    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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               California State Coastal Conservancy, 1987
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                       CREDITS

                       State Coastal Conservancy

                       Executive Officer:         Peter Grenell

                       Project Manager:           Laurel Marcus

                       Maps and Graphics:         Tom McKeag, Lee Ehmke

                       Editing:                   Laurel Marcus

                       Word Processing:           Joyce Hesse Lynch
                                                  Art Simpauco
                                                  Evette Stafford

                       Consultants

                       Hydrology:                 Philip Williams and Associates, San Francisco
                                                  Philip Williams
                                                  Robert Coats

                       Lagoon Biology:            Woodward Clyde Consultants, Walnut Creek
                                                  Ted Winfield

                       Batiouitos Lagoon Enhancement Grqa and other parties involved in the
                       plan.

                       Department of Fish and Game:
                                                  Denyse Racine
                                                  Ron Hein
                                                  Robert Ratovitch
                                                  Glenn Rollins

                       Department of Parks and Recreation:
                                                  Bill Tippets

                       State Lands Commission: Curtis Fossum

                       California Coastal Commission:
                                                  Adam Birnbaum

                       State Attorney General's Office:
                                                  Nancy Sagessee

                       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:
                                                  Jack Fancher
                                                  Martin Kenny

                       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
                                                 .Cheryl Conel

                     CREDITS (continued)

                     National Marin e Fisheries Service:
                                              Bob Hoffman

                     Leucadia County Water District:
                                              Joan Geiselhart
                                              Lois Humphries

                     City of Carlsbad:        Gary Wayne

                     Port of Los Angeles:     Vern Hall
                                              Lillian Kawasaki

                     Pacific Texas Pipeline Company:
                                              Michael Sotak

                     Hunt Properties, Inc.:   Larry Clemens

                     Sammis Properties:       Jon Briggs

                     Savage Property:         William Savage

                     Scripps Institute:       Scott Jenkins
                                              Dave Skelley

                     George Nolte and Associates:
                                              Jon Walters

                     Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation:
                                              Ann Omstead
                                              Bill Dean

                                    "We do not inherit the earth from our fathers,
                                          we borrow it from our children."

                                           BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                             Page

                             SUMMARY

                             INTRODUCTION

                             The Values of Coastal Wetlands
                             Batiquitos1agoon Enhancement Plan                                  8
                             Lagoon Study Area Boundary                                         9
                             Lagoon History                                                     9
                             Definitions                                                      17

                       II. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT                                               19

                             Soils, Water and Streams                                         19
                                  Introduction                                                19
                                  Geomorphic History                                          20
                                  Tidal Hydraulics and Entrance Channel Closure Conditions    22
                                  Hydrology of the Watershed                                  27
                                  Soils of the Watershed                                      31
                                  The Sediment System                                         32
                                  Sediment Yield and Transport Estimates                      33
                                  Lagoon Water Quality                                        36
                                  Summary                                                     42
                             Natural Resources                                                52
                                  Introduction                                                52
                                  Batiquitos Lagoon Habitat Types                             52
                                  Wildlife                                                    56
                                  Rare and Endangered Species                                 75
                                  Regional Perspective                                        79
                                  Summary                                                     85
                             Aesthetic Values                                                 87
                             Plans and Policies                                               88
                                  Lagoon Land Use and Ownership                               88
                                  Plans and Jurisdictions                                     92
                                       City of Carlsbad                                       92
                                       San Diego County/City of   Encinitas                   99
                                       San Diego County/Department of Public Health          103
                                       City of San Marcos                                    104
                                       Summary Local Government                              104
                                       State of California -                                 105
                                       California Environmental  Quality Act                 105
                                       California Coastal Commission                         105
                                       State Lands Division and Commission:                  106
                                            Public Trust Doctrine
                                       California Department of Fish and Game                107
                                       State Water Resources Control Board                   109

                                         BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                            Page

                                     Department of Parks and Recreation                     110
                                     Federal -                                              110
                                     National Environmental Protection Act                  110
                                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                           110
                                     Environmental Protection Agency
                                     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                                     National Marine Fisheries Service                      112
                                     Summary - State and Federal Agencies                   112

                     Summary of Existing Environmental Features                             114

                           Soils, Water and Streams                                         114
                           Natural Resources                                                115
                           Plans and Policies                                               115

                     III.  THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN                                             117

                           The Enhancement Plan  Process and Public Involvement             117
                           The Enhancement Plan                                             122
                           Tidal Alternatives                                               123
                                Tidal Prism and  Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions          123
                                Habitat Acreages                                            132
                                Construction Methods and Schedules                          140
                                Maintenance of the Lagoon Channel                           143
                                Sediment Control System                                     146
                                Public Access                                               151
                                Land Ownership and Land  Management                         155
                                Operation and Maintenance                                   156
                                Monitoring Program                                          159
                           Intermittent Tidal Alternatives                                  160
                                Alternative Four - Limited   Dredging Plan                  161
                           No Project Alternative                                           163

                     IV.   IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM                                           164

                           Introduction                                                     164
                           Project Design and Construction                                  165
                                Institutional Arrangements                                  165
                                Preliminary Studies                                         166
                           Transfer of Lagoon Land Ownership                                169
                           Operation and Maintenance                                        170
                                Monitoring                                                  170
                           Sediment Control Facilities                                      171
                                Structural Control Measures                                 171

                                           BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                              Page

                             Non-structural Control Measures                                  172
                             Public Access                                                    173
                                  North Shore Trail                                           173
                                  South Shore Facilities                                      175

                             Alternative Implementation Program                               183

                        APPENDICES

                        A.   List of Abbreviations
                        B.   Bibliography
                        C.   Lagoon Model
                        D.   Lagoon Plant  Species
                        E.   List of Birds

                                                    LIST OF FIGURES

                      Figure                                                                Paqe

                      Figure I        Regional Location                                        2

                      Figure 2        Wetland Processes                                        4

                      Figure 3        Topographic Survey Map, Batiquitos Lagoon, 1898        10

                      Figure 4        A Portion of USC and GS Air Photo Compilation,
                                        Batiquitos Lagoon, 1934                              15

                      Figure 5        U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Map,
                                        Batiquitos Lagoon, 1948                              16

                      Figure 6        Tidal Prism vs Cross-sectional Area,
                                        all inlets on Pacific Coast                          24

                      Figure 7        Closure Conditions of Natural   Lagoons in California
                                        in California                                        25A

                      Figure 8a       Flood Hydrographs, San Marcos   Creek                  28
                      Figure 8b       Flood Frequency of San Marcos   Creek                  29

                      Figure 9        Grain Size Distribution, San Marcos   Creek Delta      35

                      Figure 10       Derived Sediment Transport Curve, San Marcos Creek     38

                      Figure 11       Location of San Diego Water Quality Control Board
                                        Sampling Sites                                       40

                      Figure 12A      Conductivity data from Station A/Al                    43
                      Figure 12B      Conductivity data from Station B                       44
                      Figure 12C      Conductivity data from Station C                       45

                      Figure 13       Nitrogen and Phosphorous Cycles in   an
                                        Aquatic Enviornment                                  46

                      Figure 14A      Ammonia data from Station A/Al                         47
                      Figure 14B      Ammonia data from Station B                            48a
                      Figure 14C      Ammonia data from Station C                            48b
                      Figure 18       Total Phosphate Data From Stations A and B             50

                      Figure 16       Major Trophic State Classifications Based on
                                        Mean Chlorophyll a Concentrations                    51

                      Figure 17       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds    and
                                        Waterfowl at Batiquitos Lagoon, 1970 .               60

                      Figure 18       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds    and
                                        Waterfowl Observed at Batiquitos Lagoon
                                        Between October 1976 and February 1979               61

                                                    LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

                       Figure                                                              EA_qe

                       Figure 19       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds and
                                         Waterfowl Observed in the Eastern Lagoon
                                         and Western Lagoon at Batiquitos Lagoon             65

                       Figure 20       Shorebirds Observed During 1969-1972 Surveys at
                                         Western End (Beach Section) of Batiquitos Lagoon    67              r
                       Figure 21       Total Number of Individuals of Waterfowl Observed
                                         at Batiquitos, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
                                         Lagoons during Christmas Bird Surveys, 1975-1984    70

                       Figure 22       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds Observed
                                         at Batiquitos, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
                                         Lagoons during Christmas Bird Surveys, 1975-1984    76

                       Figure 23       Comparison of Major Habitat Types for Nine Coastal
                                         Wetlands in San Diego County                        80

                       Figure 24       Stage Capacity Curve, Batiquitos Lagoon               131

                       Figure 25       Distribution of the Most Common Halophytes by
                                            Elevation at Tijuana Estuary                     138

                       Figure 26       Sediment Inflow and Retention, San Marcos Creek
                                         Sediment Basin                                      148

                                          FIGURE (bound in back of plan)

                     Figure s

                     Figure  A       Lagoon Hydrology and Wetland Boundary

                     Figure  8       Watershed Maps Index
                             B-1     Watershed Map No. I
                             B-2     Watershed Map No. 2
                             B-3     Watershed Map No. 3
                             B-4     Watershed Map No. 4

                     Figure  C       Lagoon Vegetation

                     Figure  D       Least Tern Nesting Sites

                     Figure  E       Lagoon Viewshed

                     Figure  F       Land Ownership

                     Figure  G       Land Use and Utilities

                     Figure  H       Zoning and Jurisdictional Boundaries

                     Figure  I       Plan Alternative No. 1

                     Figure  J ABC   Cross-sections A-A

                     Figure  K ABC   Cross-sections B-B

                     Figure  L       Typical Cross-section, Freshwater Marsh Levee

                     Figure  M       Public Access

                     Figure  N       Plan Alternative No. 2

                     Figure  0       Plan Alternative No. 3

                     Figure  P       Plan Alternative No. 4

                                                    LIST OF TABLES

                       Table                                                               -Pa_qe

                       Table I        History  of Batiquitos Lagoon                         11

                       Table 2        Tidal Elevations                                      18

                       Table 3        Tidal Prism of Batiquitos Lagoon                      21

                       Table 4        Tidal Elevations at Scripps Wharf                     21

                       Table 5        Annual Sand Sediment Yield                            35

                       Table 6        Acres of Emergent Marsh, Sand/Mud/Shallow Water
                                      ( 12") and Open Water ( 12") in the Three Basins
                                      of Batiquitos Lagoon                                  54

                       Table 7        Results of Bird Surveys of Batiquitos Lagoon
                                      Between October 1976 and February 1979                62

                       Table 8        Shorebirds Observed During 1971-1972 Surveys   at the
                                      Western End (Beach Station) of Batiquitos Lagoon      68

                       Table 9        Christmas Bird Counts at Batiquitos Lagoon,
                                      1975-1984                                             71

                       Table 10       Christmas  Bird Counts at Buena Vista Lagoon,
                                      1975-1984                                             72

                       Table 11       Christmas  Bird Counts at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon,
                                      1975-1984                                             73

                       Table 12       Average Number of Individuals per Lagoon and
                                      Average Number of Individuals per Acre per Lagoon
                                      for Common Species of Dabbling Ducks                  74

                       Table 13       Summary of Least Tern Nesting at Batiquiutos Lagoon   77

                       Table 14       San Diego County Wetland Matrix                       82

                       Table 15       Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiquitos Lagoon
                                      and Watershed                                         93

                       Table 16       Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Goals                  118

                       Table 17       Summary of Alternatives-Batiquitos Lagoon
                                      Enhancement Plan                                     124

                       Table 18       Summary of Data for Natural Lagoons-
                                      California Coast                                     125

                                                    LIST OF TABLES

                      Table                                                                 Page

                      Table 19        Modeled and Measured Tide Heights,
                                      Batiquitos Lagoon NGVD (ft.)                          130

                      Table 20        Batiquitos Lagoon Sediment Control                    147

                      Table 21        Percent Efficiency of a Sediment Trap on
                                      San Marcos Creek                                      147

                      Table 22        Sediment Basins or Traps Required to Protect
                                      Batiquitos Lagoon                                     149

                      Table 23        Operation and Maintenance Costs                       157

                      Table 24        Implementation Program                                176

                                        BATIOUITOSLAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                  SUMMARY

                  INTRODUCTION

                  Batiquitos Lagoon is one of a series of six lagoons on the northern coast of
                  San Diego County. It lies at the southern edge of the City of Carlsbad
                  extending inland for 2 1/2 miles from its ocean mouth and averaging 112 mile in
                  width. As a coastal wetland, the lagoon provides wildlife habitat for many
                  resident and migratory species as well as an open space and recreational area
                  for its human neighbors.

                  Less than 150 years ago Batiquitos Lagoon was a fully tidal system, nourished
                  by daily infusions of ocean water. Archaeological evidence shows the lagoon
                  held marine shellfish which the local indians harvested in abundance. The
                  lagoon has changed significantly since this time with the advent of European
                  and American settlement. Roads and railroads now crisscross the lagoon
                  restricting water flows; vast amounts of sediment, washed down from plowed and
                  graded lands in the watershed, have filled in the lagoon. Portions of the
                  original eastern lagoon have been filled for developments; waterflows from the
                  upper watershed have been caught behind a dam and diverted to other uses. All
                  these alterations, perceived and carried forth as isolated actions over the
                  years, combine to drastically alter the lagoon. Batiquitos Lagoon now contains
                  water only seasonally, when tributary streams flow; tidal inflows have largely
                  stopped.

                  The changes which have occurred at Batiquitos Lagoon are exemplary of the
                  problems associated with many coastal wetlands in this region. Filling for
                  urban use, port and harbor development, and sedimentation have replaced
                  marshes, lagoons and estuaries along much of the California coast. Southern
                  California has experienced the highest rate of loss with over 75% of its
                  coastal wetlands gone. Los Angeles/Orange counties have experienced a 90%
                  reduction of coastal wetland acreage. This nearly complete destruction of
                  wetland habitats in southern California has made those areas which do remain
                  extremely valuable.

                  Despite all the changes Batiquitos Lagoon has undergone, large numbers of
                  migratory birds stop here every year on their annual journey. The lagoon
                  contains many acres of salt and brackish marsh and is a home for several
                  endangered species. While diminished in its capacity as a tidal system, the
                  lagoon is a rare and valuable habitat worth preserving and enhancing. Without
                  some human intervention to benefit the lagoon environment, it will continue to
                  fill with sediment and lose many of its wetland values in the next few decades.

                  The State Coastal Conservancy has coordinated and produced this plan. The
                  Conservancy was created in 1976 as an implementation agency for the California
                  Coastal Act. As a primary mandate of its enabling legislation, the Conservancy
                  is responsible for resolving coastal land issues and for planning and
                  implementing habitat enhancement projects. The Conservancy also has funds for
                  design and construction of public accessways and provides planning and
                  implementation assistance for watershed management programs. The Batiquitos

                                                        i

                   Lagoon Enhancement Plan has elements of all these programs and is
                   representative of our efforts to improve the resources of the coastal zone both
                   for people and wildlife.

                   This enhancement plan consists of two volumes. The first volume concerns the
                   enhancement of the lagoon only; the second volume address problems in the
                   lagoon watershed. Together, these two volumes present a comprehensive program          or
                   for enhancing the entire lagoon environment.

                   EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

                   Soils, Water and Streams

                   For thousands of years prior to  European settlement the mouth of Batiquitos
                   Lagoon was open on a continuous  basis. The channel was able to remain open
                   because the actual tidal prism of the lagoon had adequate capacity on the ebb
                   flow to scour a channel through the beach and offset the effect of sand build-
                   up in the channel. However, since settlement of the area, the lagoon has
                   experienced significant filling from erosion in the watershed and constriction
                   of water flows from the fills and bridges for Highways 101 and 5 and the
                   railroad. These bridges now represent choke points to tidal inflows.
                   Sedimentation has reduced the tidal prism of the lagoon to the point where the
                   mouth rarely opens and not enough tidewater is able to enter and leave the
                   lagoon to keep the mouth open. When the mouth does open, due to high
                   freshwater levels, tidal inflows now stop after a maximum of several days.

                   Now that the lagoon is dependent upon seasonal freshwater inflows, its water
                   level may vary considerably from year to year. In some summer and fall months
                   the lagoon may dry out, while in other years the lagoon retains shallow water
                   year round. Some winters the lagoon may have water depths over eight feet.
                   The amount of rain, number and timing of openings of the lagoon mouth and
                   draining of the lagoon, inflow of groundwater from springs and seeps and the
                   evaporative rate during summer now largely control the lagoon water level.

                   Monthly water quality  data are available for the years 1979-1983. The results
                   show that water quality in the lagoon is controlled by the frequency of opening
                   of the lagoon mouth, by evaporative concentration of salts, and by the inflow
                   of fresh nutrient-rich water from tributary creeks. Midsummer salinity in the
                   lagoon exceeds that of seawater, ranging from 2.5 times the salinity of
                   seawater in the upper lagoon to almost 4 times higher in the lower lagoon. The
                   inflow of water rich in ammonium, nitrate and phosphorous from San Marcos Creek
                   and probably other tributary streams stimulates blooms of ditch grass (Rugpia
                   maritima) and filamentous green algae. Increasing salinity and temperature
                   levels later in the summer cause the aquatic plants to die off. Decomposition
                   of the dead plants depletes the supply of dissolved oxygen in lagoon water and
                   further increases nutrient levels. Occasional sewage spills into the lagoon
                   further increase nutrient levels. With no tidal exchange and little summer
                   water inflow, water temperatures in the lagoon increase, further reducing the
                   dissolved oxygen. In summary, water quality conditions and water depths
                   fluctuate widely over one year's time with extremely harsh conditions
                   prevailing during mid to late summer.

                                                          ii

                  The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed consists of 52 square miles with the primary
                  tributary being San Marcos Creek. A dam on San Marcos Creek impounds water
                  into San Marcos Lake which acts as a silt basin for the upper portion of the
                  creek. The remaining area below the dam is incised in a canyon until it spills
                  out onto an alluvial plain which has been filled and developed for the La Costa
                  Golf Course. Encinitas Creek is the other major tributary. Most of the
                  floodplain of this creek is covered with riparian forest and marsh which traps
                  and holds most of the heavy sediment carried by the creek.

                  Estimates of the average annual sedimentation rate into the lagoon show
                  accumulation of 1-2 cm/year over the entire lagoon bottom. Estimates of the
                  sedimentation rates for San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks as well as the drainage
                  ditches along 1-5 at Piraeus and Eolus,are given. Other tributaries around the
                  lagoon either have sediment basins or are planned to have them. The primary
                  sources of this sedimentation are erosion of graded development sites,
                  agricultural areas, and open, un-vegetated land, and channel erosion. Maps of
                  the watershed illustrate the current extent of developed and agricultural
                  lands, natural and channelized streams and disturbed lands. If current
                  sedimentation rates continue, the entire lagoon will be filled in up to the
                  +4.0 MSL elevation in 30-50 years.

                  Natural Resources

                  Batiquitos Lagoon contains six habitat types: salt marsh, brackish marsh,
                  sand/mudflats which are seasonally covered by water, deep water, and riparian
                  forest dominated by willows. Salt and brackish marsh are present around the
                  edge of the lagoon and comprise about 178 acres. Deep water areas occur mostly
                  in the middle and western lagoons covering only 29 acres. The mud/sand flats
                  are the most extensive habitat covering 393 acres. These flats may be
                  inundated under eight feet of water some years, dry out completely or have only
                  a few inches of water. The values of this habitat to wildlife varies with the
                  amount of water the lagoon contains.

                  The abundance and variety of wildlife in the lagoon is a reflection of the
                  extent, type, and quality of habitats. Several species of mammals, such as
                  jackrabbits, ground squirrels'and raccoons use the lagoon and live along its
                  edges as do several reptilian species. Fish species are limited in diversity
                  due to the drastic fluctuations in water quality and temperature which occur
                  annually in the lagoon. Likewise, benthic invertebrates (worms, clams and
                  other creatures which inhabit the lagoon bottom) and zooplankton species
                  probably have difficulty surviving the water quality conditions at the lagoon.

                  Birds, both migratory and resident, are the most conspicuous members of the
                  lagoon fauna. Batiquitos Lagoon supports a seasonal influx of migratory
                  waterfowl and shorebirds. Both shorebirds and waterfowl use the eastern basin
                  of the lagoon more than the western basin. Shorebirds typically use the lagoon
                  in late summer and fall when water levels are shallow and allow feeding by
                  short-legged bird species.. In drier years, Batiquitos Lagoon supports greater
                  numbers of shorebirds than either Agua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons.
                  However, in high water years when the Batiquitos Lagoon water levels are deep,
                  shorebird populations are higher at Agua Hedionda Lagoon.

                                                       iii

                   Waterfowl tend to use Batiquitos Lagoon during winter months when water is             or
                   fresh and levels are higher. Batiquitos usually has higher numbers of
                   waterfowl than either Agua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. In drier years
                   when Batiquitos water levels are low, Buena Vista Lagoon hosts larger waterfowl
                   populations.

                   Other resident bird species include small passerine birds such as Long-billed
                   Marsh Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds, House Finches and Song Sparrows which
                   reside in the marsh or adjacent uplands. Wading birds such as Great Blue
                   Herons and Great Egrets feed in the lagoon as do marine species like Double-
                   crested Cormorants, Forster's Tern and California Gulls.

                   Several state and federally listed endangered species nest or feed in the
                   lagoon. These include the California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah Sparrow,
                   and Brown Pelican. A candidate species, the Snowy Plover also nests in the
                   lagoon. The riparian forest along Encinitas Creek provides habitat for the
                   Least Bell's Vireo.

                   In comparison to other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon has high
                   habitat values for waterfowl and shorebirds. It has a low value for fishery
                   habitat due to the lack of tidal inflows or stable water levels. The lagoon
                   also has a high value for endangered species due to the number of different
                   species nesting and feeding in the area.

                   Aesthetic Values

                   One of the most immediately noticeable qualities of Batiquitos  Lagoon are its
                   aesthetic values. The diversity of the landscape, the beauty of such a large
                   water feature, and the expansive open space of the lagoon set it apart from
                   other surrounding lands. Steep bluffs ring the lagoon, striking a contrast
                   with the flat basin. The lagoon also provides a wide swath of open space
                   unrestricted by urban developments. Only the roads and railway break up the
                   continuous line of sight along the lagoon.

                   Plans and Policies

                   At present, the lagoon lands primarily serve as a wildlife habitat both
                   officially under the ownership of the Department of Fish and Game and the State
                   Lands Commission and unofficially under the ownerships of HPI, Mitsuuchi and
                   Community Bank. The lagoon is bordered and crossed by several transportation
                   corridors and utility lines of various types.

                   The agricultural uplands along the north shore of the lagoon are slated for
                   mixed use development west of Interstate 5 and proposed for residential and
                   resort development east of Interstate 5. Residential development covers the
                   lagoon's southern bluff tops and the La Costa Resort and various commercial
                   lands border the floodplain of San Marcos Creek to the immediate east of the
                   lagoon. Green Valley and Encinitas Creek still support some agricultural use
                   but much of this area is planned for development. In sum, the lands
                   surrounding the lagoon and comprising its immediate watershed are either
                   already developed as urban areas or are proposed for development within the
                   next ten years. The lagoon itself remains an important open space area and

                                                         iv

                 wildlife habitat/reserve.

                 Four'local governments have jurisdiction over Batiquitos Lagoon and its
                 watershed: the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of
                 San Diego.

                 The lagoon and its north shore, most of the San Marcos Creek floodplain and two
                 separate portions of the Encinitas Creek floodplain lie within the City of
                 Carlsbad. The City's General Plan Open Space and Conservation element and West
                 Batiquitos Land Use Plan contain goals and policies which support preservation
                 and restoration of the lagoon as open space, protection of wildlife, and
                 retention of public recreation and visual access to the lagoon. The City
                 policies also outline retention of the natural character of waterways. The
                 City's Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan, although not adopted, contains many
                 goals which guide evaluation of development proposals.

                 There is a certified Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan (San Dieguito LUP)
                 which includes the bluffs along the southern margin of the lagoon and a small
                 area of Encinitas Creek. These areas have since been incorporated into the
                 City of Encinitas. The San Dieguito LUP, when written, also included the
                 lagoon prior to Carlsbad's annexation of the area in 1984.

                 The County's San Dieguito Community Plan designates the portion of Encinitas
                 Creek east of the coastal zone boundary (El Camino Real) as an impact sensitive
                 area and for open space. The City of Encinitas will be formulating a new plan
                 for these former county lands and the present LUP and Community Plan may serve
                 as guides.

                 Within the City of San Marcos lies much of the upper watershed of San Marcos
                 Creek. San Marcos Dam impounds most of this drainage and separates it
                 functionally from the lagoon watershed. The small area of the creek within the
                 City of San Marcos downstream from the dam is zoned for open space use.

                 Two agencies - the California Coastal Commission and the Army Corps of
                 Engineers, have the primary permit authority over the lagoon area. Advisory to
                 the Corps on permit applications is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                 National Marine Fisheries Service and the Department of Fish and Game. These
                 "Resource" agencies have policies which require a project to cause no net loss
                 of fish and wildlife values either through permit denial, redesign of the
                 project or mitigation of project impacts. The Corps must weigh many factors in
                 its permit decision including the "public interest" and makes the final permit
                 decision. In addition to its authority over Batiquitos Lagoon, the Corps may
                 also have authority over the riparian resources and streambeds of San Marcos
                 and Encinitas Creeks.

                 The Coastal Commission has extensive policies and guidelines regarding
                 protection and restoration of wetland habitats. The Coastal Act identifies
                 Batiquitos Lagoon as one of the nineteen most important coastal wetlands in the
                 state.

                 The State Lands Commission and Department of Fish and Game have additional
                 authority over the lagoon to protect the public trust and fish and wildlife

                                                        v

                   resources, respectively. Department of Fish and Game must issue stream
                   alteration permits for any changes in the tributaries to the lagoon.

                   SUMMARY OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

                      o Road fills and bridges which cross the lagoon restrict water movements and
                      act as choke points to tidal flows

                      o Sediment from agriculture and urban development in the watershed has
                      filled in the lagoon, significantly reducing the tidal prism. Sedimentation
                      continues to flow into the lagoon and is expected to fill the lagoon up to
                      the +4.0-ft (MSL) elevation in 30-50 years

                      o Water quality data for the lagoon shows salinity and temperature levels
                      undergo enormous variation over a year, nutrient levels for nitrogen and
                      phosphate are very high and water quality conditions exceed the tolerance
                      levels of most aquatic animals

                      o Fluctuations in water levels in the lagoon create areas of varying water
                      depth. Depth of water dictates the species of migratory shorebirds and
                      waterfowl able to use the lagoon as a feeding site. Most years the lagoon
                      provides significant migratory bird feeding habitat during winter months

                      o Variation in water levels determines the location and size of nesting
                      areas for endangered California Least Terns.and Snowy Plovers

                      o Major portions of the lagoon are in private ownership and not managed as
                       wildlife habitat

                      o Local City of Carlsbad General Plan policies and land use designations
                      support preservation of the lagoon as "open space"

                      o A 16 inch gas line crosses the western lagoon as do several utility lines
                      and transportation corridors

                      o The lagoon watershed lies in the jurisdiction of four local governments
                      City of Carlsbad, City Of San Marcos, the newly incorporated City of
                      Encinitas, and San Diego County. Each has different zoning and land use
                      policies for their portion of the watershed streams

                   THE PLAN PROCESS

                   In January, 1985, the Conservancy established a Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement
                   Group to set enhancement goals and help guide the progress of the enhancement
                   plan. Table i lists these goals. This group included members of government
                   agencies, local landowners, members of the lagoon foundation and others. All
                   the meetings of the group were open to the public and several public workshops
                   were held. The Conservancy hired a consulting team to summarize existing
                   knowledge on the lagoon and to formulate enhancement alternatives.

                   During the time that the enhancement group was deliberating over enhancement
                   alternatives, the Port of Los Angeles (Port) and the Pacific Texas Pipeline

                                                        vi

                  Company (PacTex) approached both the Conse  rvancy and the lagoon enhancement
                  group. These two entities were proposing to fill a subtidal area of the Port
                  to create an oil tanker facility and a pipeline to ca-rry oil from California to
                  Texas. Since the fill would permanently fill a marine habitat in the Port, the
                  Port and PacTex were required under federal and state permit processes to
                  compensate for the loss of habitat. Within the Port boundaries there was not
                  adequate room for creation or improvement of enough area to act as
                  compensation. A site on the southern California coast was needed and after a
                  review of several locations by the Resource Agencies, Batiquitos Lagoon was the
                  prime candidate.

                  The involvement of the Port of Los Angeles and PacTex significantly changed the
                  enhancement opportunities for Batiquitos Lagoon. A potential funding source
                  for enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon to a fully tidal system had appeared.

                  Within several months, the Conservancy staff and their consultants developed
                  three enhancement alternatives for the lagoon. The tidal cycle of each of
                  these was simulated by computer to evaluate tidal heights and thus calculate
                  habitat types created.

                  The three Resource Agencies - Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and
                  Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service evaluated the existing
                  habitat values of Batiquitos Lagoon and those which would be created by the
                  three alternatives. Using the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) developed by
                  the Fish and Wildlife Service, these agencies identified the minimum acceptable
                  habitat acreages which had to be used in the plan to sustain existing values.
                  These acreage figures are contained in Alternative One. The Resource Agencies,
                  landowners, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and others endorsed
                  Alternative One as the "preferred alternative".

                  Other issues which were investigated and negotiated include: alignment of a
                  public access trail along the north shore of the lagoon, a plan for controlling
                  sedimentation into the lagoon, and operation and maintenance program for the
                  lagoon and an implementation plan for the project. Proposed actions to solve
                  these problems are included in this plan.

                  The Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan was released in October,    1986, and
                  the Conservancy held a public hearing January 15, 1987. Due to the level of
                  public comment regarding the biological effects of Alternative One, and the
                  lack of substantiation for the HEP determination, the Conservancy no longer
                  endorses any of the alternatives as a preferred plan. The EIR/EIS being
                  completed by the City of Carlsbad and the Army Corps of Engineers will
                  determine the preferred enhancement alternative.

                                                         vii

                                                                                                         01o
                                                      TABLE i

                                        BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT GOALS

                     Habitat Types

                       -  The overall goal is to enhance the lagoon environment for
                          wildlife habitat.
                       -  Open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird
                          habitats to the greatest degree feasible.
                       -  Protect endangered species habitat and create additional habitat
                          where possible.
                       -  Maintain existing areas of wetland and create additional marsh.
                       -  Maintain existing riparian habitat.
                       -  Maintain natural buffer (e.g. bluffs) where possible and
                          adequate lateral buffer (e.g. 100 ft.) in other areas.

                     Hydrology

                       -  Restore tidal action.
                       -  Provide for a fluctuation of water level.
                       -  Maintain good water quality.
                       -  Keep the lagoon wet as much of the year as is possible.

                       Public Access

                       -  Create a north shore trail.
                       -  Establish viewing points around the lagoon with interpretive signs.
                       -  Recommend the City of Carlsbad include a bike trail in any expansion of
                          La Costa Blvd.
                       -  No water sports, boats or fishing should be allowed in the lagoon.

                       Visual Oualities

                       -  Minimize the use of man-made structures.
                          Retain a natural look.
                       -  Biological viability takes precedence over aesthetic values
                          should the two ever conflict.

                       Sedimentation

                       -  Reduce sedimentation into the lagoon using the most cost effective
                          remedies.
                       -  A mixture of public and private funding should be used to operate
                          and maintain lagoon improvements.

                                                       Vill

                  THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                  The enhancement of coastal wetlands is still an uncertain process. Despite ten
                  years of enhancement efforts in California wetlands, there are still many
                  unknowns and always the possibility that what is planned in an enhancement
                  project will not be realized in the final result. Consequently, there is a
                  degree of risk involved in undertaking any enhancement efforts at Batiquitos
                  Lagoon. But there is a more assured risk in leaving Batiquitos Lagoon in its
                  present condition. Sedimentation levels into the lagoon far exceed natural
                  levels  and the lagoon is quickly filling in. Now that the mouth rarely opens
                  except  in large floods, nearly all the sediment entering the lagoon remains
                  there,  progressively building up the bottom elevations and transforming the
                  lagoon  into an upland. Calculations using current sedimentation rates and
                  lagoon  bottom elevations found Batiquitos Lagoon will be filled in its entirety
                  to the  +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years. As such an event occurs, the
                  shallow water habitat so valuable to migratory bird species will disappear,
                  replaced by marsh and eventually riparian forest and upland.

                  The primary goals of the enhancement program are to: "enhance Batiquitos Lagoon
                  for wildlife habitat" and to "open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining
                  migratory bird habitats to the greatest degree feasible". Turning these goals
                  into plan alternatives necessitates looking at the entire lagoon system, not
                  just a single component of the system. The hydrology, water quality, sediment
                  mechanics, each floral and faunal component as well as economic and engineering
                  factors, have to be considered.

                  At present, most of the lagoons' habitat values are directly related to the
                  lagoon's varied hydrologic regime. Batiquitos Lagoon functions as a seasonally
                  flooded wetland subject to varied water depths. The lagoon undergoes yearly
                  and seasonal extremes in water quality and supports few resident aquatic
                  species.Emergent marsh rings the lagoon varying in species composition due to
                  differences in salinity levels around the lagoon. The lagoon's value to
                  migratory shorebirds and waterfowl fluctuates with its water depths and cannot
                  be determined at a consistent yearly value. Likewise, the availability of
                  nesting areas for endangered Lest Terns and Snowy Plovers varies with water
                  levels. Unfortunately, the bird counts and data which exist for the Batiquitos
                  Lagoon are not comprehensive enough in scope to relate bird populations and
                  water levels over a long period of time. Therefore, any evaluation of the
                  value of the lagoon habitat for migratory birds is a judgement made by trained
                  experts after review of what data is available. These experts, drawn from both
                  the Resource Agencies and conservation organizations, do not agree on the
                  lagoon's existing habitat values nor do they agree on how to translate these
                  existing habitat values of seasonal wetland into habitat values for intertidal
                  mudflats. The intertidal system provides a different food base for bird
                  species and can be considered a more "stable" system of predictably fluctuating
                  water levels and habitat acreages. There are no previous models to review
                  where a seasonal wetland and a tidal wetland have been compared for value to
                  migratory birds.

                  -The other evaluation inherent in a plan for a    tidal system is an analysis of
                  the hydraulic function of the lagoon under different tidal prisms. Road fills
                  now constrict water flows through the lagoon and the mouth is confined to a

                                                           ix

                   small' opening which is blocked by sand and cobbles. The ability of the lagoon
                   to maintain a clear channel can be evaluated using different computer models
                   and approaches, but this evaluation also falls within the category of expert
                   opinion. Scientific expertise in predicting coastal processes is not yet well
                   developed.

                   This Revised Draft Plan reviews a number of alternatives for enhancement of
                   Batiquitos Lagoon. The determination of what alternative is the
                   environmentally preferred plan will be made through the EIR/EIS process
                   following preliminary engineering studies. This Draft Plan sets forth a number
                   of conceptual plans for evaluation.

                   The plan reviews three fully tidal alternatives involving different amounts of
                   dredging and various size tidal prisms. Alternative One contains the largest
                   mean diurnal tidal prism of 67 million cubic feet. Alternative Two is slightly
                   smaller with a mean diurnal tidal prism of 60 million cubic feet. Alternative
                   Three contains a mean diurnal tidal prism of 46 million cubic feet.

                   Tidal Prism and Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions

                   The single most important hydrolog ic design constraint for Batiquitos Lagoon is
                   to ensure that there is a sufficiently large tidal prism to keep the entrance
                   channel open. The lagoon channel can only retain an "always open" state if
                   the scouring power of the ebb tidal prism is greater than the wave power along
                   the beach to move sand into the channel. This wave power reaches a peak during
                   storms. The complexity of the hydrodynamic processes involved and the
                   difficulty in their measurement, make it difficult to predict a critical value
                   for the tidal prism needed to assure the lagoon entrance channel will always
                   remain open. This plan uses an empirical approach to predict the needed tidal
                   prism for Batiquitos Lagoon. This approach allows us to graph deepwater
                   wavepower against the potential mean tidal prism and observed closure
                   conditions for 22 California lagoons and estuaries and the three tidal
                   alternatives for Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure 7). As the separation   line
                   between "always open" estuary entrance channels and "sometimes closed" channels
                   is approximate, we have shifted the line downward by a factor of two to
                   conservatively predict the function of these proposed alternatives. When this
                   analysis is done, Alternatives One and Two remain in the "always open" category
                   and Alternative Three falls on the dividing line between "always open" and
                   "sometimes closed".

                   Another way of looking at the size of the tidal prism created under each
                   alternative is to compare them to the historic condition which existed in
                   Batiquitos Lagoon. In 1850, Batiquitos Lagoon had an estimated mean diurnal
                   tidal prism of 90 million cubic feet. Alternative One would re-create 75% of
                   this original tidal prism, Alternative Two would create 66% and Alternative
                   Three, 51% of the original tidal prism.

                   For each of the alternatives, the lagoon would be dredged to create a tidal
                   basin. In the eastern basin, material would be excavated from the -2.5 foot
                   MSL contour down to the -6.0 foot contour. The western basins would be
                   excavated down to the -8.0 foot contour. A hydrodynamic computer program was
                   used to analyze tidal heights in the entire lagoon for an average tidal cycle.

                                                         x

                 In order to decrease the amount of friction between the lagoon bottom and tidal
                 flows, to create subtidal habitat and to overdredge the lagoon slightly, these
                 bottom elevations were decided upon. This analysis also showed that deeper
                 dredging in either basin provided no additional benefits to tidal flows. Ebb
                 flows through the entrance channel would be slowed by energy losses and the
                 mean lower low tide level in the main section of the lagoon is increased by .4
                 feet over the level present at the beach. Most of this dampening effect is due
                 to the constriction of the entrance channel by the Highway 101 bridge.

                 For the most part' the dredging area is confined to the presently un-vegetated
                 portions of the lagoon. The dredging was designed in this way to avoid loss of
                 existing marshland. The dredging contours would create an un-vegetated
                 intertidal zone below existing marshes; a subtidal zone would be created below
                 the intertidal band. This subtidal zone would include a defined bottom channel
                 to help transport the sediment out of the lagoon.

                 Alternative Four describes an intermittent tidal system. This type of system
                 would require a greater deal of maintenance and less initial dredging. The
                 potential mean diurnal tidal prism created under this alternative would equal
                 30 million cubic feet. This size tidal prism, when compared with other
                 California estuaries and the other alternatives, would fall into the
                 "frequently closed" category. To restore tidal flushing, the lagoon mouth
                 would have to be cleared of sand and cobbles as often as it closed. The lagoon.'
                 could vary considerably from a continuously tidal system under this alternative
                 due to the difficulty of opening the channel promptly following closure.

                 Habitat Acreages

                 Table ii lists the habitat acreages created under each enhancement alternative.

                 The subtidal habitat is a shallow water area which is covered by 5 to 10 feet
                 of water during most tidal cycles. Certain fish and invertebrate species would
                 be expected to colonize the subtidal area following the enhancement. Typical
                 fish species which would inhabit the lagoon include: California halibut,
                 white, spot-fin, and yellow croaker, and deep-body anchovy.

                 The intertidal habitat consists of mudflats, which are covered and exposed twice
                 daily by the tides.. The invertebrate worms, molluscs, crustaceans and others
                 which would colonize this zone are the primary food source for migratory
                 shorebirds.

                 Following the dredging, the abundance and variety of animals colonizing both
                 the intertidal and subtidal habitats will be a function of the subtrate type in
                 the lagoon bottom, water quality, nutrient conditions and soil chemistry.
                 These factors will undergo changes following the initial dredging and the
                 system may not reach an equilibrium for several years.

                 The salt/brackish marsh'areas will not be mechanically manipulated. The
                 introduction of tidal inundation could change the composition of plant species
                 and areal extent of marsh in the lagoon.

                                                       xi

                                                           Table ii

                              SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES      BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                             1          2          3          4

                    Intertidal Area (acres)
                    (+2.5' to -2.5' NGVD*)                  170         217          317      338-
                                                                                              348

                    Subtidal area (acres)
                    (below -2.5' NGVD)                      220         171          71      35-45

                    Area of salt/brackish   marsh (acres)
                    (above +2.5' NGVD)                      139         141          141      141

                    Area of Least Tern  habitat (acres)      34          34          34        34

                    Area of freshwater  marsh (acres)        33          33          33        33

                    Potential mean diurnal tidal prism
                    (million cubic.feet)                     67          60          46        30

                    Potential perigean spring tidal
                    prism (million cubic feet)               99          89          68        40

                    Approximate volume
                    of dredge material
                    (million cubic yards)                     3.0         2.1         1.3      --

                    Entrance channel area
                    (below 0' NGVD) (square   feet)       1700          1500        1200

                    Total Capital Costs (includes
                    dredging @ $4.00/yd, drag bucket
                    system, beach groins, levee,
                    in million dollars)                      12.4         8.8         5.6

                    *NGVD   National Geodetic Vertical Datum     - approximately equal to Mean Sea
                    Level

                                                            xii

                  The plan includes a managed freshwater marsh to be constructed in the
                  north*eastern corner of the lagoon. The primary reason for creation of a
                  freshwater marsh is to assure that the lagoon provides habitat for dabbling
                  ducks which currently use the lagoon during the winter. The marsh would be
                  enclosed within a levee and filled with six inches to one foot of water derived
                  from San Marcos Creek. A weir would be placed in San Marcos Creek to pond and
                  divert water. The levee would contain slide/flap gates to allow for release of
                  freshwater and occasional flooding by salt water. The water regime and
                  vegetation of the marsh would be managed to maximize waterfowl habitat.

                  The enhancement plan specifies creation of four Least Tern nesting sites to
                  preserve nesting habitat for this endangered species. Each site would be
                  created from sandy dredge spoils, capped with clean beach sand and protected
                  from predators by fencing. Fencing will be placed at a distance from each site
                  such that it deters domestic animals and other mammals, but doesn't provide a
                  hunting perch for avian predators.

                  The habitat types created under Alternative Four may vary from those created
                  under a continuously tidal system. The frequency with which the lagoon mouth
                  is kept open will largely determine if the lagoon is marine and tidal in
                  function or if it ponds freshwater and is brackish. It is difficult to predict
                  how the water regime would function and thus what type of habitat would occur.

                  Construction Methods

                  All the alternatives will require dredging and disposal of large amounts of
                  sand and silt material from the lagoon. The physical and chemical studies
                  necessary to determine a dredge spoils disposal program are currently underway
                  as part of the preliminary engineering and environmental analysis. Generally,
                  the preferable disposal option is to place sandy dredge spoils on local beaches
                  if feasible and dispose of clay/silt spoils on adjacent properties or as
                  landscape fill for other areas.

                  The most inexpensive method of dredging the lagoon is to use dry land
                  techniques rather than hydraulic dredging. Construction would begin in the
                  east basin and progress to the west. The beginning of project construction
                  must be scheduled either prior to the beginning of the nesting season of the
                  Least Tern or following fledging of all chicks. The location of haul roads
                  must also be arranged to minimize trampling and destruction of salt marsh or
                  other sensitive areas.

                  Lagoon Channel Maintenance

                  Under Alternatives One, Two, and Three, the lagoon channel would require
                  maintenance should a large enough storm fill it with sand. The system outlined
                  under Alternative Four could require frequent channel maintenance.

                  The plan proposes two alternative maintenance methods: drag bucket with an
                  offshore block and tackle or a short pier with a drag bucket operated by a
                  crane. The drag bucket system basically consists of a Sauerman drag-scraper
                  which is pulled along a cable through the channel. The bucket scoops up
                  material from the channel and then re-deposits it offshore.

                                                       xiii

                    Sediment Control System

                    A sediment control plan for the Batiquitos Lagoon watershed specifies both
                    structural and non-structural control methods as well as a survey of existing
                    conditions in the watershed. It is not practical to construct sediment control
                    facilities which will capture both the heavy and the fine sediments entering
                    the lagoon from the watershed. The sediment basins described here are designed
                    to catch only the heavy sediments; the fine sediments (about 80% of the total
                    sediment inflow) would pass into the lagoon and, if the lagoon is enhanced, be
                    carried out with the tide.

                    Structural sediment control facilities would be constructed at four sites:

                       San Marcos Creek Sediment Basin    This basin would be 300 feet wide and     500
                       feet long and the channel through the golf course would be deepened. A      weir      OF
                       set at +5.0 feet MSL would cross the channel at the bridge. This weir would
                       slow flows for both the 2 year and 100 year storms enough to efficiently
                       trap heavy sediments.

                       Encinitas Creek    The riparian trees in Green Valley are functioning as a
                       natural sandtrap and are protecting the lagoon frorn accumulation of heavy
                       sediment. The riparian areas and natural floodplain in this entire creek
                       should be preserved and managed to avoid downcutting and loss of natural
                       vegetation. To improve the ability of this corridor to trap sand, a low dam
                       would be constructed across the channel with several culvert outlets set     at
                       the same elevation to disperse flow across the corridor. A five acre trap
                       above this dam would be cleared of sand every five years with a minimum of
                       disturbance to riparian vegetation.

                       Drainage ditches adjacent to 1-5 at   Piraeus and Eolus    These drainage
                       ditches contribute sand to the lagoon. Two debris basins would be
                       constructed on the trapezoidal channels to enhance sediment trapping.

                    The primary causes of erosion and sedimentation in the watershed are: runoff
                    of loose sediment from graded development sites and agricultural lands; erosion
                    of natural streambeds from increased stormflows due to paving of adjacent.lands
                    and concrete lining of portions of streams; discharge of stormdrains into
                    natural stream channels and canyons causing gully formation and channel
                    erosion.

                    The most effective method of controlling these problems is to limit the     amount
                    and type of ground disturbance in the watershed through local ordinances.
                    Implementation of the following non-structural control measures is recommended:

                       Revision and adoption of erosion control ordinances (Best Management
                       Practices) in the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and County o
                       San Diego. The watershed plan reviews the City of Carlsbad erosion control
                       ordinance and suggests adoption of this ordinance, with several additions
                       and revisions by the other jurisdictions. Grading on large areas, during
                       the rainy season, road-building on steep slopes and other kinds of intensive
                       site disturbance could negate any downstream sediment control efforts.
                       Implementation of this ordinance as well as the following features are

                                                          xiv

                    essential to reducing sediment inputs to the lagoon.

                    Changing agricultural practices in the watershed to relect Resource
                    Management Practices as suggested by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service.

                    Adoption of floodplain management criteria for stream channels in the Cities
                    of Carlsbad, San Marcos, and Encinitas. The watershed plan reviews the
                    sediment retention features of natural floodplains and offers two options to
                    retain these features during the development process.

                    Adoption of stormwater management criteria in the Batiguitos watershed by
                    the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas. These criteria should
                    reduce the amount of peak runoff produced by new developments in the
                    watershed and decrease the problem of streambed erosion and sediment
                    deposition into the lagoon.

                 The combination of sand-catching sediment basins, tidal flushing of fine
                 sediment, and the implementation of watershed erosion controls, and floodplain
                 management, is the most cost effective means of reducing sedimentation into the
                 lagoon.

                 Public Access

                 A public access trail is proposed for the north shore of the lagoon. Beginning
                 in the northeastern corner of the lagoon, the trailhead will be located on
                 Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores property over which the Conservancy holds an
                 open space/public access easement. The trail follows the existing dirt road
                 along the north shore and begins to divert from this road on the HPI property.
                 The trail moves to border the lagoon wetlands and will be located within the
                 outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer. The trail moves from the lagoon
                 border to the dirt road and back along the shoreline in this section. The dirt
                 road then intersects Lagoon Lane where another trailhead would be located.

                 Continuing the trail around the wetland and under Interstate 5 is both costly
                 and creates a disturbance to the wetlands. Therefore, the recommended
                 alignment consists of the shoreline trail along the eastern basin and a series
                 of trails along the western basins. Public streets connect both trails making
                 it possible to traverse from one end of the lagoon to the other.

                 The western basin trails may be reached in several ways. A primary access
                 point will be on Windrose Circle in the Sammis development. From this point
                 the trail will proceed both east to a viewing area and west along the bluffs on
                 a pedestrian bridge over the railroad to Highway 101. The entire trail will be
                 designed with an improved surface and be available for pedestrian use only.

                 As part of the public access improvements, interpretive signs would be placed
                 at various points around the lagoon and viewing areas located near wildlife
                 areas.

                 Land Ownership and Management

                 The private lands in the lagoon must be transferred to the State Lands

                                                       xv

                                                         Table iii
                                             02eration a;-d Maintenance Costs

                   Plan Element             Task                 Cost                   FreQuency

                   Overall manage-     Oversight and        $60,000/yearly        Continuous over-
                   ment of lagoon      maintenance of       for full time         sight; perfor-
                                       fencing, fresh-      manager; only         mance and over-
                                       water marsh,         a part-time           sight of maint-
                                       Least Tern           manager may be        enance activities
                                       nesting sites,       required              as needed
                                       sediment
                                       facilities,
                                       monitoring of
                                       lagoon, patrol -
                                       ling reserve

                   Lagoon Channel      Clearance of          $1000/Clearance      Possibly once   in
                                       cobbles and                                thirty years or
                                       sand                                       more often; no
                                                                                  estimates are
                                                                                  available

                   Freshwater Marsh    Management of        Not available at      Yearly manage-
                                       water levels and     this time             ment; replace-
                                       vegetation;                              Iment of gates,
                                       maintenance of                             culverts, etc.,
                                       tidegates,                                 as needed
                                       water diversion
                                       strUctures, etc.

                   Least Tern sites    Removal of           $300-500/acre/        Yearly management
                                       vegetation,             year
                                       maintenance of
                                       sandy surface

                   Sediment Control    Cleaning and         Approximate -         Average annual
                   Facilities          disposal of          $68,700               may vary each year
                                       sediment

                   Public Access       Repair and           Unknown,              Unknown,
                   Trail               replacement          until designs         trail will be
                                       of signs,            are completed         designed with
                                       interpretive         approximately         low maintenance
                                       facilities,          2% of constr-         criteria
                                       water bars,          uction costs
                                       resurfacing          per year
                                       of trail

                                                           xvi

                                                     Table iii (continued)
                                          Operation and Maintenance Costs

                  Plan Element           Task                Cost                Freauency

                 Monitoring         Measurement of      $30,000-$50,000     Yearly program
                                    physical,
                                    chemical and
                                    biological
                                    parameters of
                                    enhanced lagoon

                                                      xvii

                    Commission before construction of the enhancement project may begin. The State
                    Lands Commission will then lease the property to the Department of Fish and
                    Game and the entire lagoon would be managed as an Ecological Reserve. Nature
                    study, hiking along shoreline trails, sport fishing from designated shoreline
                    areas, and passive recreation will be allowed while boating, sw'imming, hunting
                    and commercial fishing are not permissable.

                    Operation and Maintenance

                    Many features of the lagoon enhancement program will require operation and
                    maintenance. These include: general oversight of lagoon use and conditions,
                    lagoon inletchannel, managed freshwater marsh, Least Tern nest sites, sediment
                    control basins, and the public access trail. Table iii outlines these
                    activities and their costs.

                    A monitoring program would periodi  cally review the physical contours of the
                    lagoon, record water quality conditions and census benthic organisms, fish and
                    bird species in the lagoon. The purpose of the program is to review changes in
                    the conditions of the physical, floral and faunal components of the lagoon      over
                    time.

                    IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

                    Once constructed, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project will be one of the
                    largest and most costly habitat enhancement projects ever undertaken. It will
                    require a number of permits, agency agreements, landowner agreements-and-
                    establishment of several funding mechanisms.

                    The main agreement to implement both the PacTex fill project and its
                    mitigation, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project is a Mitigation Agreement
                    between various government agencies. This agreement is a required attachment
                    to both the Army Corps of Engineers 404 permit and the Coastal Commission
                    permit for the PacTex project. The Mitigation Agreement will set forth the
                    manner in which the enhancement project will be constructed and funded, how
                    many mitigation credits will be given to PacTex and the Port, and how operation
                    and maintenance of the lagoon will be funded. In addition to the Mitigation
                    Agreement, a number of other agreements and actions must occur before the
                    enhancement project can go forward. These activities and implementing actions
                    are outlined in detail in the plan.

                                                          xviii

                  I. INTRODUCTION

                  Batiquitos Lagoon lies at the southern edge of the City of Carlsbad in northern
                  San Diego County (see Figure 1). The lagoon extends inland for 2 1/2 miles
                  from its ocean mouth and averages one-half mile in width. Stretched like a
                  sheet between two ridges, Batiquitos Lagoon is a wide, open expanse in a
                  rapidly growing urban area. Although similar in geologic formation to its
                  neighboring lagoons - Buena Vista, Aqua Hedionda and San Elijo, its character
                  is unique. For many of the local residents, Batiquitos Lagoon is a source of
                  beauty, interest, concern and occasional dislike. Beautiful when full of water
                  and lovely birds, the lagoon becomes smelly when algae mats blanket-its surface
                  or the water dries leaving a hard salt pan. It is the concern of residents,
                  lagoon landowners, local government and wildlife resource agencies for
                  Batiquitos Lagoon which has prompted this resource enhancement plan and led to
                  a concerted effort to improve the lagoon environment.

                  The State Coastal Conservancy has coordinated and produced this plan for the
                  enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon. The Conservancy was created in 1978 as an
                  implementation agency for the California Coastal Act. As a primary mandate of
                  its authorizing legislation, the Conservancy is responsible for resolving
                  coastal land use issues and for planning and implementing habitat enhancement
                  projects. The Conservancy also provides funds for construction of public
                  accessways and provides planning and implementation assistance for watershed
                  management programs. The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan has elements of
                  all these programs and is representative of our efforts to improve the
                  resources of the coastal zone both for people and wildlife.

                  State bond acts provide funding for these various programs; the Conservancy
                  receives no general fund monies. Funding grants are provided to local
                  governments and nonprofit organizations. The Conservancy has designed and
                  implemented similar plans in San Diego County at both Los Penasquitos and San
                  Diequito Lagoons.

                  The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan is separated into two parts. Volume I
                  includes conceptual plans for enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon, the background
                  data on the lagoon, a public access plan and the proposed implementation
                  program for lagoon enhancement. Volume H is an erosion control plan for the
                  Batiquitos Lagoon watershed and is an essential part of the enhancement plan.
                  It is bound as a separate volume due to the differences in plan implementation.
                  The implementation of both volumes are essential to the preservation and
                  enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon.

                  THE VALUES OF COASTAL WETLANDS

                  The coast of California holds a string of wetlands along its 1,100 mile edge.
                  These marshes, mudflats and other types of wetlands occur at the tidal mouths
                  of rivers and creeks, the borders of large bays and inlets, and within
                  lagoons. Each wetland is a distinct locale varying in size, habitat types,
                  plants, animals and problems. Although separated by topography, each of these
                  wetlands is linked by their similar nature as estuaries, bays and lagoons and
                  by the yearly movement of their most conspicuous inhabitants - migratory Figure

                                             BATIQUITOS LAGOON
                                                             REGIONAL
                                                            LOCATION
                                                              FIG.1
                 SAN
                CLEMENTE
                                  *............
                                                     SAN DIEGO COUNTY
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                                                          0
                               9
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                               ,41

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                                            61W,4#4 b4cwN           -..w
               0            10           20                       MEX100
                        SCALE IN MILES

                                                2

                 birds. For the human residents of California these wetlands are connected by
                 Highway 1, the coast railroad and a growing interest and concern for their
                 welfare.

                 In many areas, this string has been broken by the complete loss of a bay or
                 marsh to development. Over the entire California coast nearly 75% of our
                 wetlands are gone. In southern California the loss is much higher - 90% of the
                 wetlands have been filled, dredged or diked and turned into dry lands or
                 harbors (Marcus et al, 1982). No southern California wetland remains in a
                 pristine condition. As links in the chain have been lost, our remaining
                 coastal wetlands have become all the more rare and valuable.

                 These wetlands have many different values which research is only now bringing
                 to light. While each individual wetland may have its own importance, wetlands
                 as a type of ecosystem have several values in common.

                 Intrinsic Values

                 Wetlands have intrinsic values that are neither functional nor quantifiable;
                 their worth to society cannot be bought or sold in ordinary currency. Located
                 within a crowded urban area, the open expansiveness of a wetland can provide a
                 recreation area for local residents - for walking, birdwatching, photographing
                 or just sitting beside the water. Many people enjoy a feeling of refuge from
                 the crowded, often chaotic urban scene. The pattern of marsh, water and
                 wildlife adds variety to the landscape and gives definition to the shore. With
                 a growing public interest in viewing wildlife, visitor use of wetland refuges
                 in the state has reached an all time high. The closer these opportunities are
                 to urban areas the higher value they present. Preserved wetland systems also
                 provide scientific and educational opportunities.. Monitoring of enhanced areas
                 should greatly expand our understanding of wetland,processes.

                 Functional Values

                 Scientists have studied the functional values of physical and biological
                 processes in Pacific Coast wetlands. This body of research is quite large, and
                 we shall only summarize some of it here.

                 Primary Productivity

                 The primary productivity of an ecosystem is measured by the amount of plant
                 fiber and algae which grow over an area of ground in a specified time. This
                 productivity supports entire food chains and complex food webs. Salt and
                 freshwater marshes have higher annual rates of primary productivity than
                 forests and many other ecosystems. Exposed to full light for photosynthesis
                 and supplied with copious water, marsh plants and algae typically form a dense
                 cover over wetland mud. Within the mud, micro-organisms that can live with
                 little or no oxygen process nutrients, thus supporting plant production even
                 when plants are submerged or dormant. Studies in southern California tidal
                 marshes have demonstrated especially high levels of algae productivity (Zedler
                 1982).

                                                        3

                                               PERIODIC INUNDATION                          WETLAND PROCESSES                            FUNCTIONAL SERVICES

                                                                             r ----------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                            Food and habitat
                                                                                         High plant productivity

                                                                                                                                            Food chain support

                                           Nutrients and
                                               ended material
                                                                                                                                            Groundwater recharge

                                                                                        Trapping of susim    material
                                                                                                                                            Water quality Improvement

                                                                                             avow'.

                                                                                                             KID$

                                                                                                                                  ---0- Shoreline erosion control

                                                                                              sell "61101,11"

                                                   F

                                           SOURCE    U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983.                                        Wetland Processes
                                                     Wetlands and their Use and Regulation (Draft)

                                       FIG.   2

                                               IM

                  The net movement of plant detritus (decomposed plant material) and nutrients
                  between salt marshes and adjacent estuaries in California is unknown. Detritus
                  produced in the marsh is used by invertebrates and fish which inhabit muds and
                  sloughs. These filter feeders sieve fine material from the tidewater, and thus
                  represent the "secondary productivity" level of the marsh and contribute to
                  further decomposition and nutrient cycling. These consumers, in turn, are
                  eaten by shorebirds and other animals, who, in their migrations and movements,
                  "export" the nutrients of the marsh to other areas (see Figure 2).

