[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Comparison of Salt Marsh Restoration and Creation Techniques in Promoting Native Vegetation and Functionai Values DAVID BURDICK Department of Natural Resources Jackson Estuarine Laboratory University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 and MICHELE DIONNE Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve Wells, ME 04090, and Zoology Department University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Submitted July 29, 1994 Office of State Planning New Hampshire Coastal Program 2 1/2 Beacon Street Concord, NH This research was funded by a grant from the New Hampshire Coastal Program through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pursuant to NOAA award NA370ZO277-01. &@@ @' - V 00 9 $*If PrOPertY Of CSC Library ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to Fred Short for helpful discussions throughout the project. Dan McHugh of Great Meadow Farms was the contractor for the Awcomin Marsh restoration and the Inner North Mill Pond mitigation projects, and we appreciate his help and discussions regarding this report as well as his efforts in salt marsh creation and restoration. We thank Ian Warden and Ty Corneau for their dedicated work on this project. Sincerest thanks to Peter Helm and Jim Lee for heartfelt encouragement. INTRODUCTION Many salt marshes in New England and along much of the coastal United States have been destroyed by filling or draining (Mitsch and Gosselink 1986). Though currently protected from direct impacts by the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Section 404) and other environmental legislation, salt marshes continue to be negatively impacted by indirect effects of human alteration of the environment. Many of these indirect effects do not cause loss of marsh area, but they all degrade the marshes, reducing the functions and values of salt marshes in coastal ecosystems. Functional losses at impacted sites are often due to long-term effects of coastal structures that result in tidal restrictions (e.g., roads, impoundments; Roman et al. 1981, Burdick 1992, Rogers et al. 1992, Dionne 1994, Bournans and Day, in press). In New England, the reduction of tidal exchange has been linked to the replacement of typical salt marsh plants by invasive species like Phragmites australis, Lythrum, salicaria and Typha spp. (Roman et al. 1981, Shisler 1990, Burdick 1992). Additionally, salt marsh destruction is permitted under current U. S. regulations if there are no alternatives for development projects, especially in cases where the development is marine-related. If destruction is allowed, replacement of the same type of marsh of similar or greater area is usually required (specifics are granted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers on a case by case basis), and this process is termed mitigation. Replacement of salt marsh often includes creation of a new salt marsh in the vicinity of the one being destroyed. However created marshes may not survive, and even if they persist some marsh functions require from several years to decades to develop; with some never attaining the same level of performance as the original area (Kusler and Kentula 1990, Moy and Levin 1991). The state of New Hampshire has lost approximately half of its coastal marshes since colonial times, and many remaining marshes are degraded due to indirect human impacts such as tidal restriction (Cook et al. 1993). Recently, it has been estimated that tidal restrictions are impacting 20% of New Hampshire's remaining salt and brackish marshes (Soil Conservation Service 1994). Degradation due to tidal restriction includes loss of marsh functions and often replacement of typical salt marsh plants by invasive and freshwater species (Shisler 1990). Restoration projects at two salt marshes in New Hampshire are based on increasing tidal exchange, and one includes active methods to deter Phragmites australis, an invasive plant. Destruction of a salt marsh on the Piscataqua River, scheduled as part of the New Hampshire Port Expansion Project, has been mitigated by creation of a salt marsh at a nearby site. Here we evaluate the processes of degradation and restoration through an examination of changes in hydrology, soils, vegetation and fish use of salt marsh restoration /creation sites. In this report, we examine early results from three different types of projects that were designed to improve or replace marsh functions in New Hampshire. One project excavated tidal creeks through berms and marsh filled by dredge spoil (Awcomin Marsh), another added a large culvert through a road causeway that had eliminated tidal exchange about 30 years ago (Mill Creek), and a third created a new salt marsh as mitigation in an urban estuary (Inner North Mill Pond). Our results document pre-restoration conditions and early changes in several functions of the three different systems, which are then used to compare and evaluate the specific design of each project with respect to its goals. METHODS Study sites:- Awcomin Marsh, which is directly inland of Rye Harbor, was the disposal site of dredge spoil from dredging activities in 1941 and 1962 (Figure 1). Large stands of Phragmites occur within and over the 1962 berm, spreading into the salt marsh that is behind the larger, encompassing 1941 berm. A major restoration effort was begun in 1992 to increase tidal exchange with the goal of reversing the spread of Phragmites. Two major tidal creeks were cut through the 1941 berm and a large portion of the 1962 berm was removed in 1992 (FIG. 1). In addition, several farmers' ditches were dug to encourage success of Spartina patens (salt marsh hay). Further work to increase tidal exchange and control Phragmites has included excavations of old dredge spoil from two areas and another tidal creek (Fig. 2). Mill Creek at Stewart Farm in Stratharn (Figure 3) was once bordered by salt marsh. Salt marsh on both sides of the access road to the farm was supported by tidal exchange with Great Bay via the Squamscott River. Tidal flow into the upper creek above the drive was eliminated by installation of a culvert with a tide gate 2 during road improvements in the early 1960s. The culvert allowed drainage from the creek downstream, but a flap gate did not allow reverse flow that would carry saline waters from Great Bay into the area. Hence, the wetlands bordering the creek upstream of the road had become fresh meadows. Recently, these areas have been overrun by purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, an invasive weed (Stuckey 1980). Small Phragmites stands occur on the upstream and downstream sides of the access road, with no plans to remove or control this species. North Mill Pond is in Portsmouth, and is currently the primary site where salt marsh was initiated as mitigation for the expansion of the Port of New Hampshire (Figure 4). Clean sediment has been placed on intertidal mudflats in eight lobes (approximately 0.4 ha) and has been planted with Spartina alterniflora. Design of the salt marsh includes tidal creeks between lobes and a pool that remains filled with water through low tides. Hydrolg=. The extent of tidal floodin was mapped on two spring and neap high 9 1 tides at each site following restoration/ creation. Wells that communicate with interstitial sediment water from 5 to 20 cm below the surface were designed to measure shallow water table depths and allow water samples for salinity determinations to be taken rapidly. Salinity measurements were made with a temperature corrected optical refractometer to the nearest part per thousand (ppt). Wells were installed: 50 at Awcomin Marsh, 33 for Mill Creek at Stewart Farm, and 24 at North Mill Pond. Water table depth (reported as cm below marsh surface), and salinity measurements were performed at Awcomin Marsh on eight dates in 1992, eight dates in 1993, and four dates in 1994, before, during, and after restoration activities. At Stewart Farm, eight data collections were done prior to the restoration, and four collections afterward. One set of measurements were taken at Inner North Mill Pond. Sample dates were distributed to include spring and neap fide periods. Soils: Soil sampling stations were established in coordination with well and vegetation sampling locations at the three sites. Twenty stations at Awcomin marsh, 18 at Mill Creek Marsh, and 24 stations in Inner North Mill Pond, all with two subsamples per station, were sampled. Soils were sampled for soil moisture (gravimetric determination), percent organic matter (loss on combustion at 4500 C for four hours), in situ redox potential (Eh at 1 and 10 cm depths), and salinity and 3 pH on interstitial water expressed from cores (0-5 cm. deep). Soil temperature at 1 and 10 cm depths was measured to correct Eh readings. During the study period, soils were sampled following restoration on two dates at Awcomin Marsh and one date at Mill Creek and Inner North Mill Pond. Pre-restoration baseline sampling, performed on two dates and ten stations at Awcomin Marsh (Burdick 1992), was included in the data analyses. Pre-restoration sampling was performed at Mill Creek in the summer of 1993, before the culvert was installed. Vegetation: Plant species (according to Tiner 1977), percentage of cover, canopy structure (stem height and density), and biomass were determined during the period of peak biomass (July to September) at each of the sites in 1993. In 1994, percentage cover was performed in June at Awcomin Marsh and Mill Creek. Habitat development will be assessed using plant occurrence and species composition. Percentage of plant cover was measured using a one meter square hoop at both restoration sites in July 1993 and June 1994, and at the created marsh in September 1993. Aboveground biomass will be used to assess primary production. The potential for water filtration by the marsh was assessed using plant canopy structure, which is an integrative measure of the stem density and height of the dominant species (Table 1). Aboveground plant tissues were collected in 1993 for biomass and canopy structure from a 0.0625 M2 quadrat placed the same pre-determined distance and bearing from each sampling well as the soil collections for that period. Some pre-restoration sampling of vegetation was performed at Awcomin Marsh in 1992 and will be included in the data analyses (Dionne, unpublished data). Additionally, rough vegetation maps based on vegetative cover before and following restoration were produced. In Inner North Mill Pond, plants were not harvested, but biomass was estimated from cover estimates and estimates of the area of the ten tallest plants within each quadrat: BIOMASS (g/0.0625m2) = 0.658*(%COVER) +.0557*(SHOOT AREA) Plants were collected from the natural reference marsh to develop the equation, which accounted for 89% of the variation in these data. Shoot area was obtained from stem heights and leaf numbers of the ten tallest stems within two 0.0625 m2 quadrats for each station. 4 Table 1. Canopy structure is composed of serveral variables. First, shoot density and canopy height are integrated using the table below to provide a description of the three dimensional complexity of the dominant species. Then if other species are present, 1 is added to the value obtained for the dominant species to obtain the canopy structure. STEM DENSITY MEAN STEM HEIGHT (cm) (#/0.0625 m2 0-8 >8-16 >1 6-32 >32-64 >64 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-2 1 2 3 4 5 3-4 2 3 4 5 6 5-8 3 4 5 6 7 9-16 4 5 6 7 8 17-32 5 6 7 8 9 33-64 6 7 8 9 10 65-128 7 8 9 10 11 129-512 9 10 1 1 12 13 >512 10 1 1 12 13 14 SHOOT AREA [0.776*(SHOOT HEIGHT) - 0.2.26 if two leaves +0.003 if three leaves * 0.366 if four leaves + 0.626 if five leaves * 2.523 if six to eight leaves] of the largest 10 shoots in the quadrat. Secondary producers: Marsh utilization by secondary producers was compared among the different sites with fish surveys to asses whether higher trophic levels are being supported by the restored and created marshes (Rogers et al. 1992). The use of the salt marshes by fish was determined following restoration/ creation activities at each site. Two stations were selected in low marsh along creek banks at 5 each site, and Fyke nets with 16 meter wings were set on falling evening tides on two occasions (one spring and one neap tide) for each station. Net specifications and detailed methods for collection procedures can be found in Jackson Estuarine Laboratory Standard Operating Procedure 1.27 (JEL SOP 1.27). Fish were caught in the nets as they migrated out of the low marsh habitat with the falling tide. Fish were indentified to species and enumerated on site. Fish densities were calculated by determining the area of marsh fished at each site. Due to the low numbers of fish caught in some samples, data from both samples from each sampling site were combined. Data for individual samples are presented in Appendix 1. RESULTS AWCOMIN MARSH, RYE Hydrology Tides: The two major creeks dug in 1992 allowed salt water to enter the area impounded by the 1941 berm throughout the lunar (spring/neap) tidal cycle. However, only spring tides were able to flood the marsh surface (Figure 5). A channel dug subsequently in 1993 through the area impounded by the 1962 berm and excavations within both impounded areas that removed about 30 cm of the dredge spoil overburden on the marsh may increase the saltwater flow into these areas on normal as well as spring tides. The disappearance of standing water on both sides of the 1962 berm indicates the excavated creeks are draining the standing water effectively. The extent of pre-restoration flooding at Awcomin Marsh was the 1941 berm for neap tides and the 1962 berm for spring tides. Ditching in the area impounded by the 1941 berm also appears to have increased drainage in the vicinity, but neap flood tides do not appear to overflow these ditches and flood the marsh surface. Water Table Depth: Prior to restoration, the water table was substantially lower (by 9.3 cm) in reference zone A than in restoration zone B, and similar to the water table in restoration zone C (Fig. 6a). After restoration in 1992, the water table was slightly lower in B than A (by 1.4 cm), and slightly lower in A than C (by 2.4 cm). After restoration in 1993 and 1994, the water table was lower in restoration zones B, C, and D than in reference zone A (Fig. 6b). 