<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<doc callnum="QH76.5.C2 B37 1987">
<metadata>
	<titleStmt>
		<mainTitle nfc="0"><title>Batiquitos Lagoon enhancement plan</title>/<respStmt>City of Carlsbad ; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.</respStmt></mainTitle>
	</titleStmt>
	<authorStmt>
		<corpAuthor><name>California State Coastal Conservancy.</name></corpAuthor>
	</authorStmt>
	<editionStmt><edition>Rev. draft.</edition></editionStmt>
	<imprint><pubPlace>California</pubPlace>:<pubName>State Coastal Conservancy</pubName>,<pubDate>1987.</pubDate></imprint>
	<classStmt>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Wetland conservation</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">California</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">San Diego County.</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="geo">Batiquitos Lagoon (Calif.)</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Coastal zone management</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">California</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">San Diego County.</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Lagoons</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">California</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">San Diego County.</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Environmental impact analysis</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">California</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">San Diego County.</subject>
		</locClass>
	</classStmt>
</metadata>

<text xml:space="preserve">
<pb n="1" />

                                            REVISED                                                                               DRAFT
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                                                                              ENHANCEMENT PLAN

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                                                          C2                          mia State Coastal Conservancy, 1987
                                                          B37
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<pb n="2" />

           REVISED DRAFT
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                         ENHANCEMENT PLAN

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           California State Coastal Conservancy, 1987
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<pb n="3" />

                   CREDITS

                   State Coastal Conservancy

                   Executive Officer:         Peter Grenell

                   Project Manager:           Laurel Marcus

                   Maps and Graphics:         Tom McKeag, Lee Ehmke

                   Editing:                   Laurel Marcus

                   Word Processing:           Joyce Hesse Lynch
                                              Art Simpauco
                                              Evette Stafford

                   Consultants

                   Hydrology:                 Philip Williams and Associates, San Francisco
                                              Philip Williams
                                              Robert Coats

                   Lagoon Biology:            Woodward Clyde Consultants, Walnut Creek
                                              Ted Winfield

                   Batiouitos Lagoon Enhancement Grqa and other parties involved in the
                   plan.

                   Department of Fish and Game:
                                              Denyse Racine
                                              Ron Hein
                                              Robert Ratovitch
                                              Glenn Rollins

                   Department of Parks and Recreation:
                                              Bill Tippets

                   State Lands Commission: Curtis Fossum

                   California Coastal Commission:
                                              Adam Birnbaum

                   State Attorney General's Office:
                                              Nancy Sagessee

                   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:
                                              Jack Fancher
                                              Martin Kenny

                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
                                             .Cheryl Conel
<pb n="4" />

                 CREDITS (continued)

                 National Marin e Fisheries Service:
                                          Bob Hoffman

                 Leucadia County Water District:
                                          Joan Geiselhart
                                          Lois Humphries

                 City of Carlsbad:        Gary Wayne

                 Port of Los Angeles:     Vern Hall
                                          Lillian Kawasaki

                 Pacific Texas Pipeline Company:
                                          Michael Sotak

                 Hunt Properties, Inc.:   Larry Clemens

                 Sammis Properties:       Jon Briggs

                 Savage Property:         William Savage

                 Scripps Institute:       Scott Jenkins
                                          Dave Skelley

                 George Nolte and Associates:
                                          Jon Walters

                 Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation:
                                          Ann Omstead
                                          Bill Dean

                                "We do not inherit the earth from our fathers,
                                      we borrow it from our children."
<pb n="5" />

                                       BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                         Page

                         SUMMARY

                         INTRODUCTION

                         The Values of Coastal Wetlands
                         Batiquitos1agoon Enhancement Plan                                  8
                         Lagoon Study Area Boundary                                         9
                         Lagoon History                                                     9
                         Definitions                                                      17

                   II. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT                                               19

                         Soils, Water and Streams                                         19
                              Introduction                                                19
                              Geomorphic History                                          20
                              Tidal Hydraulics and Entrance Channel Closure Conditions    22
                              Hydrology of the Watershed                                  27
                              Soils of the Watershed                                      31
                              The Sediment System                                         32
                              Sediment Yield and Transport Estimates                      33
                              Lagoon Water Quality                                        36
                              Summary                                                     42
                         Natural Resources                                                52
                              Introduction                                                52
                              Batiquitos Lagoon Habitat Types                             52
                              Wildlife                                                    56
                              Rare and Endangered Species                                 75
                              Regional Perspective                                        79
                              Summary                                                     85
                         Aesthetic Values                                                 87
                         Plans and Policies                                               88
                              Lagoon Land Use and Ownership                               88
                              Plans and Jurisdictions                                     92
                                   City of Carlsbad                                       92
                                   San Diego County/City of   Encinitas                   99
                                   San Diego County/Department of Public Health          103
                                   City of San Marcos                                    104
                                   Summary Local Government                              104
                                   State of California -                                 105
                                   California Environmental  Quality Act                 105
                                   California Coastal Commission                         105
                                   State Lands Division and Commission:                  106
                                        Public Trust Doctrine
                                   California Department of Fish and Game                107
                                   State Water Resources Control Board                   109
<pb n="6" />

                                     BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                        Page

                                 Department of Parks and Recreation                     110
                                 Federal -                                              110
                                 National Environmental Protection Act                  110
                                 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                           110
                                 Environmental Protection Agency
                                 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                                 National Marine Fisheries Service                      112
                                 Summary - State and Federal Agencies                   112

                 Summary of Existing Environmental Features                             114

                       Soils, Water and Streams                                         114
                       Natural Resources                                                115
                       Plans and Policies                                               115

                 III.  THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN                                             117

                       The Enhancement Plan  Process and Public Involvement             117
                       The Enhancement Plan                                             122
                       Tidal Alternatives                                               123
                            Tidal Prism and  Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions          123
                            Habitat Acreages                                            132
                            Construction Methods and Schedules                          140
                            Maintenance of the Lagoon Channel                           143
                            Sediment Control System                                     146
                            Public Access                                               151
                            Land Ownership and Land  Management                         155
                            Operation and Maintenance                                   156
                            Monitoring Program                                          159
                       Intermittent Tidal Alternatives                                  160
                            Alternative Four - Limited   Dredging Plan                  161
                       No Project Alternative                                           163

                 IV.   IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM                                           164

                       Introduction                                                     164
                       Project Design and Construction                                  165
                            Institutional Arrangements                                  165
                            Preliminary Studies                                         166
                       Transfer of Lagoon Land Ownership                                169
                       Operation and Maintenance                                        170
                            Monitoring                                                  170
                       Sediment Control Facilities                                      171
                            Structural Control Measures                                 171
<pb n="7" />

                                       BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                          Page

                         Non-structural Control Measures                                  172
                         Public Access                                                    173
                              North Shore Trail                                           173
                              South Shore Facilities                                      175

                         Alternative Implementation Program                               183

                    APPENDICES

                    A.   List of Abbreviations
                    B.   Bibliography
                    C.   Lagoon Model
                    D.   Lagoon Plant  Species
                    E.   List of Birds
<pb n="8" />

                                                LIST OF FIGURES

                  Figure                                                                Paqe

                  Figure I        Regional Location                                        2

                  Figure 2        Wetland Processes                                        4

                  Figure 3        Topographic Survey Map, Batiquitos Lagoon, 1898        10

                  Figure 4        A Portion of USC and GS Air Photo Compilation,
                                    Batiquitos Lagoon, 1934                              15

                  Figure 5        U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Map,
                                    Batiquitos Lagoon, 1948                              16

                  Figure 6        Tidal Prism vs Cross-sectional Area,
                                    all inlets on Pacific Coast                          24

                  Figure 7        Closure Conditions of Natural   Lagoons in California
                                    in California                                        25A

                  Figure 8a       Flood Hydrographs, San Marcos   Creek                  28
                  Figure 8b       Flood Frequency of San Marcos   Creek                  29

                  Figure 9        Grain Size Distribution, San Marcos   Creek Delta      35

                  Figure 10       Derived Sediment Transport Curve, San Marcos Creek     38

                  Figure 11       Location of San Diego Water Quality Control Board
                                    Sampling Sites                                       40

                  Figure 12A      Conductivity data from Station A/Al                    43
                  Figure 12B      Conductivity data from Station B                       44
                  Figure 12C      Conductivity data from Station C                       45

                  Figure 13       Nitrogen and Phosphorous Cycles in   an
                                    Aquatic Enviornment                                  46

                  Figure 14A      Ammonia data from Station A/Al                         47
                  Figure 14B      Ammonia data from Station B                            48a
                  Figure 14C      Ammonia data from Station C                            48b
                  Figure 18       Total Phosphate Data From Stations A and B             50

                  Figure 16       Major Trophic State Classifications Based on
                                    Mean Chlorophyll a Concentrations                    51

                  Figure 17       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds    and
                                    Waterfowl at Batiquitos Lagoon, 1970 .               60

                  Figure 18       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds    and
                                    Waterfowl Observed at Batiquitos Lagoon
                                    Between October 1976 and February 1979               61
<pb n="9" />

                                                LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

                   Figure                                                              EA_qe

                   Figure 19       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds and
                                     Waterfowl Observed in the Eastern Lagoon
                                     and Western Lagoon at Batiquitos Lagoon             65

                   Figure 20       Shorebirds Observed During 1969-1972 Surveys at
                                     Western End (Beach Section) of Batiquitos Lagoon    67              r
                   Figure 21       Total Number of Individuals of Waterfowl Observed
                                     at Batiquitos, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
                                     Lagoons during Christmas Bird Surveys, 1975-1984    70

                   Figure 22       Total Number of Individuals of Shorebirds Observed
                                     at Batiquitos, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
                                     Lagoons during Christmas Bird Surveys, 1975-1984    76

                   Figure 23       Comparison of Major Habitat Types for Nine Coastal
                                     Wetlands in San Diego County                        80

                   Figure 24       Stage Capacity Curve, Batiquitos Lagoon               131

                   Figure 25       Distribution of the Most Common Halophytes by
                                        Elevation at Tijuana Estuary                     138

                   Figure 26       Sediment Inflow and Retention, San Marcos Creek
                                     Sediment Basin                                      148
<pb n="10" />

                                      FIGURE (bound in back of plan)

                 Figure s

                 Figure  A       Lagoon Hydrology and Wetland Boundary

                 Figure  8       Watershed Maps Index
                         B-1     Watershed Map No. I
                         B-2     Watershed Map No. 2
                         B-3     Watershed Map No. 3
                         B-4     Watershed Map No. 4

                 Figure  C       Lagoon Vegetation

                 Figure  D       Least Tern Nesting Sites

                 Figure  E       Lagoon Viewshed

                 Figure  F       Land Ownership

                 Figure  G       Land Use and Utilities

                 Figure  H       Zoning and Jurisdictional Boundaries

                 Figure  I       Plan Alternative No. 1

                 Figure  J ABC   Cross-sections A-A

                 Figure  K ABC   Cross-sections B-B

                 Figure  L       Typical Cross-section, Freshwater Marsh Levee

                 Figure  M       Public Access

                 Figure  N       Plan Alternative No. 2

                 Figure  0       Plan Alternative No. 3

                 Figure  P       Plan Alternative No. 4
<pb n="11" />

                                                LIST OF TABLES

                   Table                                                               -Pa_qe

                   Table I        History  of Batiquitos Lagoon                         11

                   Table 2        Tidal Elevations                                      18

                   Table 3        Tidal Prism of Batiquitos Lagoon                      21

                   Table 4        Tidal Elevations at Scripps Wharf                     21

                   Table 5        Annual Sand Sediment Yield                            35

                   Table 6        Acres of Emergent Marsh, Sand/Mud/Shallow Water
                                  ( 12") and Open Water ( 12") in the Three Basins
                                  of Batiquitos Lagoon                                  54

                   Table 7        Results of Bird Surveys of Batiquitos Lagoon
                                  Between October 1976 and February 1979                62

                   Table 8        Shorebirds Observed During 1971-1972 Surveys   at the
                                  Western End (Beach Station) of Batiquitos Lagoon      68

                   Table 9        Christmas Bird Counts at Batiquitos Lagoon,
                                  1975-1984                                             71

                   Table 10       Christmas  Bird Counts at Buena Vista Lagoon,
                                  1975-1984                                             72

                   Table 11       Christmas  Bird Counts at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon,
                                  1975-1984                                             73

                   Table 12       Average Number of Individuals per Lagoon and
                                  Average Number of Individuals per Acre per Lagoon
                                  for Common Species of Dabbling Ducks                  74

                   Table 13       Summary of Least Tern Nesting at Batiquiutos Lagoon   77

                   Table 14       San Diego County Wetland Matrix                       82

                   Table 15       Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiquitos Lagoon
                                  and Watershed                                         93

                   Table 16       Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Goals                  118

                   Table 17       Summary of Alternatives-Batiquitos Lagoon
                                  Enhancement Plan                                     124

                   Table 18       Summary of Data for Natural Lagoons-
                                  California Coast                                     125
<pb n="12" />

                                                LIST OF TABLES

                  Table                                                                 Page

                  Table 19        Modeled and Measured Tide Heights,
                                  Batiquitos Lagoon NGVD (ft.)                          130

                  Table 20        Batiquitos Lagoon Sediment Control                    147

                  Table 21        Percent Efficiency of a Sediment Trap on
                                  San Marcos Creek                                      147

                  Table 22        Sediment Basins or Traps Required to Protect
                                  Batiquitos Lagoon                                     149

                  Table 23        Operation and Maintenance Costs                       157

                  Table 24        Implementation Program                                176
<pb n="13" />

                                    BATIOUITOSLAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

              SUMMARY

              INTRODUCTION

              Batiquitos Lagoon is one of a series of six lagoons on the northern coast of
              San Diego County. It lies at the southern edge of the City of Carlsbad
              extending inland for 2 1/2 miles from its ocean mouth and averaging 112 mile in
              width. As a coastal wetland, the lagoon provides wildlife habitat for many
              resident and migratory species as well as an open space and recreational area
              for its human neighbors.

              Less than 150 years ago Batiquitos Lagoon was a fully tidal system, nourished
              by daily infusions of ocean water. Archaeological evidence shows the lagoon
              held marine shellfish which the local indians harvested in abundance. The
              lagoon has changed significantly since this time with the advent of European
              and American settlement. Roads and railroads now crisscross the lagoon
              restricting water flows; vast amounts of sediment, washed down from plowed and
              graded lands in the watershed, have filled in the lagoon. Portions of the
              original eastern lagoon have been filled for developments; waterflows from the
              upper watershed have been caught behind a dam and diverted to other uses. All
              these alterations, perceived and carried forth as isolated actions over the
              years, combine to drastically alter the lagoon. Batiquitos Lagoon now contains
              water only seasonally, when tributary streams flow; tidal inflows have largely
              stopped.

              The changes which have occurred at Batiquitos Lagoon are exemplary of the
              problems associated with many coastal wetlands in this region. Filling for
              urban use, port and harbor development, and sedimentation have replaced
              marshes, lagoons and estuaries along much of the California coast. Southern
              California has experienced the highest rate of loss with over 75% of its
              coastal wetlands gone. Los Angeles/Orange counties have experienced a 90%
              reduction of coastal wetland acreage. This nearly complete destruction of
              wetland habitats in southern California has made those areas which do remain
              extremely valuable.

              Despite all the changes Batiquitos Lagoon has undergone, large numbers of
              migratory birds stop here every year on their annual journey. The lagoon
              contains many acres of salt and brackish marsh and is a home for several
              endangered species. While diminished in its capacity as a tidal system, the
              lagoon is a rare and valuable habitat worth preserving and enhancing. Without
              some human intervention to benefit the lagoon environment, it will continue to
              fill with sediment and lose many of its wetland values in the next few decades.

              The State Coastal Conservancy has coordinated and produced this plan. The
              Conservancy was created in 1976 as an implementation agency for the California
              Coastal Act. As a primary mandate of its enabling legislation, the Conservancy
              is responsible for resolving coastal land issues and for planning and
              implementing habitat enhancement projects. The Conservancy also has funds for
              design and construction of public accessways and provides planning and
              implementation assistance for watershed management programs. The Batiquitos
<pb n="14" />

               Lagoon Enhancement Plan has elements of all these programs and is
               representative of our efforts to improve the resources of the coastal zone both
               for people and wildlife.

               This enhancement plan consists of two volumes. The first volume concerns the
               enhancement of the lagoon only; the second volume address problems in the
               lagoon watershed. Together, these two volumes present a comprehensive program          or
               for enhancing the entire lagoon environment.

               EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

               Soils, Water and Streams

               For thousands of years prior to  European settlement the mouth of Batiquitos
               Lagoon was open on a continuous  basis. The channel was able to remain open
               because the actual tidal prism of the lagoon had adequate capacity on the ebb
               flow to scour a channel through the beach and offset the effect of sand build-
               up in the channel. However, since settlement of the area, the lagoon has
               experienced significant filling from erosion in the watershed and constriction
               of water flows from the fills and bridges for Highways 101 and 5 and the
               railroad. These bridges now represent choke points to tidal inflows.
               Sedimentation has reduced the tidal prism of the lagoon to the point where the
               mouth rarely opens and not enough tidewater is able to enter and leave the
               lagoon to keep the mouth open. When the mouth does open, due to high
               freshwater levels, tidal inflows now stop after a maximum of several days.

               Now that the lagoon is dependent upon seasonal freshwater inflows, its water
               level may vary considerably from year to year. In some summer and fall months
               the lagoon may dry out, while in other years the lagoon retains shallow water
               year round. Some winters the lagoon may have water depths over eight feet.
               The amount of rain, number and timing of openings of the lagoon mouth and
               draining of the lagoon, inflow of groundwater from springs and seeps and the
               evaporative rate during summer now largely control the lagoon water level.

               Monthly water quality  data are available for the years 1979-1983. The results
               show that water quality in the lagoon is controlled by the frequency of opening
               of the lagoon mouth, by evaporative concentration of salts, and by the inflow
               of fresh nutrient-rich water from tributary creeks. Midsummer salinity in the
               lagoon exceeds that of seawater, ranging from 2.5 times the salinity of
               seawater in the upper lagoon to almost 4 times higher in the lower lagoon. The
               inflow of water rich in ammonium, nitrate and phosphorous from San Marcos Creek
               and probably other tributary streams stimulates blooms of ditch grass (Rugpia
               maritima) and filamentous green algae. Increasing salinity and temperature
               levels later in the summer cause the aquatic plants to die off. Decomposition
               of the dead plants depletes the supply of dissolved oxygen in lagoon water and
               further increases nutrient levels. Occasional sewage spills into the lagoon
               further increase nutrient levels. With no tidal exchange and little summer
               water inflow, water temperatures in the lagoon increase, further reducing the
               dissolved oxygen. In summary, water quality conditions and water depths
               fluctuate widely over one year's time with extremely harsh conditions
               prevailing during mid to late summer.

                                                      ii
<pb n="15" />

              The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed consists of 52 square miles with the primary
              tributary being San Marcos Creek. A dam on San Marcos Creek impounds water
              into San Marcos Lake which acts as a silt basin for the upper portion of the
              creek. The remaining area below the dam is incised in a canyon until it spills
              out onto an alluvial plain which has been filled and developed for the La Costa
              Golf Course. Encinitas Creek is the other major tributary. Most of the
              floodplain of this creek is covered with riparian forest and marsh which traps
              and holds most of the heavy sediment carried by the creek.

              Estimates of the average annual sedimentation rate into the lagoon show
              accumulation of 1-2 cm/year over the entire lagoon bottom. Estimates of the
              sedimentation rates for San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks as well as the drainage
              ditches along 1-5 at Piraeus and Eolus,are given. Other tributaries around the
              lagoon either have sediment basins or are planned to have them. The primary
              sources of this sedimentation are erosion of graded development sites,
              agricultural areas, and open, un-vegetated land, and channel erosion. Maps of
              the watershed illustrate the current extent of developed and agricultural
              lands, natural and channelized streams and disturbed lands. If current
              sedimentation rates continue, the entire lagoon will be filled in up to the
              +4.0 MSL elevation in 30-50 years.

              Natural Resources

              Batiquitos Lagoon contains six habitat types: salt marsh, brackish marsh,
              sand/mudflats which are seasonally covered by water, deep water, and riparian
              forest dominated by willows. Salt and brackish marsh are present around the
              edge of the lagoon and comprise about 178 acres. Deep water areas occur mostly
              in the middle and western lagoons covering only 29 acres. The mud/sand flats
              are the most extensive habitat covering 393 acres. These flats may be
              inundated under eight feet of water some years, dry out completely or have only
              a few inches of water. The values of this habitat to wildlife varies with the
              amount of water the lagoon contains.

              The abundance and variety of wildlife in the lagoon is a reflection of the
              extent, type, and quality of habitats. Several species of mammals, such as
              jackrabbits, ground squirrels'and raccoons use the lagoon and live along its
              edges as do several reptilian species. Fish species are limited in diversity
              due to the drastic fluctuations in water quality and temperature which occur
              annually in the lagoon. Likewise, benthic invertebrates (worms, clams and
              other creatures which inhabit the lagoon bottom) and zooplankton species
              probably have difficulty surviving the water quality conditions at the lagoon.

              Birds, both migratory and resident, are the most conspicuous members of the
              lagoon fauna. Batiquitos Lagoon supports a seasonal influx of migratory
              waterfowl and shorebirds. Both shorebirds and waterfowl use the eastern basin
              of the lagoon more than the western basin. Shorebirds typically use the lagoon
              in late summer and fall when water levels are shallow and allow feeding by
              short-legged bird species.. In drier years, Batiquitos Lagoon supports greater
              numbers of shorebirds than either Agua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons.
              However, in high water years when the Batiquitos Lagoon water levels are deep,
              shorebird populations are higher at Agua Hedionda Lagoon.

                                                   iii
<pb n="16" />

               Waterfowl tend to use Batiquitos Lagoon during winter months when water is             or
               fresh and levels are higher. Batiquitos usually has higher numbers of
               waterfowl than either Agua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. In drier years
               when Batiquitos water levels are low, Buena Vista Lagoon hosts larger waterfowl
               populations.

               Other resident bird species include small passerine birds such as Long-billed
               Marsh Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds, House Finches and Song Sparrows which
               reside in the marsh or adjacent uplands. Wading birds such as Great Blue
               Herons and Great Egrets feed in the lagoon as do marine species like Double-
               crested Cormorants, Forster's Tern and California Gulls.

               Several state and federally listed endangered species nest or feed in the
               lagoon. These include the California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah Sparrow,
               and Brown Pelican. A candidate species, the Snowy Plover also nests in the
               lagoon. The riparian forest along Encinitas Creek provides habitat for the
               Least Bell's Vireo.

               In comparison to other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon has high
               habitat values for waterfowl and shorebirds. It has a low value for fishery
               habitat due to the lack of tidal inflows or stable water levels. The lagoon
               also has a high value for endangered species due to the number of different
               species nesting and feeding in the area.

               Aesthetic Values

               One of the most immediately noticeable qualities of Batiquitos  Lagoon are its
               aesthetic values. The diversity of the landscape, the beauty of such a large
               water feature, and the expansive open space of the lagoon set it apart from
               other surrounding lands. Steep bluffs ring the lagoon, striking a contrast
               with the flat basin. The lagoon also provides a wide swath of open space
               unrestricted by urban developments. Only the roads and railway break up the
               continuous line of sight along the lagoon.

               Plans and Policies

               At present, the lagoon lands primarily serve as a wildlife habitat both
               officially under the ownership of the Department of Fish and Game and the State
               Lands Commission and unofficially under the ownerships of HPI, Mitsuuchi and
               Community Bank. The lagoon is bordered and crossed by several transportation
               corridors and utility lines of various types.

               The agricultural uplands along the north shore of the lagoon are slated for
               mixed use development west of Interstate 5 and proposed for residential and
               resort development east of Interstate 5. Residential development covers the
               lagoon's southern bluff tops and the La Costa Resort and various commercial
               lands border the floodplain of San Marcos Creek to the immediate east of the
               lagoon. Green Valley and Encinitas Creek still support some agricultural use
               but much of this area is planned for development. In sum, the lands
               surrounding the lagoon and comprising its immediate watershed are either
               already developed as urban areas or are proposed for development within the
               next ten years. The lagoon itself remains an important open space area and

                                                     iv
<pb n="17" />

             wildlife habitat/reserve.

             Four'local governments have jurisdiction over Batiquitos Lagoon and its
             watershed: the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of
             San Diego.

             The lagoon and its north shore, most of the San Marcos Creek floodplain and two
             separate portions of the Encinitas Creek floodplain lie within the City of
             Carlsbad. The City's General Plan Open Space and Conservation element and West
             Batiquitos Land Use Plan contain goals and policies which support preservation
             and restoration of the lagoon as open space, protection of wildlife, and
             retention of public recreation and visual access to the lagoon. The City
             policies also outline retention of the natural character of waterways. The
             City's Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan, although not adopted, contains many
             goals which guide evaluation of development proposals.

             There is a certified Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan (San Dieguito LUP)
             which includes the bluffs along the southern margin of the lagoon and a small
             area of Encinitas Creek. These areas have since been incorporated into the
             City of Encinitas. The San Dieguito LUP, when written, also included the
             lagoon prior to Carlsbad's annexation of the area in 1984.

             The County's San Dieguito Community Plan designates the portion of Encinitas
             Creek east of the coastal zone boundary (El Camino Real) as an impact sensitive
             area and for open space. The City of Encinitas will be formulating a new plan
             for these former county lands and the present LUP and Community Plan may serve
             as guides.

             Within the City of San Marcos lies much of the upper watershed of San Marcos
             Creek. San Marcos Dam impounds most of this drainage and separates it
             functionally from the lagoon watershed. The small area of the creek within the
             City of San Marcos downstream from the dam is zoned for open space use.

             Two agencies - the California Coastal Commission and the Army Corps of
             Engineers, have the primary permit authority over the lagoon area. Advisory to
             the Corps on permit applications is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
             National Marine Fisheries Service and the Department of Fish and Game. These
             "Resource" agencies have policies which require a project to cause no net loss
             of fish and wildlife values either through permit denial, redesign of the
             project or mitigation of project impacts. The Corps must weigh many factors in
             its permit decision including the "public interest" and makes the final permit
             decision. In addition to its authority over Batiquitos Lagoon, the Corps may
             also have authority over the riparian resources and streambeds of San Marcos
             and Encinitas Creeks.

             The Coastal Commission has extensive policies and guidelines regarding
             protection and restoration of wetland habitats. The Coastal Act identifies
             Batiquitos Lagoon as one of the nineteen most important coastal wetlands in the
             state.

             The State Lands Commission and Department of Fish and Game have additional
             authority over the lagoon to protect the public trust and fish and wildlife

                                                    v
<pb n="18" />

               resources, respectively. Department of Fish and Game must issue stream
               alteration permits for any changes in the tributaries to the lagoon.

               SUMMARY OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

                  o Road fills and bridges which cross the lagoon restrict water movements and
                  act as choke points to tidal flows

                  o Sediment from agriculture and urban development in the watershed has
                  filled in the lagoon, significantly reducing the tidal prism. Sedimentation
                  continues to flow into the lagoon and is expected to fill the lagoon up to
                  the +4.0-ft (MSL) elevation in 30-50 years

                  o Water quality data for the lagoon shows salinity and temperature levels
                  undergo enormous variation over a year, nutrient levels for nitrogen and
                  phosphate are very high and water quality conditions exceed the tolerance
                  levels of most aquatic animals

                  o Fluctuations in water levels in the lagoon create areas of varying water
                  depth. Depth of water dictates the species of migratory shorebirds and
                  waterfowl able to use the lagoon as a feeding site. Most years the lagoon
                  provides significant migratory bird feeding habitat during winter months

                  o Variation in water levels determines the location and size of nesting
                  areas for endangered California Least Terns.and Snowy Plovers

                  o Major portions of the lagoon are in private ownership and not managed as
                   wildlife habitat

                  o Local City of Carlsbad General Plan policies and land use designations
                  support preservation of the lagoon as "open space"

                  o A 16 inch gas line crosses the western lagoon as do several utility lines
                  and transportation corridors

                  o The lagoon watershed lies in the jurisdiction of four local governments
                  City of Carlsbad, City Of San Marcos, the newly incorporated City of
                  Encinitas, and San Diego County. Each has different zoning and land use
                  policies for their portion of the watershed streams

               THE PLAN PROCESS

               In January, 1985, the Conservancy established a Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement
               Group to set enhancement goals and help guide the progress of the enhancement
               plan. Table i lists these goals. This group included members of government
               agencies, local landowners, members of the lagoon foundation and others. All
               the meetings of the group were open to the public and several public workshops
               were held. The Conservancy hired a consulting team to summarize existing
               knowledge on the lagoon and to formulate enhancement alternatives.

               During the time that the enhancement group was deliberating over enhancement
               alternatives, the Port of Los Angeles (Port) and the Pacific Texas Pipeline

                                                    vi
<pb n="19" />

              Company (PacTex) approached both the Conse  rvancy and the lagoon enhancement
              group. These two entities were proposing to fill a subtidal area of the Port
              to create an oil tanker facility and a pipeline to ca-rry oil from California to
              Texas. Since the fill would permanently fill a marine habitat in the Port, the
              Port and PacTex were required under federal and state permit processes to
              compensate for the loss of habitat. Within the Port boundaries there was not
              adequate room for creation or improvement of enough area to act as
              compensation. A site on the southern California coast was needed and after a
              review of several locations by the Resource Agencies, Batiquitos Lagoon was the
              prime candidate.

              The involvement of the Port of Los Angeles and PacTex significantly changed the
              enhancement opportunities for Batiquitos Lagoon. A potential funding source
              for enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon to a fully tidal system had appeared.

              Within several months, the Conservancy staff and their consultants developed
              three enhancement alternatives for the lagoon. The tidal cycle of each of
              these was simulated by computer to evaluate tidal heights and thus calculate
              habitat types created.

              The three Resource Agencies - Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and
              Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service evaluated the existing
              habitat values of Batiquitos Lagoon and those which would be created by the
              three alternatives. Using the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) developed by
              the Fish and Wildlife Service, these agencies identified the minimum acceptable
              habitat acreages which had to be used in the plan to sustain existing values.
              These acreage figures are contained in Alternative One. The Resource Agencies,
              landowners, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and others endorsed
              Alternative One as the "preferred alternative".

              Other issues which were investigated and negotiated include: alignment of a
              public access trail along the north shore of the lagoon, a plan for controlling
              sedimentation into the lagoon, and operation and maintenance program for the
              lagoon and an implementation plan for the project. Proposed actions to solve
              these problems are included in this plan.

              The Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan was released in October,    1986, and
              the Conservancy held a public hearing January 15, 1987. Due to the level of
              public comment regarding the biological effects of Alternative One, and the
              lack of substantiation for the HEP determination, the Conservancy no longer
              endorses any of the alternatives as a preferred plan. The EIR/EIS being
              completed by the City of Carlsbad and the Army Corps of Engineers will
              determine the preferred enhancement alternative.

                                                     vii
<pb n="20" />

                                                                                                     01o
                                                  TABLE i

                                    BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT GOALS

                 Habitat Types

                   -  The overall goal is to enhance the lagoon environment for
                      wildlife habitat.
                   -  Open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird
                      habitats to the greatest degree feasible.
                   -  Protect endangered species habitat and create additional habitat
                      where possible.
                   -  Maintain existing areas of wetland and create additional marsh.
                   -  Maintain existing riparian habitat.
                   -  Maintain natural buffer (e.g. bluffs) where possible and
                      adequate lateral buffer (e.g. 100 ft.) in other areas.

                 Hydrology

                   -  Restore tidal action.
                   -  Provide for a fluctuation of water level.
                   -  Maintain good water quality.
                   -  Keep the lagoon wet as much of the year as is possible.

                   Public Access

                   -  Create a north shore trail.
                   -  Establish viewing points around the lagoon with interpretive signs.
                   -  Recommend the City of Carlsbad include a bike trail in any expansion of
                      La Costa Blvd.
                   -  No water sports, boats or fishing should be allowed in the lagoon.

                   Visual Oualities

                   -  Minimize the use of man-made structures.
                      Retain a natural look.
                   -  Biological viability takes precedence over aesthetic values
                      should the two ever conflict.

                   Sedimentation

                   -  Reduce sedimentation into the lagoon using the most cost effective
                      remedies.
                   -  A mixture of public and private funding should be used to operate
                      and maintain lagoon improvements.

                                                   Vill
<pb n="21" />

              THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

              The enhancement of coastal wetlands is still an uncertain process. Despite ten
              years of enhancement efforts in California wetlands, there are still many
              unknowns and always the possibility that what is planned in an enhancement
              project will not be realized in the final result. Consequently, there is a
              degree of risk involved in undertaking any enhancement efforts at Batiquitos
              Lagoon. But there is a more assured risk in leaving Batiquitos Lagoon in its
              present condition. Sedimentation levels into the lagoon far exceed natural
              levels  and the lagoon is quickly filling in. Now that the mouth rarely opens
              except  in large floods, nearly all the sediment entering the lagoon remains
              there,  progressively building up the bottom elevations and transforming the
              lagoon  into an upland. Calculations using current sedimentation rates and
              lagoon  bottom elevations found Batiquitos Lagoon will be filled in its entirety
              to the  +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years. As such an event occurs, the
              shallow water habitat so valuable to migratory bird species will disappear,
              replaced by marsh and eventually riparian forest and upland.

              The primary goals of the enhancement program are to: "enhance Batiquitos Lagoon
              for wildlife habitat" and to "open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining
              migratory bird habitats to the greatest degree feasible". Turning these goals
              into plan alternatives necessitates looking at the entire lagoon system, not
              just a single component of the system. The hydrology, water quality, sediment
              mechanics, each floral and faunal component as well as economic and engineering
              factors, have to be considered.

              At present, most of the lagoons' habitat values are directly related to the
              lagoon's varied hydrologic regime. Batiquitos Lagoon functions as a seasonally
              flooded wetland subject to varied water depths. The lagoon undergoes yearly
              and seasonal extremes in water quality and supports few resident aquatic
              species.Emergent marsh rings the lagoon varying in species composition due to
              differences in salinity levels around the lagoon. The lagoon's value to
              migratory shorebirds and waterfowl fluctuates with its water depths and cannot
              be determined at a consistent yearly value. Likewise, the availability of
              nesting areas for endangered Lest Terns and Snowy Plovers varies with water
              levels. Unfortunately, the bird counts and data which exist for the Batiquitos
              Lagoon are not comprehensive enough in scope to relate bird populations and
              water levels over a long period of time. Therefore, any evaluation of the
              value of the lagoon habitat for migratory birds is a judgement made by trained
              experts after review of what data is available. These experts, drawn from both
              the Resource Agencies and conservation organizations, do not agree on the
              lagoon's existing habitat values nor do they agree on how to translate these
              existing habitat values of seasonal wetland into habitat values for intertidal
              mudflats. The intertidal system provides a different food base for bird
              species and can be considered a more "stable" system of predictably fluctuating
              water levels and habitat acreages. There are no previous models to review
              where a seasonal wetland and a tidal wetland have been compared for value to
              migratory birds.

              -The other evaluation inherent in a plan for a    tidal system is an analysis of
              the hydraulic function of the lagoon under different tidal prisms. Road fills
              now constrict water flows through the lagoon and the mouth is confined to a

                                                       ix
<pb n="22" />

               small' opening which is blocked by sand and cobbles. The ability of the lagoon
               to maintain a clear channel can be evaluated using different computer models
               and approaches, but this evaluation also falls within the category of expert
               opinion. Scientific expertise in predicting coastal processes is not yet well
               developed.

               This Revised Draft Plan reviews a number of alternatives for enhancement of
               Batiquitos Lagoon. The determination of what alternative is the
               environmentally preferred plan will be made through the EIR/EIS process
               following preliminary engineering studies. This Draft Plan sets forth a number
               of conceptual plans for evaluation.

               The plan reviews three fully tidal alternatives involving different amounts of
               dredging and various size tidal prisms. Alternative One contains the largest
               mean diurnal tidal prism of 67 million cubic feet. Alternative Two is slightly
               smaller with a mean diurnal tidal prism of 60 million cubic feet. Alternative
               Three contains a mean diurnal tidal prism of 46 million cubic feet.

               Tidal Prism and Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions

               The single most important hydrolog ic design constraint for Batiquitos Lagoon is
               to ensure that there is a sufficiently large tidal prism to keep the entrance
               channel open. The lagoon channel can only retain an "always open" state if
               the scouring power of the ebb tidal prism is greater than the wave power along
               the beach to move sand into the channel. This wave power reaches a peak during
               storms. The complexity of the hydrodynamic processes involved and the
               difficulty in their measurement, make it difficult to predict a critical value
               for the tidal prism needed to assure the lagoon entrance channel will always
               remain open. This plan uses an empirical approach to predict the needed tidal
               prism for Batiquitos Lagoon. This approach allows us to graph deepwater
               wavepower against the potential mean tidal prism and observed closure
               conditions for 22 California lagoons and estuaries and the three tidal
               alternatives for Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure 7). As the separation   line
               between "always open" estuary entrance channels and "sometimes closed" channels
               is approximate, we have shifted the line downward by a factor of two to
               conservatively predict the function of these proposed alternatives. When this
               analysis is done, Alternatives One and Two remain in the "always open" category
               and Alternative Three falls on the dividing line between "always open" and
               "sometimes closed".

               Another way of looking at the size of the tidal prism created under each
               alternative is to compare them to the historic condition which existed in
               Batiquitos Lagoon. In 1850, Batiquitos Lagoon had an estimated mean diurnal
               tidal prism of 90 million cubic feet. Alternative One would re-create 75% of
               this original tidal prism, Alternative Two would create 66% and Alternative
               Three, 51% of the original tidal prism.

               For each of the alternatives, the lagoon would be dredged to create a tidal
               basin. In the eastern basin, material would be excavated from the -2.5 foot
               MSL contour down to the -6.0 foot contour. The western basins would be
               excavated down to the -8.0 foot contour. A hydrodynamic computer program was
               used to analyze tidal heights in the entire lagoon for an average tidal cycle.

                                                     x
<pb n="23" />

             In order to decrease the amount of friction between the lagoon bottom and tidal
             flows, to create subtidal habitat and to overdredge the lagoon slightly, these
             bottom elevations were decided upon. This analysis also showed that deeper
             dredging in either basin provided no additional benefits to tidal flows. Ebb
             flows through the entrance channel would be slowed by energy losses and the
             mean lower low tide level in the main section of the lagoon is increased by .4
             feet over the level present at the beach. Most of this dampening effect is due
             to the constriction of the entrance channel by the Highway 101 bridge.

             For the most part' the dredging area is confined to the presently un-vegetated
             portions of the lagoon. The dredging was designed in this way to avoid loss of
             existing marshland. The dredging contours would create an un-vegetated
             intertidal zone below existing marshes; a subtidal zone would be created below
             the intertidal band. This subtidal zone would include a defined bottom channel
             to help transport the sediment out of the lagoon.

             Alternative Four describes an intermittent tidal system. This type of system
             would require a greater deal of maintenance and less initial dredging. The
             potential mean diurnal tidal prism created under this alternative would equal
             30 million cubic feet. This size tidal prism, when compared with other
             California estuaries and the other alternatives, would fall into the
             "frequently closed" category. To restore tidal flushing, the lagoon mouth
             would have to be cleared of sand and cobbles as often as it closed. The lagoon.'
             could vary considerably from a continuously tidal system under this alternative
             due to the difficulty of opening the channel promptly following closure.

             Habitat Acreages

             Table ii lists the habitat acreages created under each enhancement alternative.

             The subtidal habitat is a shallow water area which is covered by 5 to 10 feet
             of water during most tidal cycles. Certain fish and invertebrate species would
             be expected to colonize the subtidal area following the enhancement. Typical
             fish species which would inhabit the lagoon include: California halibut,
             white, spot-fin, and yellow croaker, and deep-body anchovy.

             The intertidal habitat consists of mudflats, which are covered and exposed twice
             daily by the tides.. The invertebrate worms, molluscs, crustaceans and others
             which would colonize this zone are the primary food source for migratory
             shorebirds.

             Following the dredging, the abundance and variety of animals colonizing both
             the intertidal and subtidal habitats will be a function of the subtrate type in
             the lagoon bottom, water quality, nutrient conditions and soil chemistry.
             These factors will undergo changes following the initial dredging and the
             system may not reach an equilibrium for several years.

             The salt/brackish marsh'areas will not be mechanically manipulated. The
             introduction of tidal inundation could change the composition of plant species
             and areal extent of marsh in the lagoon.

                                                   xi
<pb n="24" />

                                                       Table ii

                          SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES      BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                                    2          3          4

                Intertidal Area (acres)
                (+2.5' to -2.5' NGVD*)                  170         217          317      338-
                                                                                          348

                Subtidal area (acres)
                (below -2.5' NGVD)                      220         171          71      35-45

                Area of salt/brackish   marsh (acres)
                (above +2.5' NGVD)                      139         141          141      141

                Area of Least Tern  habitat (acres)      34          34          34        34

                Area of freshwater  marsh (acres)        33          33          33        33

                Potential mean diurnal tidal prism
                (million cubic.feet)                     67          60          46        30

                Potential perigean spring tidal
                prism (million cubic feet)               99          89          68        40

                Approximate volume
                of dredge material
                (million cubic yards)                     3.0         2.1         1.3      --

                Entrance channel area
                (below 0' NGVD) (square   feet)       1700          1500        1200

                Total Capital Costs (includes
                dredging @ $4.00/yd, drag bucket
                system, beach groins, levee,
                in million dollars)                      12.4         8.8         5.6

                *NGVD   National Geodetic Vertical Datum     - approximately equal to Mean Sea
                Level

                                                        xii
<pb n="25" />

              The plan includes a managed freshwater marsh to be constructed in the
              north*eastern corner of the lagoon. The primary reason for creation of a
              freshwater marsh is to assure that the lagoon provides habitat for dabbling
              ducks which currently use the lagoon during the winter. The marsh would be
              enclosed within a levee and filled with six inches to one foot of water derived
              from San Marcos Creek. A weir would be placed in San Marcos Creek to pond and
              divert water. The levee would contain slide/flap gates to allow for release of
              freshwater and occasional flooding by salt water. The water regime and
              vegetation of the marsh would be managed to maximize waterfowl habitat.

              The enhancement plan specifies creation of four Least Tern nesting sites to
              preserve nesting habitat for this endangered species. Each site would be
              created from sandy dredge spoils, capped with clean beach sand and protected
              from predators by fencing. Fencing will be placed at a distance from each site
              such that it deters domestic animals and other mammals, but doesn't provide a
              hunting perch for avian predators.

              The habitat types created under Alternative Four may vary from those created
              under a continuously tidal system. The frequency with which the lagoon mouth
              is kept open will largely determine if the lagoon is marine and tidal in
              function or if it ponds freshwater and is brackish. It is difficult to predict
              how the water regime would function and thus what type of habitat would occur.

              Construction Methods

              All the alternatives will require dredging and disposal of large amounts of
              sand and silt material from the lagoon. The physical and chemical studies
              necessary to determine a dredge spoils disposal program are currently underway
              as part of the preliminary engineering and environmental analysis. Generally,
              the preferable disposal option is to place sandy dredge spoils on local beaches
              if feasible and dispose of clay/silt spoils on adjacent properties or as
              landscape fill for other areas.

              The most inexpensive method of dredging the lagoon is to use dry land
              techniques rather than hydraulic dredging. Construction would begin in the
              east basin and progress to the west. The beginning of project construction
              must be scheduled either prior to the beginning of the nesting season of the
              Least Tern or following fledging of all chicks. The location of haul roads
              must also be arranged to minimize trampling and destruction of salt marsh or
              other sensitive areas.

              Lagoon Channel Maintenance

              Under Alternatives One, Two, and Three, the lagoon channel would require
              maintenance should a large enough storm fill it with sand. The system outlined
              under Alternative Four could require frequent channel maintenance.

              The plan proposes two alternative maintenance methods: drag bucket with an
              offshore block and tackle or a short pier with a drag bucket operated by a
              crane. The drag bucket system basically consists of a Sauerman drag-scraper
              which is pulled along a cable through the channel. The bucket scoops up
              material from the channel and then re-deposits it offshore.

                                                   xiii
<pb n="26" />

                Sediment Control System

                A sediment control plan for the Batiquitos Lagoon watershed specifies both
                structural and non-structural control methods as well as a survey of existing
                conditions in the watershed. It is not practical to construct sediment control
                facilities which will capture both the heavy and the fine sediments entering
                the lagoon from the watershed. The sediment basins described here are designed
                to catch only the heavy sediments; the fine sediments (about 80% of the total
                sediment inflow) would pass into the lagoon and, if the lagoon is enhanced, be
                carried out with the tide.

                Structural sediment control facilities would be constructed at four sites:

                   San Marcos Creek Sediment Basin    This basin would be 300 feet wide and     500
                   feet long and the channel through the golf course would be deepened. A      weir      OF
                   set at +5.0 feet MSL would cross the channel at the bridge. This weir would
                   slow flows for both the 2 year and 100 year storms enough to efficiently
                   trap heavy sediments.

                   Encinitas Creek    The riparian trees in Green Valley are functioning as a
                   natural sandtrap and are protecting the lagoon frorn accumulation of heavy
                   sediment. The riparian areas and natural floodplain in this entire creek
                   should be preserved and managed to avoid downcutting and loss of natural
                   vegetation. To improve the ability of this corridor to trap sand, a low dam
                   would be constructed across the channel with several culvert outlets set     at
                   the same elevation to disperse flow across the corridor. A five acre trap
                   above this dam would be cleared of sand every five years with a minimum of
                   disturbance to riparian vegetation.

                   Drainage ditches adjacent to 1-5 at   Piraeus and Eolus    These drainage
                   ditches contribute sand to the lagoon. Two debris basins would be
                   constructed on the trapezoidal channels to enhance sediment trapping.

                The primary causes of erosion and sedimentation in the watershed are: runoff
                of loose sediment from graded development sites and agricultural lands; erosion
                of natural streambeds from increased stormflows due to paving of adjacent.lands
                and concrete lining of portions of streams; discharge of stormdrains into
                natural stream channels and canyons causing gully formation and channel
                erosion.

                The most effective method of controlling these problems is to limit the     amount
                and type of ground disturbance in the watershed through local ordinances.
                Implementation of the following non-structural control measures is recommended:

                   Revision and adoption of erosion control ordinances (Best Management
                   Practices) in the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and County o
                   San Diego. The watershed plan reviews the City of Carlsbad erosion control
                   ordinance and suggests adoption of this ordinance, with several additions
                   and revisions by the other jurisdictions. Grading on large areas, during
                   the rainy season, road-building on steep slopes and other kinds of intensive
                   site disturbance could negate any downstream sediment control efforts.
                   Implementation of this ordinance as well as the following features are

                                                      xiv
<pb n="27" />

                essential to reducing sediment inputs to the lagoon.

                Changing agricultural practices in the watershed to relect Resource
                Management Practices as suggested by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service.

                Adoption of floodplain management criteria for stream channels in the Cities
                of Carlsbad, San Marcos, and Encinitas. The watershed plan reviews the
                sediment retention features of natural floodplains and offers two options to
                retain these features during the development process.

                Adoption of stormwater management criteria in the Batiguitos watershed by
                the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas. These criteria should
                reduce the amount of peak runoff produced by new developments in the
                watershed and decrease the problem of streambed erosion and sediment
                deposition into the lagoon.

             The combination of sand-catching sediment basins, tidal flushing of fine
             sediment, and the implementation of watershed erosion controls, and floodplain
             management, is the most cost effective means of reducing sedimentation into the
             lagoon.

             Public Access

             A public access trail is proposed for the north shore of the lagoon. Beginning
             in the northeastern corner of the lagoon, the trailhead will be located on
             Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores property over which the Conservancy holds an
             open space/public access easement. The trail follows the existing dirt road
             along the north shore and begins to divert from this road on the HPI property.
             The trail moves to border the lagoon wetlands and will be located within the
             outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer. The trail moves from the lagoon
             border to the dirt road and back along the shoreline in this section. The dirt
             road then intersects Lagoon Lane where another trailhead would be located.

             Continuing the trail around the wetland and under Interstate 5 is both costly
             and creates a disturbance to the wetlands. Therefore, the recommended
             alignment consists of the shoreline trail along the eastern basin and a series
             of trails along the western basins. Public streets connect both trails making
             it possible to traverse from one end of the lagoon to the other.

             The western basin trails may be reached in several ways. A primary access
             point will be on Windrose Circle in the Sammis development. From this point
             the trail will proceed both east to a viewing area and west along the bluffs on
             a pedestrian bridge over the railroad to Highway 101. The entire trail will be
             designed with an improved surface and be available for pedestrian use only.

             As part of the public access improvements, interpretive signs would be placed
             at various points around the lagoon and viewing areas located near wildlife
             areas.

             Land Ownership and Management

             The private lands in the lagoon must be transferred to the State Lands

                                                   xv
<pb n="28" />

                                                     Table iii
                                         02eration a;-d Maintenance Costs

               Plan Element             Task                 Cost                   FreQuency

               Overall manage-     Oversight and        $60,000/yearly        Continuous over-
               ment of lagoon      maintenance of       for full time         sight; perfor-
                                   fencing, fresh-      manager; only         mance and over-
                                   water marsh,         a part-time           sight of maint-
                                   Least Tern           manager may be        enance activities
                                   nesting sites,       required              as needed
                                   sediment
                                   facilities,
                                   monitoring of
                                   lagoon, patrol -
                                   ling reserve

               Lagoon Channel      Clearance of          $1000/Clearance      Possibly once   in
                                   cobbles and                                thirty years or
                                   sand                                       more often; no
                                                                              estimates are
                                                                              available

               Freshwater Marsh    Management of        Not available at      Yearly manage-
                                   water levels and     this time             ment; replace-
                                   vegetation;                              Iment of gates,
                                   maintenance of                             culverts, etc.,
                                   tidegates,                                 as needed
                                   water diversion
                                   strUctures, etc.

               Least Tern sites    Removal of           $300-500/acre/        Yearly management
                                   vegetation,             year
                                   maintenance of
                                   sandy surface

               Sediment Control    Cleaning and         Approximate -         Average annual
               Facilities          disposal of          $68,700               may vary each year
                                   sediment

               Public Access       Repair and           Unknown,              Unknown,
               Trail               replacement          until designs         trail will be
                                   of signs,            are completed         designed with
                                   interpretive         approximately         low maintenance
                                   facilities,          2% of constr-         criteria
                                   water bars,          uction costs
                                   resurfacing          per year
                                   of trail

                                                       xvi
<pb n="29" />

                                                 Table iii (continued)
                                      Operation and Maintenance Costs

              Plan Element           Task                Cost                Freauency

             Monitoring         Measurement of      $30,000-$50,000     Yearly program
                                physical,
                                chemical and
                                biological
                                parameters of
                                enhanced lagoon

                                                  xvii
<pb n="30" />

                Commission before construction of the enhancement project may begin. The State
                Lands Commission will then lease the property to the Department of Fish and
                Game and the entire lagoon would be managed as an Ecological Reserve. Nature
                study, hiking along shoreline trails, sport fishing from designated shoreline
                areas, and passive recreation will be allowed while boating, sw'imming, hunting
                and commercial fishing are not permissable.

                Operation and Maintenance

                Many features of the lagoon enhancement program will require operation and
                maintenance. These include: general oversight of lagoon use and conditions,
                lagoon inletchannel, managed freshwater marsh, Least Tern nest sites, sediment
                control basins, and the public access trail. Table iii outlines these
                activities and their costs.

                A monitoring program would periodi  cally review the physical contours of the
                lagoon, record water quality conditions and census benthic organisms, fish and
                bird species in the lagoon. The purpose of the program is to review changes in
                the conditions of the physical, floral and faunal components of the lagoon      over
                time.

                IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

                Once constructed, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project will be one of the
                largest and most costly habitat enhancement projects ever undertaken. It will
                require a number of permits, agency agreements, landowner agreements-and-
                establishment of several funding mechanisms.

                The main agreement to implement both the PacTex fill project and its
                mitigation, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project is a Mitigation Agreement
                between various government agencies. This agreement is a required attachment
                to both the Army Corps of Engineers 404 permit and the Coastal Commission
                permit for the PacTex project. The Mitigation Agreement will set forth the
                manner in which the enhancement project will be constructed and funded, how
                many mitigation credits will be given to PacTex and the Port, and how operation
                and maintenance of the lagoon will be funded. In addition to the Mitigation
                Agreement, a number of other agreements and actions must occur before the
                enhancement project can go forward. These activities and implementing actions
                are outlined in detail in the plan.

                                                      xviii
<pb n="31" />

              I. INTRODUCTION

              Batiquitos Lagoon lies at the southern edge of the City of Carlsbad in northern
              San Diego County (see Figure 1). The lagoon extends inland for 2 1/2 miles
              from its ocean mouth and averages one-half mile in width. Stretched like a
              sheet between two ridges, Batiquitos Lagoon is a wide, open expanse in a
              rapidly growing urban area. Although similar in geologic formation to its
              neighboring lagoons - Buena Vista, Aqua Hedionda and San Elijo, its character
              is unique. For many of the local residents, Batiquitos Lagoon is a source of
              beauty, interest, concern and occasional dislike. Beautiful when full of water
              and lovely birds, the lagoon becomes smelly when algae mats blanket-its surface
              or the water dries leaving a hard salt pan. It is the concern of residents,
              lagoon landowners, local government and wildlife resource agencies for
              Batiquitos Lagoon which has prompted this resource enhancement plan and led to
              a concerted effort to improve the lagoon environment.

              The State Coastal Conservancy has coordinated and produced this plan for the
              enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon. The Conservancy was created in 1978 as an
              implementation agency for the California Coastal Act. As a primary mandate of
              its authorizing legislation, the Conservancy is responsible for resolving
              coastal land use issues and for planning and implementing habitat enhancement
              projects. The Conservancy also provides funds for construction of public
              accessways and provides planning and implementation assistance for watershed
              management programs. The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan has elements of
              all these programs and is representative of our efforts to improve the
              resources of the coastal zone both for people and wildlife.

              State bond acts provide funding for these various programs; the Conservancy
              receives no general fund monies. Funding grants are provided to local
              governments and nonprofit organizations. The Conservancy has designed and
              implemented similar plans in San Diego County at both Los Penasquitos and San
              Diequito Lagoons.

              The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan is separated into two parts. Volume I
              includes conceptual plans for enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon, the background
              data on the lagoon, a public access plan and the proposed implementation
              program for lagoon enhancement. Volume H is an erosion control plan for the
              Batiquitos Lagoon watershed and is an essential part of the enhancement plan.
              It is bound as a separate volume due to the differences in plan implementation.
              The implementation of both volumes are essential to the preservation and
              enhancement of Batiquitos Lagoon.

              THE VALUES OF COASTAL WETLANDS

              The coast of California holds a string of wetlands along its 1,100 mile edge.
              These marshes, mudflats and other types of wetlands occur at the tidal mouths
              of rivers and creeks, the borders of large bays and inlets, and within
              lagoons. Each wetland is a distinct locale varying in size, habitat types,
              plants, animals and problems. Although separated by topography, each of these
              wetlands is linked by their similar nature as estuaries, bays and lagoons and
              by the yearly movement of their most conspicuous inhabitants - migratory Figure
<pb n="32" />

                                         BATIQUITOS LAGOON
                                                         REGIONAL
                                                        LOCATION
                                                          FIG.1
             SAN
            CLEMENTE
                              *............
                                                 SAN DIEGO COUNTY
                           ZFA M

                            IVA VA L
                                t 1A
                         RESER VA

                             5
                                          VISTA                     Locafion Mop
                                          0
                        OCEANSIDE
                   -81j-'h"4 Yl@"4 1-4@OON CARLSBAD
                   .4iCI1,4 11010H.4 L.400hl        ESCONDIDO
                                                      0
                           9
                             T101111TS
                           ,41

             PA CIFIC          ENCINITAS
                           S.4N flIJO L,44001V
             OCEA N

                                          DEL MAR
                        LOS        L41cooly

                                           5
                                  LA JOLLA o

                                                              EL CAJON

                                                on

                                  so,olfaby-
                                           CORONADO
                                                       CHULA VISTA

                                        IMPERIAL BEACH
                                                          SAN YSIORO U. S.
                                        61W,4#4 b4cwN           -..w
           0            10           20                       MEX100
                    SCALE IN MILES

                                            2
<pb n="33" />

             birds. For the human residents of California these wetlands are connected by
             Highway 1, the coast railroad and a growing interest and concern for their
             welfare.

             In many areas, this string has been broken by the complete loss of a bay or
             marsh to development. Over the entire California coast nearly 75% of our
             wetlands are gone. In southern California the loss is much higher - 90% of the
             wetlands have been filled, dredged or diked and turned into dry lands or
             harbors (Marcus et al, 1982). No southern California wetland remains in a
             pristine condition. As links in the chain have been lost, our remaining
             coastal wetlands have become all the more rare and valuable.

             These wetlands have many different values which research is only now bringing
             to light. While each individual wetland may have its own importance, wetlands
             as a type of ecosystem have several values in common.

             Intrinsic Values

             Wetlands have intrinsic values that are neither functional nor quantifiable;
             their worth to society cannot be bought or sold in ordinary currency. Located
             within a crowded urban area, the open expansiveness of a wetland can provide a
             recreation area for local residents - for walking, birdwatching, photographing
             or just sitting beside the water. Many people enjoy a feeling of refuge from
             the crowded, often chaotic urban scene. The pattern of marsh, water and
             wildlife adds variety to the landscape and gives definition to the shore. With
             a growing public interest in viewing wildlife, visitor use of wetland refuges
             in the state has reached an all time high. The closer these opportunities are
             to urban areas the higher value they present. Preserved wetland systems also
             provide scientific and educational opportunities.. Monitoring of enhanced areas
             should greatly expand our understanding of wetland,processes.