                  While the productivity of brackish and freshwater marshes in California has not
                  been investigated in detail except in relation to waterfowl food values,
                  limited measurements of biomass (plant material) of brackish marsh plants
                  indicate a higher annual productivity than salt marshes but yield little
                  information as to the movement (export vs. import) of nutrients and utilization
                  by animals other than waterfowl (Atwater, 1979). Overall, the salt, brackish,
                  and freshwater marshes in California produce large amounts of plant and algal
                  material and provide a rich food base, as evidenced in their wildlife
                  populations.

                  Wildlife Habitat

                  Decades of observations and reports document the function of California
                  wetlands as habitat for wildlife. Southern California coastal wetlands had
                  some of the finest duck hunting in the state. Although the numbers of animals
                  inhabiting wetlands have dramatically decreased, migratory birds and resident
                  species still depend on remaining habitat.

                  With the exception of the plants, the wetland food base for wildlife is
                  relatively inconspicuous. Dense communities of invertebrates (worms, clams,
                  crabs, shrimp, amphipods and insects), inhabit the shallow depths of mudflats
                  and sloughs of tidal and brackish marshes, each species adapted to a part of
                  the substrate (sediments). Some invertebrates, such as barnacles and crabs,
                  undergo their yearly larval stages in tidal sloughs and sheltered shallow water
                  areas (Ricketts, 1948). Seasonal wetlands support large numbers of
                  invertebrates but lack diversity in the types of species present. Freshwater
                  wetlands support a different array of invertebrate species, dragonfly and
                  damselfly nymphs, insect larvae, aquatic insects, worms and snails cover stems
                  and roots of submerged plants, and many invertebrates inhabit the substrate
                  (Good, 1978).

                  Most wetlands that contain tidal sloughs or other permanent open water support
                  fish populations. Staghorn sculpin, three-spine stickleback, California
                  killifish, topsmelt and others are common in tidal estuarine marshes. The
                  arrow goby shares a mud burrow with worms and crabs (Moyle, 1976). Seasonally,
                  fishes such as surfperch, anchovies, flatfish, and rockfish from nearshore
                  waters move into estuaries and marshes to feed or have their young.

                  Although the precise contribution of salt marshes in reproduction and growth of
                  fishes is largely unknown, evidence suggests a chain of dependency of fishes on
                  salt marshes. Small resident fish species of sloughs feed on invertebrates in
                  channels and mudflats; these smaller fish are prey to larger, often
                  commercially important species that move out of the estuary into the Pacific

                                                        5

                  Ocean. Highly modified estuaries and lagoons which lack marsh and mudflats
                  have demonstrated significantly lower habitat value for fish (Zedler, 1982).
                  At least indirectly, and probably directly, wetlands contribute to the habitat
                  needs of both commercial and game fish species.

                  Birds are the most conspicuous form of wildlife in California wetlands. The
                  Pacific Flyway, the major western migratory route for waterfowl, shorebirds and
                  small passerines, connects the nesting grounds of Alaska and western Canada
                  with wintering grounds in Cal*fornia and Central and South America. Each fall
                  millions of waterfowl and shorebirds migrate to the wetlands of California to
                  spend the winter months or feed prior to moving south. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                  Service states that, "the single most important function of remaining United
                  States wetlands is to provide wintering rather than breeding habitat for
                  waterfowl" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978).

                  A low tide in coastal wetlands brings flocks of shorebirds poking up and down
                  in the mudflats or scooping their bills through the surface, searching for
                  invertebrates. Salt marshes are less used than mudflats for feeding, but birds
                  seek refuge amongst the marsh plants to wait out high tides and storms. When
                  extreme high tides submerge all of the marsh, adjoining lands - transition and
                  buffer zones - provide essential "back-up" shelter for both waterfowl and
                  shorebirds. One of the most striking features of California coastal and bay
                  salt marshes, both tidal and nontidal, is their seasonality. Even a summer-dry
                  seasonal "wetland" comes to life when it is wetted by winter rains; flocks of
                  migratory birds exploit these seasonal resources.                                     M

                  Generally migrants will go to those areas where food is abundant and move to
                  another as food levels decrease, visiting many different sites along the coast
                  in one season. The coastal chain of wetlands thus provides a series of
                  geographically dispersed habitat areas for these migratory species, many of
                  which continue their travel to Central and South America.

                  Mammals, both large and small, forage in or are residents of wetlands.
                  Raccoon, muskrat, mink, and deer hunt or graze in salt, brackish and freshwater
                  wetlands. Shrews, harvest mice and pocket mice live in the thick marsh
                  vegetation. Larger mammals live in upland areas but travel to nearby riparian
                  forest and marshland to feed on fish, invertebrates, and other small prey.

                  Rare and Endangered Species

                  The loss of wetland habitats on the coast has dramatically reduced the
                  populations of at least 10 animal and 9 plant species that are now listed by
                  state and/or federal governments as endangered or rare. The populations of
                  animals such as the Aleutian Canada Goose, California Clapper Rail, California
                  Least Tern or Belding's Savannah Sparrow have been diminished by reduction of
                  available habitat (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980). Others, such as the
                  salt-marsh harvest mouse, or salt marsh bird's beak (plant) have evolved
                  specialized adaptions to the habitat conditions of marshes. Their narrow
                  adaptability compounds the problem of loss of their habitat. It is not
                  surprising that 20% of federally listed endangered species depend on some type
                  of wetlands. In almost all cases, populations have declined because their
                  habitats have been destroyed or reduced to a size too small to sustain viable

                                                        6

                 populations.

                 Shoreline and Bank Protection

                 By interrupting and absorbing the energy in waves, marsh and riparian
                 vegetation in many locations is effective in reducing bank erosion and
                 protecting shoreline structures. This useful function of wetlands is less
                 evident in California than in other coastal locations for two reasons. First,
                 along the high energy Pacific Coast, marshes have developed only in locations
                 already protected within bays and river estuaries. The sites of greatest
                 erosion - coastal bluffs.and beaches - are fully exposed to wind and waves and
                 thus are not conducive to marsh establishment. However, large bays and
                 estuaries, where the fetch of wind over shallow water may reach large
                 distances, tidal marsh vegetation effectively buffers the shoreline from wave
                 erosion.

                 Water Purification

                 Through a variety of mechanisms, both natural and artificially created wetlands
                 have demonstrated their ability to enter into the treatment of municipal
                 wastewater and urban stormwater. Conceptually, the wetland approximates a
                 combination of waste stabilization pond and trickling filter.

                 The broad, flat surface of wetlands and their saturated condition encourages a
                 number of physical, chemical, and biological transformations to take place.
                 For example, sediments and other suspended material carried into the marsh from
                 storm drains will settle out, and forces of adhesion can bind heavy metals,
                 bacteria, hydrocarbons, and other constituents to the sediments.
                 Micro-organisms in shallow sediment will degrade and recycle organic and other
                 compounds. Across the surface, oxidation and photochemical reactions can
                 participate in removal of such pollutants as the pesticides- 2,4-D, malathion,
                 methoxychlor, and DDT (Chan, 1981; Demgen, 1977). Marsh plants can remove
                 pollutants directly by taking up nutrients and heavy metals (cadmium, copper,
                 lead, zinc, and iron) and indirectly by creating the proper conditions for
                 breakdown of pollutant compounds such as hydrocarbons and other organics.

                 The Association of San Francisco Bay Area Governments (ABAG) reviewed 14 marsh
                 systems across the nation that treated urban stormwater runoff and municipal
                 wastewater (Chan, 1981). Wetland systems removed from urban storm
                 water: nutrients; 85-99% of suspended solids; and up to 50% of Biological
                 Oxygen Demand (BOD is the concentration of organic particles which require
                 oxygen from the water for biodegradation). Data from several California
                 wetlands - Mt. View Sanitary District's Martinez Marsh, Palo Alto Marsh/Flood
                 Water Basin and Lake Tahoe Meadowlands also demonstrated the potential for
                 wetlands to serve as water purification systems for municipal stormwater and
                 wastewater.

                 The relative effectiveness of each marsh type, species, and location in waste
                 treatment must be investigated individually, but the collective data
                 demonstrate that waste treatment is a functional service of many wetlands.
                 Certain potential problems such as heavy metals, pesticides and other
                 potentially toxic compounds concentrating in marshes used by wildlife will

                                                        7

                   warrant further study.

                   SUMMARY-WETLAND VALUES

                   Wetlands provide essential wildlife habitat to  migratory and resident birds,
                   estuarine and marine fish and rare and endangered species. When functioning as
                   tidal systems, coastal wetlands provide nutrients to the nearshore ocean               F
                   environment and increase productivity of the nearshore waters. Certain
                   wetlands may also provide shoreline protection and purification of wastewater
                   and stormwater. In enhancing a wetland the first two values, wildlife habitat
                   and primary productivity are usually the factors whose value is increased.
                   Many wetlands, especially those in urban areas, have intrinsic values related
                   to their aesthetic features and open space qualities.

                   BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                   Batiquitos Lagoon is amongst those coastal wetlands which still survive and
                   serve as valuable wildlife habitat and as open space for the surrounding'
                   community. Although a unique natural system, Batiquitos Lagoon is exemplary of
                   many of the problems facing our coastal wetlands. It was a tidal lagoon less
                   than 150 years ago, nourished by daily infusions of ocean water.
                   Archaeological evidence shows the lagoon had shellfish which the   local indians
                   harvested in abundance. It probably held great numbers of fish and coastal
                   birds and perhaps even seals and sea lions which feed on these creatures.

                   While our understanding of this natural wetland system is limited, our ability
                   to change the lagoon is not. Since settlement of the area, the lagoon has
                   changed significantly. Roads and railroads crisscross the lagoon restricting
                   water flow; vast amounts of sediment, washed down from plowed and graded lands
                   in the watershed, has filled in the lagoon. Portions of the original eastern
                   lagoon have been filled; water flow from the upper watershed has been caught
                   behind a dam and diverted to other uses. All these alterations, perceived and
                   carried forth as isolated actions, have combined to drastically change
                   Batiquitos Lagoon. The lagoon is now filled with water only seasonally when
                   tributary streams flow; tidal inflows have largely stopped.

                   But despite all these changes, Batiquitos Lagoon is still a seasonal wetland
                   and large numbers of migratory birds stop here every year on their annual
                   journey. It contains many acres of marsh and provides habitat for several
                   endangered species. While diminished in its capacity as a tidal system, the
                   lagoon is a rare and valuable habitat worth preserving and enhancing. Without
                   some human intervention to benefit the lagoon environment, it will continue to
                   degrade and lose many of its wetland values. Present estimates predict the
                   entire lagoon will be filled in to +4.0 ft. MSL in 30-50 years with continued
                   sedimentation and no enhancement.

                   What is Enhancement?

                  ,The following plan sets forth a blueprint for the enhancement of Batiquitos
                   Lagoon. We use the words "habitat enhancement" rather than "habitat
                   restoration" because restoration implies we have chosen a former state of the
                   lagoon to return the area to. Enhancement is a different concept involving a

                                                          8

                   rejuvenation and improvement of the natural system to increase the values it
                   presently has and to add new values.

                   Because the wetlands of the coast serve as a migratory route for birds and many
                   have been lost, the decision on how to enhance a particular wetland must be
                   made in the larger context of the entire region and state resource. In order
                   to set forth a valid enhancement concept for Batiquitos Lagoon, the plan
                   documents a number of things.

                   1) We have examined present patterns of wildlife use of the lagoon, how the
                   lagoon has changed from the historic condition, what problems it has and other
                   important features of the existing system.

                   2) We identified what physical, economic and social issues constrain      our
                   enhancement efforts.

                   3) Then with the help of many interested agencies, landowners and residents, we
                   have established enhancement goals for the lagoon and formulated several
                   enhancement alternatives.

                   4) We have outlined how the plan could be funded and implemented and how the
                   lagoon will be maintained so that our efforts are preserved into the future.

                   5) We have identified a public access trail and other public facilities to
                   allow residents and visitors to observe lagoon wildlife and enjoy the area.

                   Lagoon Study Area Boundary

                   The enhancement plan recognizes two boundaries for the lagoon system. The
                   first boundary defines the upland edge of the existing lagoon wetlands (see
                   Figure A. Figures with letters are bound in the back of the plan.) This
                   boundary defines the areas of the lagoon to be enhanced. The boundary was
                   determined by the staff of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and
                   Wildl'ife Service, and California Department of Fish and Game. These agencies
                   used the Corps' three parameter approach to defining wetland boundaries. This
                   approach relies on the presence of wetland indicator plant species and hydric
                   soils (showing signs of periodic inundation) and the hydrology of the area.
                   This boundary was surveyed and all acreage figures in the lagoon plan are based
                   upon this wetland boundary. All the lagoon area below this boundary is wetland
                   of a vegetated or non-vegetated type. The Corps' definition of wetlands was
                   therefore adopted for use in the enhancement plan.

                   The second boundary used in the plan defines the 52 square mile watershed of
                   Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure B). The watershed boundary was used in all the
                   sedimentation studies completed for the lagoon plan. The watershed boundary
                   determines the land area which has the greatest effect upon the lagoon, and
                   from a land-use planning perspective must be considered to assure the long-term
                   viability of the lagoon.

                   Lagoon History
                   For many thousands of years, theonly human residents of the Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                            9

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                                                                           6
                                                  F11G. 3                   U.S. Topographic Survey                                                                                                       Map
                                                                           Batiquitos Lagoon, 1898

                                                     TABLE 1

                                           HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                 I. Prehistoric - Various California Paleo-Indian      Lagoon Continuously
                 cultures, dating to 9,500 Before Present (B.P.).           Tidal

                 San Diequito Complex (9,500 B.P.) - Paleo-Indian
                 complex living.near the lagoon and primarily living
                 on collected shellfish from the lagoon's waters.

                 La Jolla Complex (7,500 B.P.) - An early milling
                 complex that supplemented collecting shellfish with
                 the crude milling of flour. The La Jolla Complex
                 form the most numerous archaeological sites near
                 the lagoon. Most sites are within 1,000 feet of
                 the lagoon and are concentrated on the flatter
                 north shore. Some sites indicate a history of
                 habitation from 7,500 B.P. to 1,270 B.P. (approx.).

                 Late Prehistoric Cultures (950 B.P.) - Characterized
                 by advanced milling techniques and a reduced
                 dependency on marine foods.

                 Ii.     Hispanic Era - Early exploration of the area.
                 Includes the Mission Era and Ranch Era 1760's to 1848.

                 Exploration/Mission Era (1769-1833) - Portola-Crespi
                 Expedition explored north San Diego County around 1769.
                 Their route is believed to follow the approximate
                 alignment of El Camino Real. San Luis Rey Mission was
                 established in 1798. Mission livestock probably grazed
                 the land adjacent to the lagoon and the local Indians
                 continued to exploit the lagoon resources.

                 Mexican Rancho Era (1830's-1848) - In 1842 Marron was
                 granted Aqua Hedionda Rancho north of the lagoon and
                 Ybarra was granted Las Encinitas Rancho, located south
                 of the lagoon. Livestock from these ranchos probably
                 grazed the lagoon area.

                 III.    Americanization Era (1849-1900) - The American
                 takeover in 1848 of Mexican Ranchos opened the area
                 for homesteading in the 1870's.

                                                         TABLE 1 (continued)

                                              HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                    Circa 1880-   The Johnson homestead (located              Lagoon Tidal on
                                  along San Marcos Creek in                   Intermittent Basis
                                  present-day La Costa).

                                                   .1
                                  The Stewarts' homestead.

                                  A major roadway extended south
                                  from the lagoon through Green
                                  Valley (El Camino Real).

                        1881-     California Southern Railroad
                                  built across the lagoon's mouth.
                                  Shipping points were established at
                                  La Costa (present Ponto) and Merle
                                  (present Leucadia).

                      1880-1900-  Homesteading began in Green Valley.
                                  Batiquitos, Gun Club established.
                                  La Costa (Ponto) filed for
                                  incorporation.

                    IV.     Modern Period (1901-Present)

                      1901-1910-  California Salt Company operated
                                  25 acres of evaporative.ponds in
                                  the lagoon's eastern basin.

                        1912-     Pacific Coast Highway constructed.

                        1917-     The avocado was introduced and
                                  irrigated orchards became a prevalent
                                  land use around the lagoon.

                        1920-     Green Valley was the most extensively
                                  farmed section of the entire north
                                  coastal area.

                        1927-     Pacific Coast Highway was
                                  reconstructed across Batiquitos
                                  Lagoon after storms destroyed it.

                        1934-     Santa Fe Railroad constructed across
                                  the lagoon.
                                                                              Lagoon Infreguently
                        1952-     San Marcos Dam constructed,                 Tidal
                                  decreasing the volume and scouring
                                  potential of floods.

                                                             12

                                                        TABLE I (continued)

                                            HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                       1963-     Plans for a small craft marina in
                                 the west end of the lagoon were prepared.

                       1965-     Interstate 5 was constructed across
                                 the lagoon.
                       1966-     La Costa Resort built upon eastern
                                 portion of lagoon wetland.

                      1967-74-   Secondary treated wastewater discharged
                                 into lagoon.

                      1971-74-   Plans prepared for Nemo's Secret
                                 Harbor (an amusement park located in
                                 and around the lagoon).

                       1975-     World Cultural Center (including a
                                 Hilton Hotel) proposed by Excel
                                 Foundation to occupy same north shore
                                 site as Nemo's Secret Harbor.

                       1976-     San Diego County prepared Master Plan
                                 for Batiquitos Lagoon Regional Park.

                       1977-     Batiquitos Lagoon included in Carlsbad's
                                 Sphere of Influence by LAFCO.

                       1983-     Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation formed.

                       1984-     Carlsbad annexed Batiquitos Lagoon.         Lagoon Rarely Tidal

                   Adapted from City of Carlsbad Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan 1984,
                   University of San Diego, Environmental Studies Laboratory, 1978. Tidal
                   Aspects of Batiquitos Lagoon, 1850 to present, K.K. Bertine and D. Schug,
                   1981. Man and the historical sedimentary record in two semi-arid estuaries
                   in River Input to Ocean Systems, Proceedings of a Review Workshop, United
                   Rations, New York.

                                                            13

                   area were Native Americans. Various cultures inhabited the lagoon area
                   continuously from about 8,000 B.C. to 1890 A.D. and largely depended on the
                   marine animals of the lagoon for food. The first Europeans to visit this
                   area, the Portola expedition, crossed the lagoon's eastern edge in 1769.
                   This expedition left no detailed descriptions. However, they are credited
                   by some for giving the lagoon its name "Batiquitos", meaning little water
                   holes. The Spanish later established a mission at San Luis Rey and cattle
                   grazing began in the vicinity of the lagoon and in its watershed. The local
                   indians continued their tradition of harvesting shellfish from the lagoon.

                   Following independence from Spain in 1830, the Mexican government granted
                   much of the land surrounding the lagoon and its watershed to several
                   owners. The new landowners used the grasslands for grazing and settled in
                   the area permanently. Americans took over many of the California ranchos in
                   1849 and after California became a state in 1850. During the 1880's an
                   influx of American settlers brought intensive agriculture to the lands
                   immediately surrounding the lagoon and to the lagoon watershed. Figure 3 is
                   a topographic map of the area in 1898. The small black squares indicate the
                   buildings which were scattered around the lagoon borders. With the advent
                  .of American settlement and agriculture, a need for roads and railways
                   developed. The lagoon was filled to support a railroad, two roads and
                   eventually an interstate freeway. The late nineteenth century and twentieth
                   century saw ever increasing development of the lagoon and its watershed
                   lands with a consequent loss of marine character in the lagoon (see Figure
                   4). Table I outlines the human history of-the lagoon area.

                   Researchers at the University of San Diego reviewed historic surveys,
                   archaeological information, sediment and pollen studies and have established
                   a history of tidal inundation for the lagoon (Phillips et al, 1978).
                   Researchers at San Diego State University have also dated sediment cores and
                   obtained similar results (Bertine and Schug, 1981). These studies show
                   Batiquitos Lagoon was continuously tidal for at least several thousand years
                   until abou't 1870-1880. Following 1880 the lagoon underwent intermittent
                   tidal conditions for the next 45 years or so but experienced more frequent
                   tidal flooding than presently occurs.   The amount of tidal flooding
                   decreased even more through the 1920's  to the infrequent and rare tidal
                   inundation in recent years. Therefore   the lagoon was completely tidal when
                   Americans first settled in the area but the combination of agriculture and
                   its associated soil erosion; upstream water impoundments; filling for roads
                   and railways and blockage of tidal'flows acted to greatly reduce tidal
                   inflows to the lagoo n.

                   In recent years the lagoon mouth only opens when large winter storms bring
                   enough water to break through the beach berm and empty the lagoon. The La
                   Costa Resort also has a permit to open the lagoon mouth should water begin
                   to threaten their lands. In either case, it is presently a rare occurrence
                   that the mouth opens and any tidal water enters the lagoon.

                                                          14

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                                                                                                                                                                                                               /M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 W-A
                                                                                                                                                                                            v

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A

                                                                                                                                                                                                        A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Al
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .7h

                                                                                              FIG. 4

                                                           A

                                                   t                                                            \\j                                      NVL
                                                                                                 A
                                                                                                                     \ ..-       f    --
                                                   'S       W
                                                                                     x.
                                                                                                    "))        -10
                                                                                          7

                                                                                                                                   L A GiO 0 Ar
                                                                                  B A TIJ Q U       T 0 S

                                                                                                                                  10

                                                                    77
              O'N

                                                                                       61

                                                                                                                                           I J36
                                                                                                           I'A

                                                        9

                                                                                                                                 111   4IT:@KJ A
                                        Leuca
                                                  d i
                                                                                                                                                         IT
                             FIG. 5           U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Map
                                              Batiquitos Lagoon,1948

                 DEFINITIONS

                 The following terms appear often in this document, but readers may not
                 understand the technical meaning or the distinction between different terms.

                 Wetlands are those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or
                 ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that
                 under normal circumstancesdo support, a prevalence of vegetation typically
                 adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include
                 swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                 1977.)

                 A marsh is one form of wetland, either freshwater or salt, which is
                 dominated by nonwoody plants (especially grasses and sedges) often
                 developing in a shallow depression, river margins, tidal areas, and
                 estuaries.

                 An estuar is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free
                 connection with ocean, is tidally influenced, and experiences mixing of
                 seawater with freshwater from inland drainages. Estuaries often contain
                 marshes along their edges. ,

                 A lagoon is a shallow lake or sheet of water connected by a narrow inlet
                 with a river or the sea.

                 Mean diurnal tidal Pris is defined as the volume of water that flows into a
                 lagoon or estuary between the lower low tide and the higher high tide or
                 that flows out of the lagoon between the higher high tide and the lower low
                 tide.

                 Tidal cycle is defined as the period between two consecutive high tides or
                 two consecutive low tides. The semidiurnal tide has a cycle of
                 approximately one half a tidal day, about 12.4 hours, whereas a diurnal tide
                 has a cycle of a full day, about 24.8 hours.

                 Perigean spring tide - Tides of increased size which occur when moon is in
                 perigee or at its closest point in its monthly orbit around the earth.

                 Subtidal Habitat is the tidal area below mean lower low water (MLLW) which
                 is covered by water most of the time.

                 Intertidal habitat is the tidal area between the mean lower low water and
                 mean higher high water which is exposed twice daily and covered by water
                 twice daily.

                 Fluvial   of, found in or produced by a river or creek.

                 Alluvial   of or having to do with the process of deposition of sediments by
                 flowing water.

                 Pluvial - of or having to do with rain.

                                                       17

                                                        TABLE 2
                                                   Tidal- Elevations

                    Datum                           Definition                              Elevation
                                                                                            (ft/NGVD)

                    MHHW Mean higher high water     Average height of the higher
                                                    of the daily high tides                  +2.52

                    MHW Mean high water             Average height of all tides              +1.77

                    MSL Mean sea level              Average height of the water
                                                    surface for all stages of the
                                                    tide, determined from hourly readings       -0-

                    MLW Mean low. water             Average height of all low tides          -1.93

                    MLLW Mean lower low water       Average height of the lower of the
                                                    daily low tides. Adopted as a plane
                                                    of reference for hydrographic surveys
                                                    and nautical charts of the west coast
                                                    of the U.S.                              -2.88

                    Throughout this document elevations are measured in feet in reference to
                    Mean Sea Level. In the case of the Batiquitos Lagoon, it is equivalent to
                    an elevation of zero on the National Geodesic Verticle Datum (NGVD). The
                    table shows the range in tide levels observed at the mouth of the lagoon.

                                                            18

                 11.     EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

                 SOILS, WATER & STREAMS

                 INTRODUCTION

                 The purpose of this section is to document the present and historic hydrologic
                 conditions of the lagoon including a discussion of the tidal aspects of the
                 lagoon and the changes the lagoon system has experienced in the past 150 years.
                 The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed is described as are the current land uses and
                 sedimentation processes of the watershed and their effects upon the lagoon.
                 This section discusses the results of measurements of water quality in the
                 lagoon and identifies the primary water quality problems and hydrologic
                 constraints to returning the lagoon to a tidal system.

                 Batiquitos Lagoon is the result of gradual sea level rise after the last ice
                 age, which submerged a canyon incised into highly erodible marine sedimentary
                 rocks. Like other coastal lagoons in San Diego County, Batiquitos Lagoon has
                 been severely altered by human activity. Bridges traverse the lagoon at three
                 locations, and create significant flow constrictions. Land disturbance and
                 development in the watershed have greatly accelerated the rate of sediment
                 inflow, increased peak stream flows in some tributaries, and degraded water
                 quality in the lagoon. The watershed of the lagoon comprises 52.3 square
                 miles, most of which is drained by San Marcos Creek (38 square miles) and
                 Encinitas Creek (7.4 square miles, See Figure B.)

                 Before the arrival of Europeans, the mouth of Batiquitos Lagoon was open to
                 tidal action most of the time (Phillips et al, 1978; Bertine and Schug, 1981).
                 The volume of tidal exchange was sufficient to keep the mouth open against
                 beach sand thrown up by all but the most violent storms, and daily tidal
                 flushing swept fine sediment out of the lagoon. By the 1920s, however,
                 accelerated sedimentation had reduced the tidal prism enough that the lagoon
                 mouth began to close more frequently. This closure in turn accelerates the
                 accumulation of sediment in the lagoon. Today, the lagoon mouth is closed most
                 of the time and almost all sediment reaching the lagoon is returned there. The
                 lack of tidal exchange has had severe impacts on water quality in the lagoon,,
                 causing salinity and temperature increases in late summer.

                 Information Sources

                 The physical environment and biological characteristics of Batiquitos Lagoon
                 have been the subject of numerous studies. Both Bertine and Schug (1981) and
                 Phillips et al. (1978) studied the sedimentation in the lagoon and drew
                 inferences on the historic frequency of closure of the lagoon mouth. The
                 California Department of Fish and Game described the natural resources of
                 Batiquitos Lagoon (Mudie et al., 1976). Several studies have been done
                 pursuant to proposals for development around the lagoon. MacDonald and
                 Feldmeth (1985) described the physical environment of the lagoon, and the
                 ecological relationships and values of the wetland habitat around the margins
                 of the lagoon. Jenkins and Skelley (1985) estimated the tidal prism and size of
                 opening for various closure frequencies, given the site-specific wave
                 environment at Batiquitos Lagoon. Woodward-Clyde Consultants (1985) developed

                                                        19

                  soil test boring logs and grain size distribution data for the lagoon, and
                  Shepardson Engineering took additional cores at the mouth of Encinitas Creek
                  and at the 1-5 bridge.

                  Although the physical and biological characteristics of the lagoon have been
                  studied in some detail, the characteristics of the watershed area have not been
                  well studied. No streamflow records are available for streams entering the
                  lagoon, although the Army Corps of Engineers estimated the 100-year, 50-year,
                  and 10-year flood discharge and the corresponding water elevations for the 100-
                  year and "standard project flood" for San Marcos Creek (Corps of Engineers,
                  1971). The annual and seasonal runoff from San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks have
                  never been measured, and there are no monitoring data for sediment in streams
                  entering the lagoon.

                  GEOMORPHIC HISTORY

                  Batiquitos Lagoon is, geologically speaking, quite young. About 18,000 years
                  ago, sea level was 120 meters (394 feet) lower than it is today. With sea
                  level lower, San Marcos Creek cut a deep valley in the marine coastal terraces.
                  Between 18,000 years and 6,000 years B.P. (Before Present), sea level rose
                  relatively rapidly (about one meter (3.2 feet) per century), drowning the river
                  valley. For the last 6,000 years, the rate of rise has been about 0.15 meters
                  (6 inches) per century. As the sea level rose over many thousands of years,
                  Batiquitos Lagoon gradually filled with sediment from the San Marcos Creek
                  watershed; geomorphic and paleontological evidence indicate that the lagoon has
                  been relatively shallow for at least 200 years (Phillips, et al., 1978). The
                  depth of the lagoon prior to the arrival of Europeans and the advent of grazing
                  and agriculture represented a balance between the sediment supply, the rate of
                  sea level rise, and the wave energy available to keep lagoon bottom sediments
                  in suspension.

                  Since the late 1800s, human development has had profound effects on the
                  sedimentation rate in the lagoon. The fill and bridge for the railroad were
                  built in 1880 and the first Highway 101 bridge was built across the mouth in
                  about 1912. A new highway 101 bridge stabilized the inlet channel on the north
                  side of the lagoon.. Construction of the 1-5 bridge in the late 1960s created
                  an additional constriction to tidal movements in the lagoon.

                  From the mid 1800s to the 1960s, agriculture and grazing played an important
                  role in accelerating the sediment supply to the lagoon. During the mid-1960s,
                  urban development in the watershed rapidly replaced agricultural activities.
                  The marsh east of El Camino Real which once absorbed much of the sediment from
                  San Marcos Creek was filled and developed in the 1960s (see Figure 5). The
                  soil disturbance from urban development and agriculture, combined with large
                  floods in the winter of 1977-78, 79-80 and 82-83, resulted in large inputs of
                  sediment to the lagoon and a reduction in tidal prism. Table 3 summarizes the
                  loss of tidal prism from 1887 to 1978.

                  As the tidal prism of the lagoon decreased, the frequency of c. losure has
                  increased. Phillips et al, (1978) surveyed the available historic evidence and
                  examined fossil pollen and invertebrates in sediment cores from the lagoon in
                  an effort to determine the history of lagoon closure. They concluded that the

                                                        20

                  Table 3      Tidal Prism of Batiguitos Lagoon (in million cubic feet)

                  Potential
                  Tidal Prism                         1850             1887            1985

                  Mean                                55-61                            13.2

                  Mean diurnal                        83-91                            20

                  Perigean spring                                       153            43

                  Table 4- Tidal elevations at Scripps Wharf (in feet)

                                                          DATUM

                                              MLLW          NGVD

                               MHHW           5.4            2.5

                               MHW            4.55          1.65

                               MTL            2.7           -0.2

                               MLW            0.85          -2.5

                               MLLW           0             -2.9

                                                           21

                   lagoon was continuotisly-tidal in 1849 and for 20 to 25 years thereafter. A
                   study by Bertine and Schug (1981) corroborates this conclusion. The
                   lagoon was closed at least temporarily in 1874, 1877, 1891, and 1898. Between
                   1898 and 1928, the lagoon was intermittently tidal. From 1928 to 1982 it was
                   rarely open to tidal action. Presently, if the lagoon mouth opens at all, it
                   is during large winter storms. A berm of cobbles blocks the mouth allowing
                   water levels in the lagoon to gain depth during winter storms. The La Costa
                   Resort has a permit to enable them to open the lagoon mouth when water levels
                   reach +8.0 ft. MSL. At this level San Marcos Creek backs up and threatens to
                   flood the golf course and other properties. In its current condition the lagoon
                   rarely experiences tidal inflows and has a greatly reduced tidal range. Table
                   4 shows the tidal elevations for the Scripps Wharf, 16 miles south of the
                   lagoon. The NGVD (National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929 MSL, see Definitions
                   page 17 for details) elevation of MLLW at the Scripps Wharf is -2.88 ft;
                   maximum perigeal tidal range is from -4.5 ft. to +4.5 ft. NGVD in the ocean
                   adjacent to the lagoon (S. Jenkins, personal communication). These values are
                   based on the current sea level. During the sporadic periods when the lagoon
                   mouth is open, the constriction and sediment sills at the bridges, and the
                   frictional effect of the lagoon bottom severely dampen tidal movements into the
                   lagoon.

                   Tidal measurements recorded in February and March, 1978, a period when the
                   mouth was open, showed that high tide levels at the eastern end of the lagoon
                   lagged 2.0 to 2.5 hours behind the high tide in the ocean, and the maximum
                   tidal range was only about 1.2 ft. compared to the 6.6 ft. maximum tidal range
                   in the open ocean during the same period. The maximum tidal range in the
                   western end of the lagoon exceeded 3.0 ft. (Phillips et al., 1978). Additional
                   tidal measurements in 1980 showed essentially the same pattern. Jenkins and
                   Skelley (1985) cited the importance of the sediment sill at the 1-5 bridge in
                   restricting outflow on a low tide and reducing the actual tidal prism.

                   TIDAL HYDRAULICS AND ENTRANCE CHANNEL CLOSURE CONDITIONS

                   In its natural state, the inlet to a coastal lagoon such as Batiquitos remains
                   open provided that tidal currents moving through the entrance channel are
                   powerful enough to remove sand deposited by the action of ocean waves. The
                   relative magnitude of the tidal scouring and the amount of littoral sand
                   transport by wave action dictates the susceptibility of the entrance channel to
                   closure. Through estimates of the interactions of these two factors -- tidal
                   scouring and littoral sand transport, the closure conditions for the Batiquitos
                   Lagoon channel can be described.

                   Littoral Sand Transport

                   Sand is deposited in the lagoon entrance channel by wave action during the
                   inflowing or flood tide. The most intensive sand movement occurs during large
                   storms when the nearshore wave energy is high. It has also been suggested
                   that during heavy storms the dominant mechanism for depositing sand in the
                   entrance channel is wave action moving the offshore bar onshore (O'Brien,
                   1980). The average nearshore wave power at a particular location can be used
                   as an index of the wave climate for that location.

                                                        22

                 Tidal Scouring

                 A combination of factors determine the amount of tidal scouring. These
                 include: 1) the velocity of the ebb flow through the channel:; 2) the duration
                 of the ebb; 3.) the grain size of the beach sand; and 4) the geometry of the
                 entrance channel. The first two factors, the velocity and duration of the ebb
                 flow, can be roughly approximated by the tidal prism, that is, the volume of
                 water flowing out of the lagoon on the ebb tide. Factor four, the geometry of
                 the lagoon entrance channel through the sand beach, is determined by the power
                 of the tidal scouring and hence the tidal prism. Most Pacific Coast beaches
                 have similar sized sands and factor three can be estimated. Therefore it is
                 possible to develop an empirical correlation between tidal prism and the cross
                 sectional area of the entrance channel (Jarrett, 1976). This correlation can
                 be done for natural entrances and for artificial entrances stabilized by
                 jetties (such as the one at Agua Hedionda). As can be seen in Figure 6, an
                 entrance stabilized by jetties is more hydraulically efficient and allows
                 scouring of a larger cross section than a natural channel.

                 It is therefore possible to describe closure frequency of a lagoon by an
                 empirical correlation of wave power and tidal prism (Johnson, 1973).
                 Unfortunately, because nearshore wave power data are not available for many
                 locations, deep water wave power data has to be used. A refinement of
                 Johnson's correlation for Pacific Coast lagoons is shown as Figure 7. As
                 Figure 7 illustrates, Batiquitos Lagoon in 1850 had a sufficient sized tidal
                 prism to remain below the dividing line and thus never closed. The lagoon's
                 tidal prism in 1986 is much smaller and falls in the frequent closure area of
                 the graph.

                 In comparing data with other lagoons it is important to maintain a consistent
                 definition of tidal prism. The most significant tidal range for determining
                 inlet closure conditions has not been identified. Most researchers use either
                 the potential mean tidal range (Mean High Water to Mean Low Water) or potential
                 mean diurnal range (Mean Higher High Water to Mean Lower Low Water). Jenkins
                 and Skelley (1985) have used the perigean spring tidal range (the maximum tidal
                 range) in their studies. In this plan we will use the potential mean diurnal
                 tidal range. In addition it is sometimes important to distinguish between the
                 "potential" tidal prism of a lagoon or the physical volume measured by survey
                 between high and low water datum, and the "actual" tidal prism or the volume of
                 water discharged during the ebb tide. In many instances, the actual tidal
                 prism can be considerably less than the potential tidal -prism. This difference
                 occurs due to physical constrictions in tidal movements, such as bridges, and
                 the frictional losses of the water flowing over the bottom of the lagoon.

                 Batiguitos Lagoon Inlet

                 Since the first mapping of Batiquitos Lagoon in 1856, the tidal prism has been
                 significantly reduced due to sedimentation. As is shown in Figure 7, the
                 potential mean diurnal tidal prism has been reduced from about 83 or 91 to 20
                 million cubic feet. The actual mean diurnal tidal prism has been reduced more,
                 primarily due to the constricting effects of the Highway 101 bridge and
                 formation of a mud sill at the 1-5 bridge. Consequently the lagoon entrance
                 has changed from one that was always open in 1850 (Phillips et al, 1978;

                                                       23

                                      4011
                                                          +++                                           TT

                                                                                                                           7@7
                                                         LEGEND

                                                    0    NO JETTIES
                                                         ONE JETTY   7                                              V
                                                    V    TWO JETTIES I

                                      ,010

                                                         I I                                       V

                                                                                              0,

                                                                                               dF
                                                                                           0

                                                                                    V

                                                                               IT i IZ    I z      I

                                      104
                                                               For-

                                     (3)

                                      10, 102                 10,
                                                       MINIMUM CROSS SECTIONAL AIREA OF INLET (rT') WLOW NSL (A)

                                                  Alternative 1
                                         (2)      Alternative 2
                                         (3)      Alternative 3

                                        NOTE REGRESSION CURVE WITH 95 PERCENT
                                              CONFIOENCE LIMITS

                                                                                               TIDAL PRISM VS
                                                                                        CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
                                                                                       ALL INLETS ON PACIFIC COAST

                                   FIG. 6                                                           From Jarrett 1976
                                                                                                                             7,

                                                L

                                                                              24

                                       FIG. 7
                                       Closure Conditions of
                                       Natural Lagoons of California

                         101-      X   ALWAYS CLOSED
                                       FREQUENTLY CLOSED
                    0              Ei  INFREQUENTLY CLOSED.
                    x              0   NEVER CLOSED                                         tg

            N)                                                                       AP
            Un
                    LL                                                                   Ap
                    Im  lot                                                                015
                    LU
                    Uj                              Eye.                                   Alt 2-
                    I       -                                 22A 12@& ISA                 It
                                                                                       ISO
                                                              M 0                  '19,             oil
                    Uj                                                                17

                    LU
                    tu
                        10                                                        1 1 loll[                                  I $loll
                                                                                         lot                                      101
                                                          POTENTIAL MEAN TIDALPRISM
                                                                                 tv

                                                          (IN MILLION CUBIC-FEET)

                                                               Figure  7

                                            Summary of Tidal Inlet     Characteristics

                                       for Selected California Coast Estuaries and        Lagoons
                                                                  Annual                                                OF
                                    Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
             No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power         Conditions        Remarks
                                    Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
                                                                  x 10"
             1     Smith River
                     Estuary            35        24               303             Infrequent
             2     Lake Earl           430       320               329             Frequent
             3     Freshwater
                     Lagoon             35        25               348             Always
             4     Stone Lagoon         86        64               348             Frequent
             5     Big Lagoon          240       180               348             Frequent
             6     Eel River
                     Delta             200       140               371             Infrequent
             7     Estero
                     Americano          22        15              (200)            Frequent
             8     Estero San
                     Antonio            11        65              (200)            Frequent
             9     Tomales Bay        1580       1070              209             Never
             10    Abbotts
                     Lagoon             17        11               307             Frequent
             11    Drakes Estero       490       340                 26            Never
             12    Bolinas Lagoon      200       130*              117             Never           Good Data
             13    Pescadero Marsh       6.8       4.6            (200)            Frequent
             14    Mugu Lagoon 1976     27        19              (100)            Frequent
             15    Mugu Lagoon 1857    170       120              (100)            Never
             16    Carpinteria
                     Marsh.              4.8*      1.5             (50)            Infrequent      Good Data,
                                                                                                   Entrance
                                                                                                      Lined
             17    Aqua Hedionda
                     Lagoon 1976        80        55*                28            Never           Entrance
                                                                                                      Lined
            .18a   Batiquitos
                     Lagoon 1985        20        13               (30)            Frequent
             18b   Batiquitos
                     Lagoon 1850        90        60               (30)            Never
             19    San Dieguito
                     Lagoon 1976         0.2       0.14            (30)            Frequent
             20    San Dieguito
                     Lagoon 1889        37        24               (30)            Never
             21    Los Penasquitos
                     Lagoon 1976         2         0.75            (30)            Frequent
             22a   Tijuana River
                     Estuary 1986      12.6*       4.8*            (30)            Infrequent

                                                                  25

                                                             Figure 7 (continued)

                                           Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics

                                      for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons (continued)

                                                                 Annual
                                   Potential Tidal            Deep Water           Closure
           No.   Name                    Prism                Wave Power         Conditions         Remarks
                                   Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
           22b   Tijuana River                                   x 10"
                    Estuary 1977      14.8        8.3             (30)             Infrequent
           22c   Tijuana River
                    Estuary 1928      34.4       20.0             (30)             Never
           22d   Tijuana River
                    Estuary 1852      67.5       47.9             (30)             Never
           23    Bolsa Bay            ---        38                29              Never
           24    Anaheim Bay          ---        47                29              Never

              Indicates tidal prism data based       on a large-scale topographic map
              ) Indicates an estimate of deep water wave power

           Adapted from Johnson, 1973, by Philip Williams and Associates

                                                                 26

                  Bertine and Schug, 1981) to one that is now most frequently closed.

                  When closure of the entrance channel occurs due to intensive wave action, the
                  lagoon is cut off from tidal action until sufficient fresh water inflow occurs
                  to raise the lagoon water level to overtop and scour a new channel through the
                  sand of the barrier beach. Runoff in the Batiquitos watershed is extremely
                  variable from year to year. This situation means that the winter runoff in
                  many years is insufficient to fill the lagoon or may be excessive and fill it
                  to an eight foot depth.

                  The closure conditions of the lagoon are complicated by the presence of cobbles
                  in the barrier beach. These cobbles require high velocities to scour them --
                  higher velocities than normally occur in the entrance channel during the ebb
                  tide or freshwater runoff. In the natural state, these cobbles may have
                  accumulated as a bar in the channel, causing the entrance channel to migrate
                  and break through a new area of the beach. Eventually wave action would break
                  up the concentration of cobbles and redistribute them on the beach.

                  Now that the entrance channel is fixed by the Highway 101 bridge, the channel
                  can no longer migrate. It appears that there is now a sufficient accumulation
                  of cobbles to create a sill that limits the depth of tidal scouring. This sill
                  would reduce the actual tidal prism in the lagoon.

                  Jenkins and Skelly (1985) have quantified the closure frequency of the lagoon
                  by correlating the statistics of the waves and tides at the mouth of the
                  entrance channel using a relationship for the "mini'mum tidal prism". Although
                  the definitions and derivation of this relationship are unclear, the calculated
                  frequency curve appears to be consistent with the conditions for 1850 and the
                  present day.

                  In summary a number of factors affect the lagoon channel and its ability to
                  remain open. The primary constraints include:

                  1) insufficient tidal prism to adequately clear the lagoon entrance channel of
                  cobbles and sand thrown up on the beach by storm waves.
                  2) hydraulic constrictions to tidal flows at the Highway 101 & 5 bridges and
                  the railroad bridge.

                  HYDROLOGY OF THE WATERSHED

                  The Batiquitos Lagoon drainage basin has an area of 52.3 square miles. Figures
                  B-1 to B-4 depicts the condition of streams and variety of land uses in the
                  watershed.

                  Average annual rainfall in the basin ranges from about 10 in. near the coast to
                  16 in. in upland areas. No streamflow records are available for San Marcos
                  Creek, but the Corps of Engineers (1971) has estimated a flood frequency curve
                  from San Marcos Creek, based on streamflow records for De Luz Creek near
                  Fallbrook in northern San Diego County. Figure 8b is the derived curve. The
                  Corps' report includes floodplain maps, cross-sections, and flood profiles.

                                                        27

                                                                          0  0
                                                                                    /00 YVAA

                                                                               A90K

                           0
                           U.
                           u                                                (2) 9 YA
                           w
                           0

                           Ch

                                                                3L
                                                                  TIME I HRS. I
                               Flood Hydrographs, San Marcos                                                 Crk.
                               FIG, 8

                                                                        28

                    FIG. 8B
                    Flood Frequency
                    San Marcos Creek
                    FROM U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS,1971

                                          0

        cc

          /0

                            RECURRENCE   INTERVAL  (Yra)

                                          29

                 The largest single tributary to the lagoon is San Marcos Creek, which drains a
                 basin of about 38.3 square miles. Flooding on San Marcos Creek is somewhat
                 reduced by the presence of the San Marcos Dam and Lake, 5.12 miles above the El
                 Camino Real bridge at the head of Batiquitos Lagoon. The drainage area above
                 the lake is 27.5 square miles. The lake was created for recreational purposes
                 in 1952. Below San Marcos Lake, San Marcos Creek crosses Rancho Santa Fe Road
                 before entering a steep narrow canyon. There is a large riparian forest at
                 this road crossing. The stream gradient in the canyon is as high as 10% in
                 some reaches. Above the La Costa Golf Course the stream debouches from the
                 canyon onto an alluvial floodplain; the stream gradient through the lower part
                 of the golf course is less than 1%. The land surrounding San Marcos Creek
                 canyon is both urbanized and undeveloped. Several large quarries are located
                 in this area. The section of the creek flowing through the golf course has
                 been modified significantly; a small area of riparian vegetation occupies the
                 mouth of the canyon above the golf course.

                 A tributary of San Marcos Creek drains lands to the north and joins the main
                 stem of San Marcos Creek on the La Costa Golf Course. This tributary drains
                 mostly agricultural and undeveloped lands. Agricultural land fills the
                 streambed in several locations and the stream is diverted into a ditch. In
                 other areas the stream contains large areas of riparian habitat. The lower end
                 of the stream has been developed as a golf course; the creek is diverted into a
                 drainage ditch through the golf course. As part of urban development, the
                  pper end of this tributary bordering Palomar Airport Road has been channelized
                 with a concrete lining. A great deal of grading for development.projects is
                 U

                 also occurring in this area and the creek channel has been filled or disturbed
                 in several locations (see Figure B-3).

                 Overall, most of San Marcos Creek is unlined and contains some substantial
                 riparian forest. Development of the floodplain and significant land alteration
                 have not yet occurred.

                 Encinitas Creek drains an area of 7.4 square m iles south of the San Marcos
                 Creek basin. In the upper reaches of Encinitas Creek along Rancho Santa Fe
                 Road the stream channel has been extremely disturbed. The entire area is
                 undergoing grading for urban development and sections of the stream channel
                 have been graded over and other sections of the channel containing riparian
                 vegetation remain (see Figure B-1). There is no buffer between the natural
                 channel vegetation and the graded slope. This development represents a
                 substantial disturbance to the Encinitas Creek floodplain. The floodplain of
                 one tributary of Encinitas Creek is in agricultural use. Encinitas Creek below
                 the crossing of Rancho Santa Fe Road is filled with riparian trees and marsh.
                 Near the crossing of El Camino Real and the tributary from the south, the creek
                 has been modified into an earthen channel. The upper section of this tributary
                 flows through a pipe.

                 Most of Encinitas Creek and its tributaries are relatively low gradient
                 alluvial streams with well-developed riparian vegetation (see Figures B-1 and
                 B-3). These alluvial reaches are important sediment storage sites. -The thick
                 root systems of the willows along the creek slow water and act as a sieve in
                 catching sediment. Without proper management, changes in any portion of the
                 stream channel could cause these riparian areas to become significant sources

                                                       30

                  of sediment to the lagoon. For example, if the upper portions of the creek are
                  paved and the creek channel lined, the speed of this water would substantially
                  increase and cause downcutting in the lower riparian channel. Therefore
                  preservation and management of the entire natural floodway is essential to
                  reducing sediment inflows into the lagoon.

                  Several smaller tributary streams also flow into the lagoon. These include
                  several streams along the northshore which flow through agricultural lands and
                  some urban areas and several streams on the southern lagoon shore (see Figure
                  B-4). The creek along Saxony Road has a large riparian corridor and some
                  disturbance in its upper reaches. The stream that flows along Pireaus Road has
                  been diverted into culverts and channels in many areas and drains through a
                  ditch adjacent to 1-5. On the west side of the highway a similar drainage
                  system serves the creek along Eolus Drive. Both these drainage ditches collect
                  sediment and require frequent cleaning by CalTrans.

                  SOILS OF THE WATERSHED

                  The watershed of the lagoon can be subdivided into four different geomorphic
                  zones, each with characteristic soil associations (USDA Soil Conservation
                  Service, 1973). The zones are:

                  1) Heavily dissected marine terraces (beach sands and weakly consolidated
                  sandstone) near the lagoon. These uplands comprise the Marina-Chesterton      Soil
                  Associations of somewhat excessively drained to moderately well-drained loamy
                  coarse sands and fine sandy loams with a subsoil of clay over a handpan.
                  Erodability of these soils is severe.

                  2)   Alluvial fans in valley bottoms along San Marcos Creek and Encinitas
                  Creek. This unit comprises the Salinas-Corralitos Association of moderately
                  well-drained to somewhat excessively-drained clays, clay loams and loamy sands,
                  on slopes .0 - 9 percent. The Salinas series, formed on clay loam, is slightly
                  to moderately erodible; the Corralitos series (formed on sandy alluvium) is
                  severely erodible.

                  3) Uplands in the coastal plains area. These soils are moderately well-
                  drained, moderately sloping to very steep loamy fine sands to clays. Three
                  associations have been mapped by SCS. These are:
                       a)  The Diablo Altamount Association; consisting of well-drained clays, on
                           5 - 15 percent slopes.
                      b)   The Diablo-Las Flores Association, consisting of well-drained clay and
                           moderately well-drained loamy fine sands with a subsoil of sandy clay
                           or clay, on 9 - 30 percent slopes.
                      c)   The Las Flores-Huerhuero Association, eroded phase, consisting of
                           moderately well-drained loamy fine sands to loams with a subsoil of
                           sandy clay or clay.

                  The Las  Flores and Huerhuero series are derived from marine sandstone and are
                  severely erodible; the Diablo and Altamount are derived from calcareous
                  sandstone and shale; their erodability varies from slight to severe, depending
                  on slope.

                                                          31

                  4) Uplands in the foothill areas. These areas area comprised of the Exchequer-
                  San Miguel Association, rocky phases. These are well-drained silt loams
                  derived from metasedimentary (the Exchequer) and metavolcanic (the San Miguel)
                  parent materials. Slopes are relatively steep (30 -70 percent) and erodability
                  is severe due to both slope steepness and poor internal drainage.

                  THE SEDIMENT SYSTEM

                  Pluvial erosion is the primary source of sediment for transport to the lagoon.
                  This process occurs when relatively intense short-duration bursts of rainfall
                  during the wet season carry away loose soil from graded and agricultural sites,
                  gullies and open lands. This loose soil is carried by the stream and
                  redeposited downstream or in the lagoon. Along the coast, 1.15 inches of
                  rainfall in one hour can be expected once in 20 years; the storm intensity in
                  the mountainous areas of the lagoon watershed can be greater. As described
                  previously the soils bordering the lagoon are derived from sandy, highly
                  erodible parent material.

                  Landslides play a relatively minor role as sediment sources. The coastal
                  bluffs near the lagoon are prone to landsliding on steep slopes; a significant
                  landslide occurred last year along the southside of the lagoon just west of I-
                  5.

                  Detached or eroded sediment is not a problem until it has been transported
                  through the stream system to the lagoon. On Encinitas Creek, low-gradient
                  alluvial reaches dominated by marsh and riparian vegetation are important sites
                  for trapping and storing sediment (see Figures B-1). With accelerated land
                  development upstream, these reaches are currently aggrading, that is, the
                  volume of stored sediment is increasing. On San Marcos Creek, the reach of the
                  stream between El Camino Real and the steep canyon above the La Costa Golf
                  Course, contains a large volume of stored sediment. This reach is currently a
                  source of sediment for the lagoon, when high flows erode stream banks. The
                  northern tributary of San Marcos Creek is also a source of sediment to the
                  lagoon due to poor agricultural and land development practices. The management
                  of these alluvial reaches will play a key role in the longevity of the lagoon.

                  Since the mid-1800s, land use has played an important role in accelerating
                  sediment input to the lagoon. The historic sedimentation record reconstructed
                  by Phillips et al. (1978) indicates that agricultural activities prior to the
                  1920s resulted in a major input of sediment to the lagoon, perhaps exceeding in
                  importance the recent contribution from suburban development. Even today,
                  steeply sloping fields in the Encinitas Creek watershed are plowed
                  perpendicular to the contour, a practice that invites accelerated erosion and
                  sedimentation.

                  Since the 1960s., construction of roads and subdivisions has provided a major
                  source of sediment. Exposed building pads and unvegetated cut-and-fill slopes,
                  especially in sandy soils, are highly erodible. The increased area of paved
                  surfaces and creation of a storm drain network increase the efficiency of
                  stormwater runoff, and thus increase the downstream peak flows. Replacement of
                  riparian corridors with efficient trapezoidal ditches further increases the
                  capacity of the streams to transport sediment to the lagoon.

                                                       32

                   SEDIMENT YIELD AND TRANSPORT ESTIMATES

                   No sediment concentration data are available for streams flowing into the
                   Batiquitos Lagoon. Estimates were completed for four tributaries San Marcos
                   Creek, Encinitas Creek, and the drainage ditches along Highway 5 at Piraeus and
                   Eolus. The remaining tributary streams either have sediment basins or will
                   have as proposed in developments (see Figure I). Estimates of sediment yield
                   and deposition in the lagoon must be based on: 1) sediment transport
                   equations, which calculate the sediment transport capacity of the stream rather
                   than actual sediment transport; or 2) average deposition rate in the lagoon
                   over some known time period. In both of these approaches, there are many
                   sources of uncertainty. Sediment transport equations assume an unlimited
                   supply of sediment and can only be applied to alluvial reaches. Estimates
                   based on average sediment rates may not reflect site-specific problems on
                   highly erodible soils or effects of future development practices or the
                   implementation of erosion control practices or Best Management Practices.

                   Philips et al. (1978) estimated the mean sediment deposition (1888-1978)         at I-
                   2 cm/yr. Deposited gver the 4800icres below an elevation of 4.0 ft. MSL,          this
                   amounts to 2.54 x 104 to 5.1 x 1      cubic yards/year or 1076 to 2152 cubic
                   yards/square mile/year.

                   Estimates based on the recent loss of tidal prism in the lagoon (Jenkins        and
                   Skelley, 1985) are somewhat higher; average rates are 576 cubic yards/square
                   miles/year (1916-1965) and 11,780 cubic yards/square miles/year (1965-1978).
                   The latter figure, however, is based on an abnormally restricted actual tidal
                   prism, and may be unrealistically high. The City of Carlsbad's Master Drainage
                   Plan used a figure of 5642 cubic yards/square miles/year in planning sediment
                   basins. For average yield rates, we will use estimates comparable to those of
                   the City's Master Drainage Plan of 2152 cubic yards/square miles/year with Best
                   Management Practices, (BMPs) and 5700 cubic yards/square miles/year without
                   implementation of BMPs.

                   Some idea of the size distribution of material entering the lagoon can be
                   gained from 18 borings taken in the delta at the mouth of San Marcos and
                   Encinitas Creeks. (Shepardson Engineering Associates, Inc., 1985). From the
                   sieve data for these borings, a volume-weighted average size distribution was
                   calculated; Figure 9 is the average curve. It indicates, for example, that 50
                   percent of the sediment is finer than 0.032 mm., and 94.5 percent is finer than
                   0.25 mm. This curve was used in calculating total sediment transport capacity
                   in San Marcos Creek, as well as for estimating the percentage of sand in the
                   sediment load.

                   Since the main source of sediment in San Marcos Creek is the lower alluvial
                   reach of the stream through the golf course, the average sediment yield rate
                   for the lagoon is not very useful for estimating the sediment yield of San
                   Marcos Creek. Instead, the long-term average sediment transport capacity of
                   lower San Marcos Creek was estimated using the equation of England-Hansen.
                   This calculation was done in the following steps:

                   1) The synthesized 100-year, 50-year and 10-year flood peaks (from the Corps of
                   Engineers 1971 Floodplain Study) were plotted, and the 2-, 5- and 10-year

                                                            33

                  floods were estimated by interpolation and extrapolation.

                  2) The Corps' 100-year flood hydrograph was plotted, and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-
                  and 50-year hydrographs were drawn to pass through the appropriate peaks.

                  3) Using the Corps of Engineers cross section number 2 at the La Costa Golf
                  Course, the relationship between discharge and width for an equivalent
                  rectangular cross section was calculated.

                  4) Using a computer program, the total sediment transport capacity at cross
                  section 2 was calculated. Results are shown in Figure 10.

                  5) Combining the sediment transport curve and the estimated flood hydrographs,
                  the total sediment transport for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year events
                  was calculated. The resulting sediment transport-frequency curve was used to
                  calculate the long-term mean annual sediment transport, by taking the area
                  under the curve.

                  The resulting estimate of mean annual sediment transport from San Marcos Creek
                  is 13,200 cubic yards/year. From the size distribution curve, 30 percent of
                  this is fine sand to coarse sand. If all of the sand (and only sand) were
                  trapped, then 4,000 cubic yards/year would have to be removed.    If the
                  estimate were based on the average yield per square mile, it would amount to
                  3,500 to 7,000 cubic yards/year of sand from lower San Marcos Creek.

                  For Encinitas Creek and the two small tributaries near 1-5, the average
                  sedimentation rates are used to estimate debris basin requirements. Since the
                  soils near the west end of the lagoon are fine sandy loams and loamy coarse
                  sands, a higher proportion of the total sediment yield (about 75 percent) must
                  be removed from debris basins.

