (in-
              cesses (including transport, fate and process-        cluding aquatic vegetation, wetland and for-
              ing of dissolved and particulate material; ef-        est species, fish stocks, and undesirable and
              fects of land use; role and extent of water           exotic species) and their habitats;
              transport and transformation above the fall         Baseline assessment and monitoring of nutri-
              line; and role of wetland and riparian zones          ent, chemical and sediment loading to sur-
              in controlling or modifying discharge);               face waters and their impacts to living and
              groundwater contribution (including spatial           non-living resources;
              and temporal input and outflows; chemical           Characterization of background water qual-
              characteristics, extent and magnitude of pes-         ity, surface water and groundwater inter-
              ticide, nutrient and other pollutant contami-         change, and groundwater flow from shal-
              nation; impact on sediment-water column pol-          low-water to deep-water aquifers; and
              lution interactions; and methods to reduce          Developing a correlation between critical
              groundwater pollution); social, legal and eco-        habitat requirements, minimum instrearn
              nomic implications of alternate restoration           flow and salinity requirements, and water
              and preservation strategies; impacts of popu-         quality conditions.
              lation growth development; public health and
              the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem; and structure,        Applied Research Pyimities
              function, and role of non-tidal wetlands.             Research needed to improve coastal man-
                                                                  agement decisionmaking in the York River
              System-Wide Research P@imities                      basin includes:
                 VIMS convened a workshop in September            Quantifying the affects on coastal habitats and
              1989 to identify basic and applied research           fisheries of freshwater withdrawal, salinity
              needs for the Reserve. At the workshop, a list        intrusion, sea level rise and subsidence;
              of research needs was generated and later,          Quantifying the effectiveness of forested and
              through direct mail to workshop participants,         agricultural buffer zones and other BMPs,
              the list was reviewed and arranged in priority        including the value to water quality, flood
              order. The complete list, with cross-references       control, sediment stabilization and wildlife;
              to agency/county interest and projects for          Identifying criteria and standards for mitiga-
              possible cost-sharing, was presented as Ap-           tion by using Reserve sites as controls for
              pendix F of the combination Final Environ-            off-site mitigation projects;
              mental Impact Statement/Final Management            Assessing impacts of land development (resi-
              Plan (Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Re-           dential, commercial, roads, parking lots,
              search Reserve System in Virginia, 1991). The         etc.) on flora and fauna;
              top priority projects are listed below. Some        Re-establishing submerged aquatic vegetation;
              of these projects are already in progress or          and
              have been completed as pilots at Reserve sites.     Monitoring toxic contaminants in fish and
              Research approved for state or federal fund-          wildlife in pristine Reserve sites for com-
              ing at Reserve sites in the first five years of       parison with levels in organisms in con-
              operations must address one or more of the            taminated areas.
              priorities listed below:
                                                                  Miscellaneous Studies
              Basic Research P@iofities                             DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGE-
                 Some baseline data on water quality, geol-       MENT SYSTEM A study is recommended
              ogy, flora and fauna at or near Reserve sites       that will determine the needs for data and
              exist. Additional information is needed to          information analysis for monitoring resource
              provide a more thorough characterization of         and development issues affecting Reserve
              the sites and the York River system in the          sites. Needs also should be assessed for hard-
              following areas:                                    ware and software for geographic informa-


                                                               80





             tion mapping and analysis, remote sensing,           ies on the geology and origin of the islands,
             data logging, and resource management ap-            erosion problems, and impacts of sea level
             plicafions.                                          rise have begun and should be expanded to
                                                                  produce a geological map, current estimates
                CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RE-                       of island loss from erosion, and benchmarks
             SOURCE SURVEY Reserve sites offer op-                for monitoring sea level rise.
             portunities for studies on the history of settle-      WATER RESOURCES Data on the qual-
             ment and commerce in the York River basin.           ity of surface water and groundwater re-
             Studies to reconstruct the history of land use,      sources are needed to monitor conditions and
             ownership, mining, farming, fishing, hunting         detect pollution occurrences.
             and recreational use of Reserves are recom-            AIR QUALITY Baseline air quality data
             mended, as are archaeological surveys of             assessment and monitoring arc needed to de-
             probable locations for terrestrial and subaque-      tect pollution.
             ous artifacts from pre-historic times through
             the present.                                         Goodwin Islands: Applied Research P@ioiities
                                                                    EFFECTS OF FIRE ON ISLAND ECOL-
             Site-Specific Research P@iofities                    OGY Studies continue on the recovery of
                The York River Reserve sites have a history       the high marsh from the 1986 fire. Follow-up
             of ongoing research. New and follow-up stud-         studies could include comparison with the
             ies are needed to improve scientific under-          effects of fire in other types of marsh (e.g.,
             standing of the sites and to address site-spe-       freshwater) or the use of fire as a manage-
             cific management issues. These needs are as          ment tool (e.g., for restoration purposes).
             follows:                                               NATIVE VEGETATION RESTORATION A
                                                                  study on the invasion and spread of Phrag-
             Goodwin Islands: Basic Research Pyiwities            mites australis is in progress and should con-
                VEGETATION HABITAT MAPS A check-                  tinue. An assessment is needed of other un-
             Est of vascular plants by habitat has been pre-      desirable plant species and their impacts on
             pared, and the location and size of submerged        native species. The long@range objective is to
             aquatic vegetation beds have been mapped             provide recommendations on the control and
             and are monitored. Follow-up studies are             eradication of noxious plant species and pro-
             needed to map and quantitatively analyze wet-        tection and re-establishment of native species.
             land and upland plant community structure              ESTUARINE DEBRIS MONITORING
             and site conditions. Studies of submerged            Much estuarine debris accumulates on the
             aquatic vegetation should continue. The long-        beaches and in high marshes of the Goodwin
             range objective is to assess habitat conditions,     Islands. A project is underway to remove this
             presence of sensitive, rare or endangered            debris and monitor future accumulation.
             plant species, and areas of resource degrada-          VISITOR-USE SURVEY A survey is
             don or introduced plant species. A program           needed of public use of the islands.
             should be developed to monitor community               BOATING TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT A
             conditions over time in relation to erosion,         study is recommended of the amount and
             sea level rise and other coastal events.             potential environmental impacts of vessel traf-
                SURVEY OF FAUNA An inventory and                  fic in the York River and Sandbox Thorofare
             quantitative assessment of insects, reptiles, am-    (e.g., estuarine debris, oil spills).
             phibians, birds and mammals is needed. A               EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPABILITIES
             survey of invertebrates, finfish and turtles in      The Reserve needs to be prepared to deal
             the waters within the site is desirable. The         with environmental and human emergency
             long-range objective is to determine and             situations on and around the islands, includ-
             monitor population densities, distribution, dy-      iftg oil and hazardous material spills, wild-
             namics, conditions and habitat requirements.         fire, floods, boating mishaps, and marine
                COASTAL GEOLOGY Preliminary stud-                 mammal strandings.


                                                               81





             Catlett Islands: Basic Research P@ioyitia           agricultural fields to adjacent water bodies. A
                VEGETATION SURVEY AND HABITAT                    slightly different approach should be under-
             MAP A preliminary inventory of wetland              taken to measure buffer strip performance
             and upland plants has been conducted and a          in both time and space and to evaluate the
             quantitative assessment of community struc-         effectiveness of forested buffers for control-
             ture has begun. This research should be con-        ling nutrient input to coastal waters from non-
             tinued with the goal of producing a com-            point agricultural sources.
             plete species list; a habitat map of the Re-           SHELLFISH ENHANCEMENT Shellfish
             serve site; and an assessment of habitat con-       growing areas in Cedarbush and Timberneck
             ditions, presence of sensitive, rare or endan-      creeks and around the Catlett Islands should
             gered plant species, and areas of resource          be studied to determine the effects of land
             degradation or introduced plant species. A          use on shellfish production and sanitation,
             monitoring program should be developed,to           rates of natural shellfish purification, and the
             monitor community conditions over time in           feasibility of rack relay and rack culture tech-
             relation to erosion, sea level rise, and other      niques.
             coastal events.                                        RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF SUBMERGED
                SURVEY OF FAUNA Monthly surveys of               AQUATIC VEGETATION A project is war-
             bird life on one of the Catlett Islands is be-      ranted to re-establish and monitor seagrasses
             ing conducted and should be continued and           in areas around the Catlett Islands that no
             expanded. An inventory and quantitative as-         longer support submerged vegetation.
             sessment is needed of insects, reptiles, am-           BOATING TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT A
             phibians and mammals, as well as a survey of        study is recommended on the amount and
             invertebrates, finfish and turtles in the wa-       potential environmental impacts (e.g., estua-
             ters within the Reserve site. The long-range        rine debris, oil spill) of vessel traffic in
             objective is to determine and monitor popu-         Timberneck, Cedarbush and Poplar creeks
             lation densities, distribution, dynamics, con-      and adjacent stretches of the York River.
             ditions and habitat requirements.
                COASTAL GEOLOGY Studies are needed               Taskinas Creek: Basic Research P@iayities
             on the geology and origin of the Catlett Is-           SURVEY OF FLORA Baseline studies on
             lands, past and present shoreline erosion           the floristics of brackish and freshwater
             problems, and rate and impact of sea level          marshes, bottomland hardwood forests, and
             rise.                                               upland ridge tops and slopes need to be com-
                WATER RESOURCES Water quality in                 pleted. A quantitative assessment of commu-
             Timberneck and Cedarbush creeks is being            nity structure is needed. The long-range ob-
             monitored by citizen volunteers. This study         jective is to produce a complete species list; a
             should be continued and expanded to in-             habitat map of the Reserve; and an assess-
             clude additional parameters and additional          ment of habitat conditions, presence of sen-
             stations in Poplar Creek.                           sitive, rare or endangered plant species, and
                AIR QUALITY Baseline monitoring of air           areas of resource degradation or introduced
             quality is needed to detect pollution and de-       plant species. A monitoring program should
             termine its effects on island resources.            be developed to monitor community condi-
                                                                 dons over time in relation to beaver activity
             CatWt Islands: Applied Research Pfigities           and residential development in the watershed.
                EFFECTS OF FORESTED BUFFER STRIPS                   SURVEY OF FAUNA An inventory and
             ON ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY A pi-                    quantitative assessment is needed of the in-
             lot study was conducted on Timberneck Farm          sects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mam-
             to assess the usefulness of forested buffer         mals of Taskinas Creek and its watershed, as
             strips as natural controls to reduce                is a survey of marine invertebrates and fin-
             waterborne inorganic nutrient fluxes from           fish in the waters within the Reserve site. The
                                                                 long-range objective is to determine and


                                                              82





               monitor population densities, distribution, ,          hardwood forest). Also needed are studies of
               dynamics, conditions and habitat require-              salinity tolerances of freshwater wedanJ plant
               ments.                                                 species (especially rare and endangered spe-
                  COASTAL GEOLOGY A geologic map                      cies). Studies are recommended to examine
               and a radon study for the park have been               the role of non-tidal wetlands and the link
               completed. Follow-up work is needed on sedi-           between anadromous fishes and marshes.
               mentation processes, erosion problems, and             Habitat maps and monitoring programs are
               sea level rise patterns in Taskinas Creek.             needed to analyze changes in community
                  WATER RESOURCES A study is in                       structure over time.
               progress to establish baseline surface and sub-          SURVEYOFFAUNA Inventory and quan-
               surface water quality conditions in the Taski-         titative assessment are needed for insects, rep-
               nas Creek watershed. A strategy is needed              tiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, shellfish
               for long-term monitoring of water quality.             and finfish at Sweet Hall Marsh. The long-
                  AIR QUALITYAND METEOROLOGICAL                       range objective is to determine and monitor
               CONDITIONS Baseline monitoring of air                  population densities, distribution, dynamics,
               quality and weather patterns is needed.                conditions and habitat requirements.
                                                                        BENTHIG STUDIES A study is recom-
               Taskinas Creek: Applied Research P@iofities            mended to assess benthic populations, com-
                  CARR'"NG CAPACITY A study is needed                 munity structure, and relationship with fish-
               to establish the carrying capacity of the Re-          eries and waterfowl production.
               serve site to accommodate public use, re-                MUSKRAT POPULATION STUDY The
               search and education.                                  Sweet Hall Marsh muskrat population and its
                  IMPACTS OF RUNOFF FROM PARKING                      impact on the marsh system should be stud-
               LOTS A study is recommended to assess the              ied. The population of muskrat dens was
               impact of runoff from parking lots in York             mapped in 1986-87, and preliminary impacts
               River State Park.                                      on vegetation and hydrology were studied.
                  SHELLFISH ENHANCEMENT An inves-                     This study should be expanded.
               tigation is needed of the viability of shellfish         GEOLOGY An investigation is needed of
               growing areas in Taskinas Creek and the pos-           the geology and origin of Sweet Hall Marsh.
               sibility of enhancing shellfish recruitment to         A preliminary soils map has been prepared,
               historical beds.                                       and preliminary studies have been under-
                  BOATING TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT A                        taken on sedimentation rates and patterns
               study is recommended on the environmental              and groundwater hydrology. These studies
               impacts on the York River shoreline and fting@         need to be expanded.
               ing marshes of improvements to the Croaker               WATER RESOURCES Water quality in
               Landing boat ramp and associated increased             the Pamunkey River near Sweet Hall Marsh
               boat traffic.                                          is being monitored, and this study should be
                                                                      continued. A net flux study in Club House
               Sweet Hall Marsh: Basic Research P@ioiities            Creek has been completed and the data are
                  ECOLOGY OF TIDAL FRESHWATER                         being analyzed. A study has been undertaken
                                                                      on groundwater flow dynamics and its role
               WETLANDS The floristics, productivity and              in pore water chemistry and nutrient ex-
               community structure of the freshwater marsh            change with adjacent surface water. Follow-
               have been studied and should be updated                up studies may be warranted to examine the
               periodically to monitor their status and trends        relationship between surface and ground wa-
               in relation to sea level rise, subsidence, fresh-      ters and their role in wetlands ecology. Stud-
               water flow regimes, and other natural and              ies on minimum instream flow requirements
               human-induced processes. A plant inventory             are needed, as are studies on the role of wet-
               is needed for plants in the bottomland hard-           lands in nutrient dynamics of tidal freshwa-
               wood swamp, upland-wetlands transition ar-             ter reach .es.
               eas, and uplands (pine plantation and mixed


                                                                   83






                AIR QUALITYAND METEOROLOGICAL                     Reserve site in terms of resources, issues, man-
             CONDITIONS Baseline monitoring of air                agement constraints and research needs;
             quality and weather patterns is needed.                PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS
                                                                  Identifying parameters to be measured, pro-
             Sweet Hall Marsh: Abblied Research P@iofities        cedures to be used, criteria for measurements,
                EFFECTS OF FORESTED BUFFER STRIPS                 quality control, and standard procedures
             ON ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY A study                   (where they already exist), sampling strate-
             is recommended on the usefulness of bot-             gies for selected parameters (spatial and tem-
             tomland forests as natural controls to reduce        poral intervals), storage and retrieval of data
             runoff from clearcut operations and                  (reporting, formatting and analytical require-
             waterborne chemicals from agricultural fields.       ments), labor requirements, logistics, and
                BOATING TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT A                      cost; and
             study is recommended on the environmental              IMPLEMENTATION Pilot projects fol-
             impacts of boat wake in the Pamunkey %ver            lowed by full-scale implementafion.
             and in the thoroughfare on Sweet HaU Marsh.            The Reserve program's phased monitor-
                ROLE OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL                   ing program will be integrated with the
             FACTORS ON THE STABILITYAND VIABIL-                  Chesapeake Bay Program's monitoring pro-
             ITY OF FRESHWATER WETLAND ECOSW                      gram for water quality, submerged aquatic
             TEMS Studies are needed to assess the im-            vegetation, benthic organisms and other liv-
             pacts of freshwater withdrawal, salinity intru-      ing manne resources, toxins, and other pa-
             sion, subsidence, sea level rise, sedimentation,     rameters (Chesapeake Executive Council,
             erosion, muskrat activity, boat wake, timber         1988b; State Water Control Board, 1987). It
             management, and agricultural practices on            also will be integrated with other monitoring
             the ecology of freshwater marshes and for-           programs of the Commonwealth, including
                                                                  fisheries harvest (Virg*
             ested wetlands in the Pamunkey River basin.                                 nnia Marine Resources
             A predictive, interactive model of the Parn-         Commission), shellfish sanitation (Depart-
             unkey River basin is needed to help resource         ment of Health), game and non-game fish,
             managers assess the implications of proposed         waterfowl, and wildlife species (Department
             and potential activities.                            of Game and Inland Fisheries), and rare and
                                                                  endangered plants and animals (Natural Heri-
             MONITORING                                           tage Program, Department of Agriculture and
                In 1989, SRD initiated a phased monitor-          Consumer Affairs and Department of Game
             ing program to help National Estuarine Re-           and Inland Fisheries). Once baseline condi-
             search Reserves improve understanding of the         dons are established, many of the baseline
             estuarine resources being managed under the          parameters fisted under Basic Research Needs
             national System (Uravitch, 1989a). The moni-         probably will be integrated into a monitor-
             toring program, as defined by SRD and modi-          ing program.
             fied by the Reserve program, will include the          The Reserve's phased monitoring program
             following phases:                                    will be developed following SRD guidelines
                ENVIRONMENTAL              CHARACTTRIZA-          and by consulting the National Science
             TION Literature review and field research to         Foundation's Long-Tenn Ecological Measurements
             acquire all available information on hydrol-         plans (NSF, 1978; 1979; 1981; and later is-
             ogy, geology, water chemistry, water quali           sues). Workshops will be convened to assist
                                                             ty,  in the development of the monitoring pro-
             biological resources, and the problems and           gram and its direction.
             issues confronting the Reserve environment;
                SITE PROFILE During environmental
             characterization, synthesis of information
             gathered to provide an overall picture of the




                                                               84





                RESEARCH POLICIES                                       of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
                AND PROCEDURES                                          and Geological Survey; and other relevant
                Types of Proposals                                      funding agencies;
                  Research opportunities at Reserve sites will        Funding from international sources, includ-
                be available to any qualified scientist, acade-         ing the United Nations Man and the Bio-
                mician or 5tudent affiliated with any univer-           sphere Program, Food and Agriculture Or-
                sity, college or school; any non-profit, non            ganization and UNESGO;
                                                                  -   Funding from the Virginia General Assem-
                academic research institution (e.g., research           bly, the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Program,
                laboratory, independent museum, profes-                 the Virginia Coastal Resources Manage-
                sional society); any private profit organiza-           ment Program, state resource management
                tion; and any state, local or federal govern-           agencies, and localities, including in-kind
                ment agency. Unaffiliated individuals who               cost-sharing; and
                have the capability and facilities needed to          Funding from private individuals, non-profit
                perform the work also may qualify for re-               organizations or foundations, such as the
                search funds.                                           Virginia Environmental Endowment, The
                  Proposals for research at Reserve sites fall          Nature Conservancy, Chesapeake Bay Foun-
                under one of several categories as defined              dation and Alliance for the Chesapeake
                below:                                                  Bay.
                Competitive proposals solicited for peer re-            Agencies planning to conduct research in
                  view as a result of SRD and other federal           state waters (i.e., that portion of a Reserve
                  or international announcements of re-               site lying below mean low water) should no-
                  search opportunities;                               tify Reserve management in advance to en-
                Non-competitive proposals solicited from only         sure coordination between the funding
                  one source when no other source has the             agency, principal investigator and the Reserve.
                  needed capability or experience; and                A procedure to ensure adequate notification
                Unsolicited proposals submitted by qualified          and coordination will be developed.
                  prospective investigators or students for             The Reserve will develop a research pro-
                  partial fulfillment of thesis, dissertation, in-    spectus to provide basic information on Re-
                  dependent problems course, or class                 serve sites. The prospectus will include, for
                  project requirements.                               each site, a brief ecological description, a list
                                                                      of unique or unusual features, a list of avail-
                Funding                                               able research support facilities and equip-
                  Funding for Reserve research will come              ment, and a list of previous research and pub-
                from:                                                 lished reports.
                SRD funding for national research priorities
                  for the National Estuarine Research Re-             Research Announcement and Prospectus
                  serve System (matched by applicant; ap-               SRD develops and distributes an annual
                  proximate range of funding between                  announcement of research opportunities that
                  $10,000 and $50,000 per year per project);          reflects priority research needs. The an-
                Funding from other federal sources, includ-           nouncement contains specific statements
                  ing other divisions of NOAA (e.g., Coastal          about the types of research that will be
                  Programs Office, National Marine Fisher-            funded; clear and specific guidelines for pro-
                  ies Service, National Sea Grant Program,            posal preparation; clear statements on the
                  National Status and Trends Program, Na-             procedures and criteria used in proposal re-
                  tional Climate Program, National Marine             view; the level of funding available; and a
                  Pollution Program); National Science                schedule of the proposal process.
                  Foundation; Environmental Protection                  The Reserve will provide SRD with a distri-
                  Agency; U.S. Department of Agriculture,             bution list for the annual research announce-
                  Soil Conservation Service; U.S. Department          ment and will help review proposals. The list


                                                                  85





            will include local, state and regional entities     Table 12
            covering all eligible potential applicants listed   RESEARCH PROPOSAL TIMETABLE,
            above.                                              FY 1991
              The Reserve will develop a Rquat for Pro-         JUNE 1000 SRD announcement distributed
            posals for research funds received from
            sources other than SRD. The Reserve's RFP           SFYTEMEBER 1990 SRD received proposals from
                                                                prospective investigators and selected peer review
            and timetable will be similar to SRD's, with a      panels
            list of research needs, guidelines for submis-      DECEMBER 1990 SRD received peer review
            sion of proposals, and information on the           comments
            peer-review process.                                APRM 1991 SRD awards gTants
            Annual P@oposal Timetable
               The SRD proposal process, which begins             Final reports must be received by SRD
            with the call for proposals and ends Nvith an       within three months of completion of the
            award, takes approximately one year to give         research. Detailed instructions for preparing
            sufficient time for states to circulate research    final reports are set forth in SRD require-
            announcements, investigators to develop de-         ments and are furnished at the time of the
            tailed proposals, and reviewers to conduct ad-      award. Investigators also will submit final re-
            equate reviews. As a result, projects funded        ports to the Reserve.
            by SRD are scientifically sound, contribute to        Final reports will include both technical
            existing knowledge, are relevant to current         and administrative sections. Technical sections
            coastal management issues, or are adequately        include abstract; objectives; literature review;
            funded, directed, or staffed. Although it may       methods; results; conclusions; and signifi-
            vary slightly from year to year, the schedule       cance to local, regional, state or national man-
            is as shown in Table 12.                            agement issues. Adn-dnistrative reports include
            P
                  osal &view                                    a project summary in non-technical language;
              rop                                               any objectives not attained; scientific pubh-
               All proposals received by SRD are! peer-         cations and presentation of results; applica-
            reviewed through a direct-mail process involv-      tion of results; and siimmary of expenditures.
            ing recognized scientists and resource man-         Outstanding reports are published as part of
            agers. Project selection is based on several        the VIMS series, Special Reports in Applied
            criteria, including scientific merit; importance    Marine Science and Ocean Engineering.
            to Reserve management and regional coastal            The Reserve will strongly encourage the
            management issues; relevance to national re-        presentation of research results at meetings
            search priorities; technical approach; qualifi-     of appropriate professional societies, such as
            cations of the principal investigator and key       the Virginia Academy of Science, National
            personnel; institutional support and capabili-      Estuarine Research Federation and American
            ties; and budget.                                   Society of Zoologists.
            Reports                                             RESEARCH SUPPORT
               SRD requires investigators to submit quar-         As manager of the Reserve, VIMS can pro-
            terly and final reports. Reports will include a     vide, on a cost-reimbursable, space-available
            list of milestones reached; summary of data         basis, some of the support required for on-
            gathered (but not raw data); list of analyses       going research. That support includes use of
            completed; problems with labor, schedule,           the VIMS physical plant, laboratories, ana-
            budget or technical approach; any impact of         lytical and sampling equipment, and vessels
            problems on future milestones; solutions to         described in the Facilities Development Plan,
            problems; summary of next planned work;             as well as use specific equipment acquired
            and problem areas for discussion.                   for the Reserve. (see Table 13). A reference



                                                             86






                 Table 13
                 RESERVE EQUIPMENT INVENTORY
                 Photographic                              Topographic quadrangle maps for           Hewlett Packard DeskJet printer
                 Nikon 20/20 35mm camera with                 all coastal counties                   Apple Macintosh SE computer
                    Nikon lenses AF Micro 55mm;            Nautical charts                           Okidata 292 Microline printer
                    52mm; and AF 70-210mm                  Orange flags on 24" sticks                Hewlett Packard Laserjet III
                 Camera cleaning kit                       Flag carrier                                printer
                 Kodak EkLigraphic III B Slide             Temperature-compensated salinity
                    projector                                 refractometer                          Drafting
                 Kodak carousels (4)                       Aluminum calipers                         Light table
                                                           Clinometer with rangefinder               Drafting table
                 Field                                     Panasonic microcassette recorder          Drafting stool
                 Machetes (2)                              Azel 20" tree pruning sawhead             Planimeter
                 Soil sampler (1)                          Round point shovel
                 Munsell soil color chart (1)              Canvas tool bag                           Herbarium
                 Brunton compass (1)                                                                 Smithsonian-type New York
                 Nikon binoculars                          Computer                                    Botanical Garden mounting
                 Refractometer                             Zenith Systems XT personal                  paper
                 Repel bug repellant                          computer, with 20-megabyte             University of Oregon-type her-
                 Camp shovel (1)                              hard disk with 1.2-megabyte              barium glue
                 Orange safety vest (Y.L, L, M)               and 360K, 5.25-inch diskette           White gummed cloth tape
                 Hip waders (size 6, 7, 10)                   drives                                 Standard plant press (5)
                 PVC transect pipe                         Zenith Systems Laptop Supersport          Standard driers
                 Bitterlicks (5)                              microcomputer, with 30-                Standard ventilators
                 Transect measuring tape (100 m)              megabyte hard disk and 640K,           Botany paste, Model 3140
                                                              3.5-inch diskette drive




                 library has been established. VIMS students                    Reserve-generated summaries of Reserve re-
                 may borrow field equipment and books for                          search;
                 use in Reserve-related research. Additional                    Workshops and conferences at Reserve sites,
                 computer hardware and software, field equip-                      sometimes with funding assistance from
                 ment, and other forms of research support                         SRD;
                 will be acquired as the need arises and funds                  Reserve information brochure, distributed
                 are available.                                                    with the annual call for proposals;
                                                                                Press releases to local media;
                 INFORMATION                                                    Articles injournals of national scientific soci-
                 DISSEMINATION                                                     eties and local organizations;
                    Both SRD and the Reserve encourage the                      Monthly announcements in the Alliance for
                 dissemination of research results via:                            the Chesapeake Bay's Virginia Rivers Report,
                 journal articles;                                              Direct mailings to local and state decision-
                 SRD-written synthesis of technical reports;                       makers; and
                 Presentations at professional societies; and                   Updates to the Chesapeake Bay Bibliography and
                 Special symposia arranged by SRD or Re-                           other electronic bibliographies (e.g., Dia-
                    serves, often in association with other meet-                  logue, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts).
                    ings, such as the biennial meetings of the                  REVIEW AND EVALUATION
                    Estuarine Research Federation or Coastal
                    Zone Managers.                                                 The Reserve will submit an annual report
                    In addition to SRD's information dissemi-                   on research activities to SRD as required by
                 nation routes, the Reserve will use several                    National Estuarine Research Reserve System
                 state and Bay-wide avenues of information ex-                  Regulations Section 921.34. The report Will
                 change including:                                              include a description of program successes,