             Functional Values

             Scientists have studied the functional values of physical and biological
             processes in Pacific Coast wetlands. This body of research is quite large, and
             we shall only summarize some of it here.

             Primary Productivity

             The primary productivity of an ecosystem is measured by the amount of plant
             fiber and algae which grow over an area of ground in a specified time. This
             productivity supports entire food chains and complex food webs. Salt and
             freshwater marshes have higher annual rates of primary productivity than
             forests and many other ecosystems. Exposed to full light for photosynthesis
             and supplied with copious water, marsh plants and algae typically form a dense
             cover over wetland mud. Within the mud, micro-organisms that can live with
             little or no oxygen process nutrients, thus supporting plant production even
             when plants are submerged or dormant. Studies in southern California tidal
             marshes have demonstrated especially high levels of algae productivity (Zedler
             1982).

                                                    3
<pb n="34" />

                                           PERIODIC INUNDATION                          WETLAND PROCESSES                            FUNCTIONAL SERVICES

                                                                         r ----------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                        Food and habitat
                                                                                     High plant productivity

                                                                                                                                        Food chain support

                                       Nutrients and
                                           ended material
                                                                                                                                        Groundwater recharge

                                                                                    Trapping of susim    material
                                                                                                                                        Water quality Improvement

                                                                                         avow'.

                                                                                                         KID$

                                                                                                                              ---0- Shoreline erosion control

                                                                                          sell "61101,11"

                                               F

                                       SOURCE    U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983.                                        Wetland Processes
                                                 Wetlands and their Use and Regulation (Draft)

                                   FIG.   2

                                           IM
<pb n="35" />

              The net movement of plant detritus (decomposed plant material) and nutrients
              between salt marshes and adjacent estuaries in California is unknown. Detritus
              produced in the marsh is used by invertebrates and fish which inhabit muds and
              sloughs. These filter feeders sieve fine material from the tidewater, and thus
              represent the "secondary productivity" level of the marsh and contribute to
              further decomposition and nutrient cycling. These consumers, in turn, are
              eaten by shorebirds and other animals, who, in their migrations and movements,
              "export" the nutrients of the marsh to other areas (see Figure 2).

              While the productivity of brackish and freshwater marshes in California has not
              been investigated in detail except in relation to waterfowl food values,
              limited measurements of biomass (plant material) of brackish marsh plants
              indicate a higher annual productivity than salt marshes but yield little
              information as to the movement (export vs. import) of nutrients and utilization
              by animals other than waterfowl (Atwater, 1979). Overall, the salt, brackish,
              and freshwater marshes in California produce large amounts of plant and algal
              material and provide a rich food base, as evidenced in their wildlife
              populations.

              Wildlife Habitat

              Decades of observations and reports document the function of California
              wetlands as habitat for wildlife. Southern California coastal wetlands had
              some of the finest duck hunting in the state. Although the numbers of animals
              inhabiting wetlands have dramatically decreased, migratory birds and resident
              species still depend on remaining habitat.

              With the exception of the plants, the wetland food base for wildlife is
              relatively inconspicuous. Dense communities of invertebrates (worms, clams,
              crabs, shrimp, amphipods and insects), inhabit the shallow depths of mudflats
              and sloughs of tidal and brackish marshes, each species adapted to a part of
              the substrate (sediments). Some invertebrates, such as barnacles and crabs,
              undergo their yearly larval stages in tidal sloughs and sheltered shallow water
              areas (Ricketts, 1948). Seasonal wetlands support large numbers of
              invertebrates but lack diversity in the types of species present. Freshwater
              wetlands support a different array of invertebrate species, dragonfly and
              damselfly nymphs, insect larvae, aquatic insects, worms and snails cover stems
              and roots of submerged plants, and many invertebrates inhabit the substrate
              (Good, 1978).

              Most wetlands that contain tidal sloughs or other permanent open water support
              fish populations. Staghorn sculpin, three-spine stickleback, California
              killifish, topsmelt and others are common in tidal estuarine marshes. The
              arrow goby shares a mud burrow with worms and crabs (Moyle, 1976). Seasonally,
              fishes such as surfperch, anchovies, flatfish, and rockfish from nearshore
              waters move into estuaries and marshes to feed or have their young.

              Although the precise contribution of salt marshes in reproduction and growth of
              fishes is largely unknown, evidence suggests a chain of dependency of fishes on
              salt marshes. Small resident fish species of sloughs feed on invertebrates in
              channels and mudflats; these smaller fish are prey to larger, often
              commercially important species that move out of the estuary into the Pacific

                                                    5
<pb n="36" />

              Ocean. Highly modified estuaries and lagoons which lack marsh and mudflats
              have demonstrated significantly lower habitat value for fish (Zedler, 1982).
              At least indirectly, and probably directly, wetlands contribute to the habitat
              needs of both commercial and game fish species.

              Birds are the most conspicuous form of wildlife in California wetlands. The
              Pacific Flyway, the major western migratory route for waterfowl, shorebirds and
              small passerines, connects the nesting grounds of Alaska and western Canada
              with wintering grounds in Cal*fornia and Central and South America. Each fall
              millions of waterfowl and shorebirds migrate to the wetlands of California to
              spend the winter months or feed prior to moving south. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Service states that, "the single most important function of remaining United
              States wetlands is to provide wintering rather than breeding habitat for
              waterfowl" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978).

              A low tide in coastal wetlands brings flocks of shorebirds poking up and down
              in the mudflats or scooping their bills through the surface, searching for
              invertebrates. Salt marshes are less used than mudflats for feeding, but birds
              seek refuge amongst the marsh plants to wait out high tides and storms. When
              extreme high tides submerge all of the marsh, adjoining lands - transition and
              buffer zones - provide essential "back-up" shelter for both waterfowl and
              shorebirds. One of the most striking features of California coastal and bay
              salt marshes, both tidal and nontidal, is their seasonality. Even a summer-dry
              seasonal "wetland" comes to life when it is wetted by winter rains; flocks of
              migratory birds exploit these seasonal resources.                                     M

              Generally migrants will go to those areas where food is abundant and move to
              another as food levels decrease, visiting many different sites along the coast
              in one season. The coastal chain of wetlands thus provides a series of
              geographically dispersed habitat areas for these migratory species, many of
              which continue their travel to Central and South America.

              Mammals, both large and small, forage in or are residents of wetlands.
              Raccoon, muskrat, mink, and deer hunt or graze in salt, brackish and freshwater
              wetlands. Shrews, harvest mice and pocket mice live in the thick marsh
              vegetation. Larger mammals live in upland areas but travel to nearby riparian
              forest and marshland to feed on fish, invertebrates, and other small prey.

              Rare and Endangered Species

              The loss of wetland habitats on the coast has dramatically reduced the
              populations of at least 10 animal and 9 plant species that are now listed by
              state and/or federal governments as endangered or rare. The populations of
              animals such as the Aleutian Canada Goose, California Clapper Rail, California
              Least Tern or Belding's Savannah Sparrow have been diminished by reduction of
              available habitat (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980). Others, such as the
              salt-marsh harvest mouse, or salt marsh bird's beak (plant) have evolved
              specialized adaptions to the habitat conditions of marshes. Their narrow
              adaptability compounds the problem of loss of their habitat. It is not
              surprising that 20% of federally listed endangered species depend on some type
              of wetlands. In almost all cases, populations have declined because their
              habitats have been destroyed or reduced to a size too small to sustain viable

                                                    6
<pb n="37" />

             populations.

             Shoreline and Bank Protection

             By interrupting and absorbing the energy in waves, marsh and riparian
             vegetation in many locations is effective in reducing bank erosion and
             protecting shoreline structures. This useful function of wetlands is less
             evident in California than in other coastal locations for two reasons. First,
             along the high energy Pacific Coast, marshes have developed only in locations
             already protected within bays and river estuaries. The sites of greatest
             erosion - coastal bluffs.and beaches - are fully exposed to wind and waves and
             thus are not conducive to marsh establishment. However, large bays and
             estuaries, where the fetch of wind over shallow water may reach large
             distances, tidal marsh vegetation effectively buffers the shoreline from wave
             erosion.

             Water Purification

             Through a variety of mechanisms, both natural and artificially created wetlands
             have demonstrated their ability to enter into the treatment of municipal
             wastewater and urban stormwater. Conceptually, the wetland approximates a
             combination of waste stabilization pond and trickling filter.

             The broad, flat surface of wetlands and their saturated condition encourages a
             number of physical, chemical, and biological transformations to take place.
             For example, sediments and other suspended material carried into the marsh from
             storm drains will settle out, and forces of adhesion can bind heavy metals,
             bacteria, hydrocarbons, and other constituents to the sediments.
             Micro-organisms in shallow sediment will degrade and recycle organic and other
             compounds. Across the surface, oxidation and photochemical reactions can
             participate in removal of such pollutants as the pesticides- 2,4-D, malathion,
             methoxychlor, and DDT (Chan, 1981; Demgen, 1977). Marsh plants can remove
             pollutants directly by taking up nutrients and heavy metals (cadmium, copper,
             lead, zinc, and iron) and indirectly by creating the proper conditions for
             breakdown of pollutant compounds such as hydrocarbons and other organics.

             The Association of San Francisco Bay Area Governments (ABAG) reviewed 14 marsh
             systems across the nation that treated urban stormwater runoff and municipal
             wastewater (Chan, 1981). Wetland systems removed from urban storm
             water: nutrients; 85-99% of suspended solids; and up to 50% of Biological
             Oxygen Demand (BOD is the concentration of organic particles which require
             oxygen from the water for biodegradation). Data from several California
             wetlands - Mt. View Sanitary District's Martinez Marsh, Palo Alto Marsh/Flood
             Water Basin and Lake Tahoe Meadowlands also demonstrated the potential for
             wetlands to serve as water purification systems for municipal stormwater and
             wastewater.

             The relative effectiveness of each marsh type, species, and location in waste
             treatment must be investigated individually, but the collective data
             demonstrate that waste treatment is a functional service of many wetlands.
             Certain potential problems such as heavy metals, pesticides and other
             potentially toxic compounds concentrating in marshes used by wildlife will

                                                    7
<pb n="38" />

               warrant further study.

               SUMMARY-WETLAND VALUES

               Wetlands provide essential wildlife habitat to  migratory and resident birds,
               estuarine and marine fish and rare and endangered species. When functioning as
               tidal systems, coastal wetlands provide nutrients to the nearshore ocean               F
               environment and increase productivity of the nearshore waters. Certain
               wetlands may also provide shoreline protection and purification of wastewater
               and stormwater. In enhancing a wetland the first two values, wildlife habitat
               and primary productivity are usually the factors whose value is increased.
               Many wetlands, especially those in urban areas, have intrinsic values related
               to their aesthetic features and open space qualities.

               BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

               Batiquitos Lagoon is amongst those coastal wetlands which still survive and
               serve as valuable wildlife habitat and as open space for the surrounding'
               community. Although a unique natural system, Batiquitos Lagoon is exemplary of
               many of the problems facing our coastal wetlands. It was a tidal lagoon less
               than 150 years ago, nourished by daily infusions of ocean water.
               Archaeological evidence shows the lagoon had shellfish which the   local indians
               harvested in abundance. It probably held great numbers of fish and coastal
               birds and perhaps even seals and sea lions which feed on these creatures.

               While our understanding of this natural wetland system is limited, our ability
               to change the lagoon is not. Since settlement of the area, the lagoon has
               changed significantly. Roads and railroads crisscross the lagoon restricting
               water flow; vast amounts of sediment, washed down from plowed and graded lands
               in the watershed, has filled in the lagoon. Portions of the original eastern
               lagoon have been filled; water flow from the upper watershed has been caught
               behind a dam and diverted to other uses. All these alterations, perceived and
               carried forth as isolated actions, have combined to drastically change
               Batiquitos Lagoon. The lagoon is now filled with water only seasonally when
               tributary streams flow; tidal inflows have largely stopped.

               But despite all these changes, Batiquitos Lagoon is still a seasonal wetland
               and large numbers of migratory birds stop here every year on their annual
               journey. It contains many acres of marsh and provides habitat for several
               endangered species. While diminished in its capacity as a tidal system, the
               lagoon is a rare and valuable habitat worth preserving and enhancing. Without
               some human intervention to benefit the lagoon environment, it will continue to
               degrade and lose many of its wetland values. Present estimates predict the
               entire lagoon will be filled in to +4.0 ft. MSL in 30-50 years with continued
               sedimentation and no enhancement.

               What is Enhancement?

              ,The following plan sets forth a blueprint for the enhancement of Batiquitos
               Lagoon. We use the words "habitat enhancement" rather than "habitat
               restoration" because restoration implies we have chosen a former state of the
               lagoon to return the area to. Enhancement is a different concept involving a

                                                      8
<pb n="39" />

               rejuvenation and improvement of the natural system to increase the values it
               presently has and to add new values.

               Because the wetlands of the coast serve as a migratory route for birds and many
               have been lost, the decision on how to enhance a particular wetland must be
               made in the larger context of the entire region and state resource. In order
               to set forth a valid enhancement concept for Batiquitos Lagoon, the plan
               documents a number of things.

               1) We have examined present patterns of wildlife use of the lagoon, how the
               lagoon has changed from the historic condition, what problems it has and other
               important features of the existing system.

               2) We identified what physical, economic and social issues constrain      our
               enhancement efforts.

               3) Then with the help of many interested agencies, landowners and residents, we
               have established enhancement goals for the lagoon and formulated several
               enhancement alternatives.

               4) We have outlined how the plan could be funded and implemented and how the
               lagoon will be maintained so that our efforts are preserved into the future.

               5) We have identified a public access trail and other public facilities to
               allow residents and visitors to observe lagoon wildlife and enjoy the area.

               Lagoon Study Area Boundary

               The enhancement plan recognizes two boundaries for the lagoon system. The
               first boundary defines the upland edge of the existing lagoon wetlands (see
               Figure A. Figures with letters are bound in the back of the plan.) This
               boundary defines the areas of the lagoon to be enhanced. The boundary was
               determined by the staff of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and
               Wildl'ife Service, and California Department of Fish and Game. These agencies
               used the Corps' three parameter approach to defining wetland boundaries. This
               approach relies on the presence of wetland indicator plant species and hydric
               soils (showing signs of periodic inundation) and the hydrology of the area.
               This boundary was surveyed and all acreage figures in the lagoon plan are based
               upon this wetland boundary. All the lagoon area below this boundary is wetland
               of a vegetated or non-vegetated type. The Corps' definition of wetlands was
               therefore adopted for use in the enhancement plan.

               The second boundary used in the plan defines the 52 square mile watershed of
               Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure B). The watershed boundary was used in all the
               sedimentation studies completed for the lagoon plan. The watershed boundary
               determines the land area which has the greatest effect upon the lagoon, and
               from a land-use planning perspective must be considered to assure the long-term
               viability of the lagoon.

               Lagoon History
               For many thousands of years, theonly human residents of the Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                        9
<pb n="40" />

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                                                                       6
                                              F11G. 3                   U.S. Topographic Survey                                                                                                       Map
                                                                       Batiquitos Lagoon, 1898
<pb n="41" />

                                                 TABLE 1

                                       HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

             I. Prehistoric - Various California Paleo-Indian      Lagoon Continuously
             cultures, dating to 9,500 Before Present (B.P.).           Tidal

             San Diequito Complex (9,500 B.P.) - Paleo-Indian
             complex living.near the lagoon and primarily living
             on collected shellfish from the lagoon's waters.

             La Jolla Complex (7,500 B.P.) - An early milling
             complex that supplemented collecting shellfish with
             the crude milling of flour. The La Jolla Complex
             form the most numerous archaeological sites near
             the lagoon. Most sites are within 1,000 feet of
             the lagoon and are concentrated on the flatter
             north shore. Some sites indicate a history of
             habitation from 7,500 B.P. to 1,270 B.P. (approx.).

             Late Prehistoric Cultures (950 B.P.) - Characterized
             by advanced milling techniques and a reduced
             dependency on marine foods.

             Ii.     Hispanic Era - Early exploration of the area.
             Includes the Mission Era and Ranch Era 1760's to 1848.

             Exploration/Mission Era (1769-1833) - Portola-Crespi
             Expedition explored north San Diego County around 1769.
             Their route is believed to follow the approximate
             alignment of El Camino Real. San Luis Rey Mission was
             established in 1798. Mission livestock probably grazed
             the land adjacent to the lagoon and the local Indians
             continued to exploit the lagoon resources.

             Mexican Rancho Era (1830's-1848) - In 1842 Marron was
             granted Aqua Hedionda Rancho north of the lagoon and
             Ybarra was granted Las Encinitas Rancho, located south
             of the lagoon. Livestock from these ranchos probably
             grazed the lagoon area.

             III.    Americanization Era (1849-1900) - The American
             takeover in 1848 of Mexican Ranchos opened the area
             for homesteading in the 1870's.
<pb n="42" />

                                                     TABLE 1 (continued)

                                          HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                Circa 1880-   The Johnson homestead (located              Lagoon Tidal on
                              along San Marcos Creek in                   Intermittent Basis
                              present-day La Costa).

                                               .1
                              The Stewarts' homestead.

                              A major roadway extended south
                              from the lagoon through Green
                              Valley (El Camino Real).

                    1881-     California Southern Railroad
                              built across the lagoon's mouth.
                              Shipping points were established at
                              La Costa (present Ponto) and Merle
                              (present Leucadia).

                  1880-1900-  Homesteading began in Green Valley.
                              Batiquitos, Gun Club established.
                              La Costa (Ponto) filed for
                              incorporation.

                IV.     Modern Period (1901-Present)

                  1901-1910-  California Salt Company operated
                              25 acres of evaporative.ponds in
                              the lagoon's eastern basin.

                    1912-     Pacific Coast Highway constructed.

                    1917-     The avocado was introduced and
                              irrigated orchards became a prevalent
                              land use around the lagoon.

                    1920-     Green Valley was the most extensively
                              farmed section of the entire north
                              coastal area.

                    1927-     Pacific Coast Highway was
                              reconstructed across Batiquitos
                              Lagoon after storms destroyed it.

                    1934-     Santa Fe Railroad constructed across
                              the lagoon.
                                                                          Lagoon Infreguently
                    1952-     San Marcos Dam constructed,                 Tidal
                              decreasing the volume and scouring
                              potential of floods.

                                                         12
<pb n="43" />

                                                    TABLE I (continued)

                                        HISTORY OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                   1963-     Plans for a small craft marina in
                             the west end of the lagoon were prepared.

                   1965-     Interstate 5 was constructed across
                             the lagoon.
                   1966-     La Costa Resort built upon eastern
                             portion of lagoon wetland.

                  1967-74-   Secondary treated wastewater discharged
                             into lagoon.

                  1971-74-   Plans prepared for Nemo's Secret
                             Harbor (an amusement park located in
                             and around the lagoon).

                   1975-     World Cultural Center (including a
                             Hilton Hotel) proposed by Excel
                             Foundation to occupy same north shore
                             site as Nemo's Secret Harbor.

                   1976-     San Diego County prepared Master Plan
                             for Batiquitos Lagoon Regional Park.

                   1977-     Batiquitos Lagoon included in Carlsbad's
                             Sphere of Influence by LAFCO.

                   1983-     Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation formed.

                   1984-     Carlsbad annexed Batiquitos Lagoon.         Lagoon Rarely Tidal

               Adapted from City of Carlsbad Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan 1984,
               University of San Diego, Environmental Studies Laboratory, 1978. Tidal
               Aspects of Batiquitos Lagoon, 1850 to present, K.K. Bertine and D. Schug,
               1981. Man and the historical sedimentary record in two semi-arid estuaries
               in River Input to Ocean Systems, Proceedings of a Review Workshop, United
               Rations, New York.

                                                        13
<pb n="44" />

               area were Native Americans. Various cultures inhabited the lagoon area
               continuously from about 8,000 B.C. to 1890 A.D. and largely depended on the
               marine animals of the lagoon for food. The first Europeans to visit this
               area, the Portola expedition, crossed the lagoon's eastern edge in 1769.
               This expedition left no detailed descriptions. However, they are credited
               by some for giving the lagoon its name "Batiquitos", meaning little water
               holes. The Spanish later established a mission at San Luis Rey and cattle
               grazing began in the vicinity of the lagoon and in its watershed. The local
               indians continued their tradition of harvesting shellfish from the lagoon.

               Following independence from Spain in 1830, the Mexican government granted
               much of the land surrounding the lagoon and its watershed to several
               owners. The new landowners used the grasslands for grazing and settled in
               the area permanently. Americans took over many of the California ranchos in
               1849 and after California became a state in 1850. During the 1880's an
               influx of American settlers brought intensive agriculture to the lands
               immediately surrounding the lagoon and to the lagoon watershed. Figure 3 is
               a topographic map of the area in 1898. The small black squares indicate the
               buildings which were scattered around the lagoon borders. With the advent
              .of American settlement and agriculture, a need for roads and railways
               developed. The lagoon was filled to support a railroad, two roads and
               eventually an interstate freeway. The late nineteenth century and twentieth
               century saw ever increasing development of the lagoon and its watershed
               lands with a consequent loss of marine character in the lagoon (see Figure
               4). Table I outlines the human history of-the lagoon area.

               Researchers at the University of San Diego reviewed historic surveys,
               archaeological information, sediment and pollen studies and have established
               a history of tidal inundation for the lagoon (Phillips et al, 1978).
               Researchers at San Diego State University have also dated sediment cores and
               obtained similar results (Bertine and Schug, 1981). These studies show
               Batiquitos Lagoon was continuously tidal for at least several thousand years
               until abou't 1870-1880. Following 1880 the lagoon underwent intermittent
               tidal conditions for the next 45 years or so but experienced more frequent
               tidal flooding than presently occurs.   The amount of tidal flooding
               decreased even more through the 1920's  to the infrequent and rare tidal
               inundation in recent years. Therefore   the lagoon was completely tidal when
               Americans first settled in the area but the combination of agriculture and
               its associated soil erosion; upstream water impoundments; filling for roads
               and railways and blockage of tidal'flows acted to greatly reduce tidal
               inflows to the lagoo n.

               In recent years the lagoon mouth only opens when large winter storms bring
               enough water to break through the beach berm and empty the lagoon. The La
               Costa Resort also has a permit to open the lagoon mouth should water begin
               to threaten their lands. In either case, it is presently a rare occurrence
               that the mouth opens and any tidal water enters the lagoon.

                                                      14
<pb n="45" />

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                                                                                          FIG. 4
<pb n="46" />

                                                       A

                                               t                                                            \\j                                      NVL
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                                                                                                                             111   4IT:@KJ A
                                    Leuca
                                              d i
                                                                                                                                                     IT
                         FIG. 5           U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Map
                                          Batiquitos Lagoon,1948
<pb n="47" />

             DEFINITIONS

             The following terms appear often in this document, but readers may not
             understand the technical meaning or the distinction between different terms.

             Wetlands are those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or
             ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that
             under normal circumstancesdo support, a prevalence of vegetation typically
             adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include
             swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
             1977.)

             A marsh is one form of wetland, either freshwater or salt, which is
             dominated by nonwoody plants (especially grasses and sedges) often
             developing in a shallow depression, river margins, tidal areas, and
             estuaries.

             An estuar is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free
             connection with ocean, is tidally influenced, and experiences mixing of
             seawater with freshwater from inland drainages. Estuaries often contain
             marshes along their edges. ,

             A lagoon is a shallow lake or sheet of water connected by a narrow inlet
             with a river or the sea.

             Mean diurnal tidal Pris is defined as the volume of water that flows into a
             lagoon or estuary between the lower low tide and the higher high tide or
             that flows out of the lagoon between the higher high tide and the lower low
             tide.

             Tidal cycle is defined as the period between two consecutive high tides or
             two consecutive low tides. The semidiurnal tide has a cycle of
             approximately one half a tidal day, about 12.4 hours, whereas a diurnal tide
             has a cycle of a full day, about 24.8 hours.

             Perigean spring tide - Tides of increased size which occur when moon is in
             perigee or at its closest point in its monthly orbit around the earth.

             Subtidal Habitat is the tidal area below mean lower low water (MLLW) which
             is covered by water most of the time.

             Intertidal habitat is the tidal area between the mean lower low water and
             mean higher high water which is exposed twice daily and covered by water
             twice daily.

             Fluvial   of, found in or produced by a river or creek.

             Alluvial   of or having to do with the process of deposition of sediments by
             flowing water.

             Pluvial - of or having to do with rain.

                                                   17
<pb n="48" />

                                                    TABLE 2
                                               Tidal- Elevations

                Datum                           Definition                              Elevation
                                                                                        (ft/NGVD)

                MHHW Mean higher high water     Average height of the higher
                                                of the daily high tides                  +2.52

                MHW Mean high water             Average height of all tides              +1.77

                MSL Mean sea level              Average height of the water
                                                surface for all stages of the
                                                tide, determined from hourly readings       -0-

                MLW Mean low. water             Average height of all low tides          -1.93

                MLLW Mean lower low water       Average height of the lower of the
                                                daily low tides. Adopted as a plane
                                                of reference for hydrographic surveys
                                                and nautical charts of the west coast
                                                of the U.S.                              -2.88

                Throughout this document elevations are measured in feet in reference to
                Mean Sea Level. In the case of the Batiquitos Lagoon, it is equivalent to
                an elevation of zero on the National Geodesic Verticle Datum (NGVD). The
                table shows the range in tide levels observed at the mouth of the lagoon.

                                                        18
<pb n="49" />

             11.     EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

             SOILS, WATER &amp; STREAMS

             INTRODUCTION

             The purpose of this section is to document the present and historic hydrologic
             conditions of the lagoon including a discussion of the tidal aspects of the
             lagoon and the changes the lagoon system has experienced in the past 150 years.
             The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed is described as are the current land uses and
             sedimentation processes of the watershed and their effects upon the lagoon.
             This section discusses the results of measurements of water quality in the
             lagoon and identifies the primary water quality problems and hydrologic
             constraints to returning the lagoon to a tidal system.

             Batiquitos Lagoon is the result of gradual sea level rise after the last ice
             age, which submerged a canyon incised into highly erodible marine sedimentary
             rocks. Like other coastal lagoons in San Diego County, Batiquitos Lagoon has
             been severely altered by human activity. Bridges traverse the lagoon at three
             locations, and create significant flow constrictions. Land disturbance and
             development in the watershed have greatly accelerated the rate of sediment
             inflow, increased peak stream flows in some tributaries, and degraded water
             quality in the lagoon. The watershed of the lagoon comprises 52.3 square
             miles, most of which is drained by San Marcos Creek (38 square miles) and
             Encinitas Creek (7.4 square miles, See Figure B.)

             Before the arrival of Europeans, the mouth of Batiquitos Lagoon was open to
             tidal action most of the time (Phillips et al, 1978; Bertine and Schug, 1981).
             The volume of tidal exchange was sufficient to keep the mouth open against
             beach sand thrown up by all but the most violent storms, and daily tidal
             flushing swept fine sediment out of the lagoon. By the 1920s, however,
             accelerated sedimentation had reduced the tidal prism enough that the lagoon
             mouth began to close more frequently. This closure in turn accelerates the
             accumulation of sediment in the lagoon. Today, the lagoon mouth is closed most
             of the time and almost all sediment reaching the lagoon is returned there. The
             lack of tidal exchange has had severe impacts on water quality in the lagoon,,
             causing salinity and temperature increases in late summer.

             Information Sources

             The physical environment and biological characteristics of Batiquitos Lagoon
             have been the subject of numerous studies. Both Bertine and Schug (1981) and
             Phillips et al. (1978) studied the sedimentation in the lagoon and drew
             inferences on the historic frequency of closure of the lagoon mouth. The
             California Department of Fish and Game described the natural resources of
             Batiquitos Lagoon (Mudie et al., 1976). Several studies have been done
             pursuant to proposals for development around the lagoon. MacDonald and
             Feldmeth (1985) described the physical environment of the lagoon, and the
             ecological relationships and values of the wetland habitat around the margins
             of the lagoon. Jenkins and Skelley (1985) estimated the tidal prism and size of
             opening for various closure frequencies, given the site-specific wave
             environment at Batiquitos Lagoon. Woodward-Clyde Consultants (1985) developed

                                                    19
<pb n="50" />

              soil test boring logs and grain size distribution data for the lagoon, and
              Shepardson Engineering took additional cores at the mouth of Encinitas Creek
              and at the 1-5 bridge.

              Although the physical and biological characteristics of the lagoon have been
              studied in some detail, the characteristics of the watershed area have not been
              well studied. No streamflow records are available for streams entering the
              lagoon, although the Army Corps of Engineers estimated the 100-year, 50-year,
              and 10-year flood discharge and the corresponding water elevations for the 100-
              year and "standard project flood" for San Marcos Creek (Corps of Engineers,
              1971). The annual and seasonal runoff from San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks have
              never been measured, and there are no monitoring data for sediment in streams
              entering the lagoon.

              GEOMORPHIC HISTORY

              Batiquitos Lagoon is, geologically speaking, quite young. About 18,000 years
              ago, sea level was 120 meters (394 feet) lower than it is today. With sea
              level lower, San Marcos Creek cut a deep valley in the marine coastal terraces.
              Between 18,000 years and 6,000 years B.P. (Before Present), sea level rose
              relatively rapidly (about one meter (3.2 feet) per century), drowning the river
              valley. For the last 6,000 years, the rate of rise has been about 0.15 meters
              (6 inches) per century. As the sea level rose over many thousands of years,
              Batiquitos Lagoon gradually filled with sediment from the San Marcos Creek
              watershed; geomorphic and paleontological evidence indicate that the lagoon has
              been relatively shallow for at least 200 years (Phillips, et al., 1978). The
              depth of the lagoon prior to the arrival of Europeans and the advent of grazing
              and agriculture represented a balance between the sediment supply, the rate of
              sea level rise, and the wave energy available to keep lagoon bottom sediments
              in suspension.

              Since the late 1800s, human development has had profound effects on the
              sedimentation rate in the lagoon. The fill and bridge for the railroad were
              built in 1880 and the first Highway 101 bridge was built across the mouth in
              about 1912. A new highway 101 bridge stabilized the inlet channel on the north
              side of the lagoon.. Construction of the 1-5 bridge in the late 1960s created
              an additional constriction to tidal movements in the lagoon.

              From the mid 1800s to the 1960s, agriculture and grazing played an important
              role in accelerating the sediment supply to the lagoon. During the mid-1960s,
              urban development in the watershed rapidly replaced agricultural activities.
              The marsh east of El Camino Real which once absorbed much of the sediment from
              San Marcos Creek was filled and developed in the 1960s (see Figure 5). The
              soil disturbance from urban development and agriculture, combined with large
              floods in the winter of 1977-78, 79-80 and 82-83, resulted in large inputs of
              sediment to the lagoon and a reduction in tidal prism. Table 3 summarizes the
              loss of tidal prism from 1887 to 1978.

              As the tidal prism of the lagoon decreased, the frequency of c. losure has
              increased. Phillips et al, (1978) surveyed the available historic evidence and
              examined fossil pollen and invertebrates in sediment cores from the lagoon in
              an effort to determine the history of lagoon closure. They concluded that the

                                                    20
<pb n="51" />

              Table 3      Tidal Prism of Batiguitos Lagoon (in million cubic feet)

              Potential
              Tidal Prism                         1850             1887            1985

              Mean                                55-61                            13.2

              Mean diurnal                        83-91                            20

              Perigean spring                                       153            43

              Table 4- Tidal elevations at Scripps Wharf (in feet)

                                                      DATUM

                                          MLLW          NGVD

                           MHHW           5.4            2.5

                           MHW            4.55          1.65

                           MTL            2.7           -0.2

                           MLW            0.85          -2.5

                           MLLW           0             -2.9

                                                       21
<pb n="52" />

               lagoon was continuotisly-tidal in 1849 and for 20 to 25 years thereafter. A
               study by Bertine and Schug (1981) corroborates this conclusion. The
               lagoon was closed at least temporarily in 1874, 1877, 1891, and 1898. Between
               1898 and 1928, the lagoon was intermittently tidal. From 1928 to 1982 it was
               rarely open to tidal action. Presently, if the lagoon mouth opens at all, it
               is during large winter storms. A berm of cobbles blocks the mouth allowing
               water levels in the lagoon to gain depth during winter storms. The La Costa
               Resort has a permit to enable them to open the lagoon mouth when water levels
               reach +8.0 ft. MSL. At this level San Marcos Creek backs up and threatens to
               flood the golf course and other properties. In its current condition the lagoon
               rarely experiences tidal inflows and has a greatly reduced tidal range. Table
               4 shows the tidal elevations for the Scripps Wharf, 16 miles south of the
               lagoon. The NGVD (National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929 MSL, see Definitions
               page 17 for details) elevation of MLLW at the Scripps Wharf is -2.88 ft;
               maximum perigeal tidal range is from -4.5 ft. to +4.5 ft. NGVD in the ocean
               adjacent to the lagoon (S. Jenkins, personal communication). These values are
               based on the current sea level. During the sporadic periods when the lagoon
               mouth is open, the constriction and sediment sills at the bridges, and the
               frictional effect of the lagoon bottom severely dampen tidal movements into the
               lagoon.

               Tidal measurements recorded in February and March, 1978, a period when the
               mouth was open, showed that high tide levels at the eastern end of the lagoon
               lagged 2.0 to 2.5 hours behind the high tide in the ocean, and the maximum
               tidal range was only about 1.2 ft. compared to the 6.6 ft. maximum tidal range
               in the open ocean during the same period. The maximum tidal range in the
               western end of the lagoon exceeded 3.0 ft. (Phillips et al., 1978). Additional
               tidal measurements in 1980 showed essentially the same pattern. Jenkins and
               Skelley (1985) cited the importance of the sediment sill at the 1-5 bridge in
               restricting outflow on a low tide and reducing the actual tidal prism.

               TIDAL HYDRAULICS AND ENTRANCE CHANNEL CLOSURE CONDITIONS

               In its natural state, the inlet to a coastal lagoon such as Batiquitos remains
               open provided that tidal currents moving through the entrance channel are
               powerful enough to remove sand deposited by the action of ocean waves. The
               relative magnitude of the tidal scouring and the amount of littoral sand
               transport by wave action dictates the susceptibility of the entrance channel to
               closure. Through estimates of the interactions of these two factors -- tidal
               scouring and littoral sand transport, the closure conditions for the Batiquitos
               Lagoon channel can be described.

               Littoral Sand Transport

               Sand is deposited in the lagoon entrance channel by wave action during the
               inflowing or flood tide. The most intensive sand movement occurs during large
               storms when the nearshore wave energy is high. It has also been suggested
               that during heavy storms the dominant mechanism for depositing sand in the
               entrance channel is wave action moving the offshore bar onshore (O'Brien,
               1980). The average nearshore wave power at a particular location can be used
               as an index of the wave climate for that location.

                                                    22
<pb n="53" />

             Tidal Scouring

             A combination of factors determine the amount of tidal scouring. These
             include: 1) the velocity of the ebb flow through the channel:; 2) the duration
             of the ebb; 3.) the grain size of the beach sand; and 4) the geometry of the
             entrance channel. The first two factors, the velocity and duration of the ebb
             flow, can be roughly approximated by the tidal prism, that is, the volume of
             water flowing out of the lagoon on the ebb tide. Factor four, the geometry of
             the lagoon entrance channel through the sand beach, is determined by the power
             of the tidal scouring and hence the tidal prism. Most Pacific Coast beaches
             have similar sized sands and factor three can be estimated. Therefore it is
             possible to develop an empirical correlation between tidal prism and the cross
             sectional area of the entrance channel (Jarrett, 1976). This correlation can
             be done for natural entrances and for artificial entrances stabilized by
             jetties (such as the one at Agua Hedionda). As can be seen in Figure 6, an
             entrance stabilized by jetties is more hydraulically efficient and allows
             scouring of a larger cross section than a natural channel.

             It is therefore possible to describe closure frequency of a lagoon by an
             empirical correlation of wave power and tidal prism (Johnson, 1973).
             Unfortunately, because nearshore wave power data are not available for many
             locations, deep water wave power data has to be used. A refinement of
             Johnson's correlation for Pacific Coast lagoons is shown as Figure 7. As
             Figure 7 illustrates, Batiquitos Lagoon in 1850 had a sufficient sized tidal
             prism to remain below the dividing line and thus never closed. The lagoon's
             tidal prism in 1986 is much smaller and falls in the frequent closure area of
             the graph.

             In comparing data with other lagoons it is important to maintain a consistent
             definition of tidal prism. The most significant tidal range for determining
             inlet closure conditions has not been identified. Most researchers use either
             the potential mean tidal range (Mean High Water to Mean Low Water) or potential
             mean diurnal range (Mean Higher High Water to Mean Lower Low Water). Jenkins
             and Skelley (1985) have used the perigean spring tidal range (the maximum tidal
             range) in their studies. In this plan we will use the potential mean diurnal
             tidal range. In addition it is sometimes important to distinguish between the
             "potential" tidal prism of a lagoon or the physical volume measured by survey
             between high and low water datum, and the "actual" tidal prism or the volume of
             water discharged during the ebb tide. In many instances, the actual tidal
             prism can be considerably less than the potential tidal -prism. This difference
             occurs due to physical constrictions in tidal movements, such as bridges, and
             the frictional losses of the water flowing over the bottom of the lagoon.

             Batiguitos Lagoon Inlet

             Since the first mapping of Batiquitos Lagoon in 1856, the tidal prism has been
             significantly reduced due to sedimentation. As is shown in Figure 7, the
             potential mean diurnal tidal prism has been reduced from about 83 or 91 to 20
             million cubic feet. The actual mean diurnal tidal prism has been reduced more,
             primarily due to the constricting effects of the Highway 101 bridge and
             formation of a mud sill at the 1-5 bridge. Consequently the lagoon entrance
             has changed from one that was always open in 1850 (Phillips et al, 1978;

                                                   23
<pb n="54" />

                                  4011
                                                      +++                                           TT

                                                                                                                       7@7
                                                     LEGEND

                                                0    NO JETTIES
                                                     ONE JETTY   7                                              V
                                                V    TWO JETTIES I

                                  ,010

                                                     I I                                       V

                                                                                          0,

                                                                                           dF
                                                                                       0

                                                                                V

                                                                           IT i IZ    I z      I

                                  104
                                                           For-

                                 (3)

                                  10, 102                 10,
                                                   MINIMUM CROSS SECTIONAL AIREA OF INLET (rT') WLOW NSL (A)

                                              Alternative 1
                                     (2)      Alternative 2
                                     (3)      Alternative 3

                                    NOTE REGRESSION CURVE WITH 95 PERCENT
                                          CONFIOENCE LIMITS

                                                                                           TIDAL PRISM VS
                                                                                    CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
                                                                                   ALL INLETS ON PACIFIC COAST

                               FIG. 6                                                           From Jarrett 1976
                                                                                                                         7,

                                            L

                                                                          24
<pb n="55" />

                                   FIG. 7
                                   Closure Conditions of
                                   Natural Lagoons of California

                     101-      X   ALWAYS CLOSED
                                   FREQUENTLY CLOSED
                0              Ei  INFREQUENTLY CLOSED.
                x              0   NEVER CLOSED                                         tg

        N)                                                                       AP
        Un
                LL                                                                   Ap
                Im  lot                                                                015
                LU
                Uj                              Eye.                                   Alt 2-
                        -                                 22A 12@&amp; ISA                 It
                                                                                   ISO
                                                          M 0                  '19,             oil
                Uj                                                                17

                LU
                tu
                    10                                                        1 1 loll[                                  I $loll
                                                                                     lot                                      101
                                                      POTENTIAL MEAN TIDALPRISM
                                                                             tv

                                                      (IN MILLION CUBIC-FEET)
<pb n="56" />

                                                           Figure  7

                                        Summary of Tidal Inlet     Characteristics

                                   for Selected California Coast Estuaries and        Lagoons
                                                              Annual                                                OF
                                Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
         No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power         Conditions        Remarks
                                Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
                                                              x 10"
               Smith River
                 Estuary            35        24               303             Infrequent
         2     Lake Earl           430       320               329             Frequent
         3     Freshwater
                 Lagoon             35        25               348             Always
         4     Stone Lagoon         86        64               348             Frequent
         5     Big Lagoon          240       180               348             Frequent
         6     Eel River
                 Delta             200       140               371             Infrequent
         7     Estero
                 Americano          22        15              (200)            Frequent
         8     Estero San
                 Antonio            11        65              (200)            Frequent
         9     Tomales Bay        1580       1070              209             Never
         10    Abbotts
                 Lagoon             17        11               307             Frequent
         11    Drakes Estero       490       340                 26            Never
         12    Bolinas Lagoon      200       130*              117             Never           Good Data
         13    Pescadero Marsh       6.8       4.6            (200)            Frequent
         14    Mugu Lagoon 1976     27        19              (100)            Frequent
         15    Mugu Lagoon 1857    170       120              (100)            Never
         16    Carpinteria
                 Marsh.              4.8*      1.5             (50)            Infrequent      Good Data,
                                                                                               Entrance
                                                                                                  Lined
         17    Aqua Hedionda
                 Lagoon 1976        80        55*                28            Never           Entrance
                                                                                                  Lined
        .18a   Batiquitos
                 Lagoon 1985        20        13               (30)            Frequent
         18b   Batiquitos
                 Lagoon 1850        90        60               (30)            Never
         19    San Dieguito
                 Lagoon 1976         0.2       0.14            (30)            Frequent
         20    San Dieguito
                 Lagoon 1889        37        24               (30)            Never
         21    Los Penasquitos
                 Lagoon 1976         2         0.75            (30)            Frequent
         22a   Tijuana River
                 Estuary 1986      12.6*       4.8*            (30)            Infrequent

                                                              25
<pb n="57" />

                                                         Figure 7 (continued)

                                       Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics

                                  for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons (continued)

                                                             Annual
                               Potential Tidal            Deep Water           Closure
       No.   Name                    Prism                Wave Power         Conditions         Remarks
                               Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
       22b   Tijuana River                                   x 10"
                Estuary 1977      14.8        8.3             (30)             Infrequent
       22c   Tijuana River
                Estuary 1928      34.4       20.0             (30)             Never
       22d   Tijuana River
                Estuary 1852      67.5       47.9             (30)             Never
       23    Bolsa Bay            ---        38                29              Never
       24    Anaheim Bay          ---        47                29              Never

          Indicates tidal prism data based       on a large-scale topographic map
          ) Indicates an estimate of deep water wave power

       Adapted from Johnson, 1973, by Philip Williams and Associates

                                                             26
<pb n="58" />

              Bertine and Schug, 1981) to one that is now most frequently closed.

              When closure of the entrance channel occurs due to intensive wave action, the
              lagoon is cut off from tidal action until sufficient fresh water inflow occurs
              to raise the lagoon water level to overtop and scour a new channel through the
              sand of the barrier beach. Runoff in the Batiquitos watershed is extremely
              variable from year to year. This situation means that the winter runoff in
              many years is insufficient to fill the lagoon or may be excessive and fill it
              to an eight foot depth.

              The closure conditions of the lagoon are complicated by the presence of cobbles
              in the barrier beach. These cobbles require high velocities to scour them --
              higher velocities than normally occur in the entrance channel during the ebb
              tide or freshwater runoff. In the natural state, these cobbles may have
              accumulated as a bar in the channel, causing the entrance channel to migrate
              and break through a new area of the beach. Eventually wave action would break
              up the concentration of cobbles and redistribute them on the beach.

              Now that the entrance channel is fixed by the Highway 101 bridge, the channel
              can no longer migrate. It appears that there is now a sufficient accumulation
              of cobbles to create a sill that limits the depth of tidal scouring. This sill
              would reduce the actual tidal prism in the lagoon.

              Jenkins and Skelly (1985) have quantified the closure frequency of the lagoon
              by correlating the statistics of the waves and tides at the mouth of the
              entrance channel using a relationship for the "mini'mum tidal prism". Although
              the definitions and derivation of this relationship are unclear, the calculated
              frequency curve appears to be consistent with the conditions for 1850 and the
              present day.

              In summary a number of factors affect the lagoon channel and its ability to
              remain open. The primary constraints include:

              1) insufficient tidal prism to adequately clear the lagoon entrance channel of
              cobbles and sand thrown up on the beach by storm waves.
              2) hydraulic constrictions to tidal flows at the Highway 101 &amp; 5 bridges and
              the railroad bridge.

              HYDROLOGY OF THE WATERSHED

              The Batiquitos Lagoon drainage basin has an area of 52.3 square miles. Figures
              B-1 to B-4 depicts the condition of streams and variety of land uses in the
              watershed.

              Average annual rainfall in the basin ranges from about 10 in. near the coast to
              16 in. in upland areas. No streamflow records are available for San Marcos
              Creek, but the Corps of Engineers (1971) has estimated a flood frequency curve
              from San Marcos Creek, based on streamflow records for De Luz Creek near
              Fallbrook in northern San Diego County. Figure 8b is the derived curve. The
              Corps' report includes floodplain maps, cross-sections, and flood profiles.

                                                    27
<pb n="59" />

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                                                            3L
                                                              TIME I HRS. I
                           Flood Hydrographs, San Marcos                                                 Crk.
                           FIG, 8

                                                                    28
<pb n="60" />

                FIG. 8B
                Flood Frequency
                San Marcos Creek
                FROM U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS,1971

                                      0

    cc

      /0

                        RECURRENCE   INTERVAL  (Yra)

                                      29
<pb n="61" />

             The largest single tributary to the lagoon is San Marcos Creek, which drains a
             basin of about 38.3 square miles. Flooding on San Marcos Creek is somewhat
             reduced by the presence of the San Marcos Dam and Lake, 5.12 miles above the El
             Camino Real bridge at the head of Batiquitos Lagoon. The drainage area above
             the lake is 27.5 square miles. The lake was created for recreational purposes
             in 1952. Below San Marcos Lake, San Marcos Creek crosses Rancho Santa Fe Road
             before entering a steep narrow canyon. There is a large riparian forest at
             this road crossing. The stream gradient in the canyon is as high as 10% in
             some reaches. Above the La Costa Golf Course the stream debouches from the
             canyon onto an alluvial floodplain; the stream gradient through the lower part
             of the golf course is less than 1%. The land surrounding San Marcos Creek
             canyon is both urbanized and undeveloped. Several large quarries are located
             in this area. The section of the creek flowing through the golf course has
             been modified significantly; a small area of riparian vegetation occupies the
             mouth of the canyon above the golf course.

             A tributary of San Marcos Creek drains lands to the north and joins the main
             stem of San Marcos Creek on the La Costa Golf Course. This tributary drains
             mostly agricultural and undeveloped lands. Agricultural land fills the
             streambed in several locations and the stream is diverted into a ditch. In
             other areas the stream contains large areas of riparian habitat. The lower end
             of the stream has been developed as a golf course; the creek is diverted into a
             drainage ditch through the golf course. As part of urban development, the
              pper end of this tributary bordering Palomar Airport Road has been channelized
             with a concrete lining. A great deal of grading for development.projects is
             U

             also occurring in this area and the creek channel has been filled or disturbed
             in several locations (see Figure B-3).

             Overall, most of San Marcos Creek is unlined and contains some substantial
             riparian forest. Development of the floodplain and significant land alteration
             have not yet occurred.

             Encinitas Creek drains an area of 7.4 square m iles south of the San Marcos
             Creek basin. In the upper reaches of Encinitas Creek along Rancho Santa Fe
             Road the stream channel has been extremely disturbed. The entire area is
             undergoing grading for urban development and sections of the stream channel
             have been graded over and other sections of the channel containing riparian
             vegetation remain (see Figure B-1). There is no buffer between the natural
             channel vegetation and the graded slope. This development represents a
             substantial disturbance to the Encinitas Creek floodplain. The floodplain of
             one tributary of Encinitas Creek is in agricultural use. Encinitas Creek below
             the crossing of Rancho Santa Fe Road is filled with riparian trees and marsh.
             Near the crossing of El Camino Real and the tributary from the south, the creek
             has been modified into an earthen channel. The upper section of this tributary
             flows through a pipe.

             Most of Encinitas Creek and its tributaries are relatively low gradient
             alluvial streams with well-developed riparian vegetation (see Figures B-1 and
             B-3). These alluvial reaches are important sediment storage sites. -The thick
             root systems of the willows along the creek slow water and act as a sieve in
             catching sediment. Without proper management, changes in any portion of the
             stream channel could cause these riparian areas to become significant sources

                                                   30
<pb n="62" />

              of sediment to the lagoon. For example, if the upper portions of the creek are
              paved and the creek channel lined, the speed of this water would substantially
              increase and cause downcutting in the lower riparian channel. Therefore
              preservation and management of the entire natural floodway is essential to
              reducing sediment inflows into the lagoon.

              Several smaller tributary streams also flow into the lagoon. These include
              several streams along the northshore which flow through agricultural lands and
              some urban areas and several streams on the southern lagoon shore (see Figure
              B-4). The creek along Saxony Road has a large riparian corridor and some
              disturbance in its upper reaches. The stream that flows along Pireaus Road has
              been diverted into culverts and channels in many areas and drains through a
              ditch adjacent to 1-5. On the west side of the highway a similar drainage
              system serves the creek along Eolus Drive. Both these drainage ditches collect
              sediment and require frequent cleaning by CalTrans.

              SOILS OF THE WATERSHED

              The watershed of the lagoon can be subdivided into four different geomorphic
              zones, each with characteristic soil associations (USDA Soil Conservation
              Service, 1973). The zones are:

              1) Heavily dissected marine terraces (beach sands and weakly consolidated
              sandstone) near the lagoon. These uplands comprise the Marina-Chesterton      Soil
              Associations of somewhat excessively drained to moderately well-drained loamy
              coarse sands and fine sandy loams with a subsoil of clay over a handpan.
              Erodability of these soils is severe.

              2)   Alluvial fans in valley bottoms along San Marcos Creek and Encinitas
              Creek. This unit comprises the Salinas-Corralitos Association of moderately
              well-drained to somewhat excessively-drained clays, clay loams and loamy sands,
              on slopes .0 - 9 percent. The Salinas series, formed on clay loam, is slightly
              to moderately erodible; the Corralitos series (formed on sandy alluvium) is
              severely erodible.

              3) Uplands in the coastal plains area. These soils are moderately well-
              drained, moderately sloping to very steep loamy fine sands to clays. Three
              associations have been mapped by SCS. These are:
                   a)  The Diablo Altamount Association; consisting of well-drained clays, on
                       5 - 15 percent slopes.
                  b)   The Diablo-Las Flores Association, consisting of well-drained clay and
                       moderately well-drained loamy fine sands with a subsoil of sandy clay
                       or clay, on 9 - 30 percent slopes.
                  c)   The Las Flores-Huerhuero Association, eroded phase, consisting of
                       moderately well-drained loamy fine sands to loams with a subsoil of
                       sandy clay or clay.

              The Las  Flores and Huerhuero series are derived from marine sandstone and are
              severely erodible; the Diablo and Altamount are derived from calcareous
              sandstone and shale; their erodability varies from slight to severe, depending
              on slope.

                                                      31
<pb n="63" />

              4) Uplands in the foothill areas. These areas area comprised of the Exchequer-
              San Miguel Association, rocky phases. These are well-drained silt loams
              derived from metasedimentary (the Exchequer) and metavolcanic (the San Miguel)
              parent materials. Slopes are relatively steep (30 -70 percent) and erodability
              is severe due to both slope steepness and poor internal drainage.

              THE SEDIMENT SYSTEM

              Pluvial erosion is the primary source of sediment for transport to the lagoon.
              This process occurs when relatively intense short-duration bursts of rainfall
              during the wet season carry away loose soil from graded and agricultural sites,
              gullies and open lands. This loose soil is carried by the stream and
              redeposited downstream or in the lagoon. Along the coast, 1.15 inches of
              rainfall in one hour can be expected once in 20 years; the storm intensity in
              the mountainous areas of the lagoon watershed can be greater. As described
              previously the soils bordering the lagoon are derived from sandy, highly
              erodible parent material.

              Landslides play a relatively minor role as sediment sources. The coastal
              bluffs near the lagoon are prone to landsliding on steep slopes; a significant
              landslide occurred last year along the southside of the lagoon just west of I-
              5.

              Detached or eroded sediment is not a problem until it has been transported
              through the stream system to the lagoon. On Encinitas Creek, low-gradient
              alluvial reaches dominated by marsh and riparian vegetation are important sites
              for trapping and storing sediment (see Figures B-1). With accelerated land
              development upstream, these reaches are currently aggrading, that is, the
              volume of stored sediment is increasing. On San Marcos Creek, the reach of the
              stream between El Camino Real and the steep canyon above the La Costa Golf
              Course, contains a large volume of stored sediment. This reach is currently a
              source of sediment for the lagoon, when high flows erode stream banks. The
              northern tributary of San Marcos Creek is also a source of sediment to the
              lagoon due to poor agricultural and land development practices. The management
              of these alluvial reaches will play a key role in the longevity of the lagoon.

              Since the mid-1800s, land use has played an important role in accelerating
              sediment input to the lagoon. The historic sedimentation record reconstructed
              by Phillips et al. (1978) indicates that agricultural activities prior to the
              1920s resulted in a major input of sediment to the lagoon, perhaps exceeding in
              importance the recent contribution from suburban development. Even today,
              steeply sloping fields in the Encinitas Creek watershed are plowed
              perpendicular to the contour, a practice that invites accelerated erosion and
              sedimentation.

              Since the 1960s., construction of roads and subdivisions has provided a major
              source of sediment. Exposed building pads and unvegetated cut-and-fill slopes,
              especially in sandy soils, are highly erodible. The increased area of paved
              surfaces and creation of a storm drain network increase the efficiency of
              stormwater runoff, and thus increase the downstream peak flows. Replacement of
              riparian corridors with efficient trapezoidal ditches further increases the
              capacity of the streams to transport sediment to the lagoon.

                                                   32
<pb n="64" />

               SEDIMENT YIELD AND TRANSPORT ESTIMATES

               No sediment concentration data are available for streams flowing into the
               Batiquitos Lagoon. Estimates were completed for four tributaries San Marcos
               Creek, Encinitas Creek, and the drainage ditches along Highway 5 at Piraeus and
               Eolus. The remaining tributary streams either have sediment basins or will
               have as proposed in developments (see Figure I). Estimates of sediment yield
               and deposition in the lagoon must be based on: 1) sediment transport
               equations, which calculate the sediment transport capacity of the stream rather
               than actual sediment transport; or 2) average deposition rate in the lagoon
               over some known time period. In both of these approaches, there are many
               sources of uncertainty. Sediment transport equations assume an unlimited
               supply of sediment and can only be applied to alluvial reaches. Estimates
               based on average sediment rates may not reflect site-specific problems on
               highly erodible soils or effects of future development practices or the
               implementation of erosion control practices or Best Management Practices.

               Philips et al. (1978) estimated the mean sediment deposition (1888-1978)         at I-
               2 cm/yr. Deposited gver the 4800icres below an elevation of 4.0 ft. MSL,          this
               amounts to 2.54 x 104 to 5.1 x 1      cubic yards/year or 1076 to 2152 cubic
               yards/square mile/year.

               Estimates based on the recent loss of tidal prism in the lagoon (Jenkins        and
               Skelley, 1985) are somewhat higher; average rates are 576 cubic yards/square
               miles/year (1916-1965) and 11,780 cubic yards/square miles/year (1965-1978).
               The latter figure, however, is based on an abnormally restricted actual tidal
               prism, and may be unrealistically high. The City of Carlsbad's Master Drainage
               Plan used a figure of 5642 cubic yards/square miles/year in planning sediment
               basins. For average yield rates, we will use estimates comparable to those of
               the City's Master Drainage Plan of 2152 cubic yards/square miles/year with Best
               Management Practices, (BMPs) and 5700 cubic yards/square miles/year without
               implementation of BMPs.

               Some idea of the size distribution of material entering the lagoon can be
               gained from 18 borings taken in the delta at the mouth of San Marcos and
               Encinitas Creeks. (Shepardson Engineering Associates, Inc., 1985). From the
               sieve data for these borings, a volume-weighted average size distribution was
               calculated; Figure 9 is the average curve. It indicates, for example, that 50
               percent of the sediment is finer than 0.032 mm., and 94.5 percent is finer than
               0.25 mm. This curve was used in calculating total sediment transport capacity
               in San Marcos Creek, as well as for estimating the percentage of sand in the
               sediment load.

               Since the main source of sediment in San Marcos Creek is the lower alluvial
               reach of the stream through the golf course, the average sediment yield rate
               for the lagoon is not very useful for estimating the sediment yield of San
               Marcos Creek. Instead, the long-term average sediment transport capacity of
               lower San Marcos Creek was estimated using the equation of England-Hansen.
               This calculation was done in the following steps:

               1) The synthesized 100-year, 50-year and 10-year flood peaks (from the Corps of
               Engineers 1971 Floodplain Study) were plotted, and the 2-, 5- and 10-year

                                                        33
<pb n="65" />

              floods were estimated by interpolation and extrapolation.

              2) The Corps' 100-year flood hydrograph was plotted, and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-
              and 50-year hydrographs were drawn to pass through the appropriate peaks.

              3) Using the Corps of Engineers cross section number 2 at the La Costa Golf
              Course, the relationship between discharge and width for an equivalent
              rectangular cross section was calculated.

              4) Using a computer program, the total sediment transport capacity at cross
              section 2 was calculated. Results are shown in Figure 10.

              5) Combining the sediment transport curve and the estimated flood hydrographs,
              the total sediment transport for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year events
              was calculated. The resulting sediment transport-frequency curve was used to
              calculate the long-term mean annual sediment transport, by taking the area
              under the curve.

              The resulting estimate of mean annual sediment transport from San Marcos Creek
              is 13,200 cubic yards/year. From the size distribution curve, 30 percent of
              this is fine sand to coarse sand. If all of the sand (and only sand) were
              trapped, then 4,000 cubic yards/year would have to be removed.    If the
              estimate were based on the average yield per square mile, it would amount to
              3,500 to 7,000 cubic yards/year of sand from lower San Marcos Creek.