6 Water Table Salinit3L Prior to restoration, water table salinities were higher in reference zone A than in restoration zones B and C, by about 8 ppt (Fig. 7a). After restoration in 1992, these differences in salinity were reduced to about 5 ppt. By 1993 and 1994, salinities in A remained similar to 1992 values, while salinities in B, C, and D, were substantially greater than their 1992 values (Fig. 7a). Salinities among the four zones were fairly high and quite similar in 1993 and 1994, as compared to the lower and more variable data collected in 1992 (Fig. 7b). Salinities in A, B and C were essentially the same in 1993, while D was slightly lower. Salinities in A and B were essentially the same in 1994, while C and D were slightly lower. Sediments Soil salinLt3L In general, soil salinity was greatest at the reference marsh, Zone A, and decreased with each successive Zone (Fig. 8a). Salinity was greater in 1993 than in 1992, following the excavation of the creeks and ditches (Fig. 8b). Fresh water impounded within and pooled around the outside of the 1962 berm was drained by the creeks, resulting in dramatic increases in the salinity from 1992 to 1993. The reference marsh in Zone A showed the smallest relative increase in salinity from pre to post-restoration activities, while soils in Zones B, C, and D showed the largest increases. The increase seen in Zone A is likely due to month to month (synoptic) variation. Soil moisture: Soil moisture is reported as a percentage of the wet weight of the soil. A comparison of the four sampling times indicated that May was the wettest sampling period. Apparently, restoration had little effect on soil moisture, except perhaps reducing the extremes of soil moisture within the 1962 berm (Zone F). Across vegetation zones, soil moisture averaged 82% in the reference marsh, was slightly greater in Zones B and C (85%), fell back to 82% in Zones D and E, and was appreciably (significantly] lower within the 1962 berm 77%, Zone F), especially following restoration. Season had little effect on soil moisture in the natural marsh, but variation between months increased with impact to the marsh. Figure 9a shows that soil moisture was least variable in the reference marsh, but slightly greater in Zones B and C that were impacted by the dredge fill activities. Monthly variation in soil moisture was progressively greater in D and E and greatest in Zone F where impacts were greatest. 7 Soil redox potential: The chemical potential of the soil to accept electrons is measured as Eh. By impeding oxygen entry to the soil, flooding is often responsible for lowering the Eh, which indicates whether oxygen or other electron accepters such as iron or sulfate are being used by respiring organisms. Soil redox potentials were generally positive, except at all the impacted sites in May, the wettest sampling period (Fig. 10). Eh at 1 cm depth was greater for the next three sampling periods and highest in October after restoration. Soil Eh at 1 cm was fairly consistent at the reference sites (Zone A) over the study period, but variability increased with the extent of impact, being greatest at Zone F (Fig. 10a). The trend of greater variability in Eh with greater impact was also observed for the soil moisture data. Generally, Eh was lower at 10 cm than at 1 cm depth, except in May prior to the restoration at the heavily impacted Zones D, E, and F (Figures 10 and 11). At 10 cm, Eh increased distinctly following restoration (Figure 11). The increase was also seen at the reference sites in Zone A, which is curious. Since Eh and soil moisture are normally negatively correlated (wetter soils have lower Eh), it is curious to note that the two wettest months, May and October, exhibited the extremes in soil Eh at both depths (Figs. 10 and 11). After restoration, the Eh at 10 cm increased the most at plant Zone F, behind the 1962 berm (that is, lowest Eh in May and highest Eh in October; Fig. 11 a). Soil 12H: In general, soil pH was never very low (above pH 4), and followed soil moisture. The wet conditions of May were accompanied by relatively high pH, close to neutral, except at Zone F, where fresh water was impounded (Figure 12b). Following restoration, the relatively drier conditions of June and October showed mild pH values of between 6 and 7, except again for Zone F. Instead of fresh, acidic water accumulating as occurred in May, the relatively high elevations within the 1962 berm were drying out, and as the soil oxidized it became more acidic, with mean pH values between 5 and 6 (Fig. 12). Soil organic matter: The amount of organic matter in the soil, measured as loss on ignition, was determined only for soil samples taken after the restoration (1993). As would be expected, no significant differences in organic content were found between months after restoration (Fig. 13). The amount of soil organic matter is a measure of 8 the ability of a soil to hold water as well as the ability of the organisms within to break down or respire the organic material. Soils having high organic matter content generally hold more water and have greater soil moisture than those under the same drainage conditions with low organic matter content. The pattern across the vegetation zones was similar to that of soil moisture, described earlier (Fig. 9) and these two variable were well correlated (r= Vegetation Mal2s: Before restoration work was started in 1992, the salt marsh vegetation in the impounded areas at Awcomin Marsh appeared quite different from the vegetation of the surrounding marshlands. Within, and to the West of the 1962 berm, Phragmites and Typha were growing in stagnant pools and advancing on the S. patens marsh that remained (Fig. 24). Beyond the Phragmites, but still within the 1942 impoundment, brackish pools of Scirpus were surrounded by a mixture of S. patens and short form S. alterniflora. Surrounding marshes had tall S. alterniflora along the creek and panne edges, but almost pure stands of S. patens ver much of the area. From 1992 to 1993, following the first phase of restoration (Fig. 2), two major changes in the vegetation were noted. The first was the draining 0 of pooled water within both the 1962 and the 1941 berms. Specifically, drainage was improved inside and outside the northern portion of the 1962 berm, continuing northeast from the 1962 berm along the flanks of the new creek (Fig. 2), and inside the northeastern corner of the 1941 berm. All these sites have now been colonized by Salicornia and Spartina alterniflora, and now are beginning to be replaced by S. patens. This vegetation type is called the low mixed community (Figure 25) because it occurs in relatively low elevations. The other notable change from 1992 to 1993 was the continued advance of Phragmites eastward within the 1941 impoundment in vegetative Zone D and along the Northeast corner of the 1962 berm (Fig. 24 and 25). In 1992 these areas were classified as mixed S. patens and Phragmites. Over the last two years, Phragmites had spread and consolidated its position, resulting in clearer boundaries between the two species. Therefore, this category was replaced by monospecific classes in the 1994 map (Fig. 25). In contrast, three tiny stands of Phragmites in Zone B (Fig. 24) did not appear to expand in 1993. By 1994, these Phragmites 'satellite populations' were absent. 9 Several other changes in the vegetation maps from 1992 to 1994 are apparent. Two large areas (Zone F and west of Zone E) have been excavated and no vegetation exists, save some scattered Salicornia seedlings. The large stands of Typha found here were killed by the restoration of tidal flooding. The area of mixed high marsh plants (High Mixed) to the west of the island (Trees), has largely been replaced by S. patens, while a large area to the east of the island is now classified as a mixed community of high marsh species (juncus gerardi, Distichlis spicata, Panicum virgatum, and Solidago semperviriens). Some of the differences in the high marsh mixed community may be due to seasonality of some of the species. The 1992 map was made in April, whereas the 1994 map was made in June. Percentage cover: Between 1993 and 1994, few substantial changes had occurred in the plant communities of Zones A, B, and C. In the refe 'rence zone (A), plant cover is mostly S. patens, with less than 10% contributed by S. alterniflora and other species (Fig. 26). Inside the 1941 berm (Zones B and Q, S. alterniflora becomes relatively more important along with Salicornia europea and others. Due to colonization of areas that had been pools in 1992, Salicornia showed a slight gain in cover in 1994 (Fig. 26). In Zone D where Phragmites is expanding, S.patens is dominant, but showed decline in 1994. Interestingly, Phragmites did not show an increase in cover where S.patens had declined. Although its apparent distribution had increased by 1994 (Fig. 25), its vigor was poor. The rapid decline in vigor of Phragmites following the restoration of tidal exchange is shown by declines in the heights of the flowering heads. Reproductive stems decreased an average of 45 cm from 1992 to 1993; a highly significant decline both statistically ((x=0.01) and ecologically. By 1992 when the area was first mapped, Spartina patens had been replaced by Phragmites australis in Zones E and F. The 1993 data show that the plant cover at E was dominated by Phragmites, with minor amounts of S. patens and Juncus (Fig. 26). Although the cover of Phragmites fell dramatically in 1994, it was not being replaced by its competitors; these plants fared poorly as well (Fig. 26). 10 The high marsh Spartina species. S. pectinata, was also a dominant in Zone F. The excavation of the dredge spoil from the surface of large areas in Zones F and E eliminated all vegetation, yet by spring 1994, seedlings of Salicornia had begun to colonize these areas (Fig. 26). Biomass: In general, biomass of marsh plants was very high at Awcomin, with some zones averaging 5 kg dry weight /M2. In 1992, biomass determinations from clip plots were conducted in Zones A through C only. The 1992 results compare favorably with those of the same zones for 1993, except the standing crop in Zone B averaged about twice as much in 1992 as in 1993 (Fig. 27). The relative abundance of the species was similar for the two years, with S. patens dominant in Zone A, S. alterniflora about twice as great as S. patens in Zone B, and S. patens about 1 and 1/2 times as great as S. alterniflora in Zone C. Phragmites was found in Zones D, E, and F, with the lowest biomass in Zone D and the greatest in Zone E (Fig. 27). Neither S. alterniflora nor S. patens were found in clip plots in Zones E and F. While Zone E had virtually no normal high marsh species, Zone F contained a stand of S. pectinata. Canopy structure: As for biomass, canopy structure was only determined for Zones A-C in 1992, then for all Zones in 1993. This measure, which focuses on the dominant plant, integrates stem density and average height to yield a relative measure of the potential of the vegetation to provide habitat structure and to act as a water filter during flooding. In 1992, canopy structure was greatest in Zone A and least in Zone C (Fig. 28), but exhibited a small range (10.5 to 115). In 1993, Zones A and C were virtually unchanged, but Zone B dropped over one point,; a decline also observed in the biomass data (Fig. 27). Zone D had a relatively high canopy structure value, whereas those of Zone E and F were the smallest found. Fish Use A low density of fish was present along the steep, low marsh bank of the natural creek bordering reference zone A. No fish were