                  Table 5 shows the estimated average annual yield of sand from San Marcos Creek,
                  Encinitas Creek, and the ditches at Piraeus and Eolus in Leucadia.

                  To reduce the sedimentation impacts of land uses, three approaches are
                  necessary: 1) implementing Best Management Practices (erosion control
                  practices) on construction sites; 2) maintaining and managing alluvial riparian
                  corridors; and 3) implementing Resource Management Practices on agricultural
                  lands (see Watershed Plan).

                  A third approach to sediment management -- construction and operation of debris
                  basins -- provides supplemental protection, but is not a substitute for good
                  land management practices. Debris basins are in place on the Sammis Property,
                  along the Batiquitos Drive (Lagoon Lane) drainage and on the tributary at the
                  most northeastern corner of the lagoon. There is also a basin on the tributary
                  bordering Saxony Road on the southshore of the lagoon (see Figure I).
                  Additional basins are planned for several other tributaries, especially on the
                  north side of the lagoon (VTN Engineers, 1980). If they are properly designed
                  and maintained, debris basins can help provide an important degree of
                  protection. It is not practical to catch all of the incoming sediment in
                  debris basins, since silt and clay will remain in suspension for many hours to
                  days and require extremely large catchment basins. If the lagoon is restored

                                                        34

                                                     GRAIN SIZE IMMI

                                                    FIG. 9
                                                    Grain si.ze              distribution
                                                    San Marcos Crk- Delta

                              eo  -

                              70  -

                              CIO -

                              'ZO -
                                                                                                       ON-N
                              to-

                            L201
                                                    7-      -3                                    7        43
                                                      GRAIN    SIZE (01

                                                                  35

                  to a tidal system, these fine sediments will be carried out with the ebbing
                  tide. At least one debris basin (along Saxony Road) appears to be.trapping
                  silt and clay as well as sand. If a debris basin is too efficient, the
                  outflowing water may by "hungry" for sediment, and begin attacking the.bed and
                  banks of the channel as it flows downstream.

                  San Marcos Lake is the largest debris basin in the Batiquitos watershed. It
                  probably traps virtually all of the incoming sediment. San Marcos Creek at the
                  Rancho Santa Fe Bridge shows virtually no recent overbank deposition of
                  sediment. Below the alluvial golf course reach, however, the stream carries
                  appreciable sediment. Therefore any facilities for additional sediment
                  reduction on San Marcos Creek must be located below the golf course.

                  A fourth issue to address is the continuing urbanization of the watershed and
                  paving of currently open land. Once land is paved, storm water flows off the
                  pavement and into storm drains rather than percolating into the soil and
                  eventually into stream channels. When the storm runoff from the paved areas
                  enters the natural stream corridor it is flowing faster than the former natural
                  drainage. At a certain point in the urbanization of the watershed the volume
                  and speed of the water will increase enough to begin to downcut into the
                  natural channel and erode the sediments stored in the riparian corridors.
                  These sediments will be transported to the lagoon. This process occurs in the
                  Buena Vista Lagoon watershed and required a large dredging project to clean out
                  the lagoon.

                  One way to.alleviate this problem is to require developments in the watershed
                  to not produce an increase in the flow leaving the site. This goal can be
                  accommodated by decreasing the slope of roofs, downsizing parking and drainage
                  channels, planting of landscaping rather than paving, use of storm water
                  detention ponds as water amenity features. At the point where the storm drain
                  releases water into the natural channel drop structures or retention
                  structures and energy dissipators should be placed. Road crossings can be
                  designed to slow creek viater flows. However, if this issue is not addressed,
                  the likelihood of the downcutting in the lower reaches of Encinitas and San
                  Marcos Creeks and transport of a great deal of sediment into the lagoon is very
                  great.

                  LAGOON WATER QUALITY

                  The San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board has collected water quality
                  data for Batiquitos Lagoon for the past five years (California Regional Water
                  Quality Control Board, 1985). Parameters measured include conductivity
                  (salinity), total phosphate, orthophosphate, nitrate ' nitrite, ammonia, total
                  organic nitrogen, total dissolved residue, turbidity, total suspended solids,
                  volatile suspended sediment and settleable residue. Samples were taken monthly
                  at three locations in Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure 11). Additional water
                  quality tests were performed in July, 1984 by MacDonald & Feldmeth (1985).
                  Zedler et al (1987) reviewed nutrient loading in San Diego coastal lagoons and
                  predicted existing levels of nitrogen loading and recommended methods to reduce
                  these loads.

                                                        36

                   Table 5 Annual   Sand Sediment Yield

                                     Drainage          Sand Yield                 Sand Yield
                                    Square Mile         with BMP's*             without BMP's
                   Basin                Area           cubic Yds/yr               cubic yds/yr

                   Piraeus              0.60           480  to 660                   1750
                   Eolus                0.3            240  to 480                   1272
                   Encinitas            5.50           1775 to 3550                  9407
                   San Marcos          10.8           3333  to 4750                  4750

                                                       5303     9440                17,179

                   *Best Management Practices

                                                            37

                                                                            FIG. 10
                                                                            Derived Sediment                                                                                              X/
                                                                            Transport Curve
                                                                            SAN MARCOS CREEK

                                                                                                                                                                 x

                                              cc

                                              z
                                              Uj

                                              Uj
                                              cl)

                                                                                                           DISCHARGE                 (CFS I

                                                                                                                                38

                  Water quality measurements reflect the overall condition of an aquatic system
                  and determine its suitability as habitat to many aquatic organisms. Odor and
                  color problems are often reflective of certain water quality conditions. We
                  shall briefly review the monitoring results for several of the more important
                  parameters measured.j

                  Conductivity

                  Conductivity, or specific conductance, is a measure of the capacity of a water
                  sample to conduct or convey an electrical current'. The property of conductance
                  is directly related to the concentration of ionized substances in the water and
                  the temperature at which the measurement is made and can thus be related to the
                  salinity of a water sample. As the various dissolved substances in water are          Or
                  concentrated by evaporation, the specific conductance increases. Distilled
                  water has a specific conductance ranging from 0.5 to 2 micro-milliohms
                  (umohs/cm), while most freshwater streams and lakes would have a conductivity
                  ranging from 50 to 1000 umohs/cm. Sea water has a conductance of 34,000
                  umohs/cm (MacDonald and Feldmeth, 1985).

                  As demonstrated in Figures 12 A, B, and C, the conductivity of Batiquitos
                  Lagoon, water varies both seasonally and at the different sampling locations in
                  the lagoon.

                  During the winter months conductivity measurements are low, a reflection of the
                  large quantities of freshwater entering the lagoon. As expected, Station A
                  next to San Marcos Creek exhibits the lowest conductivity measurements with
                  winter readings of 40 to 1200 umohs/cm. Stations B and C are considerably             r
                  higher (note different scale on graph). Station B shows winter readings of            6
                  2,000 to 12,000 umohs/cm and Station C, closest to the ocean with winter
                  measurements of 12,000 to 16,000 umohs/cm.                                            -

                  During the summer as lagoon water evaporates, salinity levels rise and
                  conductivity measurements increase. Station A exhibited a summer maximum
                  measurement of 5,200 to 6,800 umohs/cm. Measurements at Station B were 76,000
                  to 84,000 umohs/cm by late fall, a six to seven fold increase over winter
                  levels. Station C has the highest summer levels with peak measurements of
                  108,000 to 128,000 umohs/cm, over a ten fold increase from winter levels.

                  The data show that Batiquitos Lagoon has salt concentrations far in excess of
                  ocean water for a major portion of the year. Both Stations B and C exhibit
                  levels two and four times the salinity concentration of sea water. In addition
                  these data show a great annual variance in salinity levels related to the
                  inflow of freshwater in.winter and gradual evaporation of water over the
                  summer.

                  Nitrogen Compounds

                  Four separate measurements of dissolved nitrogen compounds were made for the
                  lagoon waters: nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and total organic nitrogen. In most
                  marine bays, lagoons and salt marshes, levels of these compounds are very low.
                  Ammonia comes from the breakdown of the protein of decomposing organisms or
                  from effluents which may enter a body of water such as inorganic fertilizers or

                                                        39

                                                                                               MIM MIMI m @w

                                  $21

                                                   Ponto
                                                                                                               *-N    C,lTt                   Y
                                                                                                ARLSBAT)

                                32                                      7,.

                                                                                                          7,
                                                                                              Lill

                                                                                                                              AV
                                                                                                                        34

                                                                             LA

                                                                T1                                                                                 ------ -
                                                     .4 M, i

                                         FIG. 11                         Location of San          Diego Water Quality Control Board Sampli

                  domestic wastewater. Normally bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ion
                  (NH4+) into nitrite (N02-) and then into nitrate (N03-). The cycle of
                  conversion from ammonia to nitrate occurs as organisms die and decompose and
                  the nitrogen that was tied up in their bodies is recycled (see Figure 13).
                  Nitrate is a critical nutrient for plants and essential for primary production.
                  Nitrate levels in any aquatic system are usually very low (about 0.5 ppm in sea
                  water) because plants continually utilize this nutrient as it is released by
                  bacterial action. High levels of nitrogen compounds will stimulate algae
                  blooms and aquatic plant grow@h.

                  Figures 14 A and B depict ammonia concentrations measured at each sampling
                  station. Station A on San Marcos Creek shows concentrations ranging from very
                  low, .02 parts per million (ppm), to a high of 1.5 ppm. These peak
                  concentrations are generally found during winter months and are probably
                  associated with the.runoff from heavily fertilized areas such as La Costa Golf
                  Course and-lawns and gardens upstream. Ammonium sulfate and other ammonia
                  compounds are typically used in commercial fertilizers.

                  Station B shows higher levels (3.Oppm) of ammonia occurring at various times of
                  the year. These high concentrations could be the result of inflows of
                  fertilized runoff. This runoff will stimulate blooms of algae and other
                  aquatic plants,during spring and early summer.

                  As these plants die off in summer from high salinities and temperatures they
                  are covered with a film of bacteria and begin to decompose. This decomposition
                  releases ammonia into surrounding water and could account for high
                  concentrations recorded in late summer.

                  Station C exhibited much the same pattern as Station B. High concentrations of
                  ammonia (3.0 ppm) may be attributed to the decomposition of algae and to inflow
                  of water carrying nitrogen fertilizer residues.

                  Accidental release of wastewater from the pump station near the mouth of the
                  lagoon has added large amounts of nutrients to lagoon water. One spill in the
                  summer of 1985 caused large algae blooms on the lagoon.

                  A recent study (Zedler et al, 1987) concluded that nitrogen levels are the
                  primary controlling nutrient to algae growth in San Diego coastal lagoons.
                  This study described Batiquitos Lagoon as having a "high incidence of algae
                  blooms at all seasons".

                  PhosRhate

                  In addition to nitrate, phosphate and orthophosphate are also important
                  nutrient substances for primary productivity and hence plant growth. In most
                  aquatic systems, levels of phosphate and nitrogen are the major limiting
                  factors to plant growth (see Figure 13). Phosphate levels at Station A were
                  highest during winter months and could be associated with urban and
                  agricultural runoff levels for both stations. Levels then decline in the
                  summer (see Figure 15). This pattern undoubtedly occurs because vascular
                  plants such as ditch grass (Ruppia maritima) and various species of algae, take
                  up phosphate in the spring and summer months when temperatures and light levels

                                                       41

                 all ow rapid growth. Thus plant growth lowers the existing levels of phosphate
                 in the lagoon as the season progresses.

                 Chlorophyll a

                 Chlorophyll a levels were also monitored for the lagoon. Chlorophyll a is a
                 measure of the concentrations of photosynthetic material in the water column
                 and approximates aquatic productivity levels.

                 Figure 16 shows the mean chlorophyll a concentrations at various lagoons and
                 the trophic state classifications associated with these concentrations.
                 Batiquitos Lagoon (c) has a high chlorophyll a concentration and falls under
                 the classification of eutrophic. This trophic classification indicates a high
                 level of organic material and can be associated with high nutrient
                 environments.

                 Groundwater

                 An important feature of the water quality picture at Batiquitos Lagoon is the
                 seepage of freshwater around the fringes of the lagoon. Macdonald and Feldmeth
                 (1985) found that this water table was.independent of the water level in the
                 lagoon. The seepage apparently originates in the drainage area above the
                 lagoon and percolates downward until it reaches the more dense saline
                 groundwater associated with the lagoon. This seepage provides a measure of
                 freshwater inflow during dry summer months.

                 Summary - Water Quality

                 Monthly water quality data are available from the Regional Water Quality
                 Control Board for the years 1979 - 1983. The results show that water quality
                 in the lagoon is controlled by the frequency of opening of the lagoon mouth, by
                 evaporative concentration of salts, and by the inflow of fresh nutrient-rich
                 water from San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks. Midsummer salinity in the lagoon
                 exceeds that of seawater, ranging from 2.5 times the salinity of seawater in
                 the upper lagoon to almost four times higher in the lower lagoon. The inflow
                 of water rich in ammonium, nitrate and phosphorous from San Marcos Creek and
                 probably other tributary streams stimulates blooms of ditch grass (Ruppia
                 maritima) and filamentous green algae. Higher salinity and temperature levels
                 later in the summer cause the aquatic plants to die off. Decomposition of the
                 @ead plants depletes the supply of dissolved oxygen in lagoon water and further
                 increases nutrient levels. With no tidal exchange and little summer inflow
                 from San Marcos Creek, water temperatures in the lagoon increase, further
                 reducing the dissolved oxygen. In summary, the lack of tidal inflows and
                 limited seasonal freshwater inflows results in stagnant summer water quality
                 conditions. Water quality conditions fluctuate widely over one year's time
                @with extremely harsh conditions prevailing during mid to late summer.

                 SUMMARY

                 Batiquitos Lagoon has undergone significant geomorphic change in the past 150
                 years. For thousands of years prior to European settlement the lagoon mouth
                 was open on a continuous basis. The channel was able to remain open because

                                                      42

                                 7,000
                                                                                BAT A CONDUCTIVITY

                                 6,000

                                 5.000

                                                                                                                                                 If

                                 4,000

                4@b            #A

                               0
                                 3,000

                                 2,000

                                 1.000

                                      0                                                                                      -OA    13jr    JAL A JL 4'
                                          .7 W 04 A 04              w   Ay -0 0-4 A'                                                      ML  t4 2- .2
                                                      1979                          1980                          1981                          1982

                                 FIG.112A                            Batiquitos     Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station A/Al.

                                    M        WIN                        Ilion    I I p    1   14        1        1   1 N           1    1 11                  1                  1

                                  120,000                                         BAT I     CONDUCTIVITY

                                  100,000

                                  80.000

                              %A  60.000

                                  40,000

                                  20,000

                                        0                                     . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                               0 14 ol        ;  A
                                             P 14 A M  Jr 3 A 6 0     b  r F  oft A 04 1 S A 3         .7 p "
                                                      1979                           1980                       1981                          1982

                                  FIG.128                                  Batiquitos Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station B.

                                                                              RAT C      COMPUMMY
                                 140,000

                                 120,000

                                 100,000

                                  80.000

                              -C
                               0

                                   0,000

                                  40,000

                                  20,000

                                     0  . . . . . .                               J                    . . . . . . .
                                                  A A X a' A 9 a      D 2 F M A A X T A 6 0 9 0       2 9 H A 14 X 3 A S o       0 it p       M :r 7 A s 0 pi DI
                                                      1979                          1980                          1981                          1982

                                 FIG. 12C                   Batiquitos Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station C.

                                                                                                                                      awthow

                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                          plawleft bv     0 r p n i c nilp     AsW
                                                  -4.               "I    bkow'son           in dpe wW
                                                                             44M            Wa"Ophywo

                                                               n-n
                                                 4                 W -Woft
                                       G
                                                                                                      lotion        Wild   tion

                                                                         on        cloposition

                                                                                                  0awnposition
                                                                           tion
                                                                                 04ps

                                                                          NITROGEN        CYCLING

                                            dtainap
                                            and
                                         wastsweters                                Pre6pitation

                                                                          Auirnilation

                                                            Orpnic phoq*ww
                                                                in $son ww
                                                                                       11104
                                                                                                              "PW.

                                                                        Decomposition
                                                                  Deposition                           0"Wition,

                                                                                Ot"MiC phoWhorvi
                                                                                   in sectiments

                                                                       PHOSPHORUS        CYCLING

                                                      FIG.13
                                                      NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CYCLES IN AN AQUATIC
                                                      ENVIRONMENT (FROM HAMMER AND MACKICHAN, 1981

                                                                                  46

                                 BAT A/Al AMONIA

                2.5

                2.0

              CL@

                1.0
                                  IIt

                0.5

                 0  A di
                  Asp mbp;SA "01-7 P ?4A 1;4J%.T; 1469, SpIlDISP MANSIA 9 *80DI3,p I A
                       1979        1980       1981        1982

            M&G-MMA M         BVWit 'jjagoF-rjjAnur--4@ df4- fro"
                                 IN               atl-- 4/V        'N

                                                                              BAT B   AMMONIA

                               3.0

                               2.5

                               2.0

               00

                               1.0

                                                                              J  A - - - - - - - - -
                                  0                                           A  t
                                     7 p 14 A 14 1 TA j 0 pe VIC P 14 A              IV0 @7 Ft4     Ar 4r A S 0 W P     P9 A M -r J A V  OV
                                               1979                      1980                       1981                     1982

                           rIG 148                               Batiquitos Lagoon; Ammonia data from Station B.

                                                                         BAT C   AHMNIA

                              3.0

                              2.5

                              2.0

                00
                cr          IE

                                 ir

                              1.0

                              0.5

                                 0
                                    y P M A    r 7 4 6 a w b     04 A 04 7 S A    0 0 Ir F 04 A M 21 7 A 5 0 v 7 P6       r 17 A s 0
                                              1979                     1980                     1981                     1982

                            F I G. 14C                           Batiquitos Lagoon; Ammonia data from Station C.
                               M      OM      MEN    ONE     moll   HE I    v   I

                 the actual tidal prism of the lagoon had adequate capacity on the ebb flow to'
                 scour a channel through the beach and offset the effect of sand build-up in the
                 channel from storm waves. However, since settlement of the area, the lagoon
                 has experienced significant filling from sedimentation and constriction of
                 water flows from the fills and bridges for Highways 101 & 5 and the railroad.
                 These bridges now represent choke points to tidal inflows. Sedimentation has
                 reduced the tidal prism of the lagoon to the point where the mouth rarely opens
                 and not enough tidewater is able to enter and leave the lagoon to keep the
                 mouth open. When the mouth does open due to high freshwater levels, tidal
                 inflows now stop after a maximum of several days.

                 The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed consists of 52 square miles with the primary
                 tributary being San Marcos Creek. A dam on San Marcos Creek impounds water
                 into San Marcos Lake which acts as a silt basin for the upper portion of the
                 creek. The remaining area below the dam is incised in a canyon until it spills
                 out onto an alluvial plain which has been filled and developed for the La Costa
                 Golf Course. Encinitas Creek is the other major tributary. Most of the
                 floodplain of Encinitas Creek is covered with riparian forest and marsh which
                 traps most of the heavy sediment carried by the creek.

                 Estimates of the average annual sedimentation rate into the lagoon show
                 accumulation of 1-2 cm/year. Estimates of the sedimentation rates for San
                 Marcos and Encinitas Creeks as well as the drainage ditches along 1-5 at
                 Piraeus and Eolus are given. Other tributaries around the lagoon either have
                 sediment basins or are planned to have them. The primary sources of this
                 sedimentation is erosion of graded development sites, agricultural areas, open,
                 unvegetated land and creek channel erosion. Implementation of erosion control
                 measures or Best Management Practices (BMPs) throughout the watershed could
                 significantly decrease sediment entering the lagoon. Installation of sediment
                 basins and preservation of the natural floodplain are also effective in
                 lowering sediment input into the lagoon. New developments in the watershed
                 should be designed such that peak stormflows leaving the site will not be
                 increased.

                                                       49

                                              BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                                                          TOTAL PHOSPHATE

                                                                                                                                Station A*------*

                                                                                                                                Station B&-

                      4,6

           Ln                                                                        %
                                                                                      %                                             A

                                                A                                                                                      %
                                                                                              A                                          %
                                A%

                                   %
                   Cc
                   U

                               Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  Pay  Jun  Jul 'Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct       Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr   May Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov

                                      1981                                    1982                                                  1983

                    FIG.15                                              Batiquitos Lagoon; Total Phosphate data.
                                                                                                                                      \%%
                                                                                                                      om@@ @%Vf

                                                                            MID     I 1 11

                                                                                                                                                                                                     LISTED
                                                                   TROPHIC STATES                                                CHLOKOPHTLL           (ult/ I I                                     VALUES
                                                                                             I                                              to                                            too

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1,111:4:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1b.p. I

                                                                   Oligotrophic

                                                                                              2 a "own       nizaaRaxmm
                                                                                                   1I1I211::1""1L ........    utonxz                                                                   p               it,, loh- I P- to

                                                                                                                           a                                                                         4.1               It's. #04 W,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      #-,hsk (011,61

                                                                                                                                                                                                     4-10              11A. IVA
                                                                  Mesotrophic                                                                                                                        1_1%

                                                                                                                                                                                                        I              Chao... ...d I....1-hook 119A)

                                                                                                                                                                                          1                            0.5. Ira 81-19.0

                                                                                                                                                                                          1                                    1
                                                                    Eutrophic                                                                                      .......

                                                                                                                                                                         0 C

                                                                                                                                                                                      a a            S-14.0            Ub.oaq.. I It-.

                                                               FIG. 16               MAJOR TROPHIC STATE CLASSIFICA11ONS BASEn ON MEAN CHLOROPYYI.I. a CONCI-'N'rRATIONS. FOR
                                                                                     CO"PARISON, MEAN VALUES FOUND WITHIN SIX COASTAL LAGOON&                                                           a     ARCsttom

                                                                                     a/
                                                                                         Th.- coastal lagoons are Identified an:                   (.I) - Riovim V1,1 - tR11V-( ); M                 Altios, 114-dionds (ACH-C);
                                                                                          to I a bat lqui too (IIAT-0; (d) - Son El I J,,. wese vo It bw;i at                               (e)      S.on El 114), eastern lcinin
                                                                                          ml.-Al );       (f) - San Diesuito (Sol-a); mod (g) t i.ox

                                                                                     Taken from California Regional Water Quality Control Board , 1985. Draft
                                                                                     A Review of Nutrient Standards for the Coastal Lagoons in the San Diego Region

                   NATURAL RESOURCES

                   INTRODUCTION

                   Batiquitos Lagoon is one  of a series of coastal wetlands that dot the southern
                   California coastline. These coastal wetlands are relatively small discrete
                   units confined to the mouths of narrow river valleys and bays. Each lagoon or
                   wetland has distinct characters and varied types and acreages of wetland
                   habitats. Each of these wet@ands has undergone changes due to human     ' activities
                   either around or in the wetland. No pristine examples of wetland systems
                   remain in southern California.

                   This section reviews the natural resource informat   ion which curr ently exists
                   for Batiquitos Lagoon. This existing information is relatively general in
                   nature but does describe the habitat types at the lagoon and the level of
                   wildlife use of these habitats. No additional monitoring of wildlife species
                   was completed as part of this plan. This analysis is not intended to represent
                   a comprehensive review and documentation of the current habitat values at the
                   lagoon. Instead, it is a compilation of all the existing field data.
                   Vegetation and habitat types were mapped using recent aerial photographs and
                   maps were field checked. This section also includes a review of the regional
                   significance of Batiquitos Lagoon in comparison to other San Diego County
                   wetlands and their habitats.

                   Information Sources

                   The following discussion of the existing biological resources of Batiquitos
                   Lagoon uses information taken from several sources including published
                   documents (Mudie et al. 1976; Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc. 1982;
                   Westec Services, Inc. 1983; MacDonald and Feldmeth 1985; Leucadia County Water
                   District, 1985), unpublished accounts (Christmas bird counts, Least Tern and
                   Belding's Savannah Sparrow nesting surveys, unpublished bird surveys),
                   discussions with individuals familiar with lagoon resources (K. MacDonald, D.
                   King, E. Copper, J. Oldenettle), and personal observations by the author, Ted
                   Winfield.

                   BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                   Habitat Types

                   Batiquitos Lagoon contains six types of habitats: mud/sand/shallow water,
                   emergent coastal salt marsh, brackish marsh, willow-dominated riparian forest,
                   deep water and transitional border areas. Presently, large areas of
                   mud/sand/shallow water dominate Batiquitos Lagoon. Based upon photo
                   interpretation of an October, 1984 aerial photograph and field reconnaissance
                   during August, 1985, the mud/sand/shallow water areas cover approximately 393
                   acres. During rare episodes of tidal flushing, a portion of this habitat type
                   becomes intertidal and covered by shallow water for varying periods of time on
                   a daily basis. During winter months and following storms, freshwater covers
                   these flats. Depending upon the amount and timing of winter rains, water covers
                   the mud/sand flat areas to various depths. As these waters evaporate, the
                   mud/sand flat areas become exposed. The depth of water covering these mud/sand

                                                           52

                  flat areas varies greatly from year to year. In 1985, the lagoon had a few
                  inches to one foot of water covering these flats in the winter and then dried
                  out completely in summer. In contrast, during the winter of 1987, the lagoon
                  ad 4 to 8 feet of water covering these flats and did not dry out in the summer.

                  Natural seeps are present along the edg es of the lagoon especially in the east
                  basin, and these seeps provide an additional source of water for the lagoon.
                  During the summer and fall months, the combined waters of these seeps may form
                  a shallow water area in the middle of the east basin. The extent and depth of
                  the shallow water area is probably controlled by the rate of seepage and
                  evaporation.

                  Marsh is present around the entire lagoon edge (Figure C) and comprises
                  approximately 179 acres (Table 6). This acreage includes coastal salt marsh,
                  brackish marsh, and riparian (willow)/brackish marsh areas. Most of the willow
                  thickets are at the mouth of Encinitas Creek and several other north shore
                  locations. Brackish marsh is found throughout the lagoon in areas of higher
                  freshwater occurrence. Coastal salt marsh is found over most of the lagoon and
                  is the most prevalent type of marsh habitat.

                  Open water areas account for approximately 29 acres of the lagoon (Table 6).
                  The open water areas occur primarily in the middle and western end.of the
                  lagoon with small open water areas occurring along the San Marcos Creek
                  channel. The open water area beneath Interstate 5 has probably resulted from
                  scouring during flood flows. In general, the open water areas are coincident
                  with the main channels in the western and middle areas of the lagoon.

                  The western basin (between the railroad causeway and Pacific Coast Highway) is
                  a mixture of emergent marsh, primarily coastal salt marsh, shallow water or
                  mud/sand flats, and open water. The western basin covers an area of
                  approximately 25 acres. Of those 25 acres, open water comprises nearly 7
                  acres, marsh approximately 7 acres and shallow water or mud/sand flats about 11
                  acres (Table 6).

                  The middle basin (between Interstate 5 and the railroad causeway) is also
                  dominated by shallow water or mud/sand flats (Figure C; Table 6) comprising
                  approximately 69 percent of the total area of the middle basin. The remaining
                  area in this basin is divided approximately equally between emergent marsh and
                  open water. The open water area in the middle lagoon accounts for
                  approximately 58 percent of the total open water area for Batiquitos Lagoon.
                  Together the western and middle basin constitute the west lagoon.

                  The eastern basin (east lagoon) is by far the largest basin area, comprising
                  nearly 78 percent of the total acreage of Batiquitos Lagoon. This basin is
                  dominated by shallow water or mud/sand flats which cover over 308 acres or 66
                  percent of the east basin. The emergent marsh, totaling nearly 156 acres, is
                  located primarily in the eastern third of the east basin and represents 87
                  percent of the total emergent marsh found in Batiquitos Lagoon. Deep water
                  areas (Figure C), lie along the course of the San Marcos Creek and near the
                  Interstate 5 bridge, and represent I percent of the total area of the east
                  basin.

                                                        53

                    Table 6. ACRES OF EMERGENT MARSH,
                           SANDIMUD/SHALLOW WATER (<12") AND OPEN WATER (>12--) IN THE
                                      THREE BASINS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                                                                        Basin

                   Physical Habitat Type,             West       Middle      East     Total

                   Emergent Marsh*                       7          16       155*       178

                   Sand/Mud/Shallow Water (<12")        11          75        307       393
                   Open Water (>12")                     7          18          4        29

                   TOTAL                                25         109        466       600

                   *includes scattered riparian areas

                                                           54

                  Upland areas occur around the margins of the lagoon but have not been
                  inventoried as part of this project. Roads and development occur along
                  much of the lagoon periphery and serve to partially isolate the lagoon proper
                  from surrounding upland areas and the wildlife that inhabits these upland
                  areas.

                  Vegetation

                  The vegetation of Batiquitos Lagoon has been described in a number of papers or
                  reports dating back to an initial paper by Purer (1942). Mudie et al. (1976)
                  produced a report on the natural resources of Batiquitos Lagoon wherein they
                  describe its vegetation communities. Pacific Southwest Biological Services
                  f1982) mapped and briefly described the wetland and riparian vegetation of the
                  eastern end of Batiquitos Lagoon. During a recent wetland boundary study
                  performed in the east basin, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) described the
                  wetland vegetation. Their observations were in close agreement with the
                  descriptions presented by Pacific Southwest Biological Services. The following
                  description of the vegetation was developed during a reconnaissance survey of
                  the lagoon on August 1, 1985, supplemented by existing literature on Batiquitos
                  Lagoon.

                  The marsh vegetation in the western basin is more or less restricted to the
                  edges of the lagoon (Figure C) and is dominated by coastal salt marsh species,
                  primarily common pickleweed (Salicornia yirgiRigLa). Other salt marsh species
                  are present and may be locally abundant. These species include alkali heath
                  (Frankenia grandifolia), salt grass (Distichlis spicata), jaumea (Jaumea
                  carnosa), alkali weed (Cressa truxillensis), two species of salt bush (Atriplex
                  semibaccata, A. Vatula sso hastata), and scattered hummocks of spiny rush
                  (Juncus acutus). The introduced iceplant (Mesembryanthemum chilense) is also
                  present, especially near the Coast Highway. Salt grass is particularly common
                  as the primary invader of exposed sand flats and dunes. These two species and
                  several others (sea rocket, sand verbena, see Appendix F) occur on sandier
                  soils in the upper marsh and are typically associated with sand dunes.

                  Along the northern and southern boundary where the marsh is adjacent to the
                  foot of the coastal bluffs, the presence of freshwater seeps has resulted in
                  the growth of brackish marsh species such as cattails (lygbLa �2) and bulrush
                  (Scirpus californicus, S. robustus) in conjunction with the characteristic
                  coastal salt marsh species. Common pickloweed, alkali heath, and jaumea are
                  robust in these areas, forming extensive and dense patches. The presence of
                  freshwater appears to enhance the productivity of these typically salt marsh
                  species.

                  The vegetation in the middle basin is more limited in distribution, being
                  primarily confined to a narrow fringe around the middle basin (Figure C). The
                  vegetative structure is similar to that observed in the western basin in that
                  common pickleweed is the dominant vegetation with pockets of brackish marsh
                  being present along the outer edge of the marsh near areas of seep.

                  Species characteristic of coastal salt marshes and, in particular, common
                  pickleweed, dominate the marsh vegetation in the eastern basin of Batiquitos
                  Lagoon. Locally other salt marsh species such as alkali heath, salt grass, and

                                                        55

                   jaumea may form nearly monotypic stands. Other species include glasswort
                   (Salicornia subterminalis), Australian salt bush (Atriplex semibaccata),
                   .fat-hen (Atriplex patula ssp hastata), salt cedar (Monanthochloe littoralis),
                   salt marsh daisy (Lasthenia glabrata), alkali weed, and spiny rush. In the
                   vicinity of the seeos around Batiquitos Lagoon, and in the vicinity of the San
                   Marcos and Encinitas creek channels, brackish marsh species such as cattail,
                   and bulrush are common as are the coastal salt marsh species, especially common
                   pickleweed. Curly dock (Rumex crispus) is common near the mouth of Encinitas
                   Creek. In several areas such as the northeast corner of the lagoon the cover
                   of salt marsh is sparse having been disturbed by off-road vehicles and other
                   factors.

                   Stands of willows (Salix lasiolepis) are found at the mouth of Encinitas Creek
                   in the east basin (Figure C), mixed with brackish marsh species. Smaller
                   isolated stands of willows are also present around the northern margin of the
                   east basin. Riparian habitat dominated by willows lines most of the floodplain
                   of Encinitas Creek and its tributaries as well as certain areas of San Marcos
                   Creek above the La Costa Golf Course and near the Rancho Santa Fe Road
                   crossing. Willows also line the northern tributary of San Marcos Creek and the
                   stream along Saxony Road. The extent of this riparian vegetation is depicted
                   in Figures B-1 to B-4.

                   Wildlife

                   The abundance and variety-of wildlife in the lagoon is a response to the
                   extent, type and quality of habitat types. Batiquitos Lagoon has a variable
                   water regime which has changed significantly in the past 50 years. The lagoon
                   has lost its tidal characteristics. A shallow water lagoon some winters, the
                   lagoon may attract hundreds of migratory birds., The following year, the lagoon
                   may fill to a depth of eight feet and provide little feeding habitat for the
                   same species seen the year before. As these yearly changes affect the types of
                   animals visiting the lagoon, seasonal changes in water temperatures and water.
                   quality determine what aquatic species will inhabit the lagoon water. Since
                   both annual and seasonal variations are not well studied at the lagoon, no
                   single profile of wildlife values readily emerges from the existing
                   information. The following discussion summarizes the data collected on animal
                   use at the lagoon and discusses how these variations in aquatic conditions
                   affect wildlife use.

                   Mammals and Reptiles.

                   As indicated in Mudie et al. (1976), the studies on mammals and reptiles in
                   Batiquitos Lagoon are scarce; those that are available are primarily restricted
                   to field observations of tracks, scat, burrows, and direct sightings. The
                   common species of mammals listed by Mudie et al. (1976) include black-tailed
                   jackrabbit, desert cottontail, beechy ground squirrel, house mouse, coyote,
                   striped skunk, raccoon, and feral dogs. The gopher snake was the only reptile
                   recorded for the lagoon area although the western fence lizard, side-blotched
                   lizard, and southern alligator lizard are probably also present.    The mule
                   deer and long-tailed weasel are listed as occasional visitors to the lagoon
                   proper.

                                                         56

                 Fish and Invertebrates

                 Data on the fish and invertebrate fauna of Batiquitos Lagoon are limited. The
                 available data for Batiquitos Lagoon (and other similar lagoons in San Diego
                 County), indicate that on the average, a limited number of species of fish and
                 invertebrates exist in the lagoon environment. The diversity and abundance of
                 fish in Batiquitos Lagoon is directly related to the occurrence of open tidal
                 circulation. Marine species can only enter the lagoon when the mouth naturally
                 opens during large floods or is manually opened. Then they are trapped within
                 the lagoon once the mouth closes. As water levels drop and water temperature
                 increases, most marine species are unable to survive. The continued existence
                 of these species during summer months is directly dependent upon the quality of
                 the water (salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature).

                 Observations presented in Mudie et al. (1976) indicate that mosquito fish,
                 mullet, mudsuckers, and bay topsmelt are common and California killifish
                 abundant in Batiquitos Lagoon. This species list probably represents the fish
                 found in the lagoon during periods of no tidal exchange. Recently, MacDonald
                 and Feldmeth (1985) surveyed the fish at four stations in Batiquitos Lagoon
                 during July, 1984. Since the lagoon has been closed to tidal circulation for
                 the two years previous.to this survey, the species observed represent resident
                 species. In the west lagoon, just east of the Pacific Coast Highway, they
                 found the California killifish, topsmelt, arrow goby, and mudsucker to be
                 present. In addition, they observed several large stripped mullet and a large
                 California halibut. Further east, in the open water area in the middle basin,
                 they found the same four species. At both stations, the California killifish
                 was most abundant, but the mudsucker showed an appreciable increase in
                 abundance at the'second station. In the east lagoon, near the Interstate 5
                 bridge, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) found the mudsucker to be most abundant.
                 Topsmelt and arrow goby were not caught and the California killifish was far
                 less abundant than at the two western stations. They also caught several
                 mosquito fish. Discussion with a commercial bait fisherman indicated that the
                 staghorn sculpin had been present sometime prior to the 1984 study. The fourth
                 station was located in the freshwater portion of San Marcos Creek just
                 downstream from the El Camino Real Bridge. This station yielded juvenile blue
                 gill in addition to bullhead, mosquito fish, and largemouth bass.

                 During this survey, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) found the lagoon water to
                 be highly saline, with the lowest salinities occurring at the westernmost
                 station (40 to 43 parts per thousand-[ppt]) and the highest salinities at the
                 station just east of the Interstate 5 bridge (54 ppt). The water temperature
                 also increased west to east, ranging from 270 C (west) to 320 C (east). The
                 easternmost station was essentially freshwater (I to 2 ppt) but had a high
                 range of temperatures (170 to 300 Q. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in summer
                 months also create harsh conditions for fish survival. These extreme water
                 quality conditions limit the diversity and numbers of fish species able to
                 survive in the lagoon.

                 The presence and abundance of marine crustaceans (e.g. crabs) and benth.ic
                 invertebrates (e.g. worms, clams or other animals which inhabit the bottom
                 muds of the lagoon) as well as phytoplankton and zooplankton (algae and small
                 animals which live in the water column) is related to tidal flow. During

                                                       57

                    periods of closure, especially for extended periods, there will be a die-off of
                    benthic invertebrates as suggested in the work of Miller (1966), Bradshaw
                    (1968), and others in nearby Los Penasquitos Lagoon. Once the lagoon is open,
                    the benthic invertebrates will reestablish themselves. However, at Batiquitos
                    Lagoon, the extended periods of closure limits the occurrence of benthic
                    invertebrates. Mudie.et al. (1976) reported populations of ghost shrimp and
                    two species of polychaete worms in the western basin near the entrance of the
                    lagoon. The striped shore crab was also reported to be common near the mouth
                    of the lagoon. Insects--prinrily water boatman and midge larvae--were common
                    in the east basin. Large blooms of aquatic insects in the lagoon during winter
                    months provide the food base which attracts migratory birds.

                    During their July 1984 survey of the lagoon, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985)
                    recorded observations on the invertebrates observed at their fish collection
                    stations. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled using dip nets, but they
                    collected no bottom cores and sampled no benthic organisms. The salt water
                    boatman (Corixa reticulata) was found in large numbers at the three western
                    stations where the waters were hypersaline. At the freshwater station in San
                    Marcos Creek, they collected a more diverse fauna which included hemipterans
                    (families Corixidae and Notenectidae), midges (Chironomidae), dragonfly nymphs
                    (Suborder Ahisoptera), damselfly nymphs (Suborder Zygoptera), and a species of
                    freshwater snail (Physa sp). Abundant and seasonal variation in aquatic
                    insects is undoubtedly related to seasonal changes in water depth, salinity and
                    quality.

                    Phytoplankton and zooplankton also exhibit patterns of abundance related to the
                    presence of tidal circulation in coastal lagoons. Neither of these aquatic
                    components have been censused at Batiquitos Lagoon. During the rare periods of
                    open tidal circulation at Batiquitos Lagoon, plankton species composition in
                    the western part of the lagoon is probably similar to that of the nearby
                    coastal marine waters. Species composition in more interior waters would be
                    more variable depending upon salinity, temperature, and rate of exchange with
                    ocean water. During periods of closure (no tidal circulation), there is
                    probably a shift in species composition and production. Phytoplankton blooms
                    may occur at Batiquitos Lagoon when the mouth is closed as has been documented
                    in unpublished data by J. Boland for Los Penasquitos Lagoon. Data are also
                    lacking for zooplankton populations in Batiquitos Lagoon, but in nearby Los
                    Penasquitos Lagoon, Sertig (personal communication) found that Pseudodiaptomus
                    euryhalinus became the dominant form during periods of lagoon closure. During
                    periods of open tidal circulation, the estuarine species Acartia californica
                    was common and P. euryhalinus was a minor component (Bradshaw, 1968).

                    The lack of regular tidal flushing in Batiquitos Lagoon limit's the export     of
                    nutrients from the lagoon to the nearshore waters. Much of the primary
                    productivity in the lagoon remains within the lagoon system excepting the
                    occasional release of water from the lagoon to the ocean. Birds, mammals       and
                    other large animals indirectly export a portion of the lagoons productive      base
                    through their consumption of insect, invertebrate and plant materials and
                    movements out of the lagoon area. Overall, in its present condition, the
                    lagoon is a closed system and does not substantially contribute to the primary
                    productivity of nearshore waters.

                                                            58

                  Birds

                  The most obvious wildlife component in Batiquitos Lagoon is the bird fauna,
                  particularly shorebirds and waterfowl. A number of surveys have been performed
                  at Batiquitos Lagoon recording bird use, of the lagoon, but few of the data have
                  been summarized or published. The following discussion is based upon several
                  unpublished data sets which were supplied by Mr. David King, Ms. Anne Olmsted,
                  and Mr. Jerry Oldenettle. These data sets include the following:
                  Christmas Count Data for Batiquitos Lagoon, Buena Vista Lagoon, Aqua Hedionda
                  Lagoon, 1975-1984; survey of shorebirds along the beach section of Batiquitos
                  Lagoon for the years 1969-70, 1970-71, 1971-72; monthly survey of birds at
                  Batiquitos Lagoon, undated but probably 1970 (D. King, pers. comm.); periodic
                  survey of birds at Batiquitos Lagoon, October 1976 - February 1979.

                  The seasonal use pattern of Batiquitos Lagoon by shorebirds and waterfowl is
                  generally similar to the pattern reported for other southern California coastal
                  lagoons.   During the late summer and early fall, migrant shorebirds on their
                  way south  begin to arrive and use exposed sand/mud flats for roosting and
                  feeding.   During the late fall and winter months, when the coastal lagoons
                  generally  contain more water due to rainfall and runoff, waterfowl species
                  @ominate the lagoon fauna. During the spring, shorebird numbers usually
                  increase as the migrants return tothe north. This general pattern for
                  Batiquitos Lagoon is shown in Figures 17 and 18. Figure 18 is especially
                  informative since it covers the last part of a dry year (1976) and a wet year
                  11977) and demonstrates the effect that the aerial extent of water in
                  Batiquitos Lagoon has on the local bird fauna. The high shorebird count for
                  October, 1976 is due primarily to the presence of large numbers of wintering
                  Northern Phalaropes (Table 7). Water levels during this period were not high
                  and the east lagoon was essentially dry. Because of 1976-1977 winter rains,
                  the lagoon was full of water during the winter and remained relatively full
                  through the remainder of 1977. Waterfowl numbers were high during the spring
                  of 1977 and again in the fall and winter of 1977. The fall peak of shorebirds
                  is evident and most of the shorebirds occurred in the east lagoon (Table 7).
                  The lagoon was again full in June, 1978 and waterfowl species were most
                  abundant. The increased shorebird numbers in February 1979 were due primarily
                  to the occurrence of large numbers of American Avocets in the west lagoon
                  (Table 7).

                  The use of the east lagoon by shorebirds and waterfowl is generally greater
                  than use of the west lagoon (Figure 19; Table 7). The exception usually
                  results from the occurrence of a large number of a single species, such as the
                  occurrence of large numbers of Southern Phalaropes in the west lagoon during
                  the fall of 1976 and early winter of 1977 (Table 7). The 11 species of
                  waterfowl and 15 species of shorebirds listed in Table 7 generally account for
                  over 95 percent of the total number of individuals of each group observed in
                  Batiquitos Lagoon during the field surveys assessed.

                  Waterfowl

                  The most common waterfowl species in terms of number of individuals include the
                  Pintail, Green-winged Teal, Northern Shoveler, and Ruddy Duck. The Pintail is
                  an abundant migrant and winter visitor to San Diego County and is the county's

                                                          59

                               3000-

                                                                                                        LEGEND

                                                                                                          0 waterfowl
                                                                                                           0 Shorebirds

                               2000-

                           At
                           V
                           c

                           ft-
                  C)       0

                           E   1000-

                           z

                                           C5

                                 0
                                          IfIC    2bO      3bO     417'0    5@O     6/'70    7@0     8170     9170   10@0     11170   12/70

                                                                                Date lmonth/yeer)
                                    FIG. 17                         TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                                                     SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL AT
                                                                        BATIQUITOS LAGOON, 1970(?)

                                                                                                          I Ali

                                5000-

                                                                           LEGEND

                                                                             0 Waterfowl

                                4000
                                                                             0 Shorebirds

                                3000                                                                                 1
                           '12
                           Z

                                                                                                                                                                %
                           0

                           E
                           3    2000-
                           z

                                1000-                             1                                                                       %%
                                            cy                                                                                              %
                                                                                                                                             %%

                                   0
                                          10f76 11f76 12n6 1/77     2/77  3177  V77   5177   6/77  U77 8177    9177 10/77 12177   2/78  4f78  6ne   8/78  10ng 2/79

                                                                                         Date (month/veer)
                                        FIG. 18                             TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                                                      SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL OBSERVED AT
                                                                      BATIQUITOS LAGOON BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976
                                                                                     AND FEBRUARY 1979

                       Table 7 @    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BRTIQUrTOS LRO" BETWEEN 0CTVBHR 1976 AND FEBRUARY 1979a

                                                                           Oct. 1976             Nov. 1976              Dec. 1976             Jan. 1977             Feb. 1977              Mar. 1977             Apr. 1977
                       species                        Locationb,        a      W      T        9     W      T        a      W     T        9      W      T       8      V      T        a      W      T

                       Mallard                                         9      1     10       3      5      a        0     0      0        4      0      4       4      1      5        0    13     13       15     15     27
                       Gadvall                                         6      0      6      12      0     12        a     3      3       22      2    24        4      2      6        7      4    11       22      0     22
                       Pintail                                      408    346    754     521    181    702      471    258   719        61      4    65       70      58   128      44     44     88       13      1     14
                       arson-winged Teal                            116      10   126     292       0   292      257      2   259        26      4    30       20      5     25      10       4    14       47      1     48
                       Cinnamon Teal                                   4     10     14       9      0      9        5     0      5        3      8    11       57      12    69      47     W     101     135      97   232
                       American Wigeon                                 0      6      6       0      0      0        0     0      0       12      8    20       24      12    36      14     24     38        4     60     64
                       Northern Shoveler                               5     21     26      12      2     14     636      6   642       200    34     234     620   109     729      405    422   827     885      69   954

                       Redhead                                         0      0      0       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0      35      0     35        a      7    15       30     13     43
                       Lesser Scaup                                    0      0      0       0     43     43        0    30     30        1      1      1       7      8     15      so       0    so       52      0     52
                       Bufflehead                                      0      0      0       0      6      6        0     5      5        3      0      3       9      0      9      28     25     53        4     50     54
                       Ruddy Duck                                      0     17   -1-7    --A    -2-1     21        2   _1_3    15       10    13     23      435   __A    -435      305    39    344     355      24   379
                       TOTAL                                        548    411    959,    849    258    1107    1371    317   1686      341    73     414    1285   207    1492      948   636   1584     1562     27   1889

                       Semipalmated Plover                            27      9     36      15      5     20      12      1     13        0      0      0       3      0      3        2      0      2       2      0      2
                       Snowy Plover                                    5      0      5      10      0     10        3     1      4        0      0      0       0      0      0        2      0      2       6      0      6
                       Killdeer                                       32     14     46      30     11     41      32      3     35        5      4      9      14      1     15      25       0    25       13      1     14
                       Black-bellied Plover                           12      8     20       4      4      a        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0      22       0    22        6      0      6
                       Willet.                                        12     20     32       4      9     13        7     7     14       12      0    12        0      1      1        2      2      4       2      3      5
                       Least Sandpiper                                 6     34     40      50     51   101       15     13     28        0      2      2       3      0      3        2      9    11       12      0     12
                       Dowitcher sp.                                  25      5     30       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0
                       Short-bllled Dowitcher                          0      0      0       0      3      3        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        9      0      9       0      0      0
                       Long-billed Dowitcher                           0      0      0      34      0     34        7     0      7        0      0      0       0      0      a        0      0      0      10      0     10
                       Western Sandpiper                              39   176    215     580      37   617       60     12     72        a      3    11        7      0      7        7      0      7      27      0     27
                       Marbled oodwit                                  0      0      0       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      3      3       0      0      0        0      0      0       2      0      2
                       sanderling                                      0     16     16      22     96   118       18     70     88        0      3      3      is      5     23      11     23     34        0      9      9
                       American Avocat                                22     10     32       4      0      4        9     0      9       11      0    11        4      0      4        a      4    12        9      0      9
                       black-necked Stilt                             30     29     59      64     26     90      40     11     51        3      0      3       0      0      0        1      2      3      24     20     44
                       Wilson Phalarope                                0      0      a       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        0      0      0       0      6      6
                       North Phalarope                                62   3793   3855    _I     220    227         0   330   330         0    20     20        0      0      a        0      0      0       0      0 -0
                       70TAL                                        272    4114   4386    824    462    1286     203    448   651        39    35     74       49      7     56      91     40    131     113      39   152

                       Peeps                                        290       0   290     900       0   900      420      0   420         5      0      5

                     Table 7    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BRTrQUITOS L%GOOK BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976 AND F8j3RUARY 19790 (continued)

                                                                may 1977         June 1977         July 1977         Aug. 1977         Sept. 1977         Oct. 1977         Dec. 1977
                     species                  Locationb      a     V    T      8    V     T      8    V     T      a     W    T      a     V    T      a     V     T

                     Mallard                               19   10    29     21    5    26     39   45    84     46   10    56     19     5   24       3    0     3     6      0    6

                     Gadwall                               is    2    20      5    0     5      a    0     0      0   16    16     12     0   12       2    0     2     6      0    6

                     Pintail                                1    5     6      0    3     3     15,   0    is      2    0     2    1000    0 1000    2150  303  2453   3732   29  3761

                     areen-winged Teal                      3    0     3      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0     62     0   62     41     0   41     46      2   48
                     Cinnamon Teal                         19    6    25     10    0    10      0    a     0      2    0     2     60     0   60       1    2     3     5      1    6

                     American Wigeon                        0    2     2      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0     30     0   30     92     0   92     43    11    54

                     Northern shoveler                      3    0     3      2    0     2      0    0     0      3    0     3     467    0   467   ISS     0  185    881    147  1028

                     Redhead                                0    4     4     45    8    53     13    0    13     16    6    22     16     0   16       0    0     0    30      0   30

                     Lesser Scaup                           0    0     0      2    0     2      3    0     3      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    3     3    30      0   30
                     Bufflehead                             2    0     2      1    0     1      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    0     0     0      0    0
                     Ruddy Duck                            29   30    59     61   30    91     56   90    146    18   54    72     61    48   109   111   224  335    130    35   16-5

                     TOTAL                                 94   59    153   147   46    193    126  135   261    87   86    173   1727   53 1780    2585  532  3117   4909   225  5134

                     Semipalmated Plover                    1    0     1      2    0     2      0    0     0     it    0    11     12     1   13     31    15   46     10      0   10
                     Snowy Plover                           6    0     6     24    0    24     24    7    31     11    0    11      0     0    0       a    0     8     0      0    0

                     Killdeer                              11    1    12     20    4    24     13    5    18     30    3    33      8    12   20     44    25   69     50      1   51

                     Black-bellied Plover                   3    0     3      0    0     0      0    0     0      1    0     1      0     6    6       0   61   61      0      1    1

                     Villet                                 0    0     0      0    6     6      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    26   26       0    0     0     2      0    2
                     Least Sandpiper                        0    0     0      0    0     0     41    0    41      0    0     0     46    23   69       1   25   26      3    15    18
                     Dowitcher op.                          0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0     46     0   46     16    11    27
                     Short-billed Dowitcher                 0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0     22     0   22      0      0    0

                     Long-billed Dowitcher                  0    0.    0      0    0     0     25    0    25      2    0     2     24    15   39     30    12   42      6      0    6
                     western Sandpiper                      2    0     2      0    0     0     82    0    82     76    0    76     74     5   79    282    20  302    230      3  233
                     Marbled Godwit                         0   A      0      0    0     0      5    0     5      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    0     a     0      0    0
                     Sanderling                             0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0       0   20   20      2      0    2

                     Rmerican Avocet                       le    0    is     Is    2    20     11   11    22     12    0    12     38     0   38     34     0   34     30      0   30

                     Black-necked Stilt                    10    2    12     13   34    47     26   70    96     116  28    144    56    20   76     18    20   38      5      0    5

                     Wilson Phalarope                       0    0     a      2    0     2      2    0     2     45   12    57      0     0    0       0    0     0     0      0    0
                     Worth Phalarope                        0    0     0      a    0     0      1    0     1      0    0     0      0    29   29       0    0     0     0      0    0
                     TOTAL                                 51    3    54     79   46    12S   230   93    323    304  43    347    258  137   395   516   198  714    354    31   385

                     Peeps                                                                     20    0    20                                        340     0  340

                  Table 7    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976 AND FEBRUARY 1979a (concluded)

                                                            Feb. 1978        Apr. 1978         June 1978         Aug. 1978         Oct. 1978         Jan. 1979         Feb. 1979
                  species                  Locationb     a     W    T      a    W     T       It  W     T     a     W     T     R     W     T     E     W    T      a     W    T

                  Mallard                               7     1    a      a   51    59     58    3    61    22    16    38     1     9   10                10      2     5     7
                  Gadvall                               0     0    0      5    1     6     is    3    18     0     0     0     4     0     4                6     10     0   10
                  Pintall                             150    74  224      2    2     4      0    0     0   2200    0  2200   900   156 1056                6.0    17    50   70
                  Green-winged Teal                    10    14   24     13    0    13      0    0     0     2     0     2    is     2   17                35    238    28  266
                  Cinnamon Teal                        65    30   95     60    6    66     37    0    37    12     0    12     3    18   21                10     57    19   76
                  American w1geon                       0     1    1      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     0     0   124     0  124                50      0     0     0
                  Northern Shoveler                   336     2  338    635   57    682     3    0     3    15     0    15   600    68  668                900  1326   128 1454'
                  Redhead                               6    26   32      4   59    63     27   27    54     3     5     a    22     3   25                 4      0     0     0
                  t.esser Scaup                        20    41   61      5    0     5      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                6      0    15   15
                  Bufflehead                            0    41   41      3    0     3      0    0     0     0     0'    0     0     0     0               15      0    _0     0
                  Ruddy Duck                            2    40   42    233   43    276   194   61   255    20    48    68   400   360  760                700   196   150  346
                  TOTAL                               596   270  866    968   219  1187   334   94   428   2274   69  2343   2069  616 2685               1796  1846   395 2241

                  Senipalmated Plover                  16    27   43      9    0     9      0    0     0     0     3     3     6     7   13                 2     20     7   27
                  Snowy Plover                          4     0    4      a    0     a      5    0     5     0     0     0     0     0     0                0     15     0   Is
                  Killdeer                             25    24   49     11    0    11     22    3    25    11    15    26    43    19   62.               20    101    10  111
                  Black-bellied Plover                  0    33   33      2    0     2      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     2     2                2     42     5   47
                  Willet                                0     7    7      0    2     2      0    0     0     0    24    24     0    64   64                 0      0     8     a
                  Least Sandpiper                      27     2   29      0    0     0      0    0     0    36    12    48     8    12   20                 0     67     2   69
                  Dowitcher sp.                        43     0   43      0    0     0      0    0     0    12    16    30     0     9     9                0      0     0     0
                  Short-billed Dowitcher               30   162  192      2    0     2      0    0     0    Is     0    15     0     a     a                0      1     0     1
                  Loong-billed Dowitcher                0     0   '0      5    0     5      0    0     0     2     0     2    48     4   52                 3    269   207  476
                  Western Sandpiper                   200     0  200     96    0    96      a    0     0    as     4    92    24    20   44                 0    397    48  445
                  Marbled Godwit                        0    10   10      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     2     2     3     0     3                1      0    22   22
                  Sanderling                           25     0   25     10    0    10      01   0     0     0     0     0    50     1   5L                 0     28    96  124
                  American ^vocet                      97   239  336     19    0    19     35    3    38    52     0    52    79     2   81                 0    249   341  590
                  Black-necked Stilt                   42    24   66     21   39    60     27   44    71    191   25   216     a     6   14                15     18    40   58
                  Wilsion Phalarope                     0     0    0      0    0     0      0    0     0    50    95   145     a     0     0                0      0     0     0
                  North Phalarope                       0     0    0      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                0      0     0     0
                  TOTAL                               509   528  1037   183   41    224    89   50    139   457   198  655   269   154  423                43   1207   7"  1993

                  Peeps                               745   300  1045                                                        200     0  200                     1350    50 1400

                  a Source- unpublished survey data from Mr. David Ring. Solana Beach, California.
                  b IM    ton VAf   ea@ la9vWast"-5).,Mwes%Magoj&st AM), IWtalMW

                                                                                                          LEGEND
                                              TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF                               A Waterfowl - East Lagoon       A Shorebirds - East Lagoon
                                        SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL OBSERVED IN                               0 Waterfowl -West Lagoon        0 Shorebirds -West Lagoon
                                         HE EASTERN LAGOON AND WESTERN LAGOON
                                                    AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                               100-

                               90-
                                                                                                                      V:

                               70-
                                                                            /*

                               60-

                               so-

                               40-

                               30-

                               20-                                                                                                                                  *10

                               10-

                                0

                                       10176 11/76 12/76    1/77  2/77  3/77   4/77   5/77  6/77   7/77  8/77   9/77 10/77 12/77 2/78     4/78  6/78   8/78 10/78   2179
                                     FIG. 19                                                   Date (rnonth/vear)

                  most widespread and abundant dabbling duck (Unitt, 1984). Pintails occur in
                  both ends of the lagoon during the fall, winter, and early spring but appear  to
                  prefer the east lagoon. The Green-winged Teal is numerous in the fall and
                  winter Months (Table 7) and is widespread in San Diego County in fresh and
                  brackish water areas (Unitt, 1984). This species shows a definite preference
                  for the east lagoon.

                  The Northern Shoveler is present at Batiquitos Lagoon in large numbers during
                  the fall, winter, and early spring and also shows a preference for the east
                  lagoon (Table 7). The Ruddy Duck is generally present year-round and occurs
                  regularly throughout Batiqu.itos Lagoon (Table 7). The Ruddy Duck prefers
                  diving more than the other species, which may expl.ain its regular occurrence in
                  the west lagoon.