              For Encinitas Creek and the two small tributaries near 1-5, the average
              sedimentation rates are used to estimate debris basin requirements. Since the
              soils near the west end of the lagoon are fine sandy loams and loamy coarse
              sands, a higher proportion of the total sediment yield (about 75 percent) must
              be removed from debris basins.

              Table 5 shows the estimated average annual yield of sand from San Marcos Creek,
              Encinitas Creek, and the ditches at Piraeus and Eolus in Leucadia.

              To reduce the sedimentation impacts of land uses, three approaches are
              necessary: 1) implementing Best Management Practices (erosion control
              practices) on construction sites; 2) maintaining and managing alluvial riparian
              corridors; and 3) implementing Resource Management Practices on agricultural
              lands (see Watershed Plan).

              A third approach to sediment management -- construction and operation of debris
              basins -- provides supplemental protection, but is not a substitute for good
              land management practices. Debris basins are in place on the Sammis Property,
              along the Batiquitos Drive (Lagoon Lane) drainage and on the tributary at the
              most northeastern corner of the lagoon. There is also a basin on the tributary
              bordering Saxony Road on the southshore of the lagoon (see Figure I).
              Additional basins are planned for several other tributaries, especially on the
              north side of the lagoon (VTN Engineers, 1980). If they are properly designed
              and maintained, debris basins can help provide an important degree of
              protection. It is not practical to catch all of the incoming sediment in
              debris basins, since silt and clay will remain in suspension for many hours to
              days and require extremely large catchment basins. If the lagoon is restored

                                                    34
<pb n="66" />

                                                 GRAIN SIZE IMMI

                                                FIG. 9
                                                Grain si.ze              distribution
                                                San Marcos Crk- Delta

                          eo  -

                          70  -

                          CIO -

                          'ZO -
                                                                                                   ON-N
                          to-

                        L201
                                                7-      -3                                    7        43
                                                  GRAIN    SIZE (01

                                                              35
<pb n="67" />

              to a tidal system, these fine sediments will be carried out with the ebbing
              tide. At least one debris basin (along Saxony Road) appears to be.trapping
              silt and clay as well as sand. If a debris basin is too efficient, the
              outflowing water may by "hungry" for sediment, and begin attacking the.bed and
              banks of the channel as it flows downstream.

              San Marcos Lake is the largest debris basin in the Batiquitos watershed. It
              probably traps virtually all of the incoming sediment. San Marcos Creek at the
              Rancho Santa Fe Bridge shows virtually no recent overbank deposition of
              sediment. Below the alluvial golf course reach, however, the stream carries
              appreciable sediment. Therefore any facilities for additional sediment
              reduction on San Marcos Creek must be located below the golf course.

              A fourth issue to address is the continuing urbanization of the watershed and
              paving of currently open land. Once land is paved, storm water flows off the
              pavement and into storm drains rather than percolating into the soil and
              eventually into stream channels. When the storm runoff from the paved areas
              enters the natural stream corridor it is flowing faster than the former natural
              drainage. At a certain point in the urbanization of the watershed the volume
              and speed of the water will increase enough to begin to downcut into the
              natural channel and erode the sediments stored in the riparian corridors.
              These sediments will be transported to the lagoon. This process occurs in the
              Buena Vista Lagoon watershed and required a large dredging project to clean out
              the lagoon.

              One way to.alleviate this problem is to require developments in the watershed
              to not produce an increase in the flow leaving the site. This goal can be
              accommodated by decreasing the slope of roofs, downsizing parking and drainage
              channels, planting of landscaping rather than paving, use of storm water
              detention ponds as water amenity features. At the point where the storm drain
              releases water into the natural channel drop structures or retention
              structures and energy dissipators should be placed. Road crossings can be
              designed to slow creek viater flows. However, if this issue is not addressed,
              the likelihood of the downcutting in the lower reaches of Encinitas and San
              Marcos Creeks and transport of a great deal of sediment into the lagoon is very
              great.

              LAGOON WATER QUALITY

              The San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board has collected water quality
              data for Batiquitos Lagoon for the past five years (California Regional Water
              Quality Control Board, 1985). Parameters measured include conductivity
              (salinity), total phosphate, orthophosphate, nitrate ' nitrite, ammonia, total
              organic nitrogen, total dissolved residue, turbidity, total suspended solids,
              volatile suspended sediment and settleable residue. Samples were taken monthly
              at three locations in Batiquitos Lagoon (see Figure 11). Additional water
              quality tests were performed in July, 1984 by MacDonald &amp; Feldmeth (1985).
              Zedler et al (1987) reviewed nutrient loading in San Diego coastal lagoons and
              predicted existing levels of nitrogen loading and recommended methods to reduce
              these loads.

                                                    36
<pb n="68" />

               Table 5 Annual   Sand Sediment Yield

                                 Drainage          Sand Yield                 Sand Yield
                                Square Mile         with BMP's*             without BMP's
               Basin                Area           cubic Yds/yr               cubic yds/yr

               Piraeus              0.60           480  to 660                   1750
               Eolus                0.3            240  to 480                   1272
               Encinitas            5.50           1775 to 3550                  9407
               San Marcos          10.8           3333  to 4750                  4750

                                                   5303     9440                17,179

               *Best Management Practices

                                                        37
<pb n="69" />

                                                                        FIG. 10
                                                                        Derived Sediment                                                                                              X/
                                                                        Transport Curve
                                                                        SAN MARCOS CREEK

                                                                                                                                                             x

                                          cc

                                          z
                                          Uj

                                          Uj
                                          cl)

                                                                                                       DISCHARGE                 (CFS I

                                                                                                                            38
<pb n="70" />

              Water quality measurements reflect the overall condition of an aquatic system
              and determine its suitability as habitat to many aquatic organisms. Odor and
              color problems are often reflective of certain water quality conditions. We
              shall briefly review the monitoring results for several of the more important
              parameters measured.j

              Conductivity

              Conductivity, or specific conductance, is a measure of the capacity of a water
              sample to conduct or convey an electrical current'. The property of conductance
              is directly related to the concentration of ionized substances in the water and
              the temperature at which the measurement is made and can thus be related to the
              salinity of a water sample. As the various dissolved substances in water are          Or
              concentrated by evaporation, the specific conductance increases. Distilled
              water has a specific conductance ranging from 0.5 to 2 micro-milliohms
              (umohs/cm), while most freshwater streams and lakes would have a conductivity
              ranging from 50 to 1000 umohs/cm. Sea water has a conductance of 34,000
              umohs/cm (MacDonald and Feldmeth, 1985).

              As demonstrated in Figures 12 A, B, and C, the conductivity of Batiquitos
              Lagoon, water varies both seasonally and at the different sampling locations in
              the lagoon.

              During the winter months conductivity measurements are low, a reflection of the
              large quantities of freshwater entering the lagoon. As expected, Station A
              next to San Marcos Creek exhibits the lowest conductivity measurements with
              winter readings of 40 to 1200 umohs/cm. Stations B and C are considerably             r
              higher (note different scale on graph). Station B shows winter readings of            6
              2,000 to 12,000 umohs/cm and Station C, closest to the ocean with winter
              measurements of 12,000 to 16,000 umohs/cm.                                            -

              During the summer as lagoon water evaporates, salinity levels rise and
              conductivity measurements increase. Station A exhibited a summer maximum
              measurement of 5,200 to 6,800 umohs/cm. Measurements at Station B were 76,000
              to 84,000 umohs/cm by late fall, a six to seven fold increase over winter
              levels. Station C has the highest summer levels with peak measurements of
              108,000 to 128,000 umohs/cm, over a ten fold increase from winter levels.

              The data show that Batiquitos Lagoon has salt concentrations far in excess of
              ocean water for a major portion of the year. Both Stations B and C exhibit
              levels two and four times the salinity concentration of sea water. In addition
              these data show a great annual variance in salinity levels related to the
              inflow of freshwater in.winter and gradual evaporation of water over the
              summer.

              Nitrogen Compounds

              Four separate measurements of dissolved nitrogen compounds were made for the
              lagoon waters: nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and total organic nitrogen. In most
              marine bays, lagoons and salt marshes, levels of these compounds are very low.
              Ammonia comes from the breakdown of the protein of decomposing organisms or
              from effluents which may enter a body of water such as inorganic fertilizers or

                                                    39
<pb n="71" />

                                                                                           MIM MIMI m @w

                              $21

                                               Ponto
                                                                                                           *-N    C,lTt                   Y
                                                                                            ARLSBAT)

                            32                                      7,.

                                                                                                      7,
                                                                                          Lill

                                                                                                                          AV
                                                                                                                    34

                                                                         LA

                                                            T1                                                                                 ------ -
                                                 .4 M, i

                                     FIG. 11                         Location of San          Diego Water Quality Control Board Sampli
<pb n="72" />

              domestic wastewater. Normally bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ion
              (NH4+) into nitrite (N02-) and then into nitrate (N03-). The cycle of
              conversion from ammonia to nitrate occurs as organisms die and decompose and
              the nitrogen that was tied up in their bodies is recycled (see Figure 13).
              Nitrate is a critical nutrient for plants and essential for primary production.
              Nitrate levels in any aquatic system are usually very low (about 0.5 ppm in sea
              water) because plants continually utilize this nutrient as it is released by
              bacterial action. High levels of nitrogen compounds will stimulate algae
              blooms and aquatic plant grow@h.

              Figures 14 A and B depict ammonia concentrations measured at each sampling
              station. Station A on San Marcos Creek shows concentrations ranging from very
              low, .02 parts per million (ppm), to a high of 1.5 ppm. These peak
              concentrations are generally found during winter months and are probably
              associated with the.runoff from heavily fertilized areas such as La Costa Golf
              Course and-lawns and gardens upstream. Ammonium sulfate and other ammonia
              compounds are typically used in commercial fertilizers.

              Station B shows higher levels (3.Oppm) of ammonia occurring at various times of
              the year. These high concentrations could be the result of inflows of
              fertilized runoff. This runoff will stimulate blooms of algae and other
              aquatic plants,during spring and early summer.

              As these plants die off in summer from high salinities and temperatures they
              are covered with a film of bacteria and begin to decompose. This decomposition
              releases ammonia into surrounding water and could account for high
              concentrations recorded in late summer.

              Station C exhibited much the same pattern as Station B. High concentrations of
              ammonia (3.0 ppm) may be attributed to the decomposition of algae and to inflow
              of water carrying nitrogen fertilizer residues.

              Accidental release of wastewater from the pump station near the mouth of the
              lagoon has added large amounts of nutrients to lagoon water. One spill in the
              summer of 1985 caused large algae blooms on the lagoon.

              A recent study (Zedler et al, 1987) concluded that nitrogen levels are the
              primary controlling nutrient to algae growth in San Diego coastal lagoons.
              This study described Batiquitos Lagoon as having a "high incidence of algae
              blooms at all seasons".

              PhosRhate

              In addition to nitrate, phosphate and orthophosphate are also important
              nutrient substances for primary productivity and hence plant growth. In most
              aquatic systems, levels of phosphate and nitrogen are the major limiting
              factors to plant growth (see Figure 13). Phosphate levels at Station A were
              highest during winter months and could be associated with urban and
              agricultural runoff levels for both stations. Levels then decline in the
              summer (see Figure 15). This pattern undoubtedly occurs because vascular
              plants such as ditch grass (Ruppia maritima) and various species of algae, take
              up phosphate in the spring and summer months when temperatures and light levels

                                                   41
<pb n="73" />

             all ow rapid growth. Thus plant growth lowers the existing levels of phosphate
             in the lagoon as the season progresses.

             Chlorophyll a

             Chlorophyll a levels were also monitored for the lagoon. Chlorophyll a is a
             measure of the concentrations of photosynthetic material in the water column
             and approximates aquatic productivity levels.

             Figure 16 shows the mean chlorophyll a concentrations at various lagoons and
             the trophic state classifications associated with these concentrations.
             Batiquitos Lagoon (c) has a high chlorophyll a concentration and falls under
             the classification of eutrophic. This trophic classification indicates a high
             level of organic material and can be associated with high nutrient
             environments.

             Groundwater

             An important feature of the water quality picture at Batiquitos Lagoon is the
             seepage of freshwater around the fringes of the lagoon. Macdonald and Feldmeth
             (1985) found that this water table was.independent of the water level in the
             lagoon. The seepage apparently originates in the drainage area above the
             lagoon and percolates downward until it reaches the more dense saline
             groundwater associated with the lagoon. This seepage provides a measure of
             freshwater inflow during dry summer months.

             Summary - Water Quality

             Monthly water quality data are available from the Regional Water Quality
             Control Board for the years 1979 - 1983. The results show that water quality
             in the lagoon is controlled by the frequency of opening of the lagoon mouth, by
             evaporative concentration of salts, and by the inflow of fresh nutrient-rich
             water from San Marcos and Encinitas Creeks. Midsummer salinity in the lagoon
             exceeds that of seawater, ranging from 2.5 times the salinity of seawater in
             the upper lagoon to almost four times higher in the lower lagoon. The inflow
             of water rich in ammonium, nitrate and phosphorous from San Marcos Creek and
             probably other tributary streams stimulates blooms of ditch grass (Ruppia
             maritima) and filamentous green algae. Higher salinity and temperature levels
             later in the summer cause the aquatic plants to die off. Decomposition of the
             @ead plants depletes the supply of dissolved oxygen in lagoon water and further
             increases nutrient levels. With no tidal exchange and little summer inflow
             from San Marcos Creek, water temperatures in the lagoon increase, further
             reducing the dissolved oxygen. In summary, the lack of tidal inflows and
             limited seasonal freshwater inflows results in stagnant summer water quality
             conditions. Water quality conditions fluctuate widely over one year's time
            @with extremely harsh conditions prevailing during mid to late summer.

             SUMMARY

             Batiquitos Lagoon has undergone significant geomorphic change in the past 150
             years. For thousands of years prior to European settlement the lagoon mouth
             was open on a continuous basis. The channel was able to remain open because

                                                  42
<pb n="74" />

                             7,000
                                                                            BAT A CONDUCTIVITY

                             6,000

                             5.000

                                                                                                                                             If

                             4,000

            4@b            #A

                           0
                             3,000

                             2,000

                             1.000

                                  0                                                                                      -OA    13jr    JAL A JL 4'
                                      .7 W 04 A 04              w   Ay -0 0-4 A'                                                      ML  t4 2- .2
                                                  1979                          1980                          1981                          1982

                             FIG.112A                            Batiquitos     Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station A/Al.

                                M        WIN                        Ilion    I I p    1   14        1        1   1 N           1    1 11                  1                  1
<pb n="75" />

                              120,000                                         BAT I     CONDUCTIVITY

                              100,000

                              80.000

                          %A  60.000

                              40,000

                              20,000

                                    0                                     . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                           0 14 ol        ;  A
                                         P 14 A M  Jr 3 A 6 0     b  r F  oft A 04 1 S A 3         .7 p "
                                                  1979                           1980                       1981                          1982

                              FIG.128                                  Batiquitos Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station B.
<pb n="76" />

                                                                          RAT C      COMPUMMY
                             140,000

                             120,000

                             100,000

                              80.000

                          -C
                           0

                               0,000

                              40,000

                              20,000

                                 0  . . . . . .                               J                    . . . . . . .
                                              A A X a' A 9 a      D 2 F M A A X T A 6 0 9 0       2 9 H A 14 X 3 A S o       0 it p       M :r 7 A s 0 pi DI
                                                  1979                          1980                          1981                          1982

                             FIG. 12C                   Batiquitos Lagoon; Conductivity data from Station C.
<pb n="77" />

                                                                                                                                  awthow

                                                                                                                              ..........
                                                                      plawleft bv     0 r p n i c nilp     AsW
                                              -4.               "I    bkow'son           in dpe wW
                                                                         44M            Wa"Ophywo

                                                           n-n
                                             4                 W -Woft
                                   G
                                                                                                  lotion        Wild   tion

                                                                     on        cloposition

                                                                                              0awnposition
                                                                       tion
                                                                             04ps

                                                                      NITROGEN        CYCLING

                                        dtainap
                                        and
                                     wastsweters                                Pre6pitation

                                                                      Auirnilation

                                                        Orpnic phoq*ww
                                                            in $son ww
                                                                                   11104
                                                                                                          "PW.

                                                                    Decomposition
                                                              Deposition                           0"Wition,

                                                                            Ot"MiC phoWhorvi
                                                                               in sectiments

                                                                   PHOSPHORUS        CYCLING

                                                  FIG.13
                                                  NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CYCLES IN AN AQUATIC
                                                  ENVIRONMENT (FROM HAMMER AND MACKICHAN, 1981

                                                                              46
<pb n="78" />

                             BAT A/Al AMONIA

            2.5

            2.0

          CL@

            1.0
                              IIt

            0.5

             0  A di
              Asp mbp;SA "01-7 P ?4A 1;4J%.T; 1469, SpIlDISP MANSIA 9 *80DI3,p I A
                   1979        1980       1981        1982

        M&amp;G-MMA M         BVWit 'jjagoF-rjjAnur--4@ df4- fro"
                             IN               atl-- 4/V        'N
<pb n="79" />

                                                                          BAT B   AMMONIA

                           3.0

                           2.5

                           2.0

           00

                           1.0

                                                                          J  A - - - - - - - - -
                              0                                           A  t
                                 7 p 14 A 14 1 TA j 0 pe VIC P 14 A              IV0 @7 Ft4     Ar 4r A S 0 W P     P9 A M -r J A V  OV
                                           1979                      1980                       1981                     1982

                       rIG 148                               Batiquitos Lagoon; Ammonia data from Station B.
<pb n="80" />

                                                                     BAT C   AHMNIA

                          3.0

                          2.5

                          2.0

            00
            cr          IE

                             ir

                          1.0

                          0.5

                             0
                                y P M A    r 7 4 6 a w b     04 A 04 7 S A    0 0 Ir F 04 A M 21 7 A 5 0 v 7 P6       r 17 A s 0
                                          1979                     1980                     1981                     1982

                        F I G. 14C                           Batiquitos Lagoon; Ammonia data from Station C.
                           M      OM      MEN    ONE     moll   HE I    v   I
<pb n="81" />

             the actual tidal prism of the lagoon had adequate capacity on the ebb flow to'
             scour a channel through the beach and offset the effect of sand build-up in the
             channel from storm waves. However, since settlement of the area, the lagoon
             has experienced significant filling from sedimentation and constriction of
             water flows from the fills and bridges for Highways 101 &amp; 5 and the railroad.
             These bridges now represent choke points to tidal inflows. Sedimentation has
             reduced the tidal prism of the lagoon to the point where the mouth rarely opens
             and not enough tidewater is able to enter and leave the lagoon to keep the
             mouth open. When the mouth does open due to high freshwater levels, tidal
             inflows now stop after a maximum of several days.

             The Batiquitos Lagoon watershed consists of 52 square miles with the primary
             tributary being San Marcos Creek. A dam on San Marcos Creek impounds water
             into San Marcos Lake which acts as a silt basin for the upper portion of the
             creek. The remaining area below the dam is incised in a canyon until it spills
             out onto an alluvial plain which has been filled and developed for the La Costa
             Golf Course. Encinitas Creek is the other major tributary. Most of the
             floodplain of Encinitas Creek is covered with riparian forest and marsh which
             traps most of the heavy sediment carried by the creek.

             Estimates of the average annual sedimentation rate into the lagoon show
             accumulation of 1-2 cm/year. Estimates of the sedimentation rates for San
             Marcos and Encinitas Creeks as well as the drainage ditches along 1-5 at
             Piraeus and Eolus are given. Other tributaries around the lagoon either have
             sediment basins or are planned to have them. The primary sources of this
             sedimentation is erosion of graded development sites, agricultural areas, open,
             unvegetated land and creek channel erosion. Implementation of erosion control
             measures or Best Management Practices (BMPs) throughout the watershed could
             significantly decrease sediment entering the lagoon. Installation of sediment
             basins and preservation of the natural floodplain are also effective in
             lowering sediment input into the lagoon. New developments in the watershed
             should be designed such that peak stormflows leaving the site will not be
             increased.

                                                   49
<pb n="82" />

                                          BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                                                      TOTAL PHOSPHATE

                                                                                                                            Station A*------*

                                                                                                                            Station B&amp;-

                  4,6

       Ln                                                                        %
                                                                                  %                                             A

                                            A                                                                                      %
                                                                                          A                                          %
                            A%

                               %
               Cc
               U

                           Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  Pay  Jun  Jul 'Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct       Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr   May Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov

                                  1981                                    1982                                                  1983

                FIG.15                                              Batiquitos Lagoon; Total Phosphate data.
                                                                                                                                  \%%
                                                                                                                  om@@ @%Vf

                                                                        MID     I 1 11
<pb n="83" />

                                                                                                                                                                                                 LISTED
                                                               TROPHIC STATES                                                CHLOKOPHTLL           (ult/ I I                                     VALUES
                                                                                                                                        to                                            too

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1,111:4:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1b.p. I

                                                               Oligotrophic

                                                                                          2 a "own       nizaaRaxmm
                                                                                               1I1I211::1""1L ........    utonxz                                                                   p               it,, loh- I P- to

                                                                                                                       a                                                                         4.1               It's. #04 W,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  #-,hsk (011,61

                                                                                                                                                                                                 4-10              11A. IVA
                                                              Mesotrophic                                                                                                                        1_1%

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Chao... ...d I....1-hook 119A)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.5. Ira 81-19.0

                                                                Eutrophic                                                                                      .......

                                                                                                                                                                     0 C

                                                                                                                                                                                  a a            S-14.0            Ub.oaq.. I It-.

                                                           FIG. 16               MAJOR TROPHIC STATE CLASSIFICA11ONS BASEn ON MEAN CHLOROPYYI.I. a CONCI-'N'rRATIONS. FOR
                                                                                 CO"PARISON, MEAN VALUES FOUND WITHIN SIX COASTAL LAGOON&amp;                                                           a     ARCsttom

                                                                                 a/
                                                                                     Th.- coastal lagoons are Identified an:                   (.I) - Riovim V1,1 - tR11V-( ); M                 Altios, 114-dionds (ACH-C);
                                                                                      to I a bat lqui too (IIAT-0; (d) - Son El I J,,. wese vo It bw;i at                               (e)      S.on El 114), eastern lcinin
                                                                                      ml.-Al );       (f) - San Diesuito (Sol-a); mod (g) t i.ox

                                                                                 Taken from California Regional Water Quality Control Board , 1985. Draft
                                                                                 A Review of Nutrient Standards for the Coastal Lagoons in the San Diego Region
<pb n="84" />

               NATURAL RESOURCES

               INTRODUCTION

               Batiquitos Lagoon is one  of a series of coastal wetlands that dot the southern
               California coastline. These coastal wetlands are relatively small discrete
               units confined to the mouths of narrow river valleys and bays. Each lagoon or
               wetland has distinct characters and varied types and acreages of wetland
               habitats. Each of these wet@ands has undergone changes due to human     ' activities
               either around or in the wetland. No pristine examples of wetland systems
               remain in southern California.

               This section reviews the natural resource informat   ion which curr ently exists
               for Batiquitos Lagoon. This existing information is relatively general in
               nature but does describe the habitat types at the lagoon and the level of
               wildlife use of these habitats. No additional monitoring of wildlife species
               was completed as part of this plan. This analysis is not intended to represent
               a comprehensive review and documentation of the current habitat values at the
               lagoon. Instead, it is a compilation of all the existing field data.
               Vegetation and habitat types were mapped using recent aerial photographs and
               maps were field checked. This section also includes a review of the regional
               significance of Batiquitos Lagoon in comparison to other San Diego County
               wetlands and their habitats.

               Information Sources

               The following discussion of the existing biological resources of Batiquitos
               Lagoon uses information taken from several sources including published
               documents (Mudie et al. 1976; Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc. 1982;
               Westec Services, Inc. 1983; MacDonald and Feldmeth 1985; Leucadia County Water
               District, 1985), unpublished accounts (Christmas bird counts, Least Tern and
               Belding's Savannah Sparrow nesting surveys, unpublished bird surveys),
               discussions with individuals familiar with lagoon resources (K. MacDonald, D.
               King, E. Copper, J. Oldenettle), and personal observations by the author, Ted
               Winfield.

               BATIQUITOS LAGOON

               Habitat Types

               Batiquitos Lagoon contains six types of habitats: mud/sand/shallow water,
               emergent coastal salt marsh, brackish marsh, willow-dominated riparian forest,
               deep water and transitional border areas. Presently, large areas of
               mud/sand/shallow water dominate Batiquitos Lagoon. Based upon photo
               interpretation of an October, 1984 aerial photograph and field reconnaissance
               during August, 1985, the mud/sand/shallow water areas cover approximately 393
               acres. During rare episodes of tidal flushing, a portion of this habitat type
               becomes intertidal and covered by shallow water for varying periods of time on
               a daily basis. During winter months and following storms, freshwater covers
               these flats. Depending upon the amount and timing of winter rains, water covers
               the mud/sand flat areas to various depths. As these waters evaporate, the
               mud/sand flat areas become exposed. The depth of water covering these mud/sand

                                                       52
<pb n="85" />

              flat areas varies greatly from year to year. In 1985, the lagoon had a few
              inches to one foot of water covering these flats in the winter and then dried
              out completely in summer. In contrast, during the winter of 1987, the lagoon
              ad 4 to 8 feet of water covering these flats and did not dry out in the summer.

              Natural seeps are present along the edg es of the lagoon especially in the east
              basin, and these seeps provide an additional source of water for the lagoon.
              During the summer and fall months, the combined waters of these seeps may form
              a shallow water area in the middle of the east basin. The extent and depth of
              the shallow water area is probably controlled by the rate of seepage and
              evaporation.

              Marsh is present around the entire lagoon edge (Figure C) and comprises
              approximately 179 acres (Table 6). This acreage includes coastal salt marsh,
              brackish marsh, and riparian (willow)/brackish marsh areas. Most of the willow
              thickets are at the mouth of Encinitas Creek and several other north shore
              locations. Brackish marsh is found throughout the lagoon in areas of higher
              freshwater occurrence. Coastal salt marsh is found over most of the lagoon and
              is the most prevalent type of marsh habitat.

              Open water areas account for approximately 29 acres of the lagoon (Table 6).
              The open water areas occur primarily in the middle and western end.of the
              lagoon with small open water areas occurring along the San Marcos Creek
              channel. The open water area beneath Interstate 5 has probably resulted from
              scouring during flood flows. In general, the open water areas are coincident
              with the main channels in the western and middle areas of the lagoon.

              The western basin (between the railroad causeway and Pacific Coast Highway) is
              a mixture of emergent marsh, primarily coastal salt marsh, shallow water or
              mud/sand flats, and open water. The western basin covers an area of
              approximately 25 acres. Of those 25 acres, open water comprises nearly 7
              acres, marsh approximately 7 acres and shallow water or mud/sand flats about 11
              acres (Table 6).

              The middle basin (between Interstate 5 and the railroad causeway) is also
              dominated by shallow water or mud/sand flats (Figure C; Table 6) comprising
              approximately 69 percent of the total area of the middle basin. The remaining
              area in this basin is divided approximately equally between emergent marsh and
              open water. The open water area in the middle lagoon accounts for
              approximately 58 percent of the total open water area for Batiquitos Lagoon.
              Together the western and middle basin constitute the west lagoon.

              The eastern basin (east lagoon) is by far the largest basin area, comprising
              nearly 78 percent of the total acreage of Batiquitos Lagoon. This basin is
              dominated by shallow water or mud/sand flats which cover over 308 acres or 66
              percent of the east basin. The emergent marsh, totaling nearly 156 acres, is
              located primarily in the eastern third of the east basin and represents 87
              percent of the total emergent marsh found in Batiquitos Lagoon. Deep water
              areas (Figure C), lie along the course of the San Marcos Creek and near the
              Interstate 5 bridge, and represent I percent of the total area of the east
              basin.

                                                    53
<pb n="86" />

                Table 6. ACRES OF EMERGENT MARSH,
                       SANDIMUD/SHALLOW WATER (&lt;12") AND OPEN WATER (&gt;12--) IN THE
                                  THREE BASINS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                                                                    Basin

               Physical Habitat Type,             West       Middle      East     Total

               Emergent Marsh*                       7          16       155*       178

               Sand/Mud/Shallow Water (&lt;12")        11          75        307       393
               Open Water (&gt;12")                     7          18          4        29

               TOTAL                                25         109        466       600

               *includes scattered riparian areas

                                                       54
<pb n="87" />

              Upland areas occur around the margins of the lagoon but have not been
              inventoried as part of this project. Roads and development occur along
              much of the lagoon periphery and serve to partially isolate the lagoon proper
              from surrounding upland areas and the wildlife that inhabits these upland
              areas.

              Vegetation

              The vegetation of Batiquitos Lagoon has been described in a number of papers or
              reports dating back to an initial paper by Purer (1942). Mudie et al. (1976)
              produced a report on the natural resources of Batiquitos Lagoon wherein they
              describe its vegetation communities. Pacific Southwest Biological Services
              f1982) mapped and briefly described the wetland and riparian vegetation of the
              eastern end of Batiquitos Lagoon. During a recent wetland boundary study
              performed in the east basin, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) described the
              wetland vegetation. Their observations were in close agreement with the
              descriptions presented by Pacific Southwest Biological Services. The following
              description of the vegetation was developed during a reconnaissance survey of
              the lagoon on August 1, 1985, supplemented by existing literature on Batiquitos
              Lagoon.

              The marsh vegetation in the western basin is more or less restricted to the
              edges of the lagoon (Figure C) and is dominated by coastal salt marsh species,
              primarily common pickleweed (Salicornia yirgiRigLa). Other salt marsh species
              are present and may be locally abundant. These species include alkali heath
              (Frankenia grandifolia), salt grass (Distichlis spicata), jaumea (Jaumea
              carnosa), alkali weed (Cressa truxillensis), two species of salt bush (Atriplex
              semibaccata, A. Vatula sso hastata), and scattered hummocks of spiny rush
              (Juncus acutus). The introduced iceplant (Mesembryanthemum chilense) is also
              present, especially near the Coast Highway. Salt grass is particularly common
              as the primary invader of exposed sand flats and dunes. These two species and
              several others (sea rocket, sand verbena, see Appendix F) occur on sandier
              soils in the upper marsh and are typically associated with sand dunes.

              Along the northern and southern boundary where the marsh is adjacent to the
              foot of the coastal bluffs, the presence of freshwater seeps has resulted in
              the growth of brackish marsh species such as cattails (lygbLa §2) and bulrush
              (Scirpus californicus, S. robustus) in conjunction with the characteristic
              coastal salt marsh species. Common pickloweed, alkali heath, and jaumea are
              robust in these areas, forming extensive and dense patches. The presence of
              freshwater appears to enhance the productivity of these typically salt marsh
              species.

              The vegetation in the middle basin is more limited in distribution, being
              primarily confined to a narrow fringe around the middle basin (Figure C). The
              vegetative structure is similar to that observed in the western basin in that
              common pickleweed is the dominant vegetation with pockets of brackish marsh
              being present along the outer edge of the marsh near areas of seep.

              Species characteristic of coastal salt marshes and, in particular, common
              pickleweed, dominate the marsh vegetation in the eastern basin of Batiquitos
              Lagoon. Locally other salt marsh species such as alkali heath, salt grass, and

                                                    55
<pb n="88" />

               jaumea may form nearly monotypic stands. Other species include glasswort
               (Salicornia subterminalis), Australian salt bush (Atriplex semibaccata),
               .fat-hen (Atriplex patula ssp hastata), salt cedar (Monanthochloe littoralis),
               salt marsh daisy (Lasthenia glabrata), alkali weed, and spiny rush. In the
               vicinity of the seeos around Batiquitos Lagoon, and in the vicinity of the San
               Marcos and Encinitas creek channels, brackish marsh species such as cattail,
               and bulrush are common as are the coastal salt marsh species, especially common
               pickleweed. Curly dock (Rumex crispus) is common near the mouth of Encinitas
               Creek. In several areas such as the northeast corner of the lagoon the cover
               of salt marsh is sparse having been disturbed by off-road vehicles and other
               factors.

               Stands of willows (Salix lasiolepis) are found at the mouth of Encinitas Creek
               in the east basin (Figure C), mixed with brackish marsh species. Smaller
               isolated stands of willows are also present around the northern margin of the
               east basin. Riparian habitat dominated by willows lines most of the floodplain
               of Encinitas Creek and its tributaries as well as certain areas of San Marcos
               Creek above the La Costa Golf Course and near the Rancho Santa Fe Road
               crossing. Willows also line the northern tributary of San Marcos Creek and the
               stream along Saxony Road. The extent of this riparian vegetation is depicted
               in Figures B-1 to B-4.

               Wildlife

               The abundance and variety-of wildlife in the lagoon is a response to the
               extent, type and quality of habitat types. Batiquitos Lagoon has a variable
               water regime which has changed significantly in the past 50 years. The lagoon
               has lost its tidal characteristics. A shallow water lagoon some winters, the
               lagoon may attract hundreds of migratory birds., The following year, the lagoon
               may fill to a depth of eight feet and provide little feeding habitat for the
               same species seen the year before. As these yearly changes affect the types of
               animals visiting the lagoon, seasonal changes in water temperatures and water.
               quality determine what aquatic species will inhabit the lagoon water. Since
               both annual and seasonal variations are not well studied at the lagoon, no
               single profile of wildlife values readily emerges from the existing
               information. The following discussion summarizes the data collected on animal
               use at the lagoon and discusses how these variations in aquatic conditions
               affect wildlife use.

               Mammals and Reptiles.

               As indicated in Mudie et al. (1976), the studies on mammals and reptiles in
               Batiquitos Lagoon are scarce; those that are available are primarily restricted
               to field observations of tracks, scat, burrows, and direct sightings. The
               common species of mammals listed by Mudie et al. (1976) include black-tailed
               jackrabbit, desert cottontail, beechy ground squirrel, house mouse, coyote,
               striped skunk, raccoon, and feral dogs. The gopher snake was the only reptile
               recorded for the lagoon area although the western fence lizard, side-blotched
               lizard, and southern alligator lizard are probably also present.    The mule
               deer and long-tailed weasel are listed as occasional visitors to the lagoon
               proper.

                                                     56
<pb n="89" />

             Fish and Invertebrates

             Data on the fish and invertebrate fauna of Batiquitos Lagoon are limited. The
             available data for Batiquitos Lagoon (and other similar lagoons in San Diego
             County), indicate that on the average, a limited number of species of fish and
             invertebrates exist in the lagoon environment. The diversity and abundance of
             fish in Batiquitos Lagoon is directly related to the occurrence of open tidal
             circulation. Marine species can only enter the lagoon when the mouth naturally
             opens during large floods or is manually opened. Then they are trapped within
             the lagoon once the mouth closes. As water levels drop and water temperature
             increases, most marine species are unable to survive. The continued existence
             of these species during summer months is directly dependent upon the quality of
             the water (salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature).

             Observations presented in Mudie et al. (1976) indicate that mosquito fish,
             mullet, mudsuckers, and bay topsmelt are common and California killifish
             abundant in Batiquitos Lagoon. This species list probably represents the fish
             found in the lagoon during periods of no tidal exchange. Recently, MacDonald
             and Feldmeth (1985) surveyed the fish at four stations in Batiquitos Lagoon
             during July, 1984. Since the lagoon has been closed to tidal circulation for
             the two years previous.to this survey, the species observed represent resident
             species. In the west lagoon, just east of the Pacific Coast Highway, they
             found the California killifish, topsmelt, arrow goby, and mudsucker to be
             present. In addition, they observed several large stripped mullet and a large
             California halibut. Further east, in the open water area in the middle basin,
             they found the same four species. At both stations, the California killifish
             was most abundant, but the mudsucker showed an appreciable increase in
             abundance at the'second station. In the east lagoon, near the Interstate 5
             bridge, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) found the mudsucker to be most abundant.
             Topsmelt and arrow goby were not caught and the California killifish was far
             less abundant than at the two western stations. They also caught several
             mosquito fish. Discussion with a commercial bait fisherman indicated that the
             staghorn sculpin had been present sometime prior to the 1984 study. The fourth
             station was located in the freshwater portion of San Marcos Creek just
             downstream from the El Camino Real Bridge. This station yielded juvenile blue
             gill in addition to bullhead, mosquito fish, and largemouth bass.

             During this survey, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985) found the lagoon water to
             be highly saline, with the lowest salinities occurring at the westernmost
             station (40 to 43 parts per thousand-[ppt]) and the highest salinities at the
             station just east of the Interstate 5 bridge (54 ppt). The water temperature
             also increased west to east, ranging from 270 C (west) to 320 C (east). The
             easternmost station was essentially freshwater (I to 2 ppt) but had a high
             range of temperatures (170 to 300 Q. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in summer
             months also create harsh conditions for fish survival. These extreme water
             quality conditions limit the diversity and numbers of fish species able to
             survive in the lagoon.

             The presence and abundance of marine crustaceans (e.g. crabs) and benth.ic
             invertebrates (e.g. worms, clams or other animals which inhabit the bottom
             muds of the lagoon) as well as phytoplankton and zooplankton (algae and small
             animals which live in the water column) is related to tidal flow. During

                                                   57
<pb n="90" />

                periods of closure, especially for extended periods, there will be a die-off of
                benthic invertebrates as suggested in the work of Miller (1966), Bradshaw
                (1968), and others in nearby Los Penasquitos Lagoon. Once the lagoon is open,
                the benthic invertebrates will reestablish themselves. However, at Batiquitos
                Lagoon, the extended periods of closure limits the occurrence of benthic
                invertebrates. Mudie.et al. (1976) reported populations of ghost shrimp and
                two species of polychaete worms in the western basin near the entrance of the
                lagoon. The striped shore crab was also reported to be common near the mouth
                of the lagoon. Insects--prinrily water boatman and midge larvae--were common
                in the east basin. Large blooms of aquatic insects in the lagoon during winter
                months provide the food base which attracts migratory birds.

                During their July 1984 survey of the lagoon, MacDonald and Feldmeth (1985)
                recorded observations on the invertebrates observed at their fish collection
                stations. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled using dip nets, but they
                collected no bottom cores and sampled no benthic organisms. The salt water
                boatman (Corixa reticulata) was found in large numbers at the three western
                stations where the waters were hypersaline. At the freshwater station in San
                Marcos Creek, they collected a more diverse fauna which included hemipterans
                (families Corixidae and Notenectidae), midges (Chironomidae), dragonfly nymphs
                (Suborder Ahisoptera), damselfly nymphs (Suborder Zygoptera), and a species of
                freshwater snail (Physa sp). Abundant and seasonal variation in aquatic
                insects is undoubtedly related to seasonal changes in water depth, salinity and
                quality.

                Phytoplankton and zooplankton also exhibit patterns of abundance related to the
                presence of tidal circulation in coastal lagoons. Neither of these aquatic
                components have been censused at Batiquitos Lagoon. During the rare periods of
                open tidal circulation at Batiquitos Lagoon, plankton species composition in
                the western part of the lagoon is probably similar to that of the nearby
                coastal marine waters. Species composition in more interior waters would be
                more variable depending upon salinity, temperature, and rate of exchange with
                ocean water. During periods of closure (no tidal circulation), there is
                probably a shift in species composition and production. Phytoplankton blooms
                may occur at Batiquitos Lagoon when the mouth is closed as has been documented
                in unpublished data by J. Boland for Los Penasquitos Lagoon. Data are also
                lacking for zooplankton populations in Batiquitos Lagoon, but in nearby Los
                Penasquitos Lagoon, Sertig (personal communication) found that Pseudodiaptomus
                euryhalinus became the dominant form during periods of lagoon closure. During
                periods of open tidal circulation, the estuarine species Acartia californica
                was common and P. euryhalinus was a minor component (Bradshaw, 1968).

                The lack of regular tidal flushing in Batiquitos Lagoon limit's the export     of
                nutrients from the lagoon to the nearshore waters. Much of the primary
                productivity in the lagoon remains within the lagoon system excepting the
                occasional release of water from the lagoon to the ocean. Birds, mammals       and
                other large animals indirectly export a portion of the lagoons productive      base
                through their consumption of insect, invertebrate and plant materials and
                movements out of the lagoon area. Overall, in its present condition, the
                lagoon is a closed system and does not substantially contribute to the primary
                productivity of nearshore waters.

                                                        58
<pb n="91" />

              Birds

              The most obvious wildlife component in Batiquitos Lagoon is the bird fauna,
              particularly shorebirds and waterfowl. A number of surveys have been performed
              at Batiquitos Lagoon recording bird use, of the lagoon, but few of the data have
              been summarized or published. The following discussion is based upon several
              unpublished data sets which were supplied by Mr. David King, Ms. Anne Olmsted,
              and Mr. Jerry Oldenettle. These data sets include the following:
              Christmas Count Data for Batiquitos Lagoon, Buena Vista Lagoon, Aqua Hedionda
              Lagoon, 1975-1984; survey of shorebirds along the beach section of Batiquitos
              Lagoon for the years 1969-70, 1970-71, 1971-72; monthly survey of birds at
              Batiquitos Lagoon, undated but probably 1970 (D. King, pers. comm.); periodic
              survey of birds at Batiquitos Lagoon, October 1976 - February 1979.

              The seasonal use pattern of Batiquitos Lagoon by shorebirds and waterfowl is
              generally similar to the pattern reported for other southern California coastal
              lagoons.   During the late summer and early fall, migrant shorebirds on their
              way south  begin to arrive and use exposed sand/mud flats for roosting and
              feeding.   During the late fall and winter months, when the coastal lagoons
              generally  contain more water due to rainfall and runoff, waterfowl species
              @ominate the lagoon fauna. During the spring, shorebird numbers usually
              increase as the migrants return tothe north. This general pattern for
              Batiquitos Lagoon is shown in Figures 17 and 18. Figure 18 is especially
              informative since it covers the last part of a dry year (1976) and a wet year
              11977) and demonstrates the effect that the aerial extent of water in
              Batiquitos Lagoon has on the local bird fauna. The high shorebird count for
              October, 1976 is due primarily to the presence of large numbers of wintering
              Northern Phalaropes (Table 7). Water levels during this period were not high
              and the east lagoon was essentially dry. Because of 1976-1977 winter rains,
              the lagoon was full of water during the winter and remained relatively full
              through the remainder of 1977. Waterfowl numbers were high during the spring
              of 1977 and again in the fall and winter of 1977. The fall peak of shorebirds
              is evident and most of the shorebirds occurred in the east lagoon (Table 7).
              The lagoon was again full in June, 1978 and waterfowl species were most
              abundant. The increased shorebird numbers in February 1979 were due primarily
              to the occurrence of large numbers of American Avocets in the west lagoon
              (Table 7).

              The use of the east lagoon by shorebirds and waterfowl is generally greater
              than use of the west lagoon (Figure 19; Table 7). The exception usually
              results from the occurrence of a large number of a single species, such as the
              occurrence of large numbers of Southern Phalaropes in the west lagoon during
              the fall of 1976 and early winter of 1977 (Table 7). The 11 species of
              waterfowl and 15 species of shorebirds listed in Table 7 generally account for
              over 95 percent of the total number of individuals of each group observed in
              Batiquitos Lagoon during the field surveys assessed.

              Waterfowl

              The most common waterfowl species in terms of number of individuals include the
              Pintail, Green-winged Teal, Northern Shoveler, and Ruddy Duck. The Pintail is
              an abundant migrant and winter visitor to San Diego County and is the county's

                                                      59
<pb n="92" />

                           3000-

                                                                                                    LEGEND

                                                                                                      0 waterfowl
                                                                                                       0 Shorebirds

                           2000-

                       At
                       V
                       c

                       ft-
              C)       0

                       E   1000-

                       z

                                       C5

                             0
                                      IfIC    2bO      3bO     417'0    5@O     6/'70    7@0     8170     9170   10@0     11170   12/70

                                                                            Date lmonth/yeer)
                                FIG. 17                         TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                                                 SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL AT
                                                                    BATIQUITOS LAGOON, 1970(?)

                                                                                                      I Ali
<pb n="93" />

                            5000-

                                                                       LEGEND

                                                                         0 Waterfowl

                            4000
                                                                         0 Shorebirds

                            3000                                                                                 1
                       '12
                       Z

                                                                                                                                                            %
                       0

                       E
                       3    2000-
                       z

                            1000-                             1                                                                       %%
                                        cy                                                                                              %
                                                                                                                                         %%

                               0
                                      10f76 11f76 12n6 1/77     2/77  3177  V77   5177   6/77  U77 8177    9177 10/77 12177   2/78  4f78  6ne   8/78  10ng 2/79

                                                                                     Date (month/veer)
                                    FIG. 18                             TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                                                  SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL OBSERVED AT
                                                                  BATIQUITOS LAGOON BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976
                                                                                 AND FEBRUARY 1979
<pb n="94" />

                   Table 7 @    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BRTIQUrTOS LRO" BETWEEN 0CTVBHR 1976 AND FEBRUARY 1979a

                                                                       Oct. 1976             Nov. 1976              Dec. 1976             Jan. 1977             Feb. 1977              Mar. 1977             Apr. 1977
                   species                        Locationb,        a      W      T        9     W      T        a      W     T        9      W      T       8      V      T        a      W      T

                   Mallard                                         9      1     10       3      5      a        0     0      0        4      0      4       4      1      5        0    13     13       15     15     27
                   Gadvall                                         6      0      6      12      0     12        a     3      3       22      2    24        4      2      6        7      4    11       22      0     22
                   Pintail                                      408    346    754     521    181    702      471    258   719        61      4    65       70      58   128      44     44     88       13      1     14
                   arson-winged Teal                            116      10   126     292       0   292      257      2   259        26      4    30       20      5     25      10       4    14       47      1     48
                   Cinnamon Teal                                   4     10     14       9      0      9        5     0      5        3      8    11       57      12    69      47     W     101     135      97   232
                   American Wigeon                                 0      6      6       0      0      0        0     0      0       12      8    20       24      12    36      14     24     38        4     60     64
                   Northern Shoveler                               5     21     26      12      2     14     636      6   642       200    34     234     620   109     729      405    422   827     885      69   954

                   Redhead                                         0      0      0       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0      35      0     35        a      7    15       30     13     43
                   Lesser Scaup                                    0      0      0       0     43     43        0    30     30        1      1      1       7      8     15      so       0    so       52      0     52
                   Bufflehead                                      0      0      0       0      6      6        0     5      5        3      0      3       9      0      9      28     25     53        4     50     54
                   Ruddy Duck                                      0     17   -1-7    --A    -2-1     21        2   _1_3    15       10    13     23      435   __A    -435      305    39    344     355      24   379
                   TOTAL                                        548    411    959,    849    258    1107    1371    317   1686      341    73     414    1285   207    1492      948   636   1584     1562     27   1889

                   Semipalmated Plover                            27      9     36      15      5     20      12      1     13        0      0      0       3      0      3        2      0      2       2      0      2
                   Snowy Plover                                    5      0      5      10      0     10        3     1      4        0      0      0       0      0      0        2      0      2       6      0      6
                   Killdeer                                       32     14     46      30     11     41      32      3     35        5      4      9      14      1     15      25       0    25       13      1     14
                   Black-bellied Plover                           12      8     20       4      4      a        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0      22       0    22        6      0      6
                   Willet.                                        12     20     32       4      9     13        7     7     14       12      0    12        0      1      1        2      2      4       2      3      5
                   Least Sandpiper                                 6     34     40      50     51   101       15     13     28        0      2      2       3      0      3        2      9    11       12      0     12
                   Dowitcher sp.                                  25      5     30       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0
                   Short-bllled Dowitcher                          0      0      0       0      3      3        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        9      0      9       0      0      0
                   Long-billed Dowitcher                           0      0      0      34      0     34        7     0      7        0      0      0       0      0      a        0      0      0      10      0     10
                   Western Sandpiper                              39   176    215     580      37   617       60     12     72        a      3    11        7      0      7        7      0      7      27      0     27
                   Marbled oodwit                                  0      0      0       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      3      3       0      0      0        0      0      0       2      0      2
                   sanderling                                      0     16     16      22     96   118       18     70     88        0      3      3      is      5     23      11     23     34        0      9      9
                   American Avocat                                22     10     32       4      0      4        9     0      9       11      0    11        4      0      4        a      4    12        9      0      9
                   black-necked Stilt                             30     29     59      64     26     90      40     11     51        3      0      3       0      0      0        1      2      3      24     20     44
                   Wilson Phalarope                                0      0      a       0      0      0        0     0      0        0      0      0       0      0      0        0      0      0       0      6      6
                   North Phalarope                                62   3793   3855    _I     220    227         0   330   330         0    20     20        0      0      a        0      0      0       0      0 -0
                   70TAL                                        272    4114   4386    824    462    1286     203    448   651        39    35     74       49      7     56      91     40    131     113      39   152

                   Peeps                                        290       0   290     900       0   900      420      0   420         5      0      5
<pb n="95" />

                 Table 7    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BRTrQUITOS L%GOOK BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976 AND F8j3RUARY 19790 (continued)

                                                            may 1977         June 1977         July 1977         Aug. 1977         Sept. 1977         Oct. 1977         Dec. 1977
                 species                  Locationb      a     V    T      8    V     T      8    V     T      a     W    T      a     V    T      a     V     T

                 Mallard                               19   10    29     21    5    26     39   45    84     46   10    56     19     5   24       3    0     3     6      0    6

                 Gadwall                               is    2    20      5    0     5      a    0     0      0   16    16     12     0   12       2    0     2     6      0    6

                 Pintail                                1    5     6      0    3     3     15,   0    is      2    0     2    1000    0 1000    2150  303  2453   3732   29  3761

                 areen-winged Teal                      3    0     3      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0     62     0   62     41     0   41     46      2   48
                 Cinnamon Teal                         19    6    25     10    0    10      0    a     0      2    0     2     60     0   60       1    2     3     5      1    6

                 American Wigeon                        0    2     2      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0     30     0   30     92     0   92     43    11    54

                 Northern shoveler                      3    0     3      2    0     2      0    0     0      3    0     3     467    0   467   ISS     0  185    881    147  1028

                 Redhead                                0    4     4     45    8    53     13    0    13     16    6    22     16     0   16       0    0     0    30      0   30

                 Lesser Scaup                           0    0     0      2    0     2      3    0     3      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    3     3    30      0   30
                 Bufflehead                             2    0     2      1    0     1      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    0     0     0      0    0
                 Ruddy Duck                            29   30    59     61   30    91     56   90    146    18   54    72     61    48   109   111   224  335    130    35   16-5

                 TOTAL                                 94   59    153   147   46    193    126  135   261    87   86    173   1727   53 1780    2585  532  3117   4909   225  5134

                 Semipalmated Plover                    1    0     1      2    0     2      0    0     0     it    0    11     12     1   13     31    15   46     10      0   10
                 Snowy Plover                           6    0     6     24    0    24     24    7    31     11    0    11      0     0    0       a    0     8     0      0    0

                 Killdeer                              11    1    12     20    4    24     13    5    18     30    3    33      8    12   20     44    25   69     50      1   51

                 Black-bellied Plover                   3    0     3      0    0     0      0    0     0      1    0     1      0     6    6       0   61   61      0      1    1

                 Villet                                 0    0     0      0    6     6      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    26   26       0    0     0     2      0    2
                 Least Sandpiper                        0    0     0      0    0     0     41    0    41      0    0     0     46    23   69       1   25   26      3    15    18
                 Dowitcher op.                          0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0     46     0   46     16    11    27
                 Short-billed Dowitcher                 0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0     22     0   22      0      0    0

                 Long-billed Dowitcher                  0    0.    0      0    0     0     25    0    25      2    0     2     24    15   39     30    12   42      6      0    6
                 western Sandpiper                      2    0     2      0    0     0     82    0    82     76    0    76     74     5   79    282    20  302    230      3  233
                 Marbled Godwit                         0   A      0      0    0     0      5    0     5      0    0     0      0     0    0       0    0     a     0      0    0
                 Sanderling                             0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0    0     0      0     0    0       0   20   20      2      0    2

                 Rmerican Avocet                       le    0    is     Is    2    20     11   11    22     12    0    12     38     0   38     34     0   34     30      0   30

                 Black-necked Stilt                    10    2    12     13   34    47     26   70    96     116  28    144    56    20   76     18    20   38      5      0    5

                 Wilson Phalarope                       0    0     a      2    0     2      2    0     2     45   12    57      0     0    0       0    0     0     0      0    0
                 Worth Phalarope                        0    0     0      a    0     0      1    0     1      0    0     0      0    29   29       0    0     0     0      0    0
                 TOTAL                                 51    3    54     79   46    12S   230   93    323    304  43    347    258  137   395   516   198  714    354    31   385

                 Peeps                                                                     20    0    20                                        340     0  340
<pb n="96" />

              Table 7    RESULTS OF BIRD SURVEYS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON BETWEEN OCTOBER 1976 AND FEBRUARY 1979a (concluded)

                                                        Feb. 1978        Apr. 1978         June 1978         Aug. 1978         Oct. 1978         Jan. 1979         Feb. 1979
              species                  Locationb     a     W    T      a    W     T       It  W     T     a     W     T     R     W     T     E     W    T      a     W    T

              Mallard                               7     1    a      a   51    59     58    3    61    22    16    38     1     9   10                10      2     5     7
              Gadvall                               0     0    0      5    1     6     is    3    18     0     0     0     4     0     4                6     10     0   10
              Pintall                             150    74  224      2    2     4      0    0     0   2200    0  2200   900   156 1056                6.0    17    50   70
              Green-winged Teal                    10    14   24     13    0    13      0    0     0     2     0     2    is     2   17                35    238    28  266
              Cinnamon Teal                        65    30   95     60    6    66     37    0    37    12     0    12     3    18   21                10     57    19   76
              American w1geon                       0     1    1      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     0     0   124     0  124                50      0     0     0
              Northern Shoveler                   336     2  338    635   57    682     3    0     3    15     0    15   600    68  668                900  1326   128 1454'
              Redhead                               6    26   32      4   59    63     27   27    54     3     5     a    22     3   25                 4      0     0     0
              t.esser Scaup                        20    41   61      5    0     5      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                6      0    15   15
              Bufflehead                            0    41   41      3    0     3      0    0     0     0     0'    0     0     0     0               15      0    _0     0
              Ruddy Duck                            2    40   42    233   43    276   194   61   255    20    48    68   400   360  760                700   196   150  346
              TOTAL                               596   270  866    968   219  1187   334   94   428   2274   69  2343   2069  616 2685               1796  1846   395 2241

              Senipalmated Plover                  16    27   43      9    0     9      0    0     0     0     3     3     6     7   13                 2     20     7   27
              Snowy Plover                          4     0    4      a    0     a      5    0     5     0     0     0     0     0     0                0     15     0   Is
              Killdeer                             25    24   49     11    0    11     22    3    25    11    15    26    43    19   62.               20    101    10  111
              Black-bellied Plover                  0    33   33      2    0     2      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     2     2                2     42     5   47
              Willet                                0     7    7      0    2     2      0    0     0     0    24    24     0    64   64                 0      0     8     a
              Least Sandpiper                      27     2   29      0    0     0      0    0     0    36    12    48     8    12   20                 0     67     2   69
              Dowitcher sp.                        43     0   43      0    0     0      0    0     0    12    16    30     0     9     9                0      0     0     0
              Short-billed Dowitcher               30   162  192      2    0     2      0    0     0    Is     0    15     0     a     a                0      1     0     1
              Loong-billed Dowitcher                0     0   '0      5    0     5      0    0     0     2     0     2    48     4   52                 3    269   207  476
              Western Sandpiper                   200     0  200     96    0    96      a    0     0    as     4    92    24    20   44                 0    397    48  445
              Marbled Godwit                        0    10   10      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     2     2     3     0     3                1      0    22   22
              Sanderling                           25     0   25     10    0    10      01   0     0     0     0     0    50     1   5L                 0     28    96  124
              American ^vocet                      97   239  336     19    0    19     35    3    38    52     0    52    79     2   81                 0    249   341  590
              Black-necked Stilt                   42    24   66     21   39    60     27   44    71    191   25   216     a     6   14                15     18    40   58
              Wilsion Phalarope                     0     0    0      0    0     0      0    0     0    50    95   145     a     0     0                0      0     0     0
              North Phalarope                       0     0    0      0    0     0      0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                0      0     0     0
              TOTAL                               509   528  1037   183   41    224    89   50    139   457   198  655   269   154  423                43   1207   7"  1993

              Peeps                               745   300  1045                                                        200     0  200                     1350    50 1400

              a Source- unpublished survey data from Mr. David Ring. Solana Beach, California.
              b IM    ton VAf   ea@ la9vWast"-5).,Mwes%Magoj&amp;st AM), IWtalMW
<pb n="97" />

                                                                                                      LEGEND
                                          TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF                               A Waterfowl - East Lagoon       A Shorebirds - East Lagoon
                                    SHOREBIRDS AND WATERFOWL OBSERVED IN                               0 Waterfowl -West Lagoon        0 Shorebirds -West Lagoon
                                     HE EASTERN LAGOON AND WESTERN LAGOON
                                                AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                           100-

                           90-
                                                                                                                  V:

                           70-
                                                                        /*

                           60-

                           so-

                           40-

                           30-

                           20-                                                                                                                                  *10

                           10-

                            0

                                   10176 11/76 12/76    1/77  2/77  3/77   4/77   5/77  6/77   7/77  8/77   9/77 10/77 12/77 2/78     4/78  6/78   8/78 10/78   2179
                                 FIG. 19                                                   Date (rnonth/vear)
<pb n="98" />

              most widespread and abundant dabbling duck (Unitt, 1984). Pintails occur in
              both ends of the lagoon during the fall, winter, and early spring but appear  to
              prefer the east lagoon. The Green-winged Teal is numerous in the fall and
              winter Months (Table 7) and is widespread in San Diego County in fresh and
              brackish water areas (Unitt, 1984). This species shows a definite preference
              for the east lagoon.

              The Northern Shoveler is present at Batiquitos Lagoon in large numbers during
              the fall, winter, and early spring and also shows a preference for the east
              lagoon (Table 7). The Ruddy Duck is generally present year-round and occurs
              regularly throughout Batiqu.itos Lagoon (Table 7). The Ruddy Duck prefers
              diving more than the other species, which may expl.ain its regular occurrence in
              the west lagoon.