                                                                              87





            accomplishments, and the work plan for the          RESOURCE DEGRADATION
            coming year. The first report will cover the        AT THE RESERVE SITES
            12-month period following receipt of acquisi-          GOODWIN ISLANDS A portion of the
            tion and development funds and will be sub-         upland ridge on the Goodwin Islands is over-
            mitted within three months after the end of         grown by grape, greenbrier, honeysuckle and
            that period. In addition, the Reserve w    'ill ar- blackberry. Vines carpet the ground and
            range for the periodic NOAA evaluation vis-         shrub layers and extend well into the canopy.
            its and public meetings described in Section        The thick growth is excluding other vegeta-
            021.34 of the National Estuarine Research           tion and making this portion of the island
            Reserve System regulations.                         practically impenetrable.
                                                                   Several stands of common reed grass, Phrag-
            D                                                     ites australis, exist on the Goodwin Islands.
            INFUSTORATION PLAN                                  AmIthough not extensive, the growth has re-
                                                                placed the more desirable big cordgrass,
              National Estuarine Research Reserve Sys-          Spartina cynosuroides. Phrag7nites is a tenacious
            tem regulations recognize that many estua-          species that tolerates suboptimal conditions
            rine areas have undergone ecological change         and is hard to eradicate. The Phragmites colo-
            as a result of human activities. Although res-      nies on the@ Goodwin Islands will be moni-
            toration of degraded areas is not a primary         tored through aerial photography and habi-
            purpose of the National Estuarine Research          tat plots.
            Reserve System, some restorative activities may
            be permitted in Research Reserves as speci-            CATLETT ISLANDS A small stand of
            fied in their management plans. Restoration         Phragmites has been found on Thompson's
            for single-species resource management or en-       Island in a section of the transition zone be-
            hancement is not usually permissible; resto-        tween the high marsh-saltbush line and the
            radon must be community- or ecosystem-ori-          forested uplands. 'fhe other islands need to
            ented.                                              be surveyed for the occurrence of Phragmites.
              In accordance with National Estuarine Re-
            search Reserve System regulations, this man-           TASKINAS CREEK Several places are
            agement plan describes those portions of Re-        eroding along Taskinas Creek Trail. The most
            serve sites that may require habitat modifica-      pronounced erosion is occurring along a sec-
            tion to restore or rehabilitate them back to        don of the trail that has a steep slope and is
            their historic, natural conditions. The plan        used as a bridle path. Also, on either side of
            also provides guidelines for developing site-       the Taskinas Creek boardwalk the banks are
            specific restoration plans. At this stage of pro-   slumping where people have wandered off
            gram development, it is possible only to pre-       the trail to get a closer look at the creek and
            liminarily identify which resources might be        marsh- One particular overlook exists on a
            need restoration, not to describe the full ex-      steep bank (with a 50 feet sheer dropoff to
            tent of resource degradation, the techniques        the creek below) and presents a potentially
            and methods that will be used in restoration,       dangerous situation.
            the costs of restoration, or the potential ben-        Small stands of Phragmites have been found
            efits or consequences of restoration efforts,       in remote areas of the creek drainage, on
            including the length of time it might take for      the levee between low and high marsh, where
            an area to become restored to proscribed con-       they are replacing big cordgrass.
            ditions. Further assessment is needed of site-
            specific conditions, pertinent literature and          SWEET HALL MARSH The bank and
            other factors to determine site-specific resto-     cultivated field above Sweet Hall Marsh are
            ration needs.                                       subject to erosion during heavy rainfall.
                                                                   Phrag7nites is invading some sections of the
                                                                levee between the low marsh zone and back




                                                             88





             marsh. Here, Phragmites is replacing big cord-   Synthesize existing infomation
             grass.,                                          and evaluate results of similar prqeas
             GUIDELINES                                          The scientific literature will be consulted
             FOR RESTORATION                                  to identify and evaluate approaches that have
                                                              been used to restore or rehabilitate similar
               In order to properly evaluate the need for     coastal habitats. Files on 404 Wetland Per-
             restoration and plan effective and environ-      mits requiring mitigation also can be used to
             mentally sound restoration projects, the Re-     identify the types of projects that have been
             serve proposes to follow the guidelines de-      attempted. Results from completed projects
             scribed below.                                   will be evaluated to determine appropriate
                                                              methods, expected results and potential prob-
             Determine the extent and severity                lem areas to avoid.
             of resource degradation                          Design and implement project
               Each site will be surveyed using aerial pho-
             tography interpretation and ground-truthing         At this step it should be possible to deter-
             to determine the extent and severity of re-      mine the best techniques to remedy the prob-
             source degradation. Much of this work will       lem. In general, the least complex, most
             be performed during species inventory and        proven methods and the most cost-effective
             habitat mapping projects described in the Re-    and maintenance-free procedures will receive
             search and Monitoring Plan. Past conditions      first consideration. Any necessary permits
             will be assessed from discussions with long-     from regulatory authorities and permission
             time residents and through studies of histori-   of landowners will be obtained. A qualified
             cal photography, sediment cores, pollen dia-     investigator will implement the project.
             grams, dead and dying vegetation, and old
             field notes and diaries. Information on          Monitor results and evaluate success
             present and historical conditions will be quan-  of restoration
             tified.                                             Monitoring programs will be designed and
             Convene expert panel and set goals               carried out as appropriate by Reserve staff,
                                                              funded investigators or contractors, or vol-
             for restoration                                  unteer team. In general, monitoring will in-
               If a problem is documented and         deter-  clude aerial reconnaissance and site visits to
             mined to require attention, goals will be set    determine maintenance needs, additional re-
             to guide the development of the restoration      medial action, and how well restoration ef-
             plan and serve as measures of success or fail-   forts have achieved the desired goals. Infor-
             ure. An expert panel will be convened to ex-     mation derived from monitoring will be dis-
             amine the situation and determine whether        seminated through appropriate channels.
             the goal should be restoration (re-creation
             of entire communities of organisms, closely
             modeled on those existing there naturally or     EDUCATION PLAN
             previously); rehabilitation (selective removal
             of objectionable organisms or conditions and     FRAMEWORK
             progressive actions to restore what was previ-
             ously present); replacement (replacing the          The Reserve's education program will op-
             original ecosystem with another different        erate, in part, through cooperative efforts with
             one); or status quo with monitoring (imple-      existing educational institutions and organi-
             menting a surveillance procedure to deter-       zations in the region and will build upon en-
             mine whether damages are progressing, re-        vironmental education materials already avail-
             treating naturally or at equilibrium).           able for the Chesapeake Bay and for estuar-
                                                              ies in general. Education activities will be de-


                                                           89





            signed to enhance awareness and understand-           ties that will be encouraged under the aus-
            ing of site resources as well as general. estua-      pices of the Reserve. These programs and
            rine systems. Particular emphasis will be             activities will focus on the value of the Chesa-
            placed on the role of the estuary in the total        peake Bay estuarine system, particularly the
            Chesapeake Bay environment and on the in-             York River basin, and its wise use and man-
            terrelationships of coastal habitats and hu-          agement. Emphasis will be placed on dissen-d-
            man activities,                                       nafing informadon about the results and
               Taskinas Greek will be the primary focus           value of research conducted within the
            for Reserve education efforts because of its          boundaries of the Reserve sites, as well as
            education facilities and its central location         providing opportunities for hands-on partici-
            and proximity to large population centers.            pation in nature studies.
            The focus will be on Taskinas Creek as a liv-           This Education Plan was developed after
            ing laboratory, using and supplementing ex-           reviewing education plans from other Re-
            isting boardwalks, trails, canoe trips, and out-      serves, evaluating the four Reserve sites for
            door exhibits as educational learning aids. A         opportunities for and constraints to on-site
            feasibility study will be conducted on build-         education programs, and a meeting of an
            ing a research and education center with a            Education Planning Committee in June 1989.
            dormitory. Where practical, education pro-            The results of these efforts provided ideas
            grams will be linked to research projects in-         for programs, activities and interpretive me-
            volving Taskinas Creek and other sites.               dia that fulfill the goals and objectives of the
               The Reserve's education programs will              Reserve but do not duplicate ongoing educa-
            avoid placing stress on the environment, and          tional efforts,
            activities will be conducted outside of the criti-
            cal research core area to prevent disturbance         OPPORTUNITIES FOR
            to research or natural characteristics. E.Tpha-       AND LIMITATIONS TO
            sis will be placed on interactive education ac-       ON-SITE EDUCATION
            tivities, based on the premise that interest in       Evaluation Procedure
            and commitment to the Chesapeake Bay and
            its tributaries are greatly affected by personal        Opportunities for and limitations to on-
            contact with the natural system (Chesapeake           site education programs at Reserve sites were
            Executive Council, 1987).                             analyzed using the following criteria: (1) re-
               To meet the goals and objectives of the            source sensitivity (e.g., presence of rare,
            education program, the Reserve will hire an           threatened or endangered organisms; relict,
            education coordinator to develop, coordinate          fragile or significant natural communities; Sig-
            and conduct education programs at appro-              nificant archaeological or cultural resources);
            priate Reserve sites. The education coordi-           (2) potential conflict or interference with on-
            nator will work with an Education Advisory            going research or monitoring; (3) compatibil-
            Committee to identify priority projects for           ity with existing traditional uses; (4) degree
            funding through SRD and other sources.                of existing public access; (5) accessibility; and
               The education coordinator will organize            (6) alternate nearby opportunities for on-site
            outreach activities to schools, special interest      education and interpretation programs. The
            groups, civic groups, and professional orga-          on-site education potential of each site was
            nizations and will be available to help schools       rated low, medium or high. For this evalua-
            and other groups develop and conduct envi-            tion, the Taskinas Creek site was divided into
            ronmental projects at Reserve sites. Other            eastern and western components. The results
            duties and responsibilities of the education          are shown in Table 14. The following narra-
            coordinator are described in the Administra-          tive is supported by the evaluation completed
            tion Plan section of this management plan.            by the Education Planning Committee. The
               This Education Plan describes the educa-           sites are presented in descending order of
            tion and interpretation programs and activi-          the potential for on-site education.


                                                               90






                  Table 14
                  EVALUATION OF ON-SITE EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES

                                                                           PlYesent      Compatibility                       Potential
                                                                           public      with traditional Resource            conflict udth      Alternate
                  Site                                Accessibility         access            uses         sensithtity        research        otportunities

                  Goodwin Islands                          1.4               1.3              2.0              2.0               2.5               3.0


                  Catlett Islands                          1.1               1.1              2.0              2.7               2.3               2.2

                  Taskinas Creek, eastern                  2.8               3.0              3.0              1.9               1.0               1.0

                  Taskinas Creek, western                  1.8               1.7              2.5              2.2               2.3               3.0

                  Sweet Hall Marsh                         1.3               1.1              2.1              2.8               2.7               2.1

                  Score key- 3 = high; 2 = medium; I = low



                  On-Site Potential. Taskinas Creek                                      zone, and a self-guided hiking trail meanders
                  Wortunities                                                            through a transition of early successional pine
                      Taskinas Creek provides opportunities for                          forest to mature hardwood forest and across
                  visiting a large, natural tidal creek system. In                       a marsh on a boardwalk over the creek. The
                  addition to enjoying its beauty and wildlife,                          park has a visitor center with an exhibit area,
                  visitors see a classic example of a tidal creek                        audiovisual room and a classroom with edu-
                  ecosystem with distinct wetland zonation, both                         cational materials and field equipment (see
                  from the brackish marshes at the creek's                               the Facilities Development Plan). The park
                  mouth to freshwater marshes at its upper                               also has other trails, picnic areas, restrooms,
                  reaches and from the low marsh at the low-                             parking areas, a pond, and a boat ramp.
                  tide mark to the high marsh and forests land-                          Constraints
                  ward. The creek system is like a miniature                                There are few constraints to using the east-
                  version of the York River system, with fresh-                          ern section of Taskinas Creek for the on-site
                  water inflow from feeder streams, daily tidal                          education focus of the Reserve. The most lim-
                  cycles, and mixing of salt and fresh water.                            iting conditions are erosion of trails and
                      Taskinas Creek divides the Reserve site into                       streambanks along Taskinas Creek Trail; lim-
                  an eastern section, where facilities and pro-                          ited canoe trip capacity; seasonal guides and
                  grams are focused, and a western portion,                              schedule; and lack of full-time staff to pro-
                  where no facilities are available. The eastern
                  portion is used by a variety of people for rec-                        vide year-round education activities. In addi-
                  reation, education and cultural enrichment                             tion, the audiovisual room and the classroom
                  and can support still more visitors without                            are too small to accommodate large groups.
                  major environmental impact. The park is con-                           A discussion of the erosion problem is pre-
                  veniently located for visitors from central and                        sented in the Restoration Plan, and recom-
                  eastern Virginia and is near tourist attractions                       mendations for improvements and additions
                  in the Williamsburg-jamestown-Yorktown his-                            to staff and facilities are presented in the Ad-
                  toric triangle, where few other opportunities                          ministration Plan and Facilities Development
                  for outdoor estuarine environmental educa-                             Plan, respectively.
                  tion exist.                                                               In contrast, there are several constraints to
                      On the eastern side of Taskinas Creek, a                           using the western portion of Taskinas Creek
                  guided canoe trip is available extending from                          for on-site education. The area is remote and
                  the brackish-water zone into the freshwater                            not regularly patrolled by park personnel.
                                                                                         The only facility is a narrow fire trail, which


                                                                                     91





             is gated and locked. The terrain is steep and       supports large numbers of wintering water-
             rugged with moderately to highly erodible           fowl, and is home to the Pamunkey Indian
             soils. The area is heavily wooded with mixed        tribe. Most of the features of Sweet HaU Marsh
             pine and oak stands. The only vantage point         are best observed from a boat to prevent dam-
             overlooking the creek is on the top of a very       age to the marsh.
             steep, highly erodible bank. This pristine area
             contains some rare plant species, is ecologi:-      Constraints
             cally sensitive, and is being used for natural        Sweet Hall Marsh is accessible only by boat,
             history studies that could be disturbed by pub-     and there are no piers or facilities to accom-
             lic access. Very limited access for nature study    modate visitors. The marsh is extremely sen-
             is recommended for this area.                       sitive to disturbance by human contact, espe-
                                                                 cially by marsh walking and plant collection.
             On-Site Potential: Gooditfin Islands                It contains rare and endangered plant spe-
             Qpportunities                                       cies and is a major wintering area for water-
               The Goodwin Islands provide an opportu-           fowl, which also are sensitive to disturbance.
             nity for studying an environment typical of         To preserve the delicate balance of nature
             polyhali'ne conditions of Chesapeake Bay            and tradifional uses of the marsh, and to pro-
             tributaries. The site contains extensive            tect ongoing research from disruption, on-
             saltmarshes and seagrass beds, wetland for-         site educational use of Sweet Hall Marsh will
             ests, a maritime forest, a sandy beach. shore-      be limited to academic pursuits (class field
             line, and low dunes. It is the only accessible      trips, teacher training and guided research)
             site where problems of shoreline erosion,           and occasional float-by boat trips. Much of
             Phragwites invasion, and estuarine debris ac-       the educational focus for Sweet Hall will oc-
             cumulation can readily be observed.                 cur off site or as part of float-by field trips.
             Constraints                                         On-Site Potential. Catlett Islands
               The Goodwin Islands may be reached only           Qpportunities
             by boat. There are no piers, and visitors must        The Catlett Islands are the last remnants
             leave vessels moored and wade ashore. The           of a Pleistocene beach ridge system that once
             site contains many sensitive resources, such        characterized the north shore of the lower
             as nesting colonial birds, Ospreys and turtles,     York River. Other ridges have eroded away or
             which are easily disturbed by human contact.        have been stabilized for development. The
             In addition, there are permanent study areas        Catlett Island ridges support maritime for-
             that must remain undisturbed. On-site edu-          ests and are surrounded by extensive
             cation programs will have to be carefully de-       mesohaline marshes.
             signed and controlled to minimize impacts.
                                                                 Constraints
             On-Site Potential: Sweet Hall Marsh                   Constraints to using the Catlett Islands for
             Qpportunities                                       on-site education relate to the sensitivity of
               Sweet Hall Marsh is located on the Pam-           the pristine forested ridges, their inaccessi-
             unkey River, one of the most pristine rivers        bility, and the incompatibility of public visita-
             on the East Coast. The marsh is an excellent        tion with research and traditional uses. The
             example of an emergent freshwater marsh,            islands support a heron rookery, Osprey nests,
             located in a section of the river where transi-     migratory waterfowl wintering areas, and
             tions from oligohaline to freshwater condi-         other wildlife areas that are sensitive to hu-
             tions and from freshwater marsh to hardwood         man disturbance.
             swamp are pronounced. This stretch of the             There is little evidence of human presence
             Pamunkey River is a major spawning area for         on the islands, yet more would be expected
             striped bass and other anadromous fishes,           with increased visitation. Whether by land or


                                                              92





            water, access to the Catlett Islands is difficult    nities for enjoying and learning about the
            and sometimes impossible. By land, there is          transitional zone of the York River.
            limited entry through private property (Tim-
            berneck Farm), but there is no appropriate           Canoe Tyibs
            parking. To reach the islands, one must walk           Two-hour guided canoe trips on Taskinas
            through cultivated fields and dense forest with      Creek are conducted on weekends and occa-
            no trails but abounding with poison ivy, deel        sionally on weekday evenings from April
            flies and ticks. By water, entry and exit de         through October. The popular trips are edu-
            pend on tidal stage. At low tide, the water is       cational and have a variety of themes. Guided
            too shallow to reach or leave the islands. Vili-     by an interpreter, the trips improve visitors'
            tors must arrive on a rising tide, leave boats       understanding of the dynamics and ecology
            at mooring, wade ashore and monitor the              of the estuary and coastal communities and
            boats so they will not become stranded by            of those areas' environmental and socioeco-
            low tide. For these reasons, public education        nomic importance. Participants learn about
            will not be encouraged at the Catlett Islands.       the development and formation of marshes;
                                                                 estuarine water properties; the value of wet-
            ON-SITE EDUCATION                                    lands to erosion control, flood inhibition, wa-
            PROGRAMS                                             ter purification, and food production; the
               The following recommendations for on-site         rhythms and cycles of life in the estuary; wild-
            education programs at Reserve sites are based        life habitat requirements and feeding rela-
            on an analysis of current education programs         tionships of estuarine-dependent species; and
            and projects involving Reserve sites and the         human uses of the marsh and river in mod-
            projected needs for new ones, as well as on          ern, historic and prehistoric times.
            the opportunities and constraint& described            In addition to regularly scheduled public
            above.                                               canoe trips, school classes frequently sched-
                                                                 ule one- to two-hour weekday trips as part of
            Current Plrograms: Taskinas Creek                    their educational visits to York River State
               In 1989, 72,587 people visited York River         Park. Such trips are conducted almost daily
            State Park. Many of those visitors participated      from n-dd-April through May, and periodically
            in scheduled education programs; others pur-         in September and October. The canoe trips
            sued self-directed activities. Described below       are one of the most popular environmental
            are some of the present educational oppor-           education activities with school groups.
            tunities involving Taskinas Creek.                   Field h@ps
            lnyr4bretive Trail                                     York County and Williamsburg-James City
               York River State Park has an extensive sys-       County Public Schools are the main users of
                                                                 York River State Park's environmental educa-
            tem of trails that guide visitors through the        tion offerings. Students participate in field
            natural succession of coastal habitats from
            open and forested uplands to forested swamp,         trips conducted by their teachers or the park's
            freshwater marsh, brackish marsh, creek              seasonal interpreter. Fifth- through eighth-
            mouth, tidal river, and river shoreline (see         graders are the more frequent field trip par-
            Figure 20). The trails support multiple uses,        ticipants, although some high school science
            including hiking, biking, fitness, cross-coun-       classes conduct field trips or studies at the
            try and horseback riding. Guided hiking trips        park. The Virginia Wildflower Society, Wil-
            are sometimes conducted. One trail, Taski-           liamsburg Bird Club and Estuaries Day vol-
            nas Creek Trail, is self-guiding, using num-         unteers also conduct field trips.
            bered markers keyed to information in a bro-
            chure. This trail offers year-round opportu-



                                                             93





                        Figure 20
                        TRAILS AT YORK RIVER STATE PARK


                          MILES              TRAIL,           NUMBER                                                                        NbBICYCLETRAIL
                             1.6    11iskulasCreekRag                 1
                             2.6    mch-Tt-Kos Bridle Path            2                                                                            BOAT WT
                             1.3    Woodstock Pond Bike/
                                      FitnessTrail                    3
                             1.4    MattaponiTrail                    4
                             1.3    Backbone Tfail                    5                                                                            HIKINGTEAlL
                               .8   ParminkeyTtail                    6
                                    Spurrllrail                       7                                                                      ? INFORMAnON               11:-@ PICNIC SHELTER
                             1.0    Majestic Oak Trail                8
                               .4   Laurel Glenn Trail                9
                             1.4    Powhatan Forks Trail            10                                                                      P PARKING                          RESTROOMS
                             1.5    Riverview Bridle Patti         I I
                               .0   Backbone Bridle Patti           12                                                                            PICNICAREA                  BRIDLE MNIL

                                                                                                                                   Overlook


                                                                                                jq   Pond
                             art


                                                                                                        2


















































                                                                                                              94





             Schedukd Presentations                                undergraduate-level student project, one
                Special presentations on a variety of envi-        graduate-level student project and one Boy
             ronmental topics are given by park interpret-         Scout project. In 1989, 58 people visited the
             ers and guest speakers from April through             Goodwin Islands to participate in VIMS-spon-
             October and by volunteers from November               sored research and education programs. The
             through March. Many of the topics are rel-            following opportunities are available:
             evant to Taskinas Creek (e.g., signs of spring,
             wildlife observations, fossil hunts, endangered       Field Dim
             species, weather prediction). Scheduling is              Professors from The College of William and
             based on staff availability, demand and space         Mary and its School of Marine Science lead
             accommodations. During the peak season                field trips to the Goodwin Islands for students
             from May through September, presentations             of geology, biology and marine science. Oc-
             are given once a week, usually on weekends.           casionally, the Virginia Living Museum leads
                                                                   field trips for students in grades 9-12 and for
             Abecial Educational fWa                               adults. The focus of the trips is the ecology
                Trained park personnel and other educa-            and geology of beaches, seagrass and
             tors conduct special educational programs for         saltmarsh habitats, and forested uplands. Field
             children during summer. These include Story           trip leaders emphasize the physical conditions
             Tinws (ages 3-6), Nature Explorers (ages 7-11),       of each habitat, vegetation zonation, identifi-
             junior Rangers (ages 8-12) and a 4-H marine           cation of selected flora and fauna, human
             day camp for teenagers. The programs in-              impacts, and importance of the Goodwin Is-
             clude a beach excursion, beaver hunt hike,            lands habitats to the overall Chesapeake Bay
             wildflower walk, nature photo safari, movie           system.
             of the month, and cast-netting and seining
             off the York River beach and in Taskinas              Student and Civic Proie
             Creek.                                                   Approved graduate and undergraduate re-
                                                                   search projects are conducted at the Goodwin
             aecialEvents                                          Islands. For example, geology majors from
                Estuaries Day is an example of a special           William and Mary have undertaken research
             event that involves Taskinas Creek and oc-            on sediment transport, coastal morphology,
             curs at the park. On Estuaries Day, staff of          mineralogy and stradgraphy, and the coastal
             the park and VIMS, along with volunteers,             botany class at VIMS participates in long-term
             offer a variety of programs and activities, in-       marsh studies. Projects for Eagle Scouts and
             cluding guided canoe trips, bird walks, wild-         civic and environmental organizations are
             flower walks, seining, aquarium setup, water          possible (e.g., a beach clean-up was organized
             quality sample collection, video productions       '  by an Eagle Scout with the Gloucester Point
             slide shows, fish printing, plastic pollution art,    Boy Scout Troop).
             and coloring contest.                                 Current Programs: Sweet Hall Marsh
             Student LQLe                                             The present annual educational use of
                Students from The College of William and           Sweet Hall Marsh includes two field trips, four
             Mary, VIMS and other schools conduct inde-            float-by boat trips, two canoe trips, one under-
             pendent research projects involving Taskinas          graduate research project, and five graduate
             Creek for thesis, dissertation and honors             research projects. In 1989, 56 people visited
             credit.                                               Sweet Hall Marsh while participating in edu-
                                                                   cational float-by boat trips and class field trips.
             Current Programs: Goodwin Islands                     Students, faculty and staff of VIMS visited
                The present annual educational use of the          Sweet Hall Marsh 66 times that year. A de-
             Goodwin Islands includes 10 field trips, one          scription of those activities follows.