                  Shorebirds

                  The shorebird fauna of Batiquitos Lagoon is generally dominated (in terms of
                  number of individuals) by the Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer, Willet, Least and
                  Western Sandpiper, Long-billed Dowitcher,-Sanderling, Black-necked Stilt and
                  American Avocet (Table 7). The Northern Phalarope can be very abundant when
                  present but is apparently not a regular visitor to Batiquitos Lagoon. The
                  category of shorebirds known as peeps (a general term for small sized
                  shorebirds) consists of birds such as Sanderlings, Dunlin, Turnstones, Knots,
                  Surf Birds, and sandpipers, that are difficult to identify to species. Peeps
                  are a common component of the shorebird fauna at Batiquitos Lagoon and show a
                  preference for the shallower water of the east lagoon.

                  Shorebirds are generally more abundant during the late summer and fall months
                  (Figures 18 and 19). The Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer, Western Sandpiper,
                  Long-billed Dowitcher, and American Avocet are more abundant in the east
                  lagoon. The Willet and Sanderling show a preference for the west lagoon while
                  the Least Sandpiper and Black-necked Stilt do not show a definite preference
                  for either basin.

                  The use of the westernmost section of the west lagoon by shorebirds was studied
                  between 1969 and 1972 (Figure 20, Table 8). The number of shorebird
                  individuals tended to be higher during the spring (Figure 20). The species of
                  shorebirds observed during this period (Table 8) are species common to
                  Batiquitos Lagoon. Several of these species appear to prefer the west lagoon
                  (Willet, Sanderling) while others are usually more common in the east lagoon
                  (Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer) or found throughout the lagoon.

                  Regional Comparison

                  The Christmas count data from 1975 through 1984 from Batiquitos Lagoon (Table
                  9), Buena Vista Lagoon (Table 10), and Aqua Hedionda Lagoon (Table 11) provide
                  some insight to the relative importance of these lagoons for wintering
                  waterfowl and shorebirds. Pintails, Green-winged Teals, Northern Shovelers,
                  and Ruddy Ducks are the most common and abundant species of waterfowl at
                  Batiquitos Lagoon (Table 9). At Buena Vista Lagoon, Northern Shovelers and
                  Ruddy Ducks are the most common species; the occurrence and abundance of
                  Pintails and Green-winged Teals is not as consistent as at Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                        66

                        400-

                                                                                     LEGEND

                                                                                        0       1969-70
                                                                                        0       1970-71
                         300-                                                           A       1971-72

             ch
                         2W-               SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED DURING 1969-1972
             -4       E
                                                                           D (BEACH SECTION)                                                        I
                                         SURVEYS AT WESTERN EN
                                                       OF BATIQUITOS, LAGOON

                      E

                      z

                         100-

                                                                                                                     00P

                                                                                                                     I   I I I    I   I I I   I   I I I
                                 July         Aug.         Sept.        Oct.         Nov.        Dec.         Jan.         Feb.        Mar.         Apr.         May         June

                                                                                                       Month
                                       I

                              FIG. 20

              Table 8   SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED DURIM 1971-1972 SMVIKYS AT THE WESTERN END (BEACH SECTION) OF RATigurws Lwooua

                                                  1969                                                   1970
                                            12 5    12/18       1/1    1/22    2/4    2/18    2/28   3/4     3/18   3/31    4/17   4/23    6/5    6/15     6/27

              Semipalmated Plover           3                                                 is             2              11     100
              Snowy Plover                                                                    I                     I              a       3      12      7
              Ktlldeer                                                                                                                     4      3
              Black-bellied Plover                  1           3              3      2       24     4       1      8
              Willot                        4       3           2              7      4       31     1       5      9
              Least Sandpiper                                                                                                      75
              Dunlin                        12                  25             6              67             2                     200
              Sandpiper sp.                         55                                                       4      36      10
              marbled MAwit                                     1              3              10     15      4
              American Avocet                                                                                                                     5

                                                                    1970                                                           1971
                                            7/7     7/20    8/30   9/3    10/12 10/15 11/7        1/18 1/27 2/12 2/23 3/21 3/29 4/9            4/15 4/16 5/11 5/19 5/27

              Somipalmated Plover                                                                                     13     2     1      6
        o-,   Snowy Plover                   10                     2                                                 12     10    11           6      6      10           2
        CO    Killdeer                       a                                             1       2                         2     3            1             1            2
              Black-bellied Plover           2                                             12                         5      4     2      2     5      3      3
              Willet                                                is                     1       10           1     9      to    55     48    50     30     4      5     Is
              Dowitcher op.                                                                                                  1            2
              Western Sandpiper                                                                                                    4                   8
              Sandpiper op.                                                                                                  40           10
              Karbled Godwit                                        1                      4       2            2     10     5     2      2     5             2
              sanderling                                                                   16      2     12     25    6      to    is     35    2      4      36     25    15
              American Avocet                2                                                                                            1
              Black-necked Stilt             25                                                                                           4     1             1            3

                                                                           1971                                                               1972
                                            7/9    8/5   9/8    9/21   10/6    10/18 11/15 12/6      12/31     1/17 2/7     2/21 3/6     3/20   4/10    5/8b   5/22b     6/5 6/26

              Semipalmated Plover                               1                                                           9
              Snowy Plover                  2                                                                               6
              Killdeer                      2            2      1                                                                        2
              Black-bellied Plover                       1                                           2               8      40           1
              Willet                        9      4     5      6              11     4              11        9     a      3      4     12     7
              Western Sandpiper                                        a                                                                 20
              Sandpiper sp.                 6      20                  4                             @2                            so
              Karbled Godwit                9      3            10                                   1         2            2            6      2
              sanderling                                 35     17             14     2              29        14    6      20                  44
              Black-necked Stilt            6

              a Source: unpublished survey  data from Kr. David King. Solana Beach, California.
              b Human activity in study area during survey.

                  (Table 10). Buffleheads and Ruddy Ducks appear to be the most consistently
                  abundant species of waterfowl at Aqua Hedionda (Table 11). Large numbers of
                  Pintails, Green-winged Teals, and Northern Shovelers occasionally occur at Aqua
                  Hedionda Lag oon.

                  Using Christmas bird count data for the years 1975 to 1984, the difference in
                  waterfowl and shorebird abundance at Batiquitos Lagoon compared to Buena Vista
                  and Aqua Hedionda Lagoons is shown in Figure 21. The highest number of
                  waterfowl individuals observed during the Christmas count surveys since 1977
                  was at Batiquitos Lagoon, followed by Buena Vista Lagoon. We assumed that
                  during the winter the mud/sand flat areas are part of the open water habitat
                  (covered by flood waters), and then calculated the average number of
                  individuals per acre for the more common species of dabbling ducks using the 10
                  year Christmas bird counts for Batiquitos Lagoon, Buena Vista Lagoon, and Aqua
                  Hedionda Lagoon. We found Batiquitos and Buena Vista Lagoons supported the
                  larger number and density of waterfowl (primarily dabbling ducks) (Table 12).
                  The waters at Batiquitos Lagoon and Buena Vista Lagoon are generally shallower
                  and less saline than the waters at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon, and thus hold larger
                  feeding areas for the dabbling ducks. Additionally in dry years with low
                  rainfall and runoff, lagoons such as Buena Vista (with a more constant open
                  water area) probably support a larger waterfowl population than lagoons such as
                  Batiquitos Lagoon, which is more dependent on rainfall for shallow open water
                  areas.

                  The patterns of shorebird use in the three lagoons is less obvious (Figure 22).
                  Shorebirds are generally less abundant than waterfowl during the winter months
                  and their use' of lagoons is controlled by the availability of sand/mud flat
                  habitat for feeding. Many species of short legged shorebirds are restricted to
                  very shallow water feeding areas; therefore seasonal water levels determine the
                  abundance of shorebirds at certain lagoons. The only consistent pattern the
                  data present is Buena Vista Lagoon generally has the lowest count'of
                  shorebirds. Buena Vista is non-tidal and relatively deep water and
                  consequently has no sand/mud flat areas. Aqua Hedionda Lagoon, on the other
                  hand, is a tidal lagoon, and as such has some tidal flats exposed daily for use
                  by shorebirds. In wet years when water levels in Batiquitos Lagoon are high,
                  Aqua Hedionda supports a great number of shorebirds. When water levels at
                  Batiquitos are moderate to low and shallow water conditions prevail then
                  shorebird numbers appear to increase.

                  Resident birds which use Batiquitos Lagoon include those which inhabit the
                  brackish and salt marshes in the lagoon and those which live in adjoining
                  uplands and feed or roost in the lagoon. Long-legged wading birds such as the
                  Great Blue Heron, Great Egret and Snowy Egret may be seen in the lagoon hunting
                  for fish. Belted Kingfishers dive into the lagoon water from perches on trees
                  or electrical wire. Small,passerines such as the Song Sparrow, House Finch,
                  Wrentit, Lesser Goldfinch and Bushtit live in adjoining upland and brushy areas
                  and may feed along the lagoon borders. Some species, such as Long-billed Marsh
                  Wren or Red-winged Blackbirds nest in dense brackish and freshwater marsh
                  vegetation.

                                                        69

                           5000

                                         TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                       WATERFOWL OBSERVED AT BATIQUITOS
                                     BUENA VISTA, AND AQUA HEDIONDA LAGq6NS                    LEGEND
                                     DURING CHRISTMAS BIRD SURVEYS, 1975-1984
                           4000                                                                        Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                                                                       Buena Vifla Lagoon

                                                                                                       Ague Hedionds Lagoon

                           3000

              CD

                      E
                      3    2000
                      z

                           1000-

                              0

                                   1975     1976      1977      1978      1979      1980     1981      1982      19M       1984

                                                                               Year

                                F
                                 IG. 21

            Table 9    CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                                  YEAR

                                        1975 1976 1977 1979       1980  1981 1982    1983 1984

            Mallard                       12     12    24      0     5     8      6    20     71

            Gadwall                       47      5    30      4    21    15     43    15     22

            Pintail                      356    178   497    185    132   68     83    110    295

            Green-winged Teal            228     80   223    167    61    88      9    35     28

            Cinnamon Teal                  5      0     3      4     6    11     11    25      2

            American Wigeon               37      0    is      6    63    27     93     3     53

            Northern Shoveler             28    570   1321   436  3054   828     891   600    76

            Redhead                        0      0   208      0    16     7     26    22     17

            Lesser Scaup                   0      0   102      0    14    10      3    35     25

            Bufflehead                     0      0     6      0     1           20    15      0

            Ruddy Duck                    20     89   320      1    630   10     273   360    166

               70TAL                     733    934   2752   803  4003   1079   1458  1240   755

            Semipalmated Plover           36      1     0    49     15    10      3     0      4
            Snowy Plover                   0     10     0      9    16     0      0     0      0

            Killdeer                      30     10    20    20     20    18     12     8     33

            Black-bellied Plover           3      0    13      1     5    61      0     2     10

            Willet                         0     30     1      4    13    10      2     0      9

            Least Sandpiper               40      0     4    26     21    17      3     0      0

            Dunlin                        15     11     0    52      7     5      0     0      0

            Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     3      0     0     0      2     0      0

            Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0     0    20      0     0      0     0      0

            Long-billed Dowitcher          0      0     0      0    14     8      0    20      0
            Western Sandpiper            100    486     3    259    20   252      8     1      3

            Marbled Godwit                 0      1     5      0     0     3      0    15     21

            Sanderling                     0      1    13    12     14    10      2     8      4

            American Avocet               22     78    40    186    40   100      0     0      0

            Black-necked Stilt            34     28    11    46     16    36      5    15     15

               TOTAL                     280    656   113    684    201  530     37    69     99

            a
              Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                       71

             Table 10 CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT BUENA VISTA LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                                      YEAR

                                         1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981           1982 1983 1984

             Mallard                       20      0    34      0     9    83      6     4     27    65

             Gadwall                        0      5    20      0     0     0      0     5     23    10

             Pintail                        9     10   262      5    15    39      a     0      0    18
             Green-winged Teal             24      8   134      0    67    86     30    11      4     0

             Cinnamon Teal                 13     14    10      0     4    10     14     2      4     0

             American Wigeon                0      0     4      0     1    12     154    0      0     0

             Northern Shoveler            2400   726   506      6   210   1500    190  228     81    12

             Redhead                        6      6     0      0     0     0      0    72      0     0

             Lesser Scaup                  54      8    -6      0     0     0      0    95     15     3
             Bufflehead                    94     16    24      1     0    28      1     0      0     0
             Ruddy Duck                    340   275   235      6   '155   35     18   349     36    270
                TOTAL                     2960   1068  1235   18    461   1793    421  766    190    378

             Semipalmated Plover            3      0     0      0     0     0      0     0      0     0
             Snowy Plover                   0      0    15      0     0     0      0     0      0     0

             Killdeer                      15     26    30      0     6    20      9    18      3    25

             Black-bellied Plover           9      a    12    12      5     1      0    13      9    30

             Willet                         1      3     6    12      0     0      0     2      0     0

             Least Sandpiper                5      0     8      0     6     0      0     9      0     0

             Dunlin                         0      0     0      0     1     0      0     0      0     0
             Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     0      0     0     0      0    88      4     0
             Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0     1      0     0     0      0     0      0     0
             Long-billed Dowitcher         11      0    30      0    40     0      0     0      0    15
             Western Sandpiper              7      0    40      4    20     0      0    21      1     6

             Marbled Godwit                10      0     9    10      0     0      0     0      0     0
             Sanderling                     7      1    55    35      0     0      0     6      0     4

             American Avocet               15      2     7      0    40     0      4    19      0     5

             Black-necked stilt             8      0    10      1    30     5      0    12      5     4

                TOTAL                      91     40   223    74    148    26     13   188     22    89

               Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                        72

            Table      CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT AQUA HEDIONDA LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                                     YEAR

                                        1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1          982 1983 1984

            Mallard                        8      6     1      6    10     10     9      8    10      0

            Gadwall                        0      0     0      4     5     22     8      6     0      0

            Pintall                        0     14    21      4    12    250     0      0     0      0

            Green--vinged Teal             0     so    21     11    20     35     6     12    100     0

            Cinnamon Teal                  0      0    57     14     0      1     0      0     0      0

            American Wigeon                0      2     5      0     0     40     0      0     0      0

            Northern Shoveler              0      2   1058    383    2     20     0      2     0      0

            Redhead                        0      0    23      3     0      0     0      0     0      0

            Lesser Scaup                   1      1    61     36   220      0    50      8     0      0

            Bufflehead                    50      2    49     15    90     32    40     27    21     10
            Ruddy Duck                    10     10    632    373   26    100     0      a    15     -4

               TOTAL                      69     117  1928    849  385    510   113     71    146    14

            Semipalmated Plover            6      1     0      0     5      0     3      5     0      7
            Snowy Plover                   0     50     0      0     2      0     0      0     5      0,

            Killdeer                      14     58    153     5    30     14    36     24     2      4

            Black-bellied Plover          12      9     1      2    15     12    40     12    20      1

            Willet                        15     12    10      3    20     30    57     14    17      1

            Least Sandpiper                0      6     0      5    10      0   200     83    47      3

            Dunlin                         0      0     0      0    15      2    30     @2    40      0

            Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     1      0     0      0     0     15    10      0

            Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0    13      0     0      0     0      0     0      0

            Long-billed Dowitcher         10      0     0      5    25     10    25      3     0      4
            Western Sandpiper             30      9    15      0   100     30    30     53    80      3

            Marbled Godwit                17      4     6      0    10      8   125     27    20      1

            Sanderling                     3      2    46      5    12     50    22     11    40     21

            American Avocet                0      0     0     12     2      1    15      6     2      0

            Black-necked Stilt             0      0     0     15     1      0    14      4     0     -3

               TOTAL                      107   151    245    52   247    157   597    259    283    48

            a
              Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                       73

                      Table I?- AVW=8 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PRR LAGOON AND AVWWR WYMBRR OF INDIVIDUALS PHR ACR8 P= LAGOON FOR COMM SPSCIES OF
                                 DABBLING DUCKS. DATA FROM CHRISTKRS BIRD COUNTS, 1976-1984a.

                          C40"on                Average Number of individuals/Lagoon                          Average Number of Individual/Acre/Lagoon
                          species          Batiquitos L.    Buena Vista L.     Aqua Hedionda L.           Batiquitos L.     Buena Vista L.    Aqua Hedionda L.

                      Green-winged Teal        102.11            36.40                28.50                   0.25                0.18               0.09

                      Mallard                   17.56            24.80                 6.80                   0.04                0.12               0.02

                      U. Pintall               211.56            36.60                30.10                   0.51                0.18               0.10

                      U. Shoveler              867.11            585.90              146.70                   2.11                2.93               0.46

                      Gadwall                   22.44              6.30                4.50                   0.05                .0.03              0.01

                      American Widgeon          33.33            17.10                 4.70                   0.08                0.09               0.01

                      aChristmas Bird Count Data provided by J. Oldenattel, San Diego.

                 Marine birds, including the California Gull, Western Grebe, and Eared Grebe
                 spend the winter at Batiquitos Lagoon whereas, other marine species, such as
                 Forester's Tern, Western Gull, and Double Crested Cormorant may be seen all
                 year round.

                 Predatory birds or raptors such as Red-tail Hawks, White-tailed Kites, Kestrel
                 and various owls hunt for small birds and rodents along the lagoon edge and in
                 the marshes.

                 The riparian trees of Encinitas Creek and scattered groves around the lagoon
                 offers habitat to migrating warblers, kinglets and other small birds as well as
                 resident species such as vireos, flycatchers and finches. Riparian vegetation
                 is a dense, well protected environment with numerous insects and larvae. Many
                 species of birds nest and feed in these areas.

                 Rare and Endangered Species

                 Batiquitos Lagoon provides critical nesting habitat for the federal and state
                 listed endangered California Least Tern, state listed endangered Belding's
                 Savannah Sparrow, and the Snowy Plover (candidate species for federal listing).
                 Adjacent floodplain areas are habitat for federal and state listed Least Bell's
                 Vireo.

                 The California Least Tern formerly nested in large colonies on the dunes and
                 beaches of southern California. They characteristically established colonies
                 along the coast in open areas composed of light-colored substrate material with
                 sparse vegetation. Nesting colonies were usually located near lagoons, bays or
                 estauries where food could be procured (Craig, 1971; Swickard, 1971; Massey,
                 1974). Within individual colonies, the density of nests is usually less than
                 other terns which makes the individual nests difficult to discover and helps
                 reduce losses by predation (Unitt, 1984). Since its nesting habitat has nearly
                 disappeared in the past 100 years, the Least Tern has been forced to nest in
                 fill sites, abandoned airport landing strips, salt flats and other locations.
                 Generally the Least Tern prefers sandy, relatively large nesting sites where
                 the birds may clearly view the entire area around them, and sites which are
                 located close to water so a feeding area is available close to the nest.

                 Disturbance by dogs and people and predation of nesting colonies by coyotes,
                 dogs and raptors are continual problems to the reproductive success of the
                 tern. The Least Tern has used the open salt flats, which are common in
                 Batiquitos Lagoon, and has nested in several locations in the lagoon (Figure
                 D). Typically, the terns have utilized only one to three nesting sites during
                 a season. Recent nesting has occurred primarily at three locations in the
                 lagoon (Figure D) and the success of Least Tern nesting in the lagoon since
                 1969 is summarized in Table 13. The fluctuating water levels in the lagoon
                 affect the location and timing of nesting at Batiquitos Lagoon. In high water
                 years, only one site may be uncovered and dry enough to allow nesting. Least
                 Terns begin to arrive in the San Diego region during early April. During May,
                 the terns select their colony sites and initiate courtship behavior and egg-
                 laying (Unitt, 1984). As the young terns fledge, the adults and recently
                 fledged juveniles leave the nesting colonies and form post breeding flocks near
                 favorable feeding areas.

                                                       75

                                                   TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                                 SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED AT BATIQUITOS
                                             BUENA VISTA, AND AQUA HEDIONDA LAG66NS
                                              DURING CHRISTMAS BIRD SURVEYS, 1975-1984

                               4000
                                                                                                          LEGEND

                                                                                                                   Betiquitos Lagoon

                               3000                                                                                Buena Vista Lagoon
                                                                                                            E3     Aqua Redionda Lagoon
                           c

                           0

                           E
                           2   2000
                           z

                               1000

                                   0
                                         1975        1976         1977       1918         1979        1980         1981        1982        1983         1964   1

                                                                                                Year
                                       FIG. 22

                                                                                           I   I milli I                                                        N

                   Table 13. SUMMARY OF LEAST TERN NESTING AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                   Year            Area*                    Estimated No. Pairs Est. No. Fledged

                   1985            mouth                              9-14                11+
                                   Park & Ride                        5-18            12-14
                                   east end levee                       3                 0

                   1984            Park & Ride                          3                 6

                   1983            northeast"                           1                 2

                   1982            mouth                           8 -13                  0
                                   Park & Ride                      7 -19                 6+
                                   east end                             7                 0

                   1981            mouth                               36                 25+
                                   Park & Ride                         36
                                   east end                             7                 0

                   1980            east end                        12 -15            8 -10

                   1979            mouth                                9           25 -40 for
                                   east end                            38           both sites

                   1978            northeast                           22                 0
                                   southeast                            8              0 - 4

                   1977            east end                            11            11several"

                   1976            east end                             9              "good"

                   1975            northeast                            9                 2

                   1974            between RR & 1-5                50 -60              "good"
                                   on north shore
                                   east end                         6 -10              unknown

                   1973            between RR & 1-5                    30+             "good"
                                   on north shore
                                   east end                             2              unknown

                   1969                east end                            3+             unknown

                   *See Figure D for location of Least Tern nest sites in Batiquitos Lagoon.

                   "Park and Ride and mouth underwater during most of the season.

                                                            77

                  The location of areas of post breeding concentrations vary somewhat from year
                  to year but certain areas appear to be used more-or-less regularly (Unitt
                  1984). The San Luis Rey River mouth, Buena Vista Lagoon and the mouth of the
                  Tijuana River are used regularly and in some years large post breeding
                  concentrations have been observed at Batiquitos Lagoon and the mouth of the San
                  Dieguito River (Unitt, 1984). By the middle of September most of the Least
                  Terns have left San Diego County.

                  Least Terns tend to return to colony sites where they had initial success
                  (Unitt, 1984). They will abandon sites as the former sites become overgrown
                  with vegetation, flooded by high tides or flood water, if too many eggs,
                  chicks, or adults are killed by predators, or if nesting sites are lost to
                  development. Reduction in the size of a nesting site is also detrimental
                  because it results in an increase in nesting density which increases the
                  vulnerability of the colony to predation. As a result, the activity of a few
                  predators can cause the failure of a colony supporting a large number of birds.

                  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS, 1980) prepared a recovery plan for the
                  Least Tern which identifies present nesting locations and suggests measures to
                  protect existing areas and create new ones. This plan contains several
                  policies that directly relate to Batiquitos Lagoon such as "Preserve adequate
                  nesting habitat in Batiquitos Lagoon." It also directs FWS to "investigate and
                  implement actions needed to increase populations of fish eaten by terns in
                  degraded or potential tern feeding areas including Batiquitos Lagoon." Some of
                  the more general policies include:

                     "Develop or refine management techniques for providing adequate nesting
                     sites and implement techniques where needed."

                     "Protect breeding colonies annually by minimizing disturbance and
                     mortality."

                  The Brown Pelican, a federal and state listed endangered species, rests and
                  feeds at Batiquitos Lagoon. This species nests on offshore islands.

                  The Snowy Plover is a candidate species for federal endangered status. This
                  species also nests on beaches and alkali flats and, like the tern, has seen a
                  reduction in the area of its nesting habitat in southern California. They are
                  often found in association with Least Terns. The Snowy Plover has nested on
                  the salt flats of Batiquitos Lagoon in approximately the same locations as the
                  Least Tern. Like the Least Tern the fluctuating water levels in the lagoon
                  affect the timing and location of nesting.

                  The state listed Belding's Savannah Sparrow is a resident of the high marsh
                  pickleweed areas. It requires thick pickleweed cover above the reach of high
                  tides or high water. The sparrows also forage in the upland transition zone
                  bordering high marsh as well as salt flats and beach areas. Nesting has
                  occurred in the east end near the mouth of San Marcos Creek and in the western
                  basin near the Coast Highway (E. Copper, pers,onal communication). In 1977 some
                  20 pairs nested at the lagoon with fifteen in the eastern basin and five in the
                  western basin. A recent survey (April 1986) conducted by the Fish and Wildlife
                  Service found 47 pairs of sparrows in the pickleweed fringes of the eastern

                                                        78

                 lagoon. Most were found along the north shore of the eastern lagoon. The
                 western lagoon was not censused (M. Elpers, pers. comm.) However, due to the
                 limited area of habitat available for nesting, the population of Belding's
                 Savannah Sparrows in Batiquitos Lagoon is limited relative to other coastal
                 wetlands such as Los Penasquitos Lagoon.

                 Least Bell's Vireo nests in thick riparian woodland and has been found in the
                 willows along Encinitas Creek bordering the lagoon. This species is state and
                 federal listed as endangered and requires older, well-developed willow riparian
                 forest for nesting. Loss of habitat and nest parasitism by the brown-headed
                 cowbird are major causes for its population decline.

                 Another endangered species, the Light-Footed Clapper Rail could potentially
                 inhabit Batiquitos Lagoon but has not been observed there nor are they expected
                 to be found in the lagoon currently. They may have previously inhabited the
                 lagoon marshes. The Light-Footed Clapper Rail nests and lives in cordgrass and
                 pickleweed marshes. The Light-footed Clapper Rail Recovery Plan suggests
                 restoration of tidal flow to Batiquitos Lagoon and possible reintroduction of
                 this species.

                 Several other bird species, while not listed as endangered, threatened, or
                 rare, are considered sensitive and undergoing population declines (Pacific
                 Southwest Biological Services, Inc., 1982). These include the Willow
                 Flycatcher, Warbling Vireo and Yellow Warbler; all are riparian species who
                 suffer from habitat losses.

                 Cooper's Hawks breed in riparian woodlands and utilize oak woodlands for
                 hunting. Loss of riparian habitat statewide has caused a decline in this
                 species.

                 The Least Bittern is a wading bird of freshwater marshes and has nested in the
                 brackish marsh of Batiquitos Lagoon. Its population is declining in San Diego
                 County due to loss of freshwater habitat.

                 The Short-eared Owl and Northern Harrier or Marsh Hawk both hunt in marsh areas
                 and have been observed in the Batiquitos lagoon marshes. Both are declining in
                 numbers due to reduction in marsh habitat.

                 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

                 Batiquitos Lagoon is one of a series of coastal wetlands in San Diego County.
                 Each of these wetlands contains a varied mix of habitat types. These habitats
                 consist of intertidal mud/sand flats, seasonally flooded mud/sand/salt flats,
                 deep water, coastal salt marsh, brackish marsh, willow dominated riparian
                 forest, uplands and transitional areas between habitats. Figure 23 illustrates
                 the relative concentration of these habitat types at various coastal wetlands.
                 Seasonally flooded mud/sand flat areas dominate the lower Santa Margarita River
                 Estuary and Batiquitos Lagoon but are essentially absent at Buena Vista and Los
                 Penasquitos Lagoons. Marsh areas are present at all areas but form the
                 dominant landscape at San Dieguito and Los Penasquitos Lagoons and Tijuana
                 River Estuary. Open water dominates San Elijo, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
                 Lagoons.

                                                       79

                                                                                                                                                                                              PERCENT
                                                                                                             0                                  20                                  40                                roo                                130                               100
                                                                                                              I                                                                                                                                                                                     PF
                                                                                                                    .....                                       . ...........

                                                                                                                                                                .. .. ...................
                                                                                                                                                                                                 -Ads
                                                                                                                                                       ....... .................
                                                                                                                                                                      ------------------                                                    .......
                                                                                                                                                                             ..........                                   . . ......
                                                                                                                                                                ----- ...       ....                                         .. ... .....
                                                                                                                             ......... ...........
                                                                                                                                                                ...... ..........   .. .... . ..           .....
                                                                                                                        .. ........... %_  -- -------             ------- -
                                                                                                                    -------      .....
                                      SANTA MARGARITA RIVER                                                             - -1 .. ..... ..
                                                                                                                        ...........    ...... ....              ..............                                                                            ...........
                                                                                                                        ... .........                             .........
                                                                                                                                                                           .... ...   .......       . ......
                                                                                                                                                   ......                  ......... ..                                                                         -i:
                                                                                                                              .. ........
                                                                                                                                                                      ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                     V                x.
                                                                                                . ................                     ......................
                                                                                                                 ......... ..     ,        , ,  , ... . ..m.    ..
                                                                                                                                             .... ......

                                      BUENA VISTA LAGOON

                                                                                                - - - -------- ------ - ---
                                                                                                                                                  ..........

                                      AGUA HEDIONDA LAGOON

                                                                                                                                                     ......     --- - ---

                                                                                                                   ------------
                                                                                                                                                                                    ...... ....                                             ....... ................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .............   ......
                                                                                                                                -------- ------
                                                                                                                      ---       . ........
                                                                                                                                                                                                               ...........
                                      BATIQUITOS LAGOON                                                                                                                                        .......         ---
                                                                                                                                                                .......................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ...........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ...........
                                                                                                                                                                ...... ..........

                                                                                                                                  . .........
                                                                                                                                                                ..........
                                      SAN ELIJO LAGOON

                                                                                                                        . ........

                                                                                                                                       . ............
                                                                                                                                       ............
                                                                                            ON
                                      SAN DIEGUITO LAGO                                                                                                                             .....

                                                                                                                                                                ..............X
                                                                                                                                                                                                              ..... .             ..... ... ...... .......... .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ...................
                                      LOS PENAQUITOS LAGOON

                                                                                                                                                                              ...............

                                      SAN DIEGO RIVER MARSH
                                                                                                                                                                                           . .. ... ..      .. ....
                                                                                                                                                                                            .................
                                                                                                                                           ........ ...                                                                                                                     ... ...
                                                                                                                                             . ......                                                                  .. ....   .... .. .... .. .

                                                                                                                              ............        ........                                                                                                                        . .. ....

                                                                                                                                                                  ............      ...... .                                  ....................................
                                      TIJUANA ESTUARY                                                                                                                                                                                                 ...................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               EXPLANATION

                                        FIG. 23                                               COMPARISON OF MAJOR HABITAT TYPES                                                                                                                Mudf lat
                                                                                                            FOR NINE COASTAL WETLANDS                                                                                                          Marsh
                                                                                                                        IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY                                                                                                    Openwater

                                                                                                                                                                80

                 The type of habitat and extent of a particular habitat type are major factors
                 determining a given wetland's overall value as a habitat. For example, a
                 lagoon which has limited tidal flushing or small areas of open water, such as
                 Batiquitos Lagoon, will be less valuable for providing fishery habitat than a
                 system such as Aqua Hedionda Lagoon with its continuous tidal flushing.
                 Wetlands with large emergent salt marsh, such as Los Penasquitos Lagoon provide
                 greater habitat value for species such as Belding's Savannah Sparrow.
                 Intertidal mud/sand flats and shallow water are more valuable for shorebirds
                 and dabbling ducks, whereas deeper open water areas are preferred by diving
                 ducks.

                 Figure 23 and Table 14 generally summarize the habitat types and
                 characteristics of fourteen coastal wetlands in San Diego County. The values
                 presented in Table 14 were developed by Dr. J. Zedler, Mr. C. Nordby, and Ted
                 Winfield through interaction with local agency personnel, researchers with
                 experience working in the various lagoons, published literature, and from the
                 experience of the three authors. Additional field survey data on these wetland
                 systems is necessary to allow a thorough comparison of the habitat values at
                 each wetland and the regional relationship of these systems to migratory birds
                 and other species. The following discussion generally outlines the habitat
                 values at these wetlands as based on currently available data.

                 Those lagoon or wetland systems which are considered to have high values for
                 shorebirds possess either large areas of tidal-flats (Mission Bay, San Diego
                 Bay), contain large areas of emergent marsh (Tijuana River Estuary, Los
                 Penasquitos Lagoon) or are only periodically flooded or essentially non-tidal
                 (containing large areas of exposed mud and sand flats). Buena Vista Lagoon is
                 the one exception and its importance as a shorebird habitat is probably
                 inflated, especially when compared to other lagoons.

                 The value of Batiquitos Lagoon as a waterfowl habitat (Table 14) is closely
                 related to the large areas of open water present during the winter and early
                 spring. The shallow nature of the open water areas in Batiquitos Lagoon,
                 especially in the east lagoon, along with the fresh to brackish nature of the
                 water in the east lagoon, appears to make Batiquitos Lagoon a favorable habitat
                 to dabbling ducks. Dabbling duck species dominate the waterfowl present at
                 Batiquitos Lagoon during the winter and spring months (Table 7) and are usually
                 present in greater abundance than at other nearby lagoons (Tables 9, 10, and
                 11; Figure 21).

                 Batiquitos Lagoon is considered to have a moderate value as a habitat for
                 wading birds, other water-associated birds (not including the endangered
                 California Least Tern), and terrestrial species.

                 The overall value of Batiquitos Lagoon as a fishery habitat is low relative to
                 other lagoon and wetland systems. The lack of regular tidal exchange with the
                 oceanic waters and small area of freshwater limit its fishery value. Most of
                 the lagoons with moderate or high fishery values all have a more-or-less
                 regular occurrence of tidal exchange with oceanic waters. The low value for
                 recreational fishery arises from the freshwater areas near San Marcos Creek.

                                                       81

                                              TABLE 14

                                              San Diego County Wetiand matrix - Part I:                         inventory

                                                                                                        'A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     IA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          03
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0.
                                                                                                                                                                           a                     0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          FA
                                                                                                                              Is                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                           o-                                             0
                                                                                                                                                                           ff
                                                                                                                                                                                                 CC          Is
                                                                                             rp                                                                            0

                                                                                             Of         pf                                                                                                                =0

                                 1. 'INVENTORY
                                   A.     Nablista (acres)(% total)
                                  --Op*nlwater- total                                                                                                                     to&    1   33                    90--
                                          TIT&] Channels                                                                                                                             33(6) i5ib        1  9004                 kow(fj) M704)
                                          Siwae Ponds
                                          Salt Ponds
                                          Eelpress                                                                                                                                                                              1400 Iffy
                                       Tidal Fists. - total                              132                                                       341                                                   -
                                          Rock                                                                                          460                                                                -110                   &14
                                          $and/S@l                                                                                      2 Q)
                                          Hud
                                       Salt arsh - total                                 91                                             16          Ut        160                    350                                          359         1/0
                                          11 M
                        00                Middle                                                                                                                                                                                            (17M
                                          Upper                                                                                                                                                                                                   .5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ZAD
                                       Brackish/Fresh Marsh       total                   40)                                           SO       u)(11)
                                       Transition 11.1pland   total                                                                                                   -
                                          Sand Dunes                                                                                    11?                             219          246                   .20         41                    49
                                          Maritime                                                                                      /90)
                                          Riparian                                        2(41)                                                                                      21 z V)
                                          Other                                                                                         13004)             1                         ? L 4)
                                       Watershed Area - loll,[                                                                                                                          -C
                                    B.    Biological Resources                           ROZA 5"-i                                      29miz     461 '"i a              qD
                                                   lpresence M or absence (-)I
                                       Threstened/Endanitered Species
                                          Fiore
                                          Invertebrates                                    +
                                          Birds
                                              Shorebirds                                                                                +           +         +                      t
                                              Waders                                                                         +          +           -         +                      i-
                                              Other We ler- Associated                     +          +                      +          +           +         4-          +          +         +
                                              Terrestrial                                                                                                                                                  +                       +
                                       Species of Regional Sirnincence                                                                              +         +           +          +                                             +
                                       -nor*                                                                                                        +
                                          Fauna
                                    C.    Tidal FlushinL Characteristics
                                              ()=open Cz
                                                            Ckeed 0/t-?@n        *ph        C                                                   I -CIO     1 410                                                               1    0          0
                                                                       pn4m&1ly Claud

                                                                                                                                                                                        Regional Wetland Context

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  14

                                  TABLE 14
                                   San Diego    County Watland Matrix - Part 2: Functional                 Values

                                                                              fA      ul                                              FA        (A
                                                                                                           1m:
                                                                                                                                                On,                                             z
                                                                                      C                                                                           0
                                                                                                                                                         0                            FA
                                                                              n                                                                                                                 4
                                                                                                                                      a                                                         0
                                                                                                                    02                          rr
                                                                                                                                                P-                                    C
                                                                              A                                     C6                          0
                                                                              I-                                    W,                                   It
                                                                              rp
                                                                                                0          4                          0                  0
                                                                                                                                      a         r                                     PIP
                                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                    0                                                                 n
                                                                              a

                         It. FUNCTIONAL VALUES
                        (D a no: I a low- t a moderatel-3 a hilth)            n
                        A.     liabitat Values
                               Birds
                                  Shorebirds                                                                        13
                                  Waders                                      3       1         2    1     1        2                                                                 2         3        3
                                  Waterfowl                                           z         z    1     3        2-3     A-3       3                                               1         3        2
                                  Other water- Associated                     3       2         1    1     2        3       1         3         z        2-4                                    3        3
                                  Terrestrial                                 3                                                                 2        3                                      3        5
                               Fish        Hurserv ores                       2                                                           ---T-          1_2                z                   13       13
                                  ;,.:=al Fishery                             I       1         1          2        3       8                   0        1        .3        2                            1
                  00                                                                                                        1                   1-2      1-Z      1                   2         3        3
                                  Bait Fishery                                2                                     1                                                       2   -
                               Other Wildlife Species                         3       2                             3-      1         2         2                           1                   7        2
                                                                                                                                                                  7-        2                   2
                               Linkage with Watershed Wildlife                                                      2       z         2         Z
                               Harvest and Heritage Values                                                                                      z
                               Threatened/EndanKered SPP.                                                           31      z                                               .2.4      1
                               Species; of Regional Siffnificance                                                   1       3                            3        1         1         1                  3
                               Passive Recreation                                                          3        3       3                   3        3                  3         2.
                               Active Recreation                                                                    3       1                   A        2        3         1         1
                               Education/ Research                                                                  3                                                       3         2         3
                               Unique Biological Features                                                           3                                                       3_2                 3        3
                               Aesthetic/Visual                                       2                    3        3       2         3         2                 3         2                   3
                               Aqueculture Potential                                                   )-it         it                1-Z    1-2         1-1      3                             3        2
                                                                                                                                                                            2-3       1     2 .'N     ;t- 3
                               Water 9mality

                                                                                                              if

                                                                                                                                                         Regional wetland Context

                                      TABLE 14
                                      Son Diego County Wetland Matrix -                     Part     3:    Impacts

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           T
                                                                                                                                                                                             to
                                                                                                                                               C                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           21
                                                                                                              rt                    C06                               0           1          0          a
                                                                                                                                                                      2           11-                  .0          0           43
                                                                                        no                                          10
                                                                                                                                    a.
                                                                                                     22        0
                                                                                                                                               A          0
                                                                                                     4         01                                         0                       0-
                                                                                        X            It                             r          3          a
                                                                                                                                    10a                               .0
                                                                                                                                    0                                             .06
                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                     n                                                                            0

                           III. IMPACTS
                                           or absence
                           A.    llisloric
                                 InDacts within Lae0on
                                      Dredire (acres)                               +1163)        +        +                     +                                                                                                    +
                                      fill (acres lost)                             :F- T-
                                      Sidi Extraction
                                      Sewage influx                                 +             +                                                               +                     +
                                      Military                                                    +
                                      Vehicular
                                      Introduced app                                +             +        t         +                                 +                                                                              +
                                 Watershed !Meseta
                                      Pollutants
                   00                      Urban/Industrial
                                           Affricultural                            +                                I+                                                                                                   +           +
                                                                                                                                                                                                    +

                           11.   Current
                                 Impacts   within Laffmn
                           -          Drodge                                        4.                               +           +
                                      Fill (scr*11-lost)                                                                                                                     +
                                      Bell Extraction
                                      Sewaffe Influx                                +             +                                                                          +
                                      Military
                                      Vehicular:,                                                 +                                                               +          +                      +                                 +
                                      Domestic pots                                 +             -F-                                                                                               -
                                                                                                                     +                                                       +                      +
                                      Reduced Tidal     nushinr                                   F-       +                                           +          +          +
                                 Watershed Impact@
                                      Pollutants
                                           Urban I Industrial                       +             +        T                               +           -I-                                          +                     -f-
                                           Agricultural                             +             +        -         +                     +           -t6        -f-                               1+                   1+           -06
                                           Reduced Freshwater Influx                i             +        +                    +                                                        +          +                                 +
                                           Increased Freshwater Influx                            -t*                                                                                                                                 -f-
                                           Sedimentation                            -             +                                                    +          +          +                      +                                 -t
                                           Sand Extraction                                                                                                                                                                            t

                                                                                                                                                                                  Regional Wetland Context

                 The moderate value for linkage with watershed wildlife results from the
                 presence of undeveloped canyons immediately surrounding Batiquitos Lagoon.
                 However, the presence of human disturbance along the north side of the east
                 lagoon, and the presence of roads along the east and south sides, limits
                 access to the lagoon by wildlife species living in the watershed.

                 The lagoon has a high habitat value for threatened or endangered species.
                 California Least Terns and Snowy Plovers nest at the lagoon as does a small
                 resident population of Belding's Savannah Sparrow. Nesting by Least Terns and
                 Snowy Plovers is variable and directly related to water levels in the lagoon.
                 The variable number of nesting pairs of Least Terns since 1969 is evident in
                 the data presented in Table 13. These three species are also present in other
                 lagoons in San Diego County where their numbers are also somewhat controlled by
                 water levels. The large areas of salt flats at Batiquitos Lagoon present one
                 of the larger areas of preferred nesting habitat for the Least Tern and Snowy
                 Plover in the county. At the same time, the lack of extensive emergent marsh,
                 such as occurs at Los Penasquitos Lagoon, probably restricts the population of
                 Belding's Savannah Sparrow.

                 SUMMARY

                 Batiquitos Lagoon contains four habitat types: emergent marsh (including both
                 brackish and salt marsh), sand/mud flats which are seasonally covered by water,
                 open water, and riparian forest dominated by willows. The values of these
                 habitats to wildlife largely vary with the amount of water the lagoon contains.

                 Several species of mammal such as jackrabbits, ground squirrels and raccoons
                 use the lagoon and live along its edges as do several reptilian species. Fish
                 species are limited in diversity due to the lack of tidal inflows and the
                 drastic fluctuations in water quality and temperature which occur annually in
                 the lagoon. Likewise benthic invertebrates (worms, clams and other creatures
                 which inhabit the lagoon bottom) and zooplankton species have difficulty
                 surviving the water quality conditions at the lagoon.

                 Birds, both migratory and resident, are the most conspicuous members of the
                 lagoon fauna. Batiquitos Lagoon supports a seasonal influx of migratory
                 waterfowl and shorebirds. Both shorebirds and waterfowl use the eastern basin
                 of the lagoon more than the western basin. Eleven species of waterfowl and
                 fifteen species of shorebirds account for 95 percent of the total number of
                 individuals observed in Batiquitos Lagoon.

                 Shorebirds typically use the lagoon in late fall and spring when water levels
                 are shallow and allow feeding by short-legged bird species. Some years, when
                 water levels are shallow, Batiquitos Lagoon supports greater numbers of
                 shorebirds than either Aqua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. However in high
                 water years when the Batiquitos Lagoon water levels are deep, shorebird
                 populations are higher at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. Many of the occurrences of
                 large numbers of shorebirds at Batiquitos Lagoon are due to the influx of a
                 flock of one species.

                 Waterfowl tend to use Batiquitos Lagoon during winter months when water levels
                 are higher. Batiquitos usually has higher numbers of waterfowl than either

                                                       85

                  Aqua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. In drier years when Batiquitos water
                  levels are low, Buena Vista Lagoon hosts larger waterfowl populations.
                  Other resident bird species include small passerine birds such as Long-billed        F
                  Marsh Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds, House Finches and Song Sparrows which
                  reside in the marsh or adjacent uplands. Wading birds such as Great Blue
                  Herons and Great Egrets feed in the lagoon as do marine species like Double
                  Crested Cormorant, Forster's Tern and California Gulls.

                  Several state and federally listed endangered species nest or feed in the
                  lagoon. These include the California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah Sparrow,
                  and Brown Pelican. A candidate species, the Snowy Plover also nests in the
                  lagoon. The riparian forest along Encinitas Creek provides habitat for the
                  Least Bell's Vireo.

                  In comparison to some of the other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon
                  has high habitat values for waterfowl and shorebird habitats. It has a low
                  value for fishery habitat due to the lack of tidal inflows or stable water
                  levels. The lagoon also has a high value for endangered species due to the
                  number of different species nesting and feeding in the area.

                                                        86

                 AESTHETIC VALUES

                 One of the most immediately noticeable qualities of Batiquitos Lagoon is its
                 high aesthetic value. The diversity of the 'landscape, the beauty of such a
                 large water feature, and the large expansive open space of the lagoon set it
                 apart from other surrounding lands. Steep bluffs ring the lagoon, striking a
                 contrast with the flat, often water-filled basin. The constant changes in the
                 water level of the lagoon, as well as the seasonal movements of birds into the
                 lagoon, create visual variety for local residents. The lagoon also provides a
                 wide swath of open space unrestricted by urban developments. Only the roads
                 and railways break up the continuous line of sight along the lagoon.

                 Most local residents and many visitors to the area view the lagoon from La
                 Costa Boulevard, Highways 5 and 101, and El Camino Real as they travel to work
                 or other destinations. Since most of the lagoon borders are presently
                 undeveloped, only three sites afford a place to stop and view the lagoon.
                 These include the CalTrans Park and Ride lot, South Carlsbad State Beach and
                 the end of Lagoon Lane. Some people may also use the dirt road along the north
                 shore for viewing the lagoon and bluff tops on the south shore. Figure E
                 indicates the locations of prime viewpoints around the lagoon.

                 Depending upon who you ask, there are various opinions about problems with the
                 aesthetic features of the lagoon, the wet and dry cycles of the lagoon in
                 particular. For some, water level in the lagoon is of great importance,
                 judging whether the lagoon is a pleasing site or an unsightly mess. For others,
                 the seasonal change from wet to dry is acceptable. Perhaps generally more
                 important than water level to many residents, is odor, algae blooms and sewage
                 spills in the lagoon. Given the right conditions, bright green algae blooms
                 may cover the lagoon, then die and create a strong, pungent odor. In addition,
                 accidental spills of sewage into the lagoon can create similar noxious odors.
                 Unlike the variety of opinions about visual aspects, there are few people who
                 do not complain about the lagoon's odor problems. Overall, the aesthetic
                 values of Batiquitos Lagoon are relatively high, but suffer some loss due to
                 seasonal water fluctuations and odor problems.

                                                       87

                  PLANS AND POLICIES

                  This section documents land ownership and use in the lagoon area, the various
                  roads and utility lines which cross the lagoon and the local plans which affect
                  land uses in the lagoon and watershed area. In addition the state and federal
                  agencies with jurisdiction over particular activities in the lagoon area are
                  discussed. This mosaic of existing and planned land uses, proposed
                  developments and government regulations poses a complex number of constraints
                  upon enhancement of the lagoon.

                  LAGOON LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP

                  A number of different property owners claim title to various  portions of the
                  lagoon area. Figure F illustrates property boundaries and owners. Figure G
                  outlines the land uses surrounding and including the lagoon. Both of these
                  maps are current as of June, 1986. These two figures represent the human
                  environment of the lagoon. In discussing ownership, we have noted where land
                  owners are proposing a change in land use.

                  In general, the land surrounding Batiquitos Lagoon is undergoin g a change from
                  agricultural use to urban development. Expansion of Carlsbad from the north
                  and development of unincorporated lands to the south have left a swath of open
                  and agricultural land along the lagoon's north shore and tributary streams..
                  However, for the most part the lagoon is surrounded by residential and
                  commercial lands and its watershed is rapidly becoming more urbanized.

                  California Degartment of Fish and Game (QFG) owns approximately 135 acres in
                  the western and eastern lagoon. DFG is the only lagoon landowner who actively
                  manages their lagoon lands as wildlife habitat. The lands, in Batiquitos lagoon
                  were made a State Ecological Reserve in 1983. The primary purpose of the
                  reserve program is to protect examples of native lands as wildlife habitat.
                  There is no boating, swimming, hunting, commercial fishing, collecting of
                  specimens, or feeding of wildlife allowed on the reserve. Sport fishing is
                  allowed from the shore only and passive recreation such as bird watching and
                  nature study are permissable from identified access sites such as the CalTrans
                  Park and Ride Lot. Overall the DFG manages the reserve for conservation of
                  wildlife habitat and protection of endangered species.

                  Sammis Properties Inc. owns about 5 acres in the western lagoon as part of
                  their holdings along the northwest shore of the lagoon. Sammis Properties
                  recently (November, 1985) received a Coastal Development Permit and City of
                  Carlsbad approval for a mixed use development on the bluff top property above
                  the lagoon. As conditions of this permit, Sammis Properties dedicated the
                  title to most of their lagoon land holdings to the State Land Commission. The
                  permit also requires a 45-50 foot setback from the edge of the bluff, erosion
                  control measures during property development and maintenance of sediment
                  catchment basins on two tributary streams to the lagoon. Should final designs
                  for-the enhancement project show a need for the 5 acre fill area in the north
                  west corner of the lagoon, Sammis Properties would be required to dedicate a
                  portion of this land under their permit conditions. Construction for the
                  project began in June, 1986 and is limited to April I to September 30 to ensure
                  erosion control during the rainy season.

                                                        88

                 Hunt Properties Inc. (HPI) is the major property owner in the east basin of the
                 lagoon. Their lagoon lands of 360 acres are part of a larger 1730 acre holding
                 which is concentrated along the north shore of the lagoon but also includes
                 Green Valley and the lower portion of Encinitas Creek. Much of the HPI
                 property was in agricultural use until a few months ago when the owners ended
                 farming operations on most of the property. The land is now open and generally
                 unused.

                 Off-road vehicles are a major problem on both the upland and lagoon areas of
                 the HPI property. Dirt bikes tear up the lagoon shoreline and adjacent slopes
                 and during the dry season can be seen driving over the lagoon bottom. Efforts
                 by the owners to restrict access have been unsuccessful. Helicopters have also
                 used the flat eastern basin of the lagoon for landing practice. HPI does not
                 actively manage the lagoon wetlands in its holdings. Nor do they manage or
                 maintain the riparian corridor along Encinitas Creek.

                 HPI recently submitted a master plan to the City of Carlsbad for development of
                 portions of their holdings. The master plan outlines a mixture of resort and
                 residential uses for much of the property. For the most part this proposed
                 development lies outside the lagoon wetlands. However HPI does designate a 2.5
                 acre site on the southeast corner of the lagoon wetland as a development site,
                 but no specific site plans have been proposed. Development of this site would
                 require filling about two acres of lagoon wetlands. HPI has not submitted any
                 specific plans for their Green Valley property either. The City of Carlsbad
                 released an Environmental Impact Report on the HPI master plan in May, 1986.

                 The master plan designates open space for the HPI portion of the lagoon and
                 wetlands. A 100 ft. buffer is outlined and would separate the north shore
                 wetlands from the proposed development. The HPI master plan also proposed
                 sediment control basins for several creeks on their property.

                 William Savage owns a small section of the western lagoon and larger portion of
                 the eastern lagoon adjacent to Interstate 5. This property is open and vacant.
                 Mr. Savage currently has no plans for his properties being considered by the
                 City of Carlsbad or other agencies.

                 The State Lands.Commission has accepted a boundary agreement with Mr. Savage
                 which would resolve state title claims on those portions of his property above
                 the 6.0 ft. (MSL) contour. The title to the portion of his property below the
                 6.0 ft. contour was conveyed to the State Lands Commission.

                 Batiquitos Drive (Lagoon Lane) ends on the Savage property and provides direct
                 access to Carlsbad. Many residents use the end of this road as a site for
                 painting, photographing, birdwatching or just sitting and watching the lagoon.

                 Mitsuuchi owns a parcel of the northern lagoon shoreline which contains both
                 wetlands and uplands. A nursery operation is active on the upland portion of
                 the property.

                 Murphy holds another north shore parcel which is primarily uplands and contains
                 a residence.

                                                       89

                  Community Bank owns a large parcel along the southeastern shore of the lagoon.
                  One small section of this parcel north of La Costa Avenue includes lagoon
                  wetlands. The property is not used and no development plans are currently in
                  process.

                  Leucadia County Water District (LCWD) has several small holdings on the lagoon
                  where their pump stations are located (see Figure F). These pump stations are
                  connected to sewer mains which transport wastewater to the Encinitas Water
                  Pollution Control Facility for processing.

                  California Department of Parks and Recreation owns and operates South Carlsbad
                  State Beach at the lagoon mouth. The Department of Parks and Recreation owns
                  and operates four miles of beaches within Carlsbad and most of the public
                  shoreline within California.

                  The South Carlsbad State Beach presently has no facilities in the vicinity of
                  'Batiquitos Lagoon. A campground lies several miles to the north. There is
                  limited parking along the Pacific Coast Highway for beach users.

                  County of San Diego owns a 2.4 acre parcel of the beach at the lagoon mouth.

                  Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores owns a ten acre parcel at the northeast corner
                  of the lagoon. This parcel has an open space easement recorded over it which
                  the Conservancy manages.

                  State Lands Commission holds title to 17 acres of wetland along the north shore
                  in the western and middle basin. They received this land through a dedication
                  as part of a permit condition for the Sammis Properties development.

                  There are a number of casual users of the lagoon such as joggers and bird
                  watchers as well as high school and college classes. Classes use both the
                  north shore and the CalTrans Park and Ride lot and other access points to study
                  lagoon biology and complete class projects. Individual users may use the north
                  shore, south shore and beach/lagoon mouth area. Although we have no records of
                  individuals and classes using the lagoon, several local residents estimate
                  several thousand people use the lagoon per year.

                  Regional Transportation Corridors

                  A number of transportation routes cross or border Batiquitos Lagoon. Figure G
                  outlines these corridors   Starting at the eastern edge of the lagoon, El
                  Camino Real is a four la@e north/south arterial for regional traffic and
                  access to commercial and residential areas. Similarly La Costa Avenue is an
                  important east-west route for local traffic circulation between the La Costa
                  area and Interstate 5. The City of Carlsbad is currently constructing an
                  expansion of La Costa Boulevard. Parts of both La Costa Boulevard and El
                  Camino Real cover former lagoon wetlands.

                  Interstate 5 is the major north/south freeway in northern San Diego County.
                  The California State Department of Transportation or CalTrans owns, operates
                  and maintains the freeway and the Park and Ride lot at the La Costa Avenue
                  exit. CalTrans has no plans for widening the freeway in the lagoon vicinity.

                                                        90

                 Any freeway widening would require filling of the lagoon as the highway
                 currently covers former lagoon wetlands.

                 The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad tracks span the western lagoon. A
                 wooden bridge crosses the lagoon. There is considerable rail traffic on this
                 line with freight trains and passenger trains crossing the lagoon daily.

                 The Pacific Coast Highway, called Carlsbad Boulevard in the lagoon area,
                 crosses the mouth of lagoon. This roadway was the primary north/south highway
                 in the region prior to the construction of Interstate 5. It now serves as a
                 scenic route and local arterial, and is maintained by the City of Carlsbad.

                 A pedestrian access to the north shore of the lagoon is provided by the dirt
                 road, termed Batiquitos Drive or Lagoon Lane on various maps. This road which
                 begins at El Camino Real once ran to the lagoon mouth along the lagoon
                 shoreline. Crossed by 1-5, it now acts as a pedestrian/jogger route between El
                 Camino Real and Lagoon Lane. Portions of the old route are still usable west
                 of 1-5 but do not provide a complete shoreline route.

                 Utilities

                 Several types of utility lines cross the lagoon or run along its edges (see
                 Figure G). San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) has two electrical lines which
                 cross the lagoon on the eastern edge of the lagoon. A 230 KV transmission line
                 traverses the northeast section of lagoon wetlands; no transmission towers
                 stand within the lagoon area. A smaller 69 KV transmission line crosses the
                 western basin.

                 Two sewer mains border the lagoon. A City of Carlsbad 1   ine runs parallel to
                 the dirt Batiquitos Lane along the north shore of the eastern portion of the
                 lagoon. A second sewer main operated by the Leucadia County Water District
                 (LCWD) parallels La Costa Boulevard to the pumping station at the lagoon's
                 western edge and then runs north to the Encinitas Water Pollution Control
                 Plant. LCWD has proposed to expand the pump station at the lagoon mouth. This
                 expansion would have a minor effect on lagoon wetlands.

                 A natural gas line operated by Southern Cities Gas Company crosses the lagoon
                 near the railroad. This 12 inch pipe carries natural gas to City of San Diego
                 customers.

                 Summary

                 At present the lagoon lands primarily serve as a wildlife habitat both
                 officially under the ownership of the Department of Fish and Game and State
                 Lands Commission and unofficially under the ownerships of HPI, Mitsuuchi and
                 Community Bank. The lagoon is bordered and crossed by several transportation
                 corridors and utility lines of various types. None of these uses conflicts
                 with the lagoons function as a wildlife area.
                 The agricultural uplands along the north shore of the lagoon are slated for
                 mixed use development on the western end and proposed for residential and
                 resort development along most of the eastern end. Residential development
                 covers the steep bluffs on the lagoon's southern shores and the La Costa Resort

                                                       91

                  and various commercial lands border the floodplain of San Marcos Creek to the
                  immediate east of the lagoon. Green Valley and Encinitas Creek still support
                  some agricultural use but much of this area is planned for development. In
                  sum, the lands surrounding the lagoon and comprising its immediate watershed
                  are either already developed as urban areas or are proposed for development
                  within the next ten years. The lagoon itself remains an important open space
                  area and wildlife habitat/reserve.

                  PLANS AND JURISDICTIONS

                  Several government agencies have jurisdiction over activities within Batiquitos
                  Lagoon and its watershed. This jurisdiction is based upon certain geographic
                  boundaries and the type of activity proposed. Table 15 outlines the federal,
                  state and local agencies and their authority in the lagoon. Figure H depicts
                  the boundaries of several regulatory bodies whose jurisdiction is based upon
                  geographic divisions. This section generally describes each agency, its
                  statutory authority and its plans or policies pertaining to Batiquitos Lagoon.
                  This matrix of government regulation defines in large part the enhancement and
                  development activities allowed in the lagoon area and its watershed.