              Shorebirds

              The shorebird fauna of Batiquitos Lagoon is generally dominated (in terms of
              number of individuals) by the Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer, Willet, Least and
              Western Sandpiper, Long-billed Dowitcher,-Sanderling, Black-necked Stilt and
              American Avocet (Table 7). The Northern Phalarope can be very abundant when
              present but is apparently not a regular visitor to Batiquitos Lagoon. The
              category of shorebirds known as peeps (a general term for small sized
              shorebirds) consists of birds such as Sanderlings, Dunlin, Turnstones, Knots,
              Surf Birds, and sandpipers, that are difficult to identify to species. Peeps
              are a common component of the shorebird fauna at Batiquitos Lagoon and show a
              preference for the shallower water of the east lagoon.

              Shorebirds are generally more abundant during the late summer and fall months
              (Figures 18 and 19). The Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer, Western Sandpiper,
              Long-billed Dowitcher, and American Avocet are more abundant in the east
              lagoon. The Willet and Sanderling show a preference for the west lagoon while
              the Least Sandpiper and Black-necked Stilt do not show a definite preference
              for either basin.

              The use of the westernmost section of the west lagoon by shorebirds was studied
              between 1969 and 1972 (Figure 20, Table 8). The number of shorebird
              individuals tended to be higher during the spring (Figure 20). The species of
              shorebirds observed during this period (Table 8) are species common to
              Batiquitos Lagoon. Several of these species appear to prefer the west lagoon
              (Willet, Sanderling) while others are usually more common in the east lagoon
              (Semipalmated Plover, Killdeer) or found throughout the lagoon.

              Regional Comparison

              The Christmas count data from 1975 through 1984 from Batiquitos Lagoon (Table
              9), Buena Vista Lagoon (Table 10), and Aqua Hedionda Lagoon (Table 11) provide
              some insight to the relative importance of these lagoons for wintering
              waterfowl and shorebirds. Pintails, Green-winged Teals, Northern Shovelers,
              and Ruddy Ducks are the most common and abundant species of waterfowl at
              Batiquitos Lagoon (Table 9). At Buena Vista Lagoon, Northern Shovelers and
              Ruddy Ducks are the most common species; the occurrence and abundance of
              Pintails and Green-winged Teals is not as consistent as at Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                    66
<pb n="99" />

                    400-

                                                                                 LEGEND

                                                                                    0       1969-70
                                                                                    0       1970-71
                     300-                                                           A       1971-72

         ch
                     2W-               SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED DURING 1969-1972
         -4       E
                                                                       D (BEACH SECTION)                                                        I
                                     SURVEYS AT WESTERN EN
                                                   OF BATIQUITOS, LAGOON

                  E

                  z

                     100-

                                                                                                                 00P

                                                                                                                     I I I    I   I I I   I   I I I
                             July         Aug.         Sept.        Oct.         Nov.        Dec.         Jan.         Feb.        Mar.         Apr.         May         June

                                                                                                   Month

                          FIG. 20
<pb n="100" />

          Table 8   SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED DURIM 1971-1972 SMVIKYS AT THE WESTERN END (BEACH SECTION) OF RATigurws Lwooua

                                              1969                                                   1970
                                        12 5    12/18       1/1    1/22    2/4    2/18    2/28   3/4     3/18   3/31    4/17   4/23    6/5    6/15     6/27

          Semipalmated Plover           3                                                 is             2              11     100
          Snowy Plover                                                                    I                     I              a       3      12      7
          Ktlldeer                                                                                                                     4      3
          Black-bellied Plover                  1           3              3      2       24     4       1      8
          Willot                        4       3           2              7      4       31     1       5      9
          Least Sandpiper                                                                                                      75
          Dunlin                        12                  25             6              67             2                     200
          Sandpiper sp.                         55                                                       4      36      10
          marbled MAwit                                     1              3              10     15      4
          American Avocet                                                                                                                     5

                                                                1970                                                           1971
                                        7/7     7/20    8/30   9/3    10/12 10/15 11/7        1/18 1/27 2/12 2/23 3/21 3/29 4/9            4/15 4/16 5/11 5/19 5/27

          Somipalmated Plover                                                                                     13     2     1      6
    o-,   Snowy Plover                   10                     2                                                 12     10    11           6      6      10           2
    CO    Killdeer                       a                                             1       2                         2     3            1             1            2
          Black-bellied Plover           2                                             12                         5      4     2      2     5      3      3
          Willet                                                is                     1       10           1     9      to    55     48    50     30     4      5     Is
          Dowitcher op.                                                                                                  1            2
          Western Sandpiper                                                                                                    4                   8
          Sandpiper op.                                                                                                  40           10
          Karbled Godwit                                        1                      4       2            2     10     5     2      2     5             2
          sanderling                                                                   16      2     12     25    6      to    is     35    2      4      36     25    15
          American Avocet                2                                                                                            1
          Black-necked Stilt             25                                                                                           4     1             1            3

                                                                       1971                                                               1972
                                        7/9    8/5   9/8    9/21   10/6    10/18 11/15 12/6      12/31     1/17 2/7     2/21 3/6     3/20   4/10    5/8b   5/22b     6/5 6/26

          Semipalmated Plover                               1                                                           9
          Snowy Plover                  2                                                                               6
          Killdeer                      2            2      1                                                                        2
          Black-bellied Plover                       1                                           2               8      40           1
          Willet                        9      4     5      6              11     4              11        9     a      3      4     12     7
          Western Sandpiper                                        a                                                                 20
          Sandpiper sp.                 6      20                  4                             @2                            so
          Karbled Godwit                9      3            10                                   1         2            2            6      2
          sanderling                                 35     17             14     2              29        14    6      20                  44
          Black-necked Stilt            6

          a Source: unpublished survey  data from Kr. David King. Solana Beach, California.
          b Human activity in study area during survey.
<pb n="101" />

              (Table 10). Buffleheads and Ruddy Ducks appear to be the most consistently
              abundant species of waterfowl at Aqua Hedionda (Table 11). Large numbers of
              Pintails, Green-winged Teals, and Northern Shovelers occasionally occur at Aqua
              Hedionda Lag oon.

              Using Christmas bird count data for the years 1975 to 1984, the difference in
              waterfowl and shorebird abundance at Batiquitos Lagoon compared to Buena Vista
              and Aqua Hedionda Lagoons is shown in Figure 21. The highest number of
              waterfowl individuals observed during the Christmas count surveys since 1977
              was at Batiquitos Lagoon, followed by Buena Vista Lagoon. We assumed that
              during the winter the mud/sand flat areas are part of the open water habitat
              (covered by flood waters), and then calculated the average number of
              individuals per acre for the more common species of dabbling ducks using the 10
              year Christmas bird counts for Batiquitos Lagoon, Buena Vista Lagoon, and Aqua
              Hedionda Lagoon. We found Batiquitos and Buena Vista Lagoons supported the
              larger number and density of waterfowl (primarily dabbling ducks) (Table 12).
              The waters at Batiquitos Lagoon and Buena Vista Lagoon are generally shallower
              and less saline than the waters at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon, and thus hold larger
              feeding areas for the dabbling ducks. Additionally in dry years with low
              rainfall and runoff, lagoons such as Buena Vista (with a more constant open
              water area) probably support a larger waterfowl population than lagoons such as
              Batiquitos Lagoon, which is more dependent on rainfall for shallow open water
              areas.

              The patterns of shorebird use in the three lagoons is less obvious (Figure 22).
              Shorebirds are generally less abundant than waterfowl during the winter months
              and their use' of lagoons is controlled by the availability of sand/mud flat
              habitat for feeding. Many species of short legged shorebirds are restricted to
              very shallow water feeding areas; therefore seasonal water levels determine the
              abundance of shorebirds at certain lagoons. The only consistent pattern the
              data present is Buena Vista Lagoon generally has the lowest count'of
              shorebirds. Buena Vista is non-tidal and relatively deep water and
              consequently has no sand/mud flat areas. Aqua Hedionda Lagoon, on the other
              hand, is a tidal lagoon, and as such has some tidal flats exposed daily for use
              by shorebirds. In wet years when water levels in Batiquitos Lagoon are high,
              Aqua Hedionda supports a great number of shorebirds. When water levels at
              Batiquitos are moderate to low and shallow water conditions prevail then
              shorebird numbers appear to increase.

              Resident birds which use Batiquitos Lagoon include those which inhabit the
              brackish and salt marshes in the lagoon and those which live in adjoining
              uplands and feed or roost in the lagoon. Long-legged wading birds such as the
              Great Blue Heron, Great Egret and Snowy Egret may be seen in the lagoon hunting
              for fish. Belted Kingfishers dive into the lagoon water from perches on trees
              or electrical wire. Small,passerines such as the Song Sparrow, House Finch,
              Wrentit, Lesser Goldfinch and Bushtit live in adjoining upland and brushy areas
              and may feed along the lagoon borders. Some species, such as Long-billed Marsh
              Wren or Red-winged Blackbirds nest in dense brackish and freshwater marsh
              vegetation.

                                                    69
<pb n="102" />

                       5000

                                     TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                   WATERFOWL OBSERVED AT BATIQUITOS
                                 BUENA VISTA, AND AQUA HEDIONDA LAGq6NS                    LEGEND
                                 DURING CHRISTMAS BIRD SURVEYS, 1975-1984
                       4000                                                                        Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                                                                   Buena Vifla Lagoon

                                                                                                   Ague Hedionds Lagoon

                       3000

          CD

                  E
                  3    2000
                  z

                       1000-

                          0

                               1975     1976      1977      1978      1979      1980     1981      1982      19M       1984

                                                                           Year

                            F
                             IG. 21
<pb n="103" />

        Table 9    CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                              YEAR

                                    1975 1976 1977 1979       1980  1981 1982    1983 1984

        Mallard                       12     12    24      0     5     8      6    20     71

        Gadwall                       47      5    30      4    21    15     43    15     22

        Pintail                      356    178   497    185    132   68     83    110    295

        Green-winged Teal            228     80   223    167    61    88      9    35     28

        Cinnamon Teal                  5      0     3      4     6    11     11    25      2

        American Wigeon               37      0    is      6    63    27     93     3     53

        Northern Shoveler             28    570   1321   436  3054   828     891   600    76

        Redhead                        0      0   208      0    16     7     26    22     17

        Lesser Scaup                   0      0   102      0    14    10      3    35     25

        Bufflehead                     0      0     6      0     1           20    15      0

        Ruddy Duck                    20     89   320      1    630   10     273   360    166

           70TAL                     733    934   2752   803  4003   1079   1458  1240   755

        Semipalmated Plover           36      1     0    49     15    10      3     0      4
        Snowy Plover                   0     10     0      9    16     0      0     0      0

        Killdeer                      30     10    20    20     20    18     12     8     33

        Black-bellied Plover           3      0    13      1     5    61      0     2     10

        Willet                         0     30     1      4    13    10      2     0      9

        Least Sandpiper               40      0     4    26     21    17      3     0      0

        Dunlin                        15     11     0    52      7     5      0     0      0

        Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     3      0     0     0      2     0      0

        Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0     0    20      0     0      0     0      0

        Long-billed Dowitcher          0      0     0      0    14     8      0    20      0
        Western Sandpiper            100    486     3    259    20   252      8     1      3

        Marbled Godwit                 0      1     5      0     0     3      0    15     21

        Sanderling                     0      1    13    12     14    10      2     8      4

        American Avocet               22     78    40    186    40   100      0     0      0

        Black-necked Stilt            34     28    11    46     16    36      5    15     15

           TOTAL                     280    656   113    684    201  530     37    69     99

        a
          Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                   71
<pb n="104" />

         Table 10 CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT BUENA VISTA LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                                  YEAR

                                     1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981           1982 1983 1984

         Mallard                       20      0    34      0     9    83      6     4     27    65

         Gadwall                        0      5    20      0     0     0      0     5     23    10

         Pintail                        9     10   262      5    15    39      a     0      0    18
         Green-winged Teal             24      8   134      0    67    86     30    11      4     0

         Cinnamon Teal                 13     14    10      0     4    10     14     2      4     0

         American Wigeon                0      0     4      0     1    12     154    0      0     0

         Northern Shoveler            2400   726   506      6   210   1500    190  228     81    12

         Redhead                        6      6     0      0     0     0      0    72      0     0

         Lesser Scaup                  54      8    -6      0     0     0      0    95     15     3
         Bufflehead                    94     16    24      1     0    28      1     0      0     0
         Ruddy Duck                    340   275   235      6   '155   35     18   349     36    270
            TOTAL                     2960   1068  1235   18    461   1793    421  766    190    378

         Semipalmated Plover            3      0     0      0     0     0      0     0      0     0
         Snowy Plover                   0      0    15      0     0     0      0     0      0     0

         Killdeer                      15     26    30      0     6    20      9    18      3    25

         Black-bellied Plover           9      a    12    12      5     1      0    13      9    30

         Willet                         1      3     6    12      0     0      0     2      0     0

         Least Sandpiper                5      0     8      0     6     0      0     9      0     0

         Dunlin                         0      0     0      0     1     0      0     0      0     0
         Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     0      0     0     0      0    88      4     0
         Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0     1      0     0     0      0     0      0     0
         Long-billed Dowitcher         11      0    30      0    40     0      0     0      0    15
         Western Sandpiper              7      0    40      4    20     0      0    21      1     6

         Marbled Godwit                10      0     9    10      0     0      0     0      0     0
         Sanderling                     7      1    55    35      0     0      0     6      0     4

         American Avocet               15      2     7      0    40     0      4    19      0     5

         Black-necked stilt             8      0    10      1    30     5      0    12      5     4

            TOTAL                      91     40   223    74    148    26     13   188     22    89

           Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                    72
<pb n="105" />

        Table      CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS AT AQUA HEDIONDA LAGOON, 1975-1984a

                                                                 YEAR

                                    1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1          982 1983 1984

        Mallard                        8      6     1      6    10     10     9      8    10      0

        Gadwall                        0      0     0      4     5     22     8      6     0      0

        Pintall                        0     14    21      4    12    250     0      0     0      0

        Green--vinged Teal             0     so    21     11    20     35     6     12    100     0

        Cinnamon Teal                  0      0    57     14     0      1     0      0     0      0

        American Wigeon                0      2     5      0     0     40     0      0     0      0

        Northern Shoveler              0      2   1058    383    2     20     0      2     0      0

        Redhead                        0      0    23      3     0      0     0      0     0      0

        Lesser Scaup                   1      1    61     36   220      0    50      8     0      0

        Bufflehead                    50      2    49     15    90     32    40     27    21     10
        Ruddy Duck                    10     10    632    373   26    100     0      a    15     -4

           TOTAL                      69     117  1928    849  385    510   113     71    146    14

        Semipalmated Plover            6      1     0      0     5      0     3      5     0      7
        Snowy Plover                   0     50     0      0     2      0     0      0     5      0,

        Killdeer                      14     58    153     5    30     14    36     24     2      4

        Black-bellied Plover          12      9     1      2    15     12    40     12    20      1

        Willet                        15     12    10      3    20     30    57     14    17      1

        Least Sandpiper                0      6     0      5    10      0   200     83    47      3

        Dunlin                         0      0     0      0    15      2    30     @2    40      0

        Dowitcher sp.                  0      0     1      0     0      0     0     15    10      0

        Short-billed Dowitcher         0      0    13      0     0      0     0      0     0      0

        Long-billed Dowitcher         10      0     0      5    25     10    25      3     0      4
        Western Sandpiper             30      9    15      0   100     30    30     53    80      3

        Marbled Godwit                17      4     6      0    10      8   125     27    20      1

        Sanderling                     3      2    46      5    12     50    22     11    40     21

        American Avocet                0      0     0     12     2      1    15      6     2      0

        Black-necked Stilt             0      0     0     15     1      0    14      4     0     -3

           TOTAL                      107   151    245    52   247    157   597    259    283    48

        a
          Source: data from Mr. Jerry Oldenettel, San Diego, California.

                                                   73
<pb n="106" />

                  Table I?- AVW=8 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PRR LAGOON AND AVWWR WYMBRR OF INDIVIDUALS PHR ACR8 P= LAGOON FOR COMM SPSCIES OF
                             DABBLING DUCKS. DATA FROM CHRISTKRS BIRD COUNTS, 1976-1984a.

                      C40"on                Average Number of individuals/Lagoon                          Average Number of Individual/Acre/Lagoon
                      species          Batiquitos L.    Buena Vista L.     Aqua Hedionda L.           Batiquitos L.     Buena Vista L.    Aqua Hedionda L.

                  Green-winged Teal        102.11            36.40                28.50                   0.25                0.18               0.09

                  Mallard                   17.56            24.80                 6.80                   0.04                0.12               0.02

                  U. Pintall               211.56            36.60                30.10                   0.51                0.18               0.10

                  U. Shoveler              867.11            585.90              146.70                   2.11                2.93               0.46

                  Gadwall                   22.44              6.30                4.50                   0.05                .0.03              0.01

                  American Widgeon          33.33            17.10                 4.70                   0.08                0.09               0.01

                  aChristmas Bird Count Data provided by J. Oldenattel, San Diego.
<pb n="107" />

             Marine birds, including the California Gull, Western Grebe, and Eared Grebe
             spend the winter at Batiquitos Lagoon whereas, other marine species, such as
             Forester's Tern, Western Gull, and Double Crested Cormorant may be seen all
             year round.

             Predatory birds or raptors such as Red-tail Hawks, White-tailed Kites, Kestrel
             and various owls hunt for small birds and rodents along the lagoon edge and in
             the marshes.

             The riparian trees of Encinitas Creek and scattered groves around the lagoon
             offers habitat to migrating warblers, kinglets and other small birds as well as
             resident species such as vireos, flycatchers and finches. Riparian vegetation
             is a dense, well protected environment with numerous insects and larvae. Many
             species of birds nest and feed in these areas.

             Rare and Endangered Species

             Batiquitos Lagoon provides critical nesting habitat for the federal and state
             listed endangered California Least Tern, state listed endangered Belding's
             Savannah Sparrow, and the Snowy Plover (candidate species for federal listing).
             Adjacent floodplain areas are habitat for federal and state listed Least Bell's
             Vireo.

             The California Least Tern formerly nested in large colonies on the dunes and
             beaches of southern California. They characteristically established colonies
             along the coast in open areas composed of light-colored substrate material with
             sparse vegetation. Nesting colonies were usually located near lagoons, bays or
             estauries where food could be procured (Craig, 1971; Swickard, 1971; Massey,
             1974). Within individual colonies, the density of nests is usually less than
             other terns which makes the individual nests difficult to discover and helps
             reduce losses by predation (Unitt, 1984). Since its nesting habitat has nearly
             disappeared in the past 100 years, the Least Tern has been forced to nest in
             fill sites, abandoned airport landing strips, salt flats and other locations.
             Generally the Least Tern prefers sandy, relatively large nesting sites where
             the birds may clearly view the entire area around them, and sites which are
             located close to water so a feeding area is available close to the nest.

             Disturbance by dogs and people and predation of nesting colonies by coyotes,
             dogs and raptors are continual problems to the reproductive success of the
             tern. The Least Tern has used the open salt flats, which are common in
             Batiquitos Lagoon, and has nested in several locations in the lagoon (Figure
             D). Typically, the terns have utilized only one to three nesting sites during
             a season. Recent nesting has occurred primarily at three locations in the
             lagoon (Figure D) and the success of Least Tern nesting in the lagoon since
             1969 is summarized in Table 13. The fluctuating water levels in the lagoon
             affect the location and timing of nesting at Batiquitos Lagoon. In high water
             years, only one site may be uncovered and dry enough to allow nesting. Least
             Terns begin to arrive in the San Diego region during early April. During May,
             the terns select their colony sites and initiate courtship behavior and egg-
             laying (Unitt, 1984). As the young terns fledge, the adults and recently
             fledged juveniles leave the nesting colonies and form post breeding flocks near
             favorable feeding areas.

                                                   75
<pb n="108" />

                                               TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF
                                             SHOREBIRDS OBSERVED AT BATIQUITOS
                                         BUENA VISTA, AND AQUA HEDIONDA LAG66NS
                                          DURING CHRISTMAS BIRD SURVEYS, 1975-1984

                           4000
                                                                                                      LEGEND

                                                                                                               Betiquitos Lagoon

                           3000                                                                                Buena Vista Lagoon
                                                                                                        E3     Aqua Redionda Lagoon
                       c

                       0

                       E
                       2   2000
                       z

                           1000

                               0
                                     1975        1976         1977       1918         1979        1980         1981        1982        1983         1964   1

                                                                                            Year
                                   FIG. 22

                                                                                           I milli I                                                        N
<pb n="109" />

               Table 13. SUMMARY OF LEAST TERN NESTING AT BATIQUITOS LAGOON

               Year            Area*                    Estimated No. Pairs Est. No. Fledged

               1985            mouth                              9-14                11+
                               Park &amp; Ride                        5-18            12-14
                               east end levee                       3                 0

               1984            Park &amp; Ride                          3                 6

               1983            northeast"                           1                 2

               1982            mouth                           8 -13                  0
                               Park &amp; Ride                      7 -19                 6+
                               east end                             7                 0

               1981            mouth                               36                 25+
                               Park &amp; Ride                         36
                               east end                             7                 0

               1980            east end                        12 -15            8 -10

               1979            mouth                                9           25 -40 for
                               east end                            38           both sites

               1978            northeast                           22                 0
                               southeast                            8              0 - 4

               1977            east end                            11            11several"

               1976            east end                             9              "good"

               1975            northeast                            9                 2

               1974            between RR &amp; 1-5                50 -60              "good"
                               on north shore
                               east end                         6 -10              unknown

               1973            between RR &amp; 1-5                    30+             "good"
                               on north shore
                               east end                             2              unknown

               1969                east end                            3+             unknown

               *See Figure D for location of Least Tern nest sites in Batiquitos Lagoon.

               "Park and Ride and mouth underwater during most of the season.

                                                        77
<pb n="110" />

              The location of areas of post breeding concentrations vary somewhat from year
              to year but certain areas appear to be used more-or-less regularly (Unitt
              1984). The San Luis Rey River mouth, Buena Vista Lagoon and the mouth of the
              Tijuana River are used regularly and in some years large post breeding
              concentrations have been observed at Batiquitos Lagoon and the mouth of the San
              Dieguito River (Unitt, 1984). By the middle of September most of the Least
              Terns have left San Diego County.

              Least Terns tend to return to colony sites where they had initial success
              (Unitt, 1984). They will abandon sites as the former sites become overgrown
              with vegetation, flooded by high tides or flood water, if too many eggs,
              chicks, or adults are killed by predators, or if nesting sites are lost to
              development. Reduction in the size of a nesting site is also detrimental
              because it results in an increase in nesting density which increases the
              vulnerability of the colony to predation. As a result, the activity of a few
              predators can cause the failure of a colony supporting a large number of birds.

              The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS, 1980) prepared a recovery plan for the
              Least Tern which identifies present nesting locations and suggests measures to
              protect existing areas and create new ones. This plan contains several
              policies that directly relate to Batiquitos Lagoon such as "Preserve adequate
              nesting habitat in Batiquitos Lagoon." It also directs FWS to "investigate and
              implement actions needed to increase populations of fish eaten by terns in
              degraded or potential tern feeding areas including Batiquitos Lagoon." Some of
              the more general policies include:

                 "Develop or refine management techniques for providing adequate nesting
                 sites and implement techniques where needed."

                 "Protect breeding colonies annually by minimizing disturbance and
                 mortality."

              The Brown Pelican, a federal and state listed endangered species, rests and
              feeds at Batiquitos Lagoon. This species nests on offshore islands.

              The Snowy Plover is a candidate species for federal endangered status. This
              species also nests on beaches and alkali flats and, like the tern, has seen a
              reduction in the area of its nesting habitat in southern California. They are
              often found in association with Least Terns. The Snowy Plover has nested on
              the salt flats of Batiquitos Lagoon in approximately the same locations as the
              Least Tern. Like the Least Tern the fluctuating water levels in the lagoon
              affect the timing and location of nesting.

              The state listed Belding's Savannah Sparrow is a resident of the high marsh
              pickleweed areas. It requires thick pickleweed cover above the reach of high
              tides or high water. The sparrows also forage in the upland transition zone
              bordering high marsh as well as salt flats and beach areas. Nesting has
              occurred in the east end near the mouth of San Marcos Creek and in the western
              basin near the Coast Highway (E. Copper, pers,onal communication). In 1977 some
              20 pairs nested at the lagoon with fifteen in the eastern basin and five in the
              western basin. A recent survey (April 1986) conducted by the Fish and Wildlife
              Service found 47 pairs of sparrows in the pickleweed fringes of the eastern

                                                    78
<pb n="111" />

             lagoon. Most were found along the north shore of the eastern lagoon. The
             western lagoon was not censused (M. Elpers, pers. comm.) However, due to the
             limited area of habitat available for nesting, the population of Belding's
             Savannah Sparrows in Batiquitos Lagoon is limited relative to other coastal
             wetlands such as Los Penasquitos Lagoon.

             Least Bell's Vireo nests in thick riparian woodland and has been found in the
             willows along Encinitas Creek bordering the lagoon. This species is state and
             federal listed as endangered and requires older, well-developed willow riparian
             forest for nesting. Loss of habitat and nest parasitism by the brown-headed
             cowbird are major causes for its population decline.

             Another endangered species, the Light-Footed Clapper Rail could potentially
             inhabit Batiquitos Lagoon but has not been observed there nor are they expected
             to be found in the lagoon currently. They may have previously inhabited the
             lagoon marshes. The Light-Footed Clapper Rail nests and lives in cordgrass and
             pickleweed marshes. The Light-footed Clapper Rail Recovery Plan suggests
             restoration of tidal flow to Batiquitos Lagoon and possible reintroduction of
             this species.

             Several other bird species, while not listed as endangered, threatened, or
             rare, are considered sensitive and undergoing population declines (Pacific
             Southwest Biological Services, Inc., 1982). These include the Willow
             Flycatcher, Warbling Vireo and Yellow Warbler; all are riparian species who
             suffer from habitat losses.

             Cooper's Hawks breed in riparian woodlands and utilize oak woodlands for
             hunting. Loss of riparian habitat statewide has caused a decline in this
             species.

             The Least Bittern is a wading bird of freshwater marshes and has nested in the
             brackish marsh of Batiquitos Lagoon. Its population is declining in San Diego
             County due to loss of freshwater habitat.

             The Short-eared Owl and Northern Harrier or Marsh Hawk both hunt in marsh areas
             and have been observed in the Batiquitos lagoon marshes. Both are declining in
             numbers due to reduction in marsh habitat.

             REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

             Batiquitos Lagoon is one of a series of coastal wetlands in San Diego County.
             Each of these wetlands contains a varied mix of habitat types. These habitats
             consist of intertidal mud/sand flats, seasonally flooded mud/sand/salt flats,
             deep water, coastal salt marsh, brackish marsh, willow dominated riparian
             forest, uplands and transitional areas between habitats. Figure 23 illustrates
             the relative concentration of these habitat types at various coastal wetlands.
             Seasonally flooded mud/sand flat areas dominate the lower Santa Margarita River
             Estuary and Batiquitos Lagoon but are essentially absent at Buena Vista and Los
             Penasquitos Lagoons. Marsh areas are present at all areas but form the
             dominant landscape at San Dieguito and Los Penasquitos Lagoons and Tijuana
             River Estuary. Open water dominates San Elijo, Buena Vista and Aqua Hedionda
             Lagoons.

                                                   79
<pb n="112" />

                                                                                                                                                                                          PERCENT
                                                                                                         0                                  20                                  40                                roo                                130                               100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                PF
                                                                                                                .....                                       . ...........

                                                                                                                                                            .. .. ...................
                                                                                                                                                                                             -Ads
                                                                                                                                                   ....... .................
                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------                                                    .......
                                                                                                                                                                         ..........                                   . . ......
                                                                                                                                                            ----- ...       ....                                         .. ... .....
                                                                                                                         ......... ...........
                                                                                                                                                            ...... ..........   .. .... . ..           .....
                                                                                                                    .. ........... %_  -- -------             ------- -
                                                                                                                -------      .....
                                  SANTA MARGARITA RIVER                                                             - -1 .. ..... ..
                                                                                                                    ...........    ...... ....              ..............                                                                            ...........
                                                                                                                    ... .........                             .........
                                                                                                                                                                       .... ...   .......       . ......
                                                                                                                                               ......                  ......... ..                                                                         -i:
                                                                                                                          .. ........
                                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                 V                x.
                                                                                            . ................                     ......................
                                                                                                             ......... ..     ,        , ,  , ... . ..m.    ..
                                                                                                                                         .... ......

                                  BUENA VISTA LAGOON

                                                                                            - - - -------- ------ - ---
                                                                                                                                              ..........

                                  AGUA HEDIONDA LAGOON

                                                                                                                                                 ......     --- - ---

                                                                                                               ------------
                                                                                                                                                                                ...... ....                                             ....... ................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .............   ......
                                                                                                                            -------- ------
                                                                                                                  ---       . ........
                                                                                                                                                                                                           ...........
                                  BATIQUITOS LAGOON                                                                                                                                        .......         ---
                                                                                                                                                            .......................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ...........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ...........
                                                                                                                                                            ...... ..........

                                                                                                                              . .........
                                                                                                                                                            ..........
                                  SAN ELIJO LAGOON

                                                                                                                    . ........

                                                                                                                                   . ............
                                                                                                                                   ............
                                                                                        ON
                                  SAN DIEGUITO LAGO                                                                                                                             .....

                                                                                                                                                            ..............X
                                                                                                                                                                                                          ..... .             ..... ... ...... .......... .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ...................
                                  LOS PENAQUITOS LAGOON

                                                                                                                                                                          ...............

                                  SAN DIEGO RIVER MARSH
                                                                                                                                                                                       . .. ... ..      .. ....
                                                                                                                                                                                        .................
                                                                                                                                       ........ ...                                                                                                                     ... ...
                                                                                                                                         . ......                                                                  .. ....   .... .. .... .. .

                                                                                                                          ............        ........                                                                                                                        . .. ....

                                                                                                                                                              ............      ...... .                                  ....................................
                                  TIJUANA ESTUARY                                                                                                                                                                                                 ...................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           EXPLANATION

                                    FIG. 23                                               COMPARISON OF MAJOR HABITAT TYPES                                                                                                                Mudf lat
                                                                                                        FOR NINE COASTAL WETLANDS                                                                                                          Marsh
                                                                                                                    IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY                                                                                                    Openwater

                                                                                                                                                            80
<pb n="113" />

             The type of habitat and extent of a particular habitat type are major factors
             determining a given wetland's overall value as a habitat. For example, a
             lagoon which has limited tidal flushing or small areas of open water, such as
             Batiquitos Lagoon, will be less valuable for providing fishery habitat than a
             system such as Aqua Hedionda Lagoon with its continuous tidal flushing.
             Wetlands with large emergent salt marsh, such as Los Penasquitos Lagoon provide
             greater habitat value for species such as Belding's Savannah Sparrow.
             Intertidal mud/sand flats and shallow water are more valuable for shorebirds
             and dabbling ducks, whereas deeper open water areas are preferred by diving
             ducks.

             Figure 23 and Table 14 generally summarize the habitat types and
             characteristics of fourteen coastal wetlands in San Diego County. The values
             presented in Table 14 were developed by Dr. J. Zedler, Mr. C. Nordby, and Ted
             Winfield through interaction with local agency personnel, researchers with
             experience working in the various lagoons, published literature, and from the
             experience of the three authors. Additional field survey data on these wetland
             systems is necessary to allow a thorough comparison of the habitat values at
             each wetland and the regional relationship of these systems to migratory birds
             and other species. The following discussion generally outlines the habitat
             values at these wetlands as based on currently available data.

             Those lagoon or wetland systems which are considered to have high values for
             shorebirds possess either large areas of tidal-flats (Mission Bay, San Diego
             Bay), contain large areas of emergent marsh (Tijuana River Estuary, Los
             Penasquitos Lagoon) or are only periodically flooded or essentially non-tidal
             (containing large areas of exposed mud and sand flats). Buena Vista Lagoon is
             the one exception and its importance as a shorebird habitat is probably
             inflated, especially when compared to other lagoons.

             The value of Batiquitos Lagoon as a waterfowl habitat (Table 14) is closely
             related to the large areas of open water present during the winter and early
             spring. The shallow nature of the open water areas in Batiquitos Lagoon,
             especially in the east lagoon, along with the fresh to brackish nature of the
             water in the east lagoon, appears to make Batiquitos Lagoon a favorable habitat
             to dabbling ducks. Dabbling duck species dominate the waterfowl present at
             Batiquitos Lagoon during the winter and spring months (Table 7) and are usually
             present in greater abundance than at other nearby lagoons (Tables 9, 10, and
             11; Figure 21).

             Batiquitos Lagoon is considered to have a moderate value as a habitat for
             wading birds, other water-associated birds (not including the endangered
             California Least Tern), and terrestrial species.

             The overall value of Batiquitos Lagoon as a fishery habitat is low relative to
             other lagoon and wetland systems. The lack of regular tidal exchange with the
             oceanic waters and small area of freshwater limit its fishery value. Most of
             the lagoons with moderate or high fishery values all have a more-or-less
             regular occurrence of tidal exchange with oceanic waters. The low value for
             recreational fishery arises from the freshwater areas near San Marcos Creek.

                                                   81
<pb n="114" />

                                          TABLE 14

                                          San Diego County Wetiand matrix - Part I:                         inventory

                                                                                                    'A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 IA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      03
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.
                                                                                                                                                                       a                     0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      FA
                                                                                                                          Is                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                       o-                                             0
                                                                                                                                                                       ff
                                                                                                                                                                                             CC          Is
                                                                                         rp                                                                            0

                                                                                         Of         pf                                                                                                                =0

                             1. 'INVENTORY
                               A.     Nablista (acres)(% total)
                              --Op*nlwater- total                                                                                                                     to&amp;    1   33                    90--
                                      TIT&amp;] Channels                                                                                                                             33(6) i5ib        1  9004                 kow(fj) M704)
                                      Siwae Ponds
                                      Salt Ponds
                                      Eelpress                                                                                                                                                                              1400 Iffy
                                   Tidal Fists. - total                              132                                                       341                                                   -
                                      Rock                                                                                          460                                                                -110                   &amp;14
                                      $and/S@l                                                                                      2 Q)
                                      Hud
                                   Salt arsh - total                                 91                                             16          Ut        160                    350                                          359         1/0
                                      11 M
                    00                Middle                                                                                                                                                                                            (17M
                                      Upper                                                                                                                                                                                                   .5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ZAD
                                   Brackish/Fresh Marsh       total                   40)                                           SO       u)(11)
                                   Transition 11.1pland   total                                                                                                   -
                                      Sand Dunes                                                                                    11?                             219          246                   .20         41                    49
                                      Maritime                                                                                      /90)
                                      Riparian                                        2(41)                                                                                      21 z V)
                                      Other                                                                                         13004)             1                         ? L 4)
                                   Watershed Area - loll,[                                                                                                                          -C
                                B.    Biological Resources                           ROZA 5"-i                                      29miz     461 '"i a              qD
                                               lpresence M or absence (-)I
                                   Threstened/Endanitered Species
                                      Fiore
                                      Invertebrates                                    +
                                      Birds
                                          Shorebirds                                                                                +           +         +                      t
                                          Waders                                                                         +          +           -         +                      i-
                                          Other We ler- Associated                     +          +                      +          +           +         4-          +          +         +
                                          Terrestrial                                                                                                                                                  +                       +
                                   Species of Regional Sirnincence                                                                              +         +           +          +                                             +
                                   -nor*                                                                                                        +
                                      Fauna
                                C.    Tidal FlushinL Characteristics
                                          ()=open Cz
                                                        Ckeed 0/t-?@n        *ph        C                                                   I -CIO     1 410                                                               1    0          0
                                                                   pn4m&amp;1ly Claud

                                                                                                                                                                                    Regional Wetland Context

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              14
<pb n="115" />

                              TABLE 14
                               San Diego    County Watland Matrix - Part 2: Functional                 Values

                                                                          fA      ul                                              FA        (A
                                                                                                       1m:
                                                                                                                                            On,                                             z
                                                                                  C                                                                           0
                                                                                                                                                     0                            FA
                                                                          n                                                                                                                 4
                                                                                                                                  a                                                         0
                                                                                                                02                          rr
                                                                                                                                            P-                                    C
                                                                          A                                     C6                          0
                                                                          I-                                    W,                                   It
                                                                          rp
                                                                                            0          4                          0                  0
                                                                                                                                  a         r                                     PIP
                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                0                                                                 n
                                                                          a

                     It. FUNCTIONAL VALUES
                    (D a no: I a low- t a moderatel-3 a hilth)            n
                    A.     liabitat Values
                           Birds
                              Shorebirds                                                                        13
                              Waders                                      3       1         2    1     1        2                                                                 2         3        3
                              Waterfowl                                           z         z    1     3        2-3     A-3       3                                               1         3        2
                              Other water- Associated                     3       2         1    1     2        3       1         3         z        2-4                                    3        3
                              Terrestrial                                 3                                                                 2        3                                      3        5
                           Fish        Hurserv ores                       2                                                           ---T-          1_2                z                   13       13
                              ;,.:=al Fishery                             I       1         1          2        3       8                   0        1        .3        2                            1
              00                                                                                                        1                   1-2      1-Z      1                   2         3        3
                              Bait Fishery                                2                                     1                                                       2   -
                           Other Wildlife Species                         3       2                             3-      1         2         2                           1                   7        2
                                                                                                                                                              7-        2                   2
                           Linkage with Watershed Wildlife                                                      2       z         2         Z
                           Harvest and Heritage Values                                                                                      z
                           Threatened/EndanKered SPP.                                                           31      z                                               .2.4      1
                           Species; of Regional Siffnificance                                                   1       3                            3        1         1         1                  3
                           Passive Recreation                                                          3        3       3                   3        3                  3         2.
                           Active Recreation                                                                    3       1                   A        2        3         1         1
                           Education/ Research                                                                  3                                                       3         2         3
                           Unique Biological Features                                                           3                                                       3_2                 3        3
                           Aesthetic/Visual                                       2                    3        3       2         3         2                 3         2                   3
                           Aqueculture Potential                                                   )-it         it                1-Z    1-2         1-1      3                             3        2
                                                                                                                                                                        2-3       1     2 .'N     ;t- 3
                           Water 9mality

                                                                                                          if

                                                                                                                                                     Regional wetland Context
<pb n="116" />

                                  TABLE 14
                                  Son Diego County Wetland Matrix -                     Part     3:    Impacts

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       T
                                                                                                                                                                                         to
                                                                                                                                           C                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       21
                                                                                                          rt                    C06                               0           1          0          a
                                                                                                                                                                  2           11-                  .0          0           43
                                                                                    no                                          10
                                                                                                                                a.
                                                                                                 22        0
                                                                                                                                           A          0
                                                                                                 4         01                                         0                       0-
                                                                                    X            It                             r          3          a
                                                                                                                                10a                               .0
                                                                                                                                0                                             .06
                                                                                                                                                                              0
                                                                                                 n                                                                            0

                       III. IMPACTS
                                       or absence
                       A.    llisloric
                             InDacts within Lae0on
                                  Dredire (acres)                               +1163)        +        +                     +                                                                                                    +
                                  fill (acres lost)                             :F- T-
                                  Sidi Extraction
                                  Sewage influx                                 +             +                                                               +                     +
                                  Military                                                    +
                                  Vehicular
                                  Introduced app                                +             +        t         +                                 +                                                                              +
                             Watershed !Meseta
                                  Pollutants
               00                      Urban/Industrial
                                       Affricultural                            +                                I+                                                                                                   +           +
                                                                                                                                                                                                +

                       11.   Current
                             Impacts   within Laffmn
                       -          Drodge                                        4.                               +           +
                                  Fill (scr*11-lost)                                                                                                                     +
                                  Bell Extraction
                                  Sewaffe Influx                                +             +                                                                          +
                                  Military
                                  Vehicular:,                                                 +                                                               +          +                      +                                 +
                                  Domestic pots                                 +             -F-                                                                                               -
                                                                                                                 +                                                       +                      +
                                  Reduced Tidal     nushinr                                   F-       +                                           +          +          +
                             Watershed Impact@
                                  Pollutants
                                       Urban I Industrial                       +             +        T                               +           -I-                                          +                     -f-
                                       Agricultural                             +             +        -         +                     +           -t6        -f-                               1+                   1+           -06
                                       Reduced Freshwater Influx                i             +        +                    +                                                        +          +                                 +
                                       Increased Freshwater Influx                            -t*                                                                                                                                 -f-
                                       Sedimentation                            -             +                                                    +          +          +                      +                                 -t
                                       Sand Extraction                                                                                                                                                                            t

                                                                                                                                                                              Regional Wetland Context
<pb n="117" />

             The moderate value for linkage with watershed wildlife results from the
             presence of undeveloped canyons immediately surrounding Batiquitos Lagoon.
             However, the presence of human disturbance along the north side of the east
             lagoon, and the presence of roads along the east and south sides, limits
             access to the lagoon by wildlife species living in the watershed.

             The lagoon has a high habitat value for threatened or endangered species.
             California Least Terns and Snowy Plovers nest at the lagoon as does a small
             resident population of Belding's Savannah Sparrow. Nesting by Least Terns and
             Snowy Plovers is variable and directly related to water levels in the lagoon.
             The variable number of nesting pairs of Least Terns since 1969 is evident in
             the data presented in Table 13. These three species are also present in other
             lagoons in San Diego County where their numbers are also somewhat controlled by
             water levels. The large areas of salt flats at Batiquitos Lagoon present one
             of the larger areas of preferred nesting habitat for the Least Tern and Snowy
             Plover in the county. At the same time, the lack of extensive emergent marsh,
             such as occurs at Los Penasquitos Lagoon, probably restricts the population of
             Belding's Savannah Sparrow.

             SUMMARY

             Batiquitos Lagoon contains four habitat types: emergent marsh (including both
             brackish and salt marsh), sand/mud flats which are seasonally covered by water,
             open water, and riparian forest dominated by willows. The values of these
             habitats to wildlife largely vary with the amount of water the lagoon contains.

             Several species of mammal such as jackrabbits, ground squirrels and raccoons
             use the lagoon and live along its edges as do several reptilian species. Fish
             species are limited in diversity due to the lack of tidal inflows and the
             drastic fluctuations in water quality and temperature which occur annually in
             the lagoon. Likewise benthic invertebrates (worms, clams and other creatures
             which inhabit the lagoon bottom) and zooplankton species have difficulty
             surviving the water quality conditions at the lagoon.

             Birds, both migratory and resident, are the most conspicuous members of the
             lagoon fauna. Batiquitos Lagoon supports a seasonal influx of migratory
             waterfowl and shorebirds. Both shorebirds and waterfowl use the eastern basin
             of the lagoon more than the western basin. Eleven species of waterfowl and
             fifteen species of shorebirds account for 95 percent of the total number of
             individuals observed in Batiquitos Lagoon.

             Shorebirds typically use the lagoon in late fall and spring when water levels
             are shallow and allow feeding by short-legged bird species. Some years, when
             water levels are shallow, Batiquitos Lagoon supports greater numbers of
             shorebirds than either Aqua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. However in high
             water years when the Batiquitos Lagoon water levels are deep, shorebird
             populations are higher at Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. Many of the occurrences of
             large numbers of shorebirds at Batiquitos Lagoon are due to the influx of a
             flock of one species.

             Waterfowl tend to use Batiquitos Lagoon during winter months when water levels
             are higher. Batiquitos usually has higher numbers of waterfowl than either

                                                   85
<pb n="118" />

              Aqua Hedionda or Buena Vista Lagoons. In drier years when Batiquitos water
              levels are low, Buena Vista Lagoon hosts larger waterfowl populations.
              Other resident bird species include small passerine birds such as Long-billed        F
              Marsh Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds, House Finches and Song Sparrows which
              reside in the marsh or adjacent uplands. Wading birds such as Great Blue
              Herons and Great Egrets feed in the lagoon as do marine species like Double
              Crested Cormorant, Forster's Tern and California Gulls.

              Several state and federally listed endangered species nest or feed in the
              lagoon. These include the California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah Sparrow,
              and Brown Pelican. A candidate species, the Snowy Plover also nests in the
              lagoon. The riparian forest along Encinitas Creek provides habitat for the
              Least Bell's Vireo.

              In comparison to some of the other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon
              has high habitat values for waterfowl and shorebird habitats. It has a low
              value for fishery habitat due to the lack of tidal inflows or stable water
              levels. The lagoon also has a high value for endangered species due to the
              number of different species nesting and feeding in the area.

                                                    86
<pb n="119" />

             AESTHETIC VALUES

             One of the most immediately noticeable qualities of Batiquitos Lagoon is its
             high aesthetic value. The diversity of the 'landscape, the beauty of such a
             large water feature, and the large expansive open space of the lagoon set it
             apart from other surrounding lands. Steep bluffs ring the lagoon, striking a
             contrast with the flat, often water-filled basin. The constant changes in the
             water level of the lagoon, as well as the seasonal movements of birds into the
             lagoon, create visual variety for local residents. The lagoon also provides a
             wide swath of open space unrestricted by urban developments. Only the roads
             and railways break up the continuous line of sight along the lagoon.

             Most local residents and many visitors to the area view the lagoon from La
             Costa Boulevard, Highways 5 and 101, and El Camino Real as they travel to work
             or other destinations. Since most of the lagoon borders are presently
             undeveloped, only three sites afford a place to stop and view the lagoon.
             These include the CalTrans Park and Ride lot, South Carlsbad State Beach and
             the end of Lagoon Lane. Some people may also use the dirt road along the north
             shore for viewing the lagoon and bluff tops on the south shore. Figure E
             indicates the locations of prime viewpoints around the lagoon.

             Depending upon who you ask, there are various opinions about problems with the
             aesthetic features of the lagoon, the wet and dry cycles of the lagoon in
             particular. For some, water level in the lagoon is of great importance,
             judging whether the lagoon is a pleasing site or an unsightly mess. For others,
             the seasonal change from wet to dry is acceptable. Perhaps generally more
             important than water level to many residents, is odor, algae blooms and sewage
             spills in the lagoon. Given the right conditions, bright green algae blooms
             may cover the lagoon, then die and create a strong, pungent odor. In addition,
             accidental spills of sewage into the lagoon can create similar noxious odors.
             Unlike the variety of opinions about visual aspects, there are few people who
             do not complain about the lagoon's odor problems. Overall, the aesthetic
             values of Batiquitos Lagoon are relatively high, but suffer some loss due to
             seasonal water fluctuations and odor problems.

                                                   87
<pb n="120" />

              PLANS AND POLICIES

              This section documents land ownership and use in the lagoon area, the various
              roads and utility lines which cross the lagoon and the local plans which affect
              land uses in the lagoon and watershed area. In addition the state and federal
              agencies with jurisdiction over particular activities in the lagoon area are
              discussed. This mosaic of existing and planned land uses, proposed
              developments and government regulations poses a complex number of constraints
              upon enhancement of the lagoon.

              LAGOON LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP

              A number of different property owners claim title to various  portions of the
              lagoon area. Figure F illustrates property boundaries and owners. Figure G
              outlines the land uses surrounding and including the lagoon. Both of these
              maps are current as of June, 1986. These two figures represent the human
              environment of the lagoon. In discussing ownership, we have noted where land
              owners are proposing a change in land use.

              In general, the land surrounding Batiquitos Lagoon is undergoin g a change from
              agricultural use to urban development. Expansion of Carlsbad from the north
              and development of unincorporated lands to the south have left a swath of open
              and agricultural land along the lagoon's north shore and tributary streams..
              However, for the most part the lagoon is surrounded by residential and
              commercial lands and its watershed is rapidly becoming more urbanized.

              California Degartment of Fish and Game (QFG) owns approximately 135 acres in
              the western and eastern lagoon. DFG is the only lagoon landowner who actively
              manages their lagoon lands as wildlife habitat. The lands, in Batiquitos lagoon
              were made a State Ecological Reserve in 1983. The primary purpose of the
              reserve program is to protect examples of native lands as wildlife habitat.
              There is no boating, swimming, hunting, commercial fishing, collecting of
              specimens, or feeding of wildlife allowed on the reserve. Sport fishing is
              allowed from the shore only and passive recreation such as bird watching and
              nature study are permissable from identified access sites such as the CalTrans
              Park and Ride Lot. Overall the DFG manages the reserve for conservation of
              wildlife habitat and protection of endangered species.

              Sammis Properties Inc. owns about 5 acres in the western lagoon as part of
              their holdings along the northwest shore of the lagoon. Sammis Properties
              recently (November, 1985) received a Coastal Development Permit and City of
              Carlsbad approval for a mixed use development on the bluff top property above
              the lagoon. As conditions of this permit, Sammis Properties dedicated the
              title to most of their lagoon land holdings to the State Land Commission. The
              permit also requires a 45-50 foot setback from the edge of the bluff, erosion
              control measures during property development and maintenance of sediment
              catchment basins on two tributary streams to the lagoon. Should final designs
              for-the enhancement project show a need for the 5 acre fill area in the north
              west corner of the lagoon, Sammis Properties would be required to dedicate a
              portion of this land under their permit conditions. Construction for the
              project began in June, 1986 and is limited to April I to September 30 to ensure
              erosion control during the rainy season.

                                                    88
<pb n="121" />

             Hunt Properties Inc. (HPI) is the major property owner in the east basin of the
             lagoon. Their lagoon lands of 360 acres are part of a larger 1730 acre holding
             which is concentrated along the north shore of the lagoon but also includes
             Green Valley and the lower portion of Encinitas Creek. Much of the HPI
             property was in agricultural use until a few months ago when the owners ended
             farming operations on most of the property. The land is now open and generally
             unused.

             Off-road vehicles are a major problem on both the upland and lagoon areas of
             the HPI property. Dirt bikes tear up the lagoon shoreline and adjacent slopes
             and during the dry season can be seen driving over the lagoon bottom. Efforts
             by the owners to restrict access have been unsuccessful. Helicopters have also
             used the flat eastern basin of the lagoon for landing practice. HPI does not
             actively manage the lagoon wetlands in its holdings. Nor do they manage or
             maintain the riparian corridor along Encinitas Creek.

             HPI recently submitted a master plan to the City of Carlsbad for development of
             portions of their holdings. The master plan outlines a mixture of resort and
             residential uses for much of the property. For the most part this proposed
             development lies outside the lagoon wetlands. However HPI does designate a 2.5
             acre site on the southeast corner of the lagoon wetland as a development site,
             but no specific site plans have been proposed. Development of this site would
             require filling about two acres of lagoon wetlands. HPI has not submitted any
             specific plans for their Green Valley property either. The City of Carlsbad
             released an Environmental Impact Report on the HPI master plan in May, 1986.

             The master plan designates open space for the HPI portion of the lagoon and
             wetlands. A 100 ft. buffer is outlined and would separate the north shore
             wetlands from the proposed development. The HPI master plan also proposed
             sediment control basins for several creeks on their property.

             William Savage owns a small section of the western lagoon and larger portion of
             the eastern lagoon adjacent to Interstate 5. This property is open and vacant.
             Mr. Savage currently has no plans for his properties being considered by the
             City of Carlsbad or other agencies.

             The State Lands.Commission has accepted a boundary agreement with Mr. Savage
             which would resolve state title claims on those portions of his property above
             the 6.0 ft. (MSL) contour. The title to the portion of his property below the
             6.0 ft. contour was conveyed to the State Lands Commission.

             Batiquitos Drive (Lagoon Lane) ends on the Savage property and provides direct
             access to Carlsbad. Many residents use the end of this road as a site for
             painting, photographing, birdwatching or just sitting and watching the lagoon.

             Mitsuuchi owns a parcel of the northern lagoon shoreline which contains both
             wetlands and uplands. A nursery operation is active on the upland portion of
             the property.

             Murphy holds another north shore parcel which is primarily uplands and contains
             a residence.

                                                   89
<pb n="122" />

              Community Bank owns a large parcel along the southeastern shore of the lagoon.
              One small section of this parcel north of La Costa Avenue includes lagoon
              wetlands. The property is not used and no development plans are currently in
              process.

              Leucadia County Water District (LCWD) has several small holdings on the lagoon
              where their pump stations are located (see Figure F). These pump stations are
              connected to sewer mains which transport wastewater to the Encinitas Water
              Pollution Control Facility for processing.

              California Department of Parks and Recreation owns and operates South Carlsbad
              State Beach at the lagoon mouth. The Department of Parks and Recreation owns
              and operates four miles of beaches within Carlsbad and most of the public
              shoreline within California.

              The South Carlsbad State Beach presently has no facilities in the vicinity of
              'Batiquitos Lagoon. A campground lies several miles to the north. There is
              limited parking along the Pacific Coast Highway for beach users.

              County of San Diego owns a 2.4 acre parcel of the beach at the lagoon mouth.

              Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores owns a ten acre parcel at the northeast corner
              of the lagoon. This parcel has an open space easement recorded over it which
              the Conservancy manages.

              State Lands Commission holds title to 17 acres of wetland along the north shore
              in the western and middle basin. They received this land through a dedication
              as part of a permit condition for the Sammis Properties development.

              There are a number of casual users of the lagoon such as joggers and bird
              watchers as well as high school and college classes. Classes use both the
              north shore and the CalTrans Park and Ride lot and other access points to study
              lagoon biology and complete class projects. Individual users may use the north
              shore, south shore and beach/lagoon mouth area. Although we have no records of
              individuals and classes using the lagoon, several local residents estimate
              several thousand people use the lagoon per year.

              Regional Transportation Corridors

              A number of transportation routes cross or border Batiquitos Lagoon. Figure G
              outlines these corridors   Starting at the eastern edge of the lagoon, El
              Camino Real is a four la@e north/south arterial for regional traffic and
              access to commercial and residential areas. Similarly La Costa Avenue is an
              important east-west route for local traffic circulation between the La Costa
              area and Interstate 5. The City of Carlsbad is currently constructing an
              expansion of La Costa Boulevard. Parts of both La Costa Boulevard and El
              Camino Real cover former lagoon wetlands.

              Interstate 5 is the major north/south freeway in northern San Diego County.
              The California State Department of Transportation or CalTrans owns, operates
              and maintains the freeway and the Park and Ride lot at the La Costa Avenue
              exit. CalTrans has no plans for widening the freeway in the lagoon vicinity.

                                                    90
<pb n="123" />

             Any freeway widening would require filling of the lagoon as the highway
             currently covers former lagoon wetlands.

             The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad tracks span the western lagoon. A
             wooden bridge crosses the lagoon. There is considerable rail traffic on this
             line with freight trains and passenger trains crossing the lagoon daily.

             The Pacific Coast Highway, called Carlsbad Boulevard in the lagoon area,
             crosses the mouth of lagoon. This roadway was the primary north/south highway
             in the region prior to the construction of Interstate 5. It now serves as a
             scenic route and local arterial, and is maintained by the City of Carlsbad.

             A pedestrian access to the north shore of the lagoon is provided by the dirt
             road, termed Batiquitos Drive or Lagoon Lane on various maps. This road which
             begins at El Camino Real once ran to the lagoon mouth along the lagoon
             shoreline. Crossed by 1-5, it now acts as a pedestrian/jogger route between El
             Camino Real and Lagoon Lane. Portions of the old route are still usable west
             of 1-5 but do not provide a complete shoreline route.

             Utilities

             Several types of utility lines cross the lagoon or run along its edges (see
             Figure G). San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&amp;E) has two electrical lines which
             cross the lagoon on the eastern edge of the lagoon. A 230 KV transmission line
             traverses the northeast section of lagoon wetlands; no transmission towers
             stand within the lagoon area. A smaller 69 KV transmission line crosses the
             western basin.

             Two sewer mains border the lagoon. A City of Carlsbad 1   ine runs parallel to
             the dirt Batiquitos Lane along the north shore of the eastern portion of the
             lagoon. A second sewer main operated by the Leucadia County Water District
             (LCWD) parallels La Costa Boulevard to the pumping station at the lagoon's
             western edge and then runs north to the Encinitas Water Pollution Control
             Plant. LCWD has proposed to expand the pump station at the lagoon mouth. This
             expansion would have a minor effect on lagoon wetlands.

             A natural gas line operated by Southern Cities Gas Company crosses the lagoon
             near the railroad. This 12 inch pipe carries natural gas to City of San Diego
             customers.

             Summary

             At present the lagoon lands primarily serve as a wildlife habitat both
             officially under the ownership of the Department of Fish and Game and State
             Lands Commission and unofficially under the ownerships of HPI, Mitsuuchi and
             Community Bank. The lagoon is bordered and crossed by several transportation
             corridors and utility lines of various types. None of these uses conflicts
             with the lagoons function as a wildlife area.
             The agricultural uplands along the north shore of the lagoon are slated for
             mixed use development on the western end and proposed for residential and
             resort development along most of the eastern end. Residential development
             covers the steep bluffs on the lagoon's southern shores and the La Costa Resort

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              and various commercial lands border the floodplain of San Marcos Creek to the
              immediate east of the lagoon. Green Valley and Encinitas Creek still support
              some agricultural use but much of this area is planned for development. In
              sum, the lands surrounding the lagoon and comprising its immediate watershed
              are either already developed as urban areas or are proposed for development
              within the next ten years. The lagoon itself remains an important open space
              area and wildlife habitat/reserve.

              PLANS AND JURISDICTIONS

              Several government agencies have jurisdiction over activities within Batiquitos
              Lagoon and its watershed. This jurisdiction is based upon certain geographic
              boundaries and the type of activity proposed. Table 15 outlines the federal,
              state and local agencies and their authority in the lagoon. Figure H depicts
              the boundaries of several regulatory bodies whose jurisdiction is based upon
              geographic divisions. This section generally describes each agency, its
              statutory authority and its plans or policies pertaining to Batiquitos Lagoon.
              This matrix of government regulation defines in large part the enhancement and
              development activities allowed in the lagoon area and its watershed.