                                                                95





               Float-BX Boat                                      areas. It is recommended that the audiovi-
                 VIMS, the Council on the Environment,            sual room in the visitor center be enlarged
               the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, The Nature          to accommodate larger audiences (see the
               Conservancy and the Virginia Living Museum         Facilities Development Plan). To effectively
               conduct interpretive boat trips on the Pam-        achieve the education objectives of this plan,
               unkey River near Sweet Hall Marsh. Partici-        VIMS proposes to employ a full-time educa-
               pants learn about the ecology of the area,         tion coordinator for the Reserve. The educa-
               management issues and ongoing research.            tion coordinator will be headquartered at
               These popular boat trips provide an excel-         VIMS but will spend part of the work week at
               lent opportunity for experiencing and learn-       the park when office space is available.
               ing about the tidal freshwater ecosystem.          Teacher Trainiw
               Field Trips                                          York River State Park is an ideal location
                 Coastal botany and marine resource man-          for teachers to meet and receive training for
               agement classes from VIMS take field trips to      leading students in environmental studies.
               Sweet Hall Marsh. Several of the field trips       The proposed research and education cen-
               involve long-term research projects.               ter will be designed to accommodate the
                                                                  training sessions. The Reserve will sponsor
               Academic ResearchProie                             workshops to familiarize teachers with the
                 Graduate and undergraduate students from         ecology of Taskinas Creek and train them to
               the College and VIMS conduct independent           lead their students in hikes or in activities
               research rojects for thesis, dissertation, and     like seining, taking water samples or conduct-
                        p                                         ing marsh and forest investigations. This will
               honors credit.                                     enable teachers to involve students in col-
               Current Programs: Catlett Islands                  lecting data valuable to the Reserve's research
                                                                  program and, in turn, will benefit students.
                 The Catlett Islands are the most remote          By learning how to report and analyze data
               Reserve site. The present annual educational       collected on field trips and by knowing that
               use of the Catlett Islands includes one high       the data are important to science and often
               school student project and one graduate stu-       have practical uses, students will gain pride
               dent project. In 1989, the Catlett Islands were    in their work and realize that they are help-
               visited by 29 scientists, three student visitors   ing solve real problems. There are few other
               and three educators. The Catlett Islands were      opportunities for this type of teacher-student
               used for wedand delineation training and in-       participation in research.
               dependent student projects for students af-          The Virginia Department of Game and In-
               filiated with VIMS.                                land Fisheries will be encouraged to conduct
                                                                  teacher workshops at Taskinas Creek under
               EXPANSION OF EDUCATION                             Project Wild and Aquatic Project Wild.
               PROGRAMS                                           Teacher workshops will be encouraged offer-
               Taskinas Creek                                     ing first-hand experience using lesson plans
                 York River State Park will be encouraged         from the recent U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
               to continue, expand and offer more fre-            vice publication Bay BCs and activities from
               quently interpretive field trips and canoe         Mvff Tim&, a set of science and social studies
               trips. Under the auspices of the Reserve, it is    activities developed by the Math and Science
               possible that a research and education cen-        Center in Richmond.
               ter will be built in the park to accommodate         On-site summer courses for teachers for
               visiting groups. Possible features include dor-    academic credit, credit toward five-year re-
               mitory space, a kitchen, classroom, reference      certification, or salary also will be offered at
               library, office space and sample-preparation       the proposed Research and Education Cen-
                                                                  ter. Teachers participating in summer, courses


                                                               96





             will be lodged at William and Mary until the          education goals and objectives (e.g., Chesa-
             proposed dormitory is constructed. Programs           peake Bay Foundation, Virginia Marine Sci-
             will be developed to give them on-site experi-        ence Museum, VIMS Marine Advisory Service,
             ence at Taskinas Creek as well as the Goodwin         Virginia Uving Museum, The Mariners' Mu-
             Islands.                                              seum, Council on the Environment), The Re-
                In addition to courses, the Reserve will pro-      serve is already assisting in the development
             mote teacher-researcher mentorships involv-           of activity plans for use at Virginia's coastal
             ing Taskinas Creek and the other Reserve              state parks. Packets of information Will be de-
             sites. The Center for Gifted Education at Wil-        veloped to assist teachers in preparing their
             liam and Mary offers a 30-hour mini-mentor-           classes for visits to the Reserve, in leading
             ship for elementary and middle-school sci-            on-site activities, and in follow-up activities.
             ence teachers of gifted students to give the
             teachers more realistic insight into the work         Prograng for Overnight Grou
             of scientists. VIMS assists in this program by          Evening programs for residents at the pro-
             recruiting scientists who are willing to work         posed Research and Education Center will
             with teachers and use them in sampling,               be developed. Evening programs will include
             monitoring and other research activities. This        night-time outings in the Reserve, audiovi-
             involvement will be expanded to involve sci-          sual presentations and a lecture series.
             entists who are conducting research at Re-
             serve sites. In addition, opportunities for           Goodzt@n Islands
             mentorships will be extended to other sci-              At present, the annual educational use of
             ence teachers.                                        the Goodwin Islands is adequate to meet the
             Seminars and Hands-On Field L@ps                      educational objectives of the Reserve. On-site
             ftDecisionmakers                                      educational use of Goodwin Islands will not
                                                                   be increased unless a carrying capacity study
                The Reserve will coordinate and cooper-            shows that the islands can accommodate ad-
             ate with the Council on the Environment and           ditional. visitation without concomitant envi-
             Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay in provid-            ronmental damage.
             ing Reserve sites for seminars and field trips
             for local decisionmakers. VIMS, in coopera-           Sweet Hall Marsh
             don with state and private entities, is devel-          At present, the annual educational use of
             oping a training program in wetlands delin-           Sweet Hall Marsh is adequate to meet the
             eation and will use the Reserve for training          educational objectives of the Reserve. Given
             and testing.                                          the sensitivities of the area, on-site educational
             Training-for Volunteers                               use of Sweet Hall Marsh will not be expanded.
                Trainin g sessions for volunteers will be con-     Catlett Islands
             ducted to enhance the quality of volunteer
             activities at Taskinas Creek and the other Re-          At present, the annual educational use of
             serve sites. Research scientists, park interpret-     the Catlett Islands could be increased to ac-
             ers or Reserve staff will train volunteers. Vol-      commodate as many as two additional stu-
             unteer activities are described in the Volun-         dent projects without threatening the re-
             teer Plan.                                            source, ongoing research or traditional uses.
                                                                   On-site educational use of the Catlett Islands
             Cur7iculum DeveLtment                                 will not be expanded beyond that level un-
                To develop curricula containing activities         less a carrying capacity study shows that the
                                                                   islands can accommodate additional visitation
             appropriate for use by classes coming to Taski-
             nas Creek, the Reserve will work in coopera-          without concomitant environmental damage.
             tion with other organizations having similar



                                                                 97




                                                                 Y

              ON-SITE INTERPRETIVE MEDIA                         EXPANSION OF INTERPRETIVE
              Current Media: Taskinas Creek                      MEDIA
              Exhibits                                           Taskinas Creek
                 Exhibits on estuarine themes are displayed      Exhibits
              in the lobby of the park's visitor center and        The educational value of the boardwalk
              at overlooks to Taskinas Creek and the York        crossing Taskinas Creek will be improved by
              River. In addition, bulletin boards outside of     adding an exhibit illustrating and describing
              the visitor center and at Croaker Landing dis-     marsh zonation, marsh plants and animals,
              play information on scheduled programs.            estuarine fishes and shellfish, and other as-
                                                                 pects of the estuary. The Taskinas Creek over-
              Publications                                       look exhibit will be replaced with a new one
                 Several publications are available at     the   commemorating the designation of the Re-
              park, including a brochure for the self-guided     serve. New exhibits are needed within the
              tour of Taskinas Creek Trail; a park brochure;     visitor center to communicate information
              a booklet about Virginia State Parks; and a        about the Reserve, the other Reserve sites
              newsletter announcing current and upcom-           and ongoing research and monitoring at Re-
              ing interpretive programs. The park also has       serve sites. These exhibits could include pho-
              field guides and reference materials in a cata-    tographs of flora, fauna and general ecology
              loged library, which can be used by teachers,      of each site, as well as an aquarium or ter-
              students and the public.                           rarium containing living microcosms from the
                                                                 sites.
              Environmental Education Materials
                 Park holdings include environmental edu-        Publications
              cation materials, such as the VIMS Marine            Several publications are proposed. The Re-
              Schoolhouse series, VIMS Marine Science Meth-      serve will provide an insert with a map and
              odsJor the Classroom series, and the University    information about the designated sites for the
              of California's Outdoor Biology Instructional      National Estuarine Research Reserve System
              Strategies. These materials cover topics in ge-    brochure. A brochure or prospectus giving
              ology, ecology, wildlife biology and pollution.    information about opportunities for research,
              The park also provides teaching aids and field     environmental education, teacher training
              equipment that can be used by visiting school      and mentorship programs, and volunteer pro-
              groups or educational program participants,        grams will be developed. The Reserve also
              including a herbarium, saltwater and fresh-        will develop a guidebook for landowners who
              water aquaria, microscope, wildlife specimens,     are interested in donating land or conserva-
              and reference books (see Table 15).                tion easements to the program. The park will
                                                                 be encouraged to develop a guidebook for
              Audiovisual Media                                  canoe trips on Taskinas Creek. The Reserve
                 York River State Park has two slide shows,      also may produce a series of field guides on
              York River State Park and Virginia's Marshes       the natural and historic resources of the York
              and one video program, York River. The Penin'      River watershed, using the Reserve sites as
              sula's State Pant The park has access to sev-      reference points. The presence of the Na-
              eral other slide shows and videotapes.             tional Estuarine Research Reserve Association
                                                                 logo will make all Reserve publications rec-
              Current Media: Goodwin Islands,                    ognizable as such.
              Catlett Islands and Sweet Hall Maah                Enzironmmtal Education Materials
                 There are no interpretive materials for           School information packages (described as
              Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands or Sweet Hall     part of Curriculum Development) will be
              Marsh.                                             available through the Reserve and York River


                                                              98





                 Table 15
                 INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION EQUIPMENT
                 AT YORK RIVER STATE PARK
                 Biology and Ecology                       Saltwater aquarium                       Audiovisual
                 Waterscopes                               Freshwater aquarium                      Kodak Audio viewer
                 Seines (3)                                Touch table items                        Audiotronics cassette recorder
                 Tide stakes                               Wall displays                            Extension tubes (3)
                 Insectjars                                Reference book shelf                     Bogen Amp
                 Water diermometer                         York River State Park movie              Audio equipment aninlafion box
                 Dipnets                                                                            Electro-voice microphone
                 Buckets (6)                               Wildlife Ident@ftcation                  Wire junction box
                 Minnow trap                               Animal cast tracks                       Kodak movie projector
                 Water chemical test kit (Hach)            Plaster of Paris                         Cousino message repeater
                 White enamel pans                         Wildlife check-off list                  Slide projectors (5)
                 Bottom sampler                            Estuary guides                           Bogen speakers
                 Depth measure/sounding line               Pond guides                              AVL Dissolve Module
                 Plankton nets                             Reference books                             Mark 11 (2)
                 Casting nets (3)                                                                   Microphone stand
                                                           Bird Study                               Screen
                 Wet Laborato7y                            Bird guide
                 Pennanent Equipment                       Telescope for hikes                      Mathematical Equipment
                 Herbarium                                 Wildlife specimens                       Mapping tools
                 Microscopes                               Check-off list                           Compass
                 Wildlife specimens                        Bird blind
                 Wildlife movies




                 State Park. In addition, a fact sheet will be                    A professional video documentary on the
                 prepared providing ideas for school science                    ecology of the York River basin and the Re-
                 fair projects. Recommendations will empha-                     serve sites will be produced and shown in
                 size non-manipulative estuarine and wetlands                   the visitor center. It will be promoted for use
                 science projects and will be directed toward                   by television stations, schools, public librar-
                 plants and invertebrates rather than verte-                    ies and museums.
                 brates. The Reserve also will prepare a
                 teacher's handbook for use in pre-trip train-                  Promotional Materials
                 ing for field trips and float-by boat trips, as                  Promotional materials include press re-
                 well as for use with students before, during                   leases for special events, souvenir T-shirts for
                 and following the field or boat trips. The                     Estuaries Day, and posters announcing spe-
                 handbook will include suggestions for re-                      cial events or illustrating various aspects of
                 search projects associated with field trips. Ma-               Reserve ecology. Promotional materials will
                 terials will be prepared appropriate for 7th-                  be exhibited at the park visitor center, VIMS
                 through 12th-grade students and their teach-                   Aquarium and other appropriate places.
                 ers and for college classes.
                                                                                Newsletter
                 Audiovisual Media
                                                                                  A newsletter will be created to publicize
                    A revised version of the Reserve slide show                 educational programs, special events, and
                 will be produced using new aerial and ground                   items of interest concerning Reserve sites; an-
                 photography, professional narration, back-                     nounce opportunities for volunteer services;
                 ground music and automation. The slide                         commemorate noteworthy volunteer work;
                 show will be shown at the visitor center, alter-               and give updates on research in the system
                 nating with park slide shows, and will be avail-               and on issues affecting the health of Reserve
                 able for presentations at off-site locations.                  sites and York River basin ecosystems.


                                                                             99





            sigm                                              nual state fair in Richmond, and at other off-
               The name of the Taskinas Creek National        site locations. The exhibits will include pro-
            Estuarine Research Reserve will be added to       fessional-quality photographs of scenery, flora
            the York River State Park entrance sign. The      and fauna from Reserve sites.
            Park is encouraged to erect a larger direc-
            tional sign to York River State Park on           PresentatiOns
            Lightfoot Road. Additional small wooden              Reserve staff, research scientists, and
            signs could be installed along Taskinas Creek     trained or professional volunteer speakers (as
            trail to improve the educational value and        members of a speakers' bureau) will be avail-
            enjoyment of the trail.                           able to make audiovisual presentations. These
                                                              presentations will cover activities at Reserve
            fterence Lj&ar                                    sites, as well as a wide range of environmen-
                            y
               A reference library  of materials concern-     tal topics. Suggested topics include conserva-
            ing the Reserve sites   in particular and the     tion of natural resources of the York River
            Chesapeake Bay and estuaries in general win       basin and the Chesapeake Bay watershed; eco-
            be housed in the proposed research and edu-       logical value of the ecosystems represented
            cation center. A personal computer will be        by the four York River sites; and the results
            installed in the reference library to give ac-    of ongoing research. Targets for presentations
            cess to the Chesapeake Bay Bibliography at        include schools and civic groups, as well as
            VIMS. The reference library will be available     conferences, such as those of the Virginia As-
            by reservation for use by the general public,     sOciation of Science Teachers, Virginia Edu-
            teachers and students.                            cation Association, Department of Education,
                                                              Mid-Atlantic Marine Education Association
            Bookstore                                         VirginiaJunior Academy of Science, and Vir-
               It may be possible to incorporate a small      ginia Association of Environmental Educators.
            bookstore in the visitor center to sell nature    Outreach to Schools
            books; field guides; and ecology and conser-
            vation color 'ing and activity books for chil-      An outreach program to encourage the use
            dren. The bookstore could be operated as a        of Taskinas Creek and other appropriate Re-
            subsidiary of the William and Mary Book-          serve sites will be developed. It may be pos-
            store, and the cashier could be the park re-      sible to provide Reserve staff or contract
            ceptionist or a Reserve volunteer.                teachers to local schools to make classroom
                                                              presentations, including student hands-on
            Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands                  participation. A program offered less fre-
            and Sweet Hall Manh                               quently than the VIMS Bay Team program of
               The only on-site interpretive materials        daily presentations throughout Virginia may
            planned for the Goodwin Islands, Catlett Is-      adequately  Iserve the needs of the Reserve.
            lands and Sweet Hall Marsh are signs stating
            the name of the Reserve and designated lead
            agency and, where appropriate, signs posting      VOLUNTEER PLAN
            against hunting, trespassing or boat wake.
                                                                Volunteers will be an integral part of the
            OFF-SITE PROGRAMS                                 Reserve program. Because funds for educa-
            AND MEDIA                                         don and research are never quite adequate,
            Mobile Exhibits                                   the use of volunteers will expand the Reserve
                                                              staff without large expenditure of funds. A
               Mobile exhibits and displays of educational    volunteer program also can be one of the
            and interpretative value will be designed for     best means of informing the public about
            use at VIMS, in shopping malls, at the an-        the value of estuaries. Properly trained, vol-


                                                           100





               unteers carry their knowledge and enthusi-         team's training will then depend on the skills
               asm to a portion of the general population         specific to that team's job. Teams that work
               that is larger than the scientist or environ-      in the field will have on-site training to en-
               mentalist can reach.                               sure that they have mastered all skills. A test
                                                                  of information and skills will be given before
               ORGANIZATION                                       the volunteers begin their tasks.
                 Volunteers will be divided into teams in           Coordinators will communicate with team
               three divisions, education, research and ad-       leaders and members to ensure the quality
               ministration, with a coordinator for each.         of the team's work and reduce the chance of
               Each coordinator will be responsible for the       frustration on the part of the participants.
               teams in his or her division and for coordi-       Team members will have access to the coor-
               nating efforts among the divisions. At the         dinator and the scientist in charge of the re-
               team level, one volunteer will be team leader,     search, thus allowing discussion of questions,
               reporting to his or her coordinator. Team          concerns and triumphs.
               members will work independently, in pairs            Team assignments will be for a specific task
               or in groups. Some teams will function on a        over a stated time period. A need for volun-
               schedule (e.g., weekly or monthly), whereas        teers will be identified and team tasks will be
               others will be on call and used when a need        clearly defined before a team is formed. On-
               arises requiring their particular expertise. Re-   call teams will be organized when general
               cruitment of volunteers will be site-specific.     needs are defined but not set into action un-
               For example, volunteers in the Sweet Hall          til a specific project is approved. At the end
               area will not be asked to extend their service     of the assignment, an evaluation will be done.
               to the Goodwin Island site.                        The evaluation will review the effectiveness
                 By necessity, the Reserve will begin with a      of the task, the quality of the work performed,
               small group of volunteers, which will provide      and the support that the volunteer received.
               a positive initial experience for volunteers and   On the basis of this evaluation, the Reserve
               staff. An application and screening process        will adjust the volunteer program. Team mem-
               will be designed to ensure that volunteers         bers will be given an opportunity at this time
               are placed where they can enjoy their service      to change teams, and the coordinators will
               and be most productive. The Reserve and            have an opportunity to reward, reassign or
               the supervising scientist or educator will ap-     fire individuals.
               prove volunteer projects.                            Several reward schemes are being consid-
                 To attract potential volunteers, the Reserve     ered. The Division of State Parks has a point-
               will rely on word-of-mouth, press coverage and     award system that the Reserve can use or
               information posted at state parks, nature cen-     modify. Expansion of the awards scheme for
               ters, nature trails, schools, and county admin-    completion of tasks, hours served, and ex-
               istration offices. Members of organizations        ceptional performance will be necessary, be-
               (e.g., Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Audubon Soci-      cause not all volunteers will be interested in
               ety, The Nature Conservancy, Jaycees,              park-oriented rewards. Components of this
               Women's Clubs, and retiree groups) will be         expansion are: events or appropriate gifts
               solicited through mailings and presentations       (e.g., Reserve T-shirts or posters); an annual
               about the sites and the potential for volun-       gathering to recognize outstanding teams and
               teer service. The Reserve staff also will con-     individuals, thank all participants, and share
               tact particular individuals, such as affected      experiences and information; advancement
               landowners and neighbors of the four sites,        and added responsibility in the program for
               to invite them to become volunteers.               outstanding individuals; andjob descriptions
                 To be successful, volunteers must be well        suitable for resumes or publications.
               trained. All participants will learn about the       To realize thepositive impacts of a volun-
               basics of,estuaries, the Chesapeake Bay and        teer corps, the Reserve will adopt and modify
               the York River estuaries in particular. Each       volunteer information and application mate-


                                                               101





            rials developed by Padilla Bay National Es-         tity time. Because Sweet Hall Marsh is in an
            tuarine Research Reserve. These guidelines          area of low population density, recruitment
            for volunteers address the expectations of the      of a large number of volunteers will be diffi-
            volunteer and Reserve staff and provide a           cult. However, because public access to the
            vehicle for a volunteer's talents to be discov-     site will be limited, fewer volunteers will be
            ered and best used. Volunteer applications          needed. To preserve the site's natural state,
            will be available at Reserve headquarters, York     on-site educational is limited to occasional
            River State Park and other appropriate - laces.     float-by boat or canoe tips. Volunteer guides
                                                      .P
                                                                will serve as interpreters and will need boat-
            SCOPE                                               ing and canoeing expertise. Some field re-
               Opportunities for and limitations to vol-        search projects may be able to use volunteers,
            unteer activities are similar to those listed for   although walking on the bottomless substrate
            on-site education in the Education Plan.. They      of a freshwater marsh to reach a research site
            are discussed below by site in descending or-       will weed out all but the most dedicated and
            der of opportunities.                               agile volunteers. Seasonal constraints also will
                                                                limit volunteer activities as research and edu-
               TASKINAS CREEK Volunteer teams of all            cation activities are reduced or eliminated
            three types (research, education and admin-         before and during duck season.
            istration) are already needed at York. River
            State Park, where understaffing is a problem.          CATLETT ISLANDS As for Sweet Hall
            In winter, when the paid staff is decreased      '  Marsh, restrictions on public access and the
            volunteers can help by freeing staff from of-       location of the Catlett Islands will limit the
            fice jobs and by providing manpower to ex-          number of volunteers and the number of vol-
            tend the season that the visitor center is open.    unteer hours. Research teams will be limited
            The park superintendent will approve all Re-        by the types of projects that can use volun-
            serve volunteers and projects involving the         teers and by the difficulty of getting to the
            park. The park's location will provide a large      site. In general, there are opportunities for
            pool of potential volunteers. While accessi-        volunteers to be involved in sampling, record-
            bility to the park is not a problem, access to      ing data or other research activities. Oppor-
            some of the research sites will involve             tunities for education teams are limited to
            marshwalking and trail hiking.                      off-site speakers who make presentations
                                                                about the research projects underway on the
               GOODWIN ISLANDS Opportunities for                Catlett Islands.
            volunteer activities on the Goodwin Islands
            are limited, although research and educa-           VOLUNTEER TEAMS
            tional activities planned for this site can use     General Education Teams
            volunteers. On-site volunteer activities in the        OUTREACH TEAMS will carry the
            research field will include sampling, record-       Reserve's message to the surrounding com-
            ing data or otherwise assisting in or conduct-      munities. A volunteer on an outreach team
            ing a research project. Education teams can         will serve either on a speakers' bureau or a
            be involved in field trips and litter patrol.       liaison team. The latter will provide a liaison
            The Goodwin Islands can only be reached by          with civic groups, clubs, and local and state
            boat, which limits on-site volunteer activity,      governing bodies. The speakers' bureau will
            and the present use of the Goodwin Islands          provide volunteers for groups requesting pro-
            by undergraduates and graduates does not            grams about the Reserve program or sites.
            lend itself to volunteer participation.                EXHIBITS TTAMS will plan, implement,
               SWEET HALL MARSH Opportunities for               maintain and update multimedia displays and
            volunteer activity at Sweet Hall Marsh lie in       signs for on- and off-site use. Exhibit teams
            the realm of quality time rather than quan-         will include volunteers who are capable of
                                                                producing the artwork and photography


                                                             102





               needed for effective stationary and mobile            J?esearch Teams
               exhibits, as well as wooden cases for display-           The research teams will be effective only if
               ing exhibits. Groups will adopt an exhibit and        the volunteers and the scientists see the work
               ensure that it is clean and up to date.               as meaningful. Scientists must participate in
                 A PUBLICATIONS TEAM will help design,               the planning for the use of volunteers on
               produce, and deliver newsletters, brochures           their projects, especially in the areas of job
               and other publications. Several projects are          descriptions, training, supervision and qual-
               available for a publications team: a program          ity control. Teams will not be formed until a
               brochure; a prospectus for each Reserve site;         project involving volunteers is approved by
               a brochure for a self-directed horse trail            the Reserve and the supervising scientist.
               within York River State Park; and a brochure          Training will include on-site instruction to
               for the Taskinas Creek canoe trail.                   ensure that the data collected are of value.
                 A WRITERS TRAM will belp the staff or               Quality control checks will be done during
               other volunteer teams with projects, as well          the project to reassure the scientist that the
               as produce articles, curriculum and guide-            data are accurate. To assure the volunteer
               books.                                                that his or her work will be used, the progress
                 SPECIAL EVENTS TEAM members help                    and results of the project will be communi-
               at special events sponsored by the Reserve or         cated to the participating teams.
               York River State Park. For example, the Re-              Based on proposed or ongoing research
               serve and the park co-sponsor Estuaries Day           projects at the sites, the following research
               and need volunteers to help stage events.             teams are proposed:
               Other special events at Taskinas Creek and               A BIRD CENSUS TEAM has begun in a
               Goodwin Islands will include a school for field       small way with a volunteer, Teta Kain, doing
               studies, EarthWatch, Youth Conservation               a monthly bird census on the Catlett Islands.
               Corps projects, estuarine debris cleanups, and        Other teams will be formed to carry out simi-
               water camps for volunteers.                           lar studies at other sites. Training in field
                 A ROVING TTACHERS TEAM will pro-                    identification and bird song recognition will
               vide a corps of informed, trained teachers       to   be a drawing card for this team.
               visit classrooms with programs on estuaries              VEGETAT10N SURVEYTEAMS, consisting
               and the Research Reserve program.                     of trained plant identifiers and data record-
                                                                     ers (identifiers-in-training), will identify plants
               Site-Specific Education Teams                         and estimate percentage cover in the field.
                 CANOE TRIP GUIDES will be convened                     SAMPLER TFAMS will collect data on such
               for the Goodwin Islands, Taskinas Creek and           parameters as tides, water quality and weather
               Sweet Hall Marsh. Members will be available           conditions. Water quality monitors have been
               to lead specific groups to observe activities at      recruited and are being trained for all four
               the research sites.                                   sites.
                 TRAIL GUIDES will be used at Taskinas                  ANGLERS SURVEY TEAMS will use vol-
               Creek to lead groups visiting the sites.              unteer anglers to record their catches in per-
                 CONSTRUCTION TEAMS will be used at                  sonal fishing diaries.
               Taskinas Creek to build trails and displays or           RIVER WATCHER TEAMS will monitor ar-
               to help with building projects needed at the          eas of the river for pollution, boating, fishing
               sites. Team members will be recruited for any         and land use.
               restoration projects approved by the Reserve.            WILDLIFE CENSUS TEAMS will use the
                 TRAIL REPAIR TEAMS will be responsible              Department of Game and Inland Fisheries'
               for maintaining the trails and signs at Taski-        Wildlife Observation Forms, as appropriate,
               nas Creek. Teams will adopt specific trails and       to record observations of wildlife in the Re-
               maintain and improve them under the su-               serve areas.
               pervision of the superintendent.                         SEASONAL WATCH TEAMS will collect
                                                                     data on migrating or spawning organisms.


                                                                  103




              DATA ENTRY TEAMS will enter data, ana-            FACILITIES
           lyze data, design data systems, or serve as ad-
           visers to Reserve staff, depending on the            DEVELOPMENT PLAN
           member's level of expertise.
              HISTORICAL RESEARCH TEAMS will                      Funding is provided by NOAA and
           gather information from genealogical stud-           matched by the state for the construction or
           ies and area residents on an area's natural          renovation of visitor centers, research facili-
           and social history.                                  des, education centers and other improve-
              CLASSROOM TTAMS, each consisting of               mcnts associatcd with rucarch, cducadon and
           a teacher and his or her class, will undertake       access to Reserve sites. Facilities and improve-
           projects associated with specific research           ments must be located within the boundaries
           goals.                                               of the designated Research Reserve.
                                                                  Major construction projects (i.e., buildings)
           Administration Teams                                 require the preparation of architectural and
              Guidelines for administration teams must          engineering plans and state approval of capi-
           be developed as the program and its needs            tal outlay proposals. Funding for planning
           develop. Two administrative teams have been          and developing architectural and engineer-
           identified:                                          ing plans for buildings comes from initial ac-
              An OFFICE STAFF TTAM will be organized            quisition and development grants, which can
           to perform standard office functions, as well        be awarded after the approval of the draft
           as to serve as receptionist at the visitor cen-      management plan (i.e., in the predesignation
           ter, salespersons in the bookstore, and clerks       phase), as well as later acquisition and devel-
           in the reference library. The need already           opment awards. Funds for constructing build-
           exists for administrative teams at Taskinas          ings come from acquisition and development
           Creek.                                               grants awarded after approval of the final
              DONOR TEAMS will comprise people who              management plan.
           allow access to their land or who donate               Minor construction and acquisition activi-
           things rather than time or service. Such a           ties that aid in implementing portions of the
           team will provide a way to recognize the con-        management plan (such as nature trails,
           tributions of these people and acquaint them         boardwalks, boats and boat ramps) do not
           with other volunteers.                               require architectural or engineering plans.
              In addition to volunteer teams, the Reserve       Funding for planning and constructing na-
           will investigate the possibility of establishing     ture trails, boardwalks, boat ramps, and other
           a FRIENDS OF THE RESERVE foundation                  minor improvements can be awarded under
           or association to assist in fundraising, estab-      initial acquisition and developent grants, as
           lishing conservation easements, starting lo-         well as under later acquisition and develop-
           cal land trusts, and providing scholarships for      ment grants.
           Reserve-related research and education                 The number and types of facilities and im-
           projects.                                            provements needed by the Reserve vary with
                                                                the intended use of each site. The Reserve
                                                                has performed a preliminary assessment of
                                                                facility and improvement needs in consulta-
                                                                tion with advisory committees, members of
                                                                the scientific and education communities, and
                                                                affected landowners. The results of that as-
                                                                sessment are presented herein.