captured along the bare bank of the newly excavated creek bordering restoration zone B (Fig. 19b). Fundulus heteroclitus, Menidia menidia, and Pungitius pungitius were present in the samples. MILL CREEK STUART FARM, STRATHAM Hydrology Tides: Installation of the pipe-arch culvert (ca. 2 meters diameter) and removal of the flap gate on the old drain (ca. 0.8 meters diameter) have radically increased salt water flow into Mill Creek. The tide gate at Stewart Farm excluded virtually all tidal water from entering the marsh above the road. Now the marsh is being inundated on a daily basis by tidal waters (Figure 6). Reestablishment of tidal flooding occurred immediately after hydrologic modifications, extending just over the beaver dam upstream of transect #6. Water Table Depth: Prior to restoration, the water table was much lower in the upstream zone than the downstream zone (Fig. 22a). After restoration, the water tables in the two zones were essentially the same (Fig. 22b). Water Table Salinity: Prior to restoration, water table salinity was much greater in the downstream zone than the upstream zone (Fig. 23a). After restoration, the water table salinities were essentially the same (Fig. 23b). Sediments Salinity: Soil salinity increased dramatically upstream of the road following installation of the culvert in the fall of 1993 (0 to 12 ppt; Fig. 14). However, soil salinity increased in a similar fashion downstream of the road during this period (5 to 17 ppt). Thus, although it appears obvious, the increases in salinity upstream of the road could not be attributed to the opening of the culvert, but only to differences in sampling period. On the other hand, the ecological significance between the fresh conditions turning to saline upstream (0 to 12 ppt), with the installation of the culvert, is clear. The downstream section of Mill Creek showed increased salinity from high to low (creekbank) stations, while the upstream portion followed no such trend, even following restoration (Fig. 14b). Soil moisture: Soil moisture was greater in the fall, especially at upstream transects and transect 5; the downstream transect through the Phragmites stand (Fig. 15a). Downstream stations at high and mid elevations had soils with relatively greater soil moisture than other stations (Fig. 15b). This is probably because creekbank 12 stations at low elevations have greater mineral content and less organic materials. Upstream, long-term drainage may have led to oxidation and removal of organics, also resulting in lower soil moisture. Soil organic matter: The organic content of the soil showed no changes following restoration of tidal flow (Fig. 16). The percentage of organic matter was greater in the less-impacted transects (1 and 3). Transect five passes through a stand of Phragmites and this site had the lowest organic content downstream of the road (Fig. 16a). The population may have become established when the flap gate was installed and the road improved to support larger milk trucks in the early 1970s. Upstream of the road, low organic matter can be explained by the draining and oxidation of the organic matter in the soil. Creekbank stations had similar, but low, organic contents (12 to 15%), whereas Upstream stations at higher elevations had moderate levels (ca. 30%), and the downstream stations at higher elevations averaged 47% organics (Fig. 16b). Soil redox potential: Soil Eh at 1 cm depth was lower downstream of the road than upstream (Fig. 17a). It also declined with elevation at the downstream stations, but showed no trend at the upstream stations (Fig. 18a). Although soil moisture increased from spring to fall and Eh is usually inversely correlated with soil moisture, soil Eh increased dramatically from spring to fall (Figure 17a). In deeper soils, Eh was low at downstream reference transects 1 and 3 in the spring, and became more oxidized in the fall (Fig. 17b), as was found at the shallower soil depth. Soil 12H: Average pH in the Mill Creek soils was mildly acidic to neutral and did not vary greatly. Soil pH ranged from 6.2 to 6.7 in the spring and was lower in the fall, ranging from 5.7 to 6.7 (Fig. 19). No trends across elevation were noted (Fig. 19b). Vegetation Maj@s: Since the culvert was installed under the access road to Stuart Farm in the fall of 1993 to reestablish tidal flooding, some important vegetation changes have been observed upstream. The first broad meadow has relatively more Spartina pectinata and less Agropyron and Agrostis than it had the previous summer (Figs. 29 and 30). In addition, low elevations near the creek have experienced major changes in vegetation. On the 1994 map, a large area on the western side of upper 13 Mill Creek is shown to have lost its vegetation and is bare. Although some Phragmites exists at Mill Creek (Fig. 29), the main invasive species which is seen as a problem is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). By spring of 1994, Lythrum appeared to be greatly stressed by increased salinity in Upper Mill Creek due to the reestablishment of tidal exchange. Percentage of 121ant cover: In order to facilitate interpretation and understanding of the most important changes at Mill Creek we have deleted the data from Transect #5 (through a Phragmites stand), and have' considered the six upstream transects as replicates and the four downstream transects as replicates. All transects have a high elevation station and a low elevation station at the limits of the emergent wetland vegetation (upland and creek, respectively), and a third station on the transect line equidistant from these two extremes. In 1993, the downstream marsh was mostly dominated by S.patens, with some large stands of Carex paleacea (Fig. 31). Both communities were fringed by S. alterniflora, as evidenced by its dominance of the low stations along the downstream transects (Fig. 31). Two stands of Phragmites were found adjacent to the road, but these data were excluded from the plant cover graphs. From 1993 to 1994, the total percentage of cover for all plants in downstream transects dropped from 80-95% to 60-80%. The downstream marsh appears to have had S. patens replaced by other species at high elevations (Fig. 31), and slight drops in other species and S. alterniflora in the mid and low elevation stations, respectively. The fall in S. patens cover appears to be significant, but may be partly due to a seasonal effect. (S. patens is more conspicuous later in the season relative to other plants, and the plant cover was sampled in late July, 1993 and mid June, 1994.) Upstream of the access road, the vegetation was dominated by non-saline grasses of the genera Agropyron and Agrostis, as well as Lythrum at high and mid elevations in 1993. At low stations, Lythrum dominated the vegetation, but was accompanied by many fresh meadow forbs and grasses (Aster spp., Phalaris arundinacea, Polygonum spp., Typha angustifolia; Fig. 31). Restoration of tidal exchange severely impacted the plant communities upstream, as shown by changes in plant cover, which have fallen dramatically from about 90% in 1993 to 50% in June, 1994. Most of these losses represent declines in various fresh marsh species, 14 but the major species affected is Lythrum (Fig. 31). Younger plants, which were found spreading into the higher elevations of the meadow in 1993, appear to have been killed, while the older, better established shrubs were reduced in vigor as seen in the large decline in cover at lower elevation stations (Fig. 31). Recent observations in July found all Lythrum dead. At the low elevation stations along the upper creek, most of the fresh water plants have been killed, and 37% of the 42% cover was filamentous green algae (Chaetomorpha?). As of June 1994, no species were flourishing in the flooded portions of the upper creek, and species dominance was often unclear. Two salt marsh species not present in 1993, Atriplex patula and Juncus gerardi, had begun to colonize the upstream marsh in 1994. Biomass: Biomass was assessed in mid-summer 1993, prior to restoration. The aboveground biomass of marsh plants was generally low at Mill Creek, averaging about 640 g/m2. There was a strong trend of increasing biomass with lower elevation, and this trend was evident both upstream and downstream of the tidal restriction (Fig. 32). The high elevation stations averaged about 250 g/m2 and the low elevations reached about 1 kg/m2. Downstream, S. patens and Carex paleacea were found in patches at high elevations, S. patens was dominant in the center of the marsh, and S. alterniflora dominated the creekbanks (Fig. 32). Upstream, fresh meadow grasses and forbs were important at all elevations, but Lythrum salicaria assumed dominance at the lowest elevation. Canopy structure: Developed from the 1993 harvest data, canopy structure is a measure of stem density and height. From the mouth of Mill Creek (Transect #1) to the beaver dam (Transect #6), canopy structure gradually declined from mean values over 10 to those under 9 (Fig. 33a). This suggests that the density and complexity of the vegetation decreased up the creek. Canopy structure was examined with respect to elevation down and upstream of the road. Downstream of the road, the canopy structure was relatively greater at mid elevations, with declines at the creekbank and at the upland border sometimes under the shade of trees (Fig. 33b). Upstream, no trend with elevation was apparent, but the canopy structure was relatively low; below 10. Fish Use Intermediate densities of fish were present in the low marsh of the Mill Creek channel. Densities were essentially the same in upstream and downstream zones (Fig. 19a). Fundulus heteroclitus, Apeltes quadracus, Anguilla rostrata, and Lepomis sp. were present in the samples. INNER NORTH MILL POND, PORTSMOUTH Hydrology Tides: The hydrology of this system was not altered by this pr oject, but clean fill was placed on the surface of intertidal mudflats to increase the elevation for establishment of a new Spartina alterniflora marsh. The low organic, low nutrient fill was placed in eight lobes, each ca. 25 by 25 meters and graded to eleyations that matched the S. alterniflora marsh elevations on the north shore of Inner North Mill Pond. (The small S. alterniflora patches that were growing naturally on the east ashore are thought to be heavily impacted by railroad construction and represented only the upper portions of this plant's potential distribution (D. McHugh, personal communication).) Both neap and spring high tides flooded the entire area of plantings and natural patches of low marsh in the created marsh area (Figure 7). Sediments Salinity and 12H: Soil salinity was similar at the created and reference sites, averaging about 33 ppt (Fig. 20). However, average well salinity between the two sites was quite different. In the reference marsh, well salinities averaged 31 ppt, but in the created marsh they averaged 21 ppt (Fig. 20). Low salinity water is available to plant roots at most sites in the created marsh, but Surface soils are drained and subject to drying, which increases the salinities. Soil pH averaged slightly lower in the reference marsh soils (6.0) than in the created marsh soils (7.1, Fig. 21). Soil moisture and organic matter: Percentage wet weight of the soil was significantly greater in the reference marsh than the created marsh (Fig. 22a). The difference is probably a reflection of the amount of water the soil can hold which depends upon the organic matter content. The amount of organic matter of the 16 soils was significantly greater in the reference marsh than the created marsh (Fig. 22b). The amount of organic matter in the created marsh was very low, but showed an increase from the original sediment (0.76% +/-.05 SE). Soil redox 12otential: Average Eh values of the reference marsh sediments were always lower than those of the created marsh (Fig. 23). At 1 cm. depth, soil redox potentials were fairly similar for the created and reference marshes, but diverged greatly by 10 cm depth (Fig. 23). At 10 cm depth, the created soil was poorly oxidized (+250 mV), while that of the reference marsh was very reduced (-150 mV), and likely was supporting sulfate reduction. Vegetation Maps: The size and shape of the eight graded lobes of new sediment define the edges of the created marsh (Fig. 4). Sixteen sampling stations were randomly located in the created area, while eight were established in the marsh across the pond which was chosen as a reference area (Fig. 34). The goal of the mitigation was to create low marsh (marsh areas normally dominated by Spartina alterniflora which flood on neap as well as spring tides). Therefore, the mitigation effort only considered marsh dominated by Spartina alterniflora (low marsh), thus high marsh areas are not included in the maps nor in the sampling efforts. The entire area of the lobes were planted, totalling about 0.4 ha (1.0 acre), and all areas had fairly even cover at the time of the survey in September (Fig. 34). Percentage of 121ant cover: Plant cover was about 6-fold greater in the reference marsh (90%) than in the created marsh (15%; Fig. 35). Plant cover primarily consisted of S. alterniflora, by design, though some seaweeds were noted in the reference marsh. Salicornia and Limonium seedlings were found in the created marsh, but these represented less than 0.5% of the total-plant cover. Biomass and canopy structure: Biomass, like percentage cover, was about six-fold greater in the reference marsh (ca. 1 kg dry weight/m2) than in the created marsh (Fig. 35). Plants were not destructively harvested in the created marsh. Biomass was estimated from cover estimates and estimates of the leaf and stem area of the ten tallest plants within each quadrat. Large differences in the mean values obtained for 17 canopy structure were found between the created and natural low S. alterniflora marshes (Fig. 35b). Fish Use Fish density was much greater in the Inner North Mill Pond reference zone than in the created marsh zone (Fig. 19c). The reference zone had much higher fish density at Inner North Mill Pond than at the reference zones of Awcomin Marsh or Mill Creek. Fundulus heteroclitus, Menidia menidia, and Anguilla rostrata were present in the samples. Fish density in the created marsh zone of Inner North Mill Pond was intermediate between the densities of the restoration zones of Awcomin Marsh and Mill Creek. AWCOMIN MARSH, RYE DISCUSSION The restoration activities at Awcomin marsh centered around two areas that had been impounded and filled with dredge spoil. The berms severely reduced tidal exchange, impaired fresh water drainage, and were associated with the rapid expansion of Phragmites into high marsh typically dominated by Spartina patens. The goal of the project was to restore tidal exchange and fresh water drainage by cutting tidal creeks through the berms and into the impounded areas. It was hoped that this action would deter the spread of Phragmites and restore natural marsh vegetation and functions. Because a substantial amount of dredge spoil had been placed on the marsh (ca. 30 cm), only spring tides with a predicted height over 10 feet effectively flood the marsh surface behind the 1941 berm. The highest spring tide observed (10.5), flooded vegetation Zone B and most of Zone C (Fig. 5), but the stands of Phragmites; were at elevations above this flood tide. Higher high tides only occur several times a month. The disappearance of pools around the 1962 berm and the patterns of soil variables in the vegetation zones indicate an important effect of the restoration excavation has been to drain the standing water and remove it from the system. Much of the standing water was relatively fresh. Because the sediment elevation within the berms is relatively high, soils are drying out (high soil redox potential at 10 cm depth). Thus the infrequent tidal flooding is leading more to salinity stress as the vegetation uses the water in the soil (large salinity increases behind the 1941 berm), and less to flooding stress from tidal inundation (since it is so infrequent). 18 The vegetation has already responded to many of these changes (within one to two years). Relatively low plant cover, biomass and canopy structure in vegetation Zone B for 1993 indicates these plants are stressed and the stress is likely from salinity, which was greatest in Zone B soils following restoration (Fig. 8). The declines in plant cover in Zones D and E were also likely due to soil changes from the hydrological restoration. Fresh and brackish species that dominated pools (Typha latifolia, Scirpus spp.) have been killed and replaced by Salicornia europea. Outside the 1962 berm, revegetation of pool areas has included S. alterniflora and S. patens. These areas are labeled as low mixed vegetation on the 1994 map. It is outside the scope of this study to describe the colonization process, but it is well known that S. europea can colonize areas quickly from seed, while Spartina species usually propagate vegetatively (Bertness 1992). The rapid recovery of the pools suggest that colonization by Spartina seedlings is also in portant in these areas. With only one year of data following restoration, no trend in primary production (biomass) or canopy structure has been noted, but the effects of impoundment and invasion by Phragmites are clearly shown by the lack of native salt marsh plant biomass in vegetative Zones E and F (Fig. 17). The vigor of Phragmites has been radically depressed, as indicated by the 45 cm drop in mean height of the flowering stems and the drop in cover from 1993 to 1994. Interestingly, native marsh species have not taken advantage of the increased light within the stands. Nothing appears to compete with the stressed Phragmites. Furthermore, Phragmites distribution had not decreased, but appeared to increase between 1992 and 1994. Phragmites stands in Zones D and B expanded and outcompeted native plants, but scattered shoots within these zones have disappeared. These results suggest Phragmites has consolidated its position in the face of increasing salinity, but has ceased to expand rapidly. It is unknown whether Phragmites releases plant toxins to gain competitive advantage or whether it simply dries out the soil by evapotranspiration, and the competing plants succumb to drought stress. As Phragmites continues to be impacted and is further reduced in vigor, as seen in 1994, will native species like S. patens be able to reclaim these areas? The pattern of changes in Phragmites at Awcomin Marsh suggest that cutting channels between stands of Phragmites and native vegetation will exclude Phragmites only if the channel brings in saline waters and no plants have invaded beyond the channel. At Awcomin Marsh, a creek was excavated at the edge of a Phragmites stand, but the plants had already spread to the other side, and this population has expanded (Fig. 15). 19 Fish utilization of newly created channel habitat appears to be deterred by the shape and/or elevation of the channel, and by the lack of Spartina alterniflora low marsh habitat with tall plants that provide cover. In conclusion, the hydrological changes effected at Awcomin Marsh through creek excavation and ditching has a strong effect on water and soil variables that structure the plant community. Indeed, many changes in the plant community are occurring, but they are not all as expected. It is likely that several more years will be required to determine if we may expect the desired results at this site. Vegetation in Zones B and C had increased S. patens cover and may be becoming more like the reference area, A. Fresh and brackish grasses growing in pools have been killed and replaced by salt marsh plants. Phragmites distribution expanded (on the outside of the creeks), but its vigor and cover has declined. As yet, this decline has not yet been accompanied by increased native vegetation in Phragmites stands. MILL CREEK STUART FARM, STRATHAM Tidal deprivation through use of a tide-gated culvert, as on the Mill Creek at Stuart Farm, is a common form of tidal restriction. Tidal deprivation leads to a drastic change in hydrology for a salt marsh system. However, the physical manipulation required to restore hydrology is relatively simple, compared to hydrologic restoration of filled marsh (Awcomin Marsh), or creation of new marsh (Inner North Mill Pond). The reconnection of the natural channel severed by the causeway across Mill Creek in September of 1993 led to complete and immediate restoration of tidal flow to the upstream marsh. While the increase in soil salinity in the upstream zone cannot be attributed to the restored tidal flow, the changes in water table level and salinity are indicative. By June of 1994, water table depth and salinity had converged completely with that of the downstream zone. Prior to restoration, the water table in the upstream zone was 10 cm lower than the downstream zone. After restoration, the water table is almost the same in the two zones 0 cm shallower upstream than downstream). It appears that the culvert size chosen is adequate to allow proper drainage from the upstream zone. This zone is subject to extensive flooding on spring tides due to lowered surface elevations (relative to the downstream marsh), caused by,soil oxidation during three decades of tidal deprivation. The water table salinity of the upstream zone was essentially zero prior to restoration, 13 ppt lower 20 than the downstream salinity. After restoration, the salinity of the two zones was equal (15 ppt). Soil moisture also increased dramatically upstream after tidal restoration, increasing the ability of the substrate to support wetland vegetation. A number of changes in the vegetation of the upstream zone were observed in June of 1994, the first growing season after tidal restoration. There was a considerable decline in vegetative cover, due to important declines in the invasive dominant Lythrum, and fresh meadow forbs and grasses. Two typical salt marsh plants not present in 1993, Atriplex patula and Juncus gerardi, were sparsely colonizing the newly opened space. Another typical fringing salt marsh species, Spartina pectinata, increased in abundance. It appears that the system has begun to change from fresh marsh to salt marsh vegetation. The rate and extent to which recovery of salt marsh vegetation occurs cannot be predicted from this initial data. Fish were sampled at Mill Creek in the first month after tidal restoration. Fish densities in the upstream and downstream zones were essentially the same, indicating a rapid colonization of the new tidal habitat. In contrast to the bare, steep banks of the new channel at Awcomin Marsh, the banks of the upstream channel at Mill Creek were gently sloping in places, and there was good cover of freshwater submergent vegetation. On the first sampling date, one strictly freshwater fish (Lepomis sp. - a sunfish) was captured. The american eel (Anguilla rostrata), a fish that migrates to fresh water during its adult phase, was well represented. Two weeks later, on the second sampling date, only typical salt marsh species were present in the sample. During the spring of 1994, we observed a strong run of alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) in the upstream zone on one date in early June. Alewives were known to enter the downstream zone in years prior to restoration, but access to spawning habitat was blocked by the tide gate. It appears that restoration of tidal flow to the upstream zone could lead to restoration of a self- sustaining population of alewife to Mill Creek. INNER NORTH MILL POND, PORTSMOUTH Mitigation activities at INMP focused on creating a 0.4 ha low marsh (dominated by Spartina alterniflora) to replace values lost from a marsh that will be destroyed by expansion of the New Hampshire Port Authority. Spartina alterniflora was planted at a pilot site (two lobes) in November, 1992 that was badly damaged by ice scour that winter (15% survival). The two lobes were replanted in May 1993 and the other six 21 lobes were planted in June. The planted areas are covered by neap and spring high tides, but almost the entire pond drains at low tide as well. Soil organic matter is very low, leading to oxidized soils that dry out and become as saline as the reference site. This is probably a good soil characteristic for excluding undesirable species at this site. Well-established plants can access the lower salinity water found deeper in the soil (5 to 20 cm), because the soil is not severely reduced (as in the reference site at 10 cm). Evaluation of the project after one growing season showed that approximately 15% of the functional values of primary production and percent cover of Spartina alterniflora, and fish use were attained relative to the reference marsh across the pond. The winter of 1994 was very hard and the ice damage was again severe. However, the plants had all summer to grow and only the outer edges (3 to 5 m) of the lobes and one lobe interior exhibited substantial damage. In June 1994, the continued development of salt marsh vegetation was stimulated by the natural establishment of thousands of S. alterniflora seedlings. Although ice damage over the past two winters has been severe, the prospects for successful establishment of a valuable salt marsh with functional values approaching those of the reference site by 1997 appear excellent. TECHNIQUES TO REPLACE SALT MARSH FUNCTIONAL VALUES In this study we have documented changes in hydrology and soils for three contrasting salt marsh restoration/ creation projects and their initial effects on wetland plant and animal communities. At Awcomin Marsh, the increased drainage from the excavated channels and ditches has increased the salinity of the soils, leading to the loss of freshwater plants, deterring the spread of Phragmites in some areas, and favoring typical salt marsh plant species. However, the raised elevation of the berm reduces the frequency of tidal flooding. The consequent reduction in tidal exchange makes the system less like a wetland in terms of 1) reduced potential for water filtration, and 2) export of primary production to the water column for use by fish. 