              Local

              Batiquitos Lagoon and its north shore drainage lies almost entirely within the
              City of Carlsbad. The lower sections of San Marcos Creek and Encinitas Creek
              are also within the City. The lands and drainage area to the south of the
              lagoon and a portion of Encinitas Creek lie within the newly incorporated City
              of Encinitas. The upper portion of Encinitas Creek lies within the City of
              Carlsbad. Upper San Marcos Creek is largely within the City of San Marcos.
              County of San Diego has jurisdiction over many scattered areas in the
              watershed. Thus the Batiquitos watershed is split between four jurisdictions
              while the lagoon itself is within a single jurisdiction.

              City of Carlsbad

              The City of Carlsbad annexed Batiquitos Lagoon into their jurisdiction along
              with most of the north shore lands and parts of Encinitas Creek in 1984. The
              City has jurisdiction over the lagoon area and a portion of the watershed for
              decisions regarding land use and development.

              Guiding the City's land use in this area is the City General Plan, Open Space
              and Conservation Element and the Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan. The City
              also has a Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan which pertains to the western
              portion of the lagoon and its surrounding uplands.

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                                                  TABLE 15

                        Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiguitos Lagoon and Watershed

              Government                Legal                     Primary
              Agency                  Authqnily                 Responsibility

              Federal

              U.S..Army Corps         Rivers and Harbors        Regulation of dredge
              Engineers               Act of 1899, Section      and fill in "Waters of
                                      10; Clean Water Act       the United States"
                                      Section 404               including their adjacent
                                                                wetland areas

              U.S. Fish and           Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
              Wildlife Service        Coordination Act;         regarding biological
                                      Endangered Species        impacts of project includ-
                                      Act; Marine Mammal        ing migratory birds and
                                      Protection Act            endangered species habitat

              National Marine         Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
              Fisheries Service       Coordination Act;         regarding impacts of pro-
                                      Marine Mammal             jects on marine species
                                      Protection Act

              U.S. Environmental      Section 404(b) Clean      Comment to Corps on
              Protection Agency       Water Act                 whether Project is
                                                                acceptable under 404(b)
                                                                guidelines

                                      Sections 404(c), 402      Veto of Corps action
              State                   Clean Water Act           on permit

              California Coastal      California Coastal        Regulation of development
              Commission              Act of 1976               within Coastal Zone; part-
                                                                icular concern with pro-
                                                                tection and, where feasible,
                                                                restoration of coastal
                                                                wetlands

              State Lands             California State          Regulation of activities
              Commission              Constitution; Public      in California's tidelands
                                      Trust Doctrine            and submerged lands and
                                                                lands subject to tidal
                                                                influence in 1850

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                                                    TABLE 15 (continued)

                         Regulatory Jurisdictions in Batiguitos Lagoon   and Watershed

               Government                Legal                      Primary
               Agency                  Authority                 Responsibility

               California Department   Fish and Wildlife         Advisory comments to Corps
               of Fish and Game        Coordination Act,         regarding biological
                                       Public Resources          impacts of projects;
                                       Code, Section 1600-       issuance of Streambed
                                       1603, Fish and Game       Alteration Agreements  for
                                       Code; California          development in any stream
                                       Endangered Species Act    channel; endangered species
                                                                 consultation for State
                                                                 projects; regulation and
                                                                 management of game species and
                                                                 their taking; management of
                                                                 State Ecological Reserves

               San Diego Regional      Section 401 Clean         Protection of water
               Water Quality Control   Water Act; Porter-        quality; certification
               Board                   Cologne Water Quality     of federally-permitted
                                       Act                       activities which involve
                                                                 discharge of fill; preparation
                                                                 of regional water quality plans
                                                                 and standards; issuance of
                                                                 waste discharge permits

               Local

               City of Carlsbad        Local police power        Regulation of development
                                       Municipal Code;           within.city limits,
                                       zoning law;               including north and south
                                       Subdivision Map  Act      shores of Batiquitos Lagoon,
                                                                 portions of San Marcos and
                                                                 Encinitas Creeks .                    I
               City of Encinitas       Local police power;       Regulation of development
                                       zoning law;               within city boundaries
                                       Subdivision Map Act       including southern bluffs of
                                                                 Batiquitos Lagoon, portions of
                                                                 Encinitas Creeks

               County Environmental                              Reviews and comments on
               Health Department                                 vector control (mosquitos)
                                                                 through CEQA process; has power
                                                                 to enter public and private
                                                                 land for pest control

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                                                  TABLE 15 (continued)

                        Regulato"  Jurisdictions  in Batiguitos Lagoon and Watershed

              Government                Legal                     Primary
              Agency                  Authority                Responsibility

              City of San Marcos      Local police power;      Regulation of development
                                      Municipal Code; zoning   within city limits including
                                      law; Subdivision Map     upper San Marcos Creek
                                      Act                      drainage

              County of San Diego     Local police power;      Regulation of development
                                      Municipal Code; zoning   within the County area
                                      law; Subdivision Map     scattered throughout the
                                      Act                      watershed

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               General Plan

               The General Plan has several goals and policies which pertain directly to
               Batiquitos Lagoon. One goal of the General Plan directs the City to:

                  "Protect and conserve natural resources-, fragile ecological areas, unique
                  natural assets and historically significant features of the community."

               The General Plan indicates Batiquitos Lagoon as a Special-Resource Area due to
               its regional significance. The plan sets forth several guidelines to govern
               City decisions on land use in the lagoon until a specific lagoon plan is
               approved. One guideline applicable to Batiquitos Lagoon is:

                  "Limiting future development adjacent to the lagoons and beach in such a
                  manner to provide maximum physical and visual accessibility to these
                  resources for public use and enjoyment."

               Under the General Plan, Batiquitos Lagoon for the most part is designated for
               open space. The plan indicates a ten acre area in the southeast corner for
               travel services. The lands along the north shore of the lagoon are indicated
               for residential uses at various densities.

               The portion of Encinitas Creek within the City of Carlsbad and just south of
               the lagoon boundaries is indicated for community commercial, professional and
               related, and residential uses. The portion of Encinitas Creek within the City
               east of El Camino Real is indicated for open space. The San Marcos Creek
               .floodplain within the City is also designated open space. (see Figure G)

               The Open Space and Conservation Element of the City's General Plan sets several
               goals which are applicable to Batiquitos Lagoon and its watershed creeks.

                  "To preserve optimum sustainable environmental quality levels with respect
                  to air, water and sound levels, and plant and animal life.

                  "To preserve an adequate amount and variety of open space for outdoor
                  recreation which shall include, but not be limited to, parks, beaches, areas
                  for organized sports, connecting corridors with trails, water recreation
                  areas (beaches, lagoons, lakes) unique conservation areas for nature study  ,
                  and semi-development areas for camping.

                  "To protect select wildlife through the preservation of feeding, nesting,
                  and breeding areas.

                  "To conserve and encourage the use of all forms of vegetation needed to (a)
                  prevent erosion, siltation and flooding, (b) protect air and water
                  resources, and (c) protect and enhance visual resources."

               Specific policies to obtain these goals include:

                  "Greenbelts: To establish greenbelts to preserve and/or create open space
                  areas as a means of maintaining community scale and identity, separating
                  conflicting land uses, and achieving a sense of natural openness as an

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<pb n="129" />

                integral part of urban surroundings.

                Preservation of Natural Resources: To preserve natural resources by:
                protecting fish, wildlife, and vegetation habitats; retaining the natural
                character of waterways, shoreline features, hillsides, and scenic areas;
                safeguarding areas for scientific and educational research; respecting the
                limitations of our air and water resources to absorb pollution; encouraging
                legislation that will assist logically in preserving these resources."

             The Open Space Element defines several categories of open space lands. The
             lagoon and its creeks best fit into the floodplain category and this element
             outlines the following guidelines for these lands.

                "Water resources in the City of Carlsbad should be maintained in as natural
                and beneficial a state a possible by (a) conserving or improving the
                appearance and ecology of those which are in a relatively untouched
                condition, (b) restoring, in accordance with recognized ecological
                principles and insofar as it is possible, those water areas which have been
                significantly altered, to a condition which is most beneficial to the
                public, and (c) simulating a natural condition in areas which are to be
                altered in the future for purposes of safety engineering, water
                conservation, or recreation.

             "Alteration of waterways that would cause significant adverse impacts on the
             environment should be prohibited."

             These guidelines also apply to the tributary creeks of the Batiquitos Lagoon
             watershed. The Open Space element identifies the north shore tributaries and
             San Marcos Creek as prime open space. These guidelines support the restoration
             of the lagoon and prohibition of the alteration of waterways which would
             adversely affect the environment. These guidelines should have specific
             application to Encinitas and San Marcos Creeks where any change in the existing
             riparian corridor or stream channel could have a great effect on sedimentation
             in the lagoon.

             In summary, the City of Carlsbad General Plan and Open Space Element recognize
             Batiquitos Lagoon as a Special Resources Area and as Open Space and sets forth
             guidelines and policies to protect the area.

             Zoning

             The western portion of the lagoon is zoned for Open Space (O-S) (see Figures G
             and H). This zoning ordinance allows several uses such as public shoreline
             recreation, public parks, horse, bike and pedestrian trails, certain
             recreational uses, scenic and open space easements.

             The eastern basin is partially zoned Open Space and partially zoned Planned
             Community (P-C). The portion of Encinitas Creek just south of the lagoon
             within the City is also zoned P-C. The Planned Community zone is intended to
             provide an orderly method for development of residential, commercial or
             industrial uses. This zone requires a master plan outlining planned uses, open
             space areas (a minimum of 15% of the total master planned area is required as

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<pb n="130" />

              open space), public facilities, major roads and water and sewer supply lines
              The City of Carlsbad is processing a master plan for the eastern lagoon and a*
              portion of the north shore. No plan is in progress for this area of Encinitas
              Creek. The portion of Encinitas Creek east of El Camino Real which lies in the
              City of Carlsbad is zoned open space and planned community (see Figure H).

              Prior to annexation of Batiquitos Lagoon in 1984 the City has indicated several
              areas in their boundaries which lie in the 100 year floodplain of San Marcos
              Creek. These are indicated on Figure H as a Floodplain Overlay Zone. The City
              has not extended this zone over the newly annexed lands of the lagoon or
              Encinitas Creek even though both are floodplain areas.   Therefore, we must
              assume this zone only applies to the areas indicated on  Figure H. The
              Floodplain Overlay Zone (F-P) is intended to supplement  the other zoning on
              floodplain areas to provide additional development regulations to protect the
              public health and welfare. A special usepermit is required for development in
              this zone which the City Engineer and Planning Commission must review and
              approve.

              Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan

              The City of Carlsbad has another plan,  the Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan
              which it uses in evaluating developments in the lagoon area. This plan has
              never been adopted by the City Council and therefore serves only as a guideline
              for city staff preparing reports and comments on specific projects. The plan
              discusses the problems the lagoon experiences and recommends goals and policies
              for development in the lagoon area. The City staff use the goals of the plan
              when reviewing development projects but do not necessarily use the standards
              and criteria outlined in the plan to achieve these goals. These goals include:

                 "-Activities in the drainage basin should not increase the sedimentation
                 rate of the lagoon.

                 -Activities in the drainage basin should not degrade the lagoon's water
                 quality.

                 -Minimize impacts on wildlife habitats that are functional ly related to the
                 lagoon resource.

                 -Minimize the impact of development on the visual character of the area.
                 -Provide a coordinated mix of land uses that are compatible with the
                 preservation of significant lagoon resources.

                 -Provide passive recreational opportunities around the lagoon.

                 -Protect, preserve, and if possible, restore the biological productivity of
                 Batiquitos Lagoon."

              These goals reinforce many of the goals expr essed in the City's General Plan.

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<pb n="131" />

              City of Carlsbad Local Coastal Program

              In November, 1985, the Coastal Commission certified a Local Coastal Program
              (LCP) amendment for the Sammis Properties lands and Fish and Game lands in the
              western lagoon. The West Batiquitos Lagoon/Sammis Properties LCP amendment
              sets forth a number of development uses for the bluff tops and other uses for
              portions of the western lagoon and adjoining north shore bluffs. This LCP
              designates the lagoon property and the bluff face as open-space and restricts
              uses to passive recreation, habitat enhancement and educational and scientific
              nature study. The LCP also states that the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan
              will determine the ultimate uses in the lagoon.

              San Diego County/City of Encinitas

              San Diego County Local Coastal Program

              Prior to 1984 the lagoon was under the jurisdiction of the County of San Diego.
              As part of its Local Coastal Program, the County completed the San Dieguito
              Land Use Plan (LUP) which the Coastal Commission certified. However, for those
              lands the City of Carlsbad has annexed in Batiquitos Lagoon, Encinitas Creek
              and the north shore, the policies in the San Dieguito LUP serve only as a
              guideline until the City of Carlsbad submits and the Coastal Commission
              certifies its own LUP for this area.

              The San Dieguito LUP outlines land uses for the south shore bluffs and portions
              of Encinitas Creek which were recently incorporated by the City of Encinitas.
              The San Dieguito Community Plan outlined land uses for those portions of the
              watershed formerly within the County east of El Camino Real. The new City of
              Encinitas will be formulating its own Local Coastal Program and community
              plans; therefore the policies in these documents are only guidelines.

              The San Dieguito LUP includes a number of policies regarding Batiquitos Lagoon.
              These include:

                 "Policy 41 Prevent Further Degradation of Wetlands

              "The County will preserve the function of Batiquitos Lagoon and its immediately
              adjacent uplands as a viable wetland ecosystem and habitat for resident and
              migratory wildlife by prohibiting actions which:

                 1.  Involve wetland fill or increase sedimentation into wetlands

                 2.  Adversely decrease stream flow into the wetlands

                 3.  Reduce tidal interchange

                 4.  Reduce internal water circulation, or

                 5.  Adversely affect existing wildlife habitats

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<pb n="132" />

               "And by encouraging public acquisition of privately held portions of the
               lagoons and surrounding recreation-suitable areas.

                       "Policy 42 Reduce Sedimentation

               "The County will reduce the rat  e of sedimentation of the lagoons by formulating
               procedures for controlling runoff and erosion associated with upland grading
               and development.

                       "Policy 43 Restore Biological   Productivity and Quality of the.Lagoon

               "The County will encourage and cooperate with other responsible agencies to
               plan and implement an integrated management plan for the long-term conservation
               and restoration of wetlands resources at Batiquitos Lagoon according to the
               following guidelines:

                  "I. Plans for the west, central, and eastern basins should be treated as
                  integral parts of the whole.

                  "2. The plan should be implemented in phases so that discreet physical
                  alterations can be performed as funds become available, and so that the
                  effects of changes can be evaluated at each stage, and recognizing the
                  experimental basis of wetland manipulations.

                  "3. Wildlife corridors between the wetland shoreline and important uplands
                  areas and upstream riparian areas should be maintained and enhanced where
                  feasible.

                  "4. Management plans should implement, where possible, adopted State and
                  Federal Wildlife Management Plans (i.e., California Least Tern Recovery
                  Plan, etc.

                  "5. Human uses of the wetland and adjacent areas should be compatible with
                  the primary use of the wetland as a natural habitat of national value.

                  "6. Passive recreational activity at the lagoons should be compatible with
                  the primary use of the wetland as a natural habitat of national value.

                  "7. Passive recreational activity at the lagoons should be encouraged       to
                  the extent there are no substantial adverse impacts to wildlife.

                  "8. Public visual access to,the lagoon shoreline from public streets      should
                  not be excluded by new uses or structures except where access could
                  substantially affect wildlife adversely.

                  "9. There should be limited human access to the wetland shoreline since the
                  immediate wetland shoreline and adjacent shallows are the most important
                  sensitive wil dlife habitat.

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<pb n="133" />

                 "10. Boating and other water surface activities should be restricted in
                 significant wildlife habitat areas, particularly in the central and east
                 basin and parts of the west basin supporting significant water-bird
                 populations.

                 "11. The plan should include a provision for sediment catch basins or other
                 sediment control devices outside the wetland area and should periodically
                 remove recently accumulated sediment from the lagoon until a long-range
                 sediment control plan is operational.

                 "12. Plans should attempt to optimize the habitat for species already known
                 to use the wetlands, as well as certain "featured" species recognized as
                 depleted, rare, or endangered (California Least Tern, Belding's Savannah
                 Sparrow, Snowy Plover, and other species recommended by wildlife management
                 agencies), to the extent feasible.

                 "13. The integrity of the existing natural system (in particular,
                 topography, hydrology, and vegative cover) should not be disturbed.

                 "14. Adequate monitoring of chemical, physical and biological changes
                 should be carried out for periodic re-evaluation of the management plan and
                 maintenance of optimal conditions.

                 "15. Rare and significant habitats such as coastal strand (dunes), salt
                 flats and freshwater ponds existing in and around the lagoons should not be
                 reduced or substantially degraded.

                 "16. High priority shall be given to actions which serve to remove
                 impediments of internal lagoon water circulation (except where such areas
                 are significant wildlife habitats in their own right) and improve tidal flow
                 with the ocean.

                 "17. It shall be a long-range goal to remove the flow blockage caused by
                 existing fills for transportation facilities and by existing dikes to the
                 extent necessary to create an adequate internal water circulation system.

                 "18. Aquaculture uses shall be allowed on adjacent uplands of lagoons, as
                 well as within lagoons themselves, which do not have significant adverse
                 effect on natural processes or visual quality and which would be compatible
                 with other land uses in the vicinity."

             To  accomplish these policies, the San Dieguito LUP designates both the lagoon
             and Encinitas Creek as an Ecological Resource Area. The uses allowed under
             this designation are limited to habitat enhancement, educational and scientific
             nature study, passive recreational and aquaculture if it imposes no significant
             adverse effect.

             The LUP also outlines a special coastal resource protection area (see Figure
             H). This area encompasses much of the south shore of the lagoon and watershed
             of Encinitas Creek (within the coastal zone). The following policies apply to
             development within this zone and many are designed to protect the lagoon.

                                                   101
<pb n="134" />

                 "Policy 124 Coastal Resource Protection Overlay

                 "The county shall adopt and apply a "Coastal Resource Protection Overlay"
                 category in order to assure that development, use, or alteration of land
                 within major areas of environmental sensitivity, steep slopes, major
                 drainageways, and of outstanding scenic quality is reviewed and approved in
                 accordance with criteria, standards and limitation that will protect coastal
                 resources.

                 "1. Effect of Category - any grading, construction, or removal of natural
                 vegetation that does not now require a permit, or only requires an
                 administrative permit, will require a special permit which will only be
                 issued in accordance with the standards and criteria of this category; and
                 any activity which now requires a discretionary permit or action shall
                 conform to the standards and criteria of this category.

                 "2. Standards and Criteria - All development and other activities otherwise
                 permitted shall conform to the following:

                      Board of Supervisors' Policy 1-73, Hillside Development, shall apply to
                      development of property containing steep slopes. Slopes remaining
                      undisturbed as a result of Policy 1-73 shall be placed in a permanent
                      Open Space Easement as a condition of development approval.

                      The PD planned development area regulation of the zoning ordinance
                      shall be applied to development of any properties of 10 acres or
                      greater in any size and may also be applied to smaller properties when
                      appropriate.

                      Drainage and run-off shall be controlled so as not to exceed, at any
                      time, the rate associated with a property in its present state, and
                      appropriate measures shall be taken on and/or off-site to prevent
                      siltation of lagoons and other environmental sensitive areas.

                      The grading activity be prohibited during the rainy season from October
                      I to April 1 of each year.

                      That all graded areas shall be landscaped prior to October I with
                      either temporary or permanent landscape materials in order to reduce
                      erosion potential. Said landscaping shall be maintained and replanted
                      if not established by December I."

              Much of the steep bluffs and bluff tops to the south of the lagoon are
              designated for residential use at one unit/acre and 2.9 units/acre (See Figure
              H).

              The section of Encinitas Creek now in the jurisdiction of the City of Encinitas
              is included in two different County plans. The section of creek west of El
              Camino Real and south of the City of Carlsbad boundary is under the San
              Dieguito LUP.and is designated as an Ecological Resource Area.

                                                  -102
<pb n="135" />

              The San Dieguito LUP includes several policies which apply to this portion of
              Encinitas Creek. These include:

                 "Policy 34 Riparian Habitat

                 "The County will prohibit any development or other significant disruption of
                 the Encinitas Creek Riparian Habitat.

                 "Policy 31 Habitat Protection

                 "The County will preserve the integrity, function, productivity and long
                 term viability of environmentally sensitive habitat areas within the coastal
                 zone, including lagoons, riparian areas, coastal strand areas, coastal sage
                 scrub and coastal mixed chaparral habitat."

              San Dieguito Community Plan

              The creek section east of El Camino Real is not in the coastal zone and thus is
              included under the San Dieguito Community Plan. This plan designated the creek
              as an impact sensitive area. This designation allows for one dwelling unit per
              4, 8 or 20 acres or a very low density development. Under County Zoning
              consistent use regulations allow rural residential use, limited agricultural,
              open space, utility or transportation corridors, general rural uses and once a
              specific plan is completed and adopted, the uses the plan designates. The San
              Dieguito Community Plan contains several goals and objectives which apply
              generally to this area of Encinitas Creek.

              "Encourage types and patterns of development which minimize water pollution,
              air pollution, fire hazard, soil erosion, silting, slide damage, flooding and
              severe hillside cutting and scarring.

              "Encourage the preservation of the floodplains for recreation, open space, and
              agriculture and avoid the necessity of constructing concrete channels.

              "Encourage the use of natural channels and streambeds, discourage the need for
              artificial drainage structures, and encourage the use of runoff and drainage
              for groundwater recharging."

              The Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan incorporates most of the LUP policies
              for the lagoon and its watershed into its enhancement design, public access
              plan and watershed plan.

              The new City of Encinitas in formulation of their plans could incorporate these
              County policies or significantly change them. Appendix D contains a set of
              Best Management Practices (BMPs) to guide erosion control and stream alteration
              policies in the lagoon watershed. Many of these BMPs reflect and expand upon
              the policies in the County's LCP and Community Plan

              San Diego County Department of Public Health

              The Department of Public Health is responsible for vector control in areas such
              as Batiquitos Lagoon. This Department attempts to control mosquito production

                                                   103
<pb n="136" />

              through various techniques one of which is avoiding creating mosquito producing
              habitat. This Department reviews projects which might involve mosquito areas
              and comments through the CEQA process.

              City of San Marcos

              Much of the upper reaches of San Marcos Creek lie within the City of San
              Marcos. The San Marcos Dam impounds most of the water and sediment from this
              area and essentially removes this area from the functioning lagoon watershed
              (see Figure B-2). However several miles of creek below the dam lie within the
              City of San Marcos and do contribute to the lagoon watershed system.

              General Plan

              The City of San Marcos is in the process of redrafting and updating its general
              plan. The draft plan indicates the San Marcos Creek channel for open space.
              The creek channel is very rocky and steep in this section and alteration for
              flood control or land development is unlikely. The plan designates the land
              surrounding the San Marcos creek channel for rural residential use.

              Summary-Local Government

              Four local governments have jurisdiction over Batiquitos Lagoon and its
              watershed.

              The lagoon and its north shore, most of the San Marcos Creek floodplain and two
              separate portions of the Encinitas Creek floodplain lie within the City of
              Carlsbad. The City's General Plan Open Space and Conservation element and West
              Batiquitos Land Use Plan contain goals and policies which support preservation
              and restoration of the lagoon as open space, protection of wildlife and
              retention of public recreation and visual access to the lagoon. The City
              policies also outline retention of the natural character of waterways. The
              City's Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan, although not adopted, contains many
              goals which guide evaluation of development proposals.

              City zoning for the lagoon is different for the western basins and eastern
              basin. While the western basin zoning is open space much of the eastern basin
              in zoned planned community. Likewise the San Marcos Creek floodplain is zoned
              open space as is the eastern portion of Encinitas Creek (within the City of
              Carlsbad) while the lower area of Encinitas Creek is zoned planned community.

              There is a certified Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan which includes the
              bluffs along the southern margin of the lagoon and a small area of Encinitas
              Creek. These areas have since been incorporated into the City of Encinitas.
              This LUP when written also included the lagoon prior to Carlsbad annexation of
              the area in 1984. It contains many policies to guide land use in the lagoon
              which are used in this plan. The LUP places a special coastal resource
              protection overlay zone on the southern watershed within the coastalzone
              boundary. The San Dieguito Community Plan designates the portion of Encinitas
              Creek east of the coastal zone boundary (El Camino Real) as an impact sensitive
              area and for open space. The City of Encinitas will be formulating a plan for

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              these former county lands and the present LUP and Community Plan may serve as a
              guide.

              Within the City of San Marcos lies much of the upper watershed of San Marcos
              Creek. San Marcos Dam impounds most of this drainage and separates it
              functionally from the lagoon watershed. The small area of the creek downstream
              from the dam in the City of San Marcos is zoned for open space use.

              State of California

              California Environmental Ouality Act (CEOA)

              All state and local agencies are required to comply with CEQA prior to
              approving or denying a project within their jurisdiction or for which they
              provide funding. Compliance usually requires producing an Environmental Impact
              Report or Negative Declaration which identifies the effects of the project on
              the environment and outlines mitigation measures to offset the effects. CEQA
              allows certain time periods for public and agency review of documents,
              submission of comments and response to comments by the lead agency.

              A number of different State agencies have jurisdiction and interest in
              Batiquitos Lagoon. These include the Coastal Commission, whose jurisdictional
              boundary ends at El Camino Real (see Figure H); the State Lands Commission,
              whose jurisdiction rests on the question of public trust lands in the lagoon;
              and the Department of Fish and Game, whose authority over the lagoon comes as a
              primary landowner and as a responsible agency for federal, state and local
              agency permit actions, and as the issuing agency of Stream Alteration
              Agreements in the watershed.

              California Coastal Commission

              In 1972, 55% of the state's voters approved Proposition 20 and created the
              California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission. By 1975, the regional and
              state commissions had issued a 443-page California Coastal Plat) designating a
              coastal zone and containing findings and policies concerning topics from
              natural habitats and wetlands to energy facility siting criteria along the
              1,100 mile California coast. During the past ten years the regional
              commissions and their successors, the State Commission under the California
              Coastal Act of 1976, have processed more than 50,000 permit applications for
              development projects within the coastal zone, following detailed statutory,
              regulatory and judicial guidelines. California communities have been preparing
              Local Coastal Programs (LCPs) which apply coastal zone management policies at
              the local level.

              The Coastal Act is concerned with protecting agricultural lands, developing
              coastal access for the public, siting critical energy facilities appropriately,
              protecting sensitive habitats, identifying hazard areas, expanding commercial
              fishing and recreational boating, and protecting wetlands from diking and
              filling. The Coastal Act identifies Batiquitos Lagoon ag one of nineteen high
              priority wetlands for public acquisition.

                                                    105
<pb n="138" />

              The terms "wetlands, "biological productivity, "marine resources";                    OF
              "environmentally sensitive habitats," are cited and defined in a number of
              sections in the statute, along with policies for development activities such as
              dredging and filling. The Commission adopted Interpretive Guidelines for
              Wetlands and Other Wet Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas early in 1981
              after two years of study and public input. The guidelines were designed to
              assist local governments in protection, restoration and mitigation efforts in
              wetlands and adjacent areas undergoing development.

              The guidelines contain three important sections: technical definitions for
              environmentally sensitive habitats, including wetlands and riparian habitats
              among others; permitted development and conditions in these areas; means of
              restoration and maintenance of wetland areas. The guidelines elaborated on the
              statutory definition of wetlands in the Coastal Act, drawing on hydric soils
              and wetland plant species criteria developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
              to provide a more precise basis for identifying wetlands.

              The guidelines also establish standards for siting development adjacent to
              wetlands, and suggest appropriate mitigation measures, such as setbacks, buffer
              areas, landscaping, erosion control, and drainage control.

              The Coastal Commission jurisdiction in the lagoon area extends to El Camino
              Real (See Figure H) and encompasses both the wetland area and northern and
              southern uplands west of El Camino Real.

              The San Dieguito Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan completed by the County
              and certified by the Commission included the lagoon area. However since the
              City of Carlsbad annexed the area in 1984 they have submitted and the
              Commission certified an LUP for only the western portion of the lagoon. The
              City has the option of submitting the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan as the
              LUP for the lagoon. Once an LCP is certified by the Commission for Batiquitos
              Lagoon the Commission still retains primary permit authority within the
              wetlands area.

              State Lands Division and Commission: Public Trust Doctrine

              On admission to the Union September 9, 1850, California acquired nearly 4
              million acres of sovereign land underlying the state's tidelands, submerged
              lands, and navigable lakes and rivers. In 1938, the State Lands Commission
              (consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, Controller, and Director of Finance)
              was created by the legislature to manage these lands and hold exclusive
              jurisdiction over them (Public resources Code, Sections 6301 and 6216). These
              sovereign or "Public Trust" lands are held in trust by the state on behalf of
              the public for certain limited water dependent or water oriented uses. In
              certain locations, the legislature has, by statute, transferred trust lands to
              .a local governmental entity (city, county, harbor district) for specified trust
              uses.

              In the 19th century, the state sold extensive areas of tidelands to private
              interests. These lands, with few exceptions, remain subject to the Public
              Trust Easement.

                                                   106
<pb n="139" />

              California also acquired, by grant from the United States, several million
              acres of "swamp and overflowed lands" which were to be sold, reclaimed, and put
              into agriculturally productive status. Often, the ability or desire of
              surveyors to properly segregate swamp and overflowed lands from tide and
              submerged lands was lacking. True swamp and overflowed lands lie above the
              ordinary high water mark while tide and submerged lands, which are subject to
              the Public Trust Easement, lie below (Civil Code, Section 830). The lack of
              precision in early surveys results in the necessity today of requiring careful
              study to resolve disputes over the true physical character of these lands in
              1850. Even after intensive research, often the evidence is meager or
              conflicting as to the true nature of the lands.

              As to all the public trust lands within the state (whether sold or unsold), the
              California courts have assiduously protected the public's rights. In Marks v.
              Whitney (1971), 6 C.3d 251, a unanimous California Supreme Court reaffirmed
              that even in instances where tidelands have been sold to private parties and
              filled, those facts do not extinguish the public easement for commerce,
              navigation, fisheries, recreation and "preservation of the lands in their
              natural state, so that they may serve as ecological 'units for scientific study,
              as open space, and as environments which provide food and habitat for birds and
              marine life, and which favorably affect the scenery and climate of the area."

              The State Lands Commission, in its management of trust lands, reviews
              development plans in areas subject to the Public Trust Easement for their
              consistency with the state's public trust interest in the subject property. In
              instances where the state owns the fee interest, as well as the easement, a
              lease may be issued for trust consistent uses. The State Lands Commission has
              been involved in settling boundary disputes in nearly every San Diego County
              lagoon, including Batiquitos Lagoon (and hundreds of sites elsewhere). Many of
              the sites confirmed in state ownership pursuant to settlement agreement have
              become part of the statewide system of Ecological Reserves maintained by the
              California State Department of Fish and Game (i.e., San Elijo Lagoon, Bolsa
              Chica, Upper Newport Bay).

              The State Lands Commission also monitors certain activities of legislative
              grantees (i.e., City of Los Angeles) for compliance with terms and conditions
              of their trust grant. It is also not uncommon for the California Coastal
              Commission to condition development permits for projects involving public trust
              lands upon review and approval of the State Lands Commission.

              California Department of Fish and game (DFG)

              DFG has a number of responsibilities and authorities which directly and
              indirectly influence projects and activities in wetlands and riparian areas.
              The broad charge of the department, expressed in the California Fish and
              Wildlife Plan (1966, in revision), states the department's overall objective:
              "to maintain all species of fish and wildlife for their intrinsic and
              ecological values, and for their direct benefits to man, such as diversified
              recreational use, economic contributions and scientific and educational use".

              The Department of Fish and Game has authorities under specific sections of the
              Public Resources Code, Fish and Game Code, federal Fish and Wildlife

                                                    107
<pb n="140" />

              Coordination Act, and administrative regulations and procedures to directly
              regulate or comment on activities in wetlands and riparian areas. DFG is
              empowered to negotiate agreements for streambed alterations. It has some
              limited responsibilities with respect to native plant protection, and
              enforcement of state law concerning endangered and rare animal species. DFG
              comments on all projects under consideration by other local state and federal
              agencies which may Affect fish and wildlife resources and enforces state fish
              and game laws, including those that regulate waterfowl hunting. It administers
              and/or manages state-owned ecological reserves, and it is charged with carrying
              out specific programs authorized by the legislature.

              Streambed Alteration Agreements (Fish and Game Code Section 1601-1603)

              In general, this law requires that any proposed project that will divert or
              obstruct the natural flow or Change the bed, channel or bank of any river,
              stream or lake or use any streambed materials, must be reviewed for its effects
              on fish and wildlife resources. If DFG finds that the project will adversely
              affect fish or wildlife, they propose modifications necessary to protect fish
              and wildlife and negotiate with the applicant to have them incorporated into
              the project. This law applies to the tributary streams of Batiquitos Lagoon
              and agreements are required prior to any changes in the streambed.

              Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals

              For all projects carried out or permitted by state agencies, state agencies are
              required to consult with DFG regarding the projects effects on threatened and
              endangered species (state-listed only). This consultation is required as part
              of the CEQA process. The agency must obtain a written statement from DFG as to
              whether the project would jeopardize the continued existence of a threatened or
              endangered species. If a jeopardy opinion is received, the state agency must
              adopt alternatives to the project to avoid the impact. DFG encourages agencies
              to consult with them early in the project planning.

              As part of this protection effort, DFG conducts monitoring and field studies of
              endangered species populations. DFG also comments on federal permit activities
              and their effects upon threatened and endangered species.

              Commenting Policies and Resource Planning

              Department of Fish and Game personnel are regularly involved in review and
              comment on all forms of development-related processes in wetlands: State Lands
              permits and leases; EIRs and other CEQA documents, EISs; Corps of Engineers
              Section 10 and 404 permits; Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB)
              Section 401 (NPDES) permits.

              DFG consistently advocates the maintenance of existing fish and wildlife
              resources. If this goal cannot be satisfactorily accomplished, either project
              denial or approval with mitigative measures is recommended.

              Land Management

              DFG is a major land owner in the lagoon and manager of the Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                   108
<pb n="141" />

              Ecological Reserve. The primary goal of the reserve is to preserve the wetland
              habitat for migratory,birds, endangered species and other wildlife.

              State Water Resources Control Board and the
              Regional Water Ouality Control Boards (RWOCB)

              The State Board and nine Regional Boards were designated in 1973 as the state
              agency responsible to exercise powers set forth in Section 401 of the Clean
              Water Act.' The Boards are also responsible for exercising powers in the state
              Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, amended 1969. The primary
              responsibility of the Boards is to protect water quality.

              -Section 401 of the Clean Water Act empowers the state to require certification
              that federally permitted activities involving discharge of fill into navigable
              waterways will meet state water quality objectives, set forth in basin plans.
              The Regional Boards, acting as agent to the State Board, may issue certificates
              or place conditions on certification of a Section 404 permit application to
              ensure that the project will comply with effluent limitations and standards in
              the Clean Water Act, EPA regulations, and with state standards.

              The Regional Boards also issue National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
              (NPDES) waste discharge permits under Section 402 of the Clean Water Act. The
              program is administered by the Regional Boards in conjunction with state waste
              discharge requirements established by the Porter-Cologne Act. The National
              Pollution Discharge Elimination System applies to point-source discharge of
              such materials as solid waste, sewage, heat, industrial, municipal and
              agricultural waste. The NPDES permit program applies to waters of the United
              States as defined by Corps and EPA regulations, including adjacent wetlands.

              The State and Regional Boards have independent authority over water quality,
              including discharges of dredge and fill material in wetlands. The Porter-
              Cologne Water Quality Control Act has broader authority than the federal law.
              The Porter-Cologne Act established the State and Regional Boards and granted
              the State Board power to formulate state policy on water quality, administer
              technical research, and enforce waste discharge requirements. The Regional
              Boards also administer self-monitoring systems for waste dischargers.

              The San Diego County Regional Board.reviews all waste discharge systems in the
              lagoon vicinity and is responsible for enforcing restrictions against sewage
              spills into the lagoon. The Regional Board will review and must certify the
              Corps 404 permit for the lagoon enhancement.

              The Regional Board has completed many years of water quality monitoring at
              Batiquitos and the north county lagoons. The RWQCB recently released a staff
              report "A Review of Nutrient Standards for the Coastal Lagoons in the San Diego
              Region." This report summarizes and analyzes the water quality monitoring data
              and promulgates a set of nutrient objectives which are site specific for each
              lagoon. These objectives outline values for total inorganic nitrogen, total
              nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorous, total phosphate phosphorous. The
              Regional Board is expected to review and vote on these revised standards before
              the end of 1986.

                                                    109
<pb n="142" />

               DeRartment of Parks and Recreation (DPR)

               The State Department of Parks and Recreation owns and operates South Carlsbad
               State Beach at the lagoon's mouth. They have adopted a plan for this beach
               which outlines several proposed activities in Area 3, the lagoon mouth portion
               of the beach. This plan proposes a day use parking lot for 400 cars on the
               very southern section of the beach, installation of interpretive signs and
               access walks and acqui sition of the 2.5 acre parcel of County property at the
               lagoon mouth. Presently the Department of Parks and Recreation does not have
               funding for these activities.

               Any enhancement activities at the lagoon requiring use of State park property
               will require a special use permit from the Department of Parks and Recreation.

               Federal

               National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA)

               All federa 1 agencies who either propose a project, permit a project or fund a
               project must conform to NEPA. NEPA requires the preparation of an
               Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or a Finding of No Significant Impact
               (FONSI) which outline the effects of the proposal and the measures required to
               mitigate these effects. NEPA includes provisions for several additional
               analyses over that which CEQA requires; generally, however, the two laws are
               very similar.

               There are four federal agencies who hold either permit or review powers over
               Batiquitos Lagoon.

               U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)

               The Army Corps of Engineers has permit powers related to Batiquitos   Lagoon and
               its watershed under two authorities:

                 Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 which regulates    the diking,
                 filling, and placement of structures in navigable waterways.

                 Section 404, Clean Water Act which regulates disposal of dredge and fill
                 materials in the "waters of the United States." This phrase has been
                 judicially and administratively interpreted to include all streams to their
                 headwaters (5 cubic feet per second, average annual water flow; and
                 contiguous wetlands, including those above the ordinary high water mark in
                 nontidal waters and mean high tide in tidal waters).

               The Corps uses a three-parameter approach to determine the boundaries of
               regulatory jurisdiction in a wetland area. Wetland plant species, hydric soils
               and hydrologic elements must all be present in an area for it to be wetland.
               The wetland boundary outlined on Figure A was determined by Corps personnel
               using this approach. Corps regulatory jurisdiction may also extend over San
               Marcos and Encinitas Creeks and their adjacent riparian vegetation.

                                                     110
<pb n="143" />

             The Corps' practice is to issue public notices on proposed projects and invite
             comments from all interested parties. The Corps can deny a permit to those
             applicants whose projects are determined not to be in the public interest.
             Generally, Corps permits will not be issued in those instances where required
             state or local authorizations have been denied.

             The Corps also applies a criteria of water dependent use to developments in
             wetlands. Non-water dependent projects receive less favorable review for
             permits.

             Any projects (including the lagoon enhancement) within the lagoon wetland
             boundary (see Figure A) and possibly within Encinitas and San Marcos Creeks
             will require individual Section 404 permits from the Los Angeles District of
             the Corps of Engineers.

             Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

             EPA's oversees the Corps 404 permit program. The role is more closely defined
             in a memorandum of agreement between EPA and the Department of the Army and in
            .EPA's 404 regulatory guidelines. The principal areas of EPA's responsibility
             are in promulgating 404(b) guidelines and criteria for review of permits,
             review of Congressionally authorized or other federal projects which claim
             exemption from 404, specific review of proposed discharge sites, and comment on
             404 permits. EPA, in effect, can veto Corps permit actions if found not to be
             in conformance with the 404(b) guidelines. EPA can then take over processing
             of the permit. EPA may also complete wetland jurisdictional boundary
             determinations for Corps permits.

             U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

             The Fish and Wildlife Service operates under a number of statutory and
             administrative authorities but does not have direct permit authority in.
             wetlands. Among these are the Fish@and Wildlife Coordination Act, Estuary
             Protection Act, Migratory Bird Act, Land and Water Conservation Fund Act,
             Marine Mammal Protection Act, and Endangered Species Act. Under these
             authorities, the agency's basic responsibilities concern migratory birds, fish,
             waterfowl, and endangered species. The Service shares interest in anadromous
             fish with National Marine Fisheries Service, whose primary responsibilities lie
             in marine and estuarine resources.

             In conjunction with the Corps' Section 10 and Section 404 permit program, the
             Service reviews, comments and provides technical assistance to applicants for
             404 and other federal permits and other developments in or affecting navigable
             waters. Under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, the USFWS reviews
             federally permitted, funded, or constructed projects with the goal of
             protecting and where possible restoring the fish, wildlife, and natural values
             of waters and related wetlands. The Coordination Act, which plays an important
             role in the Corps' denial or conditioning of permits, mandates that any
             department or agency of the United States, or any public or private agency
             under federal permit, license, or funding, proposing to modify any stream or
             other body of water, shall first consult with the Fish and Wildlife Service to
             determine the effects of the proposed projects on fish and wildlife resources.

                                                   ill
<pb n="144" />

              The USFWS in their review of 404 permits and projects which would affect
              wetlands attempt to advise applicants to redesign projects or to design
              mitigation such that no net loss of fish and wildlife values will occur. Both
              the Department of Fish and Game and National Marine Fisheries Service use this
              criteria in their permit evaluations.

              The Endangered Species Act, recently reauthorized in 1982, requires all federal
              agencies to consult with Fish and Wildlife Service when any federally funded,
              authorized, or approved projects or actions might affect the habitat of an
              endangered or threatened species. The USFWS is directed to identify and list
              these species and develop plans for their protection and recovery, principally
              through management of critical habitat. The Act sets forth a formal
              consultation process (Section 7) that requires first a biological assessment,
              where the presence of an endangered species is suspected, and a mitigation plan
              in the event of project approval. Since the California Least Tern nests at
              Batiquitos Lagoon, a Section 7 consultation was completed for the lagoon
              enhancement. Additional review may be necessary for other species.

              National Marine Fisheries Service JNMFS)                                                IM

              A part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the U.S.
              Department of Commerce, the National Marine Fisheries Service like USFWS,    has
              no direct permitting authority. Under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination     act,
              NMFS reviews federally initiated, licensed, or permitted projects which have
              the potential of altering aquatic environments and biological resources.
              Existing or potentially restorable spawning, rearing, food-producing, or other
              habitats necessary for the survival of marine, estuarine, or anadromous
              resources are of particular concern. The NMFS also has mandated authority
              under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act.

              While the Corps must consult with both USFWS and NMFS in their permit
              procedures, the final decision for denial, conditions, or acceptance of a
              permit rests with the Corps. However, should either resource agency disagree
              with the permit decision made by the local district, they may request elevation
              of the decision to the national offices in Washington D.C.

              Summary - State and Federal Agencies

              Two agencies - the California Coastal Commission and the Army Corps of
              Engineers, have the primary permit authority over the lagoon area. Advisory to
              the Corps on permit applications is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
              National Marine Fisheries Service and Department of Fish and Game. These
              11resourcell agencies have policies which require a project to cause no net loss
              of fish and wildlife values either through permit denial, redesign of the
              project or mitigation of project impacts. The Corps must weigh many factors in
              its permit decision including the "public interest" and makes the final permit
              decision. In addition to its authority over Batiquitos Lagoon, the Corps may
              also have authority over the riparian resources and streambeds of San Marcos
              and Encinitas Creeks.

                                                    112
<pb n="145" />

              The Coastal Commission has extensive policies and guidelines regarding
              protection and restoration of wetland habitats. The Coastal Commission has
              identified Batiquitos Lagoon as one of the nineteen most important coastal
              wetlands in the state.

              The State Lands Commission and Department of Fish and Game have additional
              authority over the lagoon for each to protect the public trust and fish and
              wildlife resources respectively. Department of Fish and Game must issue stream
              alteration permits for any changes in the tributaries to the lagoon.

                                                   113
<pb n="146" />

               SUMMARY OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

               Our review of the biological, physical, social and regulatory aspects of
               Batiquitos Lagoon and its watershed has revealed a number of resource
               problems. These are summarized below.

               Soils, Water and Streams

               -Road fills and bridges for Highways 101 &amp; 5 and the railroad restrict water
               movements and act as choke points to water flows.

               -Sedimentation from agriculture and suburban development has filled in the
               lagoon significantly reducing the tidal prism. Tidal inflows are now rare
               since the size of the lagoon's tidal prism is not sufficient to sustain a
               channel through the beach against the power of nearshore storm waves and the
               sand they deposit in the lagoon channel.

               -Batiquitos Lagoon watershed experiences high erosion rates with the lagoon as
               a recipient of much of the eroded sediment. San Marcos Creek is impounded 5
               miles upstream from its confluence with the lagoon. Below this point sediment
               sources are stream channel erosion and agricultural and urban grading on the
               creek's northern tributary. Sediment carried by Encinitas Creek is trapped in
               the extensive'riparian forest along its floodplain. Sedimentation rates into
               the lagoon are approximately 1-2 cm/year. Agricultural and land development
               activities continue to cause high sedimentation rates with the lagoon acting as
               a settling basin for most incoming sediment. At present sedimentation rates,
               the lagoon will fill in completely to the +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years.

               -The lagoon primarily receives water from winter storm flows filling it to +7.0
               to +8.0 feet MSL and creating a fresh to brackish water lagoon which may dry
               out completely in the summer. Water levels fluctuate greatly both annually and
               over wet and dry years.

               -Water quality in the lagoon has been monitored for several years by the
               Regional Water Quality Control Board. The results of these tests show several
               trends:

                  -Salinity levels undergo enormous variation over a year with summer levels
                  reaching 2.5 - 4.0 times the salt level of seawater and winter levels being
                  nearly fresh to brackish. Water temperatures vary greatly over the year.

                  -Nutrient levels for nitrogen and phosphate, normally low in a marine or
                  estuarine system, were present in higher concentrations than other tidal
                  coastal lagoon systems.   Levels of these nutrients increase in summer and
                  cause blooms of algae. However with increasing salinities and temperatures
                  much of the algae dies increasing nutrient levels and lowering dissolved
                  oxygen.

                  -Overall Batiquitos Lagoon experiences extreme variations in seasonal water
                  quality and for many months of the year has conditions of high salinity,
                  water temperature and nutrient levels beyond the tolerance of most aquatic
                  animals.

                                                    114
<pb n="147" />

             Natural Resources

             -Due to the extreme variation in water levels, salinity, temperature and water
             quality, the lagoon presently supports only a small number of species of fish,
             benthic and aquatic organisms.

             -Variation in water levels in the lagoon yearly may create shallow water or
             deep water over much of the lagoon. Depth of water dictates the types of
             migratory shorebirds and waterfowl able to use the lagoon as a feeding site.
             Therefore the type of water year (wet vs. dry) and seasonality of rainfall
             determine the amount of feeding habitat available to various bird species.

             -In comparison to other San Diego County wetlands, Batiquitos Lagoon's most
             unique attribute is its large areas of seasonally flooded mud/sand flats used
             as migratory bird feeding areas. Batiquitos Lagoon also contains coastal salt
             marsh, brackish marsh and small open deep water areas.

              The abundance of Belding's Savannah sparrow, a state-listed endangered
             -species, around the lagoon has not been completely documented. Forty-seven
             pairs were recorded in the east basin in 1986 but the western basin was not
             censused.

             -Both state and federal endangered California Least Tern and candidate
             endangered species, Snowy Plover, have nested successfully on the dry salt
             flats at Batiquitos Lagoon. Variation in lagoon water levels determines the
             location and size of nesting areas for both species.

              Due to the lack of regular tidal exchange the lagoon does not contribute to
             the primary productivity of nearshore coastal waters.

             Aesthetic Values

             -Variation in seasonal water levels combined with water quality problems create
             noxious odors and a seasonally dry lagoon which many local residents consider
             to have a lower aesthetic value than a water-filled lagoon.

             Plans and Policies

              Major portions of the lagoon are in private ownership. These lands are not
             actively managed as wildlife preserves as is the portion of the lagoon which is
             a Fish and Game Ecological Reserve.

             -Local City of Carlsbad general plan policies and land use designations support
             preservation of the lagoon as "open space". The zoning for most of the east
             basin of the lagoon is "planned community" while the zoning for the remainder
             of the lagoon is "open space".

             -A 2.5 acre fill is proposed for the wetlands on the southeast corner of the
             lagoon. This site is designated for travel services and zoned for planned
             community.

                                                   115
<pb n="148" />

               -A 16 inch gas line crosses the western lagoon as do several utility lines and       F
               transportation corridors.

               -The lagoon watershed lies in the jurisdiction of four local governments - City
               of Carlsbad, County of San Diego, City of San Marcos and the newly incorporated
               City of Encinitas. Each has different zoning and policies for their portion of
               the watershed streams.

               -State and federal agencies with jurisdiction over the lagoon area have a
               number of policies regarding preservation of wetland values. These policies
               serve to direct the type of enhancement planned for Batiquitos Lagoon and
               generally dictate that no net loss of habitat values occur.

                                                                                                   LE

                                                    116
<pb n="149" />

              Ill.   THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

              THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN PROCESS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

              In January, 1985 the Coastal Conservancy brought together a number of different
              people and agencies who were interested in Batiquitos Lagoon. This group, with
              the later addition of some other people, formed the Batiquitos Lagoon
              Enhancement Group. The purpose of the group was to set goals for the
              enhancement of the lagoon and guide the decisions for the direction of the
              enhancement effort. The group has met monthly since this time, held numerous
              public meetings and one public workshop and had a large effect on the
              enhancement design contained in this plan. This group included representatives
              from Sammis Properties, Hunt Properties, Inc., Department of Fish and Game,
              City of Carlsbad, Leucadia County Water District, Coastal Commission,
              Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine
              Fisheries Service, and Army Corps of Engineers.

              When the group began, the possibilities for enhancing the lagoon were
              considerably different than presently envisioned. In January, 1985 the two
              landowners most interested in the lagoon, Sammis Properties and HPI, were both
              preparing different studies and enhancement concepts for their section of the
              lagoon. HPI was studying the idea of filling the eastern lagoon with pumped
              seawater and impounding it by placing a weir at 1-5.   Their primary concern
              was to create an aesthetically pleasing, water-filled lagoon which also served
              as wildlife habitat. Sammis Properties hired Scripps Institute of La Jolla to
              calculate the tidal prism necessary to create a tidal lagoon in the western
              basin or even the entire lagoon. Although these two concepts were not in
              conflict, they were not necessarily appropriate for the same lagoon. The
              Conservancy hoped to complete an enhancement plan which would contain a single
              enhancement concept for the lagoon.

              In June, 1985, while the tidal studies were still in progress, the enhancement
              group held a public workshop and established a set of enhancement goals for the
              lagoon. Table 16,lists these goals.

              In June, 1985, the Conservancy Board approved the expenditure of $40,000 for a
              consultant to prepare an enhancement plan.for Batiquitos Lagoon. The entire
              enhancement group supported this action. The first activity of the consultant
              was to identify the existing habitat types at the lagoon, hydrologic characters
              and problems, land use constraints and to review other studies and field data.
              The findings of this work is contained in the Existing Environment Section II
              of this plan.

              As this work was progressing, the Conservancy, along with several other
              agencies, became involved in discussions with the Port of Los Angeles regarding
              the need for mitigation of the proposed Pacific Texas Pipeline landfill at the
              Port. The Pacific Texas Pipeline Company proposed to construct a 115 acre
              landfill in the outer harbor of the Port of Los Angeles. This landfill would
              serve as the Pacific terminus of a pipeline which would convey oil from Alaska
              to refineries in Texas. Construction of the project required dredging and
              filling of subtidal habitat in the Port of Los Angeles.

                                                   117
<pb n="150" />

                                                                                                    01

                                                  TABLE 16

                                    BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT GOALS

                 Habitat Types

                   -  The overall goal is to enhance the lagoon environment for
                      wildlife habitat.
                   -  Open the lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird
                      habitats to the greatest degree feasible.
                   -  Protect endangered species habitat and create additional habitat
                      where possible.
                   -  Maintain existing areas of wetland and create additional marsh.
                   -  Maintain existing riparian habitat.
                   -  Maintain natural buffer (e.g. bluffs) where possible and
                      adequate lateral buffer (e.g. 100 ft.) in other areas.

                 Hydrology

                   -  Restore tidal action.
                   -  Provide for a fluctuation of water level.
                   -  Maintain good water quality.
                   -  Keep the lagoon wet as much of the year as is possible.

                   Public Access

                   -  Create a north shore trail.
                   -  Establish viewing points around the lagoon with interpretive signs.
                   -  Recommend the City of Carlsbad include a bike trail in any expansion of
                      La Costa Blvd.
                   -  No water sports, boats or fishing should be allowed in the lagoon.

                   Visual Oualities

                   -  Minimize the use of man-made structures.
                      Retain a natural look.
                   -  Biological viability takes precedence over aesthetic values
                      should the two ever conflict.

                   Sedimentation

                   -  Reduce sedimentation into the lagoon using the  most cost effective
                      remedies.
                   -  A mixture of public and private funding should  be used to operate
                      and'maintain lagoon improvements.

                                                    118
<pb n="151" />

              The Resource Agencies (DFG, NMFS, USFWS) informed the Port that mitigation for
              the fill would be required as part of the Corps' 404 permit. The Port has very
              little area left within its boundaries in which to replace the subtidal habitat
              they propose to fill. Therefore, a group of agencies (USFWS,DFG, NMFS and the
              Conservancy) and the Port reviewed a number of sites from Los Angeles to San
              Diego County for off-site mitigation of the Port's fill.

              The three final sites chosen were the Los Cerritos wetlands in Los Angeles
              County, Tijuana River Estuarine Sanctuary and Batiquitos Lagoon. After further
              discussions, the Port and agencies identified Batiquitos Lagoon as their
              primary choice as a mitigation site. This decision was based upon the large
              area available in the lagoon, the apparent willingness of the landowners to
              cooperate, and the fact that the enhancement plan process was started and
              organized. In addition, the Port needed to create subtidal habitat as
              compensation and the mitigation site needed to be readily accessible to the
              ocean and ready to proceed in the very near future.

              So, in July, 1985, a very different situation faced the enhancement group than
              had the previous month. The Port of L.A. could provide funding for enhancement
              of Batiquitos Lagoon to a tidal system. The Port needed to re-create
              intertidal and subtidal areas and this goal appeared compatible with our
              enhancement goal for restoring tidal action to Batiquitos Lagoon. Given this
              general compatibility of the two programs, the enhancement group and the
              Conservancy's consultants set out to review several alternatives for tidal
              restoration. and agree upon a conceptual enhancement design.

              The primary enhancement decisions which needed to be made were:

              1) How many acres and what kind of habitats were needed to preserve the
                 existing habitat values at the lagoon for endangered species and migratory
                 birds? How would these habitats be arranged to protect existing marshland
                 and allow the lagoon to function in an hydraulically efficient manner?

              2) What size tidal prism was needed to create a "self-maintaining" lagoon mouth
                 which-would not require constant re-dredging and maintenance?

              3) What type of watershed erosion and sediment control system was needed to
                 protect the enhanced lagoon from filling up with sediment again?

              4) How much would the project cost to construct, to operate and to maintain,
                 and how would the project be implemented?

              5) How would the dredge spoils be disposed of? How  much was suitable for beach
                 replenishment and how should it best be placed on the beaches?

              6) Where should the public access trail be located?

              7) How would the lagoon lands be managed and owned after the enhancement
                 project is completed?

              Following the guidance of the resource agencies and the enhancement group, the
              Conservancy completed three preliminary enhancement alternatives with different

                                                   119
<pb n="152" />

               amounts of dredging. These were presented in a public meeting in October,
               1985. The consultants modelled the tidal cycle of.each alternative plan with
               computers to simulate tidal heights and calculate the acreage of habitat types        V
               which would be created. The Conservancy then received comments upon all three
               alternatives. Several groups requested we review a fourth intermittent tidal
               alternative. A discussion of this alternative was added.

               There were two competing factors in the lagoon plan: a desire to create a
               large tidal prism to assure adequate water movement to keep the mouth open, and
               a need to create both intertidal and shallow freshwater habitats needed by
               migratory birds and sandy nesting habitat for Least Terns. In order to
               determine the acreage of intertidal and shallow water habitat required to
               conserve existing habitat, the Resource Agencies performed a modified Habitat
               Evaluation Procedure (HEP) on the lagoon in its present state. They also
               evaluated each of the three alternatives for the habitat values they would
               create and determined which would conserve existing.values.. From these
               analyses the resource agencies determined the minimum acceptable acreages of
               intertidal and shallow freshwater marsh which the plan must incorporate to
               conserve existing habitat values. These acreage figures were given to the
               Conservancy and are incorporated in Plan Alternative Number One. The analyses
               completed to determine these minimum acreages were not given to the
               Conservancy.

               Scripps Institute and Nolte &amp; Associates, consultants to the lagoon property
               owners, had completed separate studies of the tidal dynamics and ocean                M
               characteristics in the Batiquitos area. They had defined a tidal prism of such
               large proportion that little intertidal or wetland habitat would remain in the
               lagoon should their proposal be implemented. This alternative was rejected by
               the enhancement group due to its deleterious effects on existing habitat values
               at the lagoon.

               In January, 1986, Plan Alternative Number One was presented for public comment
               and was endorsed as the "Preferred Alternative" by the Resource Agencies
               landowners, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and others. This
               alternative incorporated the results of numerous meetings-, field studies, and
               negotiations between various members of the enhancement group. Two other
               enhancement alternatives were also presented at this January, 1986 meeting.
               The fourth alternative has not been reviewed extensively or presented for
               public comment.