                                                             104





             EXISTING FACILITIES                                 accurate information to the governor and citi-
                A brief description of existing facilities and   z,ns of the Commonwealth regarding the
             equipment at the Reserve headquarters at            quality and conservation of marine resources,
             VIMS and at individual sites is presented be-       both living and non-living. In addition, as the
             low, followed by a list of improvements or          School of Marine Science of The College of
             additions needed for existing facilities.           William and Mary, VIMS offers graduate ma-
                                                                 rine educational opportunities at the master's
                RESERVE HEADQUARTERS In 1990 the                 and doctoral levels, as well as, on occasion,
             Reserve staff moved into Brown I-louse, a new       opportunities for undergraduates, high
             acquisition on the VIMS campus at Gloucester        school students in the Governor's School for
             Point. Brown House was acquired using funds         Science and Technology, and teachers. VIMS
             provided by the Virginia General Assembly.          also provides marine advisory services to
             General funds also provide the primary ad-          watermen, recreational fishermen and marine
             ministrative support for the Reserve, includ-       science educators. VIMS is located only a
             ing staff salaries, travel and equipment, as        short distance from the Goodwin Islands and
             well as maintenance and upkeep of Brown             Catlett Islands and a moderate distance from
             House. Additional support is provided by SRD        Taskinas Creek and Sweet Hall Marsh. Dis-
             and private funds. Floor plans for the Brown        tances and travel times to Reserve sites by
             House are shown in Figures 21 and 22.               land and water are presented in Table 16.
               Located on the York River, VIMS is ideally
             suited for Reserve headquarters. VIMS sup-            GOODWIN ISLANDS There are no fa-
             ports research scientists and teaching faculty      cilities on the Goodwin Islands, and no facili-
             in biological, physical and chemical marine         ties are proposed for the site. To protect the
             science disciplines. The campus contains            ecological integrity of the islands, no improve-
             teaching and research laboratories, class-          ments for access are recommended. Reserve
             rooms, offices, auditorium, conference rooms,       identification signs and posted signs are the
             visitor center with seawater aquaria and            only improvements foreseen.
             children's touch tank, extensive flowing sea-
             water systems, holding tanks, hatcheries, and         CATLETT ISLANDS There are a few
             a library with 800 periodical subscriptions,        structures on the Catlett Islands (a small hunt-
             37,033 bound volumes, and 2,550 maps,               ing lodge with pier and a few duck blinds).
             charts, and other items. Research and teach-        The hunting lodge, pier and duck blinds are
             ing activities are well supported by sophisti-      maintained by Mr. Homer Buck of Hayes. A
             cated analytical instrumentation, state-of-the-     footpath has been established on Thompson
             art field sampling equipment, a computer            Island to facilitate a monthly bird census, stu-
             center with an extensive network of on-line         dent projects, and visits by special guests.
             terminals and microcomputers, remote sens-          Some improvements to this trail may be
             ing and GIS laboratory, herbarium and fish-         needed to prevent damage to the wetlands.
             eries collections, a physical plant with main-      No other trails or facility improvements are
             tenance and construction capabilities, and a        planned. The Catlett Islands are located close
             boat basin and research fleet of 20 trailerable     enough to VIMS that the Reserve headquar-
             boats and six vessels in the 40-foot class. VIMS    ters will serve as a staging area for research
             owns a deHavilland Beaver, which is used for        field trips.
             aerial photography, radio-tracking and travel
             to remote places.                                     TASKINAS CREEK This site will be used
               VIMS has a long history of research and           for research and environmental education.
             educational involvement in marine science.          As proposed in the Public Access Plan, to
             As stated in the Code of Virginia, VIMS is          accommodate visitor use, facilities and pub-
             responsible for conducting basic scientific and     lic access will be focused on eastern Taskinas
             applied research and providing timely and           Creek, where facilities, trails and parking ex-


                                                              105





              Figure 21
              FIRST-FLOOR OFFICES IN BROWN HOUSE, VIMS





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                           Map Drawer                                       Foyer


                                                           Copier

                               Kitchen                     Bookshelf


                                                                     Administrative Assistant
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                                                                     106






























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               Table 16
               DISTANCES AND TRAVEL TIMES BETWEEN VIMS AND RESERVE SITES
                                                              By land                    By water
                           Goodwin Islands                    Not accessible             5 nmi, 20 min.
                           Catlett Islands                    9 mi, 15 min.              5 nmi, 20 min.
                           Taskinas Creek                     38 mi., 40 min.            14 nmi, 56 min
                           Sweet Hall Marsh                   45 mi, 50 min              34 nmi, Ih, 16 min



                                                                            FACILI AND
               ist. On the western portion, pedestrian and                             TY
               equestrian access will be discouraged to pre-                IMPROVEMENT NEEDS
               clude disturbance of natural wetlands and                       The following facilities and improvements
               woodlands. New facilities and improvements                   are recommended to facilitate educational,
               to public access are proposed for the eastern                interpretive and research use of Reserve sites:
               portion of Taskinas Creek only. No facilities
               or improvements are proposed for the west-                   Construction or renovation of a research and
               ern portion of Taskinas Creek. Tables 17 and                    education center to provide a dormitory,
               IS list facilities at York River State Park that                kitchen, commons, laboratories (wet and
               are used as staging areas for education, inter-                 dry labs), classroom, reference library, of-
               pretation and research activities involving                     fices and storage space;
               Taskinas Creek. A few of these are:                          Expansion of the existing auditorium in the
               Visitor center with interpretive displays and                   visitor center of York River State Park to
                  exhibits, offices, information center, and                   accommodate meetings of 30 to 40 people
                  classroom (see Figures 23 and 24);                           (a class-size group) and to provide mod-
               Parking lots (a main lot for 60 cars, adjacent                  ern audiovisual projection (i.e., wrap-
                  gravel lot for 75 cars, and horse trailer fa-                around screen, multiple projectors and ste-
                  cility for 30-35 vehicles);                                  reo sound equipment);
               Boat launching facility with two paved ramps,                Incorporation of a bookstore within the visi-
                  parking for 60 vehicles and trailers, rest-                  tor center of the park;
                  rooms, information kiosk, and pipe safe                   Trash receptacles at Reserve sites to encour-
                  for fee collection;                                          age and facilitate and-littering and separa-
               Picnic shelters with picnic tables, trash cans,                 don of trash that can be recycled locally
                  grills and recreational facilities;                          (glass, aluminum, computer paper, news-
               Amphitheater for 75 people;                                     paper and mixed paper);
               Canoe access to Taskinas Creek;                              Weather station and tide gauges with appro-
               More than 14 miles of trails; and                               priate instruments at Reserve sites;
               Contact stations at the main entrance to the                 Improvements to Taskinas Creek Trail to rem-
                  park and at Croaker Landing.                                 edy erosion problems, as described in the
                                                                               Restoration Plan; and
                  SWEET HALL MARSH Current access                           Improvements to the boat launch area be-
               policies enable VIMS scientists to keep ajon-                   side the boathouse at Sweet Hall Marsh to
               boat with motor and a storage trailer for                       facilitate the launching of small, trailerable
               equipment at the Sweet Hall Marsh landing.                      boats and to eliminate erosion resulting
               The Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club pier                        from launching Jonboats and canoes from
               is used by VIMS for mounting a tide gauge                       the bank.
               and collecting water samples.





                                                                        108





               Table 17
               RECREATION AND PARK FACILITIES AT YORK RIVER STATE PARK
               Croaker Landing Boat Facility              1 chief ranger residence and              I phone box
               3 wooden piers                                storage shed                           473 feet of split rail fence along
               I large cement ramp                        I seasonal residence                         York River shoreline
               I information kiosk                        I dumpster                                1 set of steps with floating plat-
               3 streetlights, 2 poles                    I well                                       form
               I contact station                          1 shop compound with 2 build-
               3 dredge spoil ponds                          ings and chain-link fence              Woodstock Pond Facility
               riprap -along York River shoreline         1 contact station                         4 fishing docks 20 feet long
               1 rest room facility with stairs,          1 rest rooms                              I well house
                  landscaping and benches
               I pipe safe                                Visitor CenterFacility                    Canoe Launch Area
               I wooden safety bumper                     I pumphouse                               I floating dock
               60 vehicle surface treatment               1 visitor center                          I metal canoe rack
                  parking lot                             landscaping with wooden rails,            1 set of wooden steps
               1 well house                                  benches                                1 wooden storage box
               1 wooden gate at service road              1 amphitheater with 6 wooden
               I wooden gate at fire road                    benches approximately 44 feet          Southern Region
                  entrance                                   long                                   I superintendent residence and
               barbed-wire fence along north              825 feet of split rail fence running         storage shed
                  and east boundaries                        to picnic shelters I and 2             1 well house
                                                                                                    1 set of ruins along Riverview
               Main Entrance Road                         Picnic Shelters I and 2 Facilities           Plantation boundary
               I entrance sign and landscaping            I information kiosk                       I black metal pole gate across
               2 rows white ash trees along right-        5 pieces of wood and metal                   Backbone Trail
                  of-way                                     playground equipment
               2 rows of loblolly pine along right-       1 horseshoe pit with 55 feet of           Throughout the Park
                  of-way                                     split rail                             17 trash cans
               I wooden entrance gate                     I trail box with brochures                54 signs in various sizes
               625 feet of guard rail on the right        2 picnic shelters                         I power line and poles
                  side of entrance road                                                             27 grills
               652.5 feet of guard rail on the left       Picnic Shelter 3 Facility                 65 picnic tables
                  side of entrance road                   I set of volleyball posts                 30 assorted benches
               gravel shop road                           1 horseshoe pit with 110 feet of
                                                             split rail



               Table 18
               BUILDINGS AT YORK RIVER STATE PARK
               Numerals denote year of construction and area (fl?)
               Residence, Superintendent                    1977     1,100    Shelter, Picnic, small                       1978       360
               Shed, Storage, Superintendent                1978      120     Shop, maintenance                            1978      1,560
               Well House, Superintendent                   1977        64    Storage, fuel                                1984        32
               Visitor Center                               1978     3,000    Shed, Equipment                              1984       968
               Pump Building, Sewer, V.C.                   1978      100     Contact Station                              1980        32
               Well House, V.C.                             1978      100     Residence, Chief Ranger                      1985      1,116
               Restroom, Boat Landing                       1978      300     Shed, Storage, Superintendent                1977       288
               Well House, Boat Landing                     1978      100     Trailer                                      1985       450
               Shelter, Picnic, small                       1978      360     Contact Station                              1988        32
               Shelter, Picnic, large                       1978      820     Shed, Storage, Chief Ranger                  1985       108






                                                                           109








                                                                            Figure 23
                                                                            EAST WING OF VISITOR CENTER, YORK RIVER STATE PARK









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                                                                             Figure 24
                                                                             WEST WING OF VISITOR CENTER, YORK RIVER STATE PARK



















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                    D                                                                      Buttleman, KJ., Administrator, Council on the Environ-
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                   inundation on internal oxygen supply of Sparlina                    north and south facing slopes at York River State Park.
                   alternij7ora and Spartina patens. Estuarine, Coastal and            Student project, Lafayette High School, Williamsburg,
                   Shelf Sci. 13: 47-57.                                               Va.
                Gloucester County. 1980. Gloucester County comprehen-                Ledwin, J. 1988. Sedimentation and nutrients in a tidal
                   sive plan. 88 p. Gloucester County, Va..                            freshwater marsh. VIMS master's thesis. 89 p.



                                                                                 113






                   Leonard, L-AL 1986. The stratigraphy, origin and develop-         Odum, W.E. 1984. The ecology of tidal freshwater marshes
                     ment of the Goodwin Islands near Seaford, Virginia. Se-            of the United States East Coast: A community profile.
                     nior research paper, The College of William and Mary.              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. Rept. 83/17.
                     142 p.                                                          Orth, R., J. Simons, R. Allaire, V. Carter, L. Hindman, IC
                   Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. 1976.            Moore and N. Rybicki. 1985. Distribution of submerged
                     Legislative history of the Coastal Zone Management Act             aquatic vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay and tributar-
                     of 1972, as amended in 1974 and 1976 with a section-by@            ies: 1984. Prepared for U.S. EPA. Coop. Agreement X-
                     section index. Prepared at the request of The Honorable            003301-01. 155 p.
                     Warren G. Magnuson, Chairman, Committee on Com-                 Orth, R., J. Simons, J. Capelli, V. Carter, A. Frisch, L
                     merce, and The Honorable Ernest E Hollings, Chair-                 Hindman, S. Hodges, K Moore and N. Rybicki. 1987.
                     man, National Ocean Policy Study, pursuant to Senate               Distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation in the Chesa-
                     Resolution 222. Washington, D.C.                                   peake Bay and tributaries and Chincoteague Bay: 1986.
                   Lynch, M.P., and A.H. Humphreys Jr. 1987. Briefing paper             180 P.
                     on the Goodwin Islands and the National Estuarine Re-           Patten, B.C. 1962. Synoptic comparison of seston loads in
                     search Reserve Program. A paper prepared for the trust-            the Rappahannock, York and James rivers. VMS master's
                     ees of the Endowment Association of The College of                 thesis.
                     William and Mary in Virginia Inc. dated April 22, 1987.         Perry, J.E. 1988. Wetlands department, Virginia Institute of
                     2 p.                                                               Marine Science. Pers. comm.
                   Malcolm Pirnie Inc. 1990. Lower Virginia Peninsula re-            Reay, W.G. 1989. Subsurface hydrodynamics and nutrient
                     gional raw water supply study. 9 p., plus figures. Newport         exchange within an extensive tidal freshwater wedand.
                     News, Va.                                                          VIMS master's thesis.
                   Marcellus, KL., G.M. Silberhorn and G.M. Dawes. 1973.             Richards, C.E. 1962. A survey of salt-water sport fishing in
                     An assessment of the potential environmental effects of            Virginia, 1955-60. Ches. Sci. 3(4):223-235.
                     the proposed marina at York River State Park. Virginia          Samuels, R.A., and K Drescher. undated. Economic and
                     Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va 23062.           environmental impact of the Goodwin Island develop-
                   McCartney, M. 1990. Personal interviews.                             ment project. 32 p.
                   Mixo, R.B. 1985. Stratigraphic and geornorphic framework          Schubel,J.R- 1986. Life and death of the Chesapeake Bay.
                     of uppermost Cenozoic deposits in southern Delmarva                U. Md. Sea Grant Coll. Publ. UM-SG-86-01. College Park,
                     Peninsula, Virginia and Maryland. U.S. Geological Sur-             Md.
                     vey Prof. Paper 1067-G, 53 p.                                   Seaman, M. 1987. Research permit application to York River
                   Money, PA., and T. Moeslein. 1986. Goodwin Islands quick             State Park. Science teacher, Williamsburg Christian Acad-
                     look report. A report of field work conducted OCL 7,               emy, Williamsburg, Va.
                     1986, by the Peninsula Nature and Science Center. 3 p.          Settle, Fax. 1989. Personal communication.
                   Moore, KA. 1976. Gloucester County tidal marsh inven-             Shrader, T. 1988. Superintendent, York River State Park.
                     tory. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Spec. Rpt. Appl.       Pers. comm.
                     Mar. Sci. and Ocean Eng. 64.103 p.                              Silberhorn, G.M. 1985. Chesapeake Bay freshwater wetlands:
                   Moore, KA. 1980. James City County tidal marsh inven-                Status and research needs. pp. 25-29, In: Groman, HAL,
                     tory. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Spec. Rpt. Appl.       T.R_ Henderson, EJ. Meyers, D.M. Burke, andJA. Kusler
                     Mar. Sci. and Ocean Eng. 188.                                      (eds). Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1987a.              Chesapeake. Easton, Md. (April 9-11, 1985).
                     Guidelines for establishing proposed boundaries for Na-         Silberhorn, G.M. 1981. York County and Town of Poquoson
                     tional Estuarine Research Reserves (draft). 7 1).                  tidal marsh inventory. Va. Institute of Marine Science,
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1987b.              Spec. Rpt. Appl. Mar. Sci.and Ocean Eng. 53. 67 p.
                     National Estuarine Reserve Research System research             Silberhom, G.M., and A.W. Zacherle. 1987. Ying William
                     plan. Washington, D.C.                                             County and Town of West Point tidal marsh inventory.
                   National Science Foundation. 1978. A pilot program for               Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Spec. Rpt. Appl.
                     long-term observation and study of ecosystems of the               Mar. Sci. and Ocean Eng. 289. 56p.
                     United States. Report of a second conference on long-           Silberhorn, G.M., and C.H. Hershner, in prep. Goodwin
                     term ecological measurements. Woods Hole, Mass.                    Islands bum study.
                   National Science Foundation. 1979. Long-term ecological           Smith, S.M. 1984. Community and trophic organization of
                     research: concept statement and measurement needs.                 nekton utilizing shallow marsh habitats, York River, Vir-
                     Summary of a workshop. Indianapolis, Ind.                          ginia. Fish. Bull. 82(3):455-467.
                   National Science Foundation. 1981. Experimental ecologi-          South, W.D. 1969. Investigation of the effect of mill waste
                     cal reserves. Final report on the network. Indianapolis,           on water quality in the Pamunkey and York rivers. Chesa-
                     Ind.                                                               peake Corporation of Virginia, West Point, Va.
                   National Wetlands Inventory. 1986. Atlas of national wet-         Spells, A.J., and G.D. Frazer. 1984. York and Parnunkey
                     lands inventory maps, Vol. 1, coastal plain Virginia west-         rivers navigation study. A literature review of fish and
                     em shore. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, Md.           wildlife resources within the potential project impact area
                                                                                        50 P.




                                                                                 114





                  Stratton Commission. 1969. Our nation and the sea: A plan           Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1987a. A quarterly
                    for action. Report of the Commission on Marine Sci-                 report on the site selection and public participation pro-
                    ence, Engineering and Resources. Washington, D.C.                   cess for a Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary
                  Sturm, S.C., and B.J. Neilson. 1977. Water quality in        the      in Virginia, plus attachments. Submitted to the Office of
                    York River. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Spec.             Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, NOAA.
                    Rpt. Appl. Mar. Sci. and Ocean Eng. 130. 55 p.                    Virginia Intitute of Marine Science. 1987b. A quarterly and
                  Uravitch, J.A. 1989a, in a memorandum dated January 27,               final report on the site selection and public participation
                    1989, to National Estuarine Research Reserve System man-            process for a Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Sanctu-
                    agers on file at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,          ary in Virginia, plus attachments. Submitted to the Of-
                    Gloucester Point, Va.                                               fice of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, NOAA.
                  Uravitch, JA 1989b, in a letter dated May 16, 1989, to Dr.          Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1989. The Chesapeake
                    Frank 0. Perkins, Dean/Director, Virginia Institute of              Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Vir-
                    Marine Science, on file at the Virginia Institute of Ma-            ginia: Site nominations and application for preacquisition
                    rine Science, Gloucester Point, Va.                                 assistance. The College of William and Mary (Gloucester
                  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1930. Pamunkey River, Vir-              Point, Va), 310 p.
                    ginia, York River System. U.S. House of Representatives           Virginia Marine Resources Fishery Commission. 1987. Fish
                    Document 54.                                                        catch data from the Coleman Bridge to York River Mouth,
                  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1970. Review of Reports on              including Back Creek and the Thorofare (as of 11/12/
                    the York and Pamunkey rivers, Virginia. Norfolk District,           87).
                    Va.                                                               Virginia Marine Resources Fishery Commission. 1988. Fish
                  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Taskinas Creek Vir-               catch data for the York River, from Claybank to the
                    ginia. An assessment of proposed channelization of Taski-           Coleman Bridge (as of 3/23/88).
                    nas Creek. Prepared by the Norfolk District (February             Virginia State Water Control Board. 1980. Public, leased
                    17,1969), Norfolk, Va.                                              and condemned shellfish-growing areas in the Common-
                  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and At-                 wealth of Virginia. Va. State Water Control Board Info.
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                    program regulations, final rule. Federal Register Vol.            Virginia Water Control Board. 1989. Tributary water qual@
                    49 (125), 15 CFR Part 921.                                          ity 1987 characterization reporL Va. Water Control Board
                  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and At-                 Basic Data Bull. 77.
                    mospheric Administration. 1987. Tide tables of the east           Weigmann, D.L., and CJ. Kroehler. 1988. Threats to
                    coast of North and South America.                                   Virginia's groundwater. Virginia Water Resources Re-
                  U.S. Geological Survey, New. Rent topographic map, 1978.              search Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
                  U.S. Geological Survey.. 1957. Surface water supply of the            University, Blacksburg, Va.
                    United States. Part 1-B: North Atlantic Slope basins, New         Wilstach, P. 1929. Tidewater Virginia. Bobbs-Merrill Co.,
                    York to York River. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply             Indianapolis, Ind. 326 p.
                    Paperl502.                                                        Williamsburg Bird Club. 1982. Checklist of birds observed
                  Van Engel, WA 1968. Characterization of coastal and es-               at York River State Park. Williamsburg Bird Club, Wil-
                    tuarine fish and nursery grounds as natural communi-                liamsburg, Va.
                    ties. Final Rpt. of VIMS Comm. Fish. Res. and Dev. Act            York River State Park staff. 1985. Project suggestions for
                    Proj. to U.S. Bur. Comm. Fish. 43 p.                                York River State Park (in-house memorandum). York
                  Virginia Archaeological Services Inc. 1988. A Phase I ar-             River State Park, Division of Parks and Recreation, Wil-
                    chaeological survey of the proposed Stonehouse devel-               liamsburg, Va.
                    opment, James City County, New Yent County, Virginia.             York River State Park staff. 1986. Interpretive guide to ca-
                    James City County Planning Department, Williamsburg,                noe tours (in-house memorandum). York River State Park,
                    Va.                                                                 Division of Parks and Recreation, Williamsburg, Va.
                  Virginia Division of Water Resources. 1970. York River ba-          Zacherle, A-W. 1984. A method for evaluating the long-
                    sin: Comprehensive water resources plan. Planning Bul-              term, cumulative impacts of tidal marsh alterations: The
                    letin 227.                                                          York River System: A case study. VIMS master's thesis.
                  Virginia Estuarine Research Reserve System. 1988. Floristic         Zieman, J.C., R.L. Wetzel, and S.A_ Macko (in progress).
                    data from the Catlett Islands, lower York River, Virginia           Isotopic determination of nitrogen sources and process-
                  Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1985a. A proposal to            ing in Chesapeake Bay. Research proposal funded by Na-
                    establish and implement a site selection process for a              tional Sea Grant Program, Rockville, Md.
                    Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary in Virginia.
                    Submitted to the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
                    Management, NOAA.
                  Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1985b. A detailed de-
                    scription of the site selection and public participation
                    process for a Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Sanctu-
                    ary in Virginia. Submitted to the Office of Ocean and
                    Coastal Resource Management, NOAA.



                                                                                  115

























































































                                                                116




      APPENDIX A
      CONSERVATION EASEMENTS,
      MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS
      AND MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING




















































                              117























































































                                                               118










                                        MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
                                                  BETWEEN
                                   VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
                                        COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
                                        THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
                                                    AND
                           THE NATIONAL  OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
                                               CONCERNING THE
                                 ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE
                 CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA



                       WHEREAS, the Commonwealth of Virginia has determined that the waters
               and related coastal habitats of Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands, Taskinas
               Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh provide unique opportunities to study natural
               and human processes occurring within an estuarine ecosystem; and

                       WHEREAS, it is the finding of the Commonwealth of Virginia that the
               resources of Goodwin Islands, Catlett Islands, Taskinas Creek and Sweet Hall
               Marsh and the values they represent to the citizens of Virginia and the
               United States will benefit from the management of these sites as a multiple
               site National Estuarine Research Reserve; and

                       WHEREAS, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
               U.S. Department of Commerce has concurred with that finding and pursuant to
               its authority under Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
               as amended (CZMA), P.L. 92-583, 16 U.S.C. 1461, and in accordance with
               implementing regulations at 15 CFR 921.30, may designate Goodwin Islands,
               Catlett Islands, Taskinas Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh components of a
               National Estuarine Research Reserve, forming a multiple site Chesapeake Bay
               National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia; and

                       WHEREAS, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, within the
               College of William and Mary, as the agency designated by the Governor of the
               Commonwealth of Virginia responsible for managing the Chesapeake Bay
               National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, acknowledges the
               need and requirement for continuing State-Federal cooperation in the long-
               term management of the sites in a manner consistent with the purposes sought
               through their designation.

                       NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained
               herein it is agreed by and between the Commonwealth of Virginia and NOAA,
               effective on the date of the designation of Goodwin Islands, Catlett
               Islands, Taskinas Creek, and Sweet Hall Marsh as components of the
               Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve @System in Virginia as
               follows:


               ARTICLE I: State-Federal Roles in Reserve Management

               A.      The Virginia Institute of Marine Science within the College of
                       William and Mary as the principal contact for the Commonwealth of
                       Virginia in all matters concerning the Chesapeake Bay National
                       Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, will serve to ensure







                                                    119








                         that the Reserve is managed in a manner consistent with the goals of
                         the National Estuarine Research Reserve System and the management
                         objectives of the approved Management Plan. Its responsibilities
                         for  Management Plan implementation will include the following:

                         1.   Effect and maintain a process for coordinating and facilitating
                              the roles and responsibilities of all State and county agencies
                              involved in the management of the Reserve, including but not
                              limited to:


                              a.  Enforcement programs regulating water quality, fish and
                                  wildlife habitat protection, sport and commercial fisheries,
                                  and non-consumptive recreational activities;

                              b.  The on-site administration of facilities, programs, and
                                  tasks related to Reserve management;

                              c.  Activities and programs conducted pursuant to the State's
                                  Federally-approved coastal management program authorized
                                  under Section 306 of the CZMA;-and

                              d.  Research and educational agenda developed and implemented in
                                  accordance with corresponding elements of the proposed Plan;

                         2.   Av  the Governor's designee under 3.5 CFR 921.50 and recipient
                              State entity in matters concerning all financial assistance
                              awards authorized under Section 315 of the CZMA, apply for,
                              budget, and allocate such funds recieved for acquisition and
                              development, operation and management, and research, monitoring
                              and education;

                         3.   Serve as principal negotiator on issues involving proposed
                              boundary changes and/or amendments to the Management Plan;

                         4.   Submit annual reports to NOAA on the Reserve describing, in
                              accordance with 15 CFR 921.34, program performance in Plan
                              implementation and a detailed work program for the following
                              year of Reserve operations, including budget projections and
                              research efforts;

                         5.   Respond to NOAA's requests for information and to evaluation
                              findings made Pursuant to to Section 312 of the CZMA; and

                         6.   In the event that it should become necessary, based on findings
                              of deficiency,     serve    as   the   point-of-contact for the
                              Commonwealth of Virginia in actions involving the possible
                              withdrawal of Reserve designation, as provided at 15 CFR 921.35.

                 B.      Within NOAA, the Marine and Estuarine Management- Division (MEMD),
                         Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), will serve
                         to administer the provisions of Section 315 of the CZMA to ensure
                         that the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in
                         Virginia is managed in accordance with the goals of the National







                                                    120







                        Estuarine Reserve Research System and the Management Plan. In
                        carrying out its responsibilities, the MEMD will:

                        1.  Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the
                            State, consistent with 15 CFR 921 for acquisition, development,
                            management and operation of the Reserve;

                        2.  Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the
                            State and other eligible entities on a competitive basis for
                            research and monitoring and education programs at the Reserve;

                        3.  Serve as the point-of-contact for NOAA in discussion regarding
                            applications for and any financial assistance received by the
                            State under Section 315 of the CZMA, including any and all
                            performance standards, compliance schedules, or Special Award
                            Conditions deemed appropriate by NOAA to ensure the timely and
                            proper execution of the proposed work program;

                        4.  Participate     in periodic evaluations scheduled by OCRM in
                            accordance with Section 312 of the CZMA to measure the State's
                            performance in Plan implementation and its compliance with the
                            terms and conditions prescribed in financial assistance awards
                            granted by NOAA for the purposes of the Reserve and advise
                            appropriate OCRM staff of existing or emerging issues which
                            might affect the State's coastal management program; and

                        5.  Establish an information exchange network            cataloging     all
                            available research data and educational material developed on
                            each site included within the national system of estuarine
                            research reserves.

               ARTICLE II: Real Property Acguired for the Purposes of the Reserve

               A.       The Commonwealth of Virginia agrees to the conditions set forth at
                        15 CFR 921.21 (e) which specify the legal documentation requirements
                        concerning the use and disposition of real property acquired for
                        Reserve purposes with Federal funds under Section 315 of the CZMA.

               B.       The Commonwealth of Virginia agrees to take appropriate action to
                        ensure the long-term protection, operation, and mangement of the
                        reserves pursuant to Section 315 of the CZMA.

               ARTICLE  III: Program Evaluation

               A.       During the period that Federal financial assistance is available,
                        OCRM will schedule, pursuant to 15 CFR 921.34, periodic evaluations
                        of the State's performance in meeting the conditions of such awards
                        and progress in implementing the Plan and the provisions of this
                        MOU.   Where findings of deficiency occur, NOAA may initiate action
                        in accordance with the procedures established at 15 CFR 921.35.

               B.       After Federal financial assistance under Section 315 of the CZRA is
                        no longer available for the operation and management of the Reserve,







                                                      121







                            OCRM. will continue to evaluate, pursuant to Section 312 of the CZMA
                            and the corresponding. provisions of 15 CFR 921, the Virginia
                            Institute of Marine Science performance in implementing the Plan and
                            strategy committing the State to the long-term management of the
                            Chesapeake   Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in
                            Virginia. Where findings of deficiency occur, NOAA may initiate
                            action in accordance with the procedures established at 15 CFR
                            921.35.

                    IN WITNESS THEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum to be
                    executed.




                    Timothy R.Ej Keeney, Director            Paul R. Verkuil
                    OCRM, NOAA                               President
                    U.S. Department of Commerce              College of William and Mary
                    Washington, D.C. 20235                   Williamsburg, Virginia 23185


                                                                lo AuQu-,_,@ kc(q 0

                            Date                                           Date







                     0sqPh A. Ur itth-, Chief'               Keith J. But    man, Administrator
                    MEND                                     Council on t P Environment
                    OCRM    AA                               Richmond, Virginia 23219
                    u:' .Department of Commerce
                    Washington, D.C. 20235




                            Date                                       I   Date







                            Witness






                            Date
                 M 4os h
                      @f @A?