'Fish utilization could be improved by increasing the depth and reducing the bank slope of the excavated channels. Holding pools for fish could also be excavated. It is not clear what effects the recent removal of dredge spoil in zone F will have on the system; this should be monitored. At Stuart Farm, the upstream restoration zone is lower in elevation than the reference zone, increasing the potential for exchange of organic matter between water and wetland. The initial changes in vegetation upstream are the loss of plant biomass, productivity and canopy structure. However the underlying hydrology, 22 and the colonization and expansion of salt marsh species suggest that these initial losses of wetland function are transient. The immediate colonization of the upstream zone by fish may actually be a response to a transient spike in organic matter provided by decaying plants exported to the water column. Although the post-restoration phase at Stuart Farm is the shortest of the three systems studied, the changes observed have been the most dramatic. At Inner North Mill Pond, the substrate rather than the hydrology of the system was manipulated. The survival and growth of the planted vegetation in a previously unvegetated area constitutes an increase in wetland functional values. Fish utilization of the habitat should increase with increased vegetative cover. Of the three systems, this is the one site for which clear prediction of a steady increase in functional values is warranted. The impacts experienced, and the objectives of mitigation for each of the wetlands described above are different. One statement does hold true for all: it is very early in the post-restoration /creation phase for each system. It is not possible at this point to predict the full nature and extent of the responses of these systems to restoration or creation. Figure 41 provides a schematic time line indicating the scales at which underlying conditions and functional values develop in salt marsh systems. Monitoring of these systems must continue beyond the initial phase reported in this study, if the success of these restoration/ creation projects is to be accurately assessed. REFERENCES Bertness, M. A. 1992. The ecology of a New England salt marsh. American Scientist 80:260-268. Boumans, R. M. J. and J. W. Day. in press. Effects of two Louisiana marsh management plans on water and materials flux and short-term sedimentation. Wetlands. Burdick, D. M. 1992. Pre-restoration assessment of sediments and vegetation at Awcomin Marsh, Rye, New Hampshire. Office of State Planning, Concord, NH. 13 pp. Cook, R. A., A. J. Lindley Stone, and A. Ammann. 1993. Method for the Evaluation and Inventory of Vegetated Tidal Marshes in New Hampshire. (Coastal Method). Audubon Society of New Hampshire, Concord, NH. 77 pp. Dionne, M. 1994. Coastal Habitat Alteration. Proceedings from the Gulf of Maine Habitat Workshop, April 12, 1994. Boothbay Harbor, ME. The Gulf of Maine Regional Marine Research Program. 23 Kusler, J. A., and M. E. Kentula. 1990. Executive Summary. In: Kusler, J. A., and M. E. Kentula, (eds.). Wetland Creation and Restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Mendelssohn, I. A. and D. M. Burdick. 1988. The relationship of soil parameters and root metabolism to primary production in periodically inundated soils. pp. 398- 428. In: D. D. Hook et al. (eds.) Ecology and Management of Wetlands Vol. 1: Ecology of Wetlands. Croom Helm, Breckingham, UK. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 1986. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York. 539 pp. Moy, L. D., and L. A. Levin. 1991. Are Spartina marshes a replaceable resource? A functional approach to evaluation of marsh creation efforts. Estuaries 14:1-16. Rogers, D., B. Rogers and W. Herke 1992. Effects of a marsh management plan on fishery communities in coastal Louisiana. Wetlands 12: 53-62. Roman, C. T., W. A. Niering and R. S. Warren 1984. Saltmarsh vegetation change in response to tidal restrictions. Environmental Management 8: 141-150. Shisler, J. K. 1990. Creation and restoration of the coastal wetlands of the northeastern United States. pp. 143-170 In: Kusler and M. E. Kentula, (eds.). Wetland Creation and Restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Sinicrope, T. L., P. G. Hine, R. S. Warren and W. A. Niering. 1990. Restoration of an impounded salt marsh in New England. Estuaries 13:25-30. Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Draft: Evaluation of Restorable Salt Marshes in New Hampshire. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 30 pp. Stuckey , R. L. 1980. Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) in North America. Bartonia 47:3-20. Tiner, R. W., Jr. 1987. A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA. 285 pp. 24 80 7 8 9 1941 Berm 4 A 4 5 6 go 1 5 c 6 2 3 7 2 3 8 Trees 70 4 6 5 9 1 On 3 6o 5E B a 6 2 4E 5 1 2 3\ 4 E 30 ................................... F 2 E 1962 BeLT trees 1962 Berm Construction / Transect Legend 1993 0 Wells 40 Wells on Transects 17-q Preconstruction Creeks A - F Vegetation Zones Ulm Post Construction Route 1A Post Construction Creeks Ditches Figure 1. Awcomin Marsh, Rye. Sampling wells, transects, and construction activities completed before the growing season in 1993. 25 N 80 9 7 8 1941 B( 4 A 4 5 6 go 5 1 C 6 2 3 7 3 2 Trees 70 8 104 6 9 ion rv 6o 5, B 6 2 4o E 5 1 2 30 3 X 4 .... .... ..... 1962 Berm F trees 1962 Berm Construction / Transect Legend 1994 E Wells A - F Vegetation Zones Wells on Transects Post Construction Preconstruction Creeks Ditches LUM Route 1A Post Construction Creeks ED Excavated Figure 2. Awcorrdn Marsh. Sampling wells and construction activities completed before the growing season in 1994. //4Rute 1A 26 Beaver dam: Upper Transect legend ............ Mill 1994 ........... ............. .... ........... . ..... ............ . ..... ............... .... ................ .... ............... .... Creek ..................... ... E] Marsh ............... Well 1 ............. ..... ... .. Creek a Q 0 a X x Well 2 4 a Do a 0 a 060600,X. Doe QQ- New Channel %-@ Q: a Well 3 Q Trees %-%-ff -1 "-4 - - a a?;%- %% a .......... 00060006- .. ........ .... .. ......... -00090000 Q . ..... ... .... One Inch Equals 58.42 Meters Q a w DID a W-2W-a 10- W w w 'a. :........... DID -2 DID Q a a- -a-0-0-0 D QQQQ ....................... a-DID-200 Doe QQQQQQQ 4D 0 0 Q Q a Q 0 Q .3 a Q Q a a Q 1200,300 DID Q g a a a a 0 Q Doe ID000 -0 Q Q a -a Q Q a Q .. ........ Q 0 2 a a Lower 12 a Q a a Q - - 00 Do . . ........ Mill DID QQ ......... .................... ... .... .............. . . ................... .............. ...... ............. ........... ................ . .............. ................ ................ Creek ........... I .... .................. ................ ....................... ................. ............................. ............ ............................... ................ ............ .. ......... .... ......... ... ................ .......... )DOXM-ma- .;.6% Q a a a 41 g a a 4 go a -a a DID a a 'doe. a Q a Q a Q a 41 a 4) h -w -:- 4 Q 4 41 a a Q a 4 a Q Q. X- a Q 4 'a a 4 QQQQ .......... . 00004001000 )Q-Q Q-Q a I.: Q414aa0aaaQa413a 12QQ agog 5 a 84 111 w w w 4 w Q ... ........... 000 D .1aa00 a QQQQQ e@o Q a Q X 4 0 0 Q 0 Q a Q ................... ................. 0 Q a a ............... A a a Q, .... ....... ................ ......... 0400000 .......... ....... 4aaaIa'agoo ......... ....... .......... ........... . 49@?Q 0 Q a a 41 Q Q a a a a a a a a a Q t 0 Q a a 0 Q Q QQQQOQ ....................... QQQQQaQ a go a 0 0 a 4 a a a a 4 4 4 a Q 0 0 a %0 a -3 -a a Q go ig. a a a Q a a a Q a a 0 a a a a a QQQQQQQ a Q go a Q Q a a a 0 a 0 a a 0 4 a a Q 0 DOID00000 a a a ga a 0 a Q 0 a a Q a a 0 a g Q a a 0 - go .,Do 0000000 a Q a a a Q a 0 Q 0 4 a 0 Q a a a 0 a 000 a a 0 a 0 4 Q V...... 00000040 Q g a 0 Q a a *.'.*.'-'.'.*.'.*.'.*.' * WOO w Q w W ?ee, X a 000 0 Q a a a a 0 0 a a a 0 'A 0 a a 0 -a a a Q a a Q a QQQ 4 go 0 Q a a 13 a a a 4 a 4:070 0 a 0 -a a a a a 0 a a ............. ... X ............ ... .......... .......... .......... . ........... .. ............. ... ............. -'0Q4 14 a a Q a a Q a 9 a Q a 12 a a a a Q a a a 4' ................ 4 go gage I& go a go 4 a a a 0 ... :q 4 4 P a ...... .......... 0 a a a a a a Doe a a a a g ......... .............. .............. ....... .............. .............. zo a a a a a a a 4 Q 4 0 Q 4 41 4 Q N ZQ Q Q 0 a 4 4 a a ......... ...... . . ........ ......... ......... ........ .............. ..... ................. Figure 3. Mill Creek at Stuart Farm, Stratham. Sampling wells along transects and the new channel for the arched culvert installed under the access road in October 1993. 27 Construction / Station Legend 1993 Stations Creek N Bounds of 8 T Survey .7 06 0,5 04 193 Natural Marsh Inner North Mill Pond NO, % 016 Created Access Road 015 0 Marsh 1-4 13 12 ell 10 09 '8 70 0 6 5* 3 2 Figure 4. Inner North Mill Pond, Portsmouth. Sampling wells at the created and reference marshes, and lobes of fill needed for establishing low marsh. 28 N Ark V. 1941 Berm A %'k f L C Trees B r E ............... ................ 1962 Ber trees 1962 Berm Extent of High Tide Legend 1993 Preconstruction Creeks Post Construction Creeks LIM El Post Construction A - F Vegetation Zones Ditches Route 1A - - - - - Spring Tide (7-28-93) - Spring Tide (8-26-93) Bounds of Survey Figure 5. Awcomin Marsh. Extent of tidal flooding on two spring tides following restoration activities of 1992. Flooding on neap tides was confined to inside natural and restoration creeks for all areas. 29 a 30 AWCOMIN MARSH YEAR El 92* T 92 IL LU z 2o- 93 94 _j E cc E lo- LU 0 E 0 A B C ZONE b 30- om% ZONE El A a. M B LU 20- C LU _j Ca E LU 0 lo- E 0 *92 92 93 94 YE AR Figure 6. Awcomin Marsh. Water table depths expressed as distance (cm) from the marsh surface to the water table as measured in wells. Depths measured in 1992 prior to hydrologic restoration are denoted by 1992*. 30 a AWCOMIN MARSH 40- CL YEAR CL %.., C3 92* >- OTM 92 30- 93 94J 20- LU M 10- LU 0 A B C D ZONE 40- CL ZONE CL El A >- 30- F- EM B C -j D Cn 20- LU M 10- LU 0 *92 92 93 94 YEAR Figure 7. Awcomin Marsh. Water table salinities expressed in parts per thousand (ppt) as measured in water sampled from wells. Salinities measured in 1992 prior to hydrologic restoration are denoted by 1992*. 31 a 40 MONTH PRE-RESTORATION 30- MAY JULY POST-RESTORATION Z 20- JUNE OCT .... .... .... _j 10 N.. 0 A B C D E F ZONE 40- PRr=-RESTORATION POST-R ESTO RATION PLANT COMMUNITIES 30- A B C Z D 20- E (n E3 F E5 10- 0 MAY JULY JUNE 01jr MONTH Figure 8. Awcon-dn Marsh. Soil salinity of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm, depth. Values are means for each vegetative zone +/- standard error. a. Salinity means for each month by zone. b. Salinity means for each zone by month. 32 a oo MONTH PRE-RESTORATION 90- MAY JULY -RESTORATION POST W JUNE OCT 80- (n T _j 70- 60- A B C D E F ZONE 100 PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION PLANT COMMUNITIES 90- A B C D so- Cf) E F _j co 70 60- WY JULY JUNE Ocr MONTH Figure 9. Awcomin Marsh. Soil moisture reported as a percentage on a wet weight basis from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means for each vegetative zone standard error. a. Moisture means for each month by zone. b.Moisture means for each zone by month. 33 a 600- MONTH PRE-RESTORATION 400- MAY Z W JULY E 0 CL -RESTORATION POST 200- x JUNE 0 LLJ LLJ OCT O_ KIA T -200- A B C D E F ZONE 600 PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION PLANT COMMUNITIES 400 A Z B w 01- El C D x 200 0 '15 E W w F 0 -200 MAY JULY JUNE X7 MONTH Figure 10. Awcon-dn Marsh. Soil redox potential (Eh) at 1 cm depth. Values are means for IN each vegetative zone +/- standard error. a. Eh means for each month by zone. b. Eh means means for each zone by month. 34 a 600- MONTH PRE-RESTORATION 400- MAY JULY Z U@j POST-R ESTO RATION 0 Ej JUNE 200- OCT 0 .... ... .. LLJ W ... .... ... U) -200-1-- ZONE 600- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION PLANT COMMUNITIES _j A 400- Z w C 00 (L D x to 200- 0 Uj El F LLI _j 0- Cn -200- MAY JULY JUNE OCT MONTH J/Av I Figure 11. Awcomin Marsh. Soil redox potential (Eh) at 10 cm depth. Values are means for each vegetative zone +/- standard error. a. Eh means for each month by zone. b. Eh means means for each zone by month. 35 a 8 MONTH PRE-RESTORATION E3 MAY JULY POST-RESTO RATION 6- 0 JUNE Cf) oar 0/1"i 4- A B C D E F ZONE PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION PLANT COMMUNITIES A B C 6- D E F ... ... .. Ix N"Y JULY JUNE ccr MONTH Figure 12. Awcomin Marsh. Soil pH of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means for each vegetative zone +/- standard error. a. pH means for each month by zone. b. pH means means for each zone by month. 