               The details of controlling sedimentation, the costs for operation
               and maintenance and the legal arrangements for implementing the project took
               further negotiation and study. The conclusions of these studies and resolution
               of several of these issues are contained in this plan. The Draft Batiquitos
               Lagoon Enhancement Plan was released in October, 1986. The Conservancy held a
               public hearing January 15, 1987 to receive public comment. This revised
               document incorporates as many of these comments as possible. Due to the level
               of public comment regarding the biological effects of the "Preferred
               Alternative" (Alternative One) contained in the Draft Plan, the Conservancy no
               longer endorses any of the three alternatives as a preferred plan. Some of the
               issues raised require additional research and will be addressed as part of the
               preliminary engineering and the EIR/EIS. This Revised Draft Plan is separated

                                                    120
<pb n="153" />

              into two sections - one volume dealing with the lagoon and its immediate
              surroundings and the other containing the plan for the lagoon watershed.

              The Conservancy has sought public input through out the enhancement plan process
              and incorporated the comments we received at each step into the draft plan.
              The next steps in the process, preliminary.engineering studies and the
              preparation of the two environmental documents (EIR and EIS) will not be
              directed by the Conservancy. The EIR will be prepared by the City of Carlsbad
              with the assistance of the Pcrt of Los Angeles. The EIS will be prepared by
              the Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. These two documents allow
              for additional public input and will consider a wide range of alternative
              plans. The findings contained in these two documents will identify the
              preferred alternative.

              Once these environmental documents are completed and certified, the Conservancy
              will revise the Draft Enhancement Plan into a Final Plan. This final plan may
              then be adopted by the Conservancy Board and those elements not funded by the
              Port (public access, watershed erosion control) could be funded and implemented
              by the Conservancy.

                                                  121
<pb n="154" />

                  THE ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                  The enhancement of coastal wetlands is still an uncertain process.
                  Despite ten years of enhancement efforts in California wetlands, there            F
                  are still many unknowns and always the possibility that what is planned
                  in an enhancement project will not.be realized in the final result.
                  Consequently, there is a degree of risk involved in undertaking any
                  enhancement effort at Batiquitos Lagoon. But there is a more certain
                  risk in leaving Batiquitos Lagoon in its present condition.
                  Sedimentation levels into the lagoon far exceed natural levels and the
                  lagoon is quickly filling in. The lagoon mouth rarely opens except in
                  large floods, and nearly all the sediment entering the lagoon remains
                  there, progressively building up bottom elevations and transforming the
                  lagoon into an upland. Calculations using current sedimentation rates
                  and lagoon bottom elevations found that Batiquitos Lagoon will be                 Op
                  filled in its entirety to the +4.0 ft MSL elevation in 30-50 years. As
                  such an event occurs, the shallow water habitat so valuable to
                  migratory bird species will disappear, replaced by marsh and eventually
                  riparian forest and upland. The progressive expansion of the San
                  Marcos and Encinitas Creek deltas into the lagoon demonstrates not only
                  the existance of this problem but the speed at which the filling is
                  progressing.
                  The primary goals of the enhancement'program (see Table 16) are to:
                  "enhance Batiquitos Lagoon for wildlife habitat" and to "open the
                  lagoon to tidal action while retaining migratory bird habitats to the
                  greatest degree feasible." Turning these goals into plan alternatives
                  necessitates looking at the entire lagoon system, not just a single
                  component of the system. The hydrology, water quality, sediment                   77
                  mechanics, each floral and faunal component as well as economic and               -
                  engineering factors, have to be considered. Achieving these goals
                  requires evaluating each of these components and the overall ecology
                  and function of the lagoon system.

                  Most of the lagoon's habitat values are directly related to its varied
                  hydrologic regime. Batiquitos Lagoon currently functions as a
                  seasonally flooded wetland subject to varied water depths. The lagoon
                  undergoes yearly and seasonal extremes in water quality and supports
                  few resident aquatic species. Emergent marsh rings the lagoon varying
                  in species composition due to differences in salinity levels around the
                  lagoon. The lagoon's value to migratory shorebirds and waterfowl
                  fluctuates with its water depths and cannot be determined'at a
                  consistent yearly value. Likewise, the availability of nesting areas
                  for endangered Least Terns and Snowy Plovers varies with water levels.
                  Unfortunately, the bird counts and data which exist for the Batiquitos
                  Lagoon are not comprehensive enough in scope to relate bird populations
                  and water levels over a long period of time. For example, there is
                  very little data on the lagoon during the dry period which occured in
                  San Diego from 1965 - 1978. The bird data which does exist and is
                  included in Section II, is general in nature. Therefore, any
                  evaluation of the value of the lagoon habitat for migratory birds is a
                  judgement made by trained experts after review of what data is

                                                    122
<pb n="155" />

                 available. These experts, drawn from both the Resources Agencies and
                 conservation organizations, do not agree on the lagoon's existing
                 habitat values nor do they agree on how to translate these existing
                 habitat values of seasonal wetland into habitat values for intertidal
                 mudflats. The intertidal system provides a different food base for
                 bird species and can be considered a more "stable" system of
                 predictably fluctuating water levels and habitat acreages. There are
                 no previous models to review where a seasonal wetland and a tidal
                 wetland have been compared for value to migratory birds.

                 The other evaluation inherent in a plan for a tidal system is an
                 analysis of thehydraulic function of the lagoon under different sized
                 tidal prisms. Road fills now constrict water flows through the lagoon
                 and the mouth is confined to a small opening which is blocked by sand
                 and cobbles. The ability of the lagoon to maintain a clear channel can
                 be evaluated using different computer models and approaches, but this
                 evaluation also falls within the category of expert opinion.
                 Scientific expertise in predicting coastal processes is not yet well
                 developed.
                 @or both the tidal system studies and habitat value evaluations there
                 is no easy solution or definitive answers; instead best guesses and
                 expert opinions must be used.

                 This Revised Draft Enhancement Plan reviews three fully tidal
                 alternatives and one intermittent tidal alternative. The determination
                 of what alternative is the environmentally preferred plan will be made
                 through the EIR/EIS process following preliminary engineering studies.
                 This Revised Draft Plan sets forth a number of conceptual plans for
                 evaluation.

                 TIDAL ALTERNATIVES

                 This section reviews three fully tidal alternatives involving different
                 amounts of dredging and various size tidal prisms.

                 Tidal Prism and Lagoon Channel Closure Conditions

                 Table 17 lists the physical characteristics of the three tidal
                 alternatives. Alternative One contains the largest mean diurnal tidal
                 prism of 67 million cubic feet. Alternative Two is slightly smaller
                 with a mean diurnal tidal prism of 60 million cubic feet. Alternative
                 Three contains a mean diurnal tidal prism of 46 million cubic feet.
                 Dredging volumes, the size of the entrance channel and the costs of
                 each alternative vary according to the size of the tidal prism
                 involved.

                 The single most important hydraulic design constraint for Batiquitos
                 Lagoon is to ensure that there is a sufficiently large tidal prism to
                 keep the entrance channel open. The lagoon channel can only retain an

                                                   123
<pb n="156" />

                                                        Tabl e 17

                          SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES ---BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PLAN

                                                                       2               3              4

         Intertidal Area (acres)
         (+2.5' to -2.5' NGVD*)                      170              217              317         338 - 348

        .Subtidal area (acres)
         (below -2.5' NGVD)                          220              171              71           35 - 45

         Area of salt/brackish marsh (acres)
         (above +2.5' NGVD)                          139              141              141           141

         Area of Least Tern habitat (acres)           34               34              34             34

         Area of freshwater   marsh (acres)           33               33              33,            33

         Potential mean diurnal tidal prism
         (million cubic feet)                         67               60              46             40

         Potential mean tidal   prism
         (million cubic feet)                         44.4             40              30.5           30

         Potential perigean spring tidal
         prism (million cubic feet)                   99               89              68            ----

         Approximate volume
         of dredge material
         (million cubic yards)                         3.0              2.1              1.3         ----

         Entrance channel area
         (below 0' NGVD) (square    feet)         1700              1500              1200           ----

         Total Capital Costs (includes
         dredging @ $4.00/yd, drag bucket
         system, beach groins, levee,
         in million dollars)                         12.4               8.8              5.6         ----

         *NGVD   National Geodetic Vertical Datum - approximately equal to Mean Sea Level

                                                          124
<pb n="157" />

                                                       TABLE 18

                                      Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics

                                for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons

                                                            Annual
                              Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
       No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power         Conditions        Remarks
                              Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
            Smith River                                     x 10"
               Estuary            35        24               303             Infrequent
       2    Lake Earl           430        320               329             Frequent
       3    Freshwater
               Lagoon             35        25               348             Always
       4    Stone Lagoon          86        64               348             Frequent
       5    Big Lagoon          240        180               348             Frequent
       6    Eel River
               Delta            200        140               371             Infrequent
       7    Estero
               Americano          22        15              (200)            Frequent
       8    Estero San
               Antonio            11        65              (200)            Frequent
       9    Tomales Bay         1580       1070              209             Never
       10   Abbotts
               Lagoon             17        11               307             Frequent
       11   Drakes Estero       490        340                 26            Never
       12   Bolinas Lagoon      200        130*              117             Never            Good Data
       13   Pescadero Marsh        6.8       4.6            (200)            Frequent
       14   Mugu Lagoon 1976      27        19              (100)            Frequent
       15   Mugu Lagoon 1857    170        120              (100)            Never
       16   Carpinteria
               Marsh               4.8*      1.5             (50)            Infrequent       Good Data,
                                                                                              Entrance
                                                                                                Lined
       17   Aqua Hedionda
               Lagoon 1976        80        55*                28            Never            Entrance
                                                                                                Lined
       18a  Batiquitos
               Lagoon 1985        20        13               (30)            Frequent
       18b  Batiquitos
               Lagoon 1850        90        60               (30)            Never
       19   San Dieguito
               Lagoon 1976         0.2       0.14            (30)            Frequent
       20   San Dieguito
               Lagoon 1889        37        24               (30)            Never
       21   Los Penasquitos
               Lagoon 1976         2         0.75            (30)            Frequent
       22a  Tijuana River
               Estuary 1986     12.6*        4.8*            (30)            Infrequent

                                                          125a
<pb n="158" />

                                                       TABLE 18 (continued)

                                      Summary of Tidal Inlet Characteristics-

                                for Selected California Coast Estuaries and Lagoons (continued)

                                                           Annual
                              Potential Tidal            Deep Water          Closure
       No. Name                     Prism                Wave Power        Conditions         Remarks
                              Diurnal      Mean         ft lbs/ft/yr
                                                           x 10"
       22b Tijuana River
               Estuary 1977     14.8         8.3             (30)            Infrequent
       22c   Tijuana River
               Estuary 1928     34.4        20.0             (30)            Never
       22d   Tijuana River
               Estuary 1852     67.5        47.9             (30)            Never
       23    Bolsa Bay          ---         38               29              Never
       24    Anaheim Bay        ---         47               29              Never

         Indicates tidal prism data based      on a large-scale topographic map
         ) Indicates an estimate of deep water wave power

       Adapted from Johnson, 1973, by Philip Williams and Associates

                                                          125b
<pb n="159" />

                           FIG. 7
                           Closure Conditions of
                           Natural Lagoons of California

                        X ALWAYS CLOSED
                        A FREQUENTLY CLOSED
           @b           El INFREQUENTLY CLOSED
           T_                                                                        * v
                           NEVER CLOSED                                          490\4

                                                                  AP                  Oq
           w  lot                                                   Ap

                                                                      ARZ
                                              ZA 1,%&amp; ISA            A1*1

                                                             2   '17
           Uj

           (L
           Uj

                                                                                                 I Imogul
                                                                                                       101

                                           POTENTIAL MEAN TIDAL PRISM
                                          (IN MILLION CUBIC -FEET)
               0']
<pb n="160" />

              11always open" state if the scouring power of the ebb tidal prism is greter than
              the wave power along the beach to move sand into the channel. This wave power
              reaches a peak during storms. The complexity of these hydrodynamic processes,
              and the difficulty in their measurement, make it difficult to predict a
              11critical" value for the tidal prism, above which we can be assured the
              entrance channel will always stay open. This plan takes an empirical approach
              to this problem. Based upon studies by Johnson (1973) and updated by Philip
              Williams and Associates, the potential mean tidal prism and closure conditions
              for 22 coastal lagoons in California were determined, and plotted against deep
              water wave power. The plotted points are shown in Figure 7, along with three
              alternatives for Batiquitos Lagoon. The plotted points show a clear separation
              between lagoons that are "always open" and those that are "sometimes closed".
              This separation is indicated by a dotted line in Figure 7. The position of the
              line, however, is only approximate; the minimum tidal prism needed to keep a
              coastal lagoon "always open" can only be estimated within a factor of two.

              If this separation line is shifted downward by a factor of two, both
              Alternative One and Two remain below the line in the "never closed" portion of         or
              the graph. Alternative Three would fall on the dividing line between "never
              closed" and "infrequently to frequently closed"., Alternative Three represents
              a minimum dredging alternative for maintaining continuous tidal action in the
              lagoon. Plans which involve less dredging would create an intermittent tidal
              system.

              Jenkins and Skelley (1985) used a  different analysis to predict the closure
              frequency of Batiquitos Lagoon under various tidal prisms. Their study showed
              a closure frequency of less than once in 30 years for Alternatives One and Two
              and once every nine years for Alternative Three. The details of this analysis
              are contained in their report listed in Appendix B.

              The reconfigurations of the lagoon under each alternative are presented in
              Figures I, N and 0. The eastern basin would be excavated from the approximate
              +2.5 foot MSL contour down to the -6.0 foot contour. The western basins would
              be excavated down to the -8.0 foot contour (see lagoon cross-sections Figures J
              and K). The hydrodynamic program analyzed tidal heights in the entire lagoon
              for an average tidal cycle. In order to decrease the amount of friction between
              the lagoon bottom and tidal flows, to create subtidal habitat and to overdredge
              the lagoon slightly, the bottom dredging elevations of -6.0 foot for the
              eastern basin and -8.0 foot for the western basin were decided upon. The
              hydrodynamic program showed that deeper dredging in either basin provided no
              additional benefits to tidal flows. Another feature of the dredging contours is
              a defined bottom channel to help transport fine sediment through the lagoon and
              out to the ocean. This channel extends from the mouth of San Marcos Creek
              through the subtidal area to the lagoon entrance channel. This channel will.
              also serve to facilitate flows of freshwater through the marsh to the lagoon
              and improve current flood problems along lower San Marcos Creek.

              For the most part, the dredging area under each alternative is confined to the
              presently unvegetated portions of the lagoon. The dredging was designed in
              this way to avoid loss of existing marshland. The exception to this design
              criteria is the far western basin between the railroad and Highway 101. As
              previously mentioned, modelling completed for this plan does not conclude the

                                                    127
<pb n="161" />

             same dredging requirements as the Jenkins and Skelly (1986) report. It was the
             decision of members of the enhancement group to provide for dredging of the
             western basin under Alternative One and the design of the dredging incorporates
             these re -sults. In addition, small areas of marsh in the east and west basins
             are below the +2.5 ft. contour. These would not be able to survive the
             inundation once the lagoon is open to tidal action and could not be preserved.

             Another way of looking at the size of the tidal prism created under each
             alternative is to compare them to the historic lagoon tidal prism which existed
             in 1850. In 1850, Batiquitos Lagoon had an est.imated mean diurnal tidal prism
             of 90 million cubic feet (Jenkins and Skelley, 1985). Alternative One would
             re-create a mean dirunal tidal prism 75% of the original size. Alternative Two
             creates a mean dirunal tidal prism which is 66% of the original size and
             Alternative Three creates a mean dirunal tidal prism which is 51% of the
             original level.

             To determine whether the actual tidal prism will not be significantly less than
             the potential tidal prism, a tidal hydrodynamic model was used to simulate
             friction losses (for details see Appendix C). The model found that the
             difference between the actual and potential diurnal tidal prism was small,
             approximately 5% for all three alternatives. Ebb flows through the entrance
             channel are slowed by energy losses and the MLLW level in the main part of the
             lagoon is increased by 0.4 ft. Most of this tidal dampening is due to the
             constrictions of the entrance channel through the beach and the Highway 101
             bridge. Once the channel is deepened, the 1-5 and railroad bridge no longer
             have much effect on the tidal range.

             During the peak ebb flow, the maximum difference in water level between the
             ocean and the lagoon is about one foot for the mean diurnal tide for the most
             constricted channel alignment which assumes no dredging of the western basin
             except for the channel (Alternatives Two and Three). Jenkins &amp; Skelly (1986)
             have carried out a two-dimensional model simulation that indicated for similar
             conditions the maximum water level difference to be approximately 1.5 ft. for
             the perigean spring tide. However, it should be noted that this water level
             di-rference does not translate directly into a loss of tidal prism. Instead, it
             causes a lag and steepening of the tidal wave form as it moves into the lagoon.
             The actual dampening of the tidal range is considerably less. Therefore,
             dredging the western basin may not be particularly important to minimize tidal
             dampening. However, deepening the western basin does add I million cubic feet
             or 1.6 percent to the tidal prism.

             A hydrodynamic computer program predicted tidal heights for the lagoon over an
             average tidal cycle under all three alternatives. Table 19 contains the
             results of this analysis. Under this tidal regime the proposed dredging
             contours were designed to create an intertidal zone below existing vegetated
             wetlands. This intertidal band will encircle each basin and vary from a
             maximum 10 percent slope to a nearly flat gradient of less than 1 percent
             slope. At the -2.5 foot contour, the lagoon.bottom will drop off at a six
             percent slope to the subtidal bottom elevation of -6.0 or -8.0 ft MSL.

                                                   128
<pb n="162" />

                                                                                                                       @7
                                                   LEGEND                                                 r
                                               0   NO JETTIES                                    IH
                                               11  ONE JETTY
                                                   @WO  JETTIES

                                to,

                                                                                              0,

                                                                                                 0'.
                                                                                   "10
                              z

                                                                      1,00  ii..V  w -1

                                                                                                                      dil
                                                            D    q.0
                                10,

                               (3)

                                10,
                                                         406                                       CS
                                                  MINIMUM cRoss sECTIONAL AREA OF INLET ("B) 9ELCOW USL (A)

                                    M       Alternative 1
                                    (2)     Alternative 2
                                    (3)     Alternative 3

                                   NOTE REGRESSION CURVE WITH 95 PERCENT
                                         CONFIDENCE LIMITS

                                                                                          'TIDAL PRISM VS
                                                                                   CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
                                                                                  ALL INLETS ON PACIFIC COAST

                              FIG. 6                                                           From Jarrett 1976

                                                                        129
                                                                                                                        7
<pb n="163" />

                                                      Table   19

                                        Modeled and Measured Tide Heights..
                                           Batiguitos Lagoon, NGVD (ft.)

                 Scripps          West                       Middle                  East
                  Wharf           Basin                      Basin                   Basin

                         Alt. 1   Alt. 2 Alt.3     Alt. 1      Alt.2   Alt.3     Alt. I Alt.2     Alt.3

         MHHW     +2.52   +2.5     +2.5     +2.5     +2.5      +2.5     +2.5       +2.5 +2.5       +2.5

         MLLW     -2.88    -2.8    -2.8     -2.9     -2.5      -2.8     -2.9       -2.5 -2.5       -2.5

                                                       130
<pb n="164" />

                                                                   -lop

                                                          Is

                        Uj

                            -4-
                                                                                                FIG. 24 Stage-capacity Curve
                                                                                                                  Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . ..........
                                                710                                                                           60              -140           00              flo
                                                                                                                                 VOLUME               (106 FT3)
<pb n="165" />

             The cross-sectional area of the lagoon entrance channel will vary with each
             alternative. Calculation of this cross-section uses the Jarrett relationship
             (see Figure 6). The cross-sectional area of the channel for Alternative One is
             1700 square feet below MSL, 1500 square feet below MSL for Alternative Two and
             1200 square feet below MSL for Alternative Three. For example, the width of
             the channel under the bridge (from headwell to headwell) for Alternative One
             would be about 160 feet with riprap side slopes at 3:1. This channel would be
             about 15 feet deep MSL and 10 feet wide across the bottom. For all three
             alternatives, the entrance ch'annel would require riprap and 3:1 side slopes but
             would vary in width. The Highway 101 bridge has at least three sets of piers
             on the southbound lane and seven sets on the northbound lane, therefore
             engineering specifications for the channel will require provisions for
             fortification and protection of these piers from undercutting. The lagoon
             channel would be lined with riprap through the beach to the mean lower low
             water (MLLW) line. A fence would be erected along the riprap to restrict
             access to the channel.

             Habitat Acreages

             The acreages and types  of habitat which are expected to occur after the
             construction of the Batiquitos project are based upon the elevations to which
             the lagoon will be dredged, predicted tide levels and the occurance of similar
             habitat types in nearby wetlands.

             The three alternatives contain different acreages of subtidal and intertidal
             habitats. These habitat areas constitute the dredging area within the lagoon.
             The majority of this dredging will take place below the level of existing
             vegetated marsh. Table 17 estimates the acreages of each habitat type to be
             created and conserved under each alternative. Figures 1, N and 0 illustrate
             the distribution of these habitats for each alternative.

             Subtidal Habitat

             The subtidal area stretches from -2.5 ft to -8.0 ft MSL and would be covered by
             tidewater during most stages of the tidal cycle. Several times during the
             month when low tide levels'are at their extremes, portions of the lagoon bottom
             in the subtidal area will be exposed. However for the most part this is a
             shallow marine aquatic habitat covered by 5 to 6 feet of water.

             Certain fish and invertebrate species would be expected to colonize the lagoon
             once it is dredged and opened to the ocean. We propose no stocking of the area
             or introduction of shellfish into the lagoon. Therefore, the abundance of
             these animals would be dependent upon natural colonization rates and be
             expected to increase following the initial opening of the lagoon. The types of
             invertebrates and their abundance will also depend upon substrate types in the
             lagoon bottom, water quality and nutrient levels and soil chemistry. These
             factors will change in the first few years following the project.

             For example, after the lagoon is dredged the bottom sediments will be made up
             primarily of sand with little silt or clay. As fine sediments continue to.come
             into the lagoon from the watershed, some probably will settle on the sand and
             form a mud layer. The thickness of this layer and the mixing of the sand and

                                                   132
<pb n="166" />

              mud by bottom currents will change the type of substrate in the lagoon and thus
              the habitat for benthic organisms.

              A similar enhancement project in San,Dieguito Lagoon has been monitored for
              several years following completion of dredging of a tidal basin (Christopher,
              1984). The substrate is largely sand and varies from subtidal to intertidal
              zones. These studies found a number of benthic organisms, the most common
              being: bubble shell (Haminoea vesicula), wavy chione (Chione undatella), dish
              clam (Mactra nasuta), California jacknife clam (Tagelus californicus) violet
              ray jacknife clam, (Tagelus subtores) and marine polychaete worms (Capitella
              capitata. Polydora Daucibranchiata, Scolelepis accuta and Mediomastos
              californiensis) and various species of oligochaete worms. In addition, other
              species which could colonize this area include: snails (Ceratostoma nuttalli),
              moon snail (Polinices lewisi), rough piddock (Zirfaea Dilsbryi), ghostshrimp
              (Callinassa gigas), blue-mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis), spenculid worm
              (Sipunculus nudus), segmented worm (Chaetopterus-variopedatus), rough skinned
              lugworm (Arenicola brasiliensis) and ribbon worms (Nereis spo.).

              In general, invertebr ate species select their habitats according to the grain
              sizes of the substrate (sand vs. mud), the amount of wave action or current and
              the salinity and water quality. As noted earlier, in the first few years after
              the lagoon is dredged, sediment layers will move and sort according to tidal
              and storm currents. Soil chemistry and water quality will change as well. The
              system will not reach an equilibrium condition for several years at least and
              the invertebrate fauna would be expected to respond to these changes.

              The subtidal area will also provide habitat for marine and estuarine fish
              species such as California halibut, white, spot-fin and yellow-fin croaker,
              topsmelt, deep-body anchovy, barred and spotted sand bass, long jaw mudsucker,
              Pacific staghorn sculpin, California killifish, arrow goby and several species
              of surfperch. Many of these species enter shallow bays and estuaries to spawn.
              Juvenile fish born both in the open ocean and in the lagoon may spend several
              months feeding and maturing in the shallow water prior to their migration into
              the ocean. The abundance of zooplankton and benthic animals will support both
              juvenile and adult fish. The San Dieguito Lagoon, since its enhancement,
              supports many of these species.

              Juvenile fish and invertebrates provide food for diving ducks, diving ocean
              birds, gulls and terns including the endangered Least Tern. Presently the
              lagoon does not provide any subtidal habitat and only very limited fish habitat
              due to the seasonally poor water quality conditions.

              Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a subtidal flowering plant which provides a rich
              feeding area and shelter for many juvenile fish species and invertebrates.
              Eelgrass is rooted in the mud and forms thick beds in subtidal and low
              intertidal zones. This plant could be planted in the areas of the lagoon of
              appropriate depth with low velocity water currents. Aqua Hedionda Lagoon
              contains eelgrass beds.

              Alternative One contains the largest subti dal area (220 acres) and would create
              the largest open water area of the three plans. Alternative Two would create
              171 acres of subtidal habitat and Alternative Three would create the smallest

                                                   133
<pb n="167" />

              subtidal area of 71 acres.

              In all three plans, a greater percentage of the subtidal area would be dredged
              in the middle and western basins. This design is necessary to facilitate
              maintaining an open lagoon mouth.

              Intertidal Habitat

              The intertidal zone is the area which average tidal flows cover and expose
              twice daily. As with the subtidal habitat, the intertidal zone will be in a
              state of flux for the first few years following the dredging. Colonization by
              benthic animals would occur over time and would change as the   bottom substrate
              evolves.

              In most lagoons and estuaries, the intertidal zone is habitat   to numerous
              benthic animals which burrow into the mudflats or live on its   surface. The
              infusion of ocean water twice daily provides a source of food   for the benthic
              animals who sieve bits of detritus and food from the water.     Worms, clams,
              amphipods and other creatures inhabit this area. Monitoring    studies from an
              enhancement project at San Dieguito Lagoon found such animals as; polychaete
              worms such as Capitella capitata, Polydora sp., Scolelepis acuta and various
              oligochaete worms as well as clam or mollusc species, violet ray jacknife clam
              (Tagelus-subtores) eggshell cockle (Laevicardium substraitum) dish clam (Mactra
              nasuta); Macoma yoldiformij; razor clam (Solen rosaceus), and striped mussel
              (Ischadium demissum) in the intertidal area one year after dredging. Other
              animals which were found in this zone are echinoderms such as Leptosynapta
              albians, gastropods (Acteocina harpa) and various amphipod species including
              Caprella eguilibra (Christopher, 1984).

              Some of the other species which could typically inhabit intertidal sand and mud
              flats and could colonize the intertidal zone of the lagoon include: sand
              dollars (Dendraster excentricus), sea pansies (Renilla kollikeri), sea stars
              (Aspropecten armatus), horn shell snail (Cerithidea californica), moon snails
              (Polinices recluzianus), ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis), burrowing
              anemone (Cerianthus aestuari, Harenactis attenuata), brittle stars (Amphiodria
              barbarae) and segmented worms (Mesgchaetopterus taylori) and joint worm
              (Axiothella rubrocincta). Crab species (Portunis xantusi, Heterocrypta
              occidentalis) may forage in this area as well.

              These invertebrate animals provide the productive food base associated with
              bird use of intertidal areas. The depth of water and productivity of the
              habitat will largely determine the species and number of shorebirds using
              different areas of the lagoon. Approximately the same shorebirds species would
              be expected to use the enhanced lagoon as do presently (see Appendix E).
              Wading birds, diving ducks, terns, gulls and others would be expected to use
              the intertidal zone at various tidal stages as well. However, the value of the
              intertidal area to the dabbling ducks which currently use the lagoon is less
              certain. Shallow freshwater or brackish water habitats are most valuable to
              these species. The shallowest areas of intertidal habitat should provide some
              duck feeding habitat as will the managed freshwater marsh.

              The three alternatives vary in the size of the intertidal habitat each creates.

                                                    134
<pb n="168" />

              For the most part, this habitat is concentrated in the eastern basin under each
              alternative. Alternative One contains 170 acres of intertidal habitat,
              Alternative Two contains 215 acres and Alternative Three contains 315 acres of
              intertidal habitat.

              The interdidal habitat created by these plans would replace the seasonally
              flooded mud/sand flat habitat which currently exists in Batiquitos Lagoon and
              supports migratory bird populations. It is difficult to equate the value of
              the existing seasonal habitat with the re-created intertidal habitat to
              determine an acreage figure agreeable amongst all involved parties. As part of
              the enhancement plan process, the Department of Fish and Game and U.S. Fish and
              Wildilfe Service evaluated this habitat type trade-off through the use of a
              modified Habiatat Evaluation Procedure (HEP). The HEP system was devised by
              the Fish and Wildlife Service to determine habitat values as units based upon
              an evaluation of the quality of the habitat for several evaluation species. It
              is our understanding this analysis will be released with the EIR/EIS.
              Therefore, at this time, the Conservancy has not determined which of the plan
              alternatives best sustains and enhances the habitat values at Batiquitos Lagoon
              for migratory birds.

              However, several nearby enhancement projects may shed some light on the habitat
              values for bird species created with intertidal habitats. Unfortunately, these
              areas did not contain the same type of habitats as Batiqutos Lagoon prior to
              dredging and no direct comparison of value trade-offs can be made.

              Upper Newport Bay, located in Orange County, is a 750 acre State Ecological
              Reserve. The lower bay is a developed harbor and residendtial area with a
              stabilized entrance. The large watershed of Newport Bay was rapidly developed
              in the in the 1970's and the primary tributary, San Diego Creek, was
              channelized in 1968. These actions led to a great increase in sediment
              transport to the upper bay with filling of many areas. In addition, the upper
              bay held a large area of abandoned salt ponds which lay above the highest tide
              levels. These ponds received occasional freshwater from rainstorms but usually
              were dry salt flats with very low value to wildlife.

              Three enhancement projects have been completed in the reserve. The first two
              enhancement projects involved removing the old salt ponds and dredging this
              approximately 100 acre area into a subtidal and intertidal area. The total
              enhancement area as a result of the project was 200 acres. The third project  ,
              which is currently underway, involves dredging to remove accumulated sediment
              in the tidal channel located in the middle of the reserve. This project
              directly affects 75 acres but will enhance almost 150 acres due to the increase
              in tidal flushing.

              The wildlife of Upper Newport Bay has been monitored since the late 1960's
              including bird censuses both before and after the enhancement projects. The
              upper bay has seen an increase in migratory bird numbers after the projects
              were completed. The restored salt pond area was used by a greater number and
              diversity of species of shorebirds several years following restoration rather
              than immediately after. This observation is probably related to the
              development of a varied benthic community, a process which requires several
              years (Wilcox, 1986). Bird populations in the enhancement area include large

                                                   135
<pb n="169" />

             numbers of puddle ducks which feed in the high intertidal zone. Although
             freshwater marshes occur nearby, the ducks primarily feed in the saltwater
             system. Fish populations have also increased and both juvenile and adults of
             many species are found. While the enhancement projects at Upper Newport Bay
             differ somewhat from the circumstances at Batiquitos Lagoon, there are some
             similarities and it does provide an example of a successful project.

             San Dieguito Lagoon in San Diego County has also had an enhancement project
             completed which restored tidal action to a portion of the lagoon. The southern
             fish hook area of the lagoon had partially filled in from erosion in the
             adjacent Crest Canyon. The lagoon had not been tidal for many years. The
             project area consisted of seasonally flooded channels surrounded by salt marsh
             and upland. The area was highly affected by sediment from Crest Canyon. The
             enhancement project dredged a new tidal channel and restored Crest Canyon with
             the dredge spoils and an underground pipe system. The lagoon mouth was also
             opened with a large bulldozer after construction and has remained open for
             several years. The 100 acre enhanced lagoon area now contains subtidal,
             intertidal and salt marsh habitats.

             Monitoring studies of the enhancement area have found successful recolonization
             by benthic animals and estuarine fish species (Christopher et al, 1985). Prior
             to the enhancement, migratory bird use was low. Following the dredging,
             monitoring studies found a high diversity of migratory species but relatively
             low numbers (Mack, 1987). Diving birds, such as the Least Tern, have used the
             tidal areas for feeding. Overall, the San Dieguito project has proved
             successful.

             Salt/Brackish Marsh

             The salt/brackish marsh acreage is composed of existing marsh which occurs
             above the dredge zone (+2.5 ft MSQ. This marsh would experience tidal
             inundation as a result of the lagoon enhancement but would not be mechanically
             manipulated or changed.

             The introduction of tidal inflows to the lagoon could cause the composition of
             plant species in the marsh to change. The present distribution of plant
             species is a response to a hydrologic regime in which the lagoon seasonally
             floods with freshwater and then dries out and has hypersaline conditions. The
             present marsh vegetation extends from approximately +2.0 ft. to over +7.0 ft.
             in several areas. This marsh is a mixture of brackish and salt marsh species.

             Studies in other salt marshes in San Diego County have found that a number of
             physical factors affect marsh plant distribution. These factors include:
             tidal inundation, elevation, slope, soil salinity, wave force and nutrients.
             The plan would introduce tidal inflows and create tidal zones in the marsh.
             The enhanced lagoon would have a mean higher high tide level at +2.5 ft. (MSL)
             and a spring high tide level at about +4.5 ft. (MSL). Extreme storm tide
             levels could reach +6.0 ft. (MSL). Figure 25 depicts theelevational
             occurrence of certain species of marsh plants in relation to tidal influence.
             The range for each species is a maximum zone and the areal extent of each
             species in the enhanced lagoon may differ significantly. In the far eastern
             end of the lagoon the inflow of freshwater could affect the distribution of

                                                   136
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              .plant species and the brackish, less salt-tolerant plant species (e.g. Scirpus
              robustus, Scirous Olneyi, TyDha_domingensis) may occur there. Likewise areas
              .of freshwater seeps may retain their brackish water species. However, for the
              most part, the re-introduction of tidal flows should create conditions which
              'favor the growth of salt marsh plants (e.g. Salicornia virginica, Frankenia
              grandifolia, Jaumea,carnosa) and increase the vigor of those salt marsh plants
              already in the lagoon. Many salt marsh species are active colonizers of areas
              with suitable conditions. Cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) occupies the lowest
              zone of vegetation in a tidal marsh and does not presently occur in Batiquitos
              Lagoon. It could be planted in expermential areas once the project has been
              functioning for several years and sediments and water levels have stabilized.
              Other marsh plant species including the endangered salt-marsh birds beak
              (Cordylanthus maritimus) could be introduced to the lagoon wetlands.

              Overall it is difficult to predict how the species composition and extent of
              the marsh will change once the lagoon is enhanced. For the most part the
              existing areas of marsh are conserved and changes in the acreage of marsh  will
              be monitored.

              Shorebirds are expected to regularly use the marsh both to forage for
              invertebrates in tidal sloughs and to roost during high tides. Wading birds
              and some ducks may also roost and feed in the marsh. Bird species use will
              depend largely upon the type of plants that predominate. For example, a
              greater extent of pickleweed marsh could support more breeding pairs of
              Belding's Savannah Sparrows. More brackish marsh could support long-billed
              marsh wrens and other small birds.

              Alternative One would conserve a total of 139 acres of salt/brackish marsh
              whereas both Alternatives Two and Three would conserve a total of 143 acres.
              The four acre difference is due to the dredging of the western basin proposed
              only under Alternative One.

              Freshwater Marsh

              All three plans include a managed freshwater marsh enclosed by an earthen
              levee. The primary reason for creation of a freshwater marsh is to assure the
              continuance of the existing habitat values at Batiquitos Lagoon. While the
              intertidal mudflats and subtidal areas proposed in the plans would create
              habitat for migratory shorebirds, wading birds and some waterfowl, one
              component of the present fauna - the dabbling ducks - require a freshwater
              component.

              The levee is designed with an approximate 80 foot toe and an 8 to I slope on
              the outer side and a 3 to I slope on the inner side (see Figure Q. The gentle
              slope on the outer side would allow for tidal water to inundate the lower
              portion of the levee and create marsh and mudflat. The 8:1 slope is flat
              enough to avoid wave erosion and the need for rip rap. The bottom toe of   the
              levee would be constructed at the approximate elevation +2.5 ft. (MSL) and th
              top of the levee would reach +8.0 ft. (MSL). The top elevation would preclud:
              yearly high tides from overtopping the levee. The interior of the marsh would
              be recontoured to an elevation of +2.5 to +3.0 ft. (MSL) and would provide deep
              areas and exposed plant areas to increase diversity. Water depths would be

                                                   137
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                                                    ELEVATION
                                    4                                6               7
                           FT MLLW   I                               I               J
                           DM MSL  I
                                   3    4     5    '6   7     a    9    10   11    12

                   CORDGRASS

                        P I C K L E W E E D
                 ANNUAL PICKLEWEED             [\\MM\MM\\MM\MX\A
                          SALTWORTI                 MMMMA               J
                   JAUMEA CARNOSA I                      @\\M\\M\A
                                SEA BLITE                     MMMMN I
                  FRANKENIA GRANDIFOLIA                       MMMMMA
              MONANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS1                            MMMMMM,
                              GLASSWORT  I                                    K\\\\\A
                                                HATCHING DENOTES ELEVATIONS WITH
                                                FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE GREATER
                                                THAN 70%.

             J

                       Distribution of the most comm n halophytes by elevation, at Tijuana
             Estuary (Zedler 1977). Data fr0M Anaheim Bay (Hassey and Zembal 1979) were used
             to extend the ranges of species beyond the 3-to 12-dm KSL.range observed at Tijuana
             Estuary.

                 From Zedler,1982

              FIG. 25

                                                  138
<pb n="172" />

              controlled at six inches to one foot. The dredging would allow for the portion
              of the marsh closest to the upland to be higher than the area near the levee so
              that the marsh can be drained completely.

              The water source for the marsh will be San Marcos Creek. A weir would be
              placed in the creek at the El Camino Real bridge at the +5.0 ft MSL level.
              This weir would detain water and the water would flow by gravity through pipes
              into the marsh. Given a maximum evaporation rate of 25 acre feet per month in
              the summer, it is estimated that the marsh will require 1/2 cubic feet per
              second (cfs) of inflow during the summer. Summer waterflows in the channel
              could fill this need. In the winter the need for water in the marsh may be
              minor since a small tributary enters the marsh area. The weir in San Marcos
              Creek would be designed such that no upstream flood problems would be created.

              Additionally, dual slide/flap gates would be placed at several locations in the
              levee to allow for release of freshwater when levels are in excess of the six
              inch to one foot marsh depth and to allow the flooding of the marsh with salt
              water. All culverts, frames and gates would be coated with replacable zinc
              anodes and be made of eight gauge bituminous-coated asbestos-bonded galvanized
              steel for long wear and low maintenance. Salt water flooding in the summer
              could create a year round habitat should a drought occur and could be used to
              control tules and other unwanted vegetation. Use of salt water should remain a
              management option for the marsh, not necessarily a mandate since it could
              adversely affect certain brackish to freshwater marsh plants needed for
              waterfowl. When viewed from the adjoining hills the marsh will look like a
              shallow water pond with small collections of bulrush or other marsh plants.          M
              The freshwater marsh would replace salt marsh and salt pan on the site.

              The water management scheme and finished bottom elevations of the freshwater
              marsh will largely determine what plant species inhabit the area. At present,
              there are not plans to plant marsh species, but instead, the plants would
              colonize by seed. Cattail, bulrush, three-square rush, pondweed and other
              aquatic plants would be expected to invade the shallow areas. Because soils
              may remain brackish for the first years following construction, some plant
              species may be limited. However, if the marsh is left strictly as a freshwater
              area, the soils will leach and salts should be reduced. The management of the
              marsh water levels and annual drying wil largely determine the plants which
              colonize and thrive there.

              Least Tern Nest Sites

              The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in conjunction with the Department of Fish
              and Game determined that a minimum of four least tern nesting sites should be
              created in the lagoon totalling approximately 32 acres. All three plans
              provide for four sites - one 16 acre site near the Park and Ride lot, one 12
              acre site on the north shore, one 4 acre site contained in the levee of the
              freshwater marsh and one 2 acre site near the lagoon mouth. All these sites
              occupy locations of previously used nest sites. When tidal influence is
              returned to the lagoon, the previous nest sites on the salt pan will be
              flooded. Therefore to provide sufficient area for the terns to nest, new
              nesting sites have to be created. These sites would be created out of sandy
              dredge spoils from the lagoon and raised up to +8.0 ft. MSL. A layer of clean

                                                    139
<pb n="173" />

              white imported sand with broken shells would cap the dredge spoils.

              The Least Terns previously have used a greater number of sites in the lagoon
              but the availability of most of these sites is limited by high water levels.
              Since 1969, the Least Terns have never used more than three sites in one season
              and have more typically used one or two sites (see Table 13). All existing
              sites are prone to disturbance and flooding.

              Maintenance of the nesti.ng sites will be required; removal of all vegetation
              must be performed yearly. In order to gain access to the nesting sites they
              are located close to the edges of the lagoon. In order to protect the sites
              against predators six foot cyclone fencing will border the lagoon edge in the
              vicinity of the least tern sites and be located a minimum of 100 feet from the
              site. Both ends of the freshwater marsh levee would be fenced. -The fencing
              will restrict domestic animals and other terrestrial predators from entering
              the nest sites. The fence is located at a distance from the site so that avian
              predators are not able to use the fence posts as hunting roosts.
              An additional nesting area could be gained if the levee surrounding the
              freshwater marsh were kept free of vegetation and covered with white sand.
              Least Terns in the San Francisco Bay area nest on similar levees surrounding
              salt ponds.

              All four sites are designed to provide relatively isolated, dry sandy locations
              with clear views for the terns. A number of different sites are provided to
              allow for various locations over the entire lagoon for the terns to choose
              from. A total of 34 acres of nesting sites are provided.

              Construction Methods and Schedules

              All three alternatives would require dredging and disposal of large amounts of
              sand and silt material from the lagoon. Before exact construction methods can
              be outlined and a reliable schedule drawn up, a number of tests must be
              completed. The only available studies on the lagoon sediments are a limited
              number of corings of the lagoon bottom in the eastern basin and a larger number
              in the western basin (Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1985; Shepardson Engineering
              Associates Inc., 1985). These corings reveal information regarding the grain
              size of the material and thus the thickness of clay and silt layers and sand
              layers over the lagoon bottom. These coring studies did not include any
              chemical analysis of the materials. The City of Carlsbad and Port of Los
              Angeles have hired a consultant to complete sediment cores and chemical and
              physical studies of the lagoon sediment.

              The available coring studies give gross estimates of the quantities of two
              classes of sediment on the lagoon bottom. The upper layers of the lagoon
              bottom are primarily fine silts, clays and fine sands with grain sizes smaller
              than .125 mm. The silt and clay layer in the east basin is much thicker than
              the west basin and could compose 60 to 70% of the dredge volume from the east
              basin.

              The sand fraction in the lagoon lies below the clay and silt layers and
              represents a larger proportion of the dredge volume in the western lagoon than

                                                    140
<pb n="174" />

              the eastern basin. The median grain diameter of the sandy sediments in the
              western lagoon is .18 mm while the median grain diameter for the same layers in
              the east basin is .15 mm. These sandy sediments are coarse enough to be used
              for beach nourishment should bioassay and toxin testing prove negative (Jenkins
              and Skelley, 1986).

              These two sediment layers must both be tested for the concentration of toxic
              chemicals, nutrient levels and other substances. The results of these tests
              will determine where the dredge spoils can be disposed of and could have a
              great effect on the cost of the project. Detailed soils engineering studies,
              which are currently underway, will determine exact quantities and conditions of
              spoils. There are a number of possible options for dredge disposal and
              construction methods.

              The most inexpensive method of dredging the lagoon is to use dry land
              techniques. Construction would begin in the east basin and progress to the
              west. In the early spring (February-March) the lagoon mouth would be opened
              and the lagoon drained. Inflowing streams would be diverted by pipe to the
              ocean, stormdrains or other appropriate outlet. Groundwater would be pumped
              out of the basin and the lagoon bottom dried out. Rubber tired scrapers or
              comparable equipment would remove the silt and clay layers and spoils would be
              disposed of in one or several ways. The silt-clay spoils must be dried prior
              to disposal and, if possible, the adjacent north shore uplands owned by Sammis        N
              and HPI could be used.

              Once dried and depending upon the test results, the spoils could be:

                 1) trucked to a sanitary landfill for disposal;
                 2) mixed with fine sands and sold or given away as structural fill;
                 3) used as landscaping fill on adjacent properties; or
                 4) disposed of in the ocean at a site approved by the Environmental
                 Protection Agency.

              The preferable option would be to place the spoils on adjacent properties for
              landscaping fill should they pass all needed tests for this use. Sammis
              Properties has offered to accept approximately one half million cubic yards to
              fill a canyon on their property (Jon Briggs, pers comm). A site is still
              needed for the remaining matrial. Placement of the spoils on adjacent
              properties would avoid the use of public roads. If the spoils are transported
              to other sites for disposal, additional equipment will be needed as the rubber
              tire scrapers can not travel public roads. A fleet of dump trucks would be
              used and could be loaded at the end of Lagoon Lane or other appropriate access
              points.

              Both the landfill and ocean disposal options are prohibitively expensive and
              nearby landfills may not have the capacity for such a large disposal project .
              Remixing the spoils for use as structural fill will require some additional
              space but could possibly be feasible.

              The levee for the freshwater marsh would be constructed from on site dredge
              spoils and is the only feature of the lagoon project which could utilize the
              clay-silt spoils. The interior of the marsh also needs to be dredged to create

                                                   141
<pb n="175" />

             a bottom elevation (+2.5 ft. MSQ such that water impounded in San Marcos Creek
             could flow by gravity into the marsh. A suggestion for using the marsh as a
             recipient site for silt-clay spoils to raise the base level would require
             pumping water into the marsh, and thus increase yearly operating costs and is
             not recommended.

             The method for disposal of the silt-clay layers will be determined after
             elutriate, bioassay and soil engineering tests are completed during the
             environmental review, preliminary engineering and permit processes.

             The sand layers will also require certain toxicity tests but they are of
             suitable size for disposal on local beaches. Elutriate tests and bulk sediment
             analysis test must be completed. The lagoon dredging could produce as much as
             1.8 to 2.0 million cubic yards of sandy material under Alternative One or as
             little as 800,000 cubic yards of sand under Alternative Three. Alternative Two
             would proudce approximately 1.3 million cubic yards of sandy material. Again
             dry land methods would be employed if possible as they are less costly than
             dredging. The majority of sandy spoils lie in the middle and western basins.
             Once silting spoils are removed, these sandy layers would be scraped up and
             transported to the lagoon mouth for placement on the beach. Depending on the
             type of construction used (dry land vs. hydraluic dredging) the method for
             placement of the spoils on the beach may differ. If dry land methods are used
             and scraping equipment can fit through the three bridges, the scrapers could
             deposit sand directly on the beach. A dirt haul road may be needed along the
             beach. If the scrapers can't transport sand directly they would load it into
             dump trucks at the end of Lagoon Lane for the east basin and Highway 101 for
             the west basin or other appropriate access points. Dump trucks would use
             public roads to transport the sand to the beach for disposal. Some sandy
             spoils would be used to construct the least tern sites in the lagoon and cap
             the freshwater marsh levee.

             Disposal of sandy dredge spoils on Carlsbad beaches is not only convenient to
             the lagoon project but allows for nourishment of a badly eroded coastline.
             Sand movement in this area has been interupted by the construction of Oceanside
             harbor which traps southward moving sand. In addition, the sand supply has
             been depleted by the damming of most rivers and streams and year round closure
             of many lagoons such that sandy sediments deposit in the closed lagoon or
             behind the dam rather than being carried out to the coast. The littoral cell
             supplying sand to the Carlsbad area begins about San Clemente and ends about La
             Jolla. Generally sand volumes are deposited onto the beach by ocean waves in
             spring and summer and eroded off the beach during winter. Depending upon the
             amount of sand in the cell and the storm sizes, the width of sandy beaches in
             this region varies.

             The profile of the Carlsbad beaches was measured in 1983 and 1984 (Flick et al,
             Seymour et al). The winter of 1982-83 saw extreme wave heights associated with
             El Nino. During the winter the large storm waves removed 200 cubic meters of
             sand per meter of beach. This erosion quantity is associated with extreme
             storm waves. The following year winter storms removed 20-35 cubic meters of
             sand per meter of beach. These erosion losses represent more average winter
             storms.

                                                  142
<pb n="176" />

              As can be witnessed during a trip to the South Carlsbad Beach, sand is in short
              supply and the beach is often made up only of cobbles. The dredging of
              Batiquitos Lagoon has as a by product the placement of sandy spoils into this
              littoral cell.. While deposition of this amount just below Oceanside harbor
              progessing southward would be favorable, the cost to truck this much material
              exceeds the costs of dredging it from the lagoon (V. Hall, pers. comm.)
              Therefore, the placement of the material on the beaches likely will begin at
              the mouth of Batiquitos Lagoon and progress northward. One likely beach
              nourishment method would be the creation of large sand piles or dunes at the
              landward edge of the beach. These dunes could be progressively pushed onto the
              beach to nourish the intertidal area. Numerous other methods are possible as
              are various management options to increase the longevity of the sand on the
              Carlsbad beaches.

              The precise method for placement of the sand spoils on the beach and the miles
              of beaches covered will be determined through the environmental review,
              preliminary engineering and permit processes. Since State Department of Parks
              and Recreation owns and operates most of these beaches, their concerns and
              suggestions will help to determine what methods are used. Their primary
              concerns have been: sand stockpiling should not seriously constrain
              recreational activities on the beach, and dredging and spoils disposal should
              not negatively affect benthic animals in the surf zone and grunion spawning.
              All cost estimates for the lagoon project assume that the sand spoils will be
              placed on the beach i-n the most cost-effective manner.

              Several constraints must be placed on the construction activities to protect
              existing resources of the lagoon. In order to minimize disturbance to the
              lagoon wetlands, heavy equipment should enter and leave the construction area
              at one or two points where little or no vegetation is present. Several
              locations on the north shore of the eastern basin are appropriate. Access to
              the western basins will be more difficult and may need to be done under the
              Highway 101 bridge or from the fill site in the northwestern corner of the
              western basin.

              The beginning of project construction largely will depend upon the timing of
              permit approvals and CEQA compliance. However the beginning of construction
              must be scheduled either prior to the beginning of the nesting season of the
              Least Tern or following fledging of all chicks. The nesting time period
              stretches from April or May to August or September. If construction begins
              anytime during this period it would disturb the terns and cause a loss of a
              nesting season. Therefore construction may begin in March or October. Since
              it is more difficult and expensive to construct during the wet season, a March
              date would be preferable. By timing the construction of the project to protect
              the tern, the construction should not affect any other endangered species.
              However, during the de-watering and construction period, the lagoon would not
              function as a bird feeding habitat.

              Maintenance of the Lagoon Channel

              Waves such as occurred during the extreme storms of 1982-83 will no doubt occur
              again. These waves have enough energy to fill the lagoon channel inlet with
              sand and cobbles and overcome the scouring.energy of the tidal prism flowing

                                                   143
<pb n="177" />

             out of the lagoon. There are no reliable predictions for how often such
             extreme storms would occur; there are also no foolproof predictions of how well
             the lagoon channel will maintain itself under normal winter storm waves. In
             addition, the large concentration of cobbles presently blocking the lagoon
             mouth is a major concern in the self maintenance of the lagoon mouth. It is
             not entirely clear that the proposed tidal prism will be able to consistently
             push these cobbles from the lagoon channel. The City of Carlsbad and Port of
             Los Angeles have hired consultants to review these problems in detail and
             complete a detailed engineering design for the lagoon mouth. Under all three
             alternatives, some type of back-up system is required to open the lagoon
             channel should it become clogged.

             A number of different methods are possible. The Highway 101 bridge and its
             supporting piers create a narrow constricted channel which does not allow for
             certain types of equipment to operate easily. Bulldozers and some dredging
             equipment will not be able to operate well to clear the channel. The
             recommended method would be the use of a drag bucket which could scoop sand and
             cobbles out of the channel and redeposit them offshore. There are two
             alternative ways to set up a drag bucket system.

             The recommended alternative is discussed in Jenkins &amp; Skelley (1986). The
             following excerpt describes the system,

                 "Drag buckets have been used successfully in both inlet maintenance and
                 beach nourishment from offshore deposits. The best design has been the
                 Sauerman drag-scraper. It is a bottomless bucket with three vertical sides,
                 a lid, with a front side open to the scraping direction and a backside that
                 is closed. The bucket is dragged seaward through the inlet by a shore
                 mounted winch operating an endless loop drag-cable system to a block and
                 tackle moored offshore to the bottom. As the bucket is dragged seaward, it
                 fills with sediment until reaching capacity. On the return haul to shore,
                 the contents of the bucket are deposited out the open end at the point of
                 reversal.

                 "Considering the inlet dimensions at Batiquitos, as well as the volume
                 of sand that had to be e'xcavated to reopen the lagoon in September 1985, it
                 is estimated that an inlet bar would typically comprise about 300 cubic
                 yards. Practical experience has shown that 300 round trips of the bucket
                 are feasible per day. Therefore a 3 cubic yard capacity bucket would allow
                 clearing of the inlet in about 1/2 day. This would require a 260 horsepower
                 winch to drag a bucket of this size. The block and tackle should be
                 anchored seaward of the mean shoreline by about 850 feet in order to avoid
                 seasonal burial by bar formations. A 350 pound Danforth anchor would
                 provide a 7 kip mooring with a 2:1 safety factor for the block and tackle.
                 The block and tackle is secured to the anchor using a length of pig-tail
                 sufficiently long to reach the surface at the mooring point. A marker float
                 is attached to the block and tackle at the pig- tail. The endless loop drag
                 cable must be recovered upon completion of the scraping operation. This
                 involves a small boat recovering the marker float, raising the block and
                 tackle to the surface and disconnecting it from the pig-tail. The drag
                 cable and block and tackle are then retrieved by using the shore mounted
                 winch. The pig-tail and anchor are left on the bottom with the marker float

                                                   144
<pb n="178" />

                  attached for future relocation. To initiate scraping operations, a
                  polypropylene rope must be brought out from the shore to the marker float.
                  There a small service boat is anchored. Using the propylene line, a winch
                  on the service boat will haul the drag cable and block and tackle assembly
                  out to the mooring site. The marker float line is used to retrieve the
                  pig-tail and reattach the block and tackle. This procedure requires
                  relatively calm seas to initiate. Furthermore, recreational swimming must
                  be prohibited 100 feet to either side of the drag cable during scraping
                  operations."

              This system would only be set up when needed and is relatively inexpensive to
              operate. The shore mounted winch would be located on the fill site at the
              northwestern corner of the western lagoon basin. The drag bucket system would
              be able to remove both sand and cobbles from the channel. The drawback to this
              system is the hazard it poses to swimmers when the cable is in use and its
              limitations for use in heavy seas.

              The second alternative involves construction of a pier for use as a base for a
              drag bucket system. This alternative involves:

                  "This approach would build a short pier, 400 feet in length  and parallel to
                  the axis of the inlet channel. The pier should extend 300 feet seaward and
                  100 feet into the lagoon channel. The deck of this pier would be at the
                  elevation of the Highway 101 bridge, +19 feet MR, and should provide access
                  to the highway for a mobile crane. The mobile crane is operated on the deck
                  of the pier and is used to drag the Sauerman bucket seaward to perform the
                  scraping operations in the inlet channel. The scraping operation could be
                  performed from the pier in higher sea states than could the drag cable
                  method, and would not involve the potential hazard to the swimmers
                  associated with the drag cable. The pier could be used as a recreational
                  fishing pier when scraping operations are not being performed. The
                  estimated cost in building such a pier is $2,000 per foot, or a total of
                  $800,000."

              The disadvantages of this system are its high construction costs, high
              maintenance costs and the need for a public agency to operate the pier and
              accept ownership and liability. The Department of Parks and,Recreation, which
              must approve of the maintenance system, favors the drag bucket system. DPR
              also requires a safety risk assessment, operating procedures and contingency
              plan developed for the system. For these reasons this plan recommends the use
              of the first alternative, a drag bucket system using an offshore bottom moored
              block and tackle.

                                                    145
<pb n="179" />

              Sediment Control System

              This plan proposes a number of facilities for controlling sedimentation into
              the lagoon. A review of present watershed conditions identified four
              tributaries for which no sediment control facilities were proposed or presently
              in place. Estimates of sediment from these four tributaries were made for
              various storm levels. The details of this analysis are contained in Section
              II. Table 20 summarizes the results of this analysis. These facilities are
              proposed to control estimated annual loads of heavy sediments; large storms
              (100 year) may create sediment loads beyond the capacity of these facilities.

              It is not practical to construct sediment control facilities which will capture
              the fine sediments entering the lagoon as these basins must be extremely large
              and detain stormwater for up to severaldays to settle out fine particles.
              Therefore, it is assumed that the lagoon, once dredged and returned to a tidal
              system, will transport the majority of fine sediment out with tidal flows into
              the ocean. If the lagoon mouth closes frequently or remains closed during
              large storms, much of the fine sediments (approximately 80% of the total
              sediment inflow) would be retained and deposited in the lagoon. Therefore,
              keeping the lagoon mouth open during storms is important to controlling
              sediment deposition and filling of the lagoon.

              An equally important factor in controlling sediment inflows is controlling the
              erosion of soil in the watershed, the source of lagoon sedimentation. The
              Batiquitos Lagoon Watershed Sediment Control Plan, bound as a separate volume,
              autlines in detail both structural and non-structural regulatory and design
              approaches to erosion and sediment control.

              Structural Control Facilities

              This portion of the plan reviews structural control measures for several
              tributaries to the lagoon.