                  Local

                  Batiquitos Lagoon and its north shore drainage lies almost entirely within the
                  City of Carlsbad. The lower sections of San Marcos Creek and Encinitas Creek
                  are also within the City. The lands and drainage area to the south of the
                  lagoon and a portion of Encinitas Creek lie within the newly incorporated City
                  of Encinitas. The upper portion of Encinitas Creek lies within the City of
                  Carlsbad. Upper San Marcos Creek is largely within the City of San Marcos.
                  County of San Diego has jurisdiction over many scattered areas in the
                  watershed. Thus the Batiquitos watershed is split between four jurisdictions
                  while the lagoon itself is within a single jurisdiction.

                  City of Carlsbad

                  The City of Carlsbad annexed Batiquitos Lagoon into their jurisdiction along
                  with most of the north shore lands and parts of Encinitas Creek in 1984. The
                  City has jurisdiction over the lagoon area and a portion of the watershed for
                  decisions regarding land use and development.

                  Guiding the City's land use in this area is the City General Plan, Open Space
                  and Conservation Element and the Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan. The City
                  also has a Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan which pertains to the western
                  portion of the lagoon and its surrounding uplands.

                                                        92

                                                      TABLE 15

                            Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiguitos Lagoon and Watershed

                  Government                Legal                     Primary
                  Agency                  Authqnily                 Responsibility

                  Federal

                  U.S..Army Corps         Rivers and Harbors        Regulation of dredge
                  Engineers               Act of 1899, Section      and fill in "Waters of
                                          10; Clean Water Act       the United States"
                                          Section 404               including their adjacent
                                                                    wetland areas

                  U.S. Fish and           Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
                  Wildlife Service        Coordination Act;         regarding biological
                                          Endangered Species        impacts of project includ-
                                          Act; Marine Mammal        ing migratory birds and
                                          Protection Act            endangered species habitat

                  National Marine         Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
                  Fisheries Service       Coordination Act;         regarding impacts of pro-
                                          Marine Mammal             jects on marine species
                                          Protection Act

                  U.S. Environmental      Section 404(b) Clean      Comment to Corps on
                  Protection Agency       Water Act                 whether Project is
                                                                    acceptable under 404(b)
                                                                    guidelines

                                          Sections 404(c), 402      Veto of Corps action
                  State                   Clean Water Act           on permit

                  California Coastal      California Coastal        Regulation of development
                  Commission              Act of 1976               within Coastal Zone; part-
                                                                    icular concern with pro-
                                                                    tection and, where feasible,
                                                                    restoration of coastal
                                                                    wetlands

                  State Lands             California State          Regulation of activities
                  Commission              Constitution; Public      in California's tidelands
                                          Trust Doctrine            and submerged lands and
                                                                    lands subject to tidal
                                                                    influence in 1850

                                                         93

                                                        TABLE 15 (continued)

                             Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiguitos Lagoon   and Watershed

                   Government                Legal                      Primary
                   Agency                  Authority                 Responsibility

                   California Department   Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
                   of Fish and Game        Coordination Act,         regarding biological
                                           Public Resources          impacts of projects;
                                           Code, Section 1600-       issuance of Streambed
                                           1603, Fish and Game       Alteration Agreements  for
                                           Code; California          development in any stream
                                           Endangered Species Act    channel; endangered species
                                                                     consultation for State
                                                                     projects; regulation and
                                                                     management of game species and
                                                                     their taking; management of
                                                                     State Ecological Reserves

                   San Diego Regional      Section 401 Clean         Protection of water
                   Water Quality Control   Water Act; Porter-        quality; certification
                   Board                   Cologne Water Quality     of federally-permitted
                                           Act                       activities which involve
                                                                     discharge of fill; preparation
                                                                     of regional water quality plans
                                                                     and standards; issuance of
                                                                     waste discharge permits

                   Local

                   City of Carlsbad        Local police power        Regulation of development
                                           Municipal Code;           within.city limits,
                                           zoning law;               including north and south
                                           Subdivision Map  Act      shores of Batiquitos Lagoon,
                                                                     portions of San Marcos and
                                                                     Encinitas Creeks .                    I
                   City of Encinitas       Local police power;       Regulation of development
                                           zoning law;               within city boundaries
                                           Subdivision Map Act       including southern bluffs of
                                                                     Batiquitos Lagoon, portions of
                                                                     Encinitas Creeks

                   County Environmental                              Reviews and comments on
                   Health Department                                 vector control (mosquitos)
                                                                     through CEQA process; has power
                                                                     to enter public and private
                                                                     land for pest control

                                                          94

                                                      TABLE 15 (continued)

                            Regulato"  Jurisdictions  in Batiguitos Lagoon and Watershed

                  Government                Legal                     Primary
                  Agency                  Authority                Responsibility

                  City of San Marcos      Local police power;      Regulation of development
                                          Municipal Code; zoning   within city limits including
                                          law; Subdivision Map     upper San Marcos Creek
                                          Act                      drainage

                  County of San Diego     Local police power;      Regulation of development
                                          Municipal Code; zoning   within the County area
                                          law; Subdivision Map     scattered throughout the
                                          Act                      watershed

                                                        95

                   General Plan

                   The General Plan has several goals and policies which pertain directly to
                   Batiquitos Lagoon. One goal of the General Plan directs the City to:

                      "Protect and conserve natural resources-, fragile ecological areas, unique
                      natural assets and historically significant features of the community."

                   The General Plan indicates Batiquitos Lagoon as a Special-Resource Area due to
                   its regional significance. The plan sets forth several guidelines to govern
                   City decisions on land use in the lagoon until a specific lagoon plan is
                   approved. One guideline applicable to Batiquitos Lagoon is:

                      "Limiting future development adjacent to the lagoons and beach in such a
                      manner to provide maximum physical and visual accessibility to these
                      resources for public use and enjoyment."

                   Under the General Plan, Batiquitos Lagoon for the most part is designated for
                   open space. The plan indicates a ten acre area in the southeast corner for
                   travel services. The lands along the north shore of the lagoon are indicated
                   for residential uses at various densities.

                   The portion of Encinitas Creek within the City of Carlsbad and just south of
                   the lagoon boundaries is indicated for community commercial, professional and
                   related, and residential uses. The portion of Encinitas Creek within the City
                   east of El Camino Real is indicated for open space. The San Marcos Creek
                   .floodplain within the City is also designated open space. (see Figure G)

                   The Open Space and Conservation Element of the City's General Plan sets several
                   goals which are applicable to Batiquitos Lagoon and its watershed creeks.

                      "To preserve optimum sustainable environmental quality levels with respect
                      to air, water and sound levels, and plant and animal life.

                      "To preserve an adequate amount and variety of open space for outdoor
                      recreation which shall include, but not be limited to, parks, beaches, areas
                      for organized sports, connecting corridors with trails, water recreation
                      areas (beaches, lagoons, lakes) unique conservation areas for nature study  ,
                      and semi-development areas for camping.

                      "To protect select wildlife through the preservation of feeding, nesting,
                      and breeding areas.

                      "To conserve and encourage the use of all forms of vegetation needed to (a)
                      prevent erosion, siltation and flooding, (b) protect air and water
                      resources, and (c) protect and enhance visual resources."

                   Specific policies to obtain these goals include:

                      "Greenbelts: To establish greenbelts to preserve and/or create open space
                      areas as a means of maintaining community scale and identity, separating
                      conflicting land uses, and achieving a sense of natural openness as an

                                                         96

                    integral part of urban surroundings.

                    Preservation of Natural Resources: To preserve natural resources by:
                    protecting fish, wildlife, and vegetation habitats; retaining the natural
                    character of waterways, shoreline features, hillsides, and scenic areas;
                    safeguarding areas for scientific and educational research; respecting the
                    limitations of our air and water resources to absorb pollution; encouraging
                    legislation that will assist logically in preserving these resources."

                 The Open Space Element defines several categories of open space lands. The
                 lagoon and its creeks best fit into the floodplain category and this element
                 outlines the following guidelines for these lands.

                    "Water resources in the City of Carlsbad should be maintained in as natural
                    and beneficial a state a possible by (a) conserving or improving the
                    appearance and ecology of those which are in a relatively untouched
                    condition, (b) restoring, in accordance with recognized ecological
                    principles and insofar as it is possible, those water areas which have been
                    significantly altered, to a condition which is most beneficial to the
                    public, and (c) simulating a natural condition in areas which are to be
                    altered in the future for purposes of safety engineering, water
                    conservation, or recreation.

                 "Alteration of waterways that would cause significant adverse impacts on the
                 environment should be prohibited."

                 These guidelines also apply to the tributary creeks of the Batiquitos Lagoon
                 watershed. The Open Space element identifies the north shore tributaries and
                 San Marcos Creek as prime open space. These guidelines support the restoration
                 of the lagoon and prohibition of the alteration of waterways which would
                 adversely affect the environment. These guidelines should have specific
                 application to Encinitas and San Marcos Creeks where any change in the existing
                 riparian corridor or stream channel could have a great effect on sedimentation
                 in the lagoon.

                 In summary, the City of Carlsbad General Plan and Open Space Element recognize
                 Batiquitos Lagoon as a Special Resources Area and as Open Space and sets forth
                 guidelines and policies to protect the area.

                 Zoning

                 The western portion of the lagoon is zoned for Open Space (O-S) (see Figures G
                 and H). This zoning ordinance allows several uses such as public shoreline
                 recreation, public parks, horse, bike and pedestrian trails, certain
                 recreational uses, scenic and open space easements.

                 The eastern basin is partially zoned Open Space and partially zoned Planned
                 Community (P-C). The portion of Encinitas Creek just south of the lagoon
                 within the City is also zoned P-C. The Planned Community zone is intended to
                 provide an orderly method for development of residential, commercial or
                 industrial uses. This zone requires a master plan outlining planned uses, open
                 space areas (a minimum of 15% of the total master planned area is required as

                                                       97

                  open space), public facilities, major roads and water and sewer supply lines
                  The City of Carlsbad is processing a master plan for the eastern lagoon and a*
                  portion of the north shore. No plan is in progress for this area of Encinitas
                  Creek. The portion of Encinitas Creek east of El Camino Real which lies in the
                  City of Carlsbad is zoned open space and planned community (see Figure H).

                  Prior to annexation of Batiquitos Lagoon in 1984 the City has indicated several
                  areas in their boundaries which lie in the 100 year floodplain of San Marcos
                  Creek. These are indicated on Figure H as a Floodplain Overlay Zone. The City
                  has not extended this zone over the newly annexed lands of the lagoon or
                  Encinitas Creek even though both are floodplain areas.   Therefore, we must
                  assume this zone only applies to the areas indicated on  Figure H. The
                  Floodplain Overlay Zone (F-P) is intended to supplement  the other zoning on
                  floodplain areas to provide additional development regulations to protect the
                  public health and welfare. A special usepermit is required for development in
                  this zone which the City Engineer and Planning Commission must review and
                  approve.

                  Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan

                  The City of Carlsbad has another plan,  the Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan
                  which it uses in evaluating developments in the lagoon area. This plan has
                  never been adopted by the City Council and therefore serves only as a guideline
                  for city staff preparing reports and comments on specific projects. The plan
                  discusses the problems the lagoon experiences and recommends goals and policies
                  for development in the lagoon area. The City staff use the goals of the plan
                  when reviewing development projects but do not necessarily use the standards
                  and criteria outlined in the plan to achieve these goals. These goals include:

                     "-Activities in the drainage basin should not increase the sedimentation
                     rate of the lagoon.

                     -Activities in the drainage basin should not degrade the lagoon's water
                     quality.

                     -Minimize impacts on wildlife habitats that are functional ly related to the
                     lagoon resource.

                     -Minimize the impact of development on the visual character of the area.
                     -Provide a coordinated mix of land uses that are compatible with the
                     preservation of significant lagoon resources.

                     -Provide passive recreational opportunities around the lagoon.

                     -Protect, preserve, and if possible, restore the biological productivity of
                     Batiquitos Lagoon."

                  These goals reinforce many of the goals expr essed in the City's General Plan.

                                                        98

                  City of Carlsbad Local Coastal Program

                  In November, 1985, the Coastal Commission certified a Local Coastal Program
                  (LCP) amendment for the Sammis Properties lands and Fish and Game lands in the
                  western lagoon. The West Batiquitos Lagoon/Sammis Properties LCP amendment
                  sets forth a number of development uses for the bluff tops and other uses for
                  portions of the western lagoon and adjoining north shore bluffs. This LCP
                  designates the lagoon property and the bluff face as open-space and restricts
                  uses to passive recreation, habitat enhancement and educational and scientific
                  nature study. The LCP also states that the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan
                  will determine the ultimate uses in the lagoon.

                  San Diego County/City of Encinitas

                  San Diego County Local Coastal Program

                  Prior to 1984 the lagoon was under the jurisdiction of the County of San Diego.
                  As part of its Local Coastal Program, the County completed the San Dieguito
                  Land Use Plan (LUP) which the Coastal Commission certified. However, for those
                  lands the City of Carlsbad has annexed in Batiquitos Lagoon, Encinitas Creek
                  and the north shore, the policies in the San Dieguito LUP serve only as a
                  guideline until the City of Carlsbad submits and the Coastal Commission
                  certifies its own LUP for this area.

                  The San Dieguito LUP outlines land uses for the south shore bluffs and portions
                  of Encinitas Creek which were recently incorporated by the City of Encinitas.
                  The San Dieguito Community Plan outlined land uses for those portions of the
                  watershed formerly within the County east of El Camino Real. The new City of
                  Encinitas will be formulating its own Local Coastal Program and community
                  plans; therefore the policies in these documents are only guidelines.

                  The San Dieguito LUP includes a number of policies regarding Batiquitos Lagoon.
                  These include:

                     "Policy 41 Prevent Further Degradation of Wetlands

                  "The County will preserve the function of Batiquitos Lagoon and its immediately
                  adjacent uplands as a viable wetland ecosystem and habitat for resident and
                  migratory wildlife by prohibiting actions which:

                     1.  Involve wetland fill or increase sedimentation into wetlands

                     2.  Adversely decrease stream flow into the wetlands

                     3.  Reduce tidal interchange

                     4.  Reduce internal water circulation, or

                     5.  Adversely affect existing wildlife habitats

                                                       99

                   "And by encouraging public acquisition of privately held portions of the
                   lagoons and surrounding recreation-suitable areas.

                           "Policy 42 Reduce Sedimentation

                   "The County will reduce the rat  e of sedimentation of the lagoons by formulating
                   procedures for controlling runoff and erosion associated with upland grading
                   and development.

                           "Policy 43 Restore Biological   Productivity and Quality of the.Lagoon

                   "The County will encourage and cooperate with other responsible agencies to
                   plan and implement an integrated management plan for the long-term conservation
                   and restoration of wetlands resources at Batiquitos Lagoon according to the
                   following guidelines:

                      "I. Plans for the west, central, and eastern basins should be treated as
                      integral parts of the whole.

                      "2. The plan should be implemented in phases so that discreet physical
                      alterations can be performed as funds become available, and so that the
                      effects of changes can be evaluated at each stage, and recognizing the
                      experimental basis of wetland manipulations.

                      "3. Wildlife corridors between the wetland shoreline and important uplands
                      areas and upstream riparian areas should be maintained and enhanced where
                      feasible.

                      "4. Management plans should implement, where possible, adopted State and
                      Federal Wildlife Management Plans (i.e., California Least Tern Recovery
                      Plan, etc.

                      "5. Human uses of the wetland and adjacent areas should be compatible with
                      the primary use of the wetland as a natural habitat of national value.

                      "6. Passive recreational activity at the lagoons should be compatible with
                      the primary use of the wetland as a natural habitat of national value.

                      "7. Passive recreational activity at the lagoons should be encouraged       to
                      the extent there are no substantial adverse impacts to wildlife.

                      "8. Public visual access to,the lagoon shoreline from public streets      should
                      not be excluded by new uses or structures except where access could
                      substantially affect wildlife adversely.

                      "9. There should be limited human access to the wetland shoreline since the
                      immediate wetland shoreline and adjacent shallows are the most important
                      sensitive wil dlife habitat.

                                                          100

                     "10. Boating and other water surface activities should be restricted in
                     significant wildlife habitat areas, particularly in the central and east
                     basin and parts of the west basin supporting significant water-bird
                     populations.

                     "11. The plan should include a provision for sediment catch basins or other
                     sediment control devices outside the wetland area and should periodically
                     remove recently accumulated sediment from the lagoon until a long-range
                     sediment control plan is operational.

                     "12. Plans should attempt to optimize the habitat for species already known
                     to use the wetlands, as well as certain "featured" species recognized as
                     depleted, rare, or endangered (California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah
                     Sparrow, Snowy Plover, and other species recommended by wildlife management
                     agencies), to the extent feasible.

                     "13. The integrity of the existing natural system (in particular,
                     topography, hydrology, and vegative cover) should not be disturbed.

                     "14. Adequate monitoring of chemical, physical and biological changes
                     should be carried out for periodic re-evaluation of the management plan and
                     maintenance of optimal conditions.

                     "15. Rare and significant habitats such as coastal strand (dunes), salt
                     flats and freshwater ponds existing in and around the lagoons should not be
                     reduced or substantially degraded.

                     "16. High priority shall be given to actions which serve to remove
                     impediments of internal lagoon water circulation (except where such areas
                     are significant wildlife habitats in their own right) and improve tidal flow
                     with the ocean.

                     "17. It shall be a long-range goal to remove the flow blockage caused by
                     existing fills for transportation facilities and by existing dikes to the
                     extent necessary to create an adequate internal water circulation system.

                     "18. Aquaculture uses shall be allowed on adjacent uplands of lagoons, as
                     well as within lagoons themselves, which do not have significant adverse
                     effect on natural processes or visual quality and which would be compatible
                     with other land uses in the vicinity."

                 To  accomplish these policies, the San Dieguito LUP designates both the lagoon
                 and Encinitas Creek as an Ecological Resource Area. The uses allowed under
                 this designation are limited to habitat enhancement, educational and scientific
                 nature study, passive recreational and aquaculture if it imposes no significant
                 adverse effect.

                 The LUP also outlines a special coastal resource protection area (see Figure
                 H). This area encompasses much of the south shore of the lagoon and watershed
                 of Encinitas Creek (within the coastal zone). The following policies apply to
                 development within this zone and many are designed to protect the lagoon.

                                                       101

                     "Policy 124 Coastal Resource Protection Overlay

                     "The county shall adopt and apply a "Coastal Resource Protection Overlay"
                     category in order to assure that development, use, or alteration of land
                     within major areas of environmental sensitivity, steep slopes, major
                     drainageways, and of outstanding scenic quality is reviewed and approved in
                     accordance with criteria, standards and limitation that will protect coastal
                     resources.

                     "1. Effect of Category - any grading, construction, or removal of natural
                     vegetation that does not now require a permit, or only requires an
                     administrative permit, will require a special permit which will only be
                     issued in accordance with the standards and criteria of this category; and
                     any activity which now requires a discretionary permit or action shall
                     conform to the standards and criteria of this category.

                     "2. Standards and Criteria - All development and other activities otherwise
                     permitted shall conform to the following:

                          Board of Supervisors' Policy 1-73, Hillside Development, shall apply to
                          development of property containing steep slopes. Slopes remaining
                          undisturbed as a result of Policy 1-73 shall be placed in a permanent
                          Open Space Easement as a condition of development approval.

                          The PD planned development area regulation of the zoning ordinance
                          shall be applied to development of any properties of 10 acres or
                          greater in any size and may also be applied to smaller properties when
                          appropriate.

                          Drainage and run-off shall be controlled so as not to exceed, at any
                          time, the rate associated with a property in its present state, and
                          appropriate measures shall be taken on and/or off-site to prevent
                          siltation of lagoons and other environmental sensitive areas.

                          The grading activity be prohibited during the rainy season from October
                          I to April 1 of each year.

                          That all graded areas shall be landscaped prior to October I with
                          either temporary or permanent landscape materials in order to reduce
                          erosion potential. Said landscaping shall be maintained and replanted
                          if not established by December I."

                  Much of the steep bluffs and bluff tops to the south of the lagoon are
                  designated for residential use at one unit/acre and 2.9 units/acre (See Figure
                  H).

                  The section of Encinitas Creek now in the jurisdiction of the City of Encinitas
                  is included in two different County plans. The section of creek west of El
                  Camino Real and south of the City of Carlsbad boundary is under the San
                  Dieguito LUP.and is designated as an Ecological Resource Area.

                                                      -102

                  The San Dieguito LUP includes several policies which apply to this portion of
                  Encinitas Creek. These include:

                     "Policy 34 Riparian Habitat

                     "The County will prohibit any development or other significant disruption of
                     the Encinitas Creek Riparian Habitat.

                     "Policy 31 Habitat Protection

                     "The County will preserve the integrity, function, productivity and long
                     term viability of environmentally sensitive habitat areas within the coastal
                     zone, including lagoons, riparian areas, coastal strand areas, coastal sage
                     scrub and coastal mixed chaparral habitat."

                  San Dieguito Community Plan

                  The creek section east of El Camino Real is not in the coastal zone and thus is
                  included under the San Dieguito Community Plan. This plan designated the creek
                  as an impact sensitive area. This designation allows for one dwelling unit per
                  4, 8 or 20 acres or a very low density development. Under County Zoning
                  consistent use regulations allow rural residential use, limited agricultural,
                  open space, utility or transportation corridors, general rural uses and once a
                  specific plan is completed and adopted, the uses the plan designates. The San
                  Dieguito Community Plan contains several goals and objectives which apply
                  generally to this area of Encinitas Creek.

                  "Encourage types and patterns of development which minimize water pollution,
                  air pollution, fire hazard, soil erosion, silting, slide damage, flooding and
                  severe hillside cutting and scarring.

                  "Encourage the preservation of the floodplains for recreation, open space, and
                  agriculture and avoid the necessity of constructing concrete channels.

                  "Encourage the use of natural channels and streambeds, discourage the need for
                  artificial drainage structures, and encourage the use of runoff and drainage
                  for groundwater recharging."

                  The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan incorporates most of the LUP policies
                  for the lagoon and its watershed into its enhancement design, public access
                  plan and watershed plan.

                  The new City of Encinitas in formulation of their plans could incorporate these
                  County policies or significantly change them. Appendix D contains a set of
                  Best Management Practices (BMPs) to guide erosion control and stream alteration
                  policies in the lagoon watershed. Many of these BMPs reflect and expand upon
                  the policies in the County's LCP and Community Plan

                  San Diego County Department of Public Health

                  The Department of Public Health is responsible for vector control in areas such
                  as Batiquitos Lagoon. This Department attempts to control mosquito production

                                                       103

                  through various techniques one of which is avoiding creating mosquito producing
                  habitat. This Department reviews projects which might involve mosquito areas
                  and comments through the CEQA process.

                  City of San Marcos

                  Much of the upper reaches of San Marcos Creek lie within the City of San
                  Marcos. The San Marcos Dam impounds most of the water and sediment from this
                  area and essentially removes this area from the functioning lagoon watershed
                  (see Figure B-2). However several miles of creek below the dam lie within the
                  City of San Marcos and do contribute to the lagoon watershed system.

                  General Plan

                  The City of San Marcos is in the process of redrafting and updating its general
                  plan. The draft plan indicates the San Marcos Creek channel for open space.
                  The creek channel is very rocky and steep in this section and alteration for
                  flood control or land development is unlikely. The plan designates the land
                  surrounding the San Marcos creek channel for rural residential use.

                  Summary-Local Government

                  Four local governments have jurisdiction over Batiquitos Lagoon and its
                  watershed.

                  The lagoon and its north shore, most of the San Marcos Creek floodplain and two
                  separate portions of the Encinitas Creek floodplain lie within the City of
                  Carlsbad. The City's General Plan Open Space and Conservation element and West
                  Batiquitos Land Use Plan contain goals and policies which support preservation
                  and restoration of the lagoon as open space, protection of wildlife and
                  retention of public recreation and visual access to the lagoon. The City
                  policies also outline retention of the natural character of waterways. The
                  City's Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan, although not adopted, contains many
                  goals which guide evaluation of development proposals.

                  City zoning for the lagoon is different for the western basins and eastern
                  basin. While the western basin zoning is open space much of the eastern basin
                  in zoned planned community. Likewise the San Marcos Creek floodplain is zoned
                  open space as is the eastern portion of Encinitas Creek (within the City of
                  Carlsbad) while the lower area of Encinitas Creek is zoned planned community.

                  There is a certified Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan which includes the
                  bluffs along the southern margin of the lagoon and a small area of Encinitas
                  Creek. These areas have since been incorporated into the City of Encinitas.
                  This LUP when written also included the lagoon prior to Carlsbad annexation of
                  the area in 1984. It contains many policies to guide land use in the lagoon
                  which are used in this plan. The LUP places a special coastal resource
                  protection overlay zone on the southern watershed within the coastalzone
                  boundary. The San Dieguito Community Plan designates the portion of Encinitas
                  Creek east of the coastal zone boundary (El Camino Real) as an impact sensitive
                  area and for open space. The City of Encinitas will be formulating a plan for

                                                        104

                  these former county lands and the present LUP and Community Plan may serve as a
                  guide.

                  Within the City of San Marcos lies much of the upper watershed of San Marcos
                  Creek. San Marcos Dam impounds most of this drainage and separates it
                  functionally from the lagoon watershed. The small area of the creek downstream
                  from the dam in the City of San Marcos is zoned for open space use.

                  State of California

                  California Environmental Ouality Act (CEOA)

                  All state and local agencies are required to comply with CEQA prior to
                  approving or denying a project within their jurisdiction or for which they
                  provide funding. Compliance usually requires producing an Environmental Impact
                  Report or Negative Declaration which identifies the effects of the project on
                  the environment and outlines mitigation measures to offset the effects. CEQA
                  allows certain time periods for public and agency review of documents,
                  submission of comments and response to comments by the lead agency.

                  A number of different State agencies have jurisdiction and interest in
                  Batiquitos Lagoon. These include the Coastal Commission, whose jurisdictional
                  boundary ends at El Camino Real (see Figure H); the State Lands Commission,
                  whose jurisdiction rests on the question of public trust lands in the lagoon;
                  and the Department of Fish and Game, whose authority over the lagoon comes as a
                  primary landowner and as a responsible agency for federal, state and local
                  agency permit actions, and as the issuing agency of Stream Alteration
                  Agreements in the watershed.

                  California Coastal Commission

                  In 1972, 55% of the state's voters approved Proposition 20 and created the
                  California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission. By 1975, the regional and
                  state commissions had issued a 443-page California Coastal Plat) designating a
                  coastal zone and containing findings and policies concerning topics from
                  natural habitats and wetlands to energy facility siting criteria along the
                  1,100 mile California coast. During the past ten years the regional
                  commissions and their successors, the State Commission under the California
                  Coastal Act of 1976, have processed more than 50,000 permit applications for
                  development projects within the coastal zone, following detailed statutory,
                  regulatory and judicial guidelines. California communities have been preparing
                  Local Coastal Programs (LCPs) which apply coastal zone management policies at
                  the local level.

                  The Coastal Act is concerned with protecting agricultural lands, developing
                  coastal access for the public, siting critical energy facilities appropriately,
                  protecting sensitive habitats, identifying hazard areas, expanding commercial
                  fishing and recreational boating, and protecting wetlands from diking and
                  filling. The Coastal Act identifies Batiquitos Lagoon ag one of nineteen high
                  priority wetlands for public acquisition.

                                                        105

                  The terms "wetlands, "biological productivity, "marine resources";                    OF
                  "environmentally sensitive habitats," are cited and defined in a number of
                  sections in the statute, along with policies for development activities such as
                  dredging and filling. The Commission adopted Interpretive Guidelines for
                  Wetlands and Other Wet Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas early in 1981
                  after two years of study and public input. The guidelines were designed to
                  assist local governments in protection, restoration and mitigation efforts in
                  wetlands and adjacent areas undergoing development.

                  The guidelines contain three important sections: technical definitions for
                  environmentally sensitive habitats, including wetlands and riparian habitats
                  among others; permitted development and conditions in these areas; means of
                  restoration and maintenance of wetland areas. The guidelines elaborated on the
                  statutory definition of wetlands in the Coastal Act, drawing on hydric soils
                  and wetland plant species criteria developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                  to provide a more precise basis for identifying wetlands.

                  The guidelines also establish standards for siting development adjacent to
                  wetlands, and suggest appropriate mitigation measures, such as setbacks, buffer
                  areas, landscaping, erosion control, and drainage control.

                  The Coastal Commission jurisdiction in the lagoon area extends to El Camino
                  Real (See Figure H) and encompasses both the wetland area and northern and
                  southern uplands west of El Camino Real.

                  The San Dieguito Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan completed by the County
                  and certified by the Commission included the lagoon area. However since the
                  City of Carlsbad annexed the area in 1984 they have submitted and the
                  Commission certified an LUP for only the western portion of the lagoon. The
                  City has the option of submitting the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan as the
                  LUP for the lagoon. Once an LCP is certified by the Commission for Batiquitos
                  Lagoon the Commission still retains primary permit authority within the
                  wetlands area.

                  State Lands Division and Commission: Public Trust Doctrine

                  On admission to the Union September 9, 1850, California acquired nearly 4
                  million acres of sovereign land underlying the state's tidelands, submerged
                  lands, and navigable lakes and rivers. In 1938, the State Lands Commission
                  (consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, Controller, and Director of Finance)
                  was created by the legislature to manage these lands and hold exclusive
                  jurisdiction over them (Public resources Code, Sections 6301 and 6216). These
                  sovereign or "Public Trust" lands are held in trust by the state on behalf of
                  the public for certain limited water dependent or water oriented uses. In
                  certain locations, the legislature has, by statute, transferred trust lands to
                  .a local governmental entity (city, county, harbor district) for specified trust
                  uses.

                  In the 19th century, the state sold extensive areas of tidelands to private
                  interests. These lands, with few exceptions, remain subject to the Public
                  Trust Easement.

                                                       106

                  California also acquired, by grant from the United States, several million
                  acres of "swamp and overflowed lands" which were to be sold, reclaimed, and put
                  into agriculturally productive status. Often, the ability or desire of
                  surveyors to properly segregate swamp and overflowed lands from tide and
                  submerged lands was lacking. True swamp and overflowed lands lie above the
                  ordinary high water mark while tide and submerged lands, which are subject to
                  the Public Trust Easement, lie below (Civil Code, Section 830). The lack of
                  precision in early surveys results in the necessity today of requiring careful
                  study to resolve disputes over the true physical character of these lands in
                  1850. Even after intensive research, often the evidence is meager or
                  conflicting as to the true nature of the lands.

                  As to all the public trust lands within the state (whether sold or unsold), the
                  California courts have assiduously protected the public's rights. In Marks v.
                  Whitney (1971), 6 C.3d 251, a unanimous California Supreme Court reaffirmed
                  that even in instances where tidelands have been sold to private parties and
                  filled, those facts do not extinguish the public easement for commerce,
                  navigation, fisheries, recreation and "preservation of the lands in their
                  natural state, so that they may serve as ecological 'units for scientific study,
                  as open space, and as environments which provide food and habitat for birds and
                  marine life, and which favorably affect the scenery and climate of the area."

                  The State Lands Commission, in its management of trust lands, reviews
                  development plans in areas subject to the Public Trust Easement for their
                  consistency with the state's public trust interest in the subject property. In
                  instances where the state owns the fee interest, as well as the easement, a
                  lease may be issued for trust consistent uses. The State Lands Commission has
                  been involved in settling boundary disputes in nearly every San Diego County
                  lagoon, including Batiquitos Lagoon (and hundreds of sites elsewhere). Many of
                  the sites confirmed in state ownership pursuant to settlement agreement have
                  become part of the statewide system of Ecological Reserves maintained by the
                  California State Department of Fish and Game (i.e., San Elijo Lagoon, Bolsa
                  Chica, Upper Newport Bay).

                  The State Lands Commission also monitors certain activities of legislative
                  grantees (i.e., City of Los Angeles) for compliance with terms and conditions
                  of their trust grant. It is also not uncommon for the California Coastal
                  Commission to condition development permits for projects involving public trust
                  lands upon review and approval of the State Lands Commission.

                  California Department of Fish and game (DFG)

                  DFG has a number of responsibilities and authorities which directly and
                  indirectly influence projects and activities in wetlands and riparian areas.
                  The broad charge of the department, expressed in the California Fish and
                  Wildlife Plan (1966, in revision), states the department's overall objective:
                  "to maintain all species of fish and wildlife for their intrinsic and
                  ecological values, and for their direct benefits to man, such as diversified
                  recreational use, economic contributions and scientific and educational use".

                  The Department of Fish and Game has authorities under specific sections of the
                  Public Resources Code, Fish and Game Code, federal Fish and Wildlife

                                                        107

                  Coordination Act, and administrative regulations and procedures to directly
                  regulate or comment on activities in wetlands and riparian areas. DFG is
                  empowered to negotiate agreements for streambed alterations. It has some
                  limited responsibilities with respect to native plant protection, and
                  enforcement of state law concerning endangered and rare animal species. DFG
                  comments on all projects under consideration by other local state and federal
                  agencies which may Affect fish and wildlife resources and enforces state fish
                  and game laws, including those that regulate waterfowl hunting. It administers
                  and/or manages state-owned ecological reserves, and it is charged with carrying
                  out specific programs authorized by the legislature.

                  Streambed Alteration Agreements (Fish and Game Code Section 1601-1603)

                  In general, this law requires that any proposed project that will divert or
                  obstruct the natural flow or Change the bed, channel or bank of any river,
                  stream or lake or use any streambed materials, must be reviewed for its effects
                  on fish and wildlife resources. If DFG finds that the project will adversely
                  affect fish or wildlife, they propose modifications necessary to protect fish
                  and wildlife and negotiate with the applicant to have them incorporated into
                  the project. This law applies to the tributary streams of Batiquitos Lagoon
                  and agreements are required prior to any changes in the streambed.

                  Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals

                  For all projects carried out or permitted by state agencies, state agencies are
                  required to consult with DFG regarding the projects effects on threatened and
                  endangered species (state-listed only). This consultation is required as part
                  of the CEQA process. The agency must obtain a written statement from DFG as to
                  whether the project would jeopardize the continued existence of a threatened or
                  endangered species. If a jeopardy opinion is received, the state agency must
                  adopt alternatives to the project to avoid the impact. DFG encourages agencies
                  to consult with them early in the project planning.

                  As part of this protection effort, DFG conducts monitoring and field studies of
                  endangered species populations. DFG also comments on federal permit activities
                  and their effects upon threatened and endangered species.

                  Commenting Policies and Resource Planning

                  Department of Fish and Game personnel are regularly involved in review and
                  comment on all forms of development-related processes in wetlands: State Lands
                  permits and leases; EIRs and other CEQA documents, EISs; Corps of Engineers
                  Section 10 and 404 permits; Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB)
                  Section 401 (NPDES) permits.

                  DFG consistently advocates the maintenance of existing fish and wildlife
                  resources. If this goal cannot be satisfactorily accomplished, either project
                  denial or approval with mitigative measures is recommended.

                  Land Management

                  DFG is a major land owner in the lagoon and manager of the Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                       108

                  Ecological Reserve. The primary goal of the reserve is to preserve the wetland
                  habitat for migratory,birds, endangered species and other wildlife.

                  State Water Resources Control Board and the
                  Regional Water Ouality Control Boards (RWOCB)

                  The State Board and nine Regional Boards were designated in 1973 as the state
                  agency responsible to exercise powers set forth in Section 401 of the Clean
                  Water Act.' The Boards are also responsible for exercising powers in the state
                  Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, amended 1969. The primary
                  responsibility of the Boards is to protect water quality.

                  -Section 401 of the Clean Water Act empowers the state to require certification
                  that federally permitted activities involving discharge of fill into navigable
                  waterways will meet state water quality objectives, set forth in basin plans.
                  The Regional Boards, acting as agent to the State Board, may issue certificates
                  or place conditions on certification of a Section 404 permit application to
                  ensure that the project will comply with effluent limitations and standards in
                  the Clean Water Act, EPA regulations, and with state standards.

                  The Regional Boards also issue National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
                  (NPDES) waste discharge permits under Section 402 of the Clean Water Act. The
                  program is administered by the Regional Boards in conjunction with state waste
                  discharge requirements established by the Porter-Cologne Act. The National
                  Pollution Discharge Elimination System applies to point-source discharge of
                  such materials as solid waste, sewage, heat, industrial, municipal and
                  agricultural waste. The NPDES permit program applies to waters of the United
                  States as defined by Corps and EPA regulations, including adjacent wetlands.

                  The State and Regional Boards have independent authority over water quality,
                  including discharges of dredge and fill material in wetlands. The Porter-
                  Cologne Water Quality Control Act has broader authority than the federal law.
                  The Porter-Cologne Act established the State and Regional Boards and granted
                  the State Board power to formulate state policy on water quality, administer
                  technical research, and enforce waste discharge requirements. The Regional
                  Boards also administer self-monitoring systems for waste dischargers.

                  The San Diego County Regional Board.reviews all waste discharge systems in the
                  lagoon vicinity and is responsible for enforcing restrictions against sewage
                  spills into the lagoon. The Regional Board will review and must certify the
                  Corps 404 permit for the lagoon enhancement.

                  The Regional Board has completed many years of water quality monitoring at
                  Batiquitos and the north county lagoons. The RWQCB recently released a staff
                  report "A Review of Nutrient Standards for the Coastal Lagoons in the San Diego
                  Region." This report summarizes and analyzes the water quality monitoring data
                  and promulgates a set of nutrient objectives which are site specific for each
                  lagoon. These objectives outline values for total inorganic nitrogen, total
                  nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorous, total phosphate phosphorous. The
                  Regional Board is expected to review and vote on these revised standards before
                  the end of 1986.

                                                        109

                   DeRartment of Parks and Recreation (DPR)

                   The State Department of Parks and Recreation owns and operates South Carlsbad
                   State Beach at the lagoon's mouth. They have adopted a plan for this beach
                   which outlines several proposed activities in Area 3, the lagoon mouth portion
                   of the beach. This plan proposes a day use parking lot for 400 cars on the
                   very southern section of the beach, installation of interpretive signs and
                   access walks and acqui sition of the 2.5 acre parcel of County property at the
                   lagoon mouth. Presently the Department of Parks and Recreation does not have
                   funding for these activities.

                   Any enhancement activities at the lagoon requiring use of State park property
                   will require a special use permit from the Department of Parks and Recreation.

                   Federal

                   National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA)

                   All federa 1 agencies who either propose a project, permit a project or fund a
                   project must conform to NEPA. NEPA requires the preparation of an
                   Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or a Finding of No Significant Impact
                   (FONSI) which outline the effects of the proposal and the measures required to
                   mitigate these effects. NEPA includes provisions for several additional
                   analyses over that which CEQA requires; generally, however, the two laws are
                   very similar.

                   There are four federal agencies who hold either permit or review powers over
                   Batiquitos Lagoon.

                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)

                   The Army Corps of Engineers has permit powers related to Batiquitos   Lagoon and
                   its watershed under two authorities:

                     Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 which regulates    the diking,
                     filling, and placement of structures in navigable waterways.

                     Section 404, Clean Water Act which regulates disposal of dredge and fill
                     materials in the "waters of the United States." This phrase has been
                     judicially and administratively interpreted to include all streams to their
                     headwaters (5 cubic feet per second, average annual water flow; and
                     contiguous wetlands, including those above the ordinary high water mark in
                     nontidal waters and mean high tide in tidal waters).

                   The Corps uses a three-parameter approach to determine the boundaries of
                   regulatory jurisdiction in a wetland area. Wetland plant species, hydric soils
                   and hydrologic elements must all be present in an area for it to be wetland.
                   The wetland boundary outlined on Figure A was determined by Corps personnel
                   using this approach. Corps regulatory jurisdiction may also extend over San
                   Marcos and Encinitas Creeks and their adjacent riparian vegetation.

                                                         110

                 The Corps' practice is to issue public notices on proposed projects and invite
                 comments from all interested parties. The Corps can deny a permit to those
                 applicants whose projects are determined not to be in the public interest.
                 Generally, Corps permits will not be issued in those instances where required
                 state or local authorizations have been denied.

                 The Corps also applies a criteria of water dependent use to developments in
                 wetlands. Non-water dependent projects receive less favorable review for
                 permits.

                 Any projects (including the lagoon enhancement) within the lagoon wetland
                 boundary (see Figure A) and possibly within Encinitas and San Marcos Creeks
                 will require individual Section 404 permits from the Los Angeles District of
                 the Corps of Engineers.

                 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

                 EPA's oversees the Corps 404 permit program. The role is more closely defined
                 in a memorandum of agreement between EPA and the Department of the Army and in
                .EPA's 404 regulatory guidelines. The principal areas of EPA's responsibility
                 are in promulgating 404(b) guidelines and criteria for review of permits,
                 review of Congressionally authorized or other federal projects which claim
                 exemption from 404, specific review of proposed discharge sites, and comment on
                 404 permits. EPA, in effect, can veto Corps permit actions if found not to be
                 in conformance with the 404(b) guidelines. EPA can then take over processing
                 of the permit. EPA may also complete wetland jurisdictional boundary
                 determinations for Corps permits.

                 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

                 The Fish and Wildlife Service operates under a number of statutory and
                 administrative authorities but does not have direct permit authority in.
                 wetlands. Among these are the Fish@and Wildlife Coordination Act, Estuary
                 Protection Act, Migratory Bird Act, Land and Water Conservation Fund Act,
                 Marine Mammal Protection Act, and Endangered Species Act. Under these
                 authorities, the agency's basic responsibilities concern migratory birds, fish,
                 waterfowl, and endangered species. The Service shares interest in anadromous
                 fish with National Marine Fisheries Service, whose primary responsibilities lie
                 in marine and estuarine resources.

                 In conjunction with the Corps' Section 10 and Section 404 permit program, the
                 Service reviews, comments and provides technical assistance to applicants for
                 404 and other federal permits and other developments in or affecting navigable
                 waters. Under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, the USFWS reviews
                 federally permitted, funded, or constructed projects with the goal of
                 protecting and where possible restoring the fish, wildlife, and natural values
                 of waters and related wetlands. The Coordination Act, which plays an important
                 role in the Corps' denial or conditioning of permits, mandates that any
                 department or agency of the United States, or any public or private agency
                 under federal permit, license, or funding, proposing to modify any stream or
                 other body of water, shall first consult with the Fish and Wildlife Service to
                 determine the effects of the proposed projects on fish and wildlife resources.

                                                       ill

                  The USFWS in their review of 404 permits and projects which would affect
                  wetlands attempt to advise applicants to redesign projects or to design
                  mitigation such that no net loss of fish and wildlife values will occur. Both
                  the Department of Fish and Game and National Marine Fisheries Service use this
                  criteria in their permit evaluations.

                  The Endangered Species Act, recently reauthorized in 1982, requires all federal
                  agencies to consult with Fish and Wildlife Service when any federally funded,
                  authorized, or approved projects or actions might affect the habitat of an
                  endangered or threatened species. The USFWS is directed to identify and list
                  these species and develop plans for their protection and recovery, principally
                  through management of critical habitat. The Act sets forth a formal
                  consultation process (Section 7) that requires first a biological assessment,
                  where the presence of an endangered species is suspected, and a mitigation plan
                  in the event of project approval. Since the California Least Tern nests at
                  Batiquitos Lagoon, a Section 7 consultation was completed for the lagoon
                  enhancement. Additional review may be necessary for other species.

                  National Marine Fisheries Service JNMFS)                                                IM

                  A part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the U.S.
                  Department of Commerce, the National Marine Fisheries Service like USFWS,    has
                  no direct permitting authority. Under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination     act,
                  NMFS reviews federally initiated, licensed, or permitted projects which have
                  the potential of altering aquatic environments and biological resources.
                  Existing or potentially restorable spawning, rearing, food-producing, or other
                  habitats necessary for the survival of marine, estuarine, or anadromous
                  resources are of particular concern. The NMFS also has mandated authority
                  under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act.

                  While the Corps must consult with both USFWS and NMFS in their permit
                  procedures, the final decision for denial, conditions, or acceptance of a
                  permit rests with the Corps. However, should either resource agency disagree
                  with the permit decision made by the local district, they may request elevation
                  of the decision to the national offices in Washington D.C.

                  Summary - State and Federal Agencies

                  Two agencies - the California Coastal Commission and the Army Corps of
                  Engineers, have the primary permit authority over the lagoon area. Advisory to
                  the Corps on permit applications is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                  National Marine Fisheries Service and Department of Fish and Game. These
                  11resourcell agencies have policies which require a project to cause no net loss
                  of fish and wildlife values either through permit denial, redesign of the
                  project or mitigation of project impacts. The Corps must weigh many factors in
                  its permit decision including the "public interest" and makes the final permit
                  decision. In addition to its authority over Batiquitos Lagoon, the Corps may
                  also have authority over the riparian resources and streambeds of San Marcos
                  and Encinitas Creeks.

                                                        112

                  The Coastal Commission has extensive policies and guidelines regarding
                  protection and restoration of wetland habitats. The Coastal Commission has
                  identified Batiquitos Lagoon as one of the nineteen most important coastal
                  wetlands in the state.

                  The State Lands Commission and Department of Fish and Game have additional
                  authority over the lagoon for each to protect the public trust and fish and
                  wildlife resources respectively. Department of Fish and Game must issue stream
                  alteration permits for any changes in the tributaries to the lagoon.

                                                       113

                   SUMMARY OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

                   Our review of the biological, physical, social and regulatory aspects of
                   Batiquitos Lagoon and its watershed has revealed a number of resource
                   problems. These are summarized below.

                   Soils, Water and Streams

                   -Road fills and bridges for Highways 101 & 5 and the railroad restrict water
                   movements and act as choke points to water flows.

                   -Sedimentation from agriculture and suburban development has filled in the
                   lagoon significantly reducing the tidal prism. Tidal inflows are now rare
                   since the size of the lagoon's tidal prism is not sufficient to sustain a
                   channel through the beach against the power of nearshore storm waves and the
                   sand they deposit in the lagoon channel.

                   -Batiquitos Lagoon watershed experiences high erosion rates with the lagoon as
                   a recipient of much of the eroded sediment. San Marcos Creek is impounded 5
                   miles upstream from its confluence with the lagoon. Below this point sediment
                   sources are stream channel erosion and agricultural and urban grading on the
                   creek's northern tributary. Sediment carried by Encinitas Creek is trapped in
                   the extensive'riparian forest along its floodplain. Sedimentation rates into
                   the lagoon are approximately 1-2 cm/year. Agricultural and land development
                   activities continue to cause high sedimentation rates with the lagoon acting as
                   a settling basin for most incoming sediment. At present sedimentation rates,
                   the lagoon will fill in completely to the +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years.

                   -The lagoon primarily receives water from winter storm flows filling it to +7.0
                   to +8.0 feet MSL and creating a fresh to brackish water lagoon which may dry
                   out completely in the summer. Water levels fluctuate greatly both annually and
                   over wet and dry years.

                   -Water quality in the lagoon has been monitored for several years by the
                   Regional Water Quality Control Board. The results of these tests show several
                   trends:

                      -Salinity levels undergo enormous variation over a year with summer levels
                      reaching 2.5 - 4.0 times the salt level of seawater and winter levels being
                      nearly fresh to brackish. Water temperatures vary greatly over the year.

                      -Nutrient levels for nitrogen and phosphate, normally low in a marine or
                      estuarine system, were present in higher concentrations than other tidal
                      coastal lagoon systems.   Levels of these nutrients increase in summer and
                      cause blooms of algae. However with increasing salinities and temperatures
                      much of the algae dies increasing nutrient levels and lowering dissolved
                      oxygen.

                      -Overall Batiquitos Lagoon experiences extreme variations in seasonal water
                      quality and for many months of the year has conditions of high salinity,
                      water temperature and nutrient levels beyond the tolerance of most aquatic
                      animals.

                                                        114

                 Natural Resources

                 -Due to the extreme variation in water levels, salinity, temperature and water
                 quality, the lagoon presently supports only a small number of species of fish,
                 benthic and aquatic organisms.

                 -Variation in water levels in the lagoon yearly may create shallow water or
                 deep water over much of the lagoon. Depth of water dictates the types of
                 migratory shorebirds and waterfowl able to use the lagoon as a feeding site.
                 Therefore the type of water year (wet vs. dry) and seasonality of rainfall
                 determine the amount of feeding habitat available to various bird species.

                 -In comparison to other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon's most
                 unique attribute is its large areas of seasonally flooded mud/sand flats used
                 as migratory bird feeding areas. Batiquitos Lagoon also contains coastal salt
                 marsh, brackish marsh and small open deep water areas.

                  The abundance of Belding's Savannah sparrow, a state-listed endangered
                 -species, around the lagoon has not been completely documented. Forty-seven
                 pairs were recorded in the east basin in 1986 but the western basin was not
                 censused.

                 -Both state and federal endangered California Least Tern and candidate
                 endangered species, Snowy Plover, have nested successfully on the dry salt
                 flats at Batiquitos Lagoon. Variation in lagoon water levels determines the
                 location and size of nesting areas for both species.

                  Due to the lack of regular tidal exchange the lagoon does not contribute to
                 the primary productivity of nearshore coastal waters.

                 Aesthetic Values

                 -Variation in seasonal water levels combined with water quality problems create
                 noxious odors and a seasonally dry lagoon which many local residents consider
                 to have a lower aesthetic value than a water-filled lagoon.

                 Plans and Policies

                  Major portions of the lagoon are in private ownership. These lands are not
                 actively managed as wildlife preserves as is the portion of the lagoon which is
                 a Fish and Game Ecological Reserve.

                 -Local City of Carlsbad general plan policies and land use designations support
                 preservation of the lagoon as "open space". The zoning for most of the east
                 basin of the lagoon is "planned community" while the zoning for the remainder
                 of the lagoon is "open space".

                 -A 2.5 acre fill is proposed for the wetlands on the southeast corner of the
                 lagoon. This site is designated for travel services and zoned for planned
                 community.

                                                       115

                   -A 16 inch gas line crosses the western lagoon as do several utility lines and       F
                   transportation corridors.

                   -The lagoon watershed lies in the jurisdiction of four local governments - City
                   of Carlsbad, County of San Diego, City of San Marcos and the newly incorporated
                   City of Encinitas. Each has different zoning and policies for their portion of
                   the watershed streams.

                   -State and federal agencies with jurisdiction over the lagoon area have a
                   number of policies regarding preservation of wetland values. These policies
                   serve to direct the type of enhancement planned for Batiquitos Lagoon and
                   generally dictate that no net loss of habitat values occur.

                                                                                                       LE

                                                        116

                  Ill.   THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                  THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN PROCESS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

                  In January, 1985 the Coastal Conservancy brought together a number of different
                  people and agencies who were interested in Batiquitos Lagoon. This group, with
                  the later addition of some other people, formed the Batiquitos Lagoon
                  Enhancement Group. The purpose of the group was to set goals for the
                  enhancement of the lagoon and guide the decisions for the direction of the
                  enhancement effort. The group has met monthly since this time, held numerous
                  public meetings and one public workshop and had a large effect on the
                  enhancement design contained in this plan. This group included representatives
                  from Sammis Properties, Hunt Properties, Inc., Department of Fish and Game,
                  City of Carlsbad, Leucadia County Water District, Coastal Commission,
                  Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine
                  Fisheries Service, and Army Corps of Engineers.

                  When the group began, the possibilities for enhancing the lagoon were
                  considerably different than presently envisioned. In January, 1985 the two
                  landowners most interested in the lagoon, Sammis Properties and HPI, were both
                  preparing different studies and enhancement concepts for their section of the
                  lagoon. HPI was studying the idea of filling the eastern lagoon with pumped
                  seawater and impounding it by placing a weir at 1-5.   Their primary concern
                  was to create an aesthetically pleasing, water-filled lagoon which also served
                  as wildlife habitat. Sammis Properties hired Scripps Institute of La Jolla to
                  calculate the tidal prism necessary to create a tidal lagoon in the western
                  basin or even the entire lagoon. Although these two concepts were not in
                  conflict, they were not necessarily appropriate for the same lagoon. The
                  Conservancy hoped to complete an enhancement plan which would contain a single
                  enhancement concept for the lagoon.

                  In June, 1985, while the tidal studies were still in progress, the enhancement
                  group held a public workshop and established a set of enhancement goals for the
                  lagoon. Table 16,lists these goals.

                  In June, 1985, the Conservancy Board approved the expenditure of $40,000 for a
                  consultant to prepare an enhancement plan.for Batiquitos Lagoon. The entire
                  enhancement group supported this action. The first activity of the consultant
                  was to identify the existing habitat types at the lagoon, hydrologic characters
                  and problems, land use constraints and to review other studies and field data.
                  The findings of this work is contained in the Existing Environment Section II
                  of this plan.

                  As this work was progressing, the Conservancy, along with several other
                  agencies, became involved in discussions with the Port of Los Angeles regarding
                  the need for mitigation of the proposed Pacific Texas Pipeline landfill at the
                  Port. The Pacific Texas Pipeline Company proposed to construct a 115 acre
                  landfill in the outer harbor of the Port of Los Angeles. This landfill would
                  serve as the Pacific terminus of a pipeline which would convey oil from Alaska
                  to refineries in Texas. Construction of the project required dredging and
                  filling of subtidal habitat in the Port of Los Angeles.

                                                       117

                                                                                                        01

                                                      TABLE 16

                                        BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT GOALS

                     Habitat Types

                       -  The overall goal is to enhance the lagoon environment for
                          wildlife habitat.
                       -  Open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird
                          habitats to the greatest degree feasible.
                       -  Protect endangered species habitat and create additional habitat
                          where possible.
                       -  Maintain existing areas of wetland and create additional marsh.
                       -  Maintain existing riparian habitat.
                       -  Maintain natural buffer (e.g. bluffs) where possible and
                          adequate lateral buffer (e.g. 100 ft.) in other areas.

                     Hydrology

                       -  Restore tidal action.
                       -  Provide for a fluctuation of water level.
                       -  Maintain good water quality.
                       -  Keep the lagoon wet as much of the year as is possible.

                       Public Access

                       -  Create a north shore trail.
                       -  Establish viewing points around the lagoon with interpretive signs.
                       -  Recommend the City of Carlsbad include a bike trail in any expansion of
                          La Costa Blvd.
                       -  No water sports, boats or fishing should be allowed in the lagoon.

                       Visual Oualities

                       -  Minimize the use of man-made structures.
                          Retain a natural look.
                       -  Biological viability takes precedence over aesthetic values
                          should the two ever conflict.

                       Sedimentation

                       -  Reduce sedimentation into the lagoon using the  most cost effective
                          remedies.
                       -  A mixture of public and private funding should  be used to operate
                          and'maintain lagoon improvements.

                                                        118

                  The Resource Agencies (DFG, NMFS, USFWS) informed the Port that mitigation for
                  the fill would be required as part of the Corps' 404 permit. The Port has very
                  little area left within its boundaries in which to replace the subtidal habitat
                  they propose to fill. Therefore, a group of agencies (USFWS,DFG, NMFS and the
                  Conservancy) and the Port reviewed a number of sites from Los Angeles to San
                  Diego County for off-site mitigation of the Port's fill.

                  The three final sites chosen were the Los Cerritos wetlands in Los Angeles
                  County, Tijuana River Estuarine Sanctuary and Batiquitos Lagoon. After further
                  discussions, the Port and agencies identified Batiquitos Lagoon as their
                  primary choice as a mitigation site. This decision was based upon the large
                  area available in the lagoon, the apparent willingness of the landowners to
                  cooperate, and the fact that the enhancement plan process was started and
                  organized. In addition, the Port needed to create subtidal habitat as
                  compensation and the mitigation site needed to be readily accessible to the
                  ocean and ready to proceed in the very near future.

                  So, in July, 1985, a very different situation faced the enhancement group than
                  had the previous month. The Port of L.A. could provide funding for enhancement
                  of Batiquitos Lagoon to a tidal system. The Port needed to re-create
                  intertidal and subtidal areas and this goal appeared compatible with our
                  enhancement goal for restoring tidal action to Batiquitos Lagoon. Given this
                  general compatibility of the two programs, the enhancement group and the
                  Conservancy's consultants set out to review several alternatives for tidal
                  restoration. and agree upon a conceptual enhancement design.

                  The primary enhancement decisions which needed to be made were:

                  1) How many acres and what kind of habitats were needed to preserve the
                     existing habitat values at the lagoon for endangered species and migratory
                     birds? How would these habitats be arranged to protect existing marshland
                     and allow the lagoon to function in an hydraulically efficient manner?

                  2) What size tidal prism was needed to create a "self-maintaining" lagoon mouth
                     which-would not require constant re-dredging and maintenance?

                  3) What type of watershed erosion and sediment control system was needed to
                     protect the enhanced lagoon from filling up with sediment again?

                  4) How much would the project cost to construct, to operate and to maintain,
                     and how would the project be implemented?

                  5) How would the dredge spoils be disposed of? How  much was suitable for beach
                     replenishment and how should it best be placed on the beaches?

                  6) Where should the public access trail be located?

                  7) How would the lagoon lands be managed and owned after the enhancement
                     project is completed?

                  Following the guidance of the resource agencies and the enhancement group, the
                  Conservancy completed three preliminary enhancement alternatives with different

                                                       119

                   amounts of dredging. These were presented in a public meeting in October,
                   1985. The consultants modelled the tidal cycle of.each alternative plan with
                   computers to simulate tidal heights and calculate the acreage of habitat types        V
                   which would be created. The Conservancy then received comments upon all three
                   alternatives. Several groups requested we review a fourth intermittent tidal
                   alternative. A discussion of this alternative was added.

                   There were two competing factors in the lagoon plan: a desire to create a
                   large tidal prism to assure adequate water movement to keep the mouth open, and
                   a need to create both intertidal and shallow freshwater habitats needed by
                   migratory birds and sandy nesting habitat for Least Terns. In order to
                   determine the acreage of intertidal and shallow water habitat required to
                   conserve existing habitat, the Resource Agencies performed a modified Habitat
                   Evaluation Procedure (HEP) on the lagoon in its present state. They also
                   evaluated each of the three alternatives for the habitat values they would
                   create and determined which would conserve existing.values.. From these
                   analyses the resource agencies determined the minimum acceptable acreages of
                   intertidal and shallow freshwater marsh which the plan must incorporate to
                   conserve existing habitat values. These acreage figures were given to the
                   Conservancy and are incorporated in Plan Alternative Number One. The analyses
                   completed to determine these minimum acreages were not given to the
                   Conservancy.

                   Scripps Institute and Nolte & Associates, consultants to the lagoon property
                   owners, had completed separate studies of the tidal dynamics and ocean                M
                   characteristics in the Batiquitos area. They had defined a tidal prism of such
                   large proportion that little intertidal or wetland habitat would remain in the
                   lagoon should their proposal be implemented. This alternative was rejected by
                   the enhancement group due to its deleterious effects on existing habitat values
                   at the lagoon.