36 a 80 M MONTH LU PRE-RESTORATION 60- MAY JULY POST-RESTORATION Z _I 40- < -00, JUNE OCT M 20 _j 55 Cl) 0- A B C D E F ZONE b 80 PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION M PLANT LU COMMUNITIES 6o- A B El C E _j 40- D E < 10-0 F M 20- F5 Cl) 0 MAY JULY JUNE OCT MONTH Figure 13. Awcomin Marsh. Soil organic matter from 1 to 5 cm depth, reported as loss on ignition (LOD. Values are means for each vegetative zone +/- standard error. a. Percentage organic matter means for each month by zone. b. Percentage organic matter means for each zone by month. 37 ......... ........ ....... ....... ......... .... . ........ ................... IN ........ .............. -'-'--z-'zZz', 1941 Berm "'-N .... . 11 ZZI I'll Z N ........ IN ............ "IZZ"", .......... Z- -Z, ... "IZZ",""' Z N 'IN .......... ... Z ......... ....... ........... ...... ..... ..... .............. @..... ..... IIN- ...... %"IN ... Trees -Z V, ZZI ....... I. .... ................ . ....... ........... ............ .XXXI.N.' ........... .............. ... 41 Q 4 ",\ ...... ........... .... N-z .... ..............\ Q 44 Q 0 iQ -QQQQQQQi1QQ aVa"a a Q a 0 @04:-K,7- 62 1 'a a -Q- Z " ZX'R upland -.000 a 409-0 1 1962 Berim a 1, 7e 4 Q a a Q Q Q 40414a 4 a Vegetation Community Legend 1992 P. australis S. patens - Bounds of Survey r. 7. 19 S. pectinata Typha spp. High Mix Salicornia europea L-Li El Route 1A S. patens / P. australis S. afterniflora El 7 @@Zj 1 1@7,j Pools: S. patens Scirpus spp. S. patens S. alterniflora F- Figure 14. Awcomin Marsh. Vegetation mapped by community, 1992. Outside of the 1941 berm, the S. patensIS. alterniflora community denotes S. patens dominant in high marshes and S. alterniflora dominant at the creek banks. 38 IN I'll "I I IN, IN ....................... ..... IN r, N 1, 1- 11 -IN I ",',-"ZZZZNZll, .......... . I I ......................... ........................................................I IN ....... IN . .... ........... .......... IN 1941 Be m . ... .. .. ....... ......... IN ...... "I's IN IIZNI IN ............................. %IININII I, I ZZ IN I. .... ..... I IN; I I ........ 11 "1 Z. N N IC %N'IIlII IN ....... IN IN' I, IN... IN I \1'\I\IIZ Z, .. ",Z\Z\"ZZZIN\,\ ZZI Trees z '111 1- ... IN IIN IN,\ ,,,\ ........ IN, %\N\ IN IN IN < IN IN IN, I'll I Z ZZ I\ Z 1\1- IN I.. IN z IN ... I ... IN IN I\\\N-'NNn"-\ -VN""NN\\%.. A, 'NNN---,-,I IN ..................... .................. X .......... ...... ....... IN .............. ... ......... ................. ............ ....... .............. IN .. I 1962 Berm a QQQQ4QQQ QID a War X - _e 4 we T W'j @ W 10 10 a a a-,a a 0 Q Q 9 Q a 4 a 4e-Q!Q a aWQW a WaNPQ40a40aWa W %A W 0aa aa0aQa0a%P0Qaaa a QQQQaaa'a0 aa aaaaaaa aa4DaaQaa a 4 Q aaaQaQQ aaaaQ0Q a aaaaaa0 a4aaa04 aQaaa0Q aaa44Q 962 Berm Vegetation Community Legend 1994 Bounds of Survey Low Mixed Bare S. patens High Mix S. pectinata Salicornia europea L P. australis S. patens / S. alterniflora Figure 15. Awcomin Marsh. Vegetation mapped by community, 1994. Outside of the 1941 berm, the S. patensIS. alterniflora community denotes S. patens dominant in high marshes and S. alterniflora dominant at the creek banks. 39 AWCOMIN MARSH too- 1993 EI S. patens 0 S. aftemillora so- A E3 Salicornia 0-0 Ir- 60' Phragmites: LU > 0 S. pectinala 0 other 40- Z (L 20 0- A B C D E F too- 1994 0 S. patens 80- S. alterniflora Saticornia Phragmites 60- S. pectinata w > q Other 0 F- 40- Z 4 20- 0 A B C D E F 60- 1994 1993 El S. patens 0 S. alterniflora 40- Saficornia cc w Phragmites 0 S. pectinate 20- Other Z LL 0- n n LLJ 0 Z -20- -40- VEGETATION ZONE Figure 16. Awcomin Marsh. Percentage of plant cover by indicator species 1993, 1994 and change (1994 - 1993). Values are means for each-vegetative zone. 40 AWCOMIN MARSH PLANT BIOMASS 1992 300- El S. patens W S. alterniflora C4 Salicornia E Phragmites 200- S. pectinata Other Cn Cl) 100- W, A B C 1993 400- S. patens S. alterniflora Saficomia E 300- Phragmites 0 S. pectinata 200- Other A. U) Cl) 100- R A B C D E F VEGETATION ZONE Figure 17. Awcomin Marsh. Aboveground biomass (end of season live standing crop) by indicator species 1992 a- nd 1993. Values are means for each vegetative zone. far 12 41 AWCOMIN MARSH 1992 AND 1993 12 PLANT COMMUNITIES Uj El A cc 10- B E CL 0 Z n a 1992 1993 YEAR Figure 18. Awcomin Marsh. Canopy structure, an indicator of habitat complexity and potential for water filtration (developed in Table 1) for plants harvested in 1992 and 1993. Values are means +/- standard error for each vegetative zone. 42 FISH UTILIZATION OF LOW MARSH a 3 - MILL CREEK STUART FARM 2- 0 b DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM C14 E AWCOMIN MARSH 2 Z Uj LL A (REFERENCE) B (RESTORATION) C 3- INNER NORTH MILL POND 2 0 --------- ------------ REFERENCE CREATED Figure 19. All Marshes. Fish densities expressed per m2 of low marsh habitat sampled. Densities represent combined catches for two sampling dates for each zone sampled. 43 Pre-Restoration Beaver dam: Upper Extent of High Tide ......... ...... ......... ..... Mill Legend 1993 .......... .......... .......... ............... ..... ............... .... ................ .... ............... .... ................ ... Creek ............ .......... .:::: a marsh ........... ................ Trees ......... ... 2103 goo Creek %Q_?Q Q 0-01 ............... ------ Spring Tide (7-26-93) ,Do a a QQQ_ 00 QQQQ a ........... 4 .00 - go io age 000 goo ............. Neap Tide age 006008?i@ 000 009000 ................ 000800440, a 290 a- - aQ Q One Inch Equals 58.42 Meters -a Q Q Q Q -0 a Q 4"a 'a Q -a -a Q 13 Q a Q Q 0 Q Q .................... ................... ................. g .......................... ....................... a a g ................... ................ ..... .................. .... a ................. . ..... Q Q v 40 Q Q Q Q a -a Q Q 0 0 Q Q a Q Q Lower Q Q Q a Q . .... ...... . ...... ...... . . ........................ Do Mill ago a ....................... Creek Q ............... . ............. ............................... .............. .......................................... .......... .......... ............................... .... 9 Q 0 a Q ................................................... QQIDQQQQ ............................................... ........ .... .............................. .... a Q a Q a Q a a ..........4 Q a Q .. .................. .......... go 1:: .......... ................ Wage W .0 1 a a a Wa00 .................. 0 0 W 0 W a o Qa a a a go 4 Q QQWQQQQ a aagoo 00 Q Q 41 a a 4 a 0 Q Q Q_g ........... 4 Qa4 a'?aaQQRa goDoga W a a a a0a QQ0a ........... . 00 QgQoQQQQQQ 41 1W 4) 10a11 Q 'a W '0 W 00 40 'a 40'a 0 0 '0 W W 0 ow :qo a a a Q .4 a o Q a 0 a Q a a go 0 Q go 0 i 4 .......... ........ a a gQ aag aaaaaoa gaaaaa0a QQ-aaaaoaaa4Q-aaaQaQ aaaaaa000 a a a a a 0 0 a a0aa oaaaa0012 -3Q a4oQe'2 a 4 -a a Q Q 4 a Q a Q a Q a i .......... 0 Q 0 Q 4 0 4 11 4 4 a a 4 a 4 aaaaQQQQ Q Q 4'aQ0 ...... N . ................ . . ................. ................ goa ................. :7X7X7:::',*@ .:-:-7-7-7+ Figure 20. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Extent of tidal flooding on spring tides before restoration, 1993. Flooding on neap tides was confined within natural creeks downstream of access road. 44 Post- Restoration Beaver d .am Upper Extent of High Tide .......... Mill Legend 1994 ............ ............. ... ............... ............... ........... Creek Marsh New Channel 4_0141;10';A Q a Creek T r e e s RZ A41.051-014-1 .............. .... Q Q -a -a Q 13 Q:Q a 4 -a gee go -a a --- Spring Tide (5-27-94) 00 QR a a . . .............. 00 a a Q Q Qg a ............. X.. Q a a a a a a a 91 Neap Tide (7-29-94) OR .4.0 ..... Q a a Q a a Qo a a ago QQQQQ ... ...... Bounds of Survey -0 %WF '00 XX. a a -Wa a - I I ................ ....... ... ........... ........... . Do go 000000 One Inch Equals 58.42 Meters 0 a a a a a 'a a Q ............................. ........... ... ................. . ................. .. Lower ... . ....... ......... . ..... Mill ..... .......... .. ..... . Creek ............. ............ . ............ 12 a Q a ............. .................. ............... .... ... ......... aw QOQ QWQOQ ,@_ee "_94?ZPB@ a a 4 0 0 0.......... -04 .......... a QQQ Q 410 a 912904120 Q Q ago 45 04 a 4 a a a " *.. a a Q a Q Q g a a Q Q 0a ao 0a0 QQoa'a. goo V )QQQ ) a 4 a a a -a 4 41 a 0 44?ZU'i a ...... ::: .... Q 'a Q 0 Q 0, a 00444 a 4 a a g!Q a R@ikj jaQ4a4a0a a 64 .4 4=_e_ea@o a -.4 a 4 a a a Q M Q ......... .... _e -a a a . ......... ....................... .......... .... .. .................... eQQQQQQQQQQQQ a a -a Q Q aa12aa04aQgQ'?i_?0 41 a 4 aa Q0 QQa4 Qaa 4aQQQQ 900040004040 ............ I'll a a Q a -a a 4 a 0 0 0 Q a a Q g 'a Q Q Q Q Q g Q 2eMa-Mi Q_Q_Q_1 -1 44410Q aaaa4aaaaa4a0 12aQa41aaaaaaaQa 5-al?"N.121214, a ago 4 4 o Q Q4 'a a a 4 Q Q QQQ QQQQQQgQQo .............. &20?@oa QaQa12a a0aQaQQaaaQaa aaaQaaaQa4a 4-a9aQoQ4Q4 000 ago a0 Qaa aa00aa a 0 Q a Q a 9 a Q 4 a Q a 4 a a a a a a 'a Q g a a Q a Q Q aQ4a aQaaaQ0Qa QQQQQQQQ 040- 0 a0a a Q0 a '? a go a Q Q 0 W0 QQ0Q QQ04QQaQQa QQaa0aaa12aaa0 aaaaaaaaaaa a0aa00Q12Q0Q' 9 Q a a a a 9 a Q a 0 a a 4 Q a 4 Q '? 4 Q 4 0 a Q a a a . ..... aQ Qaaaa04QaQ 4aQa4aaa12a9aQ 4a a a'a4'aaaaaaaQ0aQa00 @QQ4QQQQQQ ............... ........... .. .............. a a a Q a a 44i) 000QQQQQQ Q Q g 4 Q Q g 0 1 ........ 4 4 -a '0 Q 9 g a Q a ...... ........ ..... ...... ........ .... ............... .............. ............. .............. .............. ................ ..... ................ Q-4 a a Q'Q' a N .................. .................... Figure 21. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Extent of tidal flooding on spring tides after restoration, 1994. Flooding on neap tides was confined within natural creeks downstream of access road. 45 MILL CREEK a 30 PRE-RESTORATION 4) 3: u 25- LLJ a U) 20- LLI M _j U) 15- E E 10- LU 0 5 0 D OWNSTREAM- UPSTREAM b 30- - POST- RESTORATION 4) 0 25- F_ ca LLJ a U) 20- LLJ _j rn W 15- E E 10- LU 0 oL DOWNSTREAM .UPSTREAM Figure 22. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Water table depths expressed as distance (cm) from the marsh surface to the water table as measured in wells. 46 a MILL CREEK STUART FARM 20- CL PRE-RESTORATION CL 15- cl) 10- LU _j W 0 DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM 20- CL CL POST-R ESTO RATION c/) 10- LLI _j im F_ 1= W < L 0 DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM Figure 23. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Water table salinities expressed in parts per thousand (ppt), as measured in water sampled from wells. 47 MILL CREEK STUART FARM a 30- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION CL CL 20- _j 10- < Cl) -1 ME/, 0- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM -101 HIGH M I D LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH M I D LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION b 3o- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION TRANSECT DOWNSTREAM CL 12 1 CL El 3 20- IM 5 UPSTREAM 6 z 8 < Cn 10- 0 Cn SPRING SEASON FALL Figure 24. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil salinity of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. Salinity means for each Period @ffid zo-fie by elevation. b. Salinity means for each period by transect. 48 MILL CREEK STUART FARM a loo. PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION 90- '0 10.", 80- cc 70- cn 0 60- _j 50- 40- VNSTREAM STRE DOWNSTRE M Em ',,, r////////A "I'll, I E 30 HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID IJOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION b loo- PRE-RESTORATION POST-R ESTO RATION TRANSECT "0 0, 80- DOWNSTREAM LU i cc ......... ..... 3 60 D (n ..... UPSTREAM 40- 6 ..... ..... ..... ..... 20- El SPRING FALL SEASON in =AM Figure 25. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil moisture reported as a percentage on a wet weight basis from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. moisture means for each period and zone by elevation. b. Moisture means for each period by transect. . 49 MILL CREEK STUART FARM 70- PRE-RZSTORATION POST-RESTORATION LLJ 60- 50- 0 := 20 J 40- -0 0, M@ T 0 30- 0 20- Cl) 10- VNSTREA DOWNSTRI STREN r 0- HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION b 80- M . PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION TRANSECT LLJ 7o- DOWNSTREAM 60- El 3 50- 5 Z 40- ..... ... UPSTREAM 0 6 0 30- 20- 10- W 01- DM SPRING SEASON I FALL I j I ij Figure 26. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil organic matter reported as a percentage from I to 5 cm depth and based on loss on ignition (LOD. Values are means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. Percentage organic matter means for each period and zone by elevation. b. Percentage organic matter means for each period by transect. 50 MILL CREEK STUART FARM a 600- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION 400- Z Lij E 0 200- 0 ca LLI Uj 0- k1111 ME a: r/////A// -200 - DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM -400- HIGH M I D LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH M I D LOW ELEVATION b 400- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION TRANSECT DOWNSTREAM P Z w 200- El 3 5 CL UPSTREAM X ca 0- ..... El 6 LLJ Uj cc %.