              Encinitas Creek The riparian corridor on lower Encinitas Creek is presently
              functioning as a very effective sand trap. Continued deposition of sediment in
              the valley floor will gradually increase the slope of the stream and increase
              the stream's sediment transport capacity. Eventually, the stream may reach
              some threshold and begin a cycle of downcutting and lateral migration,
              delivering stored sand to the lagoon. Rather than constructing a large debris
              basin, however, it makes better sense to manage the riparian corridor
              downstream of the intersection of Olivenhain and El Camino to enhance and
              maintain its ability to trap sand. This can be done by constructing a low dam
              across the channel with several culvert outlets. All the culverts should be
              set at the same elevation in the dam in order to disperse flow across the
              riparian corridor. Sand can be removed from parts of the trap on a rotating
              basis, so that some willow cover will be maintained. The purpose of
              maintaining some vegetation is to enhance the sedimennt trapping ability. It
              would not be necessary to maintain a large "freeboard" below the dam elevation
              for the trap to work, but only to maintain a low gradient in the reach above
              the dam. The area available for this sediment trap will depend on landowner
              cooperation. The average annual sand yield of Encinitas Creek is estimated to
              be about 1-2 acre feet; a layer of sand 1-2 feet thick would need to be removed

                                                   146
<pb n="180" />

                                                       Table 20

                                        Batiguitos Lagoon Sediment Control

                             Drainage Sand Yield    with BMPs*      Sand Yield without BMPs*
                               Area
               Basin        (square miles) (cubic   yds/yr)                 (cubic yds/yr)

               Piraeus           0.60          480  to      660                     1750
               Eolus             0.3           240  to      480                     1272
               Encinitas         5.50         1775  to    3550                      9407
               San Marcos       10.8          3333  to    4750                      4750

                                             -----        -----                   -------
                                              5303        9440                      17179
               Annual Maintenance
               Cost at $4.00/yard         $21,212      $37,760                    $68,716

               *Best Management Practices

                                                       Table 21

                            Percent Efficiency of a Sediment   TraR on San Marcos Creek

                                                         Size  fraction
                                            Fine and      Medium      Fine and
                                  Coarse very fine      and coarse very fine
                        Total      sand       sand         silt          silt       clay

               2-year
               flood      46        98          92           46           4.7         0.0

               100-year
               flood      32        96          78           20           1.2         0.0

                                                        147
<pb n="181" />

               _fx /19 5FIG. 26
                        Sediment inf low and
                        retention
                        SAN MARCOS CREEK SEDIMENT BASIN

                U,

                z
               LU la4

                /40
                                         5                     26        50
                                      RECURRENCE    INTERVAL I Yrs I

                                                 148
<pb n="182" />

                                                     Tabl e 22

                        Sediment Basins or Traps Reguired to Protect Batigu    itos Lagoon

               Location            Vol. (cubic yards)        Estimated Construction Cost
                  Piraeusi               3300                       $33,000
                  Eolusi                 2400                       $28,600
                  Encinitasi          17,750                        $30,000
                  San Marcos Creek2   15,130                       $160,000

               1) volume based on 5   years accumulation at mean annual rate

               2) volume of pond at   +5.0 ft. NGVD; annual maintenance will    be required.

                                                       149
<pb n="183" />

             from a 5-acre trap every five years on the average. In the 300 foot wide
             riparian corridor, a 5-acre trap would be 726 feet long. The riparian forest
             downstream of the trap should be preserved as a natural floodplain to further
             assure adequate sediment trapping.

             It will also be necessary to install a concrete sill or apron in the bed of
             Encinitas Creek at the La Costa Bridge. This sill will prevent the initiation
             of channel incision in response to the lowering of the base level in the lagoon
             from dredging and the progressive aggradation upstream.
             San Marcos-Creek Two alternatives for sediment control were considered:
             1) dredging a basin above the El Camino Real Bridge to enhance deposition of
             sediment; 2) dredging a pool below the bridge in the wetlands at the head of
             the lagoon. Sand could be dredged from the basin by a dragline but the pool in
             the wetland would require a hydraulic dredge and an area dedicated to storage
             and dewatering of dredged sediment. Because a pond at the head of the lagoon
             dedicated to sediment control would be detrimental to wildlife habitat and
             aesthetics and would be more costly to maintain, the preferred control measure
             is a basin above the bridge.

             The channel of San Marcos Creek between the El Camino Real Bridge and the golf
             course is a natural area for sediment deposition. By dredging out a pond 300
             feet wide and 500 feet long just above the bridge, and deepening the channel
             upstream, the sediment trapping ability at this area can be enhanced. In order
             to evaluate the feasibility and annual maintenance costs, a sediment transport
             and deposition model was used. The model is based on the Bagnold sheer
             velocity limit and the settling rate for five ranges of particle sizes.

             The model was run for the 2- and 100-year, 8-hour flood hydrographs, with a
             pond outlet at +2.0 and +4.0 feet NGVD, against both mean low and mean high
             tides. The mass of sediment trapped for the 2- and 100-year events was then
             plotted, and the mean annual load trapped was calculated. The results indicate
             that:

             1) Tide height has little effect on sediment deposition above the bridge during
                major storms.

             2) A low weir at +2.0 feet NGVD combined with a higher weir at +5.0 feet (the
                lower weir would appear as a slot in the higher weir) would effectively trap
                sand during the 100-year flood, but virtually all of the sediment from a 2-
                year flood would pass through the low two foot slot and enter the lagoon.
                Therefore, this design proved ineffective.

             3) By combining a 20-foot wide control structure (such as a weir) at +4.0 feet
                (NGVD) with a 140 foot wide weir at +5.0 feet, most of the sand in both the
                2- and 100-year storms could be trapped. Table 21 and Figure 26 show the
                trap efficiency for five size classes of material, for the 100-year and 2-
                year events. The mean annual trap efficiency is 36 percent, or about 4740
                cubic yards. There are, no doubt, other weir widths and elevations that
                would work as well as those tested in the model. This design is the
                preferred plan.

                                                   150
<pb n="184" />

              Before the San Marcos Creek sediment trap can be designed and built, however,
              two problems must be faced. First, the effect of a control structure in the
              bed at +4.0 feet (NGVD) on upstream flood elevations must be evaluated. This
              could be done fairly easily, with recent cross sections across the channel and
              the floodplain above the bridge. Second, the property must be acquired in fee
              title or an easement dedicated to a public agency from its present owner, the
              La Costa Resort.

              It will be necessary to install a concrete sill or weir in the bed of San
              Marcos Creek at the El Camino Real Bridge to prevent downcutting into the
              upstream alluvium as a result of the lagoon dredging. The sill should be
              placed no lower than the present bed elevation of about +2.0 feet (NGVD).

              Piraeus and Eolus Ditches Drainage ditches adjacent to 1-5 on the south side
              of the lagoon contribute sand directly tothe lagoon.. At the intersection of
              Piraeus and La Costa Boulevard, there is a natural site for a debris basin.
              The trapezoidal channel there is presently filled with sand. It is cleared
              periodically by CalTrans, but there is no dam or weir to enhance sediment
              accumulation. Construction of a 3300 cubic yard debris basin for Piraeus and
              2400 cubic year for Eolus is recommended.

              Non-Structural Control Measures

              Revision and adoption of erosion control ordinances (Best Management Practices)
              in the Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San
              PjMg. The watershed plan reviews the City of Carslbad's erosion control
              ordinance and suggests adoption of this ordinance (with several additions), in
              the other jurisdictions. Throughout the watershed, the sediment yield
              estimates used in this plan are based on long-term average rates. Certain
              grading practices, replacement of riparian corridors with concrete ditches,
              road-building on steep slopes and other kinds of intensive site disturbance
              could negate any downstream sediment control efforts. Implementation of this
              ordinance as well as the following measures are essential to reducing sediment
              inputs to the lagoon.

              Changing agricultural practices in the watershed to reflect Resource Management
              Practices as suggested by the Soil Conservation Service.

              Adoption of floodplain management criteria for stream channels in the Cities of
              Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San Diego. The watersh@_d_
              plan reviews the sediment retention features of natural floodplains and offers
              two options to retain these features through the development process.

              Adoption of stormwater management criteria in the Batiguitos watershed by the
              Cities of Carlsbad, San Marcos and Encinitas and the County of San Diego.
              These criteria should reduce the amount of peak runoff produced by new
              developments in the watershed and decrease the problem of streambed erosion and
              sedimentation into the lagoon.

              Public Access

              The plan outlines a number of public access facilities. The facilities include

                                                   151
<pb n="185" />

             a north shore trail with interpretive facilities and trailhead parking and
             interpretive facilities at a few other locations around the lagoon.

             The original goal of the enhancement group was to provide a continuous public
             access trail from El Camino Real to the ocean along the north shore of the
             lagoon. There are a number of major impediments to this goal including the
             Interstate 5, the railroad and the Highway 101 bridges. In all three instances
             crossing under or over these bridges presents construction difficulties and
             does not necessarily increase the recreational value of the trail. We have
             attempted to solve this problem in several ways outlined in the proposed
             alignment for this trail (Figure M).

             Beginning in the east, the trailhead will occupy a portion of a 10 acre parcel
             in the far northeast corner of the lagoon. This property is owned by Rancho La
             Costa/Newport Shores, but the Conservancy presently holds an open space
             easement over it which was dedicated as a condition of development. Contained
             within this open space easement is also a public access easement. This
             trailhead will be accessible from Arenal Road and interpretive signs explaining
             the natural resources of the lagoon would be located there.

             From this trailhead, the trail will follow the existing dirt road west. This
             road has been used by the public for over 100 years and continues to be used
             today. The California State Attorney General's office has informed the
             Conservancy that they have determined that prescriptive rights apply to this
             road and that it is therefore public (Greg Taylor, State Attorney General's
             Office, pers. comm.). In this first section the road,borders the lagoon
             wetlands but does not cross through wetlands.

             The proposed trail will begi n to divert from the dirt road on the HPI property.
             Following a trail alignment reviewed and tentatively agreed to by HPI   and staff
             of the Coastal Commission, Department of Fish and Game, City of Carlsbad, and.
             the Conservancy, the trail moves to border the lagoon wetlands and will be
             located within the outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer. The trail
             moves from the lagoon border to the dirt road and back along the shoreline
             in this section.

             The Department of Fish and Game has recommended that the trail be placed on the
             outer 50 feet of the 100 foot wetland buffer so that a minimum of wildlife
             disturbance is created. Our trail proposal incorporates this recommendation in
             most locations, particularly when the trail diverges from the dirt road.
             However in several sections the dirt road directly borders the wetlands and
             therefore the creation of a new trail would create a larger land disturbance
             than use of the existing road. Staff for the Department of Fish and Game have
             reviewed the trail alignment and agreed with using the dirt road in certain
             areas designated on Figure M, despite its close proximity to the lagoon
             wetlands.

             As proposed, the trail will follow the lagoon edge and then the dirt road as it
             crosses off the HPI property and onto the Savage property to intersect with
             Lagoon Lane (Batiquitos Drive). The plan proposes that the end of Lagoon Lane
             be another trailhead for this section of the trail. Lagoon Lane is a public
             road and trail users can park along the street. Interpretive signs would also

                                                   152
<pb n="186" />

               be placed at this trailhead.

               Continuing the trail around the wetland and under Interstate 5 is extremely
               costly and could also create a disturbance to wildlife. We have indicated this
               portion of the trail as a possible future access trail but do not recommend it
               be built at this time. The trail would have to be constructed as a wooden
               boardwalk over the marsh and along both sides of the 1-5 road berm. The
               crossing under the bridge could be placed on the road fill. The estimated cost
               for this boardwalk is over one million dollars and could involve substantial
               disturbance of the marsh during construction. There is also possible public
               safety issues involved with placement of a trail so close to moving tidal
               water.

               The plan therefore recommends that the eastern section of the trail have a
               trailhead at Lagoon Lane and a trailhead at the northeastern end of the lagoon.
               Hikers wishing to proceed further on to the ocean can walk up Lagoon Lane to
               Poinsettia Lane, cross 1-5 and proceed back toward the lagoon on Avenida
               Encinas into the proposed Sammis Development. Once this development is
               constructed, hikers can proceed along Windrose Circle and reach the access
               trail for the western portion of the lagoon. Access signs proposed for the
               public streets would direct hikers-to trailheads.

               The access trail along the western shoreline of the lagoon will have several
               access points and a number of interpretive stations. The primary access po'int
               for the trail will be on Windrose Circle in the Sammis Development. From this
               point, hikers can proceed to the bluff edge and proceed down to the lagoon
               shoreline and east along the lagoon to a wildlife observation platform.

               Alternately, from the same access point on Windrose Circle, hikers can proceed
               west along one of two tentative routes. This section of the trail has a number
               of impediments which make its design more difficult. The railroad line is a
               significant obstacle to pedestrian access due to the speed and volume of rail
               traffic on this section of track. The proposed alignment would create a trail
               along the bluff top with a bridge over the railroad to'the western bluff. The
               Conservancy has received a letter from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
               Railway Company expressing their willingness to enter into an agreement with a
               public agency for a grade-separated overpass to provide pedestrian access
               across the railroad. The design of this bridge crossing must include:

                   1.   Vertical clearance from top-of-rail to underside of structure of 23
                        feet or more.

                   2.   Horizontal c learance to accommodate two tracks plus a mainten   ance road.

                   3.   A location suitably beyond the end of Santa Fe's track bridge to allow
                        Santa Fe's bridge maintenance equipment, including cranes and pile
                        drivers, to work and maneuver.

                   4.   Fencing or mesh screens along both sides of the overpass structure,
                        curved inward at the top to prevent users from throwing rocks or
                        missiles at the trains.

                                                       153
<pb n="187" />

                5.   Fencing or walls along both sides of Santa Fe's right-of-way for a
                     sufficient distance to discourage "short-cutting" across the track at-
                     grade rather than using the overpass.

                6.   The use of concrete and/or steel for the structure, not wood.

                7.   Approval of construction plans and specifications by Santa Fe.

                8.   Approval by the State Public Uitlities Commission for a public
                     crossing.

             This crossing would provide continuous public access along the western basin
             shoreline as required under the Coastal Development permit for.Sammis
             Properties and is therefore the preferred alignment.

             As an alternative, should the bridge crossing not be approved, a trail
             alignment at the base of the bluff is shown. The trail would have to be placed
             between the bluff face and the wetlands and would have to be constructed as a
             boardwalk. The trail would be in very close proximity to both the wetland and
             the water area. This trail alignment would result in adverse effects on the
             lagoon wetlands and public safety problems with easy access to the lagoon water
             and the difficulty of patrolling an uncontrolled access to this area of the
             lagoon. For these reasons, the blufftop alignment is preferable to the trail
             along the base of the bluff.

             The final leg of the trail would cross the top of the bluff on the far western
             portion of the lagoon and end at Highway 101. Limited parking is available on
             Highway 101. A number of viewpoints and interpretive stations are located in
             the western section of the trail. In addition, several lateral access trails
             provide connections between the roads in the Sammis Development and the
             shoreline trail.

             Another tentative alignment for a trail under the Highway 101 bridge to the
             beach is shown. It is not clear at this time whether there will be room for an
             access trail in this location or whether there will be public safety problems
             due to the depth of the adjacent water channel.

             A final design will be needed once the alignment of the trail is decided upon.
             As presently envisioned, the trail will be approximately 10 feet in width and,
             for those areas not following the dirt road, would consist of crushed granite
             or some other all weather surface. Interpretive stations would be wooden
             kiosks with signs and displays explaining various features of the natural and
             archaeological resources of the lagoon. Benches or wildlife viewing platforms
             may also constitute interpretive facilities. No large interpretive center
             building is currently planned for the lagoon  area.

             Along the south shore of the lagoon the plan  proposes interpretive and wildlife
             observation facilities for the CalTrans Park  and Ride lot. These would consist
             of kiosk signs and binocular viewers to gain  a close-up view of lagoon
             wildlife. Due to the proximity of this site   to the Least Tern nesting site and
             mudflats, interpretive facilities would concentrate on Least Terns and
             migratory shorebirds.

                                                   154
<pb n="188" />

              The Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation has proposed managing a docent program for the
              lagoon. The final design of the trail facilities will be completed in
              conjunction with the Foundation, the City of Carlsbad, the Coastal Commission,
              and affected landowners.

              The plan also recommends that the City of Carlsbad include a bike lane along La
              Costa Avenue in their current road widening project. The north shore trail
              would be for pedestrian use only and a bike lane along La Costa Avenue would
              allow for a continuous bicycle access along the lagoon.

              In summary, the plan proposes a north shore pedestrain trail in two segments
              one bordering the eastern basin of the lagoon and one bordering the western
              basin. Both segments would be connected by public streets, making possible a
              continuous hike from one end of the lagoon to the other. The plan also
              suggests a number of interpretive facilities around the lagoon and a bike path
              along the south shore of the lagoon.

              Land OwnershiR and Land-Management

              Presently the lagoon area up to the wetland boundary is held in several
              different ownerships, both public and private (see Figure F). This ownership
              pattern makes for inconsistent management or lack of management of the lagoon.
              In order to carry out the goals of this plan and implement the enhancement
              program, the lagoon will need to be held under one ownership.

              Since the Department of Fish and Game owns a large area of the lagoon, the plan
              recommends they manage the entire enhanced lagoon as an Ecological Reserve.
              DFG would have a part-time lagoon manager who would oversee the lagoon and
              operate and maintain the improvements. The primary management objective for
              Batiquitos Lagoon would be preservation in perpetuity of the fish and wildlife
              habitat values created and conserved through the enhancement project.

              As explained in detail in the Plan Implementation section, the private lands in
              the lagoon must be transferred to the State Lands Commission before the
              dredging project can begin. The State Lands Commission will then lease the
              property to DFG and the entire area would be managed as an Ecological Reserve.
              Ecological Reserves are created to preserve wildlife habitat and very few uses
              are allowed. Nature study, hiking along access trails, sportfishing from
              designated shoreline areas, and passive recreation are allowable. Boating,
              swimming, hunting or commercial fishing are not permitted. This category of
              protection seems most consistent with the enhancement goals for the lagoon and
              affords the best long-term protection and management for the lagoon and its
              resources.

              The lands needed for the sediment basins on San Marcos Creek and Encinitas
              Creek will require dedication of fee title or a conservation easement. Because
              the riparian corridor on lower Encinitas Creek in Green Valley is an integral
              part of the proposed sediment control facilities, a conservation easement
              should also be recorded for it. The property at the lagoon mouth, owned by the
              County of San Diego will also require a transfer of title or conservation
              easement.

                                                   155
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             Operation and Maintenance

             Many features of the lagoon enhancement program will require on-going operation
             and maintenance. Funding and responsibility for operation and maintenance is
             discussed in detail in the Plan Implementation section.

             The primary plan elements requiring operation and maintenance are:

                1.   general oversight of `,@agoon use and condition
                2.   lagoon channel inlet
                3.   managed freshwater marsh
                4.   Least Tern sites
                5.   sedimentation control basins
                6.   public access trail

             The costs for maintenance for these features are outlined in Table 23.

             1. A lagoon manager who works part-time under the Director of the Department of
             Fish and Game will oversee the operation and maintenance activities for the
             lagoon. The manager will oversee or, when possible, perform maintenance
             activities and monitoring. A specific manager for Batiquitos Lagoon is needed
             due to the large number of maintenance activities, the need for an on-site and
             readily available person to clear the lagoon channel and sediment control
             facilties and the need to formulate and carry out the operating plan for the
             freshwater marsh each year. Along with a manager, a number of other facilities
             will require funding each year to cover replacement and operation costs.

             The lagoon manager will also need to oversee the general operation and
             maintenance of the lagoon. This task includes partolling the lagoon area and
             assuring that no one is swimming or boating in the lagoon or harassing or
             feeding wildlife. If feasible, a DFG warden may be responsible for the task.

             2. The preferred method for opening the lagoon channel inlet is the drag bucket
             system using an offshore anchored block and tackle.    Large storms could close
             the lagoon mouth at any time and closure could occur several years in a row
             under certain weather patterns. Therefore, it is likely that the lagoon
             channel will require periodic maintenance. The equipment needed should be
             available to the lagoon manager so that the mouth may be opened soon after
             closure.

             3. The freshwater marsh is designed to require a minimum of maintenance.
             However, pipes and gates will need periodic repair and replacement. The levee
             should require little maintenance outside of vegetation removal along its top.

             The lagoon manager will need to operate the marsh by overseeing the function of
             the water diversion and monitoring of freshwater levels and performance of
             flapgates. The lagoon manager will need to decide when the freshwater marsh
             requires draining or flooding with salt water to control plant growth or
             achieve habitat management goals. In any case, the manager
             representing DFG will set the management goals for the freshwater marsh and
             carry them out by manipulating the system of tidegates and water intakes.

                                                   156
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                                                      Tabl e 23
                                          Operation and Maintenance Costs

                Plan Element            Task                  Cost                   Freauency

                Overall manage-    Oversight and         $60,000/yearly                   over-
                ment of lagoon     maintenance of        for full time        sight; perfor-
                                   fencing, fresh-       manager; only        mance and over-
                                   water marsh,          a part-time          sight of maint-
                                   Least Tern            manager may be       enance activities
                                   nesting sites,        required             as needed
                                   sediment
                                   facilities,
                                   monitoring of
                                   lagoon, patrol-
                                   ling reserve

                Lagoon Channel     Clearance of          $1000/Clearance      Possibly once in
                                   cobbles and                                thirty years or
                                   sand                                       more often; no
                                                                              estimates are
                                                                              available

                Freshwater Marsh   Management of         not available at     Yearly manage-
                                   water levels and      this time            ment; replace-
                                   vegetation;                                ment of gates,
                                   maintenance of                             culverts, etc.,
                                   tidegates,                                 as needed
                                   water diversion
                                   structures, etc.

                Least Tern sites   Removal of            $300-500/acre/       Yearly management
                                   vegetation,              year
                                   maintenance of
                                   sandy surface

                Sediment Control   Cleaning and          Approximate          Average annual cost
                Facilties (see     disposal of           $68,700              may vary each year
                Table 20 for       sediment
                more details)

                Public Access      Repair and            Unknown,             Unknown,
                Trail              replacement           until designs        trail will be
                                   of signs,             are completed,       designed with
                                   interpretive          estimate-            low maintenance
                                   facilites,            approximately        criteria
                                   water bars,           2% of constr-
                                   resurfacing           uction costs
                                   of trail              per year

                                                        157
<pb n="191" />

                                                 Table 23 (continued)
                                     OReration and Maintenance Costs

             Plan Element           Task                Cost                Frequency

             Monitoring        Measurement of      $30,000-$50,000     Yearly program
                               physical,
                               chemical and
                               biological
                               parameters of
                               enhanced lagoon

                                                  158
<pb n="192" />

               4. The lagoon manager will also be responsible for maintaining the Least Tern
               nesting sites. Annual or semi-annual removal of weedy vegetation will be
               needed to keep the nesting sites available for terns. This maintenance
               activity requires a work crew and other sites in San Diego County have averaged
               $300 to $500 per acre per year to maintain (DFG, pers comm). The fencing which
               protects the nest sites will also require periodic maintenance and replacement.

               5. The sediment control facilities outlined in Table 20 will require
               maintenance. The annual cost for this maintenance will largely depend upon the
               size of the storms each winter and whether erosion control practices are used
               in the watershed. The cost estimates in Table 20 are based upon mean annual
               sedimentation rates and give a range of maintenance cost figures. There are
               some uncertainties in the estimation of mean annual sedimentation rates (see
               discussion in Section II) and actual rates could vary considerably from
               estimates. Since there is no reason to believe that sedimentation rates will
               drop due to the implementation of BMPs, we recommend the use of the highest
               figure of $68,700/year. The cost for cleaning the sediment traps and disposal
               of the sediment used is $4.00/cubic yard and reflects current 1986 costs.
               Future costs will rise with inflation. A factor of 3-5 percent per year or
               higher should be applied to predict future maintenance costs. The $4.00/cubic
               yard disposal figure also assumes that none of the sediment could be sold for
               beach replenishment or other uses.

               6. The public access trail will be designed to require a minimum of
               maintenance. Since the final design for the trail is not yet complete, it is
               not possible to predict maintenance costs. But a general estimated based on
               other areas is about 2% of the construction costs per year for maintenance.
               For the east basin, the path will consist of a crushed stone trail and the
               existing dirt road as well as several interpretive stations. Occasionally,
               some repair of the trail and replacement of stone, water bars, culverts,
               railings or signs could be needed. Gates, interpretive signs and any restroom
               facilities would need to be maintained. The western portion of the trail could
               require greater maintenance due to the need for boardwalks and/or bridges.
               Planks and railings could need to be replaced and wood boardwalks would need
               occasional painting or weatherproofing. No estimates for these tasks is
               available at this time. The landowners or homeowners associations owning the
               trails could be responsible for their maintenance. However, the local
               jurisdiction or a public agency or non-profit foundation could decide'to take
               over this task (see Section V for further discussion).

               Monitoring Program

               Monitoring of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the lagoon
               is mandatory to determine the effect of the enhancement and provide insight for
               future enhancement projects. A monitoring program would periodically review
               the physical contours of the lagoon, record the chemical condition of the water
               and census the benthic organisms, fish and bird species in the lagoon. The
               overall purpose of the program is to review changes in these characters of -the
               lagoon and record the condition of the various floral and faunal components of
               the lagoon over time. Very specific questions should be posed and answered by
               the monitoring program to evaluate the enhancement project in depth. These
               questions could include:

                                                    159
<pb n="193" />

                 -Recording bottom contours of the lagoon and their changes for evaluation of
                 siltation, tidal erosion and movement of sediments;

                 -Installation of stream flow and sediment gauges on San Marcos and Encinitas
                 Creek to assess sediment transport rates and possible relative increases or
                 decreases to particular changes in channel morphology or land developments;

                 -Measuring of basic water quality parameters to set a background chemical
                 picture and evaluate lagoon water quality changes and the relationship to
                 any changes observed in particular floral or faunal elements;

                 -Analysis of marsh plant species composition and its changes in time
                 following project construction;

                 -Evaluation of the rates of re-colonization of intertidal and subtidal zones.
                 by benthic organisms and measurements of the change in species diversity and
                 numbers over time;

                 -Analysis of fish species diversity and numbers and the use of the lagoon as
                 a nursery ground area, a feeding area for adult fish and other functions;

                 -Census of bird species, both migratory and resident, to record changes in
                 use over time. The census of migratory species should be coordinated with
                 similar studies at other coastal wetlands to allow for a regional
                 comparison;

                 -Surveys of nes ting endangered species and use of the lagoon by endangered
                 species.

             There are numerous other questions which could be asked and answered by a
             monitoring program as well.

             It is our recommendation that wetland scientists, such as those involved in the
             Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory at Tijuana Estuary, and biologists from
             the Corps, Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and
             National Marine Fisheries Service evaluate the specific features of the lagoon
             requiring monitoring.

             INTERMITTENT TIDAL ALTERNATIVE

             Under this alternative, the lagoon would receive tidal flows on an intemittent
             rather than a continuous basis. The plan for this alternative would employ a
             greater amount of maintenance of the lagoon channel and less initial dredging
             than the three fully tidal alternatives. The management of tidal flows into
             the lagoon would be based on maximizing migratory bird habitat.

             The Conservancy received several requests to include this additional
             alternative in the Enhancement Plan. We have described the concept of an
             intermittent tidal system. However, this alternative has not received the
             detailed analysis of the other three tidal alternatives.

                                                   160
<pb n="194" />

                Alternative Four Limited Dredging Plan

                Under this alternative, the lagoon would be dredged but to a lesser degree than
                under Alternative Three. The middle and western basins would be similar to
                Alternative Three in their composition of subtidal and intertidal habitats.
                Dredging of the eastern basin would maximize the intertidal area. Only enough
                dredging would be completed to deepen the lagoon to create intertidal
                elevations below the vegetated marsh area and a narrow subtidal/flood control
                channel. This channel would extend from the mouth of San Marcos Creek to the
                1-5 bridge and could'be as narrow as 50-100 feet. The channel would be dredged
                to -6.0 feet MSL and would have side slopes of 1:6. The remaining area of the
                dredging zone, about 250-260 acres, would be dredged at a nearly flat contour
                to an intertidal zone with.elevations of -2.5 feet to +2.5 feet MSL. This
                configuration represents a minimum dredging plan for the lagoon.

                The habitat acreages would total:

                         Salt marsh                                                 141 acres
                         Freshwater marsh                                            33 acres
                         Least Tern sites                                            34 acres
                         Subtidal/deep water (-2.5 ft to -8.0 ft)                 35-45 acres
                         Intertidal/shallow water (-2.5 ft to +2.5 ft)          338-348 acres

                The potential mean tidal prism created by this alternative would be 30 million
                cubic feet and the potential mean diurnal tidal prism would be 40 million cubic
                feet. The hydrologic function of the lagoon under this system would differ
                from a continuously tidal system. Due to the smaller tidal prism, the lagoon
                mouth would close periodically as the channel filled with sand from ocean
                waves. There is no assured method to predict how often the channel would
                close; however, this alternative would lie within the "frequently closed"        area
                of Figure 7. The modeling results indicate that with a smaller tidal prism,
                the low water elevation in the lagoon would not alter significantly from the
                level outside the lagoon. This feature is due to the smaller tidal prism which
                would drain out at low tide.

                Once the mouth was closed, the-drag bucket channel maintenenace system could be
                used to clear the lagoon mouth. This system can only be operated during calm
                seas so a series of winter storms could prevent the lagoon mouth from being re
                opened for several weeks. During the time the lagoon mouth was closed,
                freshwater from storms could fill the lagoon as it presently does. Very large
                storms would probably cause the mouth to open due to the large volume of water
                in the lagoon. If the mouth did not open naturally or was not opened
                mechanically, rising lagoon water levels could pose flood problems along San
                Marcos Creek.

                It is difficult to predict how the lagoon would function under this system.
                When the mouth remains open, a tidal system would be created. The intertidal
                mudflats and subtidal channel would be colonized by marine invertebrates and
                fish species as described for the tidal alternatives. These invertebrates and
                fish provide a consistent food base for migratory birds using the lagoon.
                However, when the mouth closes, the water quality in the lagoon would change
                depending upon how long the mouth remains closed and in what season. During

                                                        161
<pb n="195" />

             winter storms of moderate size, it is probable the mouth could close due to
             strong wave action, but freshwater inflows to the lagoon would not be great
             enough to scour the channel. The lagoon would then change from a marine system
             to a brackish to nearly freshwater system. The marine invertebrates and fish
             which had colonized the lagoon would be killed by this shift in salinity
             levels. Depending upon how long the lagoon remains closed, a brackish water
             fauna of invertebrates could develop over a period of months. More likely,
             however, the lagoon would be reopened to a tidal system before a true brackish
             system could develop. In add1tion to a change in salinity and water quality,
             water depths in the lagoon could be variable. The lagoon could fill with
             freshwater to create water depths of 8-12 feet over the lower intertidal and
             subtidal area.    A closure of the lagoon mouth during summer months could
             result in hypersaline conditions. Closure during summer and fall would result
             in a drying out of the upper intertidal and salt marsh areas. If salinity
             levels become too extreme (50 ppt.) the marine invertebrates and fish could die
             or greatly decrease in numbers.

             During mouth closure, all the fine sediments which enter the lagoon during a
             storm would be deposited in the lagoon. The proposed sediment management
             system can only catch heavy sediment in basins; fine sediment can be carried
             out to sea on the tide. However, the combination of mouth closure with
             freshwater and sediment inflow could result in substantial filling of the
             lagoon over time.

             There are two local examples of these types of changes in a lagoon system. Los
             Penasquitos Lagoon in the City of San Diego has been closed to continuous tidal
             action for many years. This lagoon has a large watershed and it often floods
             during winter storms and the mouth may open naturally. The mouth rarely stays
             open more than a few days. As part of an enhancement project, the lagoon mouth
             periodically was opened with a bulldozer and a year-long monitoring program
             measuring water quality, benthic invertebrates, fish and bird populations was
             conducted (Greenwald and Britton, 1987). This monitoring program found that
             following the intermittent mouth openings in the winter and spring, the lagoon
             was rapidly.colonized by marine invertebrates and fish. During summer and
             fall, once the mouth closed, the water gradually became more hypersaline
             resulting in a drastic lowering of fish and invertebrates species diversity and
             numbers. The greatest change in the system came following a fall rainstorm
             when the lagoon flooded with freshwater. This sudden drop in salinity killed
             most of the marine invertebrates and fish which had colonized the lagoon. The
             overall effect of this die-off on the birds using the lagoon was unclear. The
             recommendation of this monitoring study was to prolong the tidal inflows to the
             lagoon to create a more stable and diverse system.

             A second, more intensively studied example comes from Tijuana Estuary. Tijuana
             Estuary is a National Estuarine Research Reserve on the California/Mexico
             border. Scientists from San Diego State University have monitored various
             components of the estuary for many years (Nordby, 1987). This estuary has been
             open to continuous tidal action for a number of years and closes infrequently.
             However, in January, 1983, high tides and surf closed the estuary mouth. The
             mouth was subsequently dredged and closed again in April, 1984. Monitoring of
             benthic invertebrates, fish and water quality over this entire period found
             that, following closure, water salinities elevated to greater than 100 ppt.

                                                   162
<pb n="196" />

               Nearly all the intertidal invertebrates were killed and several fish species
               were no longer found. Over several years, fish populations were shown to be
               affected by the mouth closure with low relative abundance of some species. The
               invertebrate populations showed the effects of the die-off 18-24 months after
               the closure and reopening and had not recovered to the density and size classes
               of pre-closure conditions (Nordby, 1987). The overall recommendations of this
               study were to "maintain tidal flushing while minimizing the frequency of
               maintenance dredge operations" and to maintain an open estuary mouth to insure
               the health of the system.

               If Alternative Four is implemented, maintaining an open channel mouth may be
               difficult. The drag bucket system requires mobilization of equipment and
               personnel and up to several days operation to clear the channel. It can not be
               operated under even moderately heavy seas and when in operation is a safety
               hazard to ocean swimmers. Therefore, the beach area would have to be closed or
               continuously patrolled during operation. Despite these constraints, it may be
               possible to re-open the lagoon channel promptly following closure if all             V
               conditions are right.

               As with the other tidal alternatives, the features of the operation and
               maintenance program would remain the same, land ownership, sediment control,
               monitoring and construction methods would be similar to the previous
               discussion.

               No Project Alternative

               The No Project Alternative would leave the lagoon in  its present state with no
               enhancement. The lagoon would continue to function as a seasonal wetland and
               be dependent upon freshwater inflows for its primary water source. The water
               quality problems which currently exist would continue. Probably the greatest
               change which would occur, barring any other enhancement proposals, would be the
               slow filling of the lagoon with sediment. Given present sedimentation rates,
               our estimates show the entire lagoon will fill to the +4.0 foot MSL elevation
               in 30-50 years. Any inc 'reases in sedimentation due to watershed development
               would shorten the lagoon's lifespan. During the time the lagoon is filling in,
               it will change from a salt marsh/salt flat dominated basin to a shallower water
               area with a larger marsh area. This trend is demonstrated by the continued
               growth of the vegetated delta at the mouth of San Marcos and Encinitas Creek
               As the elevation of the marsh increases with the deposition of new sediment,
               riparian trees and upland will become prominent. Eventually, the shallow water
               areas will be completely filled in. Any activities in the watershed to lower
               sedimentation rates would prolong the life of the lagoon.

                                                    163
<pb n="197" />

             IV. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

             INTRODUCTION

             Once constructed, the Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement project will be one of the
             largest and most costly habitat enhancement projects ever undertaken. It will
             require a number of permits, agency agreements, landowner agreements and the
             establishment of several funding mechanisms. This section outlines and
             discusses the steps which must occur before construction may begin on the
             project, the steps which will follow and what alternative funding mechanisms
             are available. The general implementation strategy is summarized below and the
             remainder of this section discusses each feature in detail.

             Overview

             All three of the tidal alternatives are estimated to cost between eight and
             fifteen million dollars to design, construct and provide for an operation and
             maintenance fund. It is only possible to implement a project of this magnitude
             because the lagoon is able to serve a dual purpose. Implementation of this
             plan would provide mitigation credits to the Port of Los Angeles and the
             Pacific-Texas Pipeline Company (PacTex). These two entities have proposed a
             landfill project in the Port of Los Angeles to create a terminal for an oil
             pipeline. The site they plan to fill is presently a subtidal habitat with
             certain values to fish, benthic animals and birds. Under the permit processes
             for Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and the California Coastal Act, the Port
             and PacTex must re-create or mitigate for the habitat they plan to fill. The
             ratio at which they compensate for the fill is determined by the Corps of
             Engineers, the three Resource Agencies (Department of Fish and Game [DFG],
             National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS], and U.S Fish and Wildlife Service
             [FWS]), and the Coastal Commission through the permit review process. These
             same agencies also determine where the mitigation may take place and what types
             of habitats the Port and PacTex may create and receive mitigation credits.

             As discussed in Section III (Enhancement Plan Process), the three Resource
             Agencies identified Batiquitos Lagoon as an appropriate site for Port and
             PacTex mitigation and determined the acreages of habitat types needed to
             conserve the current habitat values at the lagoon. Additional habitat values
             which could be created by an enhancement project could become credits for the
             Port and PacTex to use in mitigating for landfills in the Port area. The
             habitat values and credit system are numerically determined through the use of
             the Habitat Evaluation Procedure, or HEP process, and are usually determined by
             the three Resource Agencies.

             The main agreement to implement both the PacTex fill project and the Batiquitos
             Lagoon Enhancement project is a Mitigation Agreement (MA) among the various
             government agencies who must approve the project. The agencies who must sign
             the MA are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Fish and Game,
             State Lands Commission, City of Carlsbad, Port of Los Angeles, and National
             Marine Fisheries Service. This agreement is a required attachment to both the
             Corps' 404 Permit and the Coastal Development Permit for the PacTex landfill
             project. These two permitting agencies must approve the conditions of the MA.

                                                  164
<pb n="198" />

              In addition to the MA, a number of other agreements and actions must occur
              before the enhancement project can go forward. These include: transfer of
              private lands in the lagoon enhancement area to the State Lands Commission;
              conservation easements over the sediment basin sites on Encinitas and San
              Marcos Creek; a conservation easement over the riparian corridor on Green
              Valley; an agreement with the State Department of Parks and Recreation allowing
              for construction and maintenance of a permanent open channel through the beach
              and for disposal of sand spoils on state property; an agreement with the County
              of San Diego to allow construction of the lagoon channel on their property;
              review of utility easements crossing the lagoon and relocation or protection of
              utilities as necessary; encroachment permits from CalTrans; any agreements.
              necessary to implement the spoils disposal methods once they are determined;
              and certification of a final EIR/EIS for the project.

              The Port and PacTex will not be involved in funding or constructing any public
              access improvements at the lagoon nor will they be involved in implementing the
              non-structural erosion control measures. These two plan features are also
              discussed herein.

              The following discussion outlines the steps necessary to implement an
              enhancement project and the agencies responsible for various actions and the
              funding sources. This information is outlined in Table 24.

              PROJECT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

              The enhancement plan contains several a conceptual plans for the lagoon. It is
              based on the best data currently available but several design issues are still
              unresolved. Additional studies are needed to complete engineering plans for
              construction of the lagoon project. An Environemental Impact Report (EIR) must
              also be prepared on the enhancement project before it can go forward.

              Institutional Arrangements

              While the Port of Los Angeles has recognized its responsibility to fund these
              preliminary studies and project construction, they have stated their
              unwillingness to be the primary implementing agency for the project. They
              prefer that another state or local agency take on this responsibility to
              oversee. and carry out the necessary studies and construct the project.

              After several rounds of negotiations, a system of responsibility has been
              worked out. The City of Carlsbad has agreed to serve as the implementing
              agency for the lagoon project. In this capacity it will: 1) hire consultants,
              2) oversee completion of the needed studies; 3) prepare engineering plans; 4)
              gain the necessary permits, approval, agreements and easements; 5) award the
              construction bids; 6) oversee construction of the project; and 7) assure that
              the final constructed product is consistent with the enhancement plan and any
              amendments to the Enhancement Plan agreed to by all parties. The City began
              the needed engineering and environmental studies in June, 1987.

              The Corps of Engineers will complete a seperate EIS to fulfill its requirements
              under NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act. The Corps will prepare,
              circulate, take public comments and certify the EIS.

                                                    165
<pb n="199" />

              Preliminary Studies

              As discussed in Section III, there are a number of additional studies and tests
              required before the project can proceed to the construction phase. These.
              include:

                 1)   Environmental Impact Report (EIRVEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS)
                      An EIR/EIS must be done to determine the effects of the project,
                      including the short-term effects of construction, and to identify
                      needed mitigation measures. The findings of the EIR/EIS will determine
                      the preferred environmental alternative for enhancement of the lagoon.
                      The City of Carlsbad will act as lead agency for the EIR and the Corps
                      of Engineers will act as lead agency for the EIS.

                 2)   Soils Testing, Preliminary Engineering and Determination of
                      Construction Methods.
                      A Very preliminary review of construction methods for an enhancement
                      project are outlined in this plan. Before these methods can be
                      definately determined, the sediments in the lagoon bottom which are to
                      be dredged must be tested. Elutriate, bioassay, grain size coring
                      (east basin only) and soil engineering tests are needed. These tests
                      will determine the exact amounts of the various size materials (sand
                      vs. clay and silt) to be disposed of and whether any toxins or heavy
                      metals occur in significant quantities in the spoils. This information
                      is necessary to identify a spoils disposal sch.-me.

                      Preliminary engineering studies are needed to identify the costs and
                      schedule for various methods of construction and the various
                      alternatives. The findings of these studies will then be evaluated as
                      part of the EIR/EIS and a preferred alternative chosen. Preliminary
                      engineering studies are also needed to determine what type of
                      protective measures are necessary for the Highway 101 bridge, railroad
                      bridge and 1-5 bridge. There is a large natural gas line which crosses
                      the western lagoon (see Figure G) which must either be relocated or
                      protected during construction. Engineering studies should address
                      these isssues and determine if there are any other impediments to
                      project construction. These preliminary studies are currently underway
                      (July, 1987).

                 3)   Permits and Agreements
                      Once the City of Carlsbad certifies the final EIR, they may apply for a
                      Section 404 Permit from the Corps and a Coastal Development Permit from
                      the Coastal Commission. The permitting agencies will review these
                      applications, evaluate them against their policies, issue public
                      notices, take comments, hold public hearings (mandatory by the Coastal
                      Commission, upon request by the Corps) and render a decision.

                      A permit from the Air Resources Control Board may be required in order
                      to construct the project. The need for this permit will be determined
                      by the construction methods used and mitigation measured will be
                      outlined in the EIR/EIS.

                                                     166
<pb n="200" />

                       The City must also apply for an operating permit to construct the
                       project on state property. Since both the.State Lands Commission  and
                       the Department of Fish and Game (who will become the major owners of
                       the lagoon) are parties to the MA, no special operating agreements will
                       be necessary for these two agencies. However, the Department of Parks
                       and Recreation must grant the City permission to:

                            1) dispose of any dredge spoils on their beaches or use the beach
                            for a haul road or other construction use;

                            2) cut a lagoon channel through,any part of the State Park
                            property., line it with riprap and fence it. This channel will
                            separate the beach into two sections and separate access from
                            Highway 101 must be available to each side to allow for lifeguard
                            and maintenance patrols. Resolution of this specific issue will
                            be evaluated in the EIR/EIS. The channel will also change water
                            velocities and currents in the ocean immediately-adjacent to the
                            lagoon mouth. A restriction on swimming in this area may be
                            required;

                            3) install the proposed offshore block and tackle and drag-bucket
                            system and to operate this system. When operating, this system
                            poses a safety'hazard for swimmers. There is also a need to be
                            able to set up and operate this system as soon as possible after
                            the lagoon mouth closes. The City and Department of Fish and
                            Game, as part of the operating agreement, must negotiate a method
                            of installing and using this system which is agreeable to the
                            Parks Department.

                       The County of San Diego presently owns a 2.4 acre parcel at the mouth
                       of the lagoon. The City will need to secure an agreement from it
                       allowing for permanent use of the land as a constructed lagoon opening.
                       For liability and other reasons, the best solution would be for the
                       County to transfer the title of this parcel.to the State Lands
                       Commission for inclusion in the Batiquitos Lagoon Ecological Reserve
                       and management by the Department of Fish and Game. If this transfer
                       cannot be accomplished, the Department of Fish and Game will need a
                       long-term agreement with the County to allow for maintenance of the
                       lagoon channel and the City will need an agreement to allow
                       construction.

                       The spoils disposal program outlined in the preliminary engineering
                       studies and EIR/EIS could require a number of permits depending upon
                       its features. Some possibilities are: 1) temporary spreading of the
                       silt and clay spoils on adjacent private lands which will require
                       license agreements with each landowner specifying allowable uses of
                       land, liability, schedule of removal, etc.; 2) agreements with local
                       landfill operators to accept a certain amount of spoils; 3) a permit
                       from the Environmental Protection Agency for ocean disposal; and 4) an
                       agreement with private landowners to permanently accept spoils as non-
                       structural or landscape fill. As part of the preliminary engineering,
                       the City of Carlsbad must secure the proper type of agreement(s) to

                                                    167
<pb n="201" />

                     allow for the specific method of disposal to be used.

                     Depending upon final engineering drawings and construction methods, an
                     Encroachment Permit from CalTrans may be needed. This permit allows
                     for passage through and construction in a CalTrans right-of-way. For
                     example,.any fortification of the 1-5 or Highway 101 bridges would
                     require an Encroachment Permit.

                     Construction of the s6diment basins at Pireaus and Eolus at 1-5
                     definitely will require Encroachment Permits from CalTrans, both for
                     construction and maintenance.

                     The City must obtain either a conservation easement or fee title to the
                     areas proposed for sediment basins on San Marcos Creek, and Encinitas
                     Creek. Due to the level of construction and maintenance, a license
                     agreement with these landowners will not be adequate. Once a
                     conservation easement or fee title is gained, it should be transfered
                     either to the State Lands Commission or the Department of Fish and
                     Game. In addition, a conservation easement should be recorded, in
                     favor of the City, for the riparian corridor on Encinitas Creek in
                     Green Valley to permanently protect this portion of the stream and
                     retain its sediment holding function.

                     A stream alteration permit from the Department of Fish and Game will be
                     required prior to construction of the sediment basins on Encinitas and
                     San Marcos Creek.

                     The City, as implementing agency, would be responsible for gaining all
                     these approvals and agreements. In any instance where maintenence is
                     involved, the Department of Fish and Game should be party to the
                     agreement as well.

                4)   Engineerinq Plans
                     The City's engineering consultants will prepare very detailed
                     engineering plans to guide the construction of the project. These
                     plans will outline'exact dredging contours; fortification measures for
                     bridges and pipelines; diagrams for the freshwater marsh levee,
                     sediment basins, and lagoon channel, and a spoils disposal program.
                     The three Resources Agencies will review and comment on these plans
                     when they are completed. Because these plans are the working drawings
                     for construction of the enhanced lagoon, their accuracy and conformance
                     to the enhancement plan are essential to a successful project.

                5)   Construction
                     The City will evaluate contractor bids for the dredging project once
                     the engineering plans are completed. Construction of the project will
                     involve dredging of the lagoon, construction of the freshwater marsh,
                     construction of the sediment basins and weir, creation of the Least
                     Tern islands, the lagoon channel, and other features.

                     Once construction is completed, the Resource Agencies, Port of L.A.,
                     Corps and Coastal Commission must certify the project is complete and

                                                  168
<pb n="202" />

                       in conformance with permit requirements. Differences between the final
                       project and the permitted project must be rectified between the City
                       and these parties or corrected.

               TRANSFER OF LAGOON LAND OWNERSHIP

               There are a number of issues and events which must take place regarding the
               transfer of lands within the lagoon from private parties to the State of
               California.

               One of the functions of the State Lands Commission is to oversee the use of    the
               tide and submerged lands of the state. They have made a determination that
               because the Port of Los Angeles derives its funds from use of state tide and
               submerged lands granted to the Port by the Legislature, that these funds can
               only be spent upon state lands. Therefore, the lands within the lagoon must      be
               transfered to the State Lands Commission before any Port funds can be expended
               on the project. The lands in question are owned by Hunt Properties Inc. and
               Mitsuuchi (see Figure F).

               The State Lands Commission has determined that the transfer of these lands may
               take several forms:

                  1)   Transfer the fee title of the property. Landowners who are not
                       required by any permit to dedicate their property may receive
                       substantial tax benefits for a contribution;

                  2)   Dedication of a broad conservation easement which restricts all    uses of
                       the land to those consistent with resource enhancement and which allows
                       for construction and maintenance of a lagoon enhancement project,
                       followed by dedication of the fee title upon final action on the
                       owners' development permit application;

                  3)   Placement of the land title in an escrow account jointly established by
                       the landowner and State Lands Commission with transfer of the title to
                       the state occuring at such time as either:

                            a) the owners' development application for adjacent lands receives
                            final action; or

                            b) the permits for the enhancment project are received;

                       Whichever action occurs first would trigger the transfer.

               At the present time, neither of the other landowners, HPI or Mitsuuchi, have
               fulfilled any of the three alternatives listed above. A fourth alternative,
               condemnation of the property by the local government, City of Carlsbad, is a
               last resort possibility and has not been reviewed fully or approved by the
               State Lands Commission.

               Once transferred into escrow, the State Lands Commission must vote to accept
               the land dedications. Theselands then become sovereign lands of the State of
               California. Unlike other categories of state-owned property, sovereign lands

                                                     169
<pb n="203" />

             cannot be deemed surplus by the Legislature and sold. The lagoon lands would
             be held in state ownership permanently.

             OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

             As currently proposed, the Department of Fish and Game would operate and
             maintain the completed lagoon project. Since the State Lands Commission would
             own the lagoon lands, they will lease the property to the Department of Fish
             and Game for a period of 49 years at a time. The lagoon would be managed by
             DFG as an Ecological Reserve for the explicit purpose of preserving in
             perpetuity the.fish and wildlife habitat values created by the enhancement
             project.

             The three Resource Agencies have stated that it is the Port/PacTex's
             responsibility to fund operation and maintenance of the lagoon for the life of
             the landfill project. In other terms, since the enhanced lagoon will serve as
             mitigation for the complete and permanent loss of habitat within the Port, the
             lagoon must be kept in its enhanced state for the same amount of time that the
             landfill remains in place. The life of the landfill project is estimated in
             the hundred year or greater range. For our purposes, this time frame
             represents a "permanent" status.

             Operation and maintenance activities are outlined in Section III and
             preliminary cost estimates are given. The responsibility for funding and
             method of funding operation and maintenance activities is outlined in the MA.

             Briefly, there are two accounts which would be established:

                 1. At the completion of construction, an annuity would be purchased by the
                 Port/PacTex which will provide $200,000 a year to DFG for maintenance of the
                 lagoon. This sum would be deposited in an escrow account accessible to DFG
                 and available only for maintenance of Batiquitos Lagoon. All the costs for
                 lagoon maintenance listed in Section III are average annual costs and in the
                 case of sediment control costs, can vary greatly depending upon the size of
                 storms and conditions in the watershed. Whatever portion of the $200,000
                 remains each year would be retained by DFG to be used in years when
                 maintenance costs are higher. The annuity would have a life of 30 years and
                 its initial cost will take inflation into account.

                 2. At the completion of construction an investment account would be created
                 by Port/PacTex. An initial sum would be placed in this investment account
                 and allowed to compound interest during the 30 year period in which the
                 annuity is used. At the end of the 30 year period, the total amount of the
                ,investment account would be transferred to the escrow account. This escrow,
                 which would then hold any remaining funds from the annuity and the entire
                 amount of the investment account, should provide enough funds for on-going
                 lagoon maintenance. The cost of the initial investment fund must take into
                 account inflation adjusted future costs.

             Monitoring

             The Department of Fish and Game would monitor the lagoon for a period of 5

                                                   170
<pb n="204" />

               years following construction as part of the operation and maintenance program.
               Monitoring is essential in a project this size to provide an objective
               information base for decision makers on future mitigation and enhancement
               projects.

               Under the Coastal Development Permit for the PacTex fill (Special Conditions
               2B), Port/PacTex is required to complete a monitoring program for the lagoon.
               The exact parameters of this program-are not outlined. Both the Commission and
               Corps staff have stated that the program should monitor biological and chemical
               changes at the lagoon as well as the physical changes. The Coastal Development
               Permit also requires "a mechanism to ensure that restoration efforts are
               successful." According to the Commission staff, "success" is meant to apply to
               the biological habitat values created by the project, not just the creation of
               certain dredged contours. Therefore, to fulfill these conditions and determine
               whether the restoration effort is successful or not will require implementation
               of a monitoring program by the Port/PacTex. Once monitoring data are compiled,
               an estimation of success may be made and if the project is not functioning as
               expected, the "mechanism" to ensure its success can be formulated. Without a
               thorough monitoring program, there will be no basis upon which to establish
               "success" and fulfill these specific conditions, These requirements will be
               further reviewed when the Coastal Commission considers the Mitigation Agreement
               and Enhancement Plan prior to releasing the PacTex fill permit.

               SEDIMENT CONTROL FACILITIES

               The plan proposes two types of measures for controlling sediment entering the
               lagoon -- structural and non-structural measures. The implementation of each
               of these measures requires distinctly different actions

               Structural Control Measures

               Section III of the plan outlines the need for four sediment basins and
               protection of the Encinitas Creek riparian corridor.

               The four sediment basins described in,the structural control measures section
               of the plan will be funded by the Port of Los Angeles/PacTex as part of the
               lagoon enhancement project. These basins will be maintained by the Department
               of Fish and Game as part,of the Ecological Reserve. In their implementation of
               the project, the City of Carlsbad will have to gain a conservation easement
               over the private lands at the site of the Encinitas and San Marcos Creek
               basins. The City must gain CalTrans approval for the installation of
               facilities on the drainage ditches at Eolus and Piraeus bordering 1-5. The
               City will need to record a conservation easement over the riparian corridor on
               Encinitas Creek in Green Valley and condition adjacent development accordingl
               to fully protect its sediment retention function.

               The other basins pictured in Figure I are either already built or are proposed
               as part of another development project. The Sammis Properties development
               which includes one new basin has received its tentative map approval and all
               needed permits and will begin construction this year. The HPI development
               project, which proposes three new basins, has just begun the'environmental
               review process. Should this project not go forward, the enhancement plan

                                                    171
<pb n="205" />

              should be amended to allow construction of these basins as part of the
              enhancement project. All the basins which are currently in place appear to be
              functioning properly with the exception of the basin on Saxony Road. This
              basin is oversized and is causing downstream bank erosion and gullying. The
              inlets and outlets of the basin should be changed or other measures taken by
              the owner to correct this problem.

              Non-Structural Control Measures

              Joint Powers Committee

              Presently, there is no single jurisdiction or government agency which has
              control over the lagoon watershed. In order to create a forum for discussion
              of watershed issues and cooperative action between the four jurisdictions, a
              Joint Powers Committee should form. The Committee would be advisory in nature
              and two council members/supervisors from each city and the county would sit on
              the Committee. A staff member from the planning and engineering departments of
              each city would attend meetings as well as representatives from the Department
              of Fish and Game, Army Corps of Engineers, and other interested parties. The
              Committee would work toward implementing erosion control measures in the
              Batiquitos Lagoon watershed.

              This concept has worked successfully in the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed where
              a Joint Powers Committee has advised the three cities in that watershed on
              erosion issues. The Conservancy helped to form this committee and would assist
              in forming one for the Batiquitos Lagoon watershed.
              The next action needed to implement better erosion control in the watershed is
              the revision of existing erosion control ordinances in the cities of
              Encinitas/Carlsbad and San Marcos and San Diego County as outlined in the
              watershed plan. Additional changes in administrative procedures to require
              better erosion control measures should be implemented by the local
              jurisdiction. These are discussed in the Watershed Plan

              Agricultural Resource Management Practices

              Typically, the Resource Management Practices (RMPs) outlined in this plan would
              be implemented on agricultural lands by the voluntary actions of landowners.
              These RMPs have been promulgated to farmers by the Soil Conservation Service
              for at least the last thirty years. While some farmers may be utilizing some
              of these practices, it is our observation that this is generally unheeded
              advice. Therefore, in the absence of voluntary use of such practices, it is up
              to the local jurisdictions to decide if an ordinance is needed to implement
              Resource Management Practices on agricultural lands in the watershed. It seems
              particularly unfair to require erosion control practices for developing land
              while equally bad erosion problems go unregulated on agricultural lands.

              If such an ordinance is deemed desirable by local jurisdictions, the ordinance
              should contain provisions requiring the following actions:

                                                   172
<pb n="206" />

                  1)   Each landowner should file a soil erosion plan designed by either the
                       Soil Conservation Service or a registered civil engineer. The plan
                       should outline the locations of erosion control measures to be
                       implemented on the site and a description of how the specific
                       agricultural use will be practiced in conformance with these measures
                       (conservation tillage, cover crops, etc.). This plan shall be filed
                       with the local engineering department and revised to meet their
                       comments.

                  2)   The City Engineer or staff should periodically inspect the site to
                       assure the plan is being enforced. Landowners found in violation of
                       their plans shall be notified and appropriate actions taken. Penalties
                       for non-compliance should be set by the local jurisdiction.

               Floodplain Management

               The criteria outlined  in the watershed plan can be implemented by the drafting
               of an ordinance which  would regulate the manner in which stream channels can be
               modified. The process for adoption of a new ordinance does not vary
               considerably from the process for revising an ordinance outlined above.

               The implementation of  these criteria through an ordinance is much preferred to
               implementation by simple adoption of the watershed plan. The plan only serves
               as a guideline to review of a development project by city staff. An ordinance
               is a regulatory measure wh'ich requires compliance through the land development
               process.

               Stormwater Management

               The criteria set for stormwater management would be implemented in the same way
               as the floodplain management criter  ia (see Watershed Plan for details).