                   In January, 1986, Plan Alternative Number One was presented for public comment
                   and was endorsed as the "Preferred Alternative" by the Resource Agencies
                   landowners, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and others. This
                   alternative incorporated the results of numerous meetings-, field studies, and
                   negotiations between various members of the enhancement group. Two other
                   enhancement alternatives were also presented at this January, 1986 meeting.
                   The fourth alternative has not been reviewed extensively or presented for
                   public comment.

                   The details of controlling sedimentation, the costs for operation
                   and maintenance and the legal arrangements for implementing the project took
                   further negotiation and study. The conclusions of these studies and resolution
                   of several of these issues are contained in this plan. The Draft Batiquitos
                   Lagoon Enhancement Plan was released in October, 1986. The Conservancy held a
                   public hearing January 15, 1987 to receive public comment. This revised
                   document incorporates as many of these comments as possible. Due to the level
                   of public comment regarding the biological effects of the "Preferred
                   Alternative" (Alternative One) contained in the Draft Plan, the Conservancy no
                   longer endorses any of the three alternatives as a preferred plan. Some of the
                   issues raised require additional research and will be addressed as part of the
                   preliminary engineering and the EIR/EIS. This Revised Draft Plan is separated

                                                        120

                  into two sections - one volume dealing with the lagoon and its immediate
                  surroundings and the other containing the plan for the lagoon watershed.

                  The Conservancy has sought public input through out the enhancement plan process
                  and incorporated the comments we received at each step into the draft plan.
                  The next steps in the process, preliminary.engineering studies and the
                  preparation of the two environmental documents (EIR and EIS) will not be
                  directed by the Conservancy. The EIR will be prepared by the City of Carlsbad
                  with the assistance of the Pcrt of Los Angeles. The EIS will be prepared by
                  the Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. These two documents allow
                  for additional public input and will consider a wide range of alternative
                  plans. The findings contained in these two documents will identify the
                  preferred alternative.

                  Once these environmental documents are completed and certified, the Conservancy
                  will revise the Draft Enhancement Plan into a Final Plan. This final plan may
                  then be adopted by the Conservancy Board and those elements not funded by the
                  Port (public access, watershed erosion control) could be funded and implemented
                  by the Conservancy.

                                                      121

                      THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                      The enhancement of coastal wetlands is still an uncertain process.
                      Despite ten years of enhancement efforts in California wetlands, there            F
                      are still many unknowns and always the possibility that what is planned
                      in an enhancement project will not.be realized in the final result.
                      Consequently, there is a degree of risk involved in undertaking any
                      enhancement effort at Batiquitos Lagoon. But there is a more certain
                      risk in leaving Batiquitos Lagoon in its present condition.
                      Sedimentation levels into the lagoon far exceed natural levels and the
                      lagoon is quickly filling in. The lagoon mouth rarely opens except in
                      large floods, and nearly all the sediment entering the lagoon remains
                      there, progressively building up bottom elevations and transforming the
                      lagoon into an upland. Calculations using current sedimentation rates
                      and lagoon bottom elevations found that Batiquitos Lagoon will be                 Op
                      filled in its entirety to the +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years. As
                      such an event occurs, the shallow water habitat so valuable to
                      migratory bird species will disappear, replaced by marsh and eventually
                      riparian forest and upland. The progressive expansion of the San
                      Marcos and Encinitas Creek deltas into the lagoon demonstrates not only
                      the existance of this problem but the speed at which the filling is
                      progressing.
                      The primary goals of the enhancement'program (see Table 16) are to:
                      "enhance Batiquitos Lagoon for wildlife habitat" and to "open the
                      lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird habitats to the
                      greatest degree feasible." Turning these goals into plan alternatives
                      necessitates looking at the entire lagoon system, not just a single
                      component of the system. The hydrology, water quality, sediment                   77
                      mechanics, each floral and faunal component as well as economic and               -
                      engineering factors, have to be considered. Achieving these goals
                      requires evaluating each of these components and the overall ecology
                      and function of the lagoon system.

                      Most of the lagoon's habitat values are directly related to its varied
                      hydrologic regime. Batiquitos Lagoon currently functions as a
                      seasonally flooded wetland subject to varied water depths. The lagoon
                      undergoes yearly and seasonal extremes in water quality and supports
                      few resident aquatic species. Emergent marsh rings the lagoon varying
                      in species composition due to differences in salinity levels around the
                      lagoon. The lagoon's value to migratory shorebirds and waterfowl
                      fluctuates with its water depths and cannot be determined'at a
                      consistent yearly value. Likewise, the availability of nesting areas
                      for endangered Least Terns and Snowy Plovers varies with water levels.
                      Unfortunately, the bird counts and data which exist for the Batiquitos
                      Lagoon are not comprehensive enough in scope to relate bird populations
                      and water levels over a long period of time. For example, there is
                      very little data on the lagoon during the dry period which occured in
                      San Diego from 1965 - 1978. The bird data which does exist and is
                      included in Section II, is general in nature. Therefore, any
                      evaluation of the value of the lagoon habitat for migratory birds is a
                      judgement made by trained experts after review of what data is

                                                        122

                     available. These experts, drawn from both the Resources Agencies and
                     conservation organizations, do not agree on the lagoon's existing
                     habitat values nor do they agree on how to translate these existing
                     habitat values of seasonal wetland into habitat values for intertidal
                     mudflats. The intertidal system provides a different food base for
                     bird species and can be considered a more "stable" system of
                     predictably fluctuating water levels and habitat acreages. There are
                     no previous models to review where a seasonal wetland and a tidal
                     wetland have been compared for value to migratory birds.

                     The other evaluation inherent in a plan for a tidal system is an
                     analysis of thehydraulic function of the lagoon under different sized
                     tidal prisms. Road fills now constrict water flows through the lagoon
                     and the mouth is confined to a small opening which is blocked by sand
                     and cobbles. The ability of the lagoon to maintain a clear channel can
                     be evaluated using different computer models and approaches, but this
                     evaluation also falls within the category of expert opinion.
                     Scientific expertise in predicting coastal processes is not yet well
                     developed.
                     @or both the tidal system studies and habitat value evaluations there
                     is no easy solution or definitive answers; instead best guesses and
                     expert opinions must be used.

                     This Revised Draft Enhancement Plan reviews three fully tidal
                     alternatives and one intermittent tidal alternative. The determination
                     of what alternative is the environmentally preferred plan will be made
                     through the EIR/EIS process following preliminary engineering studies.
                     This Revised Draft Plan sets forth a number of conceptual plans for
                     evaluation.

                     TIDAL ALTERNATIVES

                     This section reviews three fully tidal alternatives involving different
                     amounts of dredging and various size tidal prisms.

                     Tidal Prism and Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions

                     Table 17 lists the physical characteristics of the three tidal
                     alternatives. Alternative One contains the largest mean diurnal tidal
                     prism of 67 million cubic feet. Alternative Two is slightly smaller
                     with a mean diurnal tidal prism of 60 million cubic feet. Alternative
                     Three contains a mean diurnal tidal prism of 46 million cubic feet.
                     Dredging volumes, the size of the entrance channel and the costs of
                     each alternative vary according to the size of the tidal prism
                     involved.

                     The single most important hydraulic design constraint for Batiquitos
                     Lagoon is to ensure that there is a sufficiently large tidal prism to
                     keep the entrance channel open. The lagoon channel can only retain an

                                                       123

                                                            Tabl e 17

                              SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES ---BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                          1                2               3              4

             Intertidal Area (acres)
             (+2.5' to -2.5' NGVD*)                      170              217              317         338 - 348

            .Subtidal area (acres)
             (below -2.5' NGVD)                          220              171              71           35 - 45

             Area of salt/brackish marsh (acres)
             (above +2.5' NGVD)                          139              141              141           141

             Area of Least Tern habitat (acres)           34               34              34             34

             Area of freshwater   marsh (acres)           33               33              33,            33

             Potential mean diurnal tidal prism
             (million cubic feet)                         67               60              46             40

             Potential mean tidal   prism
             (million cubic feet)                         44.4             40              30.5           30

             Potential perigean spring tidal
             prism (million cubic feet)                   99               89              68            ----

             Approximate volume
             of dredge material
             (million cubic yards)                         3.0              2.1              1.3         ----

             Entrance channel area
             (below 0' NGVD) (square    feet)         1700              1500              1200           ----

             Total Capital Costs (includes
             dredging @ $4.00/yd, drag bucket
             system, beach groins, levee,
             in million dollars)                         12.4               8.8              5.6         ----

             *NGVD   National Geodetic Vertical Datum - approximately equal to Mean Sea Level

                                                              124

                                                           TABLE 18

                                          Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics

                                    for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons

                                                                Annual
                                  Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
           No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power         Conditions        Remarks
                                  Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
           I    Smith River                                     x 10"
                   Estuary            35        24               303             Infrequent
           2    Lake Earl           430        320               329             Frequent
           3    Freshwater
                   Lagoon             35        25               348             Always
           4    Stone Lagoon          86        64               348             Frequent
           5    Big Lagoon          240        180               348             Frequent
           6    Eel River
                   Delta            200        140               371             Infrequent
           7    Estero
                   Americano          22        15              (200)            Frequent
           8    Estero San
                   Antonio            11        65              (200)            Frequent
           9    Tomales Bay         1580       1070              209             Never
           10   Abbotts
                   Lagoon             17        11               307             Frequent
           11   Drakes Estero       490        340                 26            Never
           12   Bolinas Lagoon      200        130*              117             Never            Good Data
           13   Pescadero Marsh        6.8       4.6            (200)            Frequent
           14   Mugu Lagoon 1976      27        19              (100)            Frequent
           15   Mugu Lagoon 1857    170        120              (100)            Never
           16   Carpinteria
                   Marsh               4.8*      1.5             (50)            Infrequent       Good Data,
                                                                                                  Entrance
                                                                                                    Lined
           17   Aqua Hedionda
                   Lagoon 1976        80        55*                28            Never            Entrance
                                                                                                    Lined
           18a  Batiquitos
                   Lagoon 1985        20        13               (30)            Frequent
           18b  Batiquitos
                   Lagoon 1850        90        60               (30)            Never
           19   San Dieguito
                   Lagoon 1976         0.2       0.14            (30)            Frequent
           20   San Dieguito
                   Lagoon 1889        37        24               (30)            Never
           21   Los Penasquitos
                   Lagoon 1976         2         0.75            (30)            Frequent
           22a  Tijuana River
                   Estuary 1986     12.6*        4.8*            (30)            Infrequent

                                                              125a

                                                           TABLE 18 (continued)

                                          Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics-

                                    for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons (continued)

                                                               Annual
                                  Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
           No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power        Conditions         Remarks
                                  Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
                                                               x 10"
           22b Tijuana River
                   Estuary 1977     14.8         8.3             (30)            Infrequent
           22c   Tijuana River
                   Estuary 1928     34.4        20.0             (30)            Never
           22d   Tijuana River
                   Estuary 1852     67.5        47.9             (30)            Never
           23    Bolsa Bay          ---         38               29              Never
           24    Anaheim Bay        ---         47               29              Never

             Indicates tidal prism data based      on a large-scale topographic map
             ) Indicates an estimate of deep water wave power

           Adapted from Johnson, 1973, by Philip Williams and Associates

                                                              125b

                               FIG. 7
                               Closure Conditions of
                               Natural Lagoons of California

                            X ALWAYS CLOSED
                            A FREQUENTLY CLOSED
               @b           El INFREQUENTLY CLOSED
               T_                                                                        * v
                               NEVER CLOSED                                          490\4

                                                                      AP                  Oq
               w  lot                                                   Ap

                                                                          ARZ
                                                  ZA 1,%& ISA            A1*1

                                                                 2   '17
               Uj

               (L
               Uj

                                                                                                     I Imogul
                                                                                                           101

                                               POTENTIAL MEAN TIDAL PRISM
                                              (IN MILLION CUBIC -FEET)
                   0']

                  11always open" state if the scouring power of the ebb tidal prism is greter than
                  the wave power along the beach to move sand into the channel. This wave power
                  reaches a peak during storms. The complexity of these hydrodynamic processes,
                  and the difficulty in their measurement, make it difficult to predict a
                  11critical" value for the tidal prism, above which we can be assured the
                  entrance channel will always stay open. This plan takes an empirical approach
                  to this problem. Based upon studies by Johnson (1973) and updated by Philip
                  Williams and Associates, the potential mean tidal prism and closure conditions
                  for 22 coastal lagoons in California were determined, and plotted against deep
                  water wave power. The plotted points are shown in Figure 7, along with three
                  alternatives for Batiquitos Lagoon. The plotted points show a clear separation
                  between lagoons that are "always open" and those that are "sometimes closed".
                  This separation is indicated by a dotted line in Figure 7. The position of the
                  line, however, is only approximate; the minimum tidal prism needed to keep a
                  coastal lagoon "always open" can only be estimated within a factor of two.

                  If this separation line is shifted downward by a factor of two, both
                  Alternative One and Two remain below the line in the "never closed" portion of         or
                  the graph. Alternative Three would fall on the dividing line between "never
                  closed" and "infrequently to frequently closed"., Alternative Three represents
                  a minimum dredging alternative for maintaining continuous tidal action in the
                  lagoon. Plans which involve less dredging would create an intermittent tidal
                  system.

                  Jenkins and Skelley (1985) used a  different analysis to predict the closure
                  frequency of Batiquitos Lagoon under various tidal prisms. Their study showed
                  a closure frequency of less than once in 30 years for Alternatives One and Two
                  and once every nine years for Alternative Three. The details of this analysis
                  are contained in their report listed in Appendix B.

                  The reconfigurations of the lagoon under each alternative are presented in
                  Figures I, N and 0. The eastern basin would be excavated from the approximate
                  +2.5 foot MSL contour down to the -6.0 foot contour. The western basins would
                  be excavated down to the -8.0 foot contour (see lagoon cross-sections Figures J
                  and K). The hydrodynamic program analyzed tidal heights in the entire lagoon
                  for an average tidal cycle. In order to decrease the amount of friction between
                  the lagoon bottom and tidal flows, to create subtidal habitat and to overdredge
                  the lagoon slightly, the bottom dredging elevations of -6.0 foot for the
                  eastern basin and -8.0 foot for the western basin were decided upon. The
                  hydrodynamic program showed that deeper dredging in either basin provided no
                  additional benefits to tidal flows. Another feature of the dredging contours is
                  a defined bottom channel to help transport fine sediment through the lagoon and
                  out to the ocean. This channel extends from the mouth of San Marcos Creek
                  through the subtidal area to the lagoon entrance channel. This channel will.
                  also serve to facilitate flows of freshwater through the marsh to the lagoon
                  and improve current flood problems along lower San Marcos Creek.

                  For the most part, the dredging area under each alternative is confined to the
                  presently unvegetated portions of the lagoon. The dredging was designed in
                  this way to avoid loss of existing marshland. The exception to this design
                  criteria is the far western basin between the railroad and Highway 101. As
                  previously mentioned, modelling completed for this plan does not conclude the

                                                        127

                 same dredging requirements as the Jenkins and Skelly (1986) report. It was the
                 decision of members of the enhancement group to provide for dredging of the
                 western basin under Alternative One and the design of the dredging incorporates
                 these re -sults. In addition, small areas of marsh in the east and west basins
                 are below the +2.5 ft. contour. These would not be able to survive the
                 inundation once the lagoon is open to tidal action and could not be preserved.

                 Another way of looking at the size of the tidal prism created under each
                 alternative is to compare them to the historic lagoon tidal prism which existed
                 in 1850. In 1850, Batiquitos Lagoon had an est.imated mean diurnal tidal prism
                 of 90 million cubic feet (Jenkins and Skelley, 1985). Alternative One would
                 re-create a mean dirunal tidal prism 75% of the original size. Alternative Two
                 creates a mean dirunal tidal prism which is 66% of the original size and
                 Alternative Three creates a mean dirunal tidal prism which is 51% of the
                 original level.

                 To determine whether the actual tidal prism will not be significantly less than
                 the potential tidal prism, a tidal hydrodynamic model was used to simulate
                 friction losses (for details see Appendix C). The model found that the
                 difference between the actual and potential diurnal tidal prism was small,
                 approximately 5% for all three alternatives. Ebb flows through the entrance
                 channel are slowed by energy losses and the MLLW level in the main part of the
                 lagoon is increased by 0.4 ft. Most of this tidal dampening is due to the
                 constrictions of the entrance channel through the beach and the Highway 101
                 bridge. Once the channel is deepened, the 1-5 and railroad bridge no longer
                 have much effect on the tidal range.

                 During the peak ebb flow, the maximum difference in water level between the
                 ocean and the lagoon is about one foot for the mean diurnal tide for the most
                 constricted channel alignment which assumes no dredging of the western basin
                 except for the channel (Alternatives Two and Three). Jenkins & Skelly (1986)
                 have carried out a two-dimensional model simulation that indicated for similar
                 conditions the maximum water level difference to be approximately 1.5 ft. for
                 the perigean spring tide. However, it should be noted that this water level
                 di-rference does not translate directly into a loss of tidal prism. Instead, it
                 causes a lag and steepening of the tidal wave form as it moves into the lagoon.
                 The actual dampening of the tidal range is considerably less. Therefore,
                 dredging the western basin may not be particularly important to minimize tidal
                 dampening. However, deepening the western basin does add I million cubic feet
                 or 1.6 percent to the tidal prism.

                 A hydrodynamic computer program predicted tidal heights for the lagoon over an
                 average tidal cycle under all three alternatives. Table 19 contains the
                 results of this analysis. Under this tidal regime the proposed dredging
                 contours were designed to create an intertidal zone below existing vegetated
                 wetlands. This intertidal band will encircle each basin and vary from a
                 maximum 10 percent slope to a nearly flat gradient of less than 1 percent
                 slope. At the -2.5 foot contour, the lagoon.bottom will drop off at a six
                 percent slope to the subtidal bottom elevation of -6.0 or -8.0 ft MSL.

                                                       128

                                                                                                                           @7
                                                       LEGEND                                                 r
                                                   0   NO JETTIES                                    IH
                                                   11  ONE JETTY
                                                   I   @WO  JETTIES

                                    to,

                                                                                                  0,

                                                                                                     0'.
                                                                                       "10
                                  z

                                                                          1,00  ii..V  w -1

                                                                                                                          dil
                                                                D    q.0
                                    10,

                                   (3)

                                    10,
                                                             406                                       CS
                                                      MINIMUM cRoss sECTIONAL AREA OF INLET ("B) 9ELCOW USL (A)

                                        M       Alternative 1
                                        (2)     Alternative 2
                                        (3)     Alternative 3

                                       NOTE REGRESSION CURVE WITH 95 PERCENT
                                             CONFIDENCE LIMITS

                                                                                              'TIDAL PRISM VS
                                                                                       CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
                                                                                      ALL INLETS ON PACIFIC COAST

                                  FIG. 6                                                           From Jarrett 1976

                                                                            129
                                                                                                                            7

                                                          Table   19

                                            Modeled and Measured Tide Heights..
                                               Batiguitos Lagoon, NGVD (ft.)

                     Scripps          West                       Middle                  East
                      Wharf           Basin                      Basin                   Basin

                             Alt. 1   Alt. 2 Alt.3     Alt. 1      Alt.2   Alt.3     Alt. I Alt.2     Alt.3

             MHHW     +2.52   +2.5     +2.5     +2.5     +2.5      +2.5     +2.5       +2.5 +2.5       +2.5

             MLLW     -2.88    -2.8    -2.8     -2.9     -2.5      -2.8     -2.9       -2.5 -2.5       -2.5

                                                           130

                                                                       -lop

                                                              Is

                            Uj

                                -4-
                                                                                                    FIG. 24 Stage-capacity Curve
                                                                                                                      Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  . ..........
                                                    710                                                                           60              -140           00              flo
                                                                                                                                     VOLUME               (106 FT3)

                 The cross-sectional area of the lagoon entrance channel will vary with each
                 alternative. Calculation of this cross-section uses the Jarrett relationship
                 (see Figure 6). The cross-sectional area of the channel for Alternative One is
                 1700 square feet below MSL, 1500 square feet below MSL for Alternative Two and
                 1200 square feet below MSL for Alternative Three. For example, the width of
                 the channel under the bridge (from headwell to headwell) for Alternative One
                 would be about 160 feet with riprap side slopes at 3:1. This channel would be
                 about 15 feet deep MSL and 10 feet wide across the bottom. For all three
                 alternatives, the entrance ch'annel would require riprap and 3:1 side slopes but
                 would vary in width. The Highway 101 bridge has at least three sets of piers
                 on the southbound lane and seven sets on the northbound lane, therefore
                 engineering specifications for the channel will require provisions for
                 fortification and protection of these piers from undercutting. The lagoon
                 channel would be lined with riprap through the beach to the mean lower low
                 water (MLLW) line. A fence would be erected along the riprap to restrict
                 access to the channel.

                 Habitat Acreages

                 The acreages and types  of habitat which are expected to occur after the
                 construction of the Batiquitos project are based upon the elevations to which
                 the lagoon will be dredged, predicted tide levels and the occurance of similar
                 habitat types in nearby wetlands.

                 The three alternatives contain different acreages of subtidal and intertidal
                 habitats. These habitat areas constitute the dredging area within the lagoon.
                 The majority of this dredging will take place below the level of existing
                 vegetated marsh. Table 17 estimates the acreages of each habitat type to be
                 created and conserved under each alternative. Figures 1, N and 0 illustrate
                 the distribution of these habitats for each alternative.

                 Subtidal Habitat

                 The subtidal area stretches from -2.5 ft to -8.0 ft MSL and would be covered by
                 tidewater during most stages of the tidal cycle. Several times during the
                 month when low tide levels'are at their extremes, portions of the lagoon bottom
                 in the subtidal area will be exposed. However for the most part this is a
                 shallow marine aquatic habitat covered by 5 to 6 feet of water.

                 Certain fish and invertebrate species would be expected to colonize the lagoon
                 once it is dredged and opened to the ocean. We propose no stocking of the area
                 or introduction of shellfish into the lagoon. Therefore, the abundance of
                 these animals would be dependent upon natural colonization rates and be
                 expected to increase following the initial opening of the lagoon. The types of
                 invertebrates and their abundance will also depend upon substrate types in the
                 lagoon bottom, water quality and nutrient levels and soil chemistry. These
                 factors will change in the first few years following the project.

                 For example, after the lagoon is dredged the bottom sediments will be made up
                 primarily of sand with little silt or clay. As fine sediments continue to.come
                 into the lagoon from the watershed, some probably will settle on the sand and
                 form a mud layer. The thickness of this layer and the mixing of the sand and

                                                       132

                  mud by bottom currents will change the type of substrate in the lagoon and thus
                  the habitat for benthic organisms.

                  A similar enhancement project in San,Dieguito Lagoon has been monitored for
                  several years following completion of dredging of a tidal basin (Christopher,
                  1984). The substrate is largely sand and varies from subtidal to intertidal
                  zones. These studies found a number of benthic organisms, the most common
                  being: bubble shell (Haminoea vesicula), wavy chione (Chione undatella), dish
                  clam (Mactra nasuta), California jacknife clam (Tagelus californicus) violet
                  ray jacknife clam, (Tagelus subtores) and marine polychaete worms (Capitella
                  capitata. Polydora Daucibranchiata, Scolelepis accuta and Mediomastos
                  californiensis) and various species of oligochaete worms. In addition, other
                  species which could colonize this area include: snails (Ceratostoma nuttalli),
                  moon snail (Polinices lewisi), rough piddock (Zirfaea Dilsbryi), ghostshrimp
                  (Callinassa gigas), blue-mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis), spenculid worm
                  (Sipunculus nudus), segmented worm (Chaetopterus-variopedatus), rough skinned
                  lugworm (Arenicola brasiliensis) and ribbon worms (Nereis spo.).

                  In general, invertebr ate species select their habitats according to the grain
                  sizes of the substrate (sand vs. mud), the amount of wave action or current and
                  the salinity and water quality. As noted earlier, in the first few years after
                  the lagoon is dredged, sediment layers will move and sort according to tidal
                  and storm currents. Soil chemistry and water quality will change as well. The
                  system will not reach an equilibrium condition for several years at least and
                  the invertebrate fauna would be expected to respond to these changes.

                  The subtidal area will also provide habitat for marine and estuarine fish
                  species such as California halibut, white, spot-fin and yellow-fin croaker,
                  topsmelt, deep-body anchovy, barred and spotted sand bass, long jaw mudsucker,
                  Pacific staghorn sculpin, California killifish, arrow goby and several species
                  of surfperch. Many of these species enter shallow bays and estuaries to spawn.
                  Juvenile fish born both in the open ocean and in the lagoon may spend several
                  months feeding and maturing in the shallow water prior to their migration into
                  the ocean. The abundance of zooplankton and benthic animals will support both
                  juvenile and adult fish. The San Dieguito Lagoon, since its enhancement,
                  supports many of these species.

                  Juvenile fish and invertebrates provide food for diving ducks, diving ocean
                  birds, gulls and terns including the endangered Least Tern. Presently the
                  lagoon does not provide any subtidal habitat and only very limited fish habitat
                  due to the seasonally poor water quality conditions.

                  Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a subtidal flowering plant which provides a rich
                  feeding area and shelter for many juvenile fish species and invertebrates.
                  Eelgrass is rooted in the mud and forms thick beds in subtidal and low
                  intertidal zones. This plant could be planted in the areas of the lagoon of
                  appropriate depth with low velocity water currents. Aqua Hedionda Lagoon
                  contains eelgrass beds.

                  Alternative One contains the largest subti dal area (220 acres) and would create
                  the largest open water area of the three plans. Alternative Two would create
                  171 acres of subtidal habitat and Alternative Three would create the smallest

                                                       133

                  subtidal area of 71 acres.

                  In all three plans, a greater percentage of the subtidal area would be dredged
                  in the middle and western basins. This design is necessary to facilitate
                  maintaining an open lagoon mouth.

                  Intertidal Habitat

                  The intertidal zone is the area which average tidal flows cover and expose
                  twice daily. As with the subtidal habitat, the intertidal zone will be in a
                  state of flux for the first few years following the dredging. Colonization by
                  benthic animals would occur over time and would change as the   bottom substrate
                  evolves.

                  In most lagoons and estuaries, the intertidal zone is habitat   to numerous
                  benthic animals which burrow into the mudflats or live on its   surface. The
                  infusion of ocean water twice daily provides a source of food   for the benthic
                  animals who sieve bits of detritus and food from the water.     Worms, clams,
                  amphipods and other creatures inhabit this area. Monitoring    studies from an
                  enhancement project at San Dieguito Lagoon found such animals as; polychaete
                  worms such as Capitella capitata, Polydora sp., Scolelepis acuta and various
                  oligochaete worms as well as clam or mollusc species, violet ray jacknife clam
                  (Tagelus-subtores) eggshell cockle (Laevicardium substraitum) dish clam (Mactra
                  nasuta); Macoma yoldiformij; razor clam (Solen rosaceus), and striped mussel
                  (Ischadium demissum) in the intertidal area one year after dredging. Other
                  animals which were found in this zone are echinoderms such as Leptosynapta
                  albians, gastropods (Acteocina harpa) and various amphipod species including
                  Caprella eguilibra (Christopher, 1984).

                  Some of the other species which could typically inhabit intertidal sand and mud
                  flats and could colonize the intertidal zone of the lagoon include: sand
                  dollars (Dendraster excentricus), sea pansies (Renilla kollikeri), sea stars
                  (Aspropecten armatus), horn shell snail (Cerithidea californica), moon snails
                  (Polinices recluzianus), ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis), burrowing
                  anemone (Cerianthus aestuari, Harenactis attenuata), brittle stars (Amphiodria
                  barbarae) and segmented worms (Mesgchaetopterus taylori) and joint worm
                  (Axiothella rubrocincta). Crab species (Portunis xantusi, Heterocrypta
                  occidentalis) may forage in this area as well.

                  These invertebrate animals provide the productive food base associated with
                  bird use of intertidal areas. The depth of water and productivity of the
                  habitat will largely determine the species and number of shorebirds using
                  different areas of the lagoon. Approximately the same shorebirds species would
                  be expected to use the enhanced lagoon as do presently (see Appendix E).
                  Wading birds, diving ducks, terns, gulls and others would be expected to use
                  the intertidal zone at various tidal stages as well. However, the value of the
                  intertidal area to the dabbling ducks which currently use the lagoon is less
                  certain. Shallow freshwater or brackish water habitats are most valuable to
                  these species. The shallowest areas of intertidal habitat should provide some
                  duck feeding habitat as will the managed freshwater marsh.

                  The three alternatives vary in the size of the intertidal habitat each creates.

                                                        134

                  For the most part, this habitat is concentrated in the eastern basin under each
                  alternative. Alternative One contains 170 acres of intertidal habitat,
                  Alternative Two contains 215 acres and Alternative Three contains 315 acres of
                  intertidal habitat.

                  The interdidal habitat created by these plans would replace the seasonally
                  flooded mud/sand flat habitat which currently exists in Batiquitos Lagoon and
                  supports migratory bird populations. It is difficult to equate the value of
                  the existing seasonal habitat with the re-created intertidal habitat to
                  determine an acreage figure agreeable amongst all involved parties. As part of
                  the enhancement plan process, the Department of Fish and Game and U.S. Fish and
                  Wildilfe Service evaluated this habitat type trade-off through the use of a
                  modified Habiatat Evaluation Procedure (HEP). The HEP system was devised by
                  the Fish and Wildlife Service to determine habitat values as units based upon
                  an evaluation of the quality of the habitat for several evaluation species. It
                  is our understanding this analysis will be released with the EIR/EIS.
                  Therefore, at this time, the Conservancy has not determined which of the plan
                  alternatives best sustains and enhances the habitat values at Batiquitos Lagoon
                  for migratory birds.

                  However, several nearby enhancement projects may shed some light on the habitat
                  values for bird species created with intertidal habitats. Unfortunately, these
                  areas did not contain the same type of habitats as Batiqutos Lagoon prior to
                  dredging and no direct comparison of value trade-offs can be made.

                  Upper Newport Bay, located in Orange County, is a 750 acre State Ecological
                  Reserve. The lower bay is a developed harbor and residendtial area with a
                  stabilized entrance. The large watershed of Newport Bay was rapidly developed
                  in the in the 1970's and the primary tributary, San Diego Creek, was
                  channelized in 1968. These actions led to a great increase in sediment
                  transport to the upper bay with filling of many areas. In addition, the upper
                  bay held a large area of abandoned salt ponds which lay above the highest tide
                  levels. These ponds received occasional freshwater from rainstorms but usually
                  were dry salt flats with very low value to wildlife.

                  Three enhancement projects have been completed in the reserve. The first two
                  enhancement projects involved removing the old salt ponds and dredging this
                  approximately 100 acre area into a subtidal and intertidal area. The total
                  enhancement area as a result of the project was 200 acres. The third project  ,
                  which is currently underway, involves dredging to remove accumulated sediment
                  in the tidal channel located in the middle of the reserve. This project
                  directly affects 75 acres but will enhance almost 150 acres due to the increase
                  in tidal flushing.

                  The wildlife of Upper Newport Bay has been monitored since the late 1960's
                  including bird censuses both before and after the enhancement projects. The
                  upper bay has seen an increase in migratory bird numbers after the projects
                  were completed. The restored salt pond area was used by a greater number and
                  diversity of species of shorebirds several years following restoration rather
                  than immediately after. This observation is probably related to the
                  development of a varied benthic community, a process which requires several
                  years (Wilcox, 1986). Bird populations in the enhancement area include large

                                                       135

                 numbers of puddle ducks which feed in the high intertidal zone. Although
                 freshwater marshes occur nearby, the ducks primarily feed in the saltwater
                 system. Fish populations have also increased and both juvenile and adults of
                 many species are found. While the enhancement projects at Upper Newport Bay
                 differ somewhat from the circumstances at Batiquitos Lagoon, there are some
                 similarities and it does provide an example of a successful project.

                 San Dieguito Lagoon in San Diego County has also had an enhancement project
                 completed which restored tidal action to a portion of the lagoon. The southern
                 fish hook area of the lagoon had partially filled in from erosion in the
                 adjacent Crest Canyon. The lagoon had not been tidal for many years. The
                 project area consisted of seasonally flooded channels surrounded by salt marsh
                 and upland. The area was highly affected by sediment from Crest Canyon. The
                 enhancement project dredged a new tidal channel and restored Crest Canyon with
                 the dredge spoils and an underground pipe system. The lagoon mouth was also
                 opened with a large bulldozer after construction and has remained open for
                 several years. The 100 acre enhanced lagoon area now contains subtidal,
                 intertidal and salt marsh habitats.

                 Monitoring studies of the enhancement area have found successful recolonization
                 by benthic animals and estuarine fish species (Christopher et al, 1985). Prior
                 to the enhancement, migratory bird use was low. Following the dredging,
                 monitoring studies found a high diversity of migratory species but relatively
                 low numbers (Mack, 1987). Diving birds, such as the Least Tern, have used the
                 tidal areas for feeding. Overall, the San Dieguito project has proved
                 successful.

                 Salt/Brackish Marsh

                 The salt/brackish marsh acreage is composed of existing marsh which occurs
                 above the dredge zone (+2.5 ft MSQ. This marsh would experience tidal
                 inundation as a result of the lagoon enhancement but would not be mechanically
                 manipulated or changed.

                 The introduction of tidal inflows to the lagoon could cause the composition of
                 plant species in the marsh to change. The present distribution of plant
                 species is a response to a hydrologic regime in which the lagoon seasonally
                 floods with freshwater and then dries out and has hypersaline conditions. The
                 present marsh vegetation extends from approximately +2.0 ft. to over +7.0 ft.
                 in several areas. This marsh is a mixture of brackish and salt marsh species.

                 Studies in other salt marshes in San Diego County have found that a number of
                 physical factors affect marsh plant distribution. These factors include:
                 tidal inundation, elevation, slope, soil salinity, wave force and nutrients.
                 The plan would introduce tidal inflows and create tidal zones in the marsh.
                 The enhanced lagoon would have a mean higher high tide level at +2.5 ft. (MSL)
                 and a spring high tide level at about +4.5 ft. (MSL). Extreme storm tide
                 levels could reach +6.0 ft. (MSL). Figure 25 depicts theelevational
                 occurrence of certain species of marsh plants in relation to tidal influence.
                 The range for each species is a maximum zone and the areal extent of each
                 species in the enhanced lagoon may differ significantly. In the far eastern
                 end of the lagoon the inflow of freshwater could affect the distribution of

                                                       136

                  .plant species and the brackish, less salt-tolerant plant species (e.g. Scirpus
                  robustus, Scirous Olneyi, TyDha_domingensis) may occur there. Likewise areas
                  .of freshwater seeps may retain their brackish water species. However, for the
                  most part, the re-introduction of tidal flows should create conditions which
                  'favor the growth of salt marsh plants (e.g. Salicornia virginica, Frankenia
                  grandifolia, Jaumea,carnosa) and increase the vigor of those salt marsh plants
                  already in the lagoon. Many salt marsh species are active colonizers of areas
                  with suitable conditions. Cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) occupies the lowest
                  zone of vegetation in a tidal marsh and does not presently occur in Batiquitos
                  Lagoon. It could be planted in expermential areas once the project has been
                  functioning for several years and sediments and water levels have stabilized.
                  Other marsh plant species including the endangered salt-marsh birds beak
                  (Cordylanthus maritimus) could be introduced to the lagoon wetlands.

                  Overall it is difficult to predict how the species composition and extent of
                  the marsh will change once the lagoon is enhanced. For the most part the
                  existing areas of marsh are conserved and changes in the acreage of marsh  will
                  be monitored.

                  Shorebirds are expected to regularly use the marsh both to forage for
                  invertebrates in tidal sloughs and to roost during high tides. Wading birds
                  and some ducks may also roost and feed in the marsh. Bird species use will
                  depend largely upon the type of plants that predominate. For example, a
                  greater extent of pickleweed marsh could support more breeding pairs of
                  Belding's Savannah Sparrows. More brackish marsh could support long-billed
                  marsh wrens and other small birds.

                  Alternative One would conserve a total of 139 acres of salt/brackish marsh
                  whereas both Alternatives Two and Three would conserve a total of 143 acres.
                  The four acre difference is due to the dredging of the western basin proposed
                  only under Alternative One.

                  Freshwater Marsh

                  All three plans include a managed freshwater marsh enclosed by an earthen
                  levee. The primary reason for creation of a freshwater marsh is to assure the
                  continuance of the existing habitat values at Batiquitos Lagoon. While the
                  intertidal mudflats and subtidal areas proposed in the plans would create
                  habitat for migratory shorebirds, wading birds and some waterfowl, one
                  component of the present fauna - the dabbling ducks - require a freshwater
                  component.

                  The levee is designed with an approximate 80 foot toe and an 8 to I slope on
                  the outer side and a 3 to I slope on the inner side (see Figure Q. The gentle
                  slope on the outer side would allow for tidal water to inundate the lower
                  portion of the levee and create marsh and mudflat. The 8:1 slope is flat
                  enough to avoid wave erosion and the need for rip rap. The bottom toe of   the
                  levee would be constructed at the approximate elevation +2.5 ft. (MSL) and th
                  top of the levee would reach +8.0 ft. (MSL). The top elevation would preclud:
                  yearly high tides from overtopping the levee. The interior of the marsh would
                  be recontoured to an elevation of +2.5 to +3.0 ft. (MSL) and would provide deep
                  areas and exposed plant areas to increase diversity. Water depths would be

                                                       137

                                                        ELEVATION
                                        4                                6               7
                               FT MLLW   I                               I               J
                               DM MSL  I
                                       3    4     5    '6   7     a    9    10   11    12

                       CORDGRASS

                            P I C K L E W E E D
                     ANNUAL PICKLEWEED             [\\MM\MM\\MM\MX\A
                              SALTWORTI                 MMMMA               J
                       JAUMEA CARNOSA I                      @\\M\\M\A
                                    SEA BLITE                     MMMMN I
                      FRANKENIA GRANDIFOLIA                       MMMMMA
                  MONANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS1                            MMMMMM,
                                  GLASSWORT  I                                    K\\\\\A
                                                    HATCHING DENOTES ELEVATIONS WITH
                                                    FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE GREATER
                                                    THAN 70%.

                 J

                           Distribution of the most comm n halophytes by elevation, at Tijuana
                 Estuary (Zedler 1977). Data fr0M Anaheim Bay (Hassey and Zembal 1979) were used
                 to extend the ranges of species beyond the 3-to 12-dm KSL.range observed at Tijuana
                 Estuary.

                     From Zedler,1982

                  FIG. 25

                                                      138

                  controlled at six inches to one foot. The dredging would allow for the portion
                  of the marsh closest to the upland to be higher than the area near the levee so
                  that the marsh can be drained completely.

                  The water source for the marsh will be San Marcos Creek. A weir would be
                  placed in the creek at the El Camino Real bridge at the +5.0 ft MSL level.
                  This weir would detain water and the water would flow by gravity through pipes
                  into the marsh. Given a maximum evaporation rate of 25 acre feet per month in
                  the summer, it is estimated that the marsh will require 1/2 cubic feet per
                  second (cfs) of inflow during the summer. Summer waterflows in the channel
                  could fill this need. In the winter the need for water in the marsh may be
                  minor since a small tributary enters the marsh area. The weir in San Marcos
                  Creek would be designed such that no upstream flood problems would be created.

                  Additionally, dual slide/flap gates would be placed at several locations in the
                  levee to allow for release of freshwater when levels are in excess of the six
                  inch to one foot marsh depth and to allow the flooding of the marsh with salt
                  water. All culverts, frames and gates would be coated with replacable zinc
                  anodes and be made of eight gauge bituminous-coated asbestos-bonded galvanized
                  steel for long wear and low maintenance. Salt water flooding in the summer
                  could create a year round habitat should a drought occur and could be used to
                  control tules and other unwanted vegetation. Use of salt water should remain a
                  management option for the marsh, not necessarily a mandate since it could
                  adversely affect certain brackish to freshwater marsh plants needed for
                  waterfowl. When viewed from the adjoining hills the marsh will look like a
                  shallow water pond with small collections of bulrush or other marsh plants.          M
                  The freshwater marsh would replace salt marsh and salt pan on the site.

                  The water management scheme and finished bottom elevations of the freshwater
                  marsh will largely determine what plant species inhabit the area. At present,
                  there are not plans to plant marsh species, but instead, the plants would
                  colonize by seed. Cattail, bulrush, three-square rush, pondweed and other
                  aquatic plants would be expected to invade the shallow areas. Because soils
                  may remain brackish for the first years following construction, some plant
                  species may be limited. However, if the marsh is left strictly as a freshwater
                  area, the soils will leach and salts should be reduced. The management of the
                  marsh water levels and annual drying wil largely determine the plants which
                  colonize and thrive there.

                  Least Tern Nest Sites

                  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in conjunction with the Department of Fish
                  and Game determined that a minimum of four least tern nesting sites should be
                  created in the lagoon totalling approximately 32 acres. All three plans
                  provide for four sites - one 16 acre site near the Park and Ride lot, one 12
                  acre site on the north shore, one 4 acre site contained in the levee of the
                  freshwater marsh and one 2 acre site near the lagoon mouth. All these sites
                  occupy locations of previously used nest sites. When tidal influence is
                  returned to the lagoon, the previous nest sites on the salt pan will be
                  flooded. Therefore to provide sufficient area for the terns to nest, new
                  nesting sites have to be created. These sites would be created out of sandy
                  dredge spoils from the lagoon and raised up to +8.0 ft. MSL. A layer of clean

                                                        139

                  white imported sand with broken shells would cap the dredge spoils.

                  The Least Terns previously have used a greater number of sites in the lagoon
                  but the availability of most of these sites is limited by high water levels.
                  Since 1969, the Least Terns have never used more than three sites in one season
                  and have more typically used one or two sites (see Table 13). All existing
                  sites are prone to disturbance and flooding.

                  Maintenance of the nesti.ng sites will be required; removal of all vegetation
                  must be performed yearly. In order to gain access to the nesting sites they
                  are located close to the edges of the lagoon. In order to protect the sites
                  against predators six foot cyclone fencing will border the lagoon edge in the
                  vicinity of the least tern sites and be located a minimum of 100 feet from the
                  site. Both ends of the freshwater marsh levee would be fenced. -The fencing
                  will restrict domestic animals and other terrestrial predators from entering
                  the nest sites. The fence is located at a distance from the site so that avian
                  predators are not able to use the fence posts as hunting roosts.
                  An additional nesting area could be gained if the levee surrounding the
                  freshwater marsh were kept free of vegetation and covered with white sand.
                  Least Terns in the San Francisco Bay area nest on similar levees surrounding
                  salt ponds.

                  All four sites are designed to provide relatively isolated, dry sandy locations
                  with clear views for the terns. A number of different sites are provided to
                  allow for various locations over the entire lagoon for the terns to choose
                  from. A total of 34 acres of nesting sites are provided.

                  Construction Methods and Schedules

                  All three alternatives would require dredging and disposal of large amounts of
                  sand and silt material from the lagoon. Before exact construction methods can
                  be outlined and a reliable schedule drawn up, a number of tests must be
                  completed. The only available studies on the lagoon sediments are a limited
                  number of corings of the lagoon bottom in the eastern basin and a larger number
                  in the western basin (Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1985; Shepardson Engineering
                  Associates Inc., 1985). These corings reveal information regarding the grain
                  size of the material and thus the thickness of clay and silt layers and sand
                  layers over the lagoon bottom. These coring studies did not include any
                  chemical analysis of the materials. The City of Carlsbad and Port of Los
                  Angeles have hired a consultant to complete sediment cores and chemical and
                  physical studies of the lagoon sediment.

                  The available coring studies give gross estimates of the quantities of two
                  classes of sediment on the lagoon bottom. The upper layers of the lagoon
                  bottom are primarily fine silts, clays and fine sands with grain sizes smaller
                  than .125 mm. The silt and clay layer in the east basin is much thicker than
                  the west basin and could compose 60 to 70% of the dredge volume from the east
                  basin.

                  The sand fraction in the lagoon lies below the clay and silt layers and
                  represents a larger proportion of the dredge volume in the western lagoon than

                                                        140

                  the eastern basin. The median grain diameter of the sandy sediments in the
                  western lagoon is .18 mm while the median grain diameter for the same layers in
                  the east basin is .15 mm. These sandy sediments are coarse enough to be used
                  for beach nourishment should bioassay and toxin testing prove negative (Jenkins
                  and Skelley, 1986).

                  These two sediment layers must both be tested for the concentration of toxic
                  chemicals, nutrient levels and other substances. The results of these tests
                  will determine where the dredge spoils can be disposed of and could have a
                  great effect on the cost of the project. Detailed soils engineering studies,
                  which are currently underway, will determine exact quantities and conditions of
                  spoils. There are a number of possible options for dredge disposal and
                  construction methods.

                  The most inexpensive method of dredging the lagoon is to use dry land
                  techniques. Construction would begin in the east basin and progress to the
                  west. In the early spring (February-March) the lagoon mouth would be opened
                  and the lagoon drained. Inflowing streams would be diverted by pipe to the
                  ocean, stormdrains or other appropriate outlet. Groundwater would be pumped
                  out of the basin and the lagoon bottom dried out. Rubber tired scrapers or
                  comparable equipment would remove the silt and clay layers and spoils would be
                  disposed of in one or several ways. The silt-clay spoils must be dried prior
                  to disposal and, if possible, the adjacent north shore uplands owned by Sammis        N
                  and HPI could be used.

                  Once dried and depending upon the test results, the spoils could be:

                     1) trucked to a sanitary landfill for disposal;
                     2) mixed with fine sands and sold or given away as structural fill;
                     3) used as landscaping fill on adjacent properties; or
                     4) disposed of in the ocean at a site approved by the Environmental
                     Protection Agency.

                  The preferable option would be to place the spoils on adjacent properties for
                  landscaping fill should they pass all needed tests for this use. Sammis
                  Properties has offered to accept approximately one half million cubic yards to
                  fill a canyon on their property (Jon Briggs, pers comm). A site is still
                  needed for the remaining matrial. Placement of the spoils on adjacent
                  properties would avoid the use of public roads. If the spoils are transported
                  to other sites for disposal, additional equipment will be needed as the rubber
                  tire scrapers can not travel public roads. A fleet of dump trucks would be
                  used and could be loaded at the end of Lagoon Lane or other appropriate access
                  points.

                  Both the landfill and ocean disposal options are prohibitively expensive and
                  nearby landfills may not have the capacity for such a large disposal project .
                  Remixing the spoils for use as structural fill will require some additional
                  space but could possibly be feasible.

                  The levee for the freshwater marsh would be constructed from on site dredge
                  spoils and is the only feature of the lagoon project which could utilize the
                  clay-silt spoils. The interior of the marsh also needs to be dredged to create

                                                       141

                 a bottom elevation (+2.5 ft. MSQ such that water impounded in San Marcos Creek
                 could flow by gravity into the marsh. A suggestion for using the marsh as a
                 recipient site for silt-clay spoils to raise the base level would require
                 pumping water into the marsh, and thus increase yearly operating costs and is
                 not recommended.

                 The method for disposal of the silt-clay layers will be determined after
                 elutriate, bioassay and soil engineering tests are completed during the
                 environmental review, preliminary engineering and permit processes.

                 The sand layers will also require certain toxicity tests but they are of
                 suitable size for disposal on local beaches. Elutriate tests and bulk sediment
                 analysis test must be completed. The lagoon dredging could produce as much as
                 1.8 to 2.0 million cubic yards of sandy material under Alternative One or as
                 little as 800,000 cubic yards of sand under Alternative Three. Alternative Two
                 would proudce approximately 1.3 million cubic yards of sandy material. Again
                 dry land methods would be employed if possible as they are less costly than
                 dredging. The majority of sandy spoils lie in the middle and western basins.
                 Once silting spoils are removed, these sandy layers would be scraped up and
                 transported to the lagoon mouth for placement on the beach. Depending on the
                 type of construction used (dry land vs. hydraluic dredging) the method for
                 placement of the spoils on the beach may differ. If dry land methods are used
                 and scraping equipment can fit through the three bridges, the scrapers could
                 deposit sand directly on the beach. A dirt haul road may be needed along the
                 beach. If the scrapers can't transport sand directly they would load it into
                 dump trucks at the end of Lagoon Lane for the east basin and Highway 101 for
                 the west basin or other appropriate access points. Dump trucks would use
                 public roads to transport the sand to the beach for disposal. Some sandy
                 spoils would be used to construct the least tern sites in the lagoon and cap
                 the freshwater marsh levee.

                 Disposal of sandy dredge spoils on Carlsbad beaches is not only convenient to
                 the lagoon project but allows for nourishment of a badly eroded coastline.
                 Sand movement in this area has been interupted by the construction of Oceanside
                 harbor which traps southward moving sand. In addition, the sand supply has
                 been depleted by the damming of most rivers and streams and year round closure
                 of many lagoons such that sandy sediments deposit in the closed lagoon or
                 behind the dam rather than being carried out to the coast. The littoral cell
                 supplying sand to the Carlsbad area begins about San Clemente and ends about La
                 Jolla. Generally sand volumes are deposited onto the beach by ocean waves in
                 spring and summer and eroded off the beach during winter. Depending upon the
                 amount of sand in the cell and the storm sizes, the width of sandy beaches in
                 this region varies.

                 The profile of the Carlsbad beaches was measured in 1983 and 1984 (Flick et al,
                 Seymour et al). The winter of 1982-83 saw extreme wave heights associated with
                 El Nino. During the winter the large storm waves removed 200 cubic meters of
                 sand per meter of beach. This erosion quantity is associated with extreme
                 storm waves. The following year winter storms removed 20-35 cubic meters of
                 sand per meter of beach. These erosion losses represent more average winter
                 storms.

                                                      142

                  As can be witnessed during a trip to the South Carlsbad Beach, sand is in short
                  supply and the beach is often made up only of cobbles. The dredging of
                  Batiquitos Lagoon has as a by product the placement of sandy spoils into this
                  littoral cell.. While deposition of this amount just below Oceanside harbor
                  progessing southward would be favorable, the cost to truck this much material
                  exceeds the costs of dredging it from the lagoon (V. Hall, pers. comm.)
                  Therefore, the placement of the material on the beaches likely will begin at
                  the mouth of Batiquitos Lagoon and progress northward. One likely beach
                  nourishment method would be the creation of large sand piles or dunes at the
                  landward edge of the beach. These dunes could be progressively pushed onto the
                  beach to nourish the intertidal area. Numerous other methods are possible as
                  are various management options to increase the longevity of the sand on the
                  Carlsbad beaches.

                  The precise method for placement of the sand spoils on the beach and the miles
                  of beaches covered will be determined through the environmental review,
                  preliminary engineering and permit processes. Since State Department of Parks
                  and Recreation owns and operates most of these beaches, their concerns and
                  suggestions will help to determine what methods are used. Their primary
                  concerns have been: sand stockpiling should not seriously constrain
                  recreational activities on the beach, and dredging and spoils disposal should
                  not negatively affect benthic animals in the surf zone and grunion spawning.
                  All cost estimates for the lagoon project assume that the sand spoils will be
                  placed on the beach i-n the most cost-effective manner.

                  Several constraints must be placed on the construction activities to protect
                  existing resources of the lagoon. In order to minimize disturbance to the
                  lagoon wetlands, heavy equipment should enter and leave the construction area
                  at one or two points where little or no vegetation is present. Several
                  locations on the north shore of the eastern basin are appropriate. Access to
                  the western basins will be more difficult and may need to be done under the
                  Highway 101 bridge or from the fill site in the northwestern corner of the
                  western basin.

                  The beginning of project construction largely will depend upon the timing of
                  permit approvals and CEQA compliance. However the beginning of construction
                  must be scheduled either prior to the beginning of the nesting season of the
                  Least Tern or following fledging of all chicks. The nesting time period
                  stretches from April or May to August or September. If construction begins
                  anytime during this period it would disturb the terns and cause a loss of a
                  nesting season. Therefore construction may begin in March or October. Since
                  it is more difficult and expensive to construct during the wet season, a March
                  date would be preferable. By timing the construction of the project to protect
                  the tern, the construction should not affect any other endangered species.
                  However, during the de-watering and construction period, the lagoon would not
                  function as a bird feeding habitat.

                  Maintenance of the Lagoon Channel

                  Waves such as occurred during the extreme storms of 1982-83 will no doubt occur
                  again. These waves have enough energy to fill the lagoon channel inlet with
                  sand and cobbles and overcome the scouring.energy of the tidal prism flowing

                                                       143

                 out of the lagoon. There are no reliable predictions for how often such
                 extreme storms would occur; there are also no foolproof predictions of how well
                 the lagoon channel will maintain itself under normal winter storm waves. In
                 addition, the large concentration of cobbles presently blocking the lagoon
                 mouth is a major concern in the self maintenance of the lagoon mouth. It is
                 not entirely clear that the proposed tidal prism will be able to consistently
                 push these cobbles from the lagoon channel. The City of Carlsbad and Port of
                 Los Angeles have hired consultants to review these problems in detail and
                 complete a detailed engineering design for the lagoon mouth. Under all three
                 alternatives, some type of back-up system is required to open the lagoon
                 channel should it become clogged.

                 A number of different methods are possible. The Highway 101 bridge and its
                 supporting piers create a narrow constricted channel which does not allow for
                 certain types of equipment to operate easily. Bulldozers and some dredging
                 equipment will not be able to operate well to clear the channel. The
                 recommended method would be the use of a drag bucket which could scoop sand and
                 cobbles out of the channel and redeposit them offshore. There are two
                 alternative ways to set up a drag bucket system.

                 The recommended alternative is discussed in Jenkins & Skelley (1986). The
                 following excerpt describes the system,

                     "Drag buckets have been used successfully in both inlet maintenance and
                     beach nourishment from offshore deposits. The best design has been the
                     Sauerman drag-scraper. It is a bottomless bucket with three vertical sides,
                     a lid, with a front side open to the scraping direction and a backside that
                     is closed. The bucket is dragged seaward through the inlet by a shore
                     mounted winch operating an endless loop drag-cable system to a block and
                     tackle moored offshore to the bottom. As the bucket is dragged seaward, it
                     fills with sediment until reaching capacity. On the return haul to shore,
                     the contents of the bucket are deposited out the open end at the point of
                     reversal.

                     "Considering the inlet dimensions at Batiquitos, as well as the volume
                     of sand that had to be e'xcavated to reopen the lagoon in September 1985, it
                     is estimated that an inlet bar would typically comprise about 300 cubic
                     yards. Practical experience has shown that 300 round trips of the bucket
                     are feasible per day. Therefore a 3 cubic yard capacity bucket would allow
                     clearing of the inlet in about 1/2 day. This would require a 260 horsepower
                     winch to drag a bucket of this size. The block and tackle should be
                     anchored seaward of the mean shoreline by about 850 feet in order to avoid
                     seasonal burial by bar formations. A 350 pound Danforth anchor would
                     provide a 7 kip mooring with a 2:1 safety factor for the block and tackle.
                     The block and tackle is secured to the anchor using a length of pig-tail
                     sufficiently long to reach the surface at the mooring point. A marker float
                     is attached to the block and tackle at the pig- tail. The endless loop drag
                     cable must be recovered upon completion of the scraping operation. This
                     involves a small boat recovering the marker float, raising the block and
                     tackle to the surface and disconnecting it from the pig-tail. The drag
                     cable and block and tackle are then retrieved by using the shore mounted
                     winch. The pig-tail and anchor are left on the bottom with the marker float

                                                       144

                      attached for future relocation. To initiate scraping operations, a
                      polypropylene rope must be brought out from the shore to the marker float.
                      There a small service boat is anchored. Using the propylene line, a winch
                      on the service boat will haul the drag cable and block and tackle assembly
                      out to the mooring site. The marker float line is used to retrieve the
                      pig-tail and reattach the block and tackle. This procedure requires
                      relatively calm seas to initiate. Furthermore, recreational swimming must
                      be prohibited 100 feet to either side of the drag cable during scraping
                      operations."

                  This system would only be set up when needed and is relatively inexpensive to
                  operate. The shore mounted winch would be located on the fill site at the
                  northwestern corner of the western lagoon basin. The drag bucket system would
                  be able to remove both sand and cobbles from the channel. The drawback to this
                  system is the hazard it poses to swimmers when the cable is in use and its
                  limitations for use in heavy seas.

                  The second alternative involves construction of a pier for use as a base for a
                  drag bucket system. This alternative involves:

                      "This approach would build a short pier, 400 feet in length  and parallel to
                      the axis of the inlet channel. The pier should extend 300 feet seaward and
                      100 feet into the lagoon channel. The deck of this pier would be at the
                      elevation of the Highway 101 bridge, +19 feet MR, and should provide access
                      to the highway for a mobile crane. The mobile crane is operated on the deck
                      of the pier and is used to drag the Sauerman bucket seaward to perform the
                      scraping operations in the inlet channel. The scraping operation could be
                      performed from the pier in higher sea states than could the drag cable
                      method, and would not involve the potential hazard to the swimmers
                      associated with the drag cable. The pier could be used as a recreational
                      fishing pier when scraping operations are not being performed. The
                      estimated cost in building such a pier is $2,000 per foot, or a total of
                      $800,000."

                  The disadvantages of this system are its high construction costs, high
                  maintenance costs and the need for a public agency to operate the pier and
                  accept ownership and liability. The Department of Parks and,Recreation, which
                  must approve of the maintenance system, favors the drag bucket system. DPR
                  also requires a safety risk assessment, operating procedures and contingency
                  plan developed for the system. For these reasons this plan recommends the use
                  of the first alternative, a drag bucket system using an offshore bottom moored
                  block and tackle.

                                                        145

                  Sediment Control System

                  This plan proposes a number of facilities for controlling sedimentation into
                  the lagoon. A review of present watershed conditions identified four
                  tributaries for which no sediment control facilities were proposed or presently
                  in place. Estimates of sediment from these four tributaries were made for
                  various storm levels. The details of this analysis are contained in Section
                  II. Table 20 summarizes the results of this analysis. These facilities are
                  proposed to control estimated annual loads of heavy sediments; large storms
                  (100 year) may create sediment loads beyond the capacity of these facilities.

                  It is not practical to construct sediment control facilities which will capture
                  the fine sediments entering the lagoon as these basins must be extremely large
                  and detain stormwater for up to severaldays to settle out fine particles.
                  Therefore, it is assumed that the lagoon, once dredged and returned to a tidal
                  system, will transport the majority of fine sediment out with tidal flows into
                  the ocean. If the lagoon mouth closes frequently or remains closed during
                  large storms, much of the fine sediments (approximately 80% of the total
                  sediment inflow) would be retained and deposited in the lagoon. Therefore,
                  keeping the lagoon mouth open during storms is important to controlling
                  sediment deposition and filling of the lagoon.