-* oil _j -200- Cn -400 SPRING FALL SEASON Figure 27. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil redox potential (Eh) at 1 cm depth. Values are I // ////. 1/ 10 1 means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. Eh means for each period and zone by elevation. b. Eh means for each period by transect. 51 MILL CREEK STUART FARM a 800- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION 600- z LU I.-E 0 400- a. x T T 0 w w 200- cc 5) j = U) 0 DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM -200 HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION 500- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTORATION TRANSECT 400- DOWNSTREAM z w E 300- El 3 0 0 C) CL X 200- UPSTREAM 6 ..... ...... 8 IN. LU 100- X _j '.."..:7777 a 0 A -10 SPRING FALL SEASON Figure 28. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil redox potential (Eh) at 10 cm depth. Values are means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. Eh means for each period and zone by elevation. b. Eh means for each period by transect. 52 a 7.5 MILL CREEK STUART FARM PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTO RATION 7.0- 6.5- CL T Cn 6.0- 5.51 TR M U STRE DOWNST PSTRE 5.0 ................. ...... HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION 7.5- PRE-RESTORATION POST-RESTO RATION TRANSECT DOWNSTREAM 7.0- 12 El 3 5 6.5 UPSTREAM 6 8 6.0- (n ....... .. . 5.5- ....... 1X 5.0 SPRING SEASON FALL Figure 29. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Soil pH of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means for each elevation or transect +/- standard error. a. pH means for each period and zone by elevation. b. pH means for each period by transect. 53 Upper Vegetation Legend 1993 Mill Communities by Dominant Species Trees Creek Lythrum "0 Phragmites Typha Fields Spartina alterniflora S. patens .......... .......... Agropyron Agrostis Trees Carex Trees Rhus One Inch Equals 58.42 Meters Unmawed Marsh Lower Mill Creek Trees Fresh Marsh Trees Fields Fields Stuart Farm Access ..P Trees %X -M Trees MONO .M:M,M Residential M No Unmapped M ;M.N, Marsh :v"M, No N Route 108 Figure 30. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Vegetation mapped by community, 1993. 54 Upper Vegetation Legend 1994 Mill Trees Communities by Dominant Species Creek Lythrum Phragmites Typha Fields Spartina alterniflora K-X-30 .. 0. S. patens ........... ....... S. pectinata Trees Carex Trees Rhus Bare Ground One Inch Equals 58.42 Meters Unmapped Marsh Lower Mill Creek Trees Fresh Marsh Trees Fields Fields Stuart Far 2 Xw- M W mono ORONO ORONO.E 0:2 NO ax....0 Trees Trees -XX 0 0 z Residential Emmons Unmapped Marsh An .2.0. N Route 1 8 Fi gure 31. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Vegetation mapped by community, 1994. 55 MILL CREEK STUART FARM 1993 100- PLANTS DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM 80- S. alterniflora M S. patens 7, EI Carex 60- Other LLI > Lythrurn 0 S. pectinata 40- z 20- 0 HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW 1994 100- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM PLANTS 80- S. alterniflora M S. patens X 60- El Carex LLI > EI Other 0 Lythrurn 40- El S. pectinata z < 20, 0. HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW -1994 1993 40- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM PLANTS 20- S. atterniflora UJI > S. patens 0 L) n Carex r- El Other z Lythrurn '20- S. pectinate z LU z -40- .60- HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW STATION ELEVATION Figure 32. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Percentage of plant cover by indicator species 1993, 1994 and change (1994 - 1993). Values are means for each elevation of the downstream transects and the transects upstream of the access road. 5.6 MILL CREEK STUART FARM 1993 60- El Spartina alterniflora C14 Spartina patens 50- E Other LO 041 CD 40- Lythrurn salicaria 'X 1/5 30- 20- 0) . . . . . . N U) 10- 0 0- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION Figure 33. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Aboveground biomass (end of season live standing crop) by indicator species 1993. Values are means for each elevation of the downstream transects and the transects upstream of the access road. 57 MILL CREEK STUART FARM 1993 14- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM 12- K. i:.i**;*ij: Ni" 10 - Xi 8 X@ii -gi, 0, No k 6 CL z 4- ....... .. XXXX X ............. ............. 2- .............. . ............ .... ...... .... ........ --- .............. ..... .... 11 ..I... .... ..... I ...... .... .... i ..... ...... ............ .............. ..... .... ?.. ..... . ... ............ ..... ....... ...... ... . .... ..... ....... ............. ... ....... . .... ..... . .... ....... ....... ............. ..... ........ ..... ....... ........... ............. .............. ..... ....... .............. .... ...... .............. ..... ....... .............. .... ........ ...... .............. ..... ....... ............. ............. ...... ...... ..... ....... ...... ...... ............. .............. ..... ....... .............. ..... ............. .............. .......... .. 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 TRANSECT b 14- DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM W CC 12- F- .......... :X, C-) 10- gl@ i@4. g@' i ii: i i @@'i i: i ii ii:: i i i i: i: '::X.. K"' X -7- Ego= cc 8- xx :i. giik 6- z 4- ....... mom ..................... .. .......... .................. .......... ................... ..... ........... ..'.. ............. ......... '**** .. .... . .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . ............ .......... .............. ..... .... . ........ . .. ............... 2- ......................... I.. ....................... . ........ ........................ ..................... ............ . ... HIGH MID LOW HIGH MID LOW ELEVATION Figure 34. Mill Creek Stuart Farm. Canopy structure, an indicator of habitat complexity and potential for water filtration (developed in Table 1) for plan ts harvested in 1993. Values are means +/- standard error for each transect or elevation. a. Canopy structure for the means of each transect. b. Canopy structure for the means of each elevation of the downstream transects and the transects upstream of the access road.. 58 Extent of High Tide 1993 ------- Spring Tide (8/21/93) Neap Tide (12/23/93) N Low Natural Marsh Natural Marsh Inner North Mill Pond %\\% Access Created Marsh Figure 35. Inner North Mill Pond. Extent of tidal flooding on spring and neap high tides following marsh construction and planting, 1993. 59 INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 a 40- Soil salinity Well salinity 35- CL NO 30- NX 25- 20- IN 15- 10 CREATED R&-ER24CE AREA INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 b 8- 7- CL R 6- 0 Cf) RX, 5 --N X. M 4 4- . ........ CREATED AREA REFERENCE Figure 36. Inner North Mill Pond. Salinity and pH. Values are means standard error for created and reference marshes. a. Soil salinity of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm depth and well salinity from 5 to 20 cm depth. b. pH means of interstitial water from 1 to 5 cm depth. 60 INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 a oo- - 80- 0-0 LLI X 60- M U) 0 40- 20- 0 4-- ............. .. .. ...... CREATED REFERENCE AREA INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 b 2o - cc W .0 15 0 10- . . . . . . . . . . 'S 0 0 -j -0,0 5- in _M 0-1 ............ CREATED AREA REFERENCE Figure 37. Inner North Mill Pond. Soil moisture reported as a percentage on a wet weight basis and organic matter reported as loss on ignition (LOI), from 1 to 5 cm depth. Values are means +/- standard error for created and reference marshes. a. Moisture means for created and reference marshes. b. Organic matter means for created and reference marshes. 61 INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 300 E Eh at 1 cm depth EhatlOcmdepth 200- 100- LLI . . .......... CL x 0-- 0 LU -100- in -200 CREATED REFERENCE AREA Figure 38. Inner North Mill Pond. Soil redox potential (Eh) at 1 and 10 cm depths. Values are means +/- standard error for created and reference marshes. 62 Vegetation Community Legend 1993 Natural Marsh f'*-* Creek N Created Marsh Bounds of Survey Natural Marsh Inner N orth Mill Pond Access Created Marsh Figure 39. Inner North Mill Pond. Vegetation mapped as natural and created low marsh dominated by S. alterniflora, 1993. 63 a INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 100- %COVER LU C-4 > 80- BIOMASS 0 60- a C5 M U) Cl) 40- 0 4U Cc 0- CREATED ZONE REFERENCE INNER NORTH MILL POND 1993 b io- EN 8- M 6 ch >- 4- a. 0 z 'Nx 2- 'M -01--Z M, --'g ..... . ..... CREATED RE FER24CE ZONE min Figure 40. Inner North Mill Pond. Vegetation characteristics of created marsh compared to reference marsh, 1993. Values are means +/- standard error for created and reference marshes. a. Percentage of plant cover and biomass (end of season live standing crop) ofS. alterniflora. b. Canopy structure. 64 FISH COMMUNITY FISH USE DEVELOPMENT PLANT Estab./ PLANT SUCCESSION Death PEAT SOILS DEVELOPMENT HYDROLOGY Sea Level Rise IES HOURS DAYS WEEKS MONTHS YEARS DECADES CENTUR' Figure 41 Chronology and ecological time scales important for assessing salt marsh restoration/creation projects. 65 APPENDIX I COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND OUTREACH New Hampshire has lost approximately half of its coastal marshes since colonial times, and many remaining marshes continue to be degraded due to human impacts and invasion by weedy plants such as Phragmites and Lythrum. Recently, it has been estimated that 20% of these impacts involve hydrological modifications to the salt marshes (SCS, 1994), now considered a form of non- point source pollution. While many people realize salt marshes are important and need protection, they rarely know why. This is because ecologists are just beginning to understand how these systems function in the coastal landscape to improve our quality of life, from water quality to fish production (Dionne 1994). How can restored marshes regain functional values to support our coastal ecosystems? As scientists we recognize the need to share our findings with students and the public. During and after the study period, this work will provide answers and further questions to several basic research questions. Coupling our results with field trips to the sites provide hands-on case studies that make the concepts and questions of wetland alteration, restoration, and functional values come to life. Our diverse bases (Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Jackson Estuarine Lab, and Departments of Plant Biology, Zoology, and Natural Resources at the University of New Hampshire) will be foci for attracting students to aid in research as well as dissemination of this information to the public. We have used two of these sites for field trips and special projects on our course: Coastal Wetland Restoration and Mitigation, Department of Natural Resources, NR719/819 in fall, 1993. Some of the data presented here is a direct result of those field trips. APP 1-1 We have used one site as a special projects course for a two-term project. Zoology 705, Univeristy of New Hampshire. We have had several undergraduates as paid interns, 6 undergraduate volunteers, and four high school students along with two high school teachers working on this project. We have given the following public seminars: Approaches to Salt Marsh Restoration and Mitigation in New Hampshire Department of Natural Resources seminar series, James Hall, University of New Hampshire. We have attended, and have presented our preliminary results in poster form the RARGOM regional planning conference in Boothbay Harbor, April 1994. We plan to present the results of this project at the New England Estuarine Research Society Meeting, October, 1994. APP 1-2 I I I I I I APPENDIX Il I I CORRECTED, UNREDUCED DATA I I I I I I I I I APP II-A I I AWCOMIN MARSH SAMPLING 1992 Temp. Temp. Corr. Corr. Soil Soil % Soil Month Well Rep. at 1 cmat 10 cm Eh 1cm EH 1 Ocm Sal. pH Moisture MAY 1 A 7.7 7.6 -175 -110 0 6.7 87.6 MAY 1 B 7.9 7.6 -95 -149 0 6.4 92.3 MY 1 1 Ic 7.11 -171 -132 0, 6.4 92.8 MAY 2 A 6.8 6.6 -35 -96 01 5.5 92.2 MAY 2 B 6.8 6.5 -75 98 0 6.2 91.8 MY 2 C 6.8 39 -97 0 5.6 87.1 MAY 3 A 7.9 7.7 -68 -20 2 7.11 86.6 MAY 3, B 8.11 7.8 -164 15 2 7.11 88.3 WAY 3 C 8.71 7.7 -145 -47, 3 7.0 85.1 MY 4 A 9.3 8.4 -40 -44 4 6.4 91.4 MAY 4 B 8.9 8.5 -55 251 4 6.6 91.1 MY 4 C 8.9 8.4 -49 47 3 6.7 90.5 MY I 5jA 6.4 6.4 -140 -63 3 6.9 89.9 KAY 5 B 6.31 6.4 .85 22, 2 7.2, 88.8 MY 5 C 7.1 6.5 -89 -102 2 7.1 90.4 MAY 6 A 9.3 8.7 -37 -122 5 7.9 91.8 MY 6 B 10.8 9.0 5 -107 7 7.6 90.1 MY 6 C 9.7 9.0 .3 -114 8 7.4 90.8 MAY 7 A 1 7.3 6.9 14 -135 21 7.6 90.8 MAY 7 B 7.0 