               PUBLIC ACCESS

               The public access program of the plan includes facilities along both the north
               and south shores of the lagoon. Implementation of this program will require
               actions by both public and private parties.

               North Shore Trail

               Beginning in the east at the trailhead, the Conservancy holds an open space
               easement over the ten acre parcel owned by Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores.
               This open space easement has provisions for a public access easement. A public
               agency must accept and record the public access easement.

               There are two likely candidates for accep  tance of the public open space
               easements in the lagoon: The City of Carlsbad or the Batiquitos Lagoon
               Foundation. Once either of these entities records the easement, the trail may
               be improved and other facilities installed. We suggest that whichever entity
               decides to accept the trail easement, it work with the Conservancy regarding
               funding for needed access improvements.

                                                     173
<pb n="207" />

              The next section of the trail follows the existing dirt road through private
              property held by Mitsuuchi and Murphy. The plan proposes no improvements in
              this section. It is our understanding however, that the public has a
              prescriptive right to use this road without a recorded public access easement.

              The next section of the trail follows the road and the shoreline through the
              HPI development. Depending upon the outcome of the City of Carlsbad and
              Coastal Commission permit actions on this development, HPI may be required to
              dedicate a public access eas6inent following this alignment. HPI may also be
              required to construct and improve the trail and provide for its maintenance.
              Once again, either the City of Carlsbad or the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation may
              accept the access easement and, if HPI is not required to construct the trail,
              either entity may apply for Conservancy funds to complete needed construction.
              Review and approval by the Conservancy Board is required to obtain funding for
              access improvements. Should the City or the Foundation install the access
              improvements on the trail it would have to maintain the improvements.

              The trail then follows the road onto the Savage property to Lagoon Lane. Once
              again, the outcome of the Savage development proposal will largely determine
              what type of action is required by public agencies to develop public access
              facilities on this property.

              The next section of the trail is located in the western lagoon and stretches
              from the trailhead in the Sammis development to the corner of the lagoon
              bordering 1-5. Sammis Properties, under their coastal permit, is required to
              dedicate a public access easement and to construct this trail. An encroachment
              permit from CalTrans may be needed to construct the viewing platform in the
              eastern corner of this trail. Again, either the City of Carlsbad or the
              Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation may accept the public access easement but, in this
              case, Sammis Properties is required to construct the trail and provide for its
              maintenance unless a public agency agrees to accept the maintenance
              responsibility.

              The final section of the trail stretches from the trailhead to Highway 101,
              crossing over the railroad with a pedestrian bridge. The trail will follow the
              blufftop and, under their coastal permit, Sammis Properties is required to
              dedicate a public access easement and construct and maintain the trail. The
              City of Carlsbad or Lagoon Foundation should accept the access easement for the
              trail and may consider taking over the management as well. The bridge over the
              railroad will be an expensive construction project, costing between $300,000 -
              $500,000. Due to its large expense, it is possible that the Conserevancy Board
              could consider funding for a portion of the bridge. However, Sammis
              Properties would be required to construct all of the blufftop trail. They
              should also pay for a portion or all of the bridge, as well as any interpretive
              stations, benches, or other ammenities included in their plans. A permit from
              the Public Utilities Commission and an agreement with Santa Fe Railway Company
              will be needed prior to construction of the railroad bridge.

              The two tentative trail alignments under 1-5 and under Highway 101 are not
              proposed for implementation at this time. However, either the City of Carlsbad
              or the Lagoon Foundation may investigate the costs and requirements for these
              trails and begin the implementation process.

                                                   174
<pb n="208" />

              South Shore Facilities

              The two access improvements suggested by the plan for the south shore of the
              lagoon are: 1) a bike lane be provided during the widening of La Costa Avenue;
              2) interpretive facilities be constructed at the CalTrans Park and Ride lot.

              The City of Carlsbad is currently building a road widening project for La Costa
              Boulevard which would include a bike lane and a sidewalk.

              Interpretive facilities at the CalTrans lot could be installed through a
              Conservancy grant to either the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation or the City  of
              Carlsbad. An encroachment permit from CalTrans would be needed prior to
              construction.

              In summary,.the Conservancy proposes that either the City of Carlsbad or  the
              Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation accept the offers to dedicate public access
              easements on the Rancho La Costa/Newport Shores property and the Sammis
              Property and, if required, those offered on the HPI and Savage property.
              Depending upon permit requirements, public funds could be expended to build
              access improvements where developers are not required to build them. The one
              proposed exception is the railroad bridge on the Sammis Property where the high
              cost of the bridge could be borne by both the developer and public funding upon
              approval by the Conservancy Board.

              Negotiations between various landowners, the Conservancy, the City of Carlsbad,
              CalTrans, Santa Fe Railway Company, and the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation will
              be forthcoming to implement the public access plan.

                                                    175
<pb n="209" />

                                                   Tabl e 24

                                           Implementation Program
                                   BatiQuitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

     Implementation          Responsible                Funding               Actions
     Element                   Agency                   Source                Reguired

     LAGOON CONSTRUCTION

     Signing of              Port of L.A.,               N/A
     mitigation              City of Carlsbad,
     agreement               U.S. Fish and
     by all                    Wildlife Service
     parties                 National Marine
                               Fisheries Service,
                             Department of
                               Fish and.Game,
                             State Lands Commission

     Approval of             Coastal Commission          N/A                  1. The Coastal Commission
     Mitigation              Corps of Engineers                               final permit approval will
     Agreement by                                                             be held during a public
     Coastal                                                                  meeting; a public meeting
     Commission and                                                           is not necessary for the
     the Corps and                                                            Corps permit
     release of
     Pac/Tex permits

     Transfer of             State Lands Commission      N/A                  1. Owners may execute one
     lagoon land from                                                         of three different types
     private owners                                                           of agreements to begin
     to State of                                                              transfer process
     California

     Establishment           Port of L.A./PacTex         N/A                  1. Use of these accounts
     oF special              City of Carlsbad                                 is outlined in the
     accounts for                                                             Mitigation Agreement
     Batiquitos
     project

     Completion of           City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex           1. EIR and studies must
     EIR, preliminary                                                         evaluate condition and
     studies and                                                              constituents of lagoon
     preliminary                                                              bottom sediments, various
     engineering                                                              construction methods,
     study                                                                    spoils disposal methods,
                                                                              channel safety issues,
                                                                              short-term construction
                                                                              impacts and beach access
                                                                              issues amongst  others

                                                       176
<pb n="210" />

                                                  Table 24 (continued)

                                           Implementation Program
                                   Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

     Implementation         Responsible                Funding             Actions
     Element                  Agency                   Source-             Reouired

     LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

                                                                           2. Preliminary engineering
                                                                           studies will.determine the
                                                                           need for bridge
                                                                           fortifications, need for
                                                                           relocation of gas pipeline
                                                                           which crosses lagoon and
                                                                           cost estimates for project
                                                                           construction
                                                                           3. Following CEQA
                                                                           procedures, the City of
                                                                           Carlsbad will certify the
                                                                           final EIR
                            Coastal Conservancy         N/A                4. Lagoon  enhancement plan
                                                                           will be amended if needed
                                                                           to incorporate changes in
                                                                           project resulting
                                                                           from EIR/EIS
     Completion of          Corps of Engineers Port of LA/PacTex
     EIS

     Permit                 City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. City will apply for
     applications                                                          Coastal Development Permit
     and agreements                                                        and Army Corps of
     required for                                                          Engineers permit, Air
     Quality project                                                       permit and any additional
                                                                           permits required for
                                                                           disposal of,dredge spoils
                                                                           2. City must negotiate:
                                                                           a) operating agreement wit
                                                                          Dept. of Parks and
                                                                          Recreation
                                                                          b) long-term operating
                                                                          agreement or transfer of
                                                                          fee title for land at
                                                                          lagoon mouth held by County
                                                                          of San Diego
                                                                          c) encroachment permit from
                                                                          CalTrans
                                                                          d) agreements for disposal
                                                                          of clay/silt dredge spoils
                                                                          on private lands
                                                                          e) 1601 stream alteration

                                                    177
<pb n="211" />

                                                 Table 24 (continued)

                                          Implementation Program
                                  Batiquitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

    Implementation          Responsible               Funding              Actions
    Element                   Agency                  Source               Reguired

    LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

                                                                           agreement with DFG for
                                                                           construction of sediment
                                                                           basins
                                                                           f) conservation easements
                                                                           or title title to land for
                                                                           sediment basins on San
                                                                           Marcos and Encinitas Creek
                                                                          and over the riparian
                                                                          corridor in Green Valley on
                                                                          Encinitas Creek

    Preparation             City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. The three Resource
    of final                                                               Agencies must review and
    engineering                                                            approve engineering design
    specifications
    and bid documents

    Construction            City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex
    bids and letting
    of contracts

    Construction            City of Carlsbad,    Port of LA/PacTex         1. The three Resource
    of lagoon project                                                      Agencies, Coastal
                                                                           Commission, and Corps must
                                                                           certify the project
                                                                           complete and in accordance
                                                                           with permit requirements

    Deptartment of          Deptartment of       Port of LA/PacTex         1. Dept of Fish and Game
    Fish and Game             Fish and Game      Operation and             and State Lands Commission
    becomes                 State Lands           Maintenance              and must sign a 49 year
    operations                Commission           Account                 2. Yearly maintenance
    and                                                                    activities carried out
    maintenance
    agency for
    Batiquitos
    Lagoon

                                                     178
<pb n="212" />

                                                  Table 24 (continued)

                                           Implementation Program
                                   Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

      Implementation         Responsible               Funding              Actions
      Element                  Agency                  Source               Reguired

      LAGOON CONSTRUCTION (continued)

      Monitoring             Deptartment of       Port of LA/PacTex         1. A monitoring program
      Program begins           Fish and Game      Operation and             is required as   part of the
                             Scientific            Maintenance              Coastal Development Permit
                               researchers          Account                 and Corps Permit
                               interested in
                               conducting
                               additional
                               studies

      STRUCTURAL SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES

      Construction of        City of Carlsbad     Port of LA/PacTex         1. Land donation or
      sediment basins                                                       easement for basins
      outlined in                                                           on San Marcos and
      enhancement plan                                                      Encinitas Creek
                                                                            2. Agreement with CalTrans
                                                                            to modify cement channel t
                                                                           create Eolus and Piraeus
                                                                           basins
                                                                           3. Environmental review and
                                                                           construction for basins to
                                                                           be completed under
                                                                           contracts for lagoon
                                                                           enhancement project
                                                                           4. Maintenance will be per-
                                                                           formed by DFG with Port of
                                                                           LA/PacTex funding

      Construction of        City of Carlsbad     Sammis Properties         1. Basin is already a
      sediment basins        Coastal Commission        HPI                  condition of Sammis
      on private land                                                       permit approval
      along north                                                           2. Basins on HPI Propertie
      shore of lagoon                                                       should be made condition o
                                                                           Project approval
                                                                           3. Maintenance of private
                                                                           basins is responsibility of
                                                                           owner(s)

      Modification of        City of Encinitas         Owner                1. Request owner to modify
      Saxony Road            Coastal Commission                             basin to be consistent
      sediment basin                                                        with permit requirements
      to stop downstream                                                    under which basin was

                                                      179
<pb n="213" />

                                                 Table 24 (continued)

                                          Implementation Program
                                  Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

     Implementation         Responsible                Funding              Actions
     Element                  Agency                   Source               Reguired

     NON-STRUCTURAL EROSION CONTROL MEASURE-S (continued)

     erosion it                                                             constructed
     currently causes

     Adoption of            City of Carlsbad            N/A                 1. Review of plan and staf
     Batiquitos             City of San Marcos                              analysis
    Jagoon                  City of Encinitas                               2. City Council/Board of
     Watershed              County of San Diego                             Supervisors vote on plan
     Sediment                                                               adoption
     Control Plan

     Adoption of            City of San Marcos          N/A                 1. Review of ordinanace
     Excavation and         City of Encinitas                               revisions and processing
     Grading                County of San Diego                             as a zone code amendment
     ordinance                                                              2. City Council/Board of
     contain                                                                Supervisors vote on
     provisions of                                                          adoption of ordinance
     Carlsbad
     existing
     ordinance

     Revision of            City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Cities of Encinitas, Sa,
     ordinance to           City of San Marcos                              Marcos and County of San
     include three          City of Encinitas                               Diego should consider
     additional             County of San Diego                             revisions at same time as
     land                                                                   adoption of new ordinance
     devel ol pment
     erosion control
     measures
     recommended by
     Watershed Plan

     Adoption of            City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. May be accomplished by
     standard               City of San Marcos                              resolution from City
     conditions for         City of Encinitas                               Council/Board of Super-
     grading plans          County of San Diego                             visors or by directive
     which include                                                          from City Engineer or
     erosion control                                                        City Manager to staff
     measures
     recommended by
     Watershed Plan

                                                      180
<pb n="214" />

                                                   Table 24 (continued)

                                            Implementation Program
                                    Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement   Program

      Implementation         Responsible                Funding               Actions
      Element                   Agency                  Source-               Reguired

      NONSTRUCTURAL EROSION  CONTROL MEASURES (continued)

      Adoption of.a          City of Encinitas          N/A                   1. Review of ordinance
      Hillside               City of San Marcos                               2. City Council/Board of
      Development            County of San Diego                              Supervisors vote
      Ordinance              City of Carlsbad                                 3. Adoption of Special
      similar to that                                                         Conditions may be
      of City of                                                              accomplished by
      Carlsbad or                                                             directive to staff from
      adoption of                                                             City Manager or City
      Special                                                                 Engineer or resolution
      Conditions                                                              by City Council/Board
      for grading                                                             of Supervisors
      plans
      affecting
      steep lands

      Enforcement            City of Carlsbad          Unknown                1. City Council/Board of
      of grading             City of Encinitas                                Supervisors should budget
      ordinances             City of San Marcos                               adequate funding for
                             County of San Diego                              enforcement ment staff and
                                                                              direct staff to regularly
                                                                              inspect grading sites

      Possible adoption      City of Carlsbad             N/A                 1. Review of agricultural
      of ordinance for       City of San Marcos                               land erosion issues
      Resource Manage-       City of Encinitas                                2. Drafting of agricultura
      ment Practices         County of San Diego                              resource managment
                                                                              practices ordinance
                                                                              3. Ordinance review proces
                                                                             City Council/Board of
                                                                             Supervisors vote  on
                                                                             ordinance

      Adoption of            City of  Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Review of criteria and
      floodplain             City of  San Marcos                              staff analysis
      management             City of  Encinitas                               2. Drafting of floodplain
      criteria for           County of San Diego                              management ordinance to
      stream channels                                                         implement criteria
      and an ordinance                                                        through the development
      implementing                                                            permit process
      these criteria                                                          3. City Council/Board of
                                                                              Supervisors vote on
                                                                              ordinance

                                                       181
<pb n="215" />

                                                 Table 24 (continued)

                                          Implementation Program
                                  Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Program

    Implementation          Responsible               Funding               Actions
    Element                   Agency                  Source-               Reguired

    NONSTRUCTURAL EROSION   CONTROL MEASURES (continued)

    5. Adoption of          City of Carlsbad           N/A                  1. Same as floodplain
    stormwater              City of San Marcos                              management above
    management              City of Encinitas
    criteria for            County of San Diego
    new developments
    in the watershed
    and an ordinance
    implementing
    these criteria

    PUBLIC ACCESS PROGRAM

    Dedication of           Coastal Commission    Private Funding           1. Requirements for
    accessways and         -Sammis Properties                               dedication of a public
    construction and                                                        access easement and
    maintenance of                                                          construction of access
    improvements as                                                         improvements are a part
    parts of private                                                        of Sammis Properties
    developments                                                            coastal permit
    around the lagoon                                                       2. Similar requirements ma
                                                                           possibly be placed on
                                                                           permits for the HPI and
                                                                           Savage properties

    Adoption of             Coastal Conservancy     Conservancy             1. Potential applicants to
    the Final               City of Carlsbad             Fund               implement necessary
    Enhancement             Batiquitos Lagoon                               portions of the program
    Plan (following          Foundation                                     include City of Carlsbad
    Final EIR/EIS                                                           and the Batiquitos Lagoon
    Certification)                                                          Foundation
    by Conservancy
    Board and
    consideration  of
    possible funding
    of public access
    projects

                                                      182
<pb n="216" />

               ALTERNATIVE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

               Under the proposed Mitigation Agreement, the Port of L.A./PacTex may withdraw
               from the Batiquitos project for two reasons:

                  1) The costs of the Batiquitos project as   specified in the preliminary
               engineering studies or construction bids are   deemed "excessive" by the
               Port/PacTex; or

                  2) The permits or land interests require   dfor the Batiquitos project are not
               granted.

               The Port/PacTex would be required to identify   another mitigation site.                  or
               Although withdrawal of the Port from the Batiquitos project does not appear
               imminent, the possibility does-exist and alternative sources of funding would
               be required.

               Without Batiquitos Lagoon serving as a mitigation site, different types of
               funding would be needed. A degree of public funds from the Wildlife
               Conservation Board or the Conservancy could be applied to an enhancment
               project. However, the level of funding available would most likely not       exceed
               $2-3 million dollars.

               Another potential source of funds could come from the landowners adjacent to
               the lagoon. As part of their coastal permit requirements, Sammis Properties
               must pay a $5,000/acre mitigation fee to convert agricultural land to urban
               development. An amendment to the Coastal Act in January, 1985 created Section
               30171.5 and allowed for this provision which applies to portions of the Sammis
               Property and portions of the HPI property. Section 30171.5 specifically
               states:

                  "(a) The amount of the mitigation fee for development on nonprime
                  agricultural lands in the coastal   zone in the City of Carlsbad that lie
                  outside of the areas described in   subdivision (f) of Section 30170 and
                  subdivision (d) of Section 30171' shall be determined in the applicable
                  segment of the local coastal program of the City of Carlsbad, but shall be
                  not less than five,thousand dollars ($5,000), nor more than ten thousand
                  ,dollars ($10,000) per acre. All mitigation fees collected under this
                  section shall be deposited in the State Coastal Conservancy Fund.

                  "(b) All mitigation fees collected pursuant   -to'this section are hereby
                  appropriated to, and shall be expended by,,the State Coastal Conservancy in
                  the following order of priority:

                        (1) Restoration of natural resources and wildlife habitat in
                        Batiquitos Lagoon.

                        (2) Development of an interpretive center at Buena Vista Lagoon.

                        (3) Restoration of beaches managed for public use in the coastal      zone
                        in the City of Carlsbad.

                                                      183
<pb n="217" />

                      (4) Any other project or activity benefiting natural resources in the
                      coastal zone in the City of Carlsbad that is provided for in the local
                      coastal program of the City of Carlsbad."

             Under this section, funds from these Agricultural Mitigation fees could be
             applied to restoration of Batiquitos Lagoon. The maximum amount of funds
             available from this source will not be known until the coastal development
             permit for the HPI project is acted upon and the acres of mitigation area
             determined. The Carlsbad City Council may then determine the price per acre
             for the miti.gation fee. The funds are then paid into the Conservancy Fund for
             expenditure by the Conservancy Board in conformance with Section 30171.5.

             The combination of public funds and agricultural mitigation fees is unlikely to
             exceed $5-6 million dollars. The costs for Alternatives Three and Four are
             about $5-6 million dollars and this alternative could possibly be implemented.
             At such time as the Port/PacTex withdraws from the project or permits are not
             issued, the Conservancy, in conjunction with the Enhancement Group, will review
             the options for funding an enhancement project.

                                                   184
<pb n="218" />

                                                   APPENDIX A
                  List of Abbreviations Used in    Batiguitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan

                  CORPS-     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

                  NMFS-      National Marine Fisheries Service

                  FWS-       United States Fish and Wildlife Service

                  EPA-       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                  DFG-       California Department of Fish and Game

                  SCC_       State Coastal Conservancy

                  CCC_       California Coastal Commission

                  SLC-       California State Lands Commission

                  DPR-       California Department of Parks and Recreation

                  POLA-      Port of Los Angeles

                  RWQCB-     San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board

                  LCWD-      Leucadia County Water District

                  HEP-       Habitat Evaluation Procedure

                  MHHW-      Mean Higher High Water

                  MHW-       Mean High Water

                  MSL-       Mean Sea Level

                  MLW-       Mean Lower Water

                  MLLW-      Mean Lower Low Water

                  NGVD-      National Geodesic Vertical Datum

                  PacTex-    Pacific Texas Pipeline Company

                                                       A-1
<pb n="219" />

                                                APPENDIX B

                                               BIBLIOGRAPHY

                 Association of Bay Area Governments, 1981. Manual of Standards for
                 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures.

                 Atwater, B. F. et al. 1979. History, landforms and vegetation of the
                 estuary's tidal marshes. In T. J. Conomos (ed.) San Francisco Bay: the
                 urbanized estuary. Pacific Division, American Association for the
                 Advancement of Science, San Francisco.

                 Bertine, K.K. and D. Schug, 1981. Man and the historical sedimentary
                 record in two semi-arid estuaries in.River Input to Ocean Systems.
                 Proceedings of a Review Workshop. U-nited Nations, New York.

                 Bradshaw, J. S., 1968. The biological and ecological relationships in
                 the Penasquitos Lagoon and salt marsh area of the Torrey Pines State
                 Reserve Park. California State Department of Parks and Recreation.

                 California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission, 1975. California
                 Coastal Plan.

                 California State Coastal Conservancy, 1985. Buena Vista Lagoon
                 Watershed Sediment Control Plan. Applegate and Associates.

                 California State Department of Fish and Game, 1969. Status report on
                 the coastal wetlands of southern California.

                 California State Department of Fish and Game, May, 1982. Designated
                 endangered or rare plants.

                 California State Department of Fish and Game, Ecological Reserve
                 Guidelines, Title 14, Chapter 11, Fish and Game Commission.

                 California State Department of Parks and Recreation, 1983. San Diego
                 Coastal State Park System General Plan, Vol. 3 South Carlsbad State
                 Beach.

                 California State Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego
                 Region, 1985. Staff Report: A review of nutrient standards for the
                 coastal lagoons in the San Diego Region. Volume One and Appendices.

                 Cayun, D. R. and R. E. Flick, 1985. Extreme sea levels in San Diego,
                 California, Winter 1982-1983. Unviersity of California, Scripps
                 Institute of Oceanography, SIO Reference Series 85-3, 58 pp.

                 Chan, Emy and Teras Bursztynsky, 1981. The use of wetlands for water
                 pollution control. Association of Bay Area Governments Technical
                 Report.

                                                   B-1
<pb n="220" />

                                              APPENDIX B (continued)

                                             BIBLIOGRAPHY

                Christopher, Jeannie, Dorothy Norris, John Bradshaw, and Bobby Mariano,
                1985. Baseline Study of chemical and Biological Parameters in San
                Dieguito Lagoon. County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land
                Use.

                City of Carlsbad, 1973. General Plan, Open Space and Conservation
                Elements.

                City of Carlsbad, 1982. Revised Parks and Recreation Element.

                City of Carlsbad, 1982. Draft EIR Batiquitos Pointe Property
                Annexation. WESTEC Services.

                City of Carlsbad, 1982. Draft EIR Seabluff Property Annexation.
                WESTEC Services.

                City of Carlsbad, 1983. General Plan Land Use Element.

                City of Carlsbad, 1984. Draft EIR Batiquitos Lagoon Educational Park
                Master Plan. RECON Consultants.

                City of Carlsbad, 1984. Draft Batiquitos Lagoon Management Plan.

                City of Carlsbad, 1985. Draft Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan
                Mello I and II Segments.

                City of Carlsbad, 1986. La Costa Avenue widening project-mitigation
                proposal. WESTEC Services.

                City of Carlsbad, 1986. Draft EIR Pacific Rim Country Club and Resort.
                WESTEC Services, Inc.

                City of Del Mar and California State Coastal Conservancy, 1979. San
                Dieguito Lagoon Resource Enhancement Program.

                City of San Diego, 1985. Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan for North
                City West.

                Cogswell, Howard L. 1977. Water Birds of California. Unviersity of
                California Press, Berkeley.

                Cowardin, Lewis, et al. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater
                habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office
                of Biological Services, Washington, D.C.

                                                  B-2
<pb n="221" />

                                                APPENDIX B (continued)

                                               BIBLIOGRAPHY

                 Demgen, Francesca and J. Warren Nute, 1977. Marsh enhancement program
                 conceptual plan. Mt. View Sanitary District, Contra Costa County,
                 California.

                 Englehorn, Curtis Scott, 1982. Master Environmental Inventory - Ran  cho
                 La Costa Properties. Hunt Properties, Inc.

                 Goldman, Steven J., Katherine Jackson and Teras Bursztynsky, 1986.
                @Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

                 Greenwald, Glenn and Sandra Britton, 1987. Los Penasquitos Lagoon
                 Biological Monitoring Program., Los Penasquitos Lagoon Foundation.

                 Gruen Associates, 1983. Environmental Impact Report Data in connection
                 with pending applications for annexation, pre-zoning and general plan
                 amendment. HPI Development Company, City of Carlsbad.

                 Jarrett, J. T., 1976. Tidal Prism-Inlet Relationships. GIII Report B,
                 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

                 Jenkins, S. A. and D. W. Skelley, 1985. Alternatives for Maintaining
                 Tidal Circulation in the Batiquitos Lagoon, California. University of
                 California, Scripps Institute of Oceanography. SIO Ref. Ser. 85-16.

                 Johnson, J. W., 1973. Characteristics and Behavior of Pacific Coast
                 Tidal Inlets. Journal Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering.

                 Josselyn, Michael, James Bucholz and Paul Romberg, 1984. Marsh
                 Restoration in San Francisco Bay - A Guide to Design and Planning.
                 Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, Technical Report Number 3.

                 Leucadia County-Water District, 1985. Preliminary Design Report Phase
                 III Expansion of Leucadia and Batiquitos Pump Stations and Forcemains.
                 Engineering-Science.

                 Los Angeles Harbor Department and Bureau of Land Management, 1985.
                 Final EIR/EIS Pacific Texas Pipeline Project. Engineering-Science.

                 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Foundation and California State Coastal
                 Conservancy, 1985. Los Penasquitos Lagoon Enhancement Plan and
                 Program.

                 MacDonald, Keith and Michael Barbour, 1974. Beach and salt   marsh
                 vegetation of the North American Pacific Coast. 1n Robert Reinold
                 (ed.) Ecology of halophytes. Academic Press, New York.

                 MacDonald, K. B. and C. R. Feldmeth, 1985. Batiquitos Lagoon Habitat
                 Enhancement Study. Report prepared for HPI Development Company.

                                                   B-3
<pb n="222" />

                                               APPENDIX B (continued)

                                              BIBLIOGRAPHY

                 Mack, Callie, 1987. San Dieguito Lagoon Bird Census Data 1985-86. San
                 Diego Audubon Society, unpublished data.

                 Marcus, M. L., N. B. Dennis, and H. Hill, 1982. Wetlands policy
                 assessment: California case study. Office of Technology Assessment, U.
                 S. Congress, Washington, D.C. Environmental Science Associates.

                 Moyle, Peter B., 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of
                 California Press, Berkeley.

                 Mudie, Peter, 1969. A survey of coastal wetland vegetation of northern
                 San Diego County. California Department of Fish and Game.

                 Mudie, P., 1974. The natural resources of Los Penasquitos Lagoon.
                 California Department of Fish and Game.

                 Mudie, P. J., B. M. Browning and J. W. Speth, 1976. The natural
                 resources of San Dieguito and Batiquitos Lagoons. California
                 Department of Fish and Game Coastal Wetlands Series #12.

                 Noble Harbor Engineering, 1963. Preliminary Engineering report on the
                 development potential of the Metcalf Properties in Batiquitos Lagoon as
                 a small craft marina.

                 Nordby, Christopher, 1987. Monitoring of Fishes and Invertebrates at
                 Tijuana Estuary. Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory.

                 Nute Engieering, 1985. Batiquitos Lagoon Reclamation Project
                 Conceptual Plan. Leucadia County Water District, San Diego, Couty, CA.

                 O'Bri en, M. P. 1971. Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores.
                 University of California Report No. HEL 24-5, Hydraulic Engineering
                 Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

                 Onuf, C. P., et al., 1979. An analysis of the values of central and
                 southern California coastal wetlands. pp 186-194. In J. R. Clark
                 (ed.) Wetlands functions and values. American Water-Resources Research
                 Association.

                 Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc., 1982. A biological survey
                 of Rancho La Costa Properties (Batiquitos Lagoon). Prepared for C.S.
                 Englehorn, Cardiff, California.

                 Phillips, R. P., J. S. Bradshaw, R. Byrne' W. Gayman, D. Scott, and E.
                 G. Strickel, 1978. Tidal aspects of Batiquitos Lagoon 1850 to present.
                 Final Report by the Environmental Studies Laboratory of the University
                 of San Diego.

                                                   B-4
<pb n="223" />

                                                 APPENDIX Q (continued)

                                                BIBLIOGRAPHY

                  Prestergaard. Karen, 1978. Stream and lagoon channels of the Los
                  Penasquitos Watershed, California, with an Evaluation of Possible
                  Effects of Proposed Urbanization. California Coastal Commission,
                  Special Studies Series.

                  Purer-, E. A., 1942. Plant ecology of the coastal salt marshlands   of
                  San Diego County, California. Ecological Monographs. 12111:83-111.
                  RECON Consultants, 1985. Draft Environmental Impact Report for the                 IP
                  Scott's Valley Property, San Diego County.

                  Ricketts, Edward, Jack Calvin and Joel Hedgepeth, 1948. Between
                  Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

                  San Diego Association of Governments, 1982., Los Penasquitos Lagoon
                  Watershed Management Plan.

                  San Diego County, 1976. Batiquitos Lagoon Regional Park Technical
                  Master Plan Report. John Sue Associates.

                  San Diego County, 1977. San Diego County  General Plan-1990 Part I.
                  Open Space Element.

                  San Diego County, 1982. San Dieguito Local Coastal  Program Land Use
                  Plan. California State Coastal Commission.

                  San Diego County, 1983. San Diego County General Plan-1995 Part VI.
                  San Dieguito Community Plan.

                  Shepardson Engineering Associates, Inc., 1985. Investigation of Lagoon
                  Sediment Characteristics Proposed Weir Area and Sediment Basin,
                  Batiquitos Lagoon. Pacific Rim Country Club Devleopment, Carlsbad,
                  California. Prepared for HPI Development Company.

                  Unitt, P., 1984. The birds of San Diego County. Memoir 13, San Diego
                  Society of Natural History.

                  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971. Flood Plain Information San Marcos
                  Creek in the vicinity of San Marcos, San Diego County, California.

                  U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 1973. San
                  Diego Area soil survey.

                  U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 1985.
                  Resource Management Practices, Escondido Field Office.

                                                    B-5
<pb n="224" />

                                               APPENDIX B (continued)

                                              BIBLIOGRAPHY

                U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978. Concept plan for waterfowl
                wintering habitat preservation. California Coast.

                U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980. California Least Tern Recovery
                Plan.                     :3

                VTN Engineers, 1980. Master Drainage Plan for the City of Carlsbad.

                WESTEC Services, Inc., 1983. Draft Environemental Impact Report Hunt
                Properties Annexation, City of Carlsbad.

                Wilcoxi Carl, 1986. Comparison of Shorebird and Waterfowl Densities on
                Restored and Natural Intertidal Mudflats at Upper Newport Bay,
                California. Colonial Waterbirds 9(2): 218-226

                Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1985. Soils Test Boring Logs Grain Size
                Distribtuion Data Batiquitos Lagoon. Carlsbad, California. Prepared
                for Sammis Properties, San Diego, CA.

                Zedler, J. B.11 P. Williams and J. Boland, 1979. Coastal wetland
                management: effects of disturbance on estuarine functioning. .1976-1979
                Project Report., NOAA Sea Grant Program.

                Zedler, Joy B., et al., 1980. Salt marsh productivity with natural and
                altered tidal circulation. Oecologia 44:236-244.

                Zedler, Joy B., 1982. Ecology of southern California coastal salt
                marshes, a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                Biological Services Program.

                Zedler, Joy B., 1984. Salt Marsh Restoration, A Guidebook for Southern
                California. California'Sea Grant Report No. T-CSGCP-009

                Zedler, Joy, Regina Rudnicki and Peggy Fong, 1987. Draft Water Quality
                and Coastal Water Bodies: Nutrient Inputs and Management
                Recommendations. State Water Resources Control Board.

                                                   B-6
<pb n="225" />

                                        APPENDIX C LAGOON MODEL

           To andlyze the effect of various dredging alternatives on tidal fluctuations in
           Batiquitus Lagoon, a tidal hydrodynamic model developed by the late Hugo Fisher
           was used. This model was originally developed for modelling tidal flows in
           Suisun Marsh. To apply the model to Batiquitos, the lagoon was divided into
           ten segments, with "nodes" located above and below constrictions. The model
           uses the method of characteristics, which requires solving a set of
           simultaneous linear equations in each time step.

           For computations within a segment the use of the method of characteristics is
           -straightforward, and is described in detail in ftdraulic Transients, by U.L.
           Streeter and E. Wylie (New York, Mcgraw Hill, 1967) and in ai-n-e-a--Mer paper "A
           Method for Predicting Pollutant Transport in Tidal Waters", by H.B. Fishcer,
           (WRC Contribution 132, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, University of
           California, Berkeley, 1970, 132pp.) An upstream and a downstream
           characteristic line are established. On the upstream line the quantity E = U +
           gY/C is constant, and on the downstream line F = U - gY/C is constant. In
           these equations, U is velocity, Y is mean depth, and C is the wave velocity,
           (gY 12). E and F are determined from quantities calculated in the previous
           time step, and U and Y are obtained by solution of two simultaneous equations.

           The solution at the nodes requires the equation of continuity and one
           characteristic equation from each segment,.' In the most general case the
           program allows three upstream segments, two downstream segments, and an
           additional discharge which might represent supplementary flow. The node is the
           coincident location of the end grid point of each segment connected to the
           node, so the tidal elevation at each of these grid points must be the same.
           The solution involves eleven unkowns, the tidal elevation above datum, the
           total depth it) each of the five connected segments, and the velocity in each of
           the five connected segments.- Let subscripts 1, 2, and 3 indicate the upstream
           segments, 4 and 5 indicate the downstream segments, Al the cross sectional area
           of the ith segment, D- the mean depth of the channel bottom, Oelow datum of the
           ith segment, Z the tidal elevation above datum, and Q the supplementary
           discharge. The   following eleven equations are to be solved simultaneously:
                   E     U + gy
                                I/C1                                        (1)

                   E2    U2 + gy2/C2                                        (2)

                   E3    U3 + gy3/C3                                        (3)

                   F4    U4 -  gY 4/c4                                      (4)

                   FS    U5 -  gys/cs                                       (5)

                   y1    DI + Z                                             (6)

                                                   C-11
<pb n="226" />

                  Y2   D2 + Z                                               (7)

                  Y3   D3 + Z

                  T                                                         (9)
                   4   D4 * Z
												     (10)

                  U A + U A + U A + Q = U A + U A
			 1 1   2 2   3 3       4 4   5 5					(11)

               the solution gives

                       'Z    El Al + E2A2 + E3A3   F4 A4 - F5A5+

                             -g          D2 A2+ D 3A3 + 8D4 A4 +IDS A5
                                         6=2     2=3      6=4      4=5

                                (A    A     A    A
                              9241      2    3    4
                                  C,+ 4Z2  + -4C3+ 8T4 +
                                                      CS4)

           Vdlues of U and Y for each segment can then be found by substituting Z into the
           previous equations.

           In the program each node Is given a type number.. The tidal elevation at each
           node is found in Equation 12, setting terms equal to zero where connecting
           segments are missing. At the boundary node, where the tide is specified,
           values of E and Y are known and the velocity is determined by Equation 1. At
           terminal upstream nodes, where discharge is given, values of F and U are known
           and elevation is found by Equation 4.

           Since segments across bridges were relatively short, it was necessary to use a
           time step of 15 seconds to achieve stability. The output summaries, however,
           are printed for hourly increments.     The first 13 hours of the simulation are
           used to develop a stable initial condition, and results are printed only for
           the second 13-hour period of the 26 hour simulation.

           Additional information and computer printouts are available from the
           Conservancy.

                                                     C-2
<pb n="227" />

                                                  APPENDIX D
                                LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIQUITOS LAGOON*

               Family.                     Specific Name                   Common Name
               EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION
               Brackish/Freshwater Marsh

               Cyperaceae                  Cyperus sp.                     Sedge
                                           Scirpus californicus            California bulrush
                                           Scirous cf. fluviatilis         Bulrush
                                           Scirpus olneyi                  Olney's bulrush
                                           Scirpus robustus                Alkali bulrush

               Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata              Saltgrass
                                           Polypogon monospeliensis        Rabbit's-footgrass
                                           Sporobolus cf. poiretij         Dropseed

               Juncaceae                   Juncus acutus                   rush
                                             ssp. sphaerocarpus

               Typhaceae                   Typha domingensis               Southern cattail
                                           Typha latifolia                 cattail

               Chenopodiaceae              Atri0ex
                                                   _j)atula ssp. hastata   Fat-hen
                                           Salicornia virginica            Pickleweed

               Compositae                  Ambrosia psilostachya           Western ragweed
                                           Aster exilis                    Alkali aster
                                           Cotula coronopifolia            Brass buttons
                                           Jaumea carnosa                  Jaumea
                                           Pluchea purpurascens            Salt marsh fleabane

               Frankeniaceae               Frankenia grandifolia           Alkali heath

               Polygonaceae                Rumex crispus                   Curly dock

               Salicaceae                  Salix lasiolevis                Arroyo willow

               Saururaceae                 Anemopsis californica           Yerba mansa

               Umbelliferae                Apium graveolens                Wild celery

               Salt Marsh - Low Marsh

               Cyperaceae                  Scirpus robustus                Alkali bulrush

               Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata              Saltgrass
                                           Monanthochloe littoralis        Salt cedar

               *From Mudie et al. (1976),  Westec Services, Inc. (1983)

                                                      D-1
<pb n="228" />

                                                 APPENDIX F (continued)
                              LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIQUITOS LAGOON*

             Family                      Specific Name                    Common Name
             EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION

             Juncaceae                   Juncus acutus                    Spiny rush

             Chenopodiaceae              Salicornia virginica             Pickleweed

             Compositae                  Jaumea carnosa                   Jaumea
                                         Pluchea purpurascens             Salt marsh fleabane

             Frankeniaceae               Frankenia  grandifolia           Alkali health

             Salt Marsh - High Marsh

             Gramineae                   Bromus mollis                    Soft chess
                                         Distichlis spicata               Saltgrass
                                         Mononanthochloe littoralis       Salt cedar
                                         Parafolis incurva                Rattail grass

             Aizoaceae                   Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum      Little ice plant

             Boraginaceae                Heliotropium curassavicum        Chinese parsley

             Caryophyllaceae             Spergularia marina               Salt marsh sand
                                                                          spurrey

             Chenopodiaceae              Atriplex semibaccata             Australian salt bush
                                         Salicornia europaea              Annual pickleweed
                                         Salicornia subterminalis         Glasswort
                                         Salicornia virginica             Pickleweed

             Compositae                  Cotula coronopifolia             Brass buttons
                                         Lasthenia-glabrata               Salt marsh daisy
                                           ssp. coulteri

             Convolvulaceae              Cressa truxillensis              Alkali weed

             Plumbaginaceae              Limonium californicum
                                           ssp. mexicanum                 Marsh lavender

             SAND DUNE VEGETATION FOUND  IN SOME LAGOON SALT MARSH AREAS

             Gramineae                   Distichlis spicata               Saltgrass

             Aizoaceae                   Mesembryanthemum chilense        Wild ice plant

             Chenopodiaceae              Atriplex-leucophylla             Beach saltbush

             Cruciferae                  Cakile maritima                  Sea rocket
                                                     D-2
<pb n="229" />

                                                   APPENDIX F (continued)
                                LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN BATIOUITOS LAGOON*

               Family                       Specific Name                    Common Name
               EMERGENT MARSH VEGETATION

                                            Matthiola incana                 Wild stock

               Nyctaginaceae                Abronia maritima                 Beach sand verbena
                                            Abronia umbellata.               Sand verbena
               RIPARIAN VEGETATION

               Compositae                   Artemisia douglasiana            Wormwood

               Juncaceae                    Juncus mexicanus                 Mexican rush

               Salicaceae                   Salix lasiolepis                 Arroyo willow

               Platanaceae                  Platanus racemosa                California sycamore

               Umbelliferae                 Conium maculatum-                Hemlock

                                                        D-3
<pb n="230" />

                                                  APPENDIX E

                                          BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON

                  Species                                                        Status

                  Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)                                WV
                  Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)                                   WV
                  Eared Grebe (Podiceps caspicus)                                   WV
                  Western Grebe (Aechmophorus-occidentalis)                         WV
                  Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps)                            R
                  California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)                  R
                  Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)                   R
                  Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus)                    R
                  Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)                        R
                  Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)                                  R
                  Green Heron (Butorides virescens)                                RIB?
                  Great Egret (Casmerodius albus)                                    R
                  Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)                                        R
                  Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)                  R
                  Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis)                                  B
                  White-faced This (Plegadis chihi)                                  S
                  Flamingo (Phoenicopterus sp.)                                      I
                  Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)                                  WV
                  Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)                                       R
                  Gadwell (Anas strepera)                                          WV'S
                  Pintail (Anas acuta)                                              WV
                  Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis)                             WV
                  Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors)                                   WV
                  Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera)                                    R
                  American Widgeon (Mareca americana)                               WV
                  Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)                              WV
                  Redhead (Aythya americana)                                        WV
                  Lesser Scaup (Aythya af inis)                                     WV
                  Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)                             WV
                  Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)                                    WV
                  White-winged Soter (Mel nitta deglandi)                           WV
                  Surf Scoter (Melanitta persRicillata)                             WV
                  Ruddy Duck (Oxyura Jamaicensis)                                    R
                  Common Merganser (Mergus merganser)                               WV
                  Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)                          WV
                  White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus)                              RIB
                  Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)                           WV
                  Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)                               RIB?
                  Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo Jamaicensis)                            R&amp;WV,B
                  Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)                             RIB?

                  Taken from "A Biological Survey of Rancho La Costa Properties"
                  (Batiquitos Lagoon) prepared by Pacific Southwest Biological Services,
                  Inc.

                  Some bird species listed may frequent upland habitats adjacent to
                  lagoon wetlands
                                                       E-1
<pb n="231" />

                                                   APPENDIX E

                                          BIRDS OF BATIOUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                  Species                                                         Status

                  Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus)                                      R&amp;WV
                  Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)                                        WV
                  California Quail (Lophortyx californicus)                        R&amp;B
                  Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola)                                  R,B?
                  Sora Rail (Porzana caroling)                                       R
                  Common Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus)                             R
                  American Coot (Fulica americana)                                 R,B
                  Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus)                     WV
                  Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)                           R,B
                  Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)                                  R,B
                  Black-bellied Plover (Sguatarola sguatarola)                      WV
                  Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)                              WV
                  Common Snipe (Capella gailinago)                                  WV
                  Long-billed Curlew (Numenjus americanus)                          WV
                  Whimbrel (Numenjus phaeopus)                                      WV
                  Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia)                             WV
                  Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus)                              WV
                  Greater Yellowlegs (Totanus melanolecus)                          WV
                  Lesser Yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes)                              WV
                  Least Sandpiper (Erolia minutilla)                                WV
                  Dunlin (Erolia alpina)                                            WV
                  Short-billed Dowitcher (Linnodromus   griseus)                    WV
                  Long-billed Dowitcher (Linnodromus scolopaceus)                   WV
                  Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes mauri)                               WV
                  Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa)                                     WV
                  Sanderling (Crocethia alba)                                       WV
                  American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)                        R,B?
                  Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus)                        R,B?
                  Wilson's Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor)                          WV
                  Northern Phalarope (Phalarogus lobatus)                           WV
                  Western Gull (Larus occidentalis)                                  R
                  Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)                                   WV
                  California Gull (Larus californicus)                              WV
                  Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)                              R
                  Heerman's Gull (Larus heermanni)                                   S
                  Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri)                                   R
                  Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)                                       R
                  Least Tern (Sterna albifrons)                                    S,B
                  Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus)                                   WV
                  Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans)                                 WV
                  Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia)                                  S
                  Band-tailed Pigeon (Columbia fasciata)                             R
                  Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura)                               R,B
                  Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)                     R,B
                  Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)                             R,B?

                                                      E-2
<pb n="232" />

                                                  APPENDIX E

                                         BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                  Species                                                        Status

                  Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)                                   WV
                  Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna)                                R,B
                  Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae)                               S
                  Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon)                              R
                  Common Flicker (Colaptes auratus)                                R,B
                  Nuttall's Woodpecker (Dendrocogos nuttallij)                       R
                  Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis)                             S
                  Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myjarchus cinerascens)                    S
                  Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans)                                R,B?
                  Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya)                                      WV
                  Western Flycatcher (Empidon difficuilis)
                  Western Wood Pewee (Contopus sordidulus)                          S
                  Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttallornis borealis)                   SIB?
                  Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)                           S
                  Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis)                   S
                  Scrub Jay (Alphelocoma coerulescens)                             R,B
                  Common Raven (Corvus Corax)                                      R,B?
                  Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus)                                   R,B
                  Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata)                                       R,B
                  House Wren (Troglodytes aedon)                                   R,B
                  Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)                              R,B
                  Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes palustris)                  R,B
                  Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)                                  R,B
                  California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum)                        R,B
                  Swainson's Thrush (Hylocichla utulata)                          S,B
                  Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea)                     R&amp;WV
                  Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura)                   R,B
                  Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Reyulus calendula)                         WV
                  Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens)                                 S,B
                  Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)                          R,B
                  Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)                                    R,B,I
                  Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo belli)                                   B
                  Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus)                                      B
                  Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia)                              S,B
                  Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata auduboni)               WV
                  Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica Lownsendii)                          S
                  Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla)                               S
                  Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)                         R,B
                  Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata)                        S,B
                  Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)                          R,B
                  Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius-0phoeniceus)                       R,B
                  Northern Oriole (Icterus-galbula)                                S,B
                  Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)                S,B
                  House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)                               R,B
                  Lesser Goldfinch (Spinu psaltria)                                  R
                  American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)                                R

                                                       E-3
<pb n="233" />

                                                APPENDIX E

                                        BIRDS OF BATIQUITOS LAGOON (continued)

                  Species                                                     Status

                  Rufous-sided Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)                R,B
                  Brown Towhee (Pipilo fuscus)                                 R,B
                  Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi)        R,B
                  White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)                 WV
                  Rufous-Crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps)                  R,B
                  Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)                             R,B

              WV - Winter Visitor                        I - Introduced
               R - Resident                              B - Breeds in Batiquitos Lagoon
              S - Spring Migrant   or Summer Resident    B?   May breed in Batiquitos Lagoon

                                                     E-4
<pb n="234" />

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                      SATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT I
                      FIG. A LAGOON HYDROLOGY AND WETLAND
                                                 SURFACE WATER FLOW                                              WETLAND BOUNDARY
<pb n="235" />

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<pb n="236" />

                              LEGEND
                 WATERSHED MAPS 1- 4
                                FIGS. B-1-4

                               MAP BOUNDARY

                               ADJACENT MAP BOUNDARY

                               WATERSHED BOUNDARY

                               UNDEVELOPED LAND

                               NATURAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL/ FLOODPLAIN

                               RIPARIAN VEGETATION

                               AGRICULTURE

                               AGRICULTURE - ORCHARD

                               GOLF COURSE

                               DISTURBED LAND -GRADED, ROAD CUTS, QUARRIES

                               URBAN/ SUBURBAN

                               U.S.G.S. BASEMAP DESIGNATION "URBAN it
<pb n="237" />

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                                                                                                                                              -A-
<pb n="238" />

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<pb n="239" />

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<pb n="240" />

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<pb n="241" />

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              FIG-c LAGOON VEGETATION
                                 El EMERGENT MARSH                                 Ll SAND/MUD/ SHALLOW WATER(.&lt;I

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<pb n="242" />

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              FIG. D LEAST TERN NESTING SITES

                               NESTING SITE WITH                       WETLAND BOUNDARY
                               DATE OF OBSERVATION
<pb n="243" />

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               BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
               FIG. E LAGOON VIEWSHED                                               MAJOR VIEWPOINTS
                            PROMINENT BLUFFS

                            ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES                           MAN-MADE INTRUSIONS
<pb n="244" />

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              FIG. F LAND OWNERSHIP

                       ------PROPERTY LINE                 1. CA. STATE DEPT., PARKS &amp; RECREATION        5. MURPHY
                       #10   WETLAND BOUNDARY              2. SAMMIS PROPS.                              6. MITSUCHI
                                                           3. SAVAGE                                     7. COMMUNITY BANK
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<pb n="245" />

                                                                                          :.sLfCTR1C..:.TRA.N,$Mj SIQ.N:@::LINE@;;

                                                     0

                                                                        SEWER  MAIN CITI         BAD:.
                                                                                              RL4

                                                                                        t

                                                                             u  -To S'                LAGOON
                                                                   B A T I Q

                                                                                                          C;oS TA
                                                                                                     LA               4

                GAS LINE,
                                                                                        EWE@MAIN LEUCADIA COUNTY     W
               SOUTHERN CITI@
               GAS CO.

                                                                                                                  @4' i"',
                                                           N'? z

                                                                           Fx
                                                                                        Rml
                                                                                        vv

                                         0      1000    2000    3000
                                                                                             WI

                                                    feet

                                                                         &gt;
              BATIOUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
              FIG. GLAND USE AND UTILITIES
                         RESIDENTIAL J RESORT                    M.   GOLF COURSE                        AGRICULTURE
                         RESIDENTIAL/MIXED USE                        COMMERCIAL                         REGIONAL TRA
                         PLANNED MIXED USE/ RESIDENTIAL/INSTITUTIONAL/VISITOR SERVING                    PROPOSED MI)
<pb n="246" />

                                              P -C                    \,-@C-   2-0                                                  R-1                                                                    P-C

                                                                   RMHP
                                                                                                           P-C

                                                                                                                             L-C
                                                                                                                           Ir             I                    P-C                                                                                     P-C
                                                    RD-M            -A

                                                        7

                                                                        V%A          P-C

                                                                -@4

                                                                    P-C                                                                                                                                                            LAGOON
                                                                                                                                          O-S         E3 AT I       IQ L)                   s               P-C
                                                                        f
                                                                                              22           O-S

                                                                                -s

                                                                                                    4

                                                                                                                ....................
                                                                                                                ...........
                                                                           22
                                                                                   2
                                                                                                                4
                                                                                                                                                                                                4

                                                                                            %
                                                                                           3
                                                                                                            7
                                                                                  7

                                                                                                                                                                                     3

                                                                                                           1000              2000             3000
                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                     feet
                                                                                                                                                                      ........ ......

                                                                                                                                                                           ......... . ........
                                                                                                                                                                           .............
                                                                                                                                                                           ............. .......

                                                                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                                                                                      mNHANCEMENT
                                BATIOUITOS LAGOON E
                                FIG. H ZONING AND JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES

                                                                                               CITY OF CARLSBAD/CITY OF ENCINITAS LINE                                                                                                        ZONE LINE
                                                                             Li                 APPLICABLE COASTAL RESOURCE PROTECTION ZONE                                                                                                   FLOODPLAI
                                                                                                                                                                                            [SEE ZONING LEGENDI
<pb n="247" />

                                   ZONING LEGEND FIG. H

              City of Carlsbad                                   San Diego County

            C-1 NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL                         2  RESIDENTIAL.1 d.u./a.

            C-2 GENERAL COMMERCIAL                              3  RESIDENTIAL,2 d.u./a.

            L-C LIMITED CONTROL                                 4  RESIDENTIAL, 2.9 d.u./a.

            O-S OPEN SPACE                                      5  RESIDENTIAL.4.3 d.u./a.

            0   OUALIFIED DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY ZONE              7  RESIDENTIAL, 10.9 d.u./a..

            R-1 ONE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL                          9  RESIDENTIAL.29 d.u./a.

            R-P RESIDENTIAL PROFESSIONAL                        13 GENERAL COMMERCIAL

          RD-M RESIDENTIAL DENSITY-MULTIPLE                     22 PUBLIC/ SEMI-PUBLIC

          RMHP RESIDENTIAL MOBILE HOME PARK                     26 VISITOR-SERVING COMMERCIAL

            P-C PLANNED COMMUNITY                               AC AGRICULTURE-CROPLAND

                           Since the incorporation of the City of Encinitas, the new city will
                           adopt a zoning code for the lands indicated under San Diego County.
<pb n="248" />

                                                  0
                                                  0
                   c)

                           7

                      p      9p
                      7

                        IS.
                                                                                              A'

                                    B                                                             LAGOON
                                                                             -TOS
                                                                  A T 1 0 U

                                                                                                     Fo

                                                                                                      rnSTA
                                                                                                 L A

                                         B

                                      0      1000   2000    3000

                                                 feet

             BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
             FIG., ALTERNATIVE NO 1

                EX18TING SEDIMENT BASIN                                              SUBTIDAL ZONE(-S-0 ft.-2.5 ft..NG
            0 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                                   INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft.,N(
                                                                                     SALT MARSH
                SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                        BRACKISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                     RIPARIAN
<pb n="249" />

                   A             FIGURE Jl                                                                  A/

                                 ALTERNATIVE 1
                                 SECTION A- K
                                 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

                                                   EXISTING SURFACE

              0
              5
              LLJ

                                                        NEW CHANNEL
                                                - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                   70, 00
                                                             DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="250" />

   mmmmm

                 A           FIGURE J2

                             ALTERNATIVE 2
                             SECTION A- jK
                             VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

                                             EXISTING SURFACE

                                                    NEW CHANNEL

                                                     DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="251" />

                  A           FIGURE J3

                              ALTERNATIVE 3
                              SECTION A-k
                              VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

             LL                               EXISTING SURFACE

             z
             0
                                                 NEW CHANNEL

             ui

                                      0 &amp;V                                        /&amp;00
                                                       DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="252" />

                      mm-mmmmmmm                                                                             mm

                             FIGURE Kl                                                                                B*

                             ALTERNATIVE 1
                             SECTION B - B         J*
          40.                VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

          50

        LL
       %wo
       z

                                                            EXISTING SURFACE

                                                           NEW CHANNEL

                                                         /000                                         2000

                                                            DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="253" />

                              FIGURE K 2
              B                                                                                                           B#

                              ALTERNATIVE 2
                              SECTION B - Bol
          40.                 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

        LL

        z
        9

           ;zo.

        LLI

           /0

                                                              EXISTING SURFACE

                                                                NEW CHANNEL

                                                                                                         ;2000

                                                              DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="254" />

   mm mmm mm mm

                            FIGURE K3
             B                                                                                                     B'
                            ALTERNATIVE 3
                            SECTION B - B
                            VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 25X

         30"

       LL

       w
       -i
       w

                              -NEW CHANNEL
                                                          EXISTING SURFACE

                                                                                                  2000

                                                          DISTANCE (FT)
<pb n="255" />

                       SALT MARSH                     -TRANSITION ZONE                                                     FRESHWATER MARSH

                                                    4-

                                                                 ... .. . .
                ....................

                  FIG. L       Typical           Cross-section, Freshwater marsh Levee
<pb n="256" />

                                                   0
                                                   0

                                                                            @00      goo

                                                                              -TO S
                                                                 B A T I  u

                                                                                         00- @ft        0-9-T A
                                                                                                                 4

                                       0      1000   2000    3000

                                                  feet

              BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
              FIG. M PUBLIC ACCESS

                           PUBLC ACCESS SIGNS                                  INTERPRETIVE FACILITIES
                           PARKING/TRAILHEAD                             A     LAG06N VIEWPOINT
                           PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TRAIL                      0000 POSSIBLE FUTURE ACCESS TRAIL
<pb n="257" />

                                                  0
                    "o
                lk,

                             A

                                      13'                                                        LAGOON
                                                                            -T 0 s
                                                                         U
                                                                B A T I Q

                                                                                              elm
                                                                                                      os A
                                                                                             A

                                       0     1000    2000   3000

                                                 f eet

             BATIGUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT
             FIG. N PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO. 2
             Q EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN                                             SUBTIDAL ZONE(-S.O ft.-2.5 ft..NG
             0 SEDIMENT 13ASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                               INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.15 ft.-2.0 ft..@
                                                                             40    SALT MARSH
                 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS               gla   BRACK ISH/FAESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                   RIPARIAN
<pb n="258" />

                                                    0
                 lk,

                             7
                                                      7
                                                       -I.
                        p
                        7

                                       B'

                                                                                                       COSTA
                                                                                              A    P'

                                            B

                                        0      1000   2000     30100
                                                        t
                                                   feet

             BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
             FIG. 0 PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO. 3

                 EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN
             1&amp;                                                                 3   SUBTIDAL ZONE(-8-0 ft.-2.5 ft..NG
                 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                         (::@:) INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft.'r,
             0                                                                go    SALT MARSH
                 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                60    BRACK ISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                    RIPARIAN
<pb n="259" />

                                               0
                                               0
                C)

                        7                 A-

                          SO

                            Lo

                                                                           lod                      roS T A
                                                                                           A   L              4 k

                                       B

                            It1                             0

                                    0      1000    2000    3000

                                               f eet

              BATIQUITOS LAGOON ENHANCEMENT F
             FIG. 0 PLAN ALTERNATIVE NO.4
                 EXISTING SEDIMENT BASIN                                              SUBTIDAL ZONE(-8-0 ft.-2.5 ft.,N
                 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED IN THIS PLAN                                 INTERTIDAL ZONE(-2.5 ft.-2.0 ft..?
             0                                                                  do    SALT MARSH
                 SEDIMENT BASIN PROPOSED BY OTHER DEVELOPMENTS                  6Q    BRACK ISH/FRESHWATER MARSH
                                                                                      RIPARIAN
<pb n="260" />

                                                                                               r

                                                                                               t

                                                                                                11

                                                                  @                               1
                                                                     3 6668 14109 7008            1
</text>
</doc>