                  An equally important factor in controlling sediment inflows is controlling the
                  erosion of soil in the watershed, the source of lagoon sedimentation. The
                  Batiquitos Lagoon Watershed Sediment Control Plan, bound as a separate volume,
                  autlines in detail both structural and non-structural regulatory and design
                  approaches to erosion and sediment control.

                  Structural Control Facilities

                  This portion of the plan reviews structural control measures for several
                  tributaries to the lagoon.

                  Encinitas Creek The riparian corridor on lower Encinitas Creek is presently
                  functioning as a very effective sand trap. Continued deposition of sediment in
                  the valley floor will gradually increase the slope of the stream and increase
                  the stream's sediment transport capacity. Eventually, the stream may reach
                  some threshold and begin a cycle of downcutting and lateral migration,
                  delivering stored sand to the lagoon. Rather than constructing a large debris
                  basin, however, it makes better sense to manage the riparian corridor
                  downstream of the intersection of Olivenhain and El Camino to enhance and
                  maintain its ability to trap sand. This can be done by constructing a low dam
                  across the channel with several culvert outlets. All the culverts should be
                  set at the same elevation in the dam in order to disperse flow across the
                  riparian corridor. Sand can be removed from parts of the trap on a rotating
                  basis, so that some willow cover will be maintained. The purpose of
                  maintaining some vegetation is to enhance the sedimennt trapping ability. It
                  would not be necessary to maintain a large "freeboard" below the dam elevation
                  for the trap to work, but only to maintain a low gradient in the reach above
                  the dam. The area available for this sediment trap will depend on landowner
                  cooperation. The average annual sand yield of Encinitas Creek is estimated to
                  be about 1-2 acre feet; a layer of sand 1-2 feet thick would need to be removed

                                                       146

                                                           Table 20

                                            Batiguitos Lagoon Sediment Control

                                 Drainage Sand Yield    with BMPs*      Sand Yield without BMPs*
                                   Area
                   Basin        (square miles) (cubic   yds/yr)                 (cubic yds/yr)

                   Piraeus           0.60          480  to      660                     1750
                   Eolus             0.3           240  to      480                     1272
                   Encinitas         5.50         1775  to    3550                      9407
                   San Marcos       10.8          3333  to    4750                      4750

                                                 -----        -----                   -------
                                                  5303        9440                      17179
                   Annual Maintenance
                   Cost at $4.00/yard         $21,212      $37,760                    $68,716

                   *Best Management Practices

                                                           Table 21

                                Percent Efficiency of a Sediment   TraR on San Marcos Creek

                                                             Size  fraction
                                                Fine and      Medium      Fine and
                                      Coarse very fine      and coarse very fine
                            Total      sand       sand         silt          silt       clay

                   2-year
                   flood      46        98          92           46           4.7         0.0

                   100-year
                   flood      32        96          78           20           1.2         0.0

                                                            147

                   _fx /19 5FIG. 26
                            Sediment inf low and
                            retention
                            SAN MARCOS CREEK SEDIMENT BASIN

                    U,

                    z
                   LU la4

                    /40
                                             5                     26        50
                                          RECURRENCE    INTERVAL I Yrs I

                                                     148

                                                         Tabl e 22

                            Sediment Basins or Traps Reguired to Protect Batigu    itos Lagoon

                   Location            Vol. (cubic yards)        Estimated Construction Cost
                      Piraeusi               3300                       $33,000
                      Eolusi                 2400                       $28,600
                      Encinitasi          17,750                        $30,000
                      San Marcos Creek2   15,130                       $160,000

                   1) volume based on 5   years accumulation at mean annual rate

                   2) volume of pond at   +5.0 ft. NGVD; annual maintenance will    be required.

                                                           149

                 from a 5-acre trap every five years on the average. In the 300 foot wide
                 riparian corridor, a 5-acre trap would be 726 feet long. The riparian forest
                 downstream of the trap should be preserved as a natural floodplain to further
                 assure adequate sediment trapping.

                 It will also be necessary to install a concrete sill or apron in the bed of
                 Encinitas Creek at the La Costa Bridge. This sill will prevent the initiation
                 of channel incision in response to the lowering of the base level in the lagoon
                 from dredging and the progressive aggradation upstream.
                 San Marcos-Creek Two alternatives for sediment control were considered:
                 1) dredging a basin above the El Camino Real Bridge to enhance deposition of
                 sediment; 2) dredging a pool below the bridge in the wetlands at the head of
                 the lagoon. Sand could be dredged from the basin by a dragline but the pool in
                 the wetland would require a hydraulic dredge and an area dedicated to storage
                 and dewatering of dredged sediment. Because a pond at the head of the lagoon
                 dedicated to sediment control would be detrimental to wildlife habitat and
                 aesthetics and would be more costly to maintain, the preferred control measure
                 is a basin above the bridge.

                 The channel of San Marcos Creek between the El Camino Real Bridge and the golf
                 course is a natural area for sediment deposition. By dredging out a pond 300
                 feet wide and 500 feet long just above the bridge, and deepening the channel
                 upstream, the sediment trapping ability at this area can be enhanced. In order
                 to evaluate the feasibility and annual maintenance costs, a sediment transport
                 and deposition model was used. The model is based on the Bagnold sheer
                 velocity limit and the settling rate for five ranges of particle sizes.

                 The model was run for the 2- and 100-year, 8-hour flood hydrographs, with a
                 pond outlet at +2.0 and +4.0 feet NGVD, against both mean low and mean high
                 tides. The mass of sediment trapped for the 2- and 100-year events was then
                 plotted, and the mean annual load trapped was calculated. The results indicate
                 that:

                 1) Tide height has little effect on sediment deposition above the bridge during
                    major storms.

                 2) A low weir at +2.0 feet NGVD combined with a higher weir at +5.0 feet (the
                    lower weir would appear as a slot in the higher weir) would effectively trap
                    sand during the 100-year flood, but virtually all of the sediment from a 2-
                    year flood would pass through the low two foot slot and enter the lagoon.
                    Therefore, this design proved ineffective.

                 3) By combining a 20-foot wide control structure (such as a weir) at +4.0 feet
                    (NGVD) with a 140 foot wide weir at +5.0 feet, most of the sand in both the
                    2- and 100-year storms could be trapped. Table 21 and Figure 26 show the
                    trap efficiency for five size classes of material, for the 100-year and 2-
                    year events. The mean annual trap efficiency is 36 percent, or about 4740
                    cubic yards. There are, no doubt, other weir widths and elevations that
                    would work as well as those tested in the model. This design is the
                    preferred plan.

                                                       150

                  Before the San Marcos Creek sediment trap can be designed and built, however,
                  two problems must be faced. First, the effect of a control structure in the
                  bed at +4.0 feet (NGVD) on upstream flood elevations must be evaluated. This
                  could be done fairly easily, with recent cross sections across the channel and
                  the floodplain above the bridge. Second, the property must be acquired in fee
                  title or an easement dedicated to a public agency from its present owner, the
                  La Costa Resort.

                  It will be necessary to install a concrete sill or weir in the bed of San
                  Marcos Creek at the El Camino Real Bridge to prevent downcutting into the
                  upstream alluvium as a result of the lagoon dredging. The sill should be
                  placed no lower than the present bed elevation of about +2.0 feet (NGVD).

                  Piraeus and Eolus Ditches Drainage ditches adjacent to 1-5 on the south side
                  of the lagoon contribute sand directly tothe lagoon.. At the intersection of
                  Piraeus and La Costa Boulevard, there is a natural site for a debris basin.
                  The trapezoidal channel there is presently filled with sand. It is cleared
                  periodically by CalTrans, but there is no dam or weir to enhance sediment
                  accumulation. Construction of a 3300 cubic yard debris basin for Piraeus and
                  2400 cubic year for Eolus is recommended.

                  Non-Structural Control Measures

                  Revision and adoption of erosion control ordinances (Best Management Practices)
                  in the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San
                  PjMg. The watershed plan reviews the City of Carslbad's erosion control
                  ordinance and suggests adoption of this ordinance (with several additions), in
                  the other jurisdictions. Throughout the watershed, the sediment yield
                  estimates used in this plan are based on long-term average rates. Certain
                  grading practices, replacement of riparian corridors with concrete ditches,
                  road-building on steep slopes and other kinds of intensive site disturbance
                  could negate any downstream sediment control efforts. Implementation of this
                  ordinance as well as the following measures are essential to reducing sediment
                  inputs to the lagoon.

                  Changing agricultural practices in the watershed to reflect Resource Management
                  Practices as suggested by the Soil Conservation Service.

                  Adoption of floodplain management criteria for stream channels in the Cities of
                  Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San Diego. The watersh@_d_
                  plan reviews the sediment retention features of natural floodplains and offers
                  two options to retain these features through the development process.

                  Adoption of stormwater management criteria in the Batiguitos watershed by the
                  Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San Diego.
                  These criteria should reduce the amount of peak runoff produced by new
                  developments in the watershed and decrease the problem of streambed erosion and
                  sedimentation into the lagoon.

                  Public Access

                  The plan outlines a number of public access facilities. The facilities include

                                                       151

                 a north shore trail with interpretive facilities and trailhead parking and
                 interpretive facilities at a few other locations around the lagoon.

                 The original goal of the enhancement group was to provide a continuous public
                 access trail from El Camino Real to the ocean along the north shore of the
                 lagoon. There are a number of major impediments to this goal including the
                 Interstate 5, the railroad and the Highway 101 bridges. In all three instances
                 crossing under or over these bridges presents construction difficulties and
                 does not necessarily increase the recreational value of the trail. We have
                 attempted to solve this problem in several ways outlined in the proposed
                 alignment for this trail (Figure M).

                 Beginning in the east, the trailhead will occupy a portion of a 10 acre parcel
                 in the far northeast corner of the lagoon. This property is owned by Rancho La
                 Costa/Newport Shores, but the Conservancy presently holds an open space
                 easement over it which was dedicated as a condition of development. Contained
                 within this open space easement is also a public access easement. This
                 trailhead will be accessible from Arenal Road and interpretive signs explaining
                 the natural resources of the lagoon would be located there.

                 From this trailhead, the trail will follow the existing dirt road west. This
                 road has been used by the public for over 100 years and continues to be used
                 today. The California State Attorney General's office has informed the
                 Conservancy that they have determined that prescriptive rights apply to this
                 road and that it is therefore public (Greg Taylor, State Attorney General's
                 Office, pers. comm.). In this first section the road,borders the lagoon
                 wetlands but does not cross through wetlands.

                 The proposed trail will begi n to divert from the dirt road on the HPI property.
                 Following a trail alignment reviewed and tentatively agreed to by HPI   and staff
                 of the Coastal Commission, Department of Fish and Game, City of Carlsbad, and.
                 the Conservancy, the trail moves to border the lagoon wetlands and will be
                 located within the outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer. The trail
                 moves from the lagoon border to the dirt road and back along the shoreline
                 in this section.

                 The Department of Fish and Game has recommended that the trail be placed on the
                 outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer so that a minimum of wildlife
                 disturbance is created. Our trail proposal incorporates this recommendation in
                 most locations, particularly when the trail diverges from the dirt road.
                 However in several sections the dirt road directly borders the wetlands and
                 therefore the creation of a new trail would create a larger land disturbance
                 than use of the existing road. Staff for the Department of Fish and Game have
                 reviewed the trail alignment and agreed with using the dirt road in certain
                 areas designated on Figure M, despite its close proximity to the lagoon
                 wetlands.

                 As proposed, the trail will follow the lagoon edge and then the dirt road as it
                 crosses off the HPI property and onto the Savage property to intersect with
                 Lagoon Lane (Batiquitos Drive). The plan proposes that the end of Lagoon Lane
                 be another trailhead for this section of the trail. Lagoon Lane is a public
                 road and trail users can park along the street. Interpretive signs would also

                                                       152

                   be placed at this trailhead.

                   Continuing the trail around the wetland and under Interstate 5 is extremely
                   costly and could also create a disturbance to wildlife. We have indicated this
                   portion of the trail as a possible future access trail but do not recommend it
                   be built at this time. The trail would have to be constructed as a wooden
                   boardwalk over the marsh and along both sides of the 1-5 road berm. The
                   crossing under the bridge could be placed on the road fill. The estimated cost
                   for this boardwalk is over one million dollars and could involve substantial
                   disturbance of the marsh during construction. There is also possible public
                   safety issues involved with placement of a trail so close to moving tidal
                   water.

                   The plan therefore recommends that the eastern section of the trail have a
                   trailhead at Lagoon Lane and a trailhead at the northeastern end of the lagoon.
                   Hikers wishing to proceed further on to the ocean can walk up Lagoon Lane to
                   Poinsettia Lane, cross 1-5 and proceed back toward the lagoon on Avenida
                   Encinas into the proposed Sammis Development. Once this development is
                   constructed, hikers can proceed along Windrose Circle and reach the access
                   trail for the western portion of the lagoon. Access signs proposed for the
                   public streets would direct hikers-to trailheads.

                   The access trail along the western shoreline of the lagoon will have several
                   access points and a number of interpretive stations. The primary access po'int
                   for the trail will be on Windrose Circle in the Sammis Development. From this
                   point, hikers can proceed to the bluff edge and proceed down to the lagoon
                   shoreline and east along the lagoon to a wildlife observation platform.

                   Alternately, from the same access point on Windrose Circle, hikers can proceed
                   west along one of two tentative routes. This section of the trail has a number
                   of impediments which make its design more difficult. The railroad line is a
                   significant obstacle to pedestrian access due to the speed and volume of rail
                   traffic on this section of track. The proposed alignment would create a trail
                   along the bluff top with a bridge over the railroad to'the western bluff. The
                   Conservancy has received a letter from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
                   Railway Company expressing their willingness to enter into an agreement with a
                   public agency for a grade-separated overpass to provide pedestrian access
                   across the railroad. The design of this bridge crossing must include:

                       1.   Vertical clearance from top-of-rail to underside of structure of 23
                            feet or more.

                       2.   Horizontal c learance to accommodate two tracks plus a mainten   ance road.

                       3.   A location suitably beyond the end of Santa Fe's track bridge to allow
                            Santa Fe's bridge maintenance equipment, including cranes and pile
                            drivers, to work and maneuver.

                       4.   Fencing or mesh screens along both sides of the overpass structure,
                            curved inward at the top to prevent users from throwing rocks or
                            missiles at the trains.

                                                           153

                    5.   Fencing or walls along both sides of Santa Fe's right-of-way for a
                         sufficient distance to discourage "short-cutting" across the track at-
                         grade rather than using the overpass.

                    6.   The use of concrete and/or steel for the structure, not wood.

                    7.   Approval of construction plans and specifications by Santa Fe.

                    8.   Approval by the State Public Uitlities Commission for a public
                         crossing.

                 This crossing would provide continuous public access along the western basin
                 shoreline as required under the Coastal Development permit for.Sammis
                 Properties and is therefore the preferred alignment.

                 As an alternative, should the bridge crossing not be approved, a trail
                 alignment at the base of the bluff is shown. The trail would have to be placed
                 between the bluff face and the wetlands and would have to be constructed as a
                 boardwalk. The trail would be in very close proximity to both the wetland and
                 the water area. This trail alignment would result in adverse effects on the
                 lagoon wetlands and public safety problems with easy access to the lagoon water
                 and the difficulty of patrolling an uncontrolled access to this area of the
                 lagoon. For these reasons, the blufftop alignment is preferable to the trail
                 along the base of the bluff.

                 The final leg of the trail would cross the top of the bluff on the far western
                 portion of the lagoon and end at Highway 101. Limited parking is available on
                 Highway 101. A number of viewpoints and interpretive stations are located in
                 the western section of the trail. In addition, several lateral access trails
                 provide connections between the roads in the Sammis Development and the
                 shoreline trail.

                 Another tentative alignment for a trail under the Highway 101 bridge to the
                 beach is shown. It is not clear at this time whether there will be room for an
                 access trail in this location or whether there will be public safety problems
                 due to the depth of the adjacent water channel.

                 A final design will be needed once the alignment of the trail is decided upon.
                 As presently envisioned, the trail will be approximately 10 feet in width and,
                 for those areas not following the dirt road, would consist of crushed granite
                 or some other all weather surface. Interpretive stations would be wooden
                 kiosks with signs and displays explaining various features of the natural and
                 archaeological resources of the lagoon. Benches or wildlife viewing platforms
                 may also constitute interpretive facilities. No large interpretive center
                 building is currently planned for the lagoon  area.

                 Along the south shore of the lagoon the plan  proposes interpretive and wildlife
                 observation facilities for the CalTrans Park  and Ride lot. These would consist
                 of kiosk signs and binocular viewers to gain  a close-up view of lagoon
                 wildlife. Due to the proximity of this site   to the Least Tern nesting site and
                 mudflats, interpretive facilities would concentrate on Least Terns and
                 migratory shorebirds.

                                                       154

                  The Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation has proposed managing a docent program for the
                  lagoon. The final design of the trail facilities will be completed in
                  conjunction with the Foundation, the City of Carlsbad, the Coastal Commission,
                  and affected landowners.

                  The plan also recommends that the City of Carlsbad include a bike lane along La
                  Costa Avenue in their current road widening project. The north shore trail
                  would be for pedestrian use only and a bike lane along La Costa Avenue would
                  allow for a continuous bicycle access along the lagoon.

                  In summary, the plan proposes a north shore pedestrain trail in two segments
                  one bordering the eastern basin of the lagoon and one bordering the western
                  basin. Both segments would be connected by public streets, making possible a
                  continuous hike from one end of the lagoon to the other. The plan also
                  suggests a number of interpretive facilities around the lagoon and a bike path
                  along the south shore of the lagoon.

                  Land OwnershiR and Land-Management

                  Presently the lagoon area up to the wetland boundary is held in several
                  different ownerships, both public and private (see Figure F). This ownership
                  pattern makes for inconsistent management or lack of management of the lagoon.
                  In order to carry out the goals of this plan and implement the enhancement
                  program, the lagoon will need to be held under one ownership.

                  Since the Department of Fish and Game owns a large area of the lagoon, the plan
                  recommends they manage the entire enhanced lagoon as an Ecological Reserve.
                  DFG would have a part-time lagoon manager who would oversee the lagoon and
                  operate and maintain the improvements. The primary management objective for
                  Batiquitos Lagoon would be preservation in perpetuity of the fish and wildlife
                  habitat values created and conserved through the enhancement project.

                  As explained in detail in the Plan Implementation section, the private lands in
                  the lagoon must be transferred to the State Lands Commission before the
                  dredging project can begin. The State Lands Commission will then lease the
                  property to DFG and the entire area would be managed as an Ecological Reserve.
                  Ecological Reserves are created to preserve wildlife habitat and very few uses
                  are allowed. Nature study, hiking along access trails, sportfishing from
                  designated shoreline areas, and passive recreation are allowable. Boating,
                  swimming, hunting or commercial fishing are not permitted. This category of
                  protection seems most consistent with the enhancement goals for the lagoon and
                  affords the best long-term protection and management for the lagoon and its
                  resources.

                  The lands needed for the sediment basins on San Marcos Creek and Encinitas
                  Creek will require dedication of fee title or a conservation easement. Because
                  the riparian corridor on lower Encinitas Creek in Green Valley is an integral
                  part of the proposed sediment control facilities, a conservation easement
                  should also be recorded for it. The property at the lagoon mouth, owned by the
                  County of San Diego will also require a transfer of title or conservation
                  easement.

                                                       155

                 Operation and Maintenance

                 Many features of the lagoon enhancement program will require on-going operation
                 and maintenance. Funding and responsibility for operation and maintenance is
                 discussed in detail in the Plan Implementation section.

                 The primary plan elements requiring operation and maintenance are:

                    1.   general oversight of `,@agoon use and condition
                    2.   lagoon channel inlet
                    3.   managed freshwater marsh
                    4.   Least Tern sites
                    5.   sedimentation control basins
                    6.   public access trail

                 The costs for maintenance for these features are outlined in Table 23.

                 1. A lagoon manager who works part-time under the Director of the Department of
                 Fish and Game will oversee the operation and maintenance activities for the
                 lagoon. The manager will oversee or, when possible, perform maintenance
                 activities and monitoring. A specific manager for Batiquitos Lagoon is needed
                 due to the large number of maintenance activities, the need for an on-site and
                 readily available person to clear the lagoon channel and sediment control
                 facilties and the need to formulate and carry out the operating plan for the
                 freshwater marsh each year. Along with a manager, a number of other facilities
                 will require funding each year to cover replacement and operation costs.

                 The lagoon manager will also need to oversee the general operation and
                 maintenance of the lagoon. This task includes partolling the lagoon area and
                 assuring that no one is swimming or boating in the lagoon or harassing or
                 feeding wildlife. If feasible, a DFG warden may be responsible for the task.

                 2. The preferred method for opening the lagoon channel inlet is the drag bucket
                 system using an offshore anchored block and tackle.    Large storms could close
                 the lagoon mouth at any time and closure could occur several years in a row
                 under certain weather patterns. Therefore, it is likely that the lagoon
                 channel will require periodic maintenance. The equipment needed should be
                 available to the lagoon manager so that the mouth may be opened soon after
                 closure.

                 3. The freshwater marsh is designed to require a minimum of maintenance.
                 However, pipes and gates will need periodic repair and replacement. The levee
                 should require little maintenance outside of vegetation removal along its top.

                 The lagoon manager will need to operate the marsh by overseeing the function of
                 the water diversion and monitoring of freshwater levels and performance of
                 flapgates. The lagoon manager will need to decide when the freshwater marsh
                 requires draining or flooding with salt water to control plant growth or
                 achieve habitat management goals. In any case, the manager
                 representing DFG will set the management goals for the freshwater marsh and
                 carry them out by manipulating the system of tidegates and water intakes.

                                                       156

                                                          Tabl e 23
                                              Operation and Maintenance Costs

                    Plan Element            Task                  Cost                   Freauency

                    Overall manage-    Oversight and         $60,000/yearly                   over-
                    ment of lagoon     maintenance of        for full time        sight; perfor-
                                       fencing, fresh-       manager; only        mance and over-
                                       water marsh,          a part-time          sight of maint-
                                       Least Tern            manager may be       enance activities
                                       nesting sites,        required             as needed
                                       sediment
                                       facilities,
                                       monitoring of
                                       lagoon, patrol-
                                       ling reserve

                    Lagoon Channel     Clearance of          $1000/Clearance      Possibly once in
                                       cobbles and                                thirty years or
                                       sand                                       more often; no
                                                                                  estimates are
                                                                                  available

                    Freshwater Marsh   Management of         not available at     Yearly manage-
                                       water levels and      this time            ment; replace-
                                       vegetation;                                ment of gates,
                                       maintenance of                             culverts, etc.,
                                       tidegates,                                 as needed
                                       water diversion
                                       structures, etc.

                    Least Tern sites   Removal of            $300-500/acre/       Yearly management
                                       vegetation,              year
                                       maintenance of
                                       sandy surface

                    Sediment Control   Cleaning and          Approximate          Average annual cost
                    Facilties (see     disposal of           $68,700              may vary each year
                    Table 20 for       sediment
                    more details)

                    Public Access      Repair and            Unknown,             Unknown,
                    Trail              replacement           until designs        trail will be
                                       of signs,             are completed,       designed with
                                       interpretive          estimate-            low maintenance
                                       facilites,            approximately        criteria
                                       water bars,           2% of constr-
                                       resurfacing           uction costs
                                       of trail              per year

                                                            157

                                                     Table 23 (continued)
                                         OReration and Maintenance Costs

                 Plan Element           Task                Cost                Frequency

                 Monitoring        Measurement of      $30,000-$50,000     Yearly program
                                   physical,
                                   chemical and
                                   biological
                                   parameters of
                                   enhanced lagoon

                                                      158

                   4. The lagoon manager will also be responsible for maintaining the Least Tern
                   nesting sites. Annual or semi-annual removal of weedy vegetation will be
                   needed to keep the nesting sites available for terns. This maintenance
                   activity requires a work crew and other sites in San Diego County have averaged
                   $300 to $500 per acre per year to maintain (DFG, pers comm). The fencing which
                   protects the nest sites will also require periodic maintenance and replacement.

                   5. The sediment control facilities outlined in Table 20 will require
                   maintenance. The annual cost for this maintenance will largely depend upon the
                   size of the storms each winter and whether erosion control practices are used
                   in the watershed. The cost estimates in Table 20 are based upon mean annual
                   sedimentation rates and give a range of maintenance cost figures. There are
                   some uncertainties in the estimation of mean annual sedimentation rates (see
                   discussion in Section II) and actual rates could vary considerably from
                   estimates. Since there is no reason to believe that sedimentation rates will
                   drop due to the implementation of BMPs, we recommend the use of the highest
                   figure of $68,700/year. The cost for cleaning the sediment traps and disposal
                   of the sediment used is $4.00/cubic yard and reflects current 1986 costs.
                   Future costs will rise with inflation. A factor of 3-5 percent per year or
                   higher should be applied to predict future maintenance costs. The $4.00/cubic
                   yard disposal figure also assumes that none of the sediment could be sold for
                   beach replenishment or other uses.

                   6. The public access trail will be designed to require a minimum of
                   maintenance. Since the final design for the trail is not yet complete, it is
                   not possible to predict maintenance costs. But a general estimated based on
                   other areas is about 2% of the construction costs per year for maintenance.
                   For the east basin, the path will consist of a crushed stone trail and the
                   existing dirt road as well as several interpretive stations. Occasionally,
                   some repair of the trail and replacement of stone, water bars, culverts,
                   railings or signs could be needed. Gates, interpretive signs and any restroom
                   facilities would need to be maintained. The western portion of the trail could
                   require greater maintenance due to the need for boardwalks and/or bridges.
                   Planks and railings could need to be replaced and wood boardwalks would need
                   occasional painting or weatherproofing. No estimates for these tasks is
                   available at this time. The landowners or homeowners associations owning the
                   trails could be responsible for their maintenance. However, the local
                   jurisdiction or a public agency or non-profit foundation could decide'to take
                   over this task (see Section V for further discussion).

                   Monitoring Program

                   Monitoring of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the lagoon
                   is mandatory to determine the effect of the enhancement and provide insight for
                   future enhancement projects. A monitoring program would periodically review
                   the physical contours of the lagoon, record the chemical condition of the water
                   and census the benthic organisms, fish and bird species in the lagoon. The
                   overall purpose of the program is to review changes in these characters of -the
                   lagoon and record the condition of the various floral and faunal components of
                   the lagoon over time. Very specific questions should be posed and answered by
                   the monitoring program to evaluate the enhancement project in depth. These
                   questions could include:

                                                        159

                     -Recording bottom contours of the lagoon and their changes for evaluation of
                     siltation, tidal erosion and movement of sediments;

                     -Installation of stream flow and sediment gauges on San Marcos and Encinitas
                     Creek to assess sediment transport rates and possible relative increases or
                     decreases to particular changes in channel morphology or land developments;

                     -Measuring of basic water quality parameters to set a background chemical
                     picture and evaluate lagoon water quality changes and the relationship to
                     any changes observed in particular floral or faunal elements;

                     -Analysis of marsh plant species composition and its changes in time
                     following project construction;

                     -Evaluation of the rates of re-colonization of intertidal and subtidal zones.
                     by benthic organisms and measurements of the change in species diversity and
                     numbers over time;

                     -Analysis of fish species diversity and numbers and the use of the lagoon as
                     a nursery ground area, a feeding area for adult fish and other functions;

                     -Census of bird species, both migratory and resident, to record changes in
                     use over time. The census of migratory species should be coordinated with
                     similar studies at other coastal wetlands to allow for a regional
                     comparison;

                     -Surveys of nes ting endangered species and use of the lagoon by endangered
                     species.

                 There are numerous other questions which could be asked and answered by a
                 monitoring program as well.

                 It is our recommendation that wetland scientists, such as those involved in the
                 Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory at Tijuana Estuary, and biologists from
                 the Corps, Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and
                 National Marine Fisheries Service evaluate the specific features of the lagoon
                 requiring monitoring.

                 INTERMITTENT TIDAL ALTERNATIVE

                 Under this alternative, the lagoon would receive tidal flows on an intemittent
                 rather than a continuous basis. The plan for this alternative would employ a
                 greater amount of maintenance of the lagoon channel and less initial dredging
                 than the three fully tidal alternatives. The management of tidal flows into
                 the lagoon would be based on maximizing migratory bird habitat.

                 The Conservancy received several requests to include this additional
                 alternative in the Enhancement Plan. We have described the concept of an
                 intermittent tidal system. However, this alternative has not received the
                 detailed analysis of the other three tidal alternatives.

                                                       160

                    Alternative Four Limited Dredging Plan

                    Under this alternative, the lagoon would be dredged but to a lesser degree than
                    under Alternative Three. The middle and western basins would be similar to
                    Alternative Three in their composition of subtidal and intertidal habitats.
                    Dredging of the eastern basin would maximize the intertidal area. Only enough
                    dredging would be completed to deepen the lagoon to create intertidal
                    elevations below the vegetated marsh area and a narrow subtidal/flood control
                    channel. This channel would extend from the mouth of San Marcos Creek to the
                    1-5 bridge and could'be as narrow as 50-100 feet. The channel would be dredged
                    to -6.0 feet MSL and would have side slopes of 1:6. The remaining area of the
                    dredging zone, about 250-260 acres, would be dredged at a nearly flat contour
                    to an intertidal zone with.elevations of -2.5 feet to +2.5 feet MSL. This
                    configuration represents a minimum dredging plan for the lagoon.

                    The habitat acreages would total:

                             Salt marsh                                                 141 acres
                             Freshwater marsh                                            33 acres
                             Least Tern sites                                            34 acres
                             Subtidal/deep water (-2.5 ft to -8.0 ft)                 35-45 acres
                             Intertidal/shallow water (-2.5 ft to +2.5 ft)          338-348 acres

                    The potential mean tidal prism created by this alternative would be 30 million
                    cubic feet and the potential mean diurnal tidal prism would be 40 million cubic
                    feet. The hydrologic function of the lagoon under this system would differ
                    from a continuously tidal system. Due to the smaller tidal prism, the lagoon
                    mouth would close periodically as the channel filled with sand from ocean
                    waves. There is no assured method to predict how often the channel would
                    close; however, this alternative would lie within the "frequently closed"        area
                    of Figure 7. The modeling results indicate that with a smaller tidal prism,
                    the low water elevation in the lagoon would not alter significantly from the
                    level outside the lagoon. This feature is due to the smaller tidal prism which
                    would drain out at low tide.

                    Once the mouth was closed, the-drag bucket channel maintenenace system could be
                    used to clear the lagoon mouth. This system can only be operated during calm
                    seas so a series of winter storms could prevent the lagoon mouth from being re
                    opened for several weeks. During the time the lagoon mouth was closed,
                    freshwater from storms could fill the lagoon as it presently does. Very large
                    storms would probably cause the mouth to open due to the large volume of water
                    in the lagoon. If the mouth did not open naturally or was not opened
                    mechanically, rising lagoon water levels could pose flood problems along San
                    Marcos Creek.

                    It is difficult to predict how the lagoon would function under this system.
                    When the mouth remains open, a tidal system would be created. The intertidal
                    mudflats and subtidal channel would be colonized by marine invertebrates and
                    fish species as described for the tidal alternatives. These invertebrates and
                    fish provide a consistent food base for migratory birds using the lagoon.
                    However, when the mouth closes, the water quality in the lagoon would change
                    depending upon how long the mouth remains closed and in what season. During

                                                            161

                 winter storms of moderate size, it is probable the mouth could close due to
                 strong wave action, but freshwater inflows to the lagoon would not be great
                 enough to scour the channel. The lagoon would then change from a marine system
                 to a brackish to nearly freshwater system. The marine invertebrates and fish
                 which had colonized the lagoon would be killed by this shift in salinity
                 levels. Depending upon how long the lagoon remains closed, a brackish water
                 fauna of invertebrates could develop over a period of months. More likely,
                 however, the lagoon would be reopened to a tidal system before a true brackish
                 system could develop. In add1tion to a change in salinity and water quality,
                 water depths in the lagoon could be variable. The lagoon could fill with
                 freshwater to create water depths of 8-12 feet over the lower intertidal and
                 subtidal area.    A closure of the lagoon mouth during summer months could
                 result in hypersaline conditions. Closure during summer and fall would result
                 in a drying out of the upper intertidal and salt marsh areas. If salinity
                 levels become too extreme (50 ppt.) the marine invertebrates and fish could die
                 or greatly decrease in numbers.

                 During mouth closure, all the fine sediments which enter the lagoon during a
                 storm would be deposited in the lagoon. The proposed sediment management
                 system can only catch heavy sediment in basins; fine sediment can be carried
                 out to sea on the tide. However, the combination of mouth closure with
                 freshwater and sediment inflow could result in substantial filling of the
                 lagoon over time.

                 There are two local examples of these types of changes in a lagoon system. Los
                 Penasquitos Lagoon in the City of San Diego has been closed to continuous tidal
                 action for many years. This lagoon has a large watershed and it often floods
                 during winter storms and the mouth may open naturally. The mouth rarely stays
                 open more than a few days. As part of an enhancement project, the lagoon mouth
                 periodically was opened with a bulldozer and a year-long monitoring program
                 measuring water quality, benthic invertebrates, fish and bird populations was
                 conducted (Greenwald and Britton, 1987). This monitoring program found that
                 following the intermittent mouth openings in the winter and spring, the lagoon
                 was rapidly.colonized by marine invertebrates and fish. During summer and
                 fall, once the mouth closed, the water gradually became more hypersaline
                 resulting in a drastic lowering of fish and invertebrates species diversity and
                 numbers. The greatest change in the system came following a fall rainstorm
                 when the lagoon flooded with freshwater. This sudden drop in salinity killed
                 most of the marine invertebrates and fish which had colonized the lagoon. The
                 overall effect of this die-off on the birds using the lagoon was unclear. The
                 recommendation of this monitoring study was to prolong the tidal inflows to the
                 lagoon to create a more stable and diverse system.

                 A second, more intensively studied example comes from Tijuana Estuary. Tijuana
                 Estuary is a National Estuarine Research Reserve on the California/Mexico
                 border. Scientists from San Diego State University have monitored various
                 components of the estuary for many years (Nordby, 1987). This estuary has been
                 open to continuous tidal action for a number of years and closes infrequently.
                 However, in January, 1983, high tides and surf closed the estuary mouth. The
                 mouth was subsequently dredged and closed again in April, 1984. Monitoring of
                 benthic invertebrates, fish and water quality over this entire period found
                 that, following closure, water salinities elevated to greater than 100 ppt.

                                                       162

                   Nearly all the intertidal invertebrates were killed and several fish species
                   were no longer found. Over several years, fish populations were shown to be
                   affected by the mouth closure with low relative abundance of some species. The
                   invertebrate populations showed the effects of the die-off 18-24 months after
                   the closure and reopening and had not recovered to the density and size classes
                   of pre-closure conditions (Nordby, 1987). The overall recommendations of this
                   study were to "maintain tidal flushing while minimizing the frequency of
                   maintenance dredge operations" and to maintain an open estuary mouth to insure
                   the health of the system.

                   If Alternative Four is implemented, maintaining an open channel mouth may be
                   difficult. The drag bucket system requires mobilization of equipment and
                   personnel and up to several days operation to clear the channel. It can not be
                   operated under even moderately heavy seas and when in operation is a safety
                   hazard to ocean swimmers. Therefore, the beach area would have to be closed or
                   continuously patrolled during operation. Despite these constraints, it may be
                   possible to re-open the lagoon channel promptly following closure if all             V
                   conditions are right.

                   As with the other tidal alternatives, the features of the operation and
                   maintenance program would remain the same, land ownership, sediment control,
                   monitoring and construction methods would be similar to the previous
                   discussion.

                   No Project Alternative

                   The No Project Alternative would leave the lagoon in  its present state with no
                   enhancement. The lagoon would continue to function as a seasonal wetland and
                   be dependent upon freshwater inflows for its primary water source. The water
                   quality problems which currently exist would continue. Probably the greatest
                   change which would occur, barring any other enhancement proposals, would be the
                   slow filling of the lagoon with sediment. Given present sedimentation rates,
                   our estimates show the entire lagoon will fill to the +4.0 foot MSL elevation
                   in 30-50 years. Any inc 'reases in sedimentation due to watershed development
                   would shorten the lagoon's lifespan. During the time the lagoon is filling in,
                   it will change from a salt marsh/salt flat dominated basin to a shallower water
                   area with a larger marsh area. This trend is demonstrated by the continued
                   growth of the vegetated delta at the mouth of San Marcos and Encinitas Creek
                   As the elevation of the marsh increases with the deposition of new sediment,
                   riparian trees and upland will become prominent. Eventually, the shallow water
                   areas will be completely filled in. Any activities in the watershed to lower
                   sedimentation rates would prolong the life of the lagoon.

                                                        163

                 IV. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

                 INTRODUCTION

                 Once constructed, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project will be one of the
                 largest and most costly habitat enhancement projects ever undertaken. It will
                 require a number of permits, agency agreements, landowner agreements and the
                 establishment of several funding mechanisms. This section outlines and
                 discusses the steps which must occur before construction may begin on the
                 project, the steps which will follow and what alternative funding mechanisms
                 are available. The general implementation strategy is summarized below and the
                 remainder of this section discusses each feature in detail.

                 Overview

                 All three of the tidal alternatives are estimated to cost between eight and
                 fifteen million dollars to design, construct and provide for an operation and
                 maintenance fund. It is only possible to implement a project of this magnitude
                 because the lagoon is able to serve a dual purpose. Implementation of this
                 plan would provide mitigation credits to the Port of Los Angeles and the
                 Pacific-Texas Pipeline Company (PacTex). These two entities have proposed a
                 landfill project in the Port of Los Angeles to create a terminal for an oil
                 pipeline. The site they plan to fill is presently a subtidal habitat with
                 certain values to fish, benthic animals and birds. Under the permit processes
                 for Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and the California Coastal Act, the Port
                 and PacTex must re-create or mitigate for the habitat they plan to fill. The
                 ratio at which they compensate for the fill is determined by the Corps of
                 Engineers, the three Resource Agencies (Department of Fish and Game [DFG],
                 National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS], and U.S Fish and Wildlife Service
                 [FWS]), and the Coastal Commission through the permit review process. These
                 same agencies also determine where the mitigation may take place and what types
                 of habitats the Port and PacTex may create and receive mitigation credits.

                 As discussed in Section III (Enhancement Plan Process), the three Resource
                 Agencies identified Batiquitos Lagoon as an appropriate site for Port and
                 PacTex mitigation and determined the acreages of habitat types needed to
                 conserve the current habitat values at the lagoon. Additional habitat values
                 which could be created by an enhancement project could become credits for the
                 Port and PacTex to use in mitigating for landfills in the Port area. The
                 habitat values and credit system are numerically determined through the use of
                 the Habitat Evaluation Procedure, or HEP process, and are usually determined by
                 the three Resource Agencies.

                 The main agreement to implement both the PacTex fill project and the Batiquitos
                 Lagoon Enhancement project is a Mitigation Agreement (MA) among the various
                 government agencies who must approve the project. The agencies who must sign
                 the MA are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Fish and Game,
                 State Lands Commission, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and National
                 Marine Fisheries Service. This agreement is a required attachment to both the
                 Corps' 404 Permit and the Coastal Development Permit for the PacTex landfill
                 project. These two permitting agencies must approve the conditions of the MA.

                                                      164

                  In addition to the MA, a number of other agreements and actions must occur
                  before the enhancement project can go forward. These include: transfer of
                  private lands in the lagoon enhancement area to the State Lands Commission;
                  conservation easements over the sediment basin sites on Encinitas and San
                  Marcos Creek; a conservation easement over the riparian corridor on Green
                  Valley; an agreement with the State Department of Parks and Recreation allowing
                  for construction and maintenance of a permanent open channel through the beach
                  and for disposal of sand spoils on state property; an agreement with the County
                  of San Diego to allow construction of the lagoon channel on their property;
                  review of utility easements crossing the lagoon and relocation or protection of
                  utilities as necessary; encroachment permits from CalTrans; any agreements.
                  necessary to implement the spoils disposal methods once they are determined;
                  and certification of a final EIR/EIS for the project.

                  The Port and PacTex will not be involved in funding or constructing any public
                  access improvements at the lagoon nor will they be involved in implementing the
                  non-structural erosion control measures. These two plan features are also
                  discussed herein.

                  The following discussion outlines the steps necessary to implement an
                  enhancement project and the agencies responsible for various actions and the
                  funding sources. This information is outlined in Table 24.

                  PROJECT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

                  The enhancement plan contains several a conceptual plans for the lagoon. It is
                  based on the best data currently available but several design issues are still
                  unresolved. Additional studies are needed to complete engineering plans for
                  construction of the lagoon project. An Environemental Impact Report (EIR) must
                  also be prepared on the enhancement project before it can go forward.

                  Institutional Arrangements

                  While the Port of Los Angeles has recognized its responsibility to fund these
                  preliminary studies and project construction, they have stated their
                  unwillingness to be the primary implementing agency for the project. They
                  prefer that another state or local agency take on this responsibility to
                  oversee. and carry out the necessary studies and construct the project.

                  After several rounds of negotiations, a system of responsibility has been
                  worked out. The City of Carlsbad has agreed to serve as the implementing
                  agency for the lagoon project. In this capacity it will: 1) hire consultants,
                  2) oversee completion of the needed studies; 3) prepare engineering plans; 4)
                  gain the necessary permits, approval, agreements and easements; 5) award the
                  construction bids; 6) oversee construction of the project; and 7) assure that
                  the final constructed product is consistent with the enhancement plan and any
                  amendments to the Enhancement Plan agreed to by all parties. The City began
                  the needed engineering and environmental studies in June, 1987.

                  The Corps of Engineers will complete a seperate EIS to fulfill its requirements
                  under NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act. The Corps will prepare,
                  circulate, take public comments and certify the EIS.

                                                        165

                  Preliminary Studies

                  As discussed in Section III, there are a number of additional studies and tests
                  required before the project can proceed to the construction phase. These.
                  include:

                     1)   Environmental Impact Report (EIRVEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS)
                          An EIR/EIS must be done to determine the effects of the project,
                          including the short-term effects of construction, and to identify
                          needed mitigation measures. The findings of the EIR/EIS will determine
                          the preferred environmental alternative for enhancement of the lagoon.
                          The City of Carlsbad will act as lead agency for the EIR and the Corps
                          of Engineers will act as lead agency for the EIS.

                     2)   Soils Testing, Preliminary Engineering and Determination of
                          Construction Methods.
                          A Very preliminary review of construction methods for an enhancement
                          project are outlined in this plan. Before these methods can be
                          definately determined, the sediments in the lagoon bottom which are to
                          be dredged must be tested. Elutriate, bioassay, grain size coring
                          (east basin only) and soil engineering tests are needed. These tests
                          will determine the exact amounts of the various size materials (sand
                          vs. clay and silt) to be disposed of and whether any toxins or heavy
                          metals occur in significant quantities in the spoils. This information
                          is necessary to identify a spoils disposal sch.-me.

                          Preliminary engineering studies are needed to identify the costs and
                          schedule for various methods of construction and the various
                          alternatives. The findings of these studies will then be evaluated as
                          part of the EIR/EIS and a preferred alternative chosen. Preliminary
                          engineering studies are also needed to determine what type of
                          protective measures are necessary for the Highway 101 bridge, railroad
                          bridge and 1-5 bridge. There is a large natural gas line which crosses
                          the western lagoon (see Figure G) which must either be relocated or
                          protected during construction. Engineering studies should address
                          these isssues and determine if there are any other impediments to
                          project construction. These preliminary studies are currently underway
                          (July, 1987).

                     3)   Permits and Agreements
                          Once the City of Carlsbad certifies the final EIR, they may apply for a
                          Section 404 Permit from the Corps and a Coastal Development Permit from
                          the Coastal Commission. The permitting agencies will review these
                          applications, evaluate them against their policies, issue public
                          notices, take comments, hold public hearings (mandatory by the Coastal
                          Commission, upon request by the Corps) and render a decision.

                          A permit from the Air Resources Control Board may be required in order
                          to construct the project. The need for this permit will be determined
                          by the construction methods used and mitigation measured will be
                          outlined in the EIR/EIS.

                                                         166

                           The City must also apply for an operating permit to construct the
                           project on state property. Since both the.State Lands Commission  and
                           the Department of Fish and Game (who will become the major owners of
                           the lagoon) are parties to the MA, no special operating agreements will
                           be necessary for these two agencies. However, the Department of Parks
                           and Recreation must grant the City permission to:

                                1) dispose of any dredge spoils on their beaches or use the beach
                                for a haul road or other construction use;

                                2) cut a lagoon channel through,any part of the State Park
                                property., line it with riprap and fence it. This channel will
                                separate the beach into two sections and separate access from
                                Highway 101 must be available to each side to allow for lifeguard
                                and maintenance patrols. Resolution of this specific issue will
                                be evaluated in the EIR/EIS. The channel will also change water
                                velocities and currents in the ocean immediately-adjacent to the
                                lagoon mouth. A restriction on swimming in this area may be
                                required;

                                3) install the proposed offshore block and tackle and drag-bucket
                                system and to operate this system. When operating, this system
                                poses a safety'hazard for swimmers. There is also a need to be
                                able to set up and operate this system as soon as possible after
                                the lagoon mouth closes. The City and Department of Fish and
                                Game, as part of the operating agreement, must negotiate a method
                                of installing and using this system which is agreeable to the
                                Parks Department.

                           The County of San Diego presently owns a 2.4 acre parcel at the mouth
                           of the lagoon. The City will need to secure an agreement from it
                           allowing for permanent use of the land as a constructed lagoon opening.
                           For liability and other reasons, the best solution would be for the
                           County to transfer the title of this parcel.to the State Lands
                           Commission for inclusion in the Batiquitos Lagoon Ecological Reserve
                           and management by the Department of Fish and Game. If this transfer
                           cannot be accomplished, the Department of Fish and Game will need a
                           long-term agreement with the County to allow for maintenance of the
                           lagoon channel and the City will need an agreement to allow
                           construction.

                           The spoils disposal program outlined in the preliminary engineering
                           studies and EIR/EIS could require a number of permits depending upon
                           its features. Some possibilities are: 1) temporary spreading of the
                           silt and clay spoils on adjacent private lands which will require
                           license agreements with each landowner specifying allowable uses of
                           land, liability, schedule of removal, etc.; 2) agreements with local
                           landfill operators to accept a certain amount of spoils; 3) a permit
                           from the Environmental Protection Agency for ocean disposal; and 4) an
                           agreement with private landowners to permanently accept spoils as non-
                           structural or landscape fill. As part of the preliminary engineering,
                           the City of Carlsbad must secure the proper type of agreement(s) to

                                                        167

                         allow for the specific method of disposal to be used.

                         Depending upon final engineering drawings and construction methods, an
                         Encroachment Permit from CalTrans may be needed. This permit allows
                         for passage through and construction in a CalTrans right-of-way. For
                         example,.any fortification of the 1-5 or Highway 101 bridges would
                         require an Encroachment Permit.

                         Construction of the s6diment basins at Pireaus and Eolus at 1-5
                         definitely will require Encroachment Permits from CalTrans, both for
                         construction and maintenance.

                         The City must obtain either a conservation easement or fee title to the
                         areas proposed for sediment basins on San Marcos Creek, and Encinitas
                         Creek. Due to the level of construction and maintenance, a license
                         agreement with these landowners will not be adequate. Once a
                         conservation easement or fee title is gained, it should be transfered
                         either to the State Lands Commission or the Department of Fish and
                         Game. In addition, a conservation easement should be recorded, in
                         favor of the City, for the riparian corridor on Encinitas Creek in
                         Green Valley to permanently protect this portion of the stream and
                         retain its sediment holding function.

                         A stream alteration permit from the Department of Fish and Game will be
                         required prior to construction of the sediment basins on Encinitas and
                         San Marcos Creek.

                         The City, as implementing agency, would be responsible for gaining all
                         these approvals and agreements. In any instance where maintenence is
                         involved, the Department of Fish and Game should be party to the
                         agreement as well.

                    4)   Engineerinq Plans
                         The City's engineering consultants will prepare very detailed
                         engineering plans to guide the construction of the project. These
                         plans will outline'exact dredging contours; fortification measures for
                         bridges and pipelines; diagrams for the freshwater marsh levee,
                         sediment basins, and lagoon channel, and a spoils disposal program.
                         The three Resources Agencies will review and comment on these plans
                         when they are completed. Because these plans are the working drawings
                         for construction of the enhanced lagoon, their accuracy and conformance
                         to the enhancement plan are essential to a successful project.

                    5)   Construction
                         The City will evaluate contractor bids for the dredging project once
                         the engineering plans are completed. Construction of the project will
                         involve dredging of the lagoon, construction of the freshwater marsh,
                         construction of the sediment basins and weir, creation of the Least
                         Tern islands, the lagoon channel, and other features.

                         Once construction is completed, the Resource Agencies, Port of L.A.,
                         Corps and Coastal Commission must certify the project is complete and

                                                      168

                           in conformance with permit requirements. Differences between the final
                           project and the permitted project must be rectified between the City
                           and these parties or corrected.

                   TRANSFER OF LAGOON LAND OWNERSHIP

                   There are a number of issues and events which must take place regarding the
                   transfer of lands within the lagoon from private parties to the State of
                   California.

                   One of the functions of the State Lands Commission is to oversee the use of    the
                   tide and submerged lands of the state. They have made a determination that
                   because the Port of Los Angeles derives its funds from use of state tide and
                   submerged lands granted to the Port by the Legislature, that these funds can
                   only be spent upon state lands. Therefore, the lands within the lagoon must      be
                   transfered to the State Lands Commission before any Port funds can be expended
                   on the project. The lands in question are owned by Hunt Properties Inc. and
                   Mitsuuchi (see Figure F).

                   The State Lands Commission has determined that the transfer of these lands may
                   take several forms:

                      1)   Transfer the fee title of the property. Landowners who are not
                           required by any permit to dedicate their property may receive
                           substantial tax benefits for a contribution;

                      2)   Dedication of a broad conservation easement which restricts all    uses of
                           the land to those consistent with resource enhancement and which allows
                           for construction and maintenance of a lagoon enhancement project,
                           followed by dedication of the fee title upon final action on the
                           owners' development permit application;

                      3)   Placement of the land title in an escrow account jointly established by
                           the landowner and State Lands Commission with transfer of the title to
                           the state occuring at such time as either:

                                a) the owners' development application for adjacent lands receives
                                final action; or

                                b) the permits for the enhancment project are received;

                           Whichever action occurs first would trigger the transfer.

                   At the present time, neither of the other landowners, HPI or Mitsuuchi, have
                   fulfilled any of the three alternatives listed above. A fourth alternative,
                   condemnation of the property by the local government, City of Carlsbad, is a
                   last resort possibility and has not been reviewed fully or approved by the
                   State Lands Commission.

                   Once transferred into escrow, the State Lands Commission must vote to accept
                   the land dedications. Theselands then become sovereign lands of the State of
                   California. Unlike other categories of state-owned property, sovereign lands

                                                         169

                 cannot be deemed surplus by the Legislature and sold. The lagoon lands would
                 be held in state ownership permanently.

                 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

                 As currently proposed, the Department of Fish and Game would operate and
                 maintain the completed lagoon project. Since the State Lands Commission would
                 own the lagoon lands, they will lease the property to the Department of Fish
                 and Game for a period of 49 years at a time. The lagoon would be managed by
                 DFG as an Ecological Reserve for the explicit purpose of preserving in
                 perpetuity the.fish and wildlife habitat values created by the enhancement
                 project.

                 The three Resource Agencies have stated that it is the Port/PacTex's
                 responsibility to fund operation and maintenance of the lagoon for the life of
                 the landfill project. In other terms, since the enhanced lagoon will serve as
                 mitigation for the complete and permanent loss of habitat within the Port, the
                 lagoon must be kept in its enhanced state for the same amount of time that the
                 landfill remains in place. The life of the landfill project is estimated in
                 the hundred year or greater range. For our purposes, this time frame
                 represents a "permanent" status.

                 Operation and maintenance activities are outlined in Section III and
                 preliminary cost estimates are given. The responsibility for funding and
                 method of funding operation and maintenance activities is outlined in the MA.

                 Briefly, there are two accounts which would be established:

                     1. At the completion of construction, an annuity would be purchased by the
                     Port/PacTex which will provide $200,000 a year to DFG for maintenance of the
                     lagoon. This sum would be deposited in an escrow account accessible to DFG
                     and available only for maintenance of Batiquitos Lagoon. All the costs for
                     lagoon maintenance listed in Section III are average annual costs and in the
                     case of sediment control costs, can vary greatly depending upon the size of
                     storms and conditions in the watershed. Whatever portion of the $200,000
                     remains each year would be retained by DFG to be used in years when
                     maintenance costs are higher. The annuity would have a life of 30 years and
                     its initial cost will take inflation into account.

                     2. At the completion of construction an investment account would be created
                     by Port/PacTex. An initial sum would be placed in this investment account
                     and allowed to compound interest during the 30 year period in which the
                     annuity is used. At the end of the 30 year period, the total amount of the
                    ,investment account would be transferred to the escrow account. This escrow,
                     which would then hold any remaining funds from the annuity and the entire
                     amount of the investment account, should provide enough funds for on-going
                     lagoon maintenance. The cost of the initial investment fund must take into
                     account inflation adjusted future costs.

                 Monitoring

                 The Department of Fish and Game would monitor the lagoon for a period of 5

                                                       170

                   years following construction as part of the operation and maintenance program.
                   Monitoring is essential in a project this size to provide an objective
                   information base for decision makers on future mitigation and enhancement
                   projects.

                   Under the Coastal Development Permit for the PacTex fill (Special Conditions
                   2B), Port/PacTex is required to complete a monitoring program for the lagoon.
                   The exact parameters of this program-are not outlined. Both the Commission and
                   Corps staff have stated that the program should monitor biological and chemical
                   changes at the lagoon as well as the physical changes. The Coastal Development
                   Permit also requires "a mechanism to ensure that restoration efforts are
                   successful." According to the Commission staff, "success" is meant to apply to
                   the biological habitat values created by the project, not just the creation of
                   certain dredged contours. Therefore, to fulfill these conditions and determine
                   whether the restoration effort is successful or not will require implementation
                   of a monitoring program by the Port/PacTex. Once monitoring data are compiled,
                   an estimation of success may be made and if the project is not functioning as
                   expected, the "mechanism" to ensure its success can be formulated. Without a
                   thorough monitoring program, there will be no basis upon which to establish
                   "success" and fulfill these specific conditions, These requirements will be
                   further reviewed when the Coastal Commission considers the Mitigation Agreement
                   and Enhancement Plan prior to releasing the PacTex fill permit.

                   SEDIMENT CONTROL FACILITIES

                   The plan proposes two types of measures for controlling sediment entering the
                   lagoon -- structural and non-structural measures. The implementation of each
                   of these measures requires distinctly different actions

                   Structural Control Measures

                   Section III of the plan outlines the need for four sediment basins and
                   protection of the Encinitas Creek riparian corridor.

                   The four sediment basins described in,the structural control measures section
                   of the plan will be funded by the Port of Los Angeles/PacTex as part of the
                   lagoon enhancement project. These basins will be maintained by the Department
                   of Fish and Game as part,of the Ecological Reserve. In their implementation of
                   the project, the City of Carlsbad will have to gain a conservation easement
                   over the private lands at the site of the Encinitas and San Marcos Creek
                   basins. The City must gain CalTrans approval for the installation of
                   facilities on the drainage ditches at Eolus and Piraeus bordering 1-5. The
                   City will need to record a conservation easement over the riparian corridor on
                   Encinitas Creek in Green Valley and condition adjacent development accordingl
                   to fully protect its sediment retention function.

                   The other basins pictured in Figure I are either already built or are proposed
                   as part of another development project. The Sammis Properties development
                   which includes one new basin has received its tentative map approval and all
                   needed permits and will begin construction this year. The HPI development
                   project, which proposes three new basins, has just begun the'environmental
                   review process. Should this project not go forward, the enhancement plan

                                                        171

                  should be amended to allow construction of these basins as part of the
                  enhancement project. All the basins which are currently in place appear to be
                  functioning properly with the exception of the basin on Saxony Road. This
                  basin is oversized and is causing downstream bank erosion and gullying. The
                  inlets and outlets of the basin should be changed or other measures taken by
                  the owner to correct this problem.

                  Non-Structural Control Measures

                  Joint Powers Committee

                  Presently, there is no single jurisdiction or government agency which has
                  control over the lagoon watershed. In order to create a forum for discussion
                  of watershed issues and cooperative action between the four jurisdictions, a
                  Joint Powers Committee should form. The Committee would be advisory in nature
                  and two council members/supervisors from each city and the county would sit on
                  the Committee. A staff member from the planning and engineering departments of
                  each city would attend meetings as well as representatives from the Department
                  of Fish and Game, Army Corps of Engineers, and other interested parties. The
                  Committee would work toward implementing erosion control measures in the
                  Batiquitos Lagoon watershed.

                  This concept has worked successfully in the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed where
                  a Joint Powers Committee has advised the three cities in that watershed on
                  erosion issues. The Conservancy helped to form this committee and would assist
                  in forming one for the Batiquitos Lagoon watershed.
                  The next action needed to implement better erosion control in the watershed is
                  the revision of existing erosion control ordinances in the cities of
                  Encinitas/Carlsbad and San Marcos and San Diego County as outlined in the
                  watershed plan. Additional changes in administrative procedures to require
                  better erosion control measures should be implemented by the local
                  jurisdiction. These are discussed in the Watershed Plan

                  Agricultural Resource Management Practices

                  Typically, the Resource Management Practices (RMPs) outlined in this plan would
                  be implemented on agricultural lands by the voluntary actions of landowners.
                  These RMPs have been promulgated to farmers by the Soil Conservation Service
                  for at least the last thirty years. While some farmers may be utilizing some
                  of these practices, it is our observation that this is generally unheeded
                  advice. Therefore, in the absence of voluntary use of such practices, it is up
                  to the local jurisdictions to decide if an ordinance is needed to implement
                  Resource Management Practices on agricultural lands in the watershed. It seems
                  particularly unfair to require erosion control practices for developing land
                  while equally bad erosion problems go unregulated on agricultural lands.

                  If such an ordinance is deemed desirable by local jurisdictions, the ordinance
                  should contain provisions requiring the following actions:

                                                       172

                      1)   Each landowner should file a soil erosion plan designed by either the
                           Soil Conservation Service or a registered civil engineer. The plan
                           should outline the locations of erosion control measures to be
                           implemented on the site and a description of how the specific
                           agricultural use will be practiced in conformance with these measures
                           (conservation tillage, cover crops, etc.). This plan shall be filed
                           with the local engineering department and revised to meet their
                           comments.