                                                   122









                                      MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
                                                BETWEEN
                                THE VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
                                                  AND
                             THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND RECREATION
                            CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
                                                 OF THE
                      CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SYSTEM
                                        TASKINAS GREEK COMPONENT



                     WHEREAS, the Commonwealth of Virginia, acting through the Virginia
             Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), has determined that the designation of
             Taskinas Creek within the York River State Park as a Chesapeake Bay National
             Estuarine Research Reserve under the National Estuarine Research Reserve
             Program as provided for in the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
             amended, would provide for beneficial long-term research and             public
             education to improve coastal management capabilities of the Commonwealth;
             and

                    -1-THEREAS, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
             (DCR), through the Division of State Parks, owns and manages the property
             known as Taskinas Creek within York River State Park; and

                     WHEREASj the DCR is willing to make a long-term commitment to the
             Reserve program by making a substantial portion of the Taskinas Creek
             watershed within York River State Park, along with adjacent state waters,
             designated as a National Estuarine Research Reserve for the purposes and in
             the manner set forth below and in the Natural Resource Management Plan for
             York River State Park and the Management Plan for the Chesapeake Bay
             National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia; and

                     WHEREAS, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
             Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, has approved a matching
             financial assistance award to establish Taskinas Creek within York River
             State Park as a Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve; and

                     WHEREAS, the VIMS, DCR, and NOAA recognize that the designation of
             Taskinas Creek within York River State Park as a research reserve is an
             acknowledgement that the area within the reserve is a natural field
             laboratory to be used, in consonance with current uses, to study and gather
             data on natural and human processes occurring within the watershed of this
             York River tributary to the lower Chesapeake Bay, and further to provide a
             basis for increased public awareness and understanding of the complex nature
             of estuarine systems, their values and benefits to man and nature, and the
             problems that confront them, all of which are reflective of the goals of the
             National Estuarine Research Reserve Program which          are    preservation,
             research, and education; and

                     WHEREAS, the Taskinas Creek component of the Chesapeake Bay National
             Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia will be cooperatively managed
             and operated by the DCR with VIMS in accordance with the Natural Resource
             Management Plan for York River State Park and the Management Plan for the
             Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia; and







                                                   123








                         WHEREAS, the establishment of the Taskinas Creek research reserve
                 will augment the present management, educational, and research functions of
                 the DCR within York River State Park, but shall not be used as a substitute
                 for the present management, education, or research functions of DCR; and

                         WHEREAS, the disbursement of the Federal grant is conditioned upon
                 the execution of this Memorandum of Understanding between VIMS and DCR;

                         NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of mutual covenants herein
                 contained, it is agreed by and between the parties the following:

                 ARTICLE I.-Sanctuary Boundai:y

                         The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve at Taskinas
                 Creek will include:

                         (1) Land presently owned by the DCR within York River State Park, as
                 delineated on Attachment A as well as parcels acquired by DCR as additions
                 to the CBNERRS-VA. DCR and VIMS will develop a conservation plan and a land
                 protection strategy for land adjacent to the reserve within a fifty foot
                 contour.


                         It is also agreed. that the Reserve shall be identified at its
                 boundary by the placement of signs which will be aesthetically in keeping
                 with the unique characteristics of Taskinas Creek and York River State Park,
                 and will be purchased with Federal financial award funds. The design will
                 be developed by the DCR and VIMS and approved by NOAA.

                 ARTICLE II.-Uses of the Reserve at Taskinas Creek

                         That portion of the York River State Park designated as the Reserve
                 at Taskinas Creek will be used primarily for environmental research and
                 public   education within the programs approved by the DCR Director,
                 consistent with the purposes for which the Reserve is designated.            With
                 regard to natural resource management activities carried out in the Reserve
                 under the approved management plan, the following condition applies. In the
                 core area, the DCR agrees to maintain the site as an open/sensitive
                 undeveloped zone, as defined in DCR's Land Classification System where non-
                 manipulative research is conducted. Manipulative research and management
                 within the Reserve will be permitted only with the agreement of the parties
                 to this agreement on a case-by-case basis.

                         The Reserve will complement and where possible add to the research
                 work at York River State Park. The research will be directed towards but
                 not limited to: (1) a better understanding of the ecological relationships
                 within the estuarine environment;        (2) baseline ecological measurements;
                 (3) monitoring significant changes in the estuarine environment; and (4)
                 assessment and prediction of the effects of man's activities on the
                 estuarine environment.


                         Educational programs will be designed to increase public knowledge
                 and awareness of estuarine systems and their uses to man, and may serve as a
                 model for similar programs elsewhere in the Bay area and in other estuarine
                 systems.







                                                    124








                      Designation of the Reserve will not restrict passive recreational
              activities within the core area nor fishing and water-oriented recreational
              and other wildlife oriented activities which have been traditionally
              conducted in York River State Park, nor to contravene the manner in which
              these activities are regulated by appropriate law. The designation of the
              Reserve at Taskinas Creek is in no way meant to obstruct the achievement of
              the goals and objectives of the DCR as they pertain to the York River State
              Park. Resource conditions within the reserve will be monitored to insure
              that resource degradation does not occur as a result of excessive visitor
              use. Appropriate measures will be taken to minimize any damages observed as
              a result of monitoring.

              ARTICLE III.- Title and Use of York River State Park

                      Except    as   specifically provided below in regard to Reserve
              facilities and equipment within the boundaries of York River State Park, the
              real and personal property within the boundaries of the York River State
              Park shall continue to be managed exclusively by the DCR. The use of York
              River State Park property within the boundaries of the Reserve shall be
              consistent with the purposes for which the Reserve is established, that is,
              preservation, research and education.

                      Reserve designation      and   execution    of    this   Memorandum     of
              Understanding between the VIMS and DCR will allow the VIMS to coordinate
              estuarine research and educational activities in the Reserve as a-whole, in
              cooperation with the DCR personnel, according to the purposes for which the
              Reserve is established, and according to the final Management Plan as
              approved by NOAA.      Further, by executing this Memorandum of Understanding
              the DCR acknowledges its commitment to long-term use of the Taskinas Creek
              reserve for resource management, research and education. This agreement
              shall not limit DCR authority to carry out Park activities and programs
              within the.Reserve except as agreed to in this MOU.

                      The parties agree to coordinate fully their programs and activities
              conducted at the Reserve at Taskinas Creek.             Disputes concerning such
              activities and programs shall be resolved at the appropriate level of
              management.

              ARTICLE IV.-Reserve Facilities


                      The DCR will make available at no cost to the Reserve Program a
              reasonable portion of the Visitor Center at York River State Park for office
              space for educational personnel. The Visitor Center area may also be used
              for meetings and for storage of educational and research materials, supplies
              and equipment. If changes become necessary to the building or equipment to
              accommodate or facilitate these functions at a future date, it is agreed
              that the DCR and-VIMS will develop a plan to implement those changes. It is
              understood that VIMS funds from the Federal financial award may be used for
              this purpose.     Any use of U.S. Dept. of Commerce funds are subject to
              approval.

                      The DCR and VIMS may deem it necessary to jointly fund the
              improvements of other access to the Reserve and DCR facilities.








                                                     125








                          The DCR and VIMS will also work out arrangements for the use of
                  existing nature trails and other facilities under the Reserve Program, and
                  will jointly plan and pursue, if necessary, the creation of any new trails,
                  boardwalks, exhibits, docks, parking areas, facilities, equipment, etc.,
                  that enhance the management, research, and education goals of the Reserve.
                  It is understood that these additional facilities will be developed to
                  preserve the environment in the area by concentrating administrative
                  facilities and public access in appropriate locations.           It is further
                  understood t@at VIMS' Federal financial assistance award monies may be used
                  for these purposes. Any U.S. Dept. of Commerce Reserve funds are subject to
                  NOAA approval.

                  ARTICLE V.-NOAA's Condition of Financial Assistance

                          A copy of the financial award assistance No.                 from NOAA to
                  VIMS, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia, pursuant to CZMA, is
                  appended hereto as Appendix C and fully incorporated herein by reference.
                  The DCR is aware of the conditions and requirements placed on the
                  Commonwealth of Virginia thereunder.         The DCR agrees to cooperate in all
                  respects with the VIMS in complying with the terms and conditions of the
                  award.    DLCR   will   record    the   value of its contributions to the
                  administration, maintenance, and operations of the Taskinas Creek Reserve.
                  In particular, the DCR agrees to cooperate with the VIMS in meeting any
                  audit, or other accounting requirements imposed by NOAA.

                  ARTICLE VI.- Operation and Maintenance of the Reserve Program

                          The DCR and VIMS shall meet annually, prior to March 1 of each
                  calendar year, to prepare an operations plan, including an operating budget,
                  for the Taskinas Creek Reserve site.

                          VIMS will apply for annual Operations Grants from NOAA to cover 50%
                  of the cost of the operation and maintenance of the Reserve program at
                  Taskinas Creek and the other Reserve sites (Goodwin Islands, Catlett
                  Islands, Sweet Hall Marsh and other future sites). The remaining funds for
                  operations and maintenance will come from the General Assembly as part of
                  the VIMS biennial appropriations as well as from other public sources and
                  private sources.     These funds may include funds for facilities, equipment,
                  and salaries. The funds will be apportioned among the Reserve sites on a
                  "needs" priority basis.

                  ARTICLE VII.-Education and Research Monitoring Grants


                  Education

                          VIMS will apply for annual Education Grants from NOAA to cover 50%
                  of the costs of (1) designing, developing, and distributing interpretive and
                  educational media; (2) developing and presenting curricula, workshops,
                  lectures, or seminars; and (3) developing internship programs to provide
                  estuarine resource management learning         opportunities    for     interested
                  students.   The remaining 50% of the costs will be sought from the General
                  Assembly as part of the VIMS biennial appropriations. VIMS will also seek
                  funding from sources other than federal and state funds; i.e., private
                  donations, corporate gifts, or grants from industry. The DCR and VIMS will






                                                     126







              meet annually to identify priority interpretive and education projects for
              which funding will be sought. The DCR and VIMS will solicit input from an
              Educational Advisory Committee (see Article XII).

              Monitoring

                      VIMS will apply for annual competitive Phased Monitoring Grants from
              NOAA to cover 50% of the costs         of    (1)   developing    environmental
              characterizations of Reserve sites; (2) developing site profiles for Reserve
              sites; and (3) designing a monitoring program for Reserve sites.    The VIMS
              will also seek the remaining 50% of the costs from state and private
              sources. The DCR and VIMS will meet on an annual basis to determine
              priority management issues that need to be addressed through a phased
              monitoring program. The DCR and VIMS will seek input from the Research and
              Monitoring Advisory Committee.

              Research

                      VIMS will solicit proposals for annual Competitive Research Grants
              from NOAA to cover 50% of the costs of conducting research at Reserve sites.
              Applicants will have to provide state or private funds as match for the
              remaining 50% of the costs. The DCR and VIMS will meet on an annual basis
              to determine priority research needs for which proposals will be sought.
              The DCR and VIMS will seek input on priority research needs from the
              Research and Monitoring Advisory Committee.

                      VIMS will conduct a peer review process for research proposals
              received as a result of solicitation.         The DCR and the Research and
              Monitoring Advisory Committee will provide review comments as part of this
              process and will assist VIMS in selecting proposals to forward to NOAA for
              approval. The DCR will provide a letter of support for proposals involving
              the Taskinas Creek Reserve.


              Grants Administration

                      VIMS will assist the DCR in reviewing applications for permits for
              sponsored and unsponsored education, monitoring and research projects
              involving Taskinas Creek Reserve site.        The DCR will forward copies of
              applicable permit applications to VIMS and will consider VIMS comments in
              determining whether to grant the permit. At least 2 weeks will be allowed
              for such review.


                      The DCR and VIMS will review reports prepared under education and
              research monitoring grants concerning the Taskinas Creek Reserve site.       At
              least 2 weeks will be allowed for the review. Investigators will be
              required to deposit final reports with VIMS and the DCR.     Copies of such
              reports shall be provided to the DCR for Park use. VIMS intends to publish
              outstanding reports as part of the Reserve or VIMS publication series.

              ARTICLE VIII.-Administration of the Reserve


                      The DCR will have primary management responsibilities for day-to-day
              administration, operations, and maintenance of the Taskinas Creek component
              of the Reserve system in cooperation and consultation with VIMS.          Other






                                                   127








                 cooperative projects between DCR and VIMS and other academic institutions or
                 other organizations which are designed specifically to address Reserve goals
                 of education, research and preservation shall also require cooperation and
                 consultation.


                          DGR and VIMS further agree to cooperate on the following Reserve
                 management functions:

                          a.   DCR and VIMS will prepare an annual list of research, education,
                               resource protection, and restoration needs for Taskinas Creek;
                               VIMS will help seek funding to fulfill these identified needs;

                          b.   DCR will enforce Park rules and regulations and            reserve
                               management policies within the Taskinas Creek Reserve site; VIMS
                               will insure compliance among participants in VIMS sponsored
                               activities within the reserves;

                          C.   DCR will report; to VIMS on the types, nature, and location of
                               violations of Park rules and regulations and reserve management
                               policies when they occur within the Taskinas Creek Reserve site;
                               VIMS will be responsible for coordinating activit:ies that are
                               specifically related to education, monitoring, and research with
                               the Taskinas Creek Reserve site in cooperation and consultation
                               with DCR; prepare an annual summary of violations reported
                               within the reserve site for incorporation into the annual report
                               to NOAA; VIMS and DCR will consult on actions needed to address
                               recurring management concerns;

                          d.   DCR and VIMS will consult on plans and provide sites           for
                               displays, facilities, and extensions of facilities proposed    for
                               the Taskinas Creek Reserve site;

                          e.   DCR will VIMS shared use of Park facilities and equipment,     and
                               VIMS will allow DCR shared use of Reserve facilities           and
                               equipment.   Use of these facilities and equipment will        not
                               detract from original purposes for which they were developed or
                               acquired;

                          f.   DCR and VIMS will share financial and custodial responsibilities
                               for maintenance, repair, security, and insurance of facilities
                               constructed with NOAA and/or VIMS funds under the auspices of
                               the Reserve program;

                          g.   DCR and VIMS will provide technical advice, staff assistance,
                               and funding as available for research, education, and resource
                               protection activities at the Taskinas Creek Reserve site;

                          h.   DCR will issue permits for approved research, education, and
                               resource protection/restoration projects as required;

                          i.   DCR and VIMS will solicit the support of neighboring property
                               owners, non-profit organizations, civic groups, and county
                               officials, for reserve program operations;








                                                    128







                     j.  DCR and VIMS will cooperate in the design, training, and
                         supervision of volunteer programs for the Taskinas Creek Reserve
                         site,

                     k.  DCR will involve VIMS in the review and update of the Park
                         resource management plan and assist VIMS in the review and
                         update of the Reserve management plan; and

                     1.  DCR and VIMS will monitor the impact of visitor use and reserve
                         activities and take steps to mitigate impacts.

             ARTICLE IX -- Reserve Director


                     The Reserve Director, who is headquartered at VIMS, is responsible
             for the overall development and management of the Reserve program. Some of
             these programs may involve the use of the Taskinas Creek site and Park
             facilities, resources, trails, exhibit space, and personnel.   The Reserve
             Director will involve DCR in the development of programs involving the
             Taskinas Creek site. The Reserve Director's specific responsibilities which
             will involve the Taskinas Creek site will include the following:

                     a. Submits an annual budget for NOAA funds for the Taskinas Creek
             site using input from the Planning and Evaluation Committee and oversees
             expenaitures of these funds,,

                     b.   Provides recommendations and approval of programs and projects
             proposed for Taskinas Creek for NOAA funding;

                     c. Submits required reports to NOAA;

                     d. Supervises the Reserve program staff, including the Education
             Coordinator;

                     e. Serves as principal contact for the estuarine research reserve
             program and represents VIMS in public relations and media contacts regarding
             the reserves;

                     f. Makes presentations on behalf of VIMS and the Reserve program to
             local officials, environmental organizations, and other interested groups;

                     g.   Monitors the progress of VIMS and NOAA sponsored programs and
             projects at Taskinas Creek;

                     h.   Involves DCR in the development and update of the Reserve
             management plan;

                     i.   Coordinates the development and implementation of research,
             education, and resource protection priorities for Taskinas Creek sites with
             relevant activities of DCR and other state agencies, the Chesapeake Bay
             Program, Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program, Virginia River Basin
             Committees, The Nature Conservancy, Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and other
             relevant groups;

                     j.   Drafts conservation easements and management agreements on
             behalf of VIMS for Reserve sites and negotiates terms and conditions;

                     k.   Works with DCR to develop resource protection guidelines and
             policies for reserve sites as new issues arise;


                                                 129









                 ARTICLE X-Education Coordinator

                         VIMS will hire an education coordinator to develop and implement
                 education programg for the Reserve program.         Some of these education
                 programs may involve use of the Taskinas Creek site and Park facilities,
                 resources, trails, exhibit, space, and personnel. The education coordinator
                 will involve DCR in the development of education programs involving the
                 Taskinas Creek Reserve site. The DCR will approve education programs prior
                 to implementation. While the education coordinator is primarily responsible
                 for education programs on behalf of VIMS and the Reserve program, it should
                 be recognized that these      activities   will    complement   Park    public
                 environmental   education   and   interpretive responsibilities under DCR
                 programs. VIMS and DCR will encourage a cooperative working arrangement
                 between the education coordinator and the Park, thereby maximizing the range
                 of education programs that can be provided.

                 ARTICLE XI-Reserve Management Pl

                         A Management Plan for the Reserve Program has been developed by
                 VIMS, in consultation with DGR, and will be submitted to NOAA for approval.
                 Activities at the Taskinas Creek Reserve site will be conducted in a manner
                 which is consistent with the Reserve Management Plan and Park Resource
                 Management Plan. Under the terms of this agreement, the DCR will continue
                 to fund, operate and administer its lands and facilities at York River State
                 Park, and will continue to conduct its activities and programs pursuant to
                 its mandate, except as agreed in this MOU. This agreement shall not limit
                 DCR authority to carry out such activities so long as they do not adversely
                 affect implementation of the Reserve Management Plan.

                         This Memorandum of Understanding shall go into full effect when the
                 Reserve Management Plan is agreed to by the parties in writing and approved
                 by NOAA. Revisions to the Reserve Management Plan shall only be made by
                 written agreement of the parties and upon approval by NOAA.

                 ARTICLE XII-Advisory Committees

                         There will be established a Planning and Evaluation Committee to
                 develop the operations plan, including an operating budget, as well as to
                 evaluate annual accomplishments.     The Dean/Director of VIMS and the DCR
                 Director will appoint appropriate staff experts to this committee.

                         In addition to Reserve program staff, the following advisory
                 committees will be established to advise in the management of the Reserves
                 and to make appropriate recommendations to the Planning and Evaluation
                 Committee:


                         Resource Protection and Management Committee
                         Education Committee
                         Research and Monitoring Committee

                         The responsibilities of each committee are outlined in the Reserve
                 Management Plan.    The DCR Director will appoint a DCR staff expert to each
                 of the committees.   The Superintendent of York River State Park will








                                                   130







              continue to be the principal contact for VIMS matters pertaining to the day-
              to-day operations of the Park.


              ARTICLE XIII-Termination of the MOU



                      This MOU shall be in effect for a period of five years from the date
              of its approval and shall be renewable for additional five year periods if
              such is mutually agreeable.


                      If VIMS ceases     to operate the Reserve at Taskinas Creek as a
              designated Reserve, or     Reserve designation is withdrawn or otherwise
              terminated, this MOU and   the VIMS' interest shall be terminated and the DCR
              shall again have the full  and exclusive control of the property.


                      For the purposes   of this Article, the parties agree that a decision
              to terminate this Agreement shall be made jointly by the parties, with one
              year's advance notice given.


                      IN WITNESS WHEREOF 'the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum
              of Understanding to be executed on this date               1990.







                      WITNESS                          B.C. Leynes:"Directo
                                                       Department of Conservation

                                                         and Conservation








                      WITNESS                          Frank 0. Perkins, Director
                                                       Virginia Institute of Marine
                                                         Science, College of William
                                                         and Mary









                                                   131



















































































                                                              132












                                         Conservation Easement


                           Catlett Island National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                               in Virginia

                   THIS CONSERVATION FAMENT, made this _5 day of geptember          1990 by
              and between John W. C. Catlett and William E. Catlett, hereinafter called
              the Grantors, and The College of William and Mary in Virginia, hereinafter
              called the Grantee.


                                               WITNESSETH


                   WHEREAS, the Grantors are owners in fee simple of certain real property
              (hereinafter described and referred to as the "Catlett Islands"), situated
              in the County of Gloucester, Commonwealth of Virginia,           being    more
              particularly described as "forested islands and marshes extending from mean
              low tide to the wetland/upland border where the marsh meets the treeline on
              the landward side of the islands" as shown in Exhibit A and described in
              Exhibit B, attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein; and

                   WHEREAS, the Catlett Islands have substantial wetlands and forest
              resources and significant ecological, natural, research, educational, and
              aesthetic values, which this Conservation Easement will help to preserve and
              maintain, including the ability to protect water quality and important
              aquatic resources and habitats of the York River; and

                   WHEREAS, the specific ecological, natural, research, educational,. and
              aesthetic values of the Catlett Islands are documented in the ecological
              survey made by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) on behalf of
              the Grantee and dated August 31, 1990 (Exhibit C), which will serve as an
              information base for monitoring and enforcement purposes and will be kept
              current by VIMS; and

                   WHEREAS, this Conservation Easement is being made with the intention
              and understanding of both the Grantors and Grantee that the property subject
              to this easement will be designated as part of the Chesapeake Bay National
              Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia and the National Estuarine
              Research Reserve System; and

                   WHEREAS, the Grantors desire and intend that the ecological, natural,
              research, educational, and aesthetic values of the Catlett Islands shall be
              preserved and maintained by restricting and limiting the use of the land and
              contiguous water,areas of their property, on the terms and conditions and
              for the purposes hereinafter set forth, and the Grantee is willing to accept
              responsibility for managing the property for the purpose of conducting basic
              scientific   and   applied   research and providing timely and accurate
              information to the Grantors and the citizens of the Commonwealth regarding
              the quality and conservation of the resources, both living and non-living,
              of the Catlett Islands, on the terms and conditions and for the purposes
              hereinafter set forth;









                                                   133









                     33.   Notification - The Grantors agree to notify the Grantee, in
                writing, before exercising any reserved right the exercise of which may have
                an adverse impact on the conservation interests associated with the Catlett
                Islands. Any notices by the Grantors to the Grantee pursuant to any
                provision hereof shall be sent by registered or certified mail, return
                receipt requested, addressed to Mr. John W.C. Catlett and Mr. William E.
                Catlett, P.O. Box 148, Wicomico, Virginia 23184.

                IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantors and Grantee have hereunto set their hands
                and seals the day and year above written.
                State of Virginia                      Grantors;
                County of Cloucester, to-wit:
                The foregoing instrument was
                acknowledged before me this 5th
                day of September 1990 by                            (--W-Xt J(S EAL)
                John W. C. Catlett, Jr. and
                William E. Catlett.

                                                                                (SEAL)

                         Notary Public
                My commission expires: 8/31/93.

                                                       ACCEPTED BY








                                                       AS GRANTEE:




                                                                                (SEAL)



























                                                 134









          APPROVAL AS TO FORM:




          Assistant Attorney General for the
          Attorney General of Virginia



          RECOMMEND:





          Director
          Division of Engineering and Buildings



          RECOMMEND:





          Director

          Department of General Services




          APPROVED FOR THE GOVERNOR:



               Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1-504.2, Code of
          Virginia (1950), as amended, and by authority of Executive
          Order 78 (89), 1 hereby approve the acquisition of this
          conservation easement from John W. C. Catlett, Jr. and
          William E. Catlett, which is more fully described herein, and
          the execution of this document.





                                          Secr             in s   tion,
                                          for the Go ernor of Virginia


                                               / 4 -'0 1--

                                          Date



          VIMS0912aHGD
                                               q'd@' 0
                                               the Go @errf























































































                                                             136



                #421                  8  K '4398 PA6E 208



                                          Conservation Easement


                           Catlett Island National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                                in Virginia
                   THIS CONSERVATION EASEMENT, made this 1A_ day of t@OOQA-r%ber     1990 by
              and between John W. C. Catlett, Jr., Charles Catlett, and Mary Armistead
              Catlett Burruss, hereinafter called the Grantors, and The College of William
              and Mary in Virginia, hereinafter called the Grantee.

                                                WITNESSETH


                   WHEREAS, the Grantors are owners in fee simple of certain real property
              (hereinafter described and referred to a5 the "Catlett Islands"), situated
              in the County of Gloucester, Commonwealth of Virginia,            being    more
              particularly described as "forested islands and marshes extending from mean
              low tide to the wetland/upland border where the marsh meets the treeline on
              the landward side of the islands" as shown in Exhibit A and described in
              Exhibit B, attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein; and

                   WHEREAS, the Catlett Islands have substantial wetlands and forest
              resources and significant ecological, natural, research, educational, and
              aesthetic values, which this Conservation Easement will help to preserve and
              maintain, including the ability to protect water quality and important
              aquatic resources and habitats of the York River; and

                   WHEREAS, the specific ecological, natural, research, educational, and
              aesthetic values of the Catlett Islands are documented in the ecological
              survey made by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) on behalf of
              the Grantee and dated August 31, 1990 (Exhibit C), which will serve as an
              information base for monitoring and enforcement purposes and will be kept
              current by VIMS; and

                   WHEREAS, this Conservation Easement is being made with the intention
              and understanding of both the Grantors and Grantee that the property subject
              to this easement will be designated as part of the Chesapeake Bay National
              Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia and the National Estuarine
              Research Reserve System; and

                   WHEREAS, the Grantors desire and intend that the ecological, natural,
              research, educational, and aesthetic values of the Catlett Islands shall be
              preserved and maintained by restricting and limiting the use of the land and
              contiguous water areas of their property, on the terms and conditions and
              for the purposes hereinafter set forth, and the Grantee is willing to accept
              responsibility for managing the property for the purpose of conducting basic
              scientific   and    applied   research and providing timely and accurate
              information to the Grantors and the citizens of the C   *ommonwealth regarding
              the quality and conservation of the resources, both living and non-living,
              of the Catlett Islands, on the terms and conditions and for the purposes
              hereinafter set forth;









                                                   137




                                    BOOK 398 FAH         r'12099



                     NOW THEREFORE, as an absolute gift of no monetary consideration ($0.00)
                but in consideration of the mutual covenants, terms, conditions, and
                restrictions hereinafter set: forth, the Grantors hereby grant and convey to
                the Grantee, its successors, and assigns forever and in perpetuity a
                Conservation Easement in Gross ("Conservation Easement") for the purpose of
                research, observation, and education and to the extent hereinafter set forth
                with respect to the Catlett Islands.

                     To achieve these objectives, the following conditions and restrictions
                are set forth:


                                  ARTICLE I. DURATION AND GENERAL PURPOSE


                     1. General Purpose - The purpose of this Conservation Easement is to
                preserve and protect the environment of the Catlett Islands and to maintain
                permanently its natural and cultural values and its dominant scenic, rural,
                woodland, and wetland character so that the p   roperty remains suitable for
                long-term research on natural and human processes occurring within the York
                River tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. Thia-Grantors and Grantee intend to
                confine the use of the property to such activities, including, without
                limitations, those involving hunting, trapping, fishing, gathering oysters,
                naturalistic uses, and estuarine reserve research purposes.

                     2.   Duration - This Conservation Easement shall be perpetual. The
                covenants agreed to and the terms, conditions, restrictions and purposes
                imposed with this Conservation Easement shall not only be binding on the
                Grantors but also their agents, personal representatives, heirs and assigns
                and all other successors to their interests and shall continue as a
                servitude running in perpetuity with the Catlett Islands.

                                     ARTICLE II. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES


                     3. Management Plan Preparation and IMRlementation - There shall be a
                Management Plan prepared for the Catlett Islands to provide general
                guidelines for the current and future use of the property.    The Management
                Plan shall address appropriate wetlands and forest management activities,
                wildlife and waterfowl needs, and research and education uses of the Catlett
                Islands, and it shall provide any other        applicable guidelines for the
                conservation of natural resources.