                      2)   The City Engineer or staff should periodically inspect the site to
                           assure the plan is being enforced. Landowners found in violation of
                           their plans shall be notified and appropriate actions taken. Penalties
                           for non-compliance should be set by the local jurisdiction.

                   Floodplain Management

                   The criteria outlined  in the watershed plan can be implemented by the drafting
                   of an ordinance which  would regulate the manner in which stream channels can be
                   modified. The process for adoption of a new ordinance does not vary
                   considerably from the process for revising an ordinance outlined above.

                   The implementation of  these criteria through an ordinance is much preferred to
                   implementation by simple adoption of the watershed plan. The plan only serves
                   as a guideline to review of a development project by city staff. An ordinance
                   is a regulatory measure wh'ich requires compliance through the land development
                   process.

                   Stormwater Management

                   The criteria set for stormwater management would be implemented in the same way
                   as the floodplain management criter  ia (see Watershed Plan for details).

                   PUBLIC ACCESS

                   The public access program of the plan includes facilities along both the north
                   and south shores of the lagoon. Implementation of this program will require
                   actions by both public and private parties.

                   North Shore Trail

                   Beginning in the east at the trailhead, the Conservancy holds an open space
                   easement over the ten acre parcel owned by Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores.
                   This open space easement has provisions for a public access easement. A public
                   agency must accept and record the public access easement.

                   There are two likely candidates for accep  tance of the public open space
                   easements in the lagoon: The City of Carlsbad or the Batiquitos Lagoon
                   Foundation. Once either of these entities records the easement, the trail may
                   be improved and other facilities installed. We suggest that whichever entity
                   decides to accept the trail easement, it work with the Conservancy regarding
                   funding for needed access improvements.

                                                         173

                  The next section of the trail follows the existing dirt road through private
                  property held by Mitsuuchi and Murphy. The plan proposes no improvements in
                  this section. It is our understanding however, that the public has a
                  prescriptive right to use this road without a recorded public access easement.

                  The next section of the trail follows the road and the shoreline through the
                  HPI development. Depending upon the outcome of the City of Carlsbad and
                  Coastal Commission permit actions on this development, HPI may be required to
                  dedicate a public access eas6inent following this alignment. HPI may also be
                  required to construct and improve the trail and provide for its maintenance.
                  Once again, either the City of Carlsbad or the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation may
                  accept the access easement and, if HPI is not required to construct the trail,
                  either entity may apply for Conservancy funds to complete needed construction.
                  Review and approval by the Conservancy Board is required to obtain funding for
                  access improvements. Should the City or the Foundation install the access
                  improvements on the trail it would have to maintain the improvements.

                  The trail then follows the road onto the Savage property to Lagoon Lane. Once
                  again, the outcome of the Savage development proposal will largely determine
                  what type of action is required by public agencies to develop public access
                  facilities on this property.

                  The next section of the trail is located in the western lagoon and stretches
                  from the trailhead in the Sammis development to the corner of the lagoon
                  bordering 1-5. Sammis Properties, under their coastal permit, is required to
                  dedicate a public access easement and to construct this trail. An encroachment
                  permit from CalTrans may be needed to construct the viewing platform in the
                  eastern corner of this trail. Again, either the City of Carlsbad or the
                  Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation may accept the public access easement but, in this
                  case, Sammis Properties is required to construct the trail and provide for its
                  maintenance unless a public agency agrees to accept the maintenance
                  responsibility.

                  The final section of the trail stretches from the trailhead to Highway 101,
                  crossing over the railroad with a pedestrian bridge. The trail will follow the
                  blufftop and, under their coastal permit, Sammis Properties is required to
                  dedicate a public access easement and construct and maintain the trail. The
                  City of Carlsbad or Lagoon Foundation should accept the access easement for the
                  trail and may consider taking over the management as well. The bridge over the
                  railroad will be an expensive construction project, costing between $300,000 -
                  $500,000. Due to its large expense, it is possible that the Conserevancy Board
                  could consider funding for a portion of the bridge. However, Sammis
                  Properties would be required to construct all of the blufftop trail. They
                  should also pay for a portion or all of the bridge, as well as any interpretive
                  stations, benches, or other ammenities included in their plans. A permit from
                  the Public Utilities Commission and an agreement with Santa Fe Railway Company
                  will be needed prior to construction of the railroad bridge.

                  The two tentative trail alignments under 1-5 and under Highway 101 are not
                  proposed for implementation at this time. However, either the City of Carlsbad
                  or the Lagoon Foundation may investigate the costs and requirements for these
                  trails and begin the implementation process.

                                                       174

                  South Shore Facilities

                  The two access improvements suggested by the plan for the south shore of the
                  lagoon are: 1) a bike lane be provided during the widening of La Costa Avenue;
                  2) interpretive facilities be constructed at the CalTrans Park and Ride lot.

                  The City of Carlsbad is currently building a road widening project for La Costa
                  Boulevard which would include a bike lane and a sidewalk.

                  Interpretive facilities at the CalTrans lot could be installed through a
                  Conservancy grant to either the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation or the City  of
                  Carlsbad. An encroachment permit from CalTrans would be needed prior to
                  construction.

                  In summary,.the Conservancy proposes that either the City of Carlsbad or  the
                  Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation accept the offers to dedicate public access
                  easements on the Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores property and the Sammis
                  Property and, if required, those offered on the HPI and Savage property.
                  Depending upon permit requirements, public funds could be expended to build
                  access improvements where developers are not required to build them. The one
                  proposed exception is the railroad bridge on the Sammis Property where the high
                  cost of the bridge could be borne by both the developer and public funding upon
                  approval by the Conservancy Board.

                  Negotiations between various landowners, the Conservancy, the City of Carlsbad,
                  CalTrans, Santa Fe Railway Company, and the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation will
                  be forthcoming to implement the public access plan.

                                                        175

                                                       Tabl e 24

                                               Implementation Program
                                       BatiQuitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

         Implementation          Responsible                Funding               Actions
         Element                   Agency                   Source                Reguired

         LAGOON CONSTRUCTION

         Signing of              Port of L.A.,               N/A
         mitigation              City of Carlsbad,
         agreement               U.S. Fish and
         by all                    Wildlife Service
         parties                 National Marine
                                   Fisheries Service,
                                 Department of
                                   Fish and.Game,
                                 State Lands Commission

         Approval of             Coastal Commission          N/A                  1. The Coastal Commission
         Mitigation              Corps of Engineers                               final permit approval will
         Agreement by                                                             be held during a public
         Coastal                                                                  meeting; a public meeting
         Commission and                                                           is not necessary for the
         the Corps and                                                            Corps permit
         release of
         Pac/Tex permits

         Transfer of             State Lands Commission      N/A                  1. Owners may execute one
         lagoon land from                                                         of three different types
         private owners                                                           of agreements to begin
         to State of                                                              transfer process
         California

         Establishment           Port of L.A./PacTex         N/A                  1. Use of these accounts
         oF special              City of Carlsbad                                 is outlined in the
         accounts for                                                             Mitigation Agreement
         Batiquitos
         project

         Completion of           City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex           1. EIR and studies must
         EIR, preliminary                                                         evaluate condition and
         studies and                                                              constituents of lagoon
         preliminary                                                              bottom sediments, various
         engineering                                                              construction methods,
         study                                                                    spoils disposal methods,
                                                                                  channel safety issues,
                                                                                  short-term construction
                                                                                  impacts and beach access
                                                                                  issues amongst  others

                                                           176

                                                      Table 24 (continued)

                                               Implementation Program
                                       Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

         Implementation         Responsible                Funding             Actions
         Element                  Agency                   Source-             Reouired

         LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

                                                                               2. Preliminary engineering
                                                                               studies will.determine the
                                                                               need for bridge
                                                                               fortifications, need for
                                                                               relocation of gas pipeline
                                                                               which crosses lagoon and
                                                                               cost estimates for project
                                                                               construction
                                                                               3. Following CEQA
                                                                               procedures, the City of
                                                                               Carlsbad will certify the
                                                                               final EIR
                                Coastal Conservancy         N/A                4. Lagoon  enhancement plan
                                                                               will be amended if needed
                                                                               to incorporate changes in
                                                                               project resulting
                                                                               from EIR/EIS
         Completion of          Corps of Engineers Port of LA/PacTex
         EIS

         Permit                 City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. City will apply for
         applications                                                          Coastal Development Permit
         and agreements                                                        and Army Corps of
         required for                                                          Engineers permit, Air
         Quality project                                                       permit and any additional
                                                                               permits required for
                                                                               disposal of,dredge spoils
                                                                               2. City must negotiate:
                                                                               a) operating agreement wit
                                                                              Dept. of Parks and
                                                                              Recreation
                                                                              b) long-term operating
                                                                              agreement or transfer of
                                                                              fee title for land at
                                                                              lagoon mouth held by County
                                                                              of San Diego
                                                                              c) encroachment permit from
                                                                              CalTrans
                                                                              d) agreements for disposal
                                                                              of clay/silt dredge spoils
                                                                              on private lands
                                                                              e) 1601 stream alteration

                                                        177

                                                     Table 24 (continued)

                                              Implementation Program
                                      Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

        Implementation          Responsible               Funding              Actions
        Element                   Agency                  Source               Reguired

        LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

                                                                               agreement with DFG for
                                                                               construction of sediment
                                                                               basins
                                                                               f) conservation easements
                                                                               or title title to land for
                                                                               sediment basins on San
                                                                               Marcos and Encinitas Creek
                                                                              and over the riparian
                                                                              corridor in Green Valley on
                                                                              Encinitas Creek

        Preparation             City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. The three Resource
        of final                                                               Agencies must review and
        engineering                                                            approve engineering design
        specifications
        and bid documents

        Construction            City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex
        bids and letting
        of contracts

        Construction            City of Carlsbad,    Port of LA/PacTex         1. The three Resource
        of lagoon project                                                      Agencies, Coastal
                                                                               Commission, and Corps must
                                                                               certify the project
                                                                               complete and in accordance
                                                                               with permit requirements

        Deptartment of          Deptartment of       Port of LA/PacTex         1. Dept of Fish and Game
        Fish and Game             Fish and Game      Operation and             and State Lands Commission
        becomes                 State Lands           Maintenance              and must sign a 49 year
        operations                Commission           Account                 2. Yearly maintenance
        and                                                                    activities carried out
        maintenance
        agency for
        Batiquitos
        Lagoon

                                                         178

                                                      Table 24 (continued)

                                               Implementation Program
                                       Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

          Implementation         Responsible               Funding              Actions
          Element                  Agency                  Source               Reguired

          LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

          Monitoring             Deptartment of       Port of LA/PacTex         1. A monitoring program
          Program begins           Fish and Game      Operation and             is required as   part of the
                                 Scientific            Maintenance              Coastal Development Permit
                                   researchers          Account                 and Corps Permit
                                   interested in
                                   conducting
                                   additional
                                   studies

          STRUCTURAL SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES

          Construction of        City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. Land donation or
          sediment basins                                                       easement for basins
          outlined in                                                           on San Marcos and
          enhancement plan                                                      Encinitas Creek
                                                                                2. Agreement with CalTrans
                                                                                to modify cement channel t
                                                                               create Eolus and Piraeus
                                                                               basins
                                                                               3. Environmental review and
                                                                               construction for basins to
                                                                               be completed under
                                                                               contracts for lagoon
                                                                               enhancement project
                                                                               4. Maintenance will be per-
                                                                               formed by DFG with Port of
                                                                               LA/PacTex funding

          Construction of        City of Carlsbad     Sammis Properties         1. Basin is already a
          sediment basins        Coastal Commission        HPI                  condition of Sammis
          on private land                                                       permit approval
          along north                                                           2. Basins on HPI Propertie
          shore of lagoon                                                       should be made condition o
                                                                               Project approval
                                                                               3. Maintenance of private
                                                                               basins is responsibility of
                                                                               owner(s)

          Modification of        City of Encinitas         Owner                1. Request owner to modify
          Saxony Road            Coastal Commission                             basin to be consistent
          sediment basin                                                        with permit requirements
          to stop downstream                                                    under which basin was

                                                          179

                                                     Table 24 (continued)

                                              Implementation Program
                                      Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

         Implementation         Responsible                Funding              Actions
         Element                  Agency                   Source               Reguired

         NON-STRUCTURAL EROSION CONTROL MEASURE-S (continued)

         erosion it                                                             constructed
         currently causes

         Adoption of            City of Carlsbad            N/A                 1. Review of plan and staf
         Batiquitos             City of San Marcos                              analysis
        Jagoon                  City of Encinitas                               2. City Council/Board of
         Watershed              County of San Diego                             Supervisors vote on plan
         Sediment                                                               adoption
         Control Plan

         Adoption of            City of San Marcos          N/A                 1. Review of ordinanace
         Excavation and         City of Encinitas                               revisions and processing
         Grading                County of San Diego                             as a zone code amendment
         ordinance                                                              2. City Council/Board of
         contain                                                                Supervisors vote on
         provisions of                                                          adoption of ordinance
         Carlsbad
         existing
         ordinance

         Revision of            City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Cities of Encinitas, Sa,
         ordinance to           City of San Marcos                              Marcos and County of San
         include three          City of Encinitas                               Diego should consider
         additional             County of San Diego                             revisions at same time as
         land                                                                   adoption of new ordinance
         devel ol pment
         erosion control
         measures
         recommended by
         Watershed Plan

         Adoption of            City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. May be accomplished by
         standard               City of San Marcos                              resolution from City
         conditions for         City of Encinitas                               Council/Board of Super-
         grading plans          County of San Diego                             visors or by directive
         which include                                                          from City Engineer or
         erosion control                                                        City Manager to staff
         measures
         recommended by
         Watershed Plan

                                                          180

                                                       Table 24 (continued)

                                                Implementation Program
                                        Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement   Program

          Implementation         Responsible                Funding               Actions
          Element                   Agency                  Source-               Reguired

          NONSTRUCTURAL EROSION  CONTROL MEASURES (continued)

          Adoption of.a          City of Encinitas          N/A                   1. Review of ordinance
          Hillside               City of San Marcos                               2. City Council/Board of
          Development            County of San Diego                              Supervisors vote
          Ordinance              City of Carlsbad                                 3. Adoption of Special
          similar to that                                                         Conditions may be
          of City of                                                              accomplished by
          Carlsbad or                                                             directive to staff from
          adoption of                                                             City Manager or City
          Special                                                                 Engineer or resolution
          Conditions                                                              by City Council/Board
          for grading                                                             of Supervisors
          plans
          affecting
          steep lands

          Enforcement            City of Carlsbad          Unknown                1. City Council/Board of
          of grading             City of Encinitas                                Supervisors should budget
          ordinances             City of San Marcos                               adequate funding for
                                 County of San Diego                              enforcement ment staff and
                                                                                  direct staff to regularly
                                                                                  inspect grading sites

          Possible adoption      City of Carlsbad             N/A                 1. Review of agricultural
          of ordinance for       City of San Marcos                               land erosion issues
          Resource Manage-       City of Encinitas                                2. Drafting of agricultura
          ment Practices         County of San Diego                              resource managment
                                                                                  practices ordinance
                                                                                  3. Ordinance review proces
                                                                                 City Council/Board of
                                                                                 Supervisors vote  on
                                                                                 ordinance

          Adoption of            City of  Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Review of criteria and
          floodplain             City of  San Marcos                              staff analysis
          management             City of  Encinitas                               2. Drafting of floodplain
          criteria for           County of San Diego                              management ordinance to
          stream channels                                                         implement criteria
          and an ordinance                                                        through the development
          implementing                                                            permit process
          these criteria                                                          3. City Council/Board of
                                                                                  Supervisors vote on
                                                                                  ordinance

                                                           181

                                                     Table 24 (continued)

                                              Implementation Program
                                      Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

        Implementation          Responsible               Funding               Actions
        Element                   Agency                  Source-               Reguired

        NONSTRUCTURAL EROSION   CONTROL MEASURES (continued)

        5. Adoption of          City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Same as floodplain
        stormwater              City of San Marcos                              management above
        management              City of Encinitas
        criteria for            County of San Diego
        new developments
        in the watershed
        and an ordinance
        implementing
        these criteria

        PUBLIC ACCESS PROGRAM

        Dedication of           Coastal Commission    Private Funding           1. Requirements for
        accessways and         -Sammis Properties                               dedication of a public
        construction and                                                        access easement and
        maintenance of                                                          construction of access
        improvements as                                                         improvements are a part
        parts of private                                                        of Sammis Properties
        developments                                                            coastal permit
        around the lagoon                                                       2. Similar requirements ma
                                                                               possibly be placed on
                                                                               permits for the HPI and
                                                                               Savage properties

        Adoption of             Coastal Conservancy     Conservancy             1. Potential applicants to
        the Final               City of Carlsbad             Fund               implement necessary
        Enhancement             Batiquitos Lagoon                               portions of the program
        Plan (following          Foundation                                     include City of Carlsbad
        Final EIR/EIS                                                           and the Batiquitos Lagoon
        Certification)                                                          Foundation
        by Conservancy
        Board and
        consideration  of
        possible funding
        of public access
        projects

                                                          182

                   ALTERNATIVE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

                   Under the proposed Mitigation Agreement, the Port of L.A./PacTex may withdraw
                   from the Batiquitos project for two reasons:

                      1) The costs of the Batiquitos project as   specified in the preliminary
                   engineering studies or construction bids are   deemed "excessive" by the
                   Port/PacTex; or

                      2) The permits or land interests require   dfor the Batiquitos project are not
                   granted.

                   The Port/PacTex would be required to identify   another mitigation site.                  or
                   Although withdrawal of the Port from the Batiquitos project does not appear
                   imminent, the possibility does-exist and alternative sources of funding would
                   be required.

                   Without Batiquitos Lagoon serving as a mitigation site, different types of
                   funding would be needed. A degree of public funds from the Wildlife
                   Conservation Board or the Conservancy could be applied to an enhancment
                   project. However, the level of funding available would most likely not       exceed
                   $2-3 million dollars.

                   Another potential source of funds could come from the landowners adjacent to
                   the lagoon. As part of their coastal permit requirements, Sammis Properties
                   must pay a $5,000/acre mitigation fee to convert agricultural land to urban
                   development. An amendment to the Coastal Act in January, 1985 created Section
                   30171.5 and allowed for this provision which applies to portions of the Sammis
                   Property and portions of the HPI property. Section 30171.5 specifically
                   states:

                      "(a) The amount of the mitigation fee for development on nonprime
                      agricultural lands in the coastal   zone in the City of Carlsbad that lie
                      outside of the areas described in   subdivision (f) of Section 30170 and
                      subdivision (d) of Section 30171' shall be determined in the applicable
                      segment of the local coastal program of the City of Carlsbad, but shall be
                      not less than five,thousand dollars ($5,000), nor more than ten thousand
                      ,dollars ($10,000) per acre. All mitigation fees collected under this
                      section shall be deposited in the State Coastal Conservancy Fund.

                      "(b) All mitigation fees collected pursuant   -to'this section are hereby
                      appropriated to, and shall be expended by,,the State Coastal Conservancy in
                      the following order of priority:

                            (1) Restoration of natural resources and wildlife habitat in
                            Batiquitos Lagoon.

                            (2) Development of an interpretive center at Buena Vista Lagoon.

                            (3) Restoration of beaches managed for public use in the coastal      zone
                            in the City of Carlsbad.

                                                          183

                          (4) Any other project or activity benefiting natural resources in the
                          coastal zone in the City of Carlsbad that is provided for in the local
                          coastal program of the City of Carlsbad."

                 Under this section, funds from these Agricultural Mitigation fees could be
                 applied to restoration of Batiquitos Lagoon. The maximum amount of funds
                 available from this source will not be known until the coastal development
                 permit for the HPI project is acted upon and the acres of mitigation area
                 determined. The Carlsbad City Council may then determine the price per acre
                 for the miti.gation fee. The funds are then paid into the Conservancy Fund for
                 expenditure by the Conservancy Board in conformance with Section 30171.5.

                 The combination of public funds and agricultural mitigation fees is unlikely to
                 exceed $5-6 million dollars. The costs for Alternatives Three and Four are
                 about $5-6 million dollars and this alternative could possibly be implemented.
                 At such time as the Port/PacTex withdraws from the project or permits are not
                 issued, the Conservancy, in conjunction with the Enhancement Group, will review
                 the options for funding an enhancement project.

                                                       184

                                                       APPENDIX A
                      List of Abbreviations Used in    Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan

                      CORPS-     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

                      NMFS-      National Marine Fisheries Service

                      FWS-       United States Fish and Wildlife Service

                      EPA-       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                      DFG-       California Department of Fish and Game

                      SCC_       State Coastal Conservancy

                      CCC_       California Coastal Commission

                      SLC-       California State Lands Commission

                      DPR-       California Department of Parks and Recreation

                      POLA-      Port of Los Angeles

                      RWQCB-     San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board

                      LCWD-      Leucadia County Water District

                      HEP-       Habitat Evaluation Procedure

                      MHHW-      Mean Higher High Water

                      MHW-       Mean High Water

                      MSL-       Mean Sea Level

                      MLW-       Mean Lower Water

                      MLLW-      Mean Lower Low Water

                      NGVD-      National Geodesic Vertical Datum

                      PacTex-    Pacific Texas Pipeline Company

                                                           A-1

                                                    APPENDIX B

                                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

                     Association of Bay Area Governments, 1981. Manual of Standards for
                     Erosion and Sediment Control Measures.

                     Atwater, B. F. et al. 1979. History, landforms and vegetation of the
                     estuary's tidal marshes. In T. J. Conomos (ed.) San Francisco Bay: the
                     urbanized estuary. Pacific Division, American Association for the
                     Advancement of Science, San Francisco.

                     Bertine, K.K. and D. Schug, 1981. Man and the historical sedimentary
                     record in two semi-arid estuaries in.River Input to Ocean Systems.
                     Proceedings of a Review Workshop. U-nited Nations, New York.

                     Bradshaw, J. S., 1968. The biological and ecological relationships in
                     the Penasquitos Lagoon and salt marsh area of the Torrey Pines State
                     Reserve Park. California State Department of Parks and Recreation.

                     California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission, 1975. California
                     Coastal Plan.

                     California State Coastal Conservancy, 1985. Buena Vista Lagoon
                     Watershed Sediment Control Plan. Applegate and Associates.

                     California State Department of Fish and Game, 1969. Status report on
                     the coastal wetlands of southern California.

                     California State Department of Fish and Game, May, 1982. Designated
                     endangered or rare plants.

                     California State Department of Fish and Game, Ecological Reserve
                     Guidelines, Title 14, Chapter 11, Fish and Game Commission.

                     California State Department of Parks and Recreation, 1983. San Diego
                     Coastal State Park System General Plan, Vol. 3 South Carlsbad State
                     Beach.

                     California State Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego
                     Region, 1985. Staff Report: A review of nutrient standards for the
                     coastal lagoons in the San Diego Region. Volume One and Appendices.

                     Cayun, D. R. and R. E. Flick, 1985. Extreme sea levels in San Diego,
                     California, Winter 1982-1983. Unviersity of California, Scripps
                     Institute of Oceanography, SIO Reference Series 85-3, 58 pp.

                     Chan, Emy and Teras Bursztynsky, 1981. The use of wetlands for water
                     pollution control. Association of Bay Area Governments Technical
                     Report.

                                                       B-1

                                                  APPENDIX B (continued)

                                                 BIBLIOGRAPHY

                    Christopher, Jeannie, Dorothy Norris, John Bradshaw, and Bobby Mariano,
                    1985. Baseline Study of chemical and Biological Parameters in San
                    Dieguito Lagoon. County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land
                    Use.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1973. General Plan, Open Space and Conservation
                    Elements.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1982. Revised Parks and Recreation Element.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1982. Draft EIR Batiquitos Pointe Property
                    Annexation. WESTEC Services.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1982. Draft EIR Seabluff Property Annexation.
                    WESTEC Services.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1983. General Plan Land Use Element.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1984. Draft EIR Batiquitos Lagoon Educational Park
                    Master Plan. RECON Consultants.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1984. Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1985. Draft Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan
                    Mello I and II Segments.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1986. La Costa Avenue widening project-mitigation
                    proposal. WESTEC Services.

                    City of Carlsbad, 1986. Draft EIR Pacific Rim Country Club and Resort.
                    WESTEC Services, Inc.

                    City of Del Mar and California State Coastal Conservancy, 1979. San
                    Dieguito Lagoon Resource Enhancement Program.

                    City of San Diego, 1985. Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan for North
                    City West.

                    Cogswell, Howard L. 1977. Water Birds of California. Unviersity of
                    California Press, Berkeley.

                    Cowardin, Lewis, et al. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater
                    habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office
                    of Biological Services, Washington, D.C.

                                                      B-2

                                                    APPENDIX B (continued)

                                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

                     Demgen, Francesca and J. Warren Nute, 1977. Marsh enhancement program
                     conceptual plan. Mt. View Sanitary District, Contra Costa County,
                     California.

                     Englehorn, Curtis Scott, 1982. Master Environmental Inventory - Ran  cho
                     La Costa Properties. Hunt Properties, Inc.

                     Goldman, Steven J., Katherine Jackson and Teras Bursztynsky, 1986.
                    @Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

                     Greenwald, Glenn and Sandra Britton, 1987. Los Penasquitos Lagoon
                     Biological Monitoring Program., Los Penasquitos Lagoon Foundation.

                     Gruen Associates, 1983. Environmental Impact Report Data in connection
                     with pending applications for annexation, pre-zoning and general plan
                     amendment. HPI Development Company, City of Carlsbad.

                     Jarrett, J. T., 1976. Tidal Prism-Inlet Relationships. GIII Report B,
                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

                     Jenkins, S. A. and D. W. Skelley, 1985. Alternatives for Maintaining
                     Tidal Circulation in the Batiquitos Lagoon, California. University of
                     California, Scripps Institute of Oceanography. SIO Ref. Ser. 85-16.

                     Johnson, J. W., 1973. Characteristics and Behavior of Pacific Coast
                     Tidal Inlets. Journal Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering.

                     Josselyn, Michael, James Bucholz and Paul Romberg, 1984. Marsh
                     Restoration in San Francisco Bay - A Guide to Design and Planning.
                     Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, Technical Report Number 3.

                     Leucadia County-Water District, 1985. Preliminary Design Report Phase
                     III Expansion of Leucadia and Batiquitos Pump Stations and Forcemains.
                     Engineering-Science.

                     Los Angeles Harbor Department and Bureau of Land Management, 1985.
                     Final EIR/EIS Pacific Texas Pipeline Project. Engineering-Science.

                     Los Penasquitos Lagoon Foundation and California State Coastal
                     Conservancy, 1985. Los Penasquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan and
                     Program.

                     MacDonald, Keith and Michael Barbour, 1974. Beach and salt   marsh
                     vegetation of the North American Pacific Coast. 1n Robert Reinold
                     (ed.) Ecology of halophytes. Academic Press, New York.

                     MacDonald, K. B. and C. R. Feldmeth, 1985. Batiquitos Lagoon Habitat
                     Enhancement Study. Report prepared for HPI Development Company.

                                                       B-3

                                                   APPENDIX B (continued)

                                                  BIBLIOGRAPHY

                     Mack, Callie, 1987. San Dieguito Lagoon Bird Census Data 1985-86. San
                     Diego Audubon Society, unpublished data.

                     Marcus, M. L., N. B. Dennis, and H. Hill, 1982. Wetlands policy
                     assessment: California case study. Office of Technology Assessment, U.
                     S. Congress, Washington, D.C. Environmental Science Associates.

                     Moyle, Peter B., 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of
                     California Press, Berkeley.

                     Mudie, Peter, 1969. A survey of coastal wetland vegetation of northern
                     San Diego County. California Department of Fish and Game.

                     Mudie, P., 1974. The natural resources of Los Penasquitos Lagoon.
                     California Department of Fish and Game.

                     Mudie, P. J., B. M. Browning and J. W. Speth, 1976. The natural
                     resources of San Dieguito and Batiquitos Lagoons. California
                     Department of Fish and Game Coastal Wetlands Series #12.

                     Noble Harbor Engineering, 1963. Preliminary Engineering report on the
                     development potential of the Metcalf Properties in Batiquitos Lagoon as
                     a small craft marina.

                     Nordby, Christopher, 1987. Monitoring of Fishes and Invertebrates at
                     Tijuana Estuary. Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory.

                     Nute Engieering, 1985. Batiquitos Lagoon Reclamation Project
                     Conceptual Plan. Leucadia County Water District, San Diego, Couty, CA.

                     O'Bri en, M. P. 1971. Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores.
                     University of California Report No. HEL 24-5, Hydraulic Engineering
                     Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

                     Onuf, C. P., et al., 1979. An analysis of the values of central and
                     southern California coastal wetlands. pp 186-194. In J. R. Clark
                     (ed.) Wetlands functions and values. American Water-Resources Research
                     Association.

                     Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc., 1982. A biological survey
                     of Rancho La Costa Properties (Batiquitos Lagoon). Prepared for C.S.
                     Englehorn, Cardiff, California.

                     Phillips, R. P., J. S. Bradshaw, R. Byrne' W. Gayman, D. Scott, and E.
                     G. Strickel, 1978. Tidal aspects of Batiquitos Lagoon 1850 to present.
                     Final Report by the Environmental Studies Laboratory of the University
                     of San Diego.

                                                       B-4

                                                     APPENDIX Q (continued)

                                                    BIBLIOGRAPHY

                      Prestergaard. Karen, 1978. Stream and lagoon channels of the Los
                      Penasquitos Watershed, California, with an Evaluation of Possible
                      Effects of Proposed Urbanization. California Coastal Commission,
                      Special Studies Series.

                      Purer-, E. A., 1942. Plant ecology of the coastal salt marshlands   of
                      San Diego County, California. Ecological Monographs. 12111:83-111.
                      RECON Consultants, 1985. Draft Environmental Impact Report for the                 IP
                      Scott's Valley Property, San Diego County.

                      Ricketts, Edward, Jack Calvin and Joel Hedgepeth, 1948. Between
                      Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

                      San Diego Association of Governments, 1982., Los Penasquitos Lagoon
                      Watershed Management Plan.

                      San Diego County, 1976. Batiquitos Lagoon Regional Park Technical
                      Master Plan Report. John Sue Associates.

                      San Diego County, 1977. San Diego County  General Plan-1990 Part I.
                      Open Space Element.

                      San Diego County, 1982. San Dieguito Local Coastal  Program Land Use
                      Plan. California State Coastal Commission.

                      San Diego County, 1983. San Diego County General Plan-1995 Part VI.
                      San Dieguito Community Plan.

                      Shepardson Engineering Associates, Inc., 1985. Investigation of Lagoon
                      Sediment Characteristics Proposed Weir Area and Sediment Basin,
                      Batiquitos Lagoon. Pacific Rim Country Club Devleopment, Carlsbad,
                      California. Prepared for HPI Development Company.

                      Unitt, P., 1984. The birds of San Diego County. Memoir 13, San Diego
                      Society of Natural History.

                      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971. Flood Plain Information San Marcos
                      Creek in the vicinity of San Marcos, San Diego County, California.

                      U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 1973. San
                      Diego Area soil survey.

                      U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 1985.
                      Resource Management Practices, Escondido Field Office.

                                                        B-5

                                                   APPENDIX B (continued)

                                                  BIBLIOGRAPHY

                    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978. Concept plan for waterfowl
                    wintering habitat preservation. California Coast.

                    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980. California Least Tern Recovery
                    Plan.                     :3

                    VTN Engineers, 1980. Master Drainage Plan for the City of Carlsbad.

                    WESTEC Services, Inc., 1983. Draft Environemental Impact Report Hunt
                    Properties Annexation, City of Carlsbad.

                    Wilcoxi Carl, 1986. Comparison of Shorebird and Waterfowl Densities on
                    Restored and Natural Intertidal Mudflats at Upper Newport Bay,
                    California. Colonial Waterbirds 9(2): 218-226

                    Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1985. Soils Test Boring Logs Grain Size
                    Distribtuion Data Batiquitos Lagoon. Carlsbad, California. Prepared
                    for Sammis Properties, San Diego, CA.

                    Zedler, J. B.11 P. Williams and J. Boland, 1979. Coastal wetland
                    management: effects of disturbance on estuarine functioning. .1976-1979
                    Project Report., NOAA Sea Grant Program.

                    Zedler, Joy B., et al., 1980. Salt marsh productivity with natural and
                    altered tidal circulation. Oecologia 44:236-244.

                    Zedler, Joy B., 1982. Ecology of southern California coastal salt
                    marshes, a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                    Biological Services Program.

                    Zedler, Joy B., 1984. Salt Marsh Restoration, A Guidebook for Southern
                    California. California'Sea Grant Report No. T-CSGCP-009

                    Zedler, Joy, Regina Rudnicki and Peggy Fong, 1987. Draft Water Quality
                    and Coastal Water Bodies: Nutrient Inputs and Management
                    Recommendations. State Water Resources Control Board.

                                                       B-6

                                            APPENDIX C LAGOON MODEL

               To andlyze the effect of various dredging alternatives on tidal fluctuations in
               Batiquitus Lagoon, a tidal hydrodynamic model developed by the late Hugo Fisher
               was used. This model was originally developed for modelling tidal flows in
               Suisun Marsh. To apply the model to Batiquitos, the lagoon was divided into
               ten segments, with "nodes" located above and below constrictions. The model
               uses the method of characteristics, which requires solving a set of
               simultaneous linear equations in each time step.

               For computations within a segment the use of the method of characteristics is
               -straightforward, and is described in detail in ftdraulic Transients, by U.L.
               Streeter and E. Wylie (New York, Mcgraw Hill, 1967) and in ai-n-e-a--Mer paper "A
               Method for Predicting Pollutant Transport in Tidal Waters", by H.B. Fishcer,
               (WRC Contribution 132, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, University of
               California, Berkeley, 1970, 132pp.) An upstream and a downstream
               characteristic line are established. On the upstream line the quantity E = U +
               gY/C is constant, and on the downstream line F = U - gY/C is constant. In
               these equations, U is velocity, Y is mean depth, and C is the wave velocity,
               (gY 12). E and F are determined from quantities calculated in the previous
               time step, and U and Y are obtained by solution of two simultaneous equations.

               The solution at the nodes requires the equation of continuity and one
               characteristic equation from each segment,.' In the most general case the
               program allows three upstream segments, two downstream segments, and an
               additional discharge which might represent supplementary flow. The node is the
               coincident location of the end grid point of each segment connected to the
               node, so the tidal elevation at each of these grid points must be the same.
               The solution involves eleven unkowns, the tidal elevation above datum, the
               total depth it) each of the five connected segments, and the velocity in each of
               the five connected segments.- Let subscripts 1, 2, and 3 indicate the upstream
               segments, 4 and 5 indicate the downstream segments, Al the cross sectional area
               of the ith segment, D- the mean depth of the channel bottom, Oelow datum of the
               ith segment, Z the tidal elevation above datum, and Q the supplementary
               discharge. The   following eleven equations are to be solved simultaneously:
                       E     U + gy
                              I     I/C1                                        (1)

                       E2    U2 + gy2/C2                                        (2)

                       E3    U3 + gy3/C3                                        (3)

                       F4    U4 -  gY 4/c4                                      (4)

                       FS    U5 -  gys/cs                                       (5)

                       y1    DI + Z                                             (6)

                                                       C-11

                      Y2   D2 + Z                                               (7)

                      Y3   D3 + Z

                      T                                                         (9)
                       4   D4 * Z
    												     (10)

                      U A + U A + U A + Q = U A + U A
    			 1 1   2 2   3 3       4 4   5 5					(11)

                   the solution gives

                           'Z    El Al + E2A2 + E3A3   F4 A4 - F5A5+

                                 -g          D2 A2+ D 3A3 + 8D4 A4 +IDS A5
                                             6=2     2=3      6=4      4=5

                                    (A    A     A    A
                                  9241      2    3    4
                                      C,+ 4Z2  + -4C3+ 8T4 +
                                                          CS4)

               Vdlues of U and Y for each segment can then be found by substituting Z into the
               previous equations.

               In the program each node Is given a type number.. The tidal elevation at each
               node is found in Equation 12, setting terms equal to zero where connecting
               segments are missing. At the boundary node, where the tide is specified,
               values of E and Y are known and the velocity is determined by Equation 1. At
               terminal upstream nodes, where discharge is given, values of F and U are known
               and elevation is found by Equation 4.

               Since segments across bridges were relatively short, it was necessary to use a
               time step of 15 seconds to achieve stability. The output summaries, however,
               are printed for hourly increments.     The first 13 hours of the simulation are
               used to develop a stable initial condition, and results are printed only for
               the second 13-hour period of the 26 hour simulation.

               Additional information and computer printouts are available from the
               Conservancy.

                                                         C-2

                                                      APPENDIX D
                                    LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIQUITOS LAGOON*

                   Family.                     Specific Name                   Common Name
                   EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION
                   Brackish/Freshwater Marsh

                   Cyperaceae                  Cyperus sp.                     Sedge
                                               Scirpus californicus            California bulrush
                                               Scirous cf. fluviatilis         Bulrush
                                               Scirpus olneyi                  Olney's bulrush
                                               Scirpus robustus                Alkali bulrush

                   Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata              Saltgrass
                                               Polypogon monospeliensis        Rabbit's-footgrass
                                               Sporobolus cf. poiretij         Dropseed

                   Juncaceae                   Juncus acutus                   rush
                                                 ssp. sphaerocarpus

                   Typhaceae                   Typha domingensis               Southern cattail
                                               Typha latifolia                 cattail

                   Chenopodiaceae              Atri0ex
                                                       _j)atula ssp. hastata   Fat-hen
                                               Salicornia virginica            Pickleweed

                   Compositae                  Ambrosia psilostachya           Western ragweed
                                               Aster exilis                    Alkali aster
                                               Cotula coronopifolia            Brass buttons
                                               Jaumea carnosa                  Jaumea
                                               Pluchea purpurascens            Salt marsh fleabane

                   Frankeniaceae               Frankenia grandifolia           Alkali heath

                   Polygonaceae                Rumex crispus                   Curly dock

                   Salicaceae                  Salix lasiolevis                Arroyo willow

                   Saururaceae                 Anemopsis californica           Yerba mansa

                   Umbelliferae                Apium graveolens                Wild celery

                   Salt Marsh - Low Marsh

                   Cyperaceae                  Scirpus robustus                Alkali bulrush

                   Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata              Saltgrass
                                               Monanthochloe littoralis        Salt cedar

                   *From Mudie et al. (1976),  Westec Services, Inc. (1983)

                                                          D-1

                                                     APPENDIX F (continued)
                                  LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIQUITOS LAGOON*

                 Family                      Specific Name                    Common Name
                 EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION

                 Juncaceae                   Juncus acutus                    Spiny rush

                 Chenopodiaceae              Salicornia virginica             Pickleweed

                 Compositae                  Jaumea carnosa                   Jaumea
                                             Pluchea purpurascens             Salt marsh fleabane

                 Frankeniaceae               Frankenia  grandifolia           Alkali health

                 Salt Marsh - High Marsh

                 Gramineae                   Bromus mollis                    Soft chess
                                             Distichlis spicata               Saltgrass
                                             Mononanthochloe littoralis       Salt cedar
                                             Parafolis incurva                Rattail grass

                 Aizoaceae                   Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum      Little ice plant

                 Boraginaceae                Heliotropium curassavicum        Chinese parsley

                 Caryophyllaceae             Spergularia marina               Salt marsh sand
                                                                              spurrey

                 Chenopodiaceae              Atriplex semibaccata             Australian salt bush
                                             Salicornia europaea              Annual pickleweed
                                             Salicornia subterminalis         Glasswort
                                             Salicornia virginica             Pickleweed

                 Compositae                  Cotula coronopifolia             Brass buttons
                                             Lasthenia-glabrata               Salt marsh daisy
                                               ssp. coulteri

                 Convolvulaceae              Cressa truxillensis              Alkali weed

                 Plumbaginaceae              Limonium californicum
                                               ssp. mexicanum                 Marsh lavender

                 SAND DUNE VEGETATION FOUND  IN SOME LAGOON SALT MARSH AREAS

                 Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata               Saltgrass

                 Aizoaceae                   Mesembryanthemum chilense        Wild ice plant

                 Chenopodiaceae              Atriplex-leucophylla             Beach saltbush

                 Cruciferae                  Cakile maritima                  Sea rocket
                                                         D-2

                                                       APPENDIX F (continued)
                                    LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIOUITOS LAGOON*

                   Family                       Specific Name                    Common Name
                   EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION

                                                Matthiola incana                 Wild stock

                   Nyctaginaceae                Abronia maritima                 Beach sand verbena
                                                Abronia umbellata.               Sand verbena
                   RIPARIAN VEGETATION

                   Compositae                   Artemisia douglasiana            Wormwood

                   Juncaceae                    Juncus mexicanus                 Mexican rush

                   Salicaceae                   Salix lasiolepis                 Arroyo willow

                   Platanaceae                  Platanus racemosa                California sycamore

                   Umbelliferae                 Conium maculatum-                Hemlock

                                                            D-3

                                                      APPENDIX E

                                              BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                      Species                                                        Status

                      Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)                                WV
                      Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)                                   WV
                      Eared Grebe (Podiceps caspicus)                                   WV
                      Western Grebe (Aechmophorus-occidentalis)                         WV
                      Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps)                            R
                      California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)                  R
                      Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)                   R
                      Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus)                    R
                      Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)                        R
                      Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)                                  R
                      Green Heron (Butorides virescens)                                RIB?
                      Great Egret (Casmerodius albus)                                    R
                      Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)                                        R
                      Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)                  R
                      Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis)                                  B
                      White-faced This (Plegadis chihi)                                  S
                      Flamingo (Phoenicopterus sp.)                                      I
                      Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)                                  WV
                      Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)                                       R
                      Gadwell (Anas strepera)                                          WV'S
                      Pintail (Anas acuta)                                              WV
                      Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis)                             WV
                      Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors)                                   WV
                      Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera)                                    R
                      American Widgeon (Mareca americana)                               WV
                      Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)                              WV
                      Redhead (Aythya americana)                                        WV
                      Lesser Scaup (Aythya af inis)                                     WV
                      Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)                             WV
                      Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)                                    WV
                      White-winged Soter (Mel nitta deglandi)                           WV
                      Surf Scoter (Melanitta persRicillata)                             WV
                      Ruddy Duck (Oxyura Jamaicensis)                                    R
                      Common Merganser (Mergus merganser)                               WV
                      Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)                          WV
                      White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus)                              RIB
                      Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)                           WV
                      Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)                               RIB?
                      Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo Jamaicensis)                            R&WV,B
                      Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)                             RIB?

                      Taken from "A Biological Survey of Rancho La Costa Properties"
                      (Batiquitos Lagoon) prepared by Pacific Southwest Biological Services,
                      Inc.

                      Some bird species listed may frequent upland habitats adjacent to
                      lagoon wetlands
                                                           E-1

                                                       APPENDIX E

                                              BIRDS OF BATIOUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                      Species                                                         Status

                      Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus)                                      R&WV
                      Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)                                        WV
                      California Quail (Lophortyx californicus)                        R&B
                      Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola)                                  R,B?
                      Sora Rail (Porzana caroling)                                       R
                      Common Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus)                             R
                      American Coot (Fulica americana)                                 R,B
                      Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus)                     WV
                      Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)                           R,B
                      Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)                                  R,B
                      Black-bellied Plover (Sguatarola sguatarola)                      WV
                      Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)                              WV
                      Common Snipe (Capella gailinago)                                  WV
                      Long-billed Curlew (Numenjus americanus)                          WV
                      Whimbrel (Numenjus phaeopus)                                      WV
                      Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia)                             WV
                      Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus)                              WV
                      Greater Yellowlegs (Totanus melanolecus)                          WV
                      Lesser Yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes)                              WV
                      Least Sandpiper (Erolia minutilla)                                WV
                      Dunlin (Erolia alpina)                                            WV
                      Short-billed Dowitcher (Linnodromus   griseus)                    WV
                      Long-billed Dowitcher (Linnodromus scolopaceus)                   WV
                      Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes mauri)                               WV
                      Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa)                                     WV
                      Sanderling (Crocethia alba)                                       WV
                      American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)                        R,B?
                      Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus)                        R,B?
                      Wilson's Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor)                          WV
                      Northern Phalarope (Phalarogus lobatus)                           WV
                      Western Gull (Larus occidentalis)                                  R
                      Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)                                   WV
                      California Gull (Larus californicus)                              WV
                      Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)                              R
                      Heerman's Gull (Larus heermanni)                                   S
                      Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri)                                   R
                      Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)                                       R
                      Least Tern (Sterna albifrons)                                    S,B
                      Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus)                                   WV
                      Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans)                                 WV
                      Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia)                                  S
                      Band-tailed Pigeon (Columbia fasciata)                             R
                      Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura)                               R,B
                      Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)                     R,B
                      Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)                             R,B?

                                                          E-2

                                                      APPENDIX E

                                             BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                      Species                                                        Status

                      Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)                                   WV
                      Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna)                                R,B
                      Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae)                               S
                      Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon)                              R
                      Common Flicker (Colaptes auratus)                                R,B
                      Nuttall's Woodpecker (Dendrocogos nuttallij)                       R
                      Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis)                             S
                      Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myjarchus cinerascens)                    S
                      Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans)                                R,B?
                      Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya)                                      WV
                      Western Flycatcher (Empidon difficuilis)
                      Western Wood Pewee (Contopus sordidulus)                          S
                      Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttallornis borealis)                   SIB?
                      Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)                           S
                      Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis)                   S
                      Scrub Jay (Alphelocoma coerulescens)                             R,B
                      Common Raven (Corvus Corax)                                      R,B?
                      Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus)                                   R,B
                      Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata)                                       R,B
                      House Wren (Troglodytes aedon)                                   R,B
                      Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)                              R,B
                      Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes palustris)                  R,B
                      Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)                                  R,B
                      California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum)                        R,B
                      Swainson's Thrush (Hylocichla utulata)                          S,B
                      Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea)                     R&WV
                      Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura)                   R,B
                      Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Reyulus calendula)                         WV
                      Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens)                                 S,B
                      Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)                          R,B
                      Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)                                    R,B,I
                      Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo belli)                                   B
                      Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus)                                      B
                      Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia)                              S,B
                      Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata auduboni)               WV
                      Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica Lownsendii)                          S
                      Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla)                               S
                      Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)                         R,B
                      Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata)                        S,B
                      Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)                          R,B
                      Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius-0phoeniceus)                       R,B
                      Northern Oriole (Icterus-galbula)                                S,B
                      Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)                S,B
                      House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)                               R,B
                      Lesser Goldfinch (Spinu psaltria)                                  R
                      American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)                                R

                                                           E-3

                                                    APPENDIX E

                                            BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                      Species                                                     Status

                      Rufous-sided Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)                R,B
                      Brown Towhee (Pipilo fuscus)                                 R,B
                      Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi)        R,B
                      White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)                 WV
                      Rufous-Crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps)                  R,B
                      Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)                             R,B

                  WV - Winter Visitor                        I - Introduced
                   R - Resident                              B - Breeds in Batiquitos Lagoon
                  S - Spring Migrant   or Summer Resident    B?   May breed in Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                         E-4

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                          SATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT I
                          FIG. A LAGOON HYDROLOGY AND WETLAND
                                                     SURFACE WATER FLOW                                              WETLAND BOUNDARY

                                                                                                                                       ....... ....

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                         FIG. B

                                  LEGEND
                     WATERSHED MAPS 1- 4
                                    FIGS. B-1-4

                                   MAP BOUNDARY

                                   ADJACENT MAP BOUNDARY

                                   WATERSHED BOUNDARY

                                   UNDEVELOPED LAND

                                   NATURAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL/ FLOODPLAIN

                                   RIPARIAN VEGETATION

                                   AGRICULTURE

                                   AGRICULTURE - ORCHARD

                                   GOLF COURSE

                                   DISTURBED LAND -GRADED, ROAD CUTS, QUARRIES

                                   URBAN/ SUBURBAN

                                   U.S.G.S. BASEMAP DESIGNATION "URBAN it

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                                   FIG. B2WATERSHED MAP NO. 2 SEE PG. FOR LEGEND

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                       BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT P1
                                                                                                                                                                                                              r

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                  BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
                  FIG-c LAGOON VEGETATION
                                     El EMERGENT MARSH                                 Ll SAND/MUD/ SHALLOW WATER(.<I

                                         RIPARIAN(WILLOWS)/BRACKISH MARSH                  OPEN WATER      (>I 2')

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                                                                913
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                                                                                             Ij1   0 S                        1969
                                                                                                                               '73 '77 '79 '81
                                                                                                                               '74 '78 '80 '82
                                                                                  B A T 1 0

                                                                              1982
                                                                                '84                                             COSTA
                                                                                85

                                           197
                                             .81
                                             '82'i\
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                                                  0       1000      2000     3000

                                                               feet

                   BATIGUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT P
                  FIG. D LEAST TERN NESTING SITES

                                   NESTING SITE WITH                       WETLAND BOUNDARY
                                   DATE OF OBSERVATION

                                  rP
                                                                                                 20

                                             0

                                                                  ... .....

                                5

                                                                                                        LAGOON
       t
                                                                                   'To S
                                                                               U I
                                                                      B A T I

                                            0      1000    2000   3000

                                                       feet

                   BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
                   FIG. E LAGOON VIEWSHED                                               MAJOR VIEWPOINTS
                                PROMINENT BLUFFS

                                ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES                           MAN-MADE INTRUSIONS

                                                              0
                           C)                                  0

                                                                                                         4

                                     A

                                                                3

                                                2

                                      2                                                                             71g.

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                                                 0      1000     2000     3000
                                                                   t
                                                             f eet

                  BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT P
                  FIG. F LAND OWNERSHIP

                           ------PROPERTY LINE                 1. CA. STATE DEPT., PARKS & RECREATION        5. MURPHY
                           #10   WETLAND BOUNDARY              2. SAMMIS PROPS.                              6. MITSUCHI
                                                               3. SAVAGE                                     7. COMMUNITY BANK
                                                               4. HUNT PROPS.,INC.                           8. LEUCADIA CO. WATER I

                                                                                              :.sLfCTR1C..:.TRA.N,$Mj SIQ.N:@::LINE@;;

                                                         0

                                                                            SEWER  MAIN CITI         BAD:.
                                                                                                  RL4

                                                                                            t

                                                                                 u  -To S'                LAGOON
                                                                       B A T I Q

                                                                                                              C;oS TA
                                                                                                         LA               4

                    GAS LINE,
                                                                                            EWE@MAIN LEUCADIA COUNTY     W
                   SOUTHERN CITI@
                   GAS CO.

                                                                                                                      @4' i"',
                                                               N'? z

                                                                               Fx
                                                                                            Rml
                                                                                            vv

                                             0      1000    2000    3000
                                                                                                 WI

                                                        feet

                                                                             >
                  BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
                  FIG. GLAND USE AND UTILITIES
                             RESIDENTIAL J RESORT                    M.   GOLF COURSE                        AGRICULTURE
                             RESIDENTIAL/MIXED USE                        COMMERCIAL                         REGIONAL TRA
                             PLANNED MIXED USE/ RESIDENTIAL/INSTITUTIONAL/VISITOR SERVING                    PROPOSED MI)

                                                  P -C                    \,-@C-   2-0                                                  R-1                                                                    P-C

                                                                       RMHP
                                                                                                               P-C

                                                                                                                                 L-C
                                                                                                                               Ir             I                    P-C                                                                                     P-C
                                                        RD-M            -A

                                                            7

                                                                            V%A          P-C

                                                                    -@4

                                                                        P-C                                                                                                                                                            LAGOON
                                                                                                                                              O-S         E3 AT I       IQ L)                   s               P-C
                                                                            f
                                                                                                  22           O-S

                                                                                    -s

                                                                                                        4

                                                                                                                    ....................
                                                                                                                    ...........
                                                                               22
                                                                                       2
                                                                                                                    4
                                                                                                                                                                                                    4

                                                                                                %
                                                                                               3
                                                                                                                7
                                                                                      7

                                                                                                                                                                                         3

                                                                                                               1000              2000             3000
                                                                                                0

                                                                                                                         feet
                                                                                                                                                                          ........ ......

                                                                                                                                                                               ......... . ........
                                                                                                                                                                               .............
                                                                                                                                                                               ............. .......

                                                                                                                                                                              ..........
                                                                                                                                                                          mNHANCEMENT
                                    BATIOUITOS LAGOON E
                                    FIG. H ZONING AND JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES

                                                                                                   CITY OF CARLSBAD/CITY OF ENCINITAS LINE                                                                                                        ZONE LINE
                                                                                 Li                 APPLICABLE COASTAL RESOURCE PROTECTION ZONE                                                                                                   FLOODPLAI
                                                                                                                                                                                                [SEE ZONING LEGENDI

                                       ZONING LEGEND FIG. H

                  City of Carlsbad                                   San Diego County

                C-1 NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL                         2  RESIDENTIAL.1 d.u./a.

                C-2 GENERAL COMMERCIAL                              3  RESIDENTIAL,2 d.u./a.

                L-C LIMITED CONTROL                                 4  RESIDENTIAL, 2.9 d.u./a.

                O-S OPEN SPACE                                      5  RESIDENTIAL.4.3 d.u./a.

                0   OUALIFIED DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY ZONE              7  RESIDENTIAL, 10.9 d.u./a..

                R-1 ONE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL                          9  RESIDENTIAL.29 d.u./a.

                R-P RESIDENTIAL PROFESSIONAL                        13 GENERAL COMMERCIAL

              RD-M RESIDENTIAL DENSITY-MULTIPLE                     22 PUBLIC/ SEMI-PUBLIC

              RMHP RESIDENTIAL MOBILE HOME PARK                     26 VISITOR-SERVING COMMERCIAL

                P-C PLANNED COMMUNITY                               AC AGRICULTURE-CROPLAND

                               Since the incorporation of the City of Encinitas, the new city will
                               adopt a zoning code for the lands indicated under San Diego County.

                                                      0
                                                      0
                       c)

                               7

                          p      9p
                          7

                            IS.
                                                                                                  A'

                                        B                                                             LAGOON
                                                                                 -TOS
                                                                      A T 1 0 U

                                                                                                         Fo

                                                                                                          rnSTA
                                                                                                     L A

                                             B

                                          0      1000   2000    3000

                                                     feet

                 BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
                 FIG., ALTERNATIVE NO 1

                    EX18TING SEDIMENT BASIN                                              SUBTIDAL ZONE(-S-0 ft.-2.5 ft..NG
                0 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                                   INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft.,N(
                                                                                         SALT MARSH
                    SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                        BRACKISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                         RIPARIAN

                       A             FIGURE Jl                                                                  A/

                                     ALTERNATIVE 1
                                     SECTION A- K
                                     VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

                                                       EXISTING SURFACE

                  0
                  5
                  LLJ

                                                            NEW CHANNEL
                                                    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                       70, 00
                                                                 DISTANCE (FT)

       mmmmm

                     A           FIGURE J2

                                 ALTERNATIVE 2
                                 SECTION A- jK
                                 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

                                                 EXISTING SURFACE

                                                        NEW CHANNEL

                                                         DISTANCE (FT)

                      A           FIGURE J3

                                  ALTERNATIVE 3
                                  SECTION A-k
                                  VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

                 LL                               EXISTING SURFACE

                 z
                 0
                                                     NEW CHANNEL

                 ui

                                          0 &V                                        /&00
                                                           DISTANCE (FT)

                          mm-mmmmmmm                                                                             mm

                                 FIGURE Kl                                                                                B*

                                 ALTERNATIVE 1
                                 SECTION B - B         J*
              40.                VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

              50

            LL
           %wo
           z

                                                                EXISTING SURFACE

                                                               NEW CHANNEL

                                                             /000                                         2000

                                                                DISTANCE (FT)

                                  FIGURE K 2
                  B                                                                                                           B#

                                  ALTERNATIVE 2
                                  SECTION B - Bol
              40.                 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

            LL

            z
            9

               ;zo.

              i
            LLI

               /0

                                                                  EXISTING SURFACE

                                                                    NEW CHANNEL

                                                                                                             ;2000

                                                                  DISTANCE (FT)

       mm mmm mm mm

                                FIGURE K3
                 B                                                                                                     B'
                                ALTERNATIVE 3
                                SECTION B - B
                                VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

             30"

           LL

           w
           -i
           w

                                  -NEW CHANNEL
                                                              EXISTING SURFACE

                                                                                                      2000

                                                              DISTANCE (FT)

                           SALT MARSH                     -TRANSITION ZONE                                                     FRESHWATER MARSH

                                                        4-

                                                                     ... .. . .
                    ....................

                      FIG. L       Typical           Cross-section, Freshwater marsh Levee

                                                       0
                                                       0

                                                                                @00      goo

                                                                                  -TO S
                                                                     B A T I  u

                                                                                             00- @ft        0-9-T A
                                                                                                                     4

                                           0      1000   2000    3000

                                                      feet

                  BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
                  FIG. M PUBLIC ACCESS

                               PUBLC ACCESS SIGNS                                  INTERPRETIVE FACILITIES
                               PARKING/TRAILHEAD                             A     LAG06N VIEWPOINT
                               PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TRAIL                      0000 POSSIBLE FUTURE ACCESS TRAIL

                                                      0
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                                          13'                                                        LAGOON
                                                                                -T 0 s
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                                                                    B A T I Q

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                                                                                                 A

                                           0     1000    2000   3000

                                                     f eet

                 BATIGUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
                 FIG. N PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO. 2
                 Q EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN                                             SUBTIDAL ZONE(-S.O ft.-2.5 ft..NG
                 0 SEDIMENT 13ASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                               INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.15 ft.-2.0 ft..@
                                                                                 40    SALT MARSH
                     SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS               gla   BRACK ISH/FAESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                       RIPARIAN

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                            7

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                                                                                                  A    P'

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                                            0      1000   2000     30100
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                 BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
                 FIG. 0 PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO. 3

                     EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN
                 1&                                                                 3   SUBTIDAL ZONE(-8-0 ft.-2.5 ft..NG
                     SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                         (::@:) INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft.'r,
                 0                                                                go    SALT MARSH
                     SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                60    BRACK ISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                        RIPARIAN

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                                                                               lod                      roS T A
                                                                                               A   L              4 k

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                  BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
                 FIG. 0 PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO.4
                     EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN                                              SUBTIDAL ZONE(-8-0 ft.-2.5 ft.,N
                     SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                                 INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft..?
                 0                                                                  do    SALT MARSH
                     SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                  6Q    BRACK ISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                          RIPARIAN

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