                     The Management Plan shall be prepared by VIMS, in consultation with
                other resource management agencies of the Commonwealth, and shall be
                submitted to be the Grantors and Grantee for their review and approval,
                within 6 months of the execution of this Conservation Easement.            The
                Grantors and Grantee shall meet at least annually, and more frequently at
                the request of either party, to review the Management Plan and research
                results and, where appropriate, to develop more specific recommendations for
                carrying out certain aspects of the Plan.   The Management Plan shall be
                updated at least every 5 years.










                                                  138



                                     B G- 0 K




                   4. On-Site Management     VIMS is the agency designated by the Grantee
              and the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia to manage the Chesapeake
              Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.           In this
              capacity, VIMS shall serve as on-site manager for research at the Catlett
              Islands and shall be responsible for seeing that research conducted on the
              property is conducted in a manner consistent with the goals of the
              Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, the
              objectives of the Management Plan, and the wishes of the Grantors and
              Grantee. The on-site manager will be the Grantee's primary representative
              for the purpose of monitoring the uses of the property for consistency with
              this Conservation Easement.


                   5. Natural Area Preservation - The Catlett Islands shall be maintained
              as open space, wildlife and waterfowl habitat, and a natural field
              laboratory for research and education.        Any industrial or commercial
              activities shall be prohibited on the Catlett Islands. The protection and
              conservation of the land subject to this Conservation Easement will be
              maintained and enforced consistent with the goals and policies of the
              Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.

                   6. Research and Education - The Catlett Islands shall be maintained
              for research and education activities associated with the Chesapeake Bay
              National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.          Research and
              education uses of the Catlett Islands shall be in accordance with the
             .principles, objectives, and performance standards set forth           in    the
              Management Plan developed by VIMS and approved by the Grantors and Grantee.
              A steering committee will be convened by VIMS to assist in the review and
              approval of proposals for research and education activities at reserve
              sites. Such approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.

                   7.   Information Exchange - Research and education activities conducted
              at the Catlett Islands shall be used to enhance awareness, understanding,
              and wise use of estuarine environments. VIMS shall provide the Grantors and
              Grantee with an annual report on research and education activities conducted
              on the Catlett Islands and shall disseminate timely and accurate information
              to the Governor, General Assembly, State and local agencies, industry, and
              citizens of the Commonwealth regarding the living and non-living resources
              of the Catlett Islands and their relationship to the Chesapeake Bay system
              and the coastal waters of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

                                    ARTICLE III. CONTROLLED ACTIVITIES


                   8.   Wetlands and Forest Maintenance - Wetlands shall be protected and
              maintained in accordance with the Management Plan and the Wetland Guidelines
              developed pursuant to Chapter 2.1 of Title 62.1 of the Code of Virginia.
              Forest management activities shall be conducted in accordance with the
              Management   Plan    and   Best   Management Practices promulgated by the
              Commonwealth of Virginia, Division of Forestry, and recommended by the U.S.
              Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service.
              There shall be no other destruction or alteration of wetlands or forests on











                                                   139




                                         BOOK 9098 PAGE 301



                  the Catlett Islands, except as needed to eradicate noxious plant species or
                  reestablish native plant species and as approved by the Grantors and
                  Grantee.    Management activities shall not materially impair the scenic
                  quality of the Catlett Islands.

                       9.   Waterfowl and Wildlife Maintenance - Waterfowl and wildlife
                  maintenance activities shall be conducted in accordance with the Management
                  Plan.   In general, such activities shall be limited, where necessary, to
                  maintenance of existing habitat and minor improvements (such as tree
                  thinning to improve understory vegetation, or opening of small areas to
                  provide a greater diversity of habitats) and as approved by the Grantors and
                  Grantee.    Any waterfowl and wildlife management activities shall be carried
                  out under the guidance of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Game
                  and Inland Fisheries and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
                  Wildlife Service. Any plant and insect management activities that may
                  affect species of plants or insects protected under the Virginia Endangered
                  Plant and Insect Species Act shall be carried out under the guidance of the
                  Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

                       10. Hunting and Fishing       - Any hunting shall be carried out in
                  designated areas on and around the Catlett Islands and in accordance with
                  conditions established in the Management Plan and approved by the Grantors
                  and Grantee, and in accordance with rules and regulations promulgated by the
                  Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.               The
                  Grantors, or their assigns, may place noncommercial blinds on the Catlett
                  Islands for personal use. Any fishing shall be carried out in accordance
                  with regulations promulgated by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission.

                       11.    Water Quality - There shall be no human activities on or uses of
                  the Catlett Islands that are detrimental or adverse to the maintenance and
                  conservation of surface and subsurface water qualtty. There shall be no
                  manipulation or alteration of natural water courses, shorelines, marshes or
                  other water bodies, nor shall there be activities conducted on or around the
                  Catlett Islands that could alter either natural water level, flow, or both.

                       12.    Structures, Roads, and Trails - Except as otherwise provided in
                  this Conservation Easement, no new buildings, facilities, structures, piers,
                  roads, or trails shall be constructed on the Catlett Islands, except those
                  designed, constructed and utilized in, and accessary               to,    research,
                  education, hunting, and naturalistic uses of the property.                Any such
                  construction must be planned for in the Management Plan and approved by the
                  Grantors and Grantee.       Similarly, removal of existing structures must be
                  planned for in the Management Plan and approved by the Grantors and Grantee.
                  There shall be no compulsion to remove existing structures.

                       13. Signs and Billboards - Display of billboards, signs or other
                  advertisements is not permitted on or over the Catlett Islands, except to
                  state the name and/or address of the owner, to provide notice                     of
                  designation as a Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in
                  Virginia, and/or to post the property against trespass.








                                                      140





                                 B 0 0 K      P @@, 6 E



                   14.   Subdivision     The Catlett Islands shall not be partitioned or
              subdivided.


                   15.   Excavation, Dredging, and Mining - Excavation, dredging, mining
              and removal of loam, gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, petroleum and other
              materials on or below ground or alteration of the topography of the land is
              prohibited on the Catlett Islands, except as related to the collection of
              geological data.    Such activities shall be planned for in the Management
              Plan and approved by the Grantors and Grantee.

                   16. Industrial and Commercial Activities - No industrial or commercial
              activities shall be conducted on the Catlett Islands'.


                   17.   Trash, Rubbish, and Waste - There shall be no dumping of soil,
              trash, ashes, garbage, waste, or offensive materials on the Catlett Islands.
              There shall   be no filling in of any wetland, pond or waterway, and such
              dumping shall be absolutely prohibited.     Neither the Grantors nor the
              Grantee shall be responsible for unauthorized dumping.

                   18. Off  Road Vehicles - Neither the Grantors or the Grantee shall
              authorize the operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes or all-terrain
              vehicles on the Catlett Islands, and such use shall be prohibited.         The
              Grantors shall not be responsible for unauthorized use.

                                 ARTICLE IV. ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES


                   19.   Iniunctive Relief and Restoration - Upon any breach of the terms
              of this Conservation Easement by the Grantors, their successors or assigns,
              or the Grantee, its successors or assigns, the breaching party may be
              subject to suit to: (1) enjoin any breach or enforce any covenant by
              temporary restraining order, preliminary and/or permanent injunction; (2)
              require that the property be restored promptly to the condition required by
              this Conservation Easement; or (3) seek any other remedy available, in law
              or equity, to assure compliance with the terms of this Conservation
              Easement.


                   20. Perpetual Right of Enforcement - Failure on the part of the
              Grantee to enforce any covenant or provisi  Ion hereof shall not discharge or
              invalidate such covenant, or any other covenant, condition, or provision
              hereof, or affect the right of the Grantee to enforce the same in the event
              of a subsequent breach or default.

                                      ARTICLE V. GRANTORS' RIGHTS


                   21. Grantors' Rights - The Grantors expressly reserve to themselves,
              their personal representatives, heirs, successors or assigns the right to:

                        a. Continue the naturalistic uses of the Catlett Islands subject
                            to the conditions set forth above;










                                                  141



                                       BOOK 2) 9 8   FAUG E 303



                           b.  Continue to hunt, fish, trap, and gather oysters on and around
                               the Catlett Islands subject to applicable laws;

                           C.  Improve, repair, restore, alter, remove, remodel, or replace
                               permitted   structures,    provided    that   such activity is
                               consistent with the Management Plan; and

                           d.  Continue the use of the Catlett Islands for all purposes
                               consistent with this Conservation Easement.


                                        ARTICLE VI. RIGHTS OF GRANTEE

                     22. Rights of Grantee - To accomplish the purpose of this Conservation
                Easement, the following rights are conveyed to the Grantee by this
                Conservation Easement:


                           a.  To preserve and protect the conservation values of the Catlett
                               Islands;

                           b.  To enter upon the Catlett Islands at reasonable times in order
                               to conduct approved research and educational projects and to
                               monitor Grantors' compliance with and otherwise enforce the
                               terms of this Conservation Easement; provided that such entry
                               shall be upon prior reasonable notice to Grantors, such entry
                               shall be by water, and shall not unreasonably interfere with
                               Grantors' use and quiet enjoyment of the Catlett Islands;

                           C.  To give permission to research scientists to conduct research
                               and educational projects approved for the Catlett Islands
                               National Estuarine Research Reserve, provided that permittees.
                               carry and display an official permit issued by the Grantee and
                               approved by the Grantors; and

                           d.  To prevent any activities or use of the Catlett Islands that
                               is inconsistent with the purposes of this             Conservation
                               Easement and to require the restoration of such areas or
                               features of the Catlett Islands that may be damaged by any
                               inconsistent activity or use.

                               ARTICLE VII. GRANTORS' AND GRANTEE'S LIABILITY


                      23.   Upkeep by Grantors - The Grantors, their successors, and assigns
                further agree that they shall be responsible for upkeep of the Catlett
                Islands and shall hold the Grantee, its successors or assigns, harmless from
                any charges or liens arising out of upkeep or taxes.

                      24.   Taxes - The Grantor agrees to pay any and all real property taxes
                and assessments levied by competent authority on the property.











                                                    142




                                      BOOK 398 PAGE 304


                   25.   Grantors' LiabilW - The Grantors, their successors, and assigns
              shall not be held responsible for injury to persons or damages to property
              arising out of any research or educational activity being conducted on the
              Catlett Islands pursuant to the Management Plan and this management
              agreement, except those arising out of the negligence of the Grantors, their
              successors, and assigns.      All persons participating in       research    or
              educational activities at the Catlett Islands must sign a liability release
              form indemnifying and holding harmless the      Grantors, their agents and
              guests, from any and all liability, claims, or  expenses for injury, death or
              damages to self or property, including without  limitation attorney's fees,
              resulting from or arising out of or in anyway   relating to the activities of
              the Grantee, any of its representatives, agents or guests, or resulting
              from,. or occurring in the course of transit to or from the Catlett Islands.
              A copy of the release form appears as Exhibit D.

                   The Grantee has inspected the Catlett islands and accepts their
              condition "as is" as described in Exhibit C.    Any existing conditions or
              future conditions relating to permitted uses of the Catlett Islands by the
              Grantors, including, without limitation, any hunting and fishing activities,
              shall not constitute conditions giving rise to a claim of negligence on the
              part of the Grantors or to any potential liability for damage to property or
              injury to person. The Grantors' liability for all other activities on the
              Catlett Islands shall remain in effect.

                   26.   Grantee's Liabilit     - The Commonwealth of Virginia and all its
              agencies and institutions are covered by a self-insurance program as
              authorized by Section 2.1-526.8 of the Code of Virginia which is based upon
              a comprehensive general liability manuscript policy form as shown in Exhibit
              E.   All persons who are not employees of the Commonwealth must receive
              approval from the Grantors and furnish evidence of liability coverage in the
              amount of $100,000/$300,000/$100,000 before participating in research or
              education activities at the Catlett Islands. All persons, whether employees
              of the Commonwealth or not, shall sign a liability release form referenced
              in paragraph 25 and appearing in Exhibit D.

                                       ARTICLE VIII. PUBLIC ACCESS


                   27. Public Access - The granting of this Conservation Easement does
              not grant to the public any right to enter the property. The Grantee's
              right of entry does not include access to the interior of buildings or
              structures.   All other protections against trespass by the public shall
              remain in effect.


                                        ARTICLE IX. MISCELLANEOUS


                   28. Assip-nment, Transfer, and Reversion - The Grantee may assign its
              rights under this Conservation Easement to the Virginia Institute of Marine
              Science in such manner as to achieve the purposes and conditions herein. If
              any such assignee shall cease to exist or abandon this Conservation Easement
              or the rights and duties of enforcement herein set forth, or if proceedings








                                                   143




                                         B U- 0 K 2 -5 8PAGE 305



                 are instituted for condemnation of this Conservation Easement, the easement
                 and rights of enforcement shall revert to the Grantee. If the Grantee shall
                 be dissolved and if the terms of the dissolution fail to provide a
                 successor, then the Court shall appoint an appropriate successor as Grantee.


                      The Grantors agree for themselves, their personal representatives,
                 heirs, successors, and assigns to send in writing to the Grantee the names
                 and addresses of any party to whom the Catlett Islands is to be transferred
                 at the time said transfer is executed. The Grantee agrees to hold this
                 Conservation Easement exclusively for conservation purposes, and that it
                 will not transfer the Conservation Easement in exchange for money, other
                 property, or services'. This provision shall not preclude the Grantee from
                 using the monetary value of any donations or gifts from the Grantor as match
                 for money, other property, or services that will contribute to fulfilling
                 the objectives of the Management Plan or the terms of this Conservation
                 Easement.


                      29.   Relationship of Easement to PrUert,,7'Value - The Grantors and the
                 Grantee agree that the donation of the Conservation Easement gives rise for
                 purposes of this paragraph to a property right, immediately vested in the
                 Grantee with a fair market value that is at least equal to the proportionate
                 value that the Conservation Easement bears to the value of the Catlett
                 Islands at the time of the gift.

                      30.   Eminent Domain - Whenever all or part of the Catlett Islands are
                 taken in the exercise of eminent domain and such taking abrogates the
                 restrictions imposed by this Conservation Easement, the Grantors and the
                 Grantee shall join in appropriate actions at the time of such taking to
                 recover the full value of the taking and all incidental or direct damages
                 resulting from the taking. All expenses incurred by the Grantors and the
                 Grantee in this action shall be paid out of the recovered proceeds.

                      31, Inclusion of Terms in Subsequent Deeds - The Grantors agree that
                 the terms, conditions, restrictions and purposes of this grant will be
                 inserted by them in any subsequent deed or other legal instrument by which
                 the Grantors divest themselves of any interest in the Catlett Islands.

                      32, Construction and Severability - It is the intention of the parties
                 hereto that this Conservation Easement, which is by nature and character
                 negative in that the Grantors have restricted and limited their right to  use
                 the the Catlett Islands rather than granted any affirmative rights to     the
                 Grantee except as otherwise set forth herein, be construed at all times   and
                 by all parties to effectuate its terms, conditions and purposes. If       any
                 provision of this Conservation Easement or the application thereof to     any
                 person or circumstance is found to be invalid, the remainder of           the
                 provisions of the Conservation Easement and the application of such
                 provisions to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is
                 found to be invalid shall not be affected thereby.










                                                   144



                                                           A-E 306
                                         BOOK '24 9 8    P A U



                     33.    Notification - The Grantors agree to notify the Grantee, in
               writing, before exercising any reserved right the exercise of which may have
               an adverse impact on the conservation interests associated with the Catlett
               Islands. Any notices by the Grantors to the Grantee pursuant to any
               provision hereof shall be sent by registered or certified mail, return
               receipt requested addressed to Mr. John W.C. Catlett, P.O. Box 148,
               Wicomico, Virginia 23184.

               IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantors and Grantee have hereunto set their hands
               and seals the day and year above written.

               State of Virginia                              Grantors:
               County of Gloucester, to-wit:

               Th.@' 4            strument was
                   foregoing in
               acknowledged before me by                                                        EAL)
             -Charles Catlett this 14th       day of
               November, 1990.
                                                               ILI,                           (DATE)


                    Notary Public
               11Y dommission expires: August 31, 1993.

               State of Virginia
               County of Gloucester, to-wit:                                                   SEAL)

               The foregoing instrument was
               acknowledged before me by
               Mary A. C. Burruss this 14th day                                      179eo (DATE)
               of November, 1990


                     Notary'Public

               My commission expires: August 31, 1993.
               State of Virginia                                            dA                (SEAL)
                                                                                      IOU
               County of Gloucester, to-wit:
               The foregoing instrument was
               -4cknowledged before me by                                                     (DATE)
                ohn W. C. Catlett, Jr. this
               @12th day of November,1990.
                 !j-4;aAaQ             A LCIL-.,
                   -Notary Public
               My  commission expires: August 31, 1993.










                                                           145


~0

                                        B~O~OK398 PAGE 307



                                                        ACCEPTED BY


                                                        AS GRANTEE:




                                                                                  (SEAL)



                                                                 ~1~q:~q5~-~-~-~         -(DATE)









                 The foregoing instrument was
                 acknowledged b~q6fore me by
                 Paul R. Verkuil this 5th day
                 of February, 1991~.







                      Notary Public

                 My commission expires: May 31, 1993

                 State of Virg~in-~1-a
                 City of Williamsburg, to-wit



















                                                   146
 

~0


                                 BOOK 3 9 8 PA~qH 3 ~q0 ~q8








              Assistant Attorney Ge    al for the

              Attorney Ge.         ~2qV




             ~,~0qK~0q6COMMEND:








              Director


              Division of Engineering and Buildings






              RECOMMEND:






                                ~0q@~-s


              Director


              Department of General Services
                                       ~~'~*~"~-~6qz
                                ~8q>G ~4q!e~z~2qea ~q1















                                                    147
 



                                        BOOK 398 WE 309


                APPROVED FOR THE GOVERNOR:







                    Pursuant- to the provisions of Section 2.1-504.2, Code of Virginia

                (1950), as amended, and by authority of Executive Order 78 (89), 1 hereby

                approve acquisition of this conservation easement from John W.C. Catlett,

                Jr., Charles Catlett, and Mary Armistead Catlett Burruss, which is more

                fully described herein, and the execution of this document.





                                                     Secretary of Xitistr'ation,

                                                     for the Governor of Virginia









                                                     Date


































                                               148










                                           Management Agreement

                                           Tick Hill Component
                                                  of the
                          Sweet Hall Marsh National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                               in Virginia

                                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                                        Page
              ARTICLE I. DURATION AND GENERAL PURPOSE                                    2
                     1. General Purpose                                                  2
                     2. Duration                                                         2
               ARTICLE II. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES                                         2
                     3. Management Plan Preparation and Implementation                   2
                     4. On-Site Management                                               3
                     5. Natural Area Preservation                                        3
                     6. Research and Education                                           3
                     7. Information Exchange                                             3
              ARTICLE IT_T_ CONTROLLED ACTIVITIES                                        4
                     8. Wetlands and Forest Maintenance                                  4
                     9. Waterfowl and Wildlife Maintenance                               4
                    10. Hunting and Fishing                                              4
                    11, Water quality                                                    4
                    12. Structures, Roads, and Trails                                    4
                    13. Signs and Billboards                                             4
                    14. Subdivision                                                      5
                    15. Excavation, Dredging, and Mining                                 5
                    16. Industrial and Commercial Activities                             5
                    17. Trash, Rubbish, and Waste                                        5
                    18. Off Road Vehicles                                                5
              ARTICLE IV, ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES                                       5
                    19. Injunctive Relief  and Restoration                               5
                    20. Perpetual Right of Enforcement                                   5
                    21. Right of Entry                                                   6
              ARTICLE V. GRANTOR'S RIGHTS                                                6
                    22. Grantor's Rights                                                 6
              ARTICLE VI. RIGHTS OF GRANTEE                                              6
                    23. Rights of Grantee                                                6
              ARTICLE VII. GRANTOR'S AND GRANTEE'S LIABILITY                             7
                    24. Upkeep by Grantor                                                7
                    25. Taxes                                                            7
                    26. Grantor's Liability                                              7
                    27. Grantee's Liability                                              7
              ARTICLE VIII. PUBLIC ACCESS                                                7
                    28. Public Access                                                    7
                    29. Termination                                                      8
                    30. Right of First Refusal                                           8
              EXHIBITS                                                                   9
                    Exhibit A. Legal Description of the Grantor's Property
                    Exhibit B. Summary of Ecological Resources of Tick Hill
                    Exhibit C. Certificate of Insurance
                    Exhibit D. Liability Release Form






                                                    149










                                             Management Agreement

                                             Tick Hill Component
                                                    of the
                             Sweet Hall Marsh National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                                  in Virginia


                      THIS MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT, made this - day of                     1990 by
                 and between Chesapeake Corporation, hereinafter called the Granto7 and The
                 College of William and Mary in Virginia, hereinafter called the Grantee.

                                                  WITNESSETH


                      WHEREAS, the Grantor is owner in fee simple of certain real property
                 (hereinafter described and referred to as "Tick Hill"), situated in the
                 County of King William, Commonwealth of Virginia, being more particularly
                 delineated as "freshwater tidal wetlands extending from mean low tide on the
                 Pamunkey River to 100 feet inland from the wetland/upland border landward of
                 the Pamunkey River as shown in Exhibit A described in Exhibit B, attached
                 hereto and incorporated by reference herein; and

                      WHEREAS, Tick Hill is a managed woodland and marsh which               has
                 substantial wetlands and forest resources and significant ecological,
                 natural, research, educational, and aesthetic values, which this contract
                 will help to preserve and maintain, including the ability to protect water
                 quality and important aquatic resources and habitats of the Pamunkey River,
                 a tributary of the York River; and

                      WHEREAS, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), within the
                 College of William and Mary, has been designated by the Governor of the
                 Commonwealth of Virginia to develop and manage the Chesapeake Bay National
                 Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia; and

                      WHEREAS, this Management Agreement is being made with the intention and
                 understanding of both the Grantor and Grantee that the subject property will
                 be designated as a component of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
                 Research Reserve System in Virginia, pursuant to Section 315 of the Coastal
                 Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended (P.L. 92-583, 16 U.S.C. 1461), and
                 implementing regulations (15 CFR 921.30); and

                      WHEREAS, the Grantor desires and intends that the ecological, research,
                 and educational values of Tick Hill shall be preserved and maintained by
                 restricting and 'limiting the use of the land and contiguous water areas of
                 their property, to the degree possible under the woodlands managcment
                 of the Grantor and on the terms and conditions and for the purposes
                 hereinafter set forth, and the Grantee is willing to accept responsibility
                 for managing the property for the purpose of conducting basic scientific and










                                                   150










              applied research and providing timely and accurate information to the
              Grantor and citizens of the Commonwealth regarding the quality               and
              conservation of the resources, both living and non-living, of Tick Hill, on
              the terms and conditions and for the purposes hereinafter set forth;

                   WHEREAS, the specific ecological, natural, research, educational, and
              aesthetic values of Tick Hill are documented in the ecological survey made
              by VIMS on behalf of the Grantee and dated August 31, 1990 (Exhibit B),
              which will serve as an information base for monitoring and enforcement
              purposes and will be kept current by VIMS; and

                   NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants, terms,
              conditions, and restrictions hereinafter set forth, the Grantor hereby
              conveys to the Grantee access to Tick Hill for the purpose of research,
              observation, and education to the extent hereinafter set forth.

                   To achieve these objectives, the following conditions and restrictions
              are set forth:


                                ARTICLE I. DURATION AND GENERAL PURPOSE


                   1.   General Purpose - The purpose of this Management Agreement is to
              protect the environment of Tick Hill and to maintain its dominant rural,
              woodland, and wetland character so that Tick Hill remains suitable for long-
              term research on natural and human processes occurring within the watersheds
              and tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. The Grantor and Grantee intend to
              confine use of the property to such activities, including,              without
              limitations, those involving hunting, trapping, fishing, naturalistic uses,
              research, and timber management.

                   2.   Duration - This Management Agreement shall be valid for a 5-year
              period, and the terms, conditions, restrictions and purposes imposed with
              this Management Agreement shall not only be binding on the Grantor but also
              its agents, personal representatives, heirs and assigns and all other
              successors to their interests for the duration of the Management Agreement,
              subject to the agreed upon termination provisions.           This    Management
              Agreement may be renegotiated at the end of the 5-year period at the
              discretion of both parties.

                                    ARTICLE II. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES


                   3. Management Plan Preparation and IMlementation - There shall be a
              Management Plan prepared for Tick Hill to provide general guidelines for the
              current and future use of the property. The Management Plan shall address
              wetlands and forest-management activities, wildlife and waterfowl needs, and
              research and education uses of Tick Hill, and it shall provide any other
              applicable guidelines for conservation of natural resources.











                                                    151










                      The Management Plan shall be prepared by VIMS, in consultation with the
                 Grantor and appropriate resource management agencies of the Commonwealth,
                 and shall be submitted to the Grantor and Grantee for their review and
                 approval, within 120 days of the execution of this Management Agreement.
                 The Grantor and Grantee shall meet at least annually, and more frequently at
                 the request of either party, to review the Management Plan and, where
                 appropriate, to develop more specific recommendations for carrying out
                 certain aspects of the Plan. The Management Plan shall be jointly updated
                 at least every 5 years.

                      4.    On-Site Management - VIMS is the agency designated by the Grantee
                 and the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia to manage the Chesapeake
                 Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.              In this
                 capacity,  VIMS will serve as on-site manager for research at Tick Hill and
                 will be    responsible for seeing that research conducted on the property is
                 conducted  in a manner consistent with the goals of the National Estuarine
                 Research   Reserve Program, the objectives of the Management Plan, and the
                 wishes of  the Grantor and Grantee.       The on-site manager will be the
                 Grantee's primary representative for the purpose of monitering uses of the
                 property for consistency with this Management Agreement.

                      5.    Natural Area Preservation - Tick Hill shall be maintained as open
                 space, wildlife and waterfowl habitat, and a natural field laboratory for
                 research, consistent with the woodlands management of the Grantor. The
                 protection and conservation of the land subject to this Management Agreement
                 will be maintained and enforced consistent with the goals and policies of
                 the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.

                      6.    Research and Education - Tick Hill shall be used for research and
                 education activities associated with the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
                 Research reserve System in Virginia. Research and 'education uses of Tick
                 Hill shall be in accordance with the principles, objectives, and performance
                 standards set forth in the Management Plan developed by VIMS and approved by
                 the Grantor and Grantee. A steering committee shall be convened by VIMS to
                 assist in the review and approval of proposals for research and education
                 activities on Tick Hill. Approval of proposals and activities shall be
                 approved by the Grantor, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.

                      7. Information Exchange - Research and education activities conducted
                 at Tick Hill shall be used to enhance awareness, understanding, and wise use
                 of estuarine environments. VIMS shall provide the Grantor and Grantee with
                 an annual report on research and education activities conducted on Tick Hill
                 and shall disseminate timely and accurate information to the Governor,
                 General Assembly, State and local agencies, industry, and citizens of the
                 Commonwealth regarding the living and non-living resources of Tick Hill and
                 their relationship to the Chesapeake Bay system and the coastal waters of
                 the Commonwealth of Virginia.












                                                    152












                                   ARTICLE Ill. CONTROLLED ACTIVITIES


                   8. Wetlands and Forest Maintenance - Wetlands shall be protected and
             maintained in accordance with the Management Plan and the Wetland Guidelines
             developed pursuant to Chapter 2.1 of Title 62.1 of the Code of Virginia.
             Forest management activities shall be conducted in accordance with the
             woodlands management of the Grantor and           Best   Management     Practices
             promulgated by the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Forestry.

                   9.   Waterfowl and Wildlife Maintenance - Waterfowl and wildlife
             maintenance activities shall be conducted in accordance with the Management
             Plan. In general, such activities shall be limited to maintenance of
             existing habitat and minor improvements, where necessary (such as tree
             thinning to improve understory vegetation, or opening of small areas to
             provide a greater diversity of habitats), and as approved by the Grantor and
             Grantee. Any waterfowl and wildlife management activities shall be carried
             out under the guidance of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Game
             and Inland Fisheries and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
             Wildlife Service.     Any plant and insect management activities that may
             affect species of plants or insects protected under the Virginia Endangered
             Plant and Insect Species Act shall be carried out under the guidance of the
             Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

                   10.   Hunting and Fishing - The Grantor may persue such hunting and
             fishing activities as it may elect as long as such activities are in
             compliance with applicable state or federal law.

                   11.   Water Quality - There shall be no human activities on or uses of
             Tick Hill that are detrimental or adverse to the              maintenance     and
             conservation of surface and subsurface water quality. There shall be no
             manipulation or alteration of natural water courses, shorelines, marshes or
             other water bodies, nor shall there be activities conducted on or around
             Tick Hill that could alter either natural water level, flow, or both.

                   12.   Structures, Roads, and Trails - There shall be no new buildings,
             facilities, structures, piers, roads, or trails constructed on Tick Hill,
             except those designed, constructed and utilized in and accessary to the
             research,    education,    forest   management,     wildlife  management,     and
             naturalistic uses of the property. Any such construction must be planned
             for in the Management Plan, and approved by the Grantor and Grantee.
             Similarly, removal of existing structures must be planned for in the
             Management Plan and approved by the Grantor and Grantee.

                   13.   Signs and Billboards - Display of billboards, signs or other
             advertisements is not permitted on or over Tick Hill except to state the
             name and/or address of the owner, to provide notice of the designation as a
             Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and/or to post the












                                                    153










                  property against trespass. No such sign shall exceed four feet by four feet
                  in size.

                       14.   Subdivision - Tick Hill shall not be partitioned or subdivided
                  during the life of this Management Agreement.

                       15.   Excavation, Dredging, and Mining - Excavation, dredging, mining
                  and removal of loam, gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, petroleum and other
                  materials or alteration of the topography of the land is prohibited on Tick
                  Hill except as related to the collection of geological data.                 Such
                  activities shall be planned for in the Management Plan and approved by the
                  Grantor and Grantee.


                       16. Industrial and Commercial Activities - No industrial or commercial
                  activities shall be conducted on Tick Hill, except for timber harvest, site
                  preparation, planting, and related silvicultural activities prescribed in
                  the woodlands management of the Grantor. The Grantor shall give the Grantee
                  120 days prior written notice of when and where such activites will
                  commence, so that the Grantee can monitor the activity, as planrae-d- for in
                  the Management Plan and approved by the Grantor and Grantee.

                       17. Trash, Rubbish, and Waste - Neither the Grantor or the Grantee
                  shall authorize dumping of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, or offensive
                  materials on Tick Hill or filling in of any wetland, pond or waterway.
                  Neither   the   Grantor or the Grantee shall be held responsible for
                  unauthorized dumping.

                       18.   Off Road Vehicles - Neither the Grantor or the Grantee shall
                  authorize operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes or all-terrain vehicles
                  on Tick Hill, except as related to timber management and hunting activities
                  approved by the Grantor. Neither the Grantor or the Grantee shall be held
                  responsible for unauthorized use.

                                      ARTICLE IV, ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES


                       19.   Iniunctive Relief and Restoration - Upon any breach of the terms
                  of this Management Agreement by the Grantor, its successors and assigns or
                  the Grantee, its successors and assigns, after reasonable notice, any or all
                  of the following remedies may be exercised: 1) institute suits to enjoin
                  any breach or enforce any covenant by ix parte, temporary, and/or permanent
                  injunction; and 2) require that the property be restored promptly to the
                  condition required by this Management Agreement.

                       20. PerRetual Right of Enforcement - Failure on the part of the
                  Grantee to enforce any covenant or provision hereof shall not discharge or
                  invalidate such covenant or any other covenant, condition or provision
                  hereof or affect the right of the Grantee to enforce the same in the event
                  of a subsequent breach of default.@











                                                     154









                    21.   Right of Ent-@r - The Grantee, its successors and assigns, has the
               right, with reasonable notice, to enter Tick Hill at reasonable times for
               the purpose of conducting approved research and educational projects. This
               right of entry does not include access to the interior of buildings and
               structures.   All other protections against trespass by the public remain in
               effect. Access shall only be through Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club
               property or through the 50-foot easement adjacent to John Morgan property
               (see Exhibit A).


                                        ARTICLE V. GRANTOR'S RIGHTS


                    22. Grantor's Rights - The Grantor expressly reserves to itself, its
               personal representatives, heirs, successors and assigns the right to:

                         a.  Continue the timber management uses of Tick Hill;

                         b.  Continue to lease hunting, fishing or trapping rights on Tick
                             Hill subject to relevant laws;

                         c.  Improve, repair, restore, alter, remove, remodel, or replace
                             permitted structures, provided       that   such    activity     is
                             consistent with the Management Plan; and

                         d.  Continue the use of Tick Hill for all purposes consistent with
                             this Management Agreement.

                                       ARTICLE VI. RIGHTS OF GRANTEE


                    23.   Rights of Grantee - To accomplish the purpose of this Management
               Agreement, the following rights are conveyed to the Grantee by this
               Management Agreement:

                         a.  To preserve and protect the conservation values of Tick Hill;

                         b.  To enter upon Tick Hill at reasonable times in order to
                             conduct approved research and educational projects and to
                             monitor Grantor's compliance with and otherwise enforce the
                             terms of this Management Agreement; provided that such entry
                             shall be upon prior reasonable notice to Grantor, such entry
                             shall be by water, and shall not unreasonably interfere with
                             Grantor's use and quiet enjoyment of Tick Hill;

                         c.  To give permission to research scientists to conduct research
                             and educational projects approved for the Sweet Hall Marsh
                             National Estuarine Research Reserve, provided that permittees
                             carry and display an official permit issued by the Grantee and
                             approved by the Grantor; and












                                                     155










                          d.  To prevent any activities or use of Tick Hill that is
                              inconsistent with the purposes of this Management Agreement
                              and to require the restoration of such areas or features of
                              Tick Hill that may be damaged by any inconsistent activity or
                              use.


                              ARTICLE VII. GRANTOR'S AND GRANTEE'S LIABILITY


                     24.   Upkeep by Grantor - The Grantor, its successors, and assigns
                further agree that they shall be responsible for upkeep of Tick Hill and
                shall hold the Grantee, its successors, and assigns harmless from charges of
                leins arising out of upkeep or taxes.

                     25.   Taxes - The Grantor agrees to pay any and all real property taxes
                and assessments levied by competent authority on the property.

                     26.   Grantor's Liability - The Grantor, its successors, and assigns
                shall not be held responsible for injury to persons or damages to property
                arising out of any research or educational activity being conducted on Tick
                Hill pursuant to the Management Plan and this Management Agreement, except
                those arising out of the negligence of the Grantor, its successors, and
                assigns. The Grantor's liability for all other activities on Tick Hill
                shall remain in effect.


                     The Grantee has inspected Tick Hill and accepts its condition "as is"
                as described in Exhibit B. Any existing conditions or future conditions
                relating to permitted uses of Tick Hill by the Grantor, including, without
               Jimitation, any hunting and fishing activities, shall not constitute
                conditions giving rise to a claim of negligence on the part of the Grantor
                or to any potential liability for damage to property or injury to person.
                The Grantor's liability for all other activities on Tick Hill shall remain
                in effect.


                     27. Grantee's LiabilLty - The Commonwealth of Virginia and all the
                agencies and institutions are covered by a self-insurance program as
                authorized by Section 2.1-526.8 of the Code of Virginia which is based upon
                a comprehensive general liability manuscript policy form. All persons who
                are not employees of the Commonwealth must receive approval from the Grantor
                and   furnish   evidence   of   liability    coverage   in   the   amount of
                $100,000/$300,000/$100,000.   All persons,     whether   employees   of     the
                Commonwealth or not, shall sign a liability release form referenced in
                paragraph 26 and appearing in Exhibit D.

                                        ARTICLE VIII. PUBLIC ACCESS

                     28. Public Access - The granting of this Management Agreement does not
                grant to the public any right to enter the property.











                                                  156











                  29. Termination - In the event that circumstances arise that cause
             Tick Hill or Sweet Hall Marsh to be withdrawn from the Chesapeake Bay
             National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, cause the Chesapeake
             Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia to cease to
             exist, or cause the Grantee to not have sufficient funds to conduct research
             under the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in
             Virginia, this contract shall be terminated by the Grantee by providing 90
             days written notice to the Grantor. If either party breaches the terms and
             conditions of this contract, the other party may terminate this contract
             with 90 days written notice.

                  30. Riv-ht of First Refusal - The Grantee shall have the right of first
             refusal on any and all sales contracts on the property that the Grantor
             might obtain during the life of this Management Agreement.


             IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantor and Grantee have hereunto set their hands
             and seals the day and year above written.

                                                    Grantor:




                                                                            _(SEAL)
                                                        e Pr esid en/,"
                                                     Woo         i Wood Products

                                                                             (SEAL)




                                                    ACCEPTED BY
                                                      );@a- 0                 4
                                                    Frank 0. Perkins           bate
                                                    Dean and Director


                                                    AS GRANTEE:




                                                                             (SEAL)



















                                                 157




APPROVED AS TO FORM:




Assistant Attorney General for the
Attorney General of Virginia



RECOMMEND:



Director
Division of Engineering and Buildings



RECOMMEND:



Director
Department of General Services



APPROVED FOR THE GOVERNOR:

	Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1-504.2, Code of
Virginia (1950, as amended, and by authority of Executive
Order 78 (89), dated December 21, 1989, I hereby approve the
acquisition of the demised premises pursuant to this
management agreement and the execution of this instrument
for, on behalf of, and in the stead of the Governor of
Virginia.




Secretary of Administration



10-02-90
Date


158








                                          Management Agreement

                         Sweet Hall Marsh National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                              in Virginia


                  THIS MANAGEMENT                        'ZA day of                  1990 by
                                     AGREEMENT, made this -                       @v
             and between Tacoma Hunting and Fishing Club, hereinafter called the Grantor,
             and The College of William and Mary in Virginia, hereinafter called the
             Grantee.


                                               WITNESSETH


                  WHEREAS, the Grantor is owner in fee simple of certain real property
             (hereinafter described and referred to as "Sweet Hall Marsh"), situated in
             the County of King William, Commonwealth of           Virginia,   being     more
             particularly delineated as "freshwater tidal wetlands extending from mean
             low tide on the Pamunkey River to the wetland/upland border landward of the
             Pamunkey River" as shown in Exhibit A and described in Exhibit B, attached
             hereto and incorporated by reference herein; and

                  WHEREAS, Sweet Hall Marsh has substantial wetland resources and
             significant natural, ecological, research, educational, and           aesthetic
             values, which this management agreement will help to preserve, maintain, and
             protect water quality and important aquatic resources and habitats of the
             Pamunkey River; and

                  WHEREAS, the specific natural, ecological, research, educational, and
             aesthetic values of Sweet Hall Marsh are documented in the ecological survey
             made by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) on behalf of the
             Grantee and dated August 31, 1990 (Exhibit Q, which will serve as an
             information base for monitoring and enforcement purposes and will be kept
             current by VIMS; and

                  WHEREAS, this Management Agreement is being made with the intention and
             understanding of both the Grantor and Grantee that the subject property will
             be designated as a component of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
             Research Reserve System in Virginia and the National Estuarine Research
             Reserve System; and

                  WHEREAS, the Grantor desires and intends that the natural, ecological,
             research, educational, and aesthetic values of Sweet Hall Marsh shall be
             preserved and maintained by restricting and limiting the use of the land and
             contiguous water areas of the property, on the terms and conditions and for
             the purposes hereinafter set forth, and the Grantee is willing to accept
             responsibility for managin&the property for the purpose of conducting basic
             scientific    and   applied   research and providing timely and accurate
             information to the Grantor and the citizens of the Commonwealth regarding
             the quality and conservation of the resources, both living and non-living,
             of Sweet Hall Marsh, on the terms and conditions and for the purposes
             hereinafter set forth; and










                                                   159








                       NOW THEREFORE, as an absolute gift gift of no monetary consideration
                  ($0.00) but in consideration of the mutual covenants, terms, conditions, and
                  restrictions hereinafter set forth, the Grantor hereby conveys to the
                  Grantee, its successors, and assigns for a period of five (5) years a
                  Management Agreement for the purpose of research, observation, and education
                  and to the extent hereinafter set forth with respect to Sweet Hall Marsh.

                       To achieve these objectives, the following conditions and restrictions
                  are set forth:


                                    ARTICLE I. GENERAL PURPOSE AND DURATION


                        1.   General Purpose - The purpose of this Management Agreement is to
                  preserve and protect the environment of Sweet Hall Marsh and to maintain its
                  natural and cultural values and its dominant scenic, rural, woodland, and
                  wetland character so that the property remains suitable for long-term
                  research on natural and human processes occurring within the Pamunkey River
                  Tributary of the Chesapeake Bay.

                        2.   Duration - This Management Agreement shall be valid for a 5 year
                  period, and the terms, conditions, restrictions and purposes imposed with
                  this Management Agreement shall not only be binding on the Grantor but also
                  the Grantor's agents, personal representatives, heirs, assigns and all other
                  successors to the Grantor's interests for the duration of the Management
                  Agreement, subject to the agreed upon termination provisions.               This
                  Management Agreement may be renegotiated at the end of the 5 year period at
                  the discretion of both parties.

                                       ARTICLE II. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES


                        3. Management Plan PreRaration and ImRlementation - There shall be a
                  Management Plan prepared for Sweet Hall Marsh to provide general guidelines
                  for the current and future use of the property. The Management Plan shall
                  address appropriate wetlands and forest management activities, wildlife and
                  waterfowl needs, and research and education uses of Sweet Hall Marsh, and it
                  shall provide any other applicable guidelines for the conservation of
                  natural resources.


                        The Management Plan shall be prepared by VIMS, in consultation with
                  other resource management agencies of the Commonwealth, and shall be
                  submitted to the Grantor and Grantee for their review and approval, within 6
                  months of the execution of this Management Agreement.        The Grantor and
                  Grantee shall meet at least annually, and more frequently at the request of
                  either party, to review the Management Plan and research results and, where
                  appropriate, to develop more specific recommendations for carrying out
                  certain aspects of the Plan. The Management Plan shall be updated at least
                  every 5 years.

                        4. On-Site Management - VIMS is the agency designated by the Grantee
                  and the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia to manage the Chesapeake
                  Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.            In this
                  capacity, VIMS shall serve as on-site manager for research on Sweet Hall








                                                    160








             Marsh and shall be responsible for seeing that research conducted on the
             property is conducted in a manner consistent with the goals of the
             Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, the
             objectives of the Management Plan, and the wishes of the Grantor and
             Grantee. The on-site manager will be the Grantee's primary representative
             for the purpose of monitoring uses of the property for consistency with this
             Management Agreement.

                    5.   Natural Area Preservation - Sweet Hall Marsh shall be maintained
             as open space, wildlife and waterfowl habitat, and a natural field
             laboratory for research, consistent with the resource protection policies of
             the Grantor. Any industrial and commercial activities shall be prohibited
             on Sweet Hall Marsh.       The protection and conservation of the marsh and
             bottomlands subject to this Management Agreement is consistent with the
             goals and policies of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
             System in Virginia.

                    6.   Research and Education - Sweet Hall Marsh shall be used for
             research   and education activities associated with the Chesapeake           Bay
             National   Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia.          Research  and
             education  uses of Sweet Hall Marsh shall be in accordance with              the
             principles,    objectives,    and performance standards set forth in         the
             Management Plan developed by VIMS and approved by the Grantor and Grantee,
             it being understood that the proposed research and education activities will
             not involve large groups of people or continuous or frequent visits to the
             site by other than the few regularly designated research personnel of VIMS.
             A steering committee shall be convened by VIMS to assist in the review and
             approval of proposals for research and education activities at Sweet Hall
             Marsh. Proposals and activities shall be approved by the Grantor and
             Grantee. Such approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.

                    7. Information Exchange - Research and education activities conducted
             at Sweet Hall Marsh shall be used to enhance awareness, understanding, and
             wise use of estuarine environments. VIMS shall provide the Grantor and
             Grantee with an annual report on research and education activities conducted
             at Sweet Hall Marsh and shall disseminate timely and accurate information to
             the Governor, General Assembly, State and local agencies, industry, and
             citizens of the Commonwealth regarding the living and non-living resources
             of Sweet Hall Marsh and their relationship to the Chesapeake Bay system and
             the coastal waters of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

                                   ARTICLE III. CONTROLLED ACTIVITIES


                    8. Wetlands and Forest Maintenance - Wetlands shall be protected and
             maintained in accordance with the Management Plan and the Wetland Guidelines
             developed pursuant to Chapter 2.1 of Title 62.1 of the Code of Virginia.
             Forest management activities shall be conducted in accordance with Best
             Management Practices promulgated by the Commonwealth of Virginia, Division
             of Forestry and recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
             Service and Soil Conservation Service. There shall be no other destruction
             or alteration of wetlands on Sweet Hall Marsh, except as needed to eradicate
             noxious plant species, and as approved by the Grantor and Grantee.








                                                    161








                   Management activities shall not materially impair the scenic quality of
                   Sweet Hall Marsh.


                          9.   Waterfowl and Wildlife Maintenance - Waterfowl and wildlife
                   maintenance activities shall be conducted in accordance with the Management
                   Plan.   In general, such activities shall be limited to maintenance of
                   existing habitat and minor improvements, where necessary (such as tree
                   thinning to improve understory vegetation, opening of small areas to provide
                   a greater diversity of habitats, raising and releasing of geese and ducks),
                   and as approved by the Grantor and Grantee. Any waterfowl and wildlife
                   management activities shall be carried out under the guidance of the
                   Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Came and Inland Fisheries and the
                   U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Any plant and
                   insect management activities that may affect species of plants or insects
                   protected under the Virginia Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act shall
                   be carried out under the guidance of the Virginia Department of Agriculture
                   and Consumer Services.


                        10.    Hunting and Fishing - The Grantor may pursue such hunting and
                   fishing activities as it may elect as long as such activities are in
                   compliance with applicable state or federal law.

                        11.    Water Quali!-:y - There shall be no human activities on or uses of
                   Sweet Hall Marsh that are detrimental or adverse to the maintenance and
                   conservation of surface and subsurface water quality. There shall be no
                   manipulation or alteration of natural water courses, shorelines, marshes or
                   other water bodies, nor shall there be activities conducted on or around
                   Sweet Hall Marsh or the Pamunkey River that could alter natural water level,
                   flow, salinity, or turbidity of Sweet Hall Marsh or the Pamunkey River, or
                   both.


                        12.    Structures, Roads, and Trails - There shall be no restrictions on
                   the Grantor's right to construct hunting blinds or install nesting boxes or
                   similar structures throughout the marsh. There shall be no new buildings,
                   facilities, piers, roads, or trails constructed on Sweet Hall Marsh, except
                   those designed, constructed and utilized by the Grantee for research,
                   education, and naturalistic purposes. Any such construction must be planned
                   for in the Management Plan, and approved by the Grantor and Grantee.
                   Similarly, removal of existing research or education structures must be
                   planned for in the Management Plan and approved by the Grantor and Grantee.

                        13. Signs and Billboards - Display of billboards, signs or other
                   advertisements    is not permitted on or over Sweet Hall Marsh except to state
                   the name and/or   address of the owner, to provide notice of the designation
                   as a Chesapeake   Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia, to post
                   the property as   a No Wake Zone, and/or to post the property against
                   trespass.

                        14. Subdivision - Sweet Hall Marsh shall not be partitioned or
                   subdivided during the life of this management agreement.










                                                       162








                   15. Excavation, Dredging, and Mining - Excavation, dredging, mining
              and removal of loam, gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, petroleum and other
              materials or alteration of the topography of the land is prohibited on the
              Sweet Hall Marsh except as related to the collection of geological data.
              Such activities shall be planned for in the Management Plan and approved by
              the Grantor and Grantee.


                   16. Industrial and Commercial Activities - No industrial or commercial
              activities shall be conducted at Sweet Hall Marsh.


                   17. Trash, Rubbish, and Waste - Neither the Grantor or the Grantee
              shall authorize dumping of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, or offensive
              materials on Sweet Hall Marsh or filling in of any wetland, pond or waterway
              and such dumping shall be absolutely prohibited. Neither the Grantor or the
              Grantee shall not be responsible for unauthorized dumping.

                   18.   Off Road Vehicles - Neither the Grantor or the Grantee shall
              authorize operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes or all-terrain vehicles
              on Sweet Hall Marsh, except as related to research and hunting activities
              approved by the Grantor.

                                  ARTICLE IV. ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES


                   19. Iniunctive Relief and Restoration - Upon any breach of the terms
              of this management agreement by the Grantor, its successors and assigns or
              the Grantee, its successors and assigns, the breaching party may be subject
              to suit to (1) enjoin any breach or enforce any covenant by temporary
              restraining order, preliminary and/or permanent injunction; (2) require that
              the property be restored promptly to the condition required by this
              management agreement; or (3) seek any other remedy available, in law or
              equity, to assure compliance with the terms of this Management Agreement.

                   20. Perpetual Right of Enforcement - Failure on the part of the
              Grantee to enforce any covenant or provision hereof shall not discharge or
              invalidate such covenant, or any other covenant, condition, or provision
              hereof, or affect the right of the Grantee to enforce the same in the event
              of a subsequent breach or default.

                   ARTICLE V. GRANTOR'S RIGHTS


                   21. Grantor's Rights - The Grantor expressly reserves to itself, its
              personal representatives, heirs, successors and assigns the right to:

                        a.   Continue the naturalistic uses of Sweet Hall Marsh under the
                             terms and conditions set forth herein;

                        b.   Continue to hunt, fish or trap on Sweet Hall Marsh and raise
                             and release ducks and geese subject to applicable laws;

                        C.   Improve, repair, restore, alter, remove, remodel, or replace
                             permitted   structures,    provided    that   such activity is
                             consistent with the Management Plan; and








                                                    163








                          d. Continue the use of Sweet Hall Marsh for all purposes
                              consistent with this Management Agreement.

                                       ARTICLE VI. RIGHTS OF GRANTEE


                     22. Rights of Grantee - To accomplish the purpose of this Management
                Agreement the following rights are conveyed to the Grantee by this
                Management Agreement:

                          a. To preserve and protect the conservation values of the Sweet
                             Hall Marsh;

                          b. To enter upon the Sweet Hall Marsh at reasonable times in order
                             to conduct approved research and educational projects and to
                             monitor Grantor's compliance with and otherwise enforce the
                             terms of this Management Agreement; provided that such entry
                             shall be upon prior reasonable notice to Grantor, such entry
                             shall be by water, and shall not unreasonably interfere with
                             Grantor's use and quiet enjoyment of the Sweet Hall Marsh; and
                             further provided that any such entry during a period commencing
                             two' weeks prior to the migratory waterfowl seasons in the
                             Commonwealth of Virginia shall be made only with prior notice
                             to and consent from the Grantor, which consent may be withheld
                             in the grantor's sole discretion;

                          c. To give permission to research scientists to conduct research
                             and educational. projects approved for the Sweet Hall Marsh
                             National Estuarine Research Reserve, provided that permittees
                             carry and display an official permit issued by the Grantee and
                             approved by the Grantor; and

                          d. To prevent any activities or use of the Sweet Hall Marsh that
                             is inconsistent with the purposes of thks Management Agreement
                             and to require the restoration of such areas or features or the
                             Sweet Hall Marsh that may be damaged by any inconsistent
                             activity or use.

                              ARTICLE VII. GRANTOR'S AND GRANTEE'S LIABILITY


                     23. UpkeeR by Grantor - The Grantor, its successors, and assigns
                further agrees that it shall be responsible for upkeep of Sweet Hall Marsh
                and shall hold the Grantee, its successors and assigns harmless from charges
                or liens arising out of upkeep or taxes.

                     24. Taxes - The Grantor agrees to pay any and all real property taxes
                and assessments levied by competent authority on the property.

                     25. Grantor's Liability - The Grantor, its successors, and assigns
                shall not be held responsible for injury to persons or damages to property
                arising out of any research or educational activity being conducted on Sweet
                Hall Marsh pursuant to the Management Plan and this management agreement,
                except those arising out of the negligence of the Grantor, its successors,








                                                  164








              and   assigns.     All persons participating in research or educational
              activities at Sweet Hall Marsh must sign a liability release                 form
              indemnifying and holding harmless the Grantor, its officers, directors,
              agents, and guests, from any and all liability, claims, or expenses for
              injury, death or damages to self or property, including without limitation
              attorney's fees, resulting from or arising out of or in anyway relating to
              the activities of the Grantee, any of its representatives, agents or guests,
              or resulting from, or occurring in the course of transit to or from Sweet
              Hall Marsh. A copy of the release form appears as Exhibit D.

                   The Grantee has inspected Sweet Hall Marsh and accepts its condition
              flas is" as described in Exhibit C.          Any existing conditions   or future
              conaitions relating to permitted uses of Sweet Hall Marsh by the Grantor,
              including without limitation any hunting and fishing activities,       shall not
              constitute conditions giving rise to a claim of negligence on the part of
              the Grantor or to any potential liability for damage to property       or injury
              to person. The Grantor's liability for all other activities on Sweet Hall
              Marsh shall remain in effect.

                   26. Grantee's LiabilLty - The Commonwealth of Virginia and all its
              agencies and institutions are covered by a self-insurance program as
              authorized by Section 2.1-526.8 of the Code of Virginia which is based upon
              a comprehensive general liability manuscript policy form as shown in Exhibit
              E. All persons who are not employees of the Commonwealth must receive
              approval from the Grantor and furnish evidence of liability coverage in the
              amount of $100,000/$300,000/$100,000 before participating in research or
              education activities at Sweet Hall Marsh. All persons, whether employees of
              the Commonwealth or not, shall sign a liability release form referenced in
              paragraph 25 and appearing in Exhibit D.

                                       ARTICLE VIII. PUBLIC ACCESS


                   28. Public Access - The granting of this Management Agreement does not
              grant to the public any   right to enter the property. The Grantor reserves
              the right to place a gate or chain with a lock across any and all roads
              leading into Sweet Hall Marsh. If a lock is employed, a key will be made
              available to the Grantee to use for authorized purposes by authorized
              personnel only in accordance with the Management Plan and the terms of this
              agreement.    The Grantee's right of entry permits use of the Grantor's pier
              for a tide guage, water quality sampling, and other activities approved by
              the Grantor, but does not include access to the interior of buildings or
              structures. All other protection against trespass by the public shall
              remain in effect.


                                        ARTICLE IX. MISCELLANNEOUS


                   28.    Transfer and Reversion - The Grantor agrees to send in writing to
              the Grantee the names and addresses of any party to whom Sweet Hall Marsh is
              to be transeferred at the time said transfer is executed. The Grantee
              agrees to hold this Management Agreement exclusively for conservation
              purposes, and that it will not transfer the management agreement in exchange
              for money, other property, or services. This provision shall not preclude








                                                     165








                 the Grantee from using the monetary value of any donations or gifts from the
                 Grantor as match for money, other property, or services that will contribute
                 to fulfilling the objectives of the Management Plan or the terms of this
                 agreement.

                      The Grantee may assign its rights under this Management Agreement to
                 the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in such manner as to achieve the
                 purposes and conditions herein. If any such assignee shall cease to exist
                 or abandon this Kanagement Agreement         or the rights and duties          of
                 enforcement    herein set force, or if proceedings are instituted for
                 condemnation of this Management Agreement, the Management Agreement and
                 rights of enforcement shall revert to the Grantee. If the Grantee shall be
                 dissolved and if the terms of the dissolution fail to provide a successor,
                 then the court shall appoint an appropriate successor as Grantee.

                      29. Termination - In the event that circumstances arise that cause
                 Sweet Hall Marsh to be withdrawn from the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
                 Research Reserve System in Virginia, cause the Chesapeake Bay National
                 Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia to cease to exist, or cause
                 the Grantee to not have sufficient funds to -conduct research under the
                 Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System in Virginia, this
                 management agreement shall be terminated by the Grantee by providing 90 days
                 written notice to the Grantor.         If either party breaches the terms and
                 conditions of this management agreement, the other party may terminate this
                 management agreement with 90 days written notice.

                      30. Right of First Refusal - The Grantor agrees that, before extending
                 any irrevocable offer or entering into any unconditional contract to sell
                 Sweet Hall Marsh to any person other than a shareholder of the Grantor or an
                 entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Grantor,
                 or any relative of any of the foregoing, the Grantor shall first provide the
                 Grantee with 30 days written notice of the price at which it is willing to
                 sell Sweet Hall Marsh and providing the Grantee with a first right to
                 negotiate a purchase thereof.        If, at the end of such 30 day period, the
                 Grantor and Grantee shall not have entered into an agreement in principle as
                 to the material terms and conditions of a proposed sale of Sweet Hall Marsh
                 to Grantee or, if within 30 days after the date of such agreement in
                 principle, the Grantor and Grantee shall not have entered into a definitive
                 agreement for the sale of Sweet Hall Marsh to Grantee, the Grantor shall be
                 free to make irrevocable offers, enter into such unconditional contracts, or
                 otherwise offer to sell Sweet Hall Marsh as it may elect in its sole
                 discretion.


                      31. Notification - The Grantor agrees to notify the Grantee, in
                 writing, before exercising any reserved right the exercise of which may have
                 an adverse impact on the conservation interests associated with Sweet Hall
                 Marsh.   Any notices by the Grantor to the Grantee pursuant to any provision
                 hereof shall be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt
                 requested, addressed to Coleman Wortham, III, Davenport & Co. of Virginia,
                 Inc., 801 E. Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, with a copy to William
                 T. Reed, III, P.O. Box 310, Manakin-Sabot, Virginia 23103.









                                                    166





IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantor and Grantee have hereunto set their hands
and seals the day and year above written.


Grantor:




                          (SEAL)


9-27-90                   (DATE)

ACCEPTED BY

AS GRANTEE:

                   (SEAL)

10-29-70           (DATE)



167












            APPROVED AS TO FORM:




            Assistant Attorney General for the
            Attorney General of Virginia




            RECOMMEND:




            Directoj@-
            Division of Engineering and Buildings




            RECOMMEND:




            Dikegeor
            Department of General Services




            APPROVED FOR THE GOVERNOR:


                 Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1-504.2, Code of
            Virginia (1950), as amended, and by authority of Executive
            Order 78 (89), dated December 21, 1989, 1 hereby approve the
            acquisition of the demised premises pursuant to this
            management agreement and the execution of this instrument
            for, on behalf of,    and in the stead of the Governor of
            Virginia.



                                          -ï¿½e&retary/f Pministration



                                          Date
                                             A24'1@





                                         168




               APPENDIX B                                             Shorelines
               MANAGEMENT POLICIES                                      Shorelines shall be preserved in their natu-
               FOR YORK RIVER SITES                                   ral state and existing condition. Restoration
                                                                      of severely eroding shorelines by planting na-
                 Designated Research Reserves shall be                tive vegetation may be allowed with approval
               managed to maintain its aesthetic, topographi-         on an individual basis as an applied research.
               cal, and biological integrity. The Reserve shall       Opposition to existing and/or proposed off-
               be maintained as open space, fish and wild-            site activities Will be considered if such activi-
               life habitat, and natural field laboratory for         des may adversely affect existing shoreline
               nonmanipulative research. The following poli-          and/or water resources along or within re-
               cies will apply.                                       serve boundaries.
               ceology                                                Pertinent statuks. Mlations and gViddin&
                 Surface and subsurface features possessing           Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Law
               unique geological characteristics shall be             Hydrologic Modifications--Best Management
               maintained and protected so as to preserve               Practices
               those characteristics from unwarranted dis-            Subaqueous Guidelines
               turbance and/or destruction. Visitor access            Coastal Primary Sand Dune Protection Act
               to these features will be limited to insure pro-       Federal Clean Water Act, Section 401
               tection of the features and the safety of the          Federal Coastal Zone Management Act
               visitor. VIMS wRI work with the Department
               of Mines, Minerals and Energy to have a geo-           Stream Beds and Channeh
               logical survey conducted at each reserve site.           Stream beds and channels shall be pre-
               Surveys must be conducted by a qualified ge-           served in their natural state and existing con-
               ologist, recognized in the areas of field inves-       dition. There shall be no manipulation or
               tigation.                                              alteration of natural water courses, channels,
                                                                      or other water bodies, nor shall there be con-
               Pertinent statutes, Molations- and g3@idelines         ducted activities on or around the reserve
               Virginia Cave Protection Act                           site that could alter natural water level, flow,
               Coastal Primary Sand Dune Protection Act               or both except in conjunction with applied
                                                                      research projects where the impact will be
               soils                                                  temporary and nondestructive. Opposition to
                 Excavation, mining, or removal of loam,              existing and/or proposed off-site activities will
               gravel, rock, sand, coal, petroleum, or miner-         be considered if such activities may adversely
               als or alteration of topography shall not be           affect natural water courses, channels, levels,
               permitted except as related to the collection          flow, or other resources within the reserve
               of.geological and geophysical data. Areas de-          boundaries.
               voted to agricultural use or areas subject to
               user impact, such as trails, should be devel-          Pertinent statutes, Mlations and oidelin
               oped and/or maintained to minimize dam-                Hydrologic Modifications-Best Management
               age to and loss of existing soils. Soil maps             Practices
               and soil suitabilities shall be obtained or de-        Watercourses Generally
               veloped for each research reserve.                     Minimum Instream Flow Generally
                                                                      Subaqueous Guidelines
               Pertinent statutes, rColations and oidelines           Federal Clean Water Act, Section 401
               Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Law
               Agriculture-Best Management Practices                  Water Quality
               Guidelines on Construction and Maintenance               There shall be no human activities or uses
               of Trails (to be developed)                            of the reserve site that are detrimental or


                                                                  169





            adverse to the maintenance, improvement or           use of the property. Disease, insect, or exotic
            conservation of existing surface and ground          plant control, facility development, and/or
            water supplies and quality. All activities within    stand improvement considerations in the
            a reserve must be conducted so as to avoid           buffer zones shall be the controlling or moti-
            violation of established State Water Control         vating factors behind decisions to harvest or
            Board Water Quality Standards.                       treat timber. Any harvesting of timber will be
                                                                 conducted in accordance with guidelines es-
            Pertinent statutes, rWAlations and aguidelines       tablished by VDOE The research reserve pro-
            Waters of the State, Ports and Harbors               gram shall work with the Virginia Department
            Federal Clean Water Act                              of Forestry to develop an inventory and evalu-
            Standards of Water Quality (established by           ation of standing timber at each site. VIMS
               State Water Control Board)                        will work with the Virginia Department of
            Minimum Instream Flow Generally                      Agriculture and Consumer Affairs to survey
            Sources Affecting Ground Water-Best Man-             timber stands for forest pests, disease, and
               agement Practices                                 exotic and rare/endangered plant species and
            Hazardous Waste Management Reglations                to develop appropriate pest/disease manage-
                                                                 ment procedures.
            Air Quality                                          Perfinent statutes, revoulations and guidelines
               No activities shall be permitted in the re-       Forestrym--Best Management Practices
            serve that have the potential to cause air pol-      Gypsy Moth Control Guidelines (to be devel-
            lution which exceeds acceptable air quality             oped)
            standards. Air quality.will be monitored at
            appropriate sites.                                   Fish and Wildlife
            Pertinmt statutes, nVilations and guiddines             Game and nongame species shall be man-
            Federal Clean Air Act                                aged to preserve the overall health of the
            Virginia Air Pollution Control Law                   various populations within the reserve and
            Regulations for the Control and Abatement            to maintain fish and wildlife habitat. Tradi-
               of Air Pollution                                  tional hunting, fishing, oystering, and trap-
                                                                 ping will be allowed, consistent with appli-
            Wetlands                                             cable laws. VIMS will work cooperatively with
               All tidal and nontidal wetlands located           the Virginia Department of Game and In-
            within or along reserve boundaries shall be          land Fisheries to establish reserve-specific wild-
            protected in a natural condition. Wetlands           life management plans.
            include bogs, swamps, freshwater and tidal           Pertinent statutes, regulations and vauidelines
            vegetated marshes, and unvegetated flats.
            Pertinent statutes, LegLilations and gAidelines      Forestry-Best Management Practices
            Virginia Wetlands Act                                Agriculture-Best Management Practices
            Federal Clean Water Act, Section 404 and             Game and Inland Fisheries Hunting Regula-
               Section 401                                          tion
                                                                 Virginia Marine Resources Commission Fish-
            Forests                                                 ing Regulations
               Timber management within the core area            Rare, Threatened orEndangered Species
            of reserve lands should be directed toward              Areas identified as possessing rare, threat-
            the development and preservation of signifi-         ened or endangered species shall be man-
            cant old growth stands, except where selec-          aged, according to recommended regulations
            tive harvesting of mature trees is a traditional     and guidelines, to preserve and protect the


                                                              170





             species. The presence of an endangered or          Signs and Billboards
             threatened species shall not necessarily pre-         Display of signs, billboards, or other adver-
             clude confinued or proposed uses of an area.       tisements shall not be permitted on or over
             The flora and fauna on research reserves will      the reserve sites except to state the name
             be surveyed, identified and classified with the    and/or address of the owner, to provide no-
             assistance of the Virginia Natural Heritage        tice of the designation as a Chesapeake Bay
             Program and Department of Game and In-             National Estuarine Research Reserve, and/
             land Fisheries.                                    or to post the property against trespass or
                                                                littering.
             Pertinent s tatu tes, revoulations and guidelines
             Federal and State Endangered Species Act           Fire
             Virginia Endangered Plan and Insect Species           A proactive fire plan to consider wildland
               Act                                              fire prevention and supression will be devel-
                                                                oped in cooperation with the Department of
             Traditional Uses                                   Forestry. A two@-phased approach to the pre-
               Traditional hunting, trapping, oystering,        vention, management, and suppression of fire
             and fishing activities will be allowed in accor-   will be encouraged. The plan win take into
             dance with applicable laws. Private landown-       consideration that fire is a natural process in
             ers may place noncommercial blinds on the          forest ecology and will not seek to control all
             reserve for personal use or use by assigns.        fires. However, proactive plans to protect
             Agricultural and silvicultural activities within   structures, and other significant resources
             the buffer areas of research lands will be con-    which are sensitive to fire damage and to pro-
             ducted in accordance with environmentally          tect human safety will also be developed. Any
             sound practices (BMPs).                            prescribed burns to be used for resource man-
                                                                agement purposes will be conducted only un-
             Pertinmt statutes, Mlations and &Ldelines          der the supervision of a qualified master
             Game and Inland Fisheries Hunting Regula-          burner.
               tions
             Virginia Marine Resources Commission Fish-         Pertinent statutes, Mlations and guidelines
               ing Regulations                                  Forest Wardens and Fires
             Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Law
             Virginia Pesticide Law                             Trash, Rubbish and Waste
             Agriculture-Best Management Practices                 No soil, trash, ashes, garbage, hazardous
                                                                waste, or offensive materials shall be dumped
             Structures, Roads and Trails                       or deposited on the research reserve site. No
               No new buildings, facilities,       structures,  wetland, pond, or waterway shall be filled.
             piers, roads or trails shall be constructed on
             the reserve site, except those designed, con-      Off-Road Vehicles
             structed, utilized in, and accessary to re-           No motor vehicles, trail bikes, or all-ter-
             search, education, hunting and naturalistic        rain vehicles shall be operated at the reserve
             uses of the reserve site. Such construction        site, except in designated buffer areas and/
             shall only be permissable only after the envi-     or for official reserve management opera-
             ronmental impact of any such construction          tions.
             is fully assessed and approved. Similarly, re-
             moval of existing structures shall be assessed
             for potential envi  .ronmental impact. There       Archaeolo cal and Histarical Sites
             shall be no compulsion to remove existing          and 01@eds
             structures.                                           Reserve sites shall be inventoried to locate
                                                                sites and objects possessing prehistoric and/


                                                             171






             or historic significance and plans to protect       Landmarks. Use of metal detectors by public
             such sites and objects shall be prepared. Ac-       visitors is prohibited.
             tivities which may in some way affect signifi-
             cant sites or objects shall require review and/     Pertinent statutes, regulations and guidelines
             or permitting by the Division of Historic           Division of Parks and Recreation Regulation
             Landmarks and approved by reserve man-                 No. 5
             ager.                                               Virginia Antiquities Act
             Pertinent statutes, revulatiow and vouidelines      Virginia Cave Protection Act
             Virginia Antiquities Act                            Manipulative Research
             Virginia Cave Protection Act                           In order to protect the natural integrity of
             1986 Appropriations Act                             the research reserve, no manipulative re-
             National Historic Preservation Act                  search activities with a significant or long-term
                                                                 adverse impact on reserve resources shall be
             Histofic Buildings, Structures                      allowed. Habitat manipulation for resource
             and 01@ects                                         management purpose shall not be allowed,
               Historic structures shall be protected and        except as allowed under policies for shore-
             preserved and the history of such structures        lines, timber, fish, wildlife, and fire manage-
             shall be incorporated in the reserve's inter-       ment. If waivers of certain policies or por-
             pretive offerings where appropriate. Eligible       tions of policies are determined to benefit
             structures shall be surveyed and evaluated for      the overall management of the research re-
             nomination to the Virginia Landmarks Reg-           serve system, they could be considered on an
             ister and the National Register of Historic         individual basis.
             Places. Buildings and structures possessing
             historic significance shall he protected by es-     Indust-yial and Commercial Activities
             tablished statutes and regulations. Plans for          -No industrial or commercial activities shall
             the alteration, remodeling, or redecoration         be conducted in. the research reserve core
             of historic structures on the Virginia Land-        area, with the exception of commercial fish-
             marks Register must be submitted to the Di-         ing.
             vision of Historic Landmarks for review and
             comment to insure that the historic and/or          RELEVANT STATE STATUTES
             architectural integrity of these properties is      AND REGULATIONS
             maintained.                                         AFFECTING PROPOSED
             Pertinent statutes, reMations and -ouidelines       RESERVE SITES
             1986 Appropriations Act                             Endangered Plant and Insect Species
             Division of Engineering and Buildings Direc-
               tive No. 1                                        Act
             National Historic Preservation Act                     The Endangered Plant and Insect Species
                                                                 Act (Va. Code Ann. Sec. 3.1-1020 et seq.)
             Collection of Natural, Histofical                   makes it unlawful for any person to dig, take,
             or Cultural Resources                               cut, process, or otherwise collect, remove,
               All collecting of plant, animal, mineral, or      transport, possess, sell, offer for sale, or give
             fossil specimens shall. require the prior issu-     away any species native to or occuring in the
             ance of a collecting permit by VIMS and the         wild in Virginia that are listed as threatened
             Division of State Parks, where appropriate.         or endangered.
             The collection of historic or archaeological           A license is required to cut or collect any
             artifacts will be allowed only with collecting      threatened species and records of purchases
             permits approved by the Division of Historic        must be kept. Any person who violates the

                                                              172





             provisions will be found guilty of a Class 4        iting air pollution. The Board may create lo-
             misdemeanor.                                        cal air pollution control districts to assist the
                                                                 Department in its air monitoring programs,
             Erosion and Sediment Control Law                    to initiate and make studies relating to air
                The Erosion and Sediment Control Law             pollution and make recommendations to the
             (Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-560 et seq.) states        Board. Any owner violating this law shall be
             that the Board of Agriculture and Consumer          guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject
             Services shall create regulations for the ef-       to a fine of not more than $1000 for each
             fective control of soil erosion, sediment depo-     violation within the discretion of the court.
             sition and nonagricultural runoff to prevent        Each day of continued violation after convic-
             unreasonable degradation of properties,             tion shall constitute a separate offense.
             stream channels, waters and other natural re-
             sources.                                            Virginia Waste Management Ad
                Land-disturbing activities are regulated by         The Virginia Waste Management Act (Va.
             the Act as well. No person may engage in any        Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-1400 et seq.) allows for
             land-disturbing activity until an erosion and       the creation of the Virginia Waste Manage-
             sediment control plan for the land-disturb-         ment Board which shall consist of seven Vir-
             ing activity has been reviewed and approved.        ginia residents appointed by the Governor.
             Violations or noncompliance will result in the      The Department of Waste Management is
             stopping of all or part of the land-disturbing      continued and also has the power to admin-
             activities. Penalties, injunctions, and other le-   ister the policies and regulations established
             gal actions are outlined in the Act for those       by the Board. The Act provides for the re-
             found in noncompliance or violation.                quirement of a permit to operate a sanitary
                                                                 landfill or other facility for the disposal, treat-
             Stormwater Management                               ment or storage of nonhazardous sollid waste.
                The Erosion and Sediment Control Law             Open dumps are prohibited. Revocation of
             also provides for the establishment of              permits is outlined and the Board is given
             stormwater management programs. The De-             the power to promulgate regulations. Any per-
             partment of Agriculture and Consumer Ser-           son may submit to the Board a notice of in-
             vices is authorized to promulgate regulations       tent to file an application for a certification
             which specify minimum criteria and adminis-         of site approval. The applicant shall submit
             trative procedures for stormwater manage-           to the Board a draft impact analysis for the
             ment programs in Virginia. A local govern-          proposed facility within ninety days after the
             ment which has adopted a stormwater man-            initial briefing meeting. Any person who vio-
             agement program must grant written approval         lates any provision of this Act or regulation
             of a plan, the conditions for approval, etc.        shall be assessed a civil penalty of not more
             within a specified time period. Any person          than $10,000 for each day of such violation.
             who violates any provision of a local ordi-
             nance or program shall be guilty of a misde-        Histofic Resources Act
             meanor.                                                The Department of Historic Resources is
                                                                 created in the Act (Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-
             Air Pollution Control Board                         2200 et seq.) and shall be headed by a Direc-
                The State Air Pollution Control Board is         tor. The Virginia, Historic Landmarks Board
             created by this chapter (Va. Code Ann. Sec.         is continued as the Board of Historic Re-
             10.1-1300 et seq.) and shall be composed of         sources with seven members appointed by the
             five members appointed by the Governor for          Governor. The Board may promulgate regu-
             four-year terms. The Board has the power to         lations necessary to carry out the provisions
             promulgate regulations, including emergency         of the Act. Underwater historic property shall
             regulations, abating, controlling and prohib-       be preserved and protected and shall be the
                                                                 exclusive property of the Commonwealth. Any


                                                              173





             person violating the provisions of this sec-         Tidal Wetlands Ad
             tion shall be guilty of a Class I misdemeanor           Standards apply for the use and develop-
             and, in addition, shall forfeit to the Com-          ment of wetlands and shall be considered in
             monwealth any objects recovered.                     the determination of whether applications re-
                                                                  quired by this chapter should be granted or
             Endangered Species Ad                                denied. The provisions of the guidelines pro-
               In this section the General Assembly de-           mulgated by the Commissioner of Marine Re-
             clares that certain species of fish or wildlife      sources shall be considered in applying the
             are threatened with extinction and are en-           foregoing standards. No person may conduct
             tided to preservation and protection as a mat-       any activity which would require a permit un-
             ter of general state concern (Va. Code Ann.          der a wetlands zoning ordinance unless he
             Sec. 29-230 et seq.). The Commission of              has such permit. The person must apply di-
             Game and Inland Fisheries is authorized to           rectly to the Marine Resources Commission
             issue regulations to implement the provisions        for a permit. Any person who knowingly, in-
             of this section. Any person who violates the         tentionally, negligently or continually violates
             provisions of this section shall be punished         any order, rule or regulation will be guilty of
             by a fine of not more than $1000, or impris-         a misdemeanor. Following conviction, every
             onment not to exceed six months, or both.            day the violation continues shall be deemed
             The Commission may permit the taking, ex-            a separate offense.
             portation, transportation or possession of any
             fish or wildlife which is listed hy the provi-       Coastal Nmary Sand Dune A et
             sions of this chapter for zoological, educa-            In order to implement the policy in this
             tional, or scientific purposes, wherever such        chapter, the Commission promulgates guide-
             activities are permitted under federal law,          lines which set forth the consequences of the
             regulation, or permit.                               use of these dunes. No person shall conduct
                                                                  any activity which would require a permit un-
             Wzwcowses and Subaqueous Beds                        der a coastal primary sand dune ordinance
               In Section 62.1-1 of the Annotated Virginia        unless he has such permit. In the Coastal Pri-
             Code and its associated sections, all the beds       mary Sand Dune Protection Act or an ordi-
             of the bays, rivers, creeks and the shores of        nance adopted pursuant to it, all the dudes
             the sea within the jurisdiction of the Com-          and responsibilities and procedures specified
             monwealth not conveyed by special grant or           in the Wetlands Act win be followed.
             compact will continue to remain the prop-
             erty of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The            Fish, Oysters, Shel@ftsh, etc.
             Marine Resources Commission is given the                In Section 28.1-1 et seq. of the Annotated
             authority to issue permits for all other rea-        Virginia Code, the Marine Resources Com-
             sonable uses of state-owned bottomlands. A           mission jurisdiction extends to the fall line
             fee of $25 shall be paid for issuing each per-       of all tidal rivers and streams and the Com-
             mit, but if the cost of the project or facility is   mission shall have the jurisdiction over all
             more than $10,000, the fee paid shall be $100.       commercial fishing and all marine fish, ma-
             A fee of $25 shall be paid for recovery of           rine shellfish, and marine organisms below
             underwater historic property. All royalties or       the fall line on all tidal waters of the Com-
             :ftmds that are collected from such agreements       monwealth. It is unlawful for any person to
             or contracts shall be paid into the state trea-      remove from the waters of this state under
             sury to the credit of the Special Public Oys-        the jurisdiction of the Commission any ma-
             ter Rocks Replenishment Fund.                        rine fish, marine shellfish, or marine organ-
                                                                  isms without having first a collection permit.
                                                                  The Commission shall have the power to es-
                                                                  tablish a license commensurate with other




                                                               174,





              licenses in the amount not to exceed $100             tance Board. The Board is authorized to pro-
              for any device used for the taking and catch-         vide land use and development and water
              ing of seafood in the waters of the Common-           quality protection information. The Board
              wealth. The Commission, after ten days' no-           shall also promulgate regulations which es-
              tice to any person having a license issued to         tablish criteria for use by local governments
              it may revoke such license for violations of          to determine the ecological and geographic
              any provisions of this title.                         extent of Chesapeake Bay Preservation Ar-
                                                                    eas. Local governments will employ the crite-
              Groundwater Act of 1973                               ria to ensure that the use and development
                 The administration and enforcement of the          of land in Chesapeake Bay Preservation Ar-
              provisions of this chapter he with the State          eas shall be accomplished in a manner that
              Water Control Board and The Department                protects the quality of the state's waters. The
              of Health jointly (Va. Code Ann. Sec. 62.1-           Board adopted regulations on September 20,
              44.83). No certificate of groundwater right,          1989. These regulations give Tidewater local
              permit or registration statement authorized           governments until September 20, 1990 to des-
              by this chapter will be required for any water        ignate Chesapeake Bay Preservation Areas
              withdrawal of less than 300,000 gallons a             and employ performance criteria within
              month for groundwater withdrawn for agri-             them.
              cultural and livestock purposes. The Board
              may require persons who withdraw more than
              300,000 gallons of water per month in a
              groundwater management area for the same
              purposes to report the amount of withdrawal.
              Whenever, after a public hearing, the Board
              finds that the permit holder is wilfully violat-
              ing any provision of a permit the Board may
              cancel or suspend such certificate or impose
              conditions on the use therof in order to pre-
              vent future violations. Any person adjudged
              to have violated provisions of this chapter shall
              be guilty of a misdemeanor.

              Scenic Riven Act
                 In the Scenic Rivers Act (Va. Code Ann.
              Sec. 10.1400 et seq.) the Director of the De-
              partment of Conservation and Recreation is
              empowered to identify rivers or sections of
              rivers that should be considered for designa-
              tion because of their scenic, recreational and
              historic attributes. The agency designated by
              the General Assembly shall administer the see-
              nic river or section to preserve and protect
              its use and enjoyment, periodically survey the
              scenic river and its irm-nediate environs and
              monitor all existing and proposed uses.
              Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act
                The Act (Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10-313 et seq.)
              establishes the Chesapeake Bay Local Assis-



                                                                 175





                FEDERAL JURISDICTIONS AFFECTING PROPOSED RESERVE SITES
                Agency                                   JuYisdiction                             Legislation
                Army Corps of Engineers                  Dredging, filling, dumping,              Clean Water Act, Sec. 404; Rivers
                                                         hazards to navigation, wetlands in       and Harbors Act, Sec. 10, as
                                                         rivers and larger tributaries            amended

                Department of Commerce, Office           Oversight of National Estuarine          Coastal Zone Management Act, as
                of Ocean and Coastal Resource            Research Reserve and State               amended
                Management                               Coastal Zone Management pro-
                                                         grams

                National Marine Fisheries Service        Marine fisheries resources, endan-       Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
                                                         gered species, marine mammals            of 1934, Endangered Species Act
                                                                                                  of 1972, Commercial Fisheries
                                                                                                  Research and Development Act of
                                                                                                  1964, Anadromous Fish Conserva-
                                                                                                  tion Act of 1965


                Sea Grant Program                        Research, education and conserva-        Public Law 94461
                                                         tion in the coastal zone


                Department of the Interior, Fish         Migratory birds, endangered              Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Endan-
                and Wildlife Service                     species, marine mammals, inter-          gered Species Conservation Act,
                                                         state commerce of organisms              Lacey Act, Marine Mammal
                                                                                                  Protection Act, all as amended

                National Park Service                    National Register of Historic            Historic Preservation Act, as
                                                         Places, National Natural Land-           amended
                                                         marks, National Trust for Historic
                                                         Preservation


                Department of Transportation,            Maintenance of navigable waters,         14 USC 2, Primary Responsibilities
                Coast Guard                              shipping, small craft                    of the Coast Guard

                Environmental Protection Agency          Air and water quality guidelines,        Clean Air Act; Clean Water Act;
                                                         solid waste and toxic materials          Toxic Substances Control Act;
                                                         guidelines, spills, noise pollution,     Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
                                                         environmental review of projects         Rodenticide Act; Superfund;
                                                                                                  National Environmental Policy
                                                                                                  Act; and Resource Conservation
                                                                                                  and Recovery Act; all as amended


















                                                                          176




               STATE JURISDICTIONS AFFECTING PROPOSED RESERVE SITES
               Agency                                 juYisdiction                           Legislation
               Virginia Institute of Marine           Research in the marine sciences,       VIMS, Va. Code Ann., Sec. 28.1-
               Science                                lead agency in the Chesapeake Bay      195 et seq.
                                                      National Estuarine Research
                                                      Reserve System in Virginia

               Department of Agriculture and          Endangered plants and insects, soil    Endangered Plants and Insects
               Consumer Services                      and water conservation, erosion        Species Act, Va. Code Ann. Sec.
                                                      and sediment control, and storin-      3.1-1020 et seq.
                                                      water management
                                                                                             Erosion and Sediment Control
                                                                                             Law, Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-560
                                                                                             et seq.

                                                                                             Erosion and Sediment Control
                                                                                             Law, Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-
                                                                                             603.2 et seq.

               Department of Air Pollution            Air pollution                          Air Pollution Control Board, Va.
               Control                                                                       Code Ann. Sec. 10. 1-1300 et seq.

               Department of Waste Management Waste management                               Virginia Waste Management Act,
                                                                                             Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10.1-1400 et
                                                                                             seq.

               Department of Historic Resources       Historic Resources                     Historic Resources, Va. Code Ann.
                                                                                             Sec. 10.1-2200 et seq.

               Department of Game and Inland          Endangered species                     Endangered Species Act, Va. Code
               Fisheries                                                                     Ann., Sec. 29-230 et seq.

               Virginia Marine Resources Com-         Waters of the state, ports and         Va. Code Ann. Sec. 62.1-1 et seq.;
               mission                                harbors, subaqueous bottoms,           Sec. 62.1-3 et seq; Sec. 62.1-13.1 et
                                                      wetlands, fisheries and sand dunes     seq.; Sec. 28.1-1 et seq.

                                                                                             Coastal Primary Sand Dune Act,
                                                                                             Va. Code Ann. Sec. 62-1.13.21 et
                                                                                             seq.

               Department of Health; Virginia         Groundwater resources                  Groundwater Act of 1973, Va.
               Water Control Board                                                           Code Ann. Sec. 62.1-44.83


               Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance        Regulations establishing criteria      Va. Code Ann. Sec. 10-313 et seq.
               Board                                  for uses of Chesapeake Bay
                                                      Preservation Areas


               Department of Conservation and         River resources                        Scenic Rivers Act, Va. Code Ann.
               Recreation                                                                    Sec 10.1-400 et seq.

               Vuginia Department of Transpor-        Roads and bridges
               tation









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