6.8 -55 -141 31 7.4 90.5 MAY 7 C 6.9 6.8 55 -155 6 7.4 89.4 MAY 8 A 7.0 6.9 100 -20 13 6.9 86.0 NAY 8 B 7.4 6.9 143 -45 12 6.9 88.2 MAY 1 8 C 7.11 7.o 1 -65 12 7.21 87.3 MAY 9 A 6.8 6.7 179 -85 17 7.51 83.6 MAY 9, B 6.6 6.7 143 -78 16 7.2 85.7 MY 9 C 6.6 6.6 173 -91 13 7.1 80.7 MAY 10 A 8.0 7.7 -64 -151 2 7.4 92.1 MY 10 B 7.5, 7.6 33 -145 2 8.0 92.1 MAY 10 c 7.3 7.5 25 -116- 2 7.3, 91.6 JULY I 21A 17.0 15.6 278 -31 0 4.9 82.1 JULY 2 B 17.4 15.5 510 474 1 5.1 64.8 JULY 2 C 1 16.5 15.4 405 305 1 5.0 70.0 JULY 1 A 18.1 16.5 419 72 0 6.0 69.6 JULY 1 B 17.71 16.4 448 275 1 6.0, 53.7 JULY 11c 19.5 16.9 425 251 1 6.o 67.1 JULY 31A 20.5 17.8 255 -60 13 5.9 72.9 JULY 3 B 20.3 17.9 265 145 13 6.0 73.3 JULY 3 C 19.9 17.9 370 -18 12 6.2 69.7 JULY 4 A 20.11 18.8 -47 186, 7 6.11 85.4 JULY 4 B 20.4 18.6 220 -128 7 6.2 86.7 JULY 4, C 20.9 18.7 217 260 4 6.3 87.3 JULY 5 A 20.8 18.4 299 -12 11 6.2 79.4 JULY 5 B 20.8 18.7 225, -71 15 6.6 78.0 JULY 5 C 19.5 18.4 1141 42@ 14 6.8 85.0 APP 11- 1 Temp. Temp. Corr. Corr. Soil Soil % Soil Month WelliRep. at 1 cmat 10 cm Eh 1cm EH 10cm Sal. pH Moisture JULY 61A 21.1 20.0 -161 -43 17 6.4 83.6 JULY 61B 21.6 20.2 383 -108 16 7.0 84.4 JULY 6 C 23.1, 21.2 277 -93, 17 6.0 81.3 JULY 7 A 23.5 20.0 175 -170 15-6.3 80.8 JULY 7 B 24.6 19.7 265 -171 13 6.3 83.9 JULY 7 C 23.7 19.8 301 -181 14 6.4 84.6 JULY 8,A 24.7 20.2 -91 -53 25 5.0 84.9 JULY 81B 24.91 19.8 .73 -118 26 6.1, 83.3 JULY 8 C 21.7 19.2 277 -175 25 4.9 85.1 JULY 9 A 18.4 17.4 201 89 23 6.9 83.2 JULY 9 B 17.8 17.3 225 -99 21 7.0 84.8 JULY 9 C 18.2 17.3 218 -90 22 7.2 83.4 JULY 20.2 19.0 137 -115 15 6.81 87.3 JULY 19.5 18.0 5 -135 15 6.6 88.8 JULY 20.2 19.11 275 -149 17 6.81 82.51 APP 11- 2 AWCOMIN MARSH SAMPLING 6/24/93 I Temp. ITemp. Corr Corr Soil Soil % Soil O/OLOI 2DE WELL Rep. atl cmat 10 cmEh1cm Eh 10cmsal pH Moisture A 2A 17.5 14.5 -142 1 31 6.1 74.9 34.5 A 2B 16.7 14.4 -220 155 32 6.6 74.7 33.0 A 5A 16.7 13.6 188 1191 31 6.0 70.3 23.1 A 5B 15.1 13.6 208 741 31 6.1 72.7 28.9 A 7A 18.11 14.8 .22 193 32 6.5 74.1 25.2 A 7B 18.5 14.8 208 218 31 6.01 75.1 31.7 B 2A 18.0 14.8 198 -158 32 6.5 83.7 60.2 B 2B 17.4 15.2 -137 458 31 6.5 84.7 52.6 B 5A 19.8 15.7 23 -2 32 6.5 87.3 36.0 B 51B 18.5 15.4 98 -121 32 5.6 68.8 21.2 B 8 A 24.51 16.4 78 181 48 6.1 79.0 64.2 B 8 B 22.3 16.9 38 -84 42 5.1 85.0 59.7 C 2A 17.6 15.6 313 174 30 6.1 83.0 54.6 C 2B 18.9 15.9 -112 -160 30 6.1 84.6 58.7 C 5A 18.5 16.3 101 46 30 6.1 83.2 60.6 C 51B 18.8 16.4 348 378 20 5.9 79.9 44.7 D 2 A 19.2 17.1 373 444 29 6.2 77.9 38.2 D 2 B 17.6 16.8 372 50 26 6.0 71.0 28.0 D 5A 16.2 15.2 -43 224 24 6.4 74.3 31.7 D 5B 15.9 15.4 405 68 25 6.1 65.9 20.3 F 1 11A 18.4, 15.2 570 327, 22 5.0, 74.7 54.3 F 1 1 B 21.6 16.0 440 623 15 5.9 75.5 76.81 F 12A 15.9 14.6 210 121 7 6.6 57.2 17.8 F 12 B 15.3 14.7 428 156 4 5.9 76.1 57.1 E 13 A 15.3 14.6 433 95 19 6.3 67.6 22.3 E 1 131131 16.1 14.6 303 103 19 6.51 77.8 38.7 E 14A 15.91 15.6 -12 -112 14 6.5 79.9 46.8 E 14 B 15.7 15.3 90 218 13 6.1 81.1 48.6 D 15 A 14.8 13.8 409 -54 23 5.3 79.5 48.0 D 15 B 14.7 13.8 -39 701 22 6.4 76.3 38.5 D 1 6,A 16.8 14.9 -42 58 32 6.21 81.8 49.8 D 16 B 15.2 14.9 288 90 31 5.6 83.4 53.6 C 17A 15.2 14.4 343 --105 31 6.7 83.7 53.8 C 17 B 16.5 14.5 362 -129 30 6.6 85.6 62.4 A 18 A 19.31 16.7 98 341 2.7 6.0 86.7 59.1 A 181B 19.81 16.9 .142 -351 15 5.91 85.3 62.0 A 19 A 16.7 15.0 278 -12 31 6.71 84.9 45.5 A 19 B 18.0 15.2 288 -27 32 6.4 84.1 37.0 B 20 A 17.4 14.81 313 69 33 6.6 85.11 61 2 B 20 B 18.6 15.11 348 278 31 6.8 85.31 6!116 APP 11- 3 AWCOMIN MARSH SAMPLING Oct 26,1993 Temp. Temp. Corr. Corr. Soil Soil % Soil 0/61-01 Zone_ Well Rep. at 1 cm at 10 cm EH 1CM EH10CM Sal pH Moisture - F 11 A 7.9 9.0 569 489 10.0 6.0 77.0 40.1 F 11 B 8.2 8.8 604 4441 10.0 6.01 69.8 18.61 F 1 21A 1 6.8 8.2 464 5391 7.0 5.51 77.1 68.21 F 12 B 7.0 8.1 441 3781 7.0 4.51 84.7 78.9 E 13 A 6.2 7.2 224 376 22.0 6.2 86.9 44.2 E 13 B 6.5 7.1 282 310 24.0 6.2 88.8 64.9 E 14 A 6.6 7.5 392 -127 20.0 6.4 80.4 23.6 E 14 B 6.7 7.4 334 302 17.0 6.2 89.0 65.7 D 15 A 6.7 7.9 344 374 22.0 6.4 84.5 49.4 D 15 B 6.6 7.6 364 -193 22.0 6.3 84.9 48.9 D 16 A 7.0 7.4 80 204 19.0 5.6 87.5 65.1 D 1 61B 1 6.7 7.5 -106 -61 17.0 5.8 85.5 59.0 c 17 A 8.0 8.2 3071 -56 26.0 6.4- 87.4 66.9- c 17 B 7.5 8.0 119 -78 22.0 6.71 86.9 63.1 A 18 A 7.2 7.7 374 194 27.0 6.4 87.2 60.7 A 18 B 7.4 7.8 224 -4 25.0 5.9 87.7 59.2 A 19 A 8.7 e.9 154 139 29.0 6.5 85.6 53.0 A 19 B 7.1 6.9 294 179 28.0 7.1 84.7 47.0 B 20 A 8.1 7.7 349 154 20.0 7.6 87.2 67.2 B 20 B 6.8 7.3 402 -154 19.0 7.1 87.1 62. A 2 A 7.9 6.6 239 -66 29.0 6.1 80.8 34. A 2 B 7.5 6.5 189 244 31.0 6.7 80.5 35. A 5 A 8.4 6.7 214 -156 27.0 6.6 78.3 27. A 5. B 7.5 6.6 -96 234j 30.0 6.1 78.4 31.1 A 81A 7.6 6.3 -76 91 29.0 7.4 82.0 27.0 A 8 B 8.0 6.8 36 249 22.0 6.4 80.0 38.1 B 2 A 9.0 6.9 266 261 21.0 6.8 83.5 55.3 B 2 B 8.5 7.3 416 170 18.0 7.61 83.2 66.1 B 5 A 7.9 7.2 424 84 26.0 6.8 88.3 62.71 B I 51B 7.5 7.0 342 45 28.0 6.5 86.8 60.2 B 8 A 8.5 6.9 544 312 27.0 6.1 86.2 64.6 B 8 B 9.4 6.3 Ill 454 22.0 6.2 83.8 52.0 c 2 A 7.2 7.5 334 62 22.0 6.8 86.7 62.3 c 2 B 7.3 7.7 339 174 22.0 6.6 87.8 62.9 c 5 A 9.2 7.6 373 230 18.0 6.5 84.6 63.5 c 5 B 10.1 7.7 417 116 14.0 6.6 85.6 70.9 D 2 A 8.5 7.4 389 244 22.0 5.9 83.8 47.0 D 2 B 8.5 7.2 319 450 22.0 6.0 85.6 8 [ DE 5 A 9.51 7.7 14 -42 27.0 6.3 81.8 D 5 B 7.81 7.8 314 326 24.0 iL 77.7 APP 11- 4 AWCOMIN MARSH % COVER MARSH ZOPE WELL DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM A 1 7/29/93 SA 5 AM _A 1 7/29/93 SP 70 AM A 2 7/29/93 SA 15 AM A 2 7/29/93 SP 100 AM A 3 7/29/93 SA 5 AM A 3 7/29/93 SP 80 AM A 4 7/29/93 AP 4 AM A 4 7/29/93 SA 12 AM A 4 7/29/93 SE 3 AM A 4 7/29/93 SP 80 AM A 5 7/29/93 AP 10 AM A 5 7/29/93 SA 10 AM A 5 7/29/93 SP loo AM A 6 7129/93 AP 10 AM A 6 7129/93 SA 15 AM A 6 7/29/93 SP 75 AM A 7 7/29/93 AP 3 AM A 7 7/29/93 SE 1 AM A 7 7/29/93 SP 100 AM A 8 7/29/93 AP_ 1 AM A 8 7/29/93 SP 95 AM A 9 7/29/93 AP 1 AM A 9 7/29/93 SP 100 AM B 1 7/29/93 AP 5 AM 8 1 7/29/93 Or2 5 AM B 1 7/29/93 SA 50 AM B 1 7/29/93 SE 20 AM B 1 7/29/93 SM 2 AM B 2 7/29/93 AP 2 AM B 2 7/29/93 SA 40 AM B 2 7/29/93 SP 30 AM B 3 7/29/93 AP 2 AM B 3 7/29/93 SA 30 AM B 3 7/29/93 SID 50 AM B 4 7/29/93 SA 40 AM B 4 7/29/93 SP 20 AM B 5 7/29/93 AP 5 AM B 5 7/29/93 SA 70 AM B 5 7/29/93 SE 15 AM B 6 7/29/93 AP 2 AM B 6 7/29/93 P 10 AM B 6 7/29/93 SA 50 AM B 6 7/29/93 SE 5 AM 8 6 7/29/93 SL 2 AM B 6 7/29/93 SID 30 AM a 7 7/9/93 AP 7 AM B 7 7/9/93 AP 7 AM B 7 7/9/93 LN 2 AM B 7 7/9/93 SA 2 AM B 7 7/9/93 SE 15 AM B 7 7/9/93 SM 5 AM B 7 7/9/93 SP 12 AM 8 8 7/29/93 AP 40 AM B 8 7/29/93 SA 5 AM B 8 7/29193 SE 40 B 8 7/29/93 SL 5 B 8 7/29/93 SP 5 AM B APP 11- 5 MARSH Z)W WELL DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM 8 97/29/93 SA 8 AM 8 97/29/93 SE 3 AM B 97/29/93 SP 15 AM C 17/29/93 AP 5 AM c 17/29/93 SA 40 AM c 17/29193 SE 2 AM C 17/29/93 SL i AM c 17/29193 SP 40 AM c 27/29/93 AP 5 AM c 27/29/93 SA 10 AM c 27/29/93 SE 1 AM c 27/29193 SP 70 AM c 37/29193 AP 2 AM C 37/29/93 SA 35 AM 0 37/29/93 SP so AM c 47/29/93 AP 3 AM c 47/29193 SA 75 AM C 47/29/93 SE is AM C 47/29/93 SL 1 AM c 47/29/93 SP 10 AM C 57/29/93 AP 1 AM c 57/29/93 SA 1 AM c 57/29193 SP 70 AM c 67/21193 AP 2 AM C 617/21193 SA 40 AM c 67/21/93 SE I AM Ic 67/21t93 SL 1 AM C 67/21193 SP 30 AM D 17/29/93 AP 7 AM D 17/29193 SA 10 AM D 17/29/93 SP 100 AM D 27/29/93 p 30 AM D 27/29/93 SA 30 AM 0 27/29/93 SE 10 AM D 27/29/93 SP 30 AM D 37/29/93 LN I AM D 37/29/93 p 20 AM D 37/29/93 SA 30 AM D 37/29/93 SE 1 AM D 37/29/93 SP 60 AM D 47/29/93 GO 10 AM D 47/29/93 SA 1 AM D 47/29/93 SP 90 AM D 57/29/93 AP 1 AM D 57129/93 Grl 10 AM D 57/29/93, SID 80 AM D 67/29/93 SP 100 AM F 11 7/29/93 AP 2 AM F 1 17/29/93 Hi 10 AM F 1 17/29/93 Or3 10 AM F 11 7/29/93 P I AM B 10 7/29/93 SA -30 AM B 10 7/29/93 SID 40 AM B 10 7/29/93 AP 2 AM F 12 7/29/93 AP is AM F 12 7/29/93 P 60 AM F 12 7/29/93 Ru 5 1 AM IF 12 7/29/931 SPP 1 5 I AM IF 12 7/29/931 URBI 1 5 APP 11- 6 MARSH Zone WELL DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM F 12 7/29/93 URB2 5 AM E 13 7/29/93 AP 10 AM E 13 7/29/93 P 40 AM E 14 7/29193 AP 10 AM E 14 7/29/93 G 5 AM E 14 7/29/93 p 60 AM E 14 7/29/93 SP 10 AM D 15 7/29/93 Or2 I AM D 15 7/29/93 P 35 AM D 15 7/29/93 SA 20 AM D 15 7/29/93 SP 40 AM D 16 7129/93 AP 5 AM D 16 7/29/93 P 20 AM D 16 7/29193 SA 25 AM D 16 7/29/93 SP 50 AM C 17 7/29/93 SA is AM C 17 7/29/93 SP 55 AM A 18 7/29/93 FM AM A 18 7/29/93 SA 10 AM A 18 7/29/93 SP 70 AM A 18 7/29/93 TM 5 AM A 19 7/29/93 AP 3 AM A 19 7/29/93 SA 40 AM A 19 7/29/931 SE 2 AM A 1917/29/931 SP 1 40 APP H- 7 AWOOMIN MARSH %COVER MARSH zorE STATION DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM A 16/15/94 SA I AM A 16/15/94 SID 70 AM A 16/15/94 SE 2 AM A 16/15/94 LN 1 AM A 16/15/94 B3 10 AM A 16/15/94 DTR 5 AM A 16/15/94 AP I AM A 26/15/94 SA 7 AM A 26/15/94 SP 85 AM A 26/15/94 DTR 8 AM A 36/15/94 SA 10 AM A 36/15/94 SID 75 AM A 36/15/94 B3 5 AM A 36/15/94 DTR 10 AM A 46/15/94 SA 10 AM A 46/15/94 SID 80 AM A 46/15/94 AP 1 AM A 46/15/94 DTR 9 AM A S6/15/94 SA 10 AM A 56/15/94 SID 80 AM A 56/15/94 AP 1 AM A 56/15/94 DTR 9 AM A 66/15/94 SA 20 AM A 66/15/94 SID 60 AM A 66/15/94 AP 5 AM A 66/15/94 LN I AM A 66/15/94 Ba 5 AM A 66/15/94 DTR 9 AM A 76/15/94 SID 85 AM A 76/15/94 SE 3 AM A 76/15/94 AP 1 AM A 76/15/94 LN 1 AM A 76/15/94 DTR 10 AM A 86/15/94 SID 90 AM A 86/15/94 SE 1 AM A 86/15/94 AP I AM A 86/15/94 DTR 8 AM A 96/15/94 SID 85 AM A 96/15/94 AP 1 AM A 96/15/94 DTR 14 AM B 16/15/94 SA so AM B 16/15/94 SE 30 AM B 16/15/94 AP 1 AM B 16/15/94 DTR 15 AM B 16/15/94 B3 5 AM B 26/15/94, SA 40 AM B 26/15/94 SID 30 AM B 26/15/94 SE 10 AM B 26/15/94 AP I AM B 26/15/94 DTR 19 AM B 36/15/94 SA 30 AM B 36/15/94 SP 40 AM B 36/15/94 SE 3 AM B 36/15/94 AP I AM B 36/15/94 DTR 26 AM B 46/15/94 SA 30 AM B 4,6/15/941 SP 40 AM B 416/15/941 SE 3 APP 11. a MARSH 2IDNE STATION DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM B 46/15/94 AP 5 AM B 46/15/94 DTR 22 AM B 56115/94 SA so AM B 56/15/94 SP 5 AM B 56/15/94 SE 20 AM B 56/16/94 AP 10 AM B 56/15/94 DTR 10 AM B 56/15/94 B3 5 AM B 66/15/94 SA 15 AM B 66/15/94 SID 70 AM B 66/15/94 SE 3 AM B 66/15/94 AP 2 AM B 66/15/94 P 5 AM B 66/15/94 DTR 5 AM B 76/15/94 SA 70 AM B 76/15/94 SE is AM B 76/15/94 AP 5 AM 8 76/15/94 LN I AM B 76/15/94 DTR 5 AM 8 76/15/94 BG 4 AM B 86/15/94 SA 10 AM B 86/15/94 SE 50 AM B 86/15/94 AP I AM B 86/15/94 Pv Is AM B 86/15/94 BG 20 AM B 86/15/94 DTR 4 AM B 96/15/94 SA 10 AM B 96/15/94 SP 15 AM B 96/15/94 lw 3 AM B 96/15/94 SE 40 AM B 96/15/94 AP 5 AM B 96/15/94 Pv 5 AM B 96/15/94 LN 2 AM B 96/15/94 S 1 AM B 96/15194 B3 19 AM C 16/15/94 SA 30 AM C 16/15/94 SP 45 AM C 16/15/94 SE 5 AM c 16/15/94 AP 5 AM C 16/15/94 Pv 5 AM C 16/15/94 DTR 10 AM C 26/15/94 SA 20 AM C 26/15/94 SID 60 AM c 26/15/94 SE 7 AM c 26/15/94 AP 5 AM c 26/15/94 LN I AM c 26/15/94 DTR 7 AM c 36/15/94 SA 10 AM Ic 36/15/94 SP 70 AM c 36/15/94 SE 3 AM c 36/15/94 AP 7 AM C 36/15/94 DTR 10 AM C 46/15/94 SA 55 AM C 46/15/94 SE 25 AM 'C 46/15/94 AP 10 AM C 46/15/94 DTR 10 AM C 56/15/94 SA 5 AM c 56/15/94 SP 75 AM C 516/15/941 SE 1 APP 11- 9 MARSH ZONE STATION DATE SPECIES PERCNF AM c 56/15/94 AP 5 AM C 56/15/94 DTR 14 AM C 66/15/94 SA 20 AM c 66/15/94 SID 60 AM c 66/15/94 SM 1 AM c 66/15/94 SE 2 AM c 66/15/94 AP 5 AM C 66/15/94 DTR 12 AM D 16/15/94 SA 5 AM D 16/15/94 SP so AM D 16/15/94 AP 3 AM D 16/15/94 DTR 12 AM D 26/15/94 SA 45 AM D 26/15/94 SP 20 AM D 26/15/94 SE 20 AM D 26/15/94 AP 1 AM D 26/15/94 P 5 AM D 26/15/94 DTR 6 AM D 26/15/94 B3 3 AM D 36/15/94 SA 20 AM D 36/15/94 SP 30 AM -D 36/15/94 .0 35 AM D 36/15/94 SE 5 AM D 36/15/94 AP I AM D 31 6/15/94 DTR 9 AM D 46/15/94 SA 75 AM D 46/15/94 AP 5 AM D 46/15/94 Sas 5 AM D 46/15194 DTR is AM D 56/15/94 SID 60 AM D 56/15/94 JG is AM D 56/15/94 lw 7 AM D 56/15/94 SE I AM D 56/15/94 AP 8 AM D 56/15/94 DTR 9 AM D 6,6/15/94 SID so AM D 66/15/94 SE 5 AM D 66/15/94 AP 1 AM D 66/15/94 DTR 14 AM F 11 6/15194 SE I AM F 11 6/15/94 B3 99 AM F 12 6/15/94 SE 1 AM F 12 6/15194 B3 -99 AM E 13 6/15/94 p 15 AM E 13 6/15/94 DTR 85 AM E 14 6/15/94 JG 3 AM E 14 6/15/94 SE 1 AM E 14 6/15/94 P is AM E 14 6/15/94 DTR 81 AM D 15 6/15/94 SA 5 AM D 15 6/15/94 SID 20 AM D 15 6/15/94 4 20 AM D 15 6/15/94 P 5 AM D 15 6/15/94 WP 10 AM D 15 6/15/94 Wr 10 AM D 15 6/15/94 DTR 30 AM D 16 6/15/94 SA 10 AM D 1616/15/94, SID 60 AM D 1616/15/941 SE 1 APP 11- 10 MARSH ZDNE STATION DATE SPECIES PERCENT AM D 16 6/15/94 AP 1 AM D 16 6/15/94 P 5 AM D 16 6/15/94 DTR 23 AM C 17 6/15/94 SA 15 AM C 17 6/15/94 SID 65 AM c 17 6/15/94 SE 1 AM c 17 6/15/94 AP 5 AM c 17 6/15/94 DTIR 14 AM A 18 6/15/94 SA is AM A 18 6/15/94 SID 50 AM A 18 6/15/94 FM 2 AM A 18 6/15/94 TM 10 AM A 18 6/15/94 SE 1 AM A 18 6/15/94 AP 1 AM A 18 6/15/94 DTR 21 AM A 19 6/15/94 SA 20 AM A 19 6/15/94 SID so AM A 19 6/15/94 SE 2 AM A 19 6/15194 AP 5 AM A 19 6/15/94 DTR 23 AM B 20 6/15/94 SA 30 AM B _20 6/15/94, SP 50 AM B 20 6/15/94 SE 7 AM B 20 6/15/94 AP 7 I AM B 20,6/15/94 DTR 6 APP 11- 11 AWCOMIN MARSH 1992 % HARVEST MARSH 2CNIE STATION DATE SPECIES V. STEM V. LEAF R. STEM R. LEAF AVE. STEM HT X LEAF BIOMASS AM A 1 7/16/92 SP 398 16.95. 13.9 AM A 2 7/16/92 SP 417. 19.08. 17.2 AM A 2 7/16/92 SA 1 AM A 2 7/16/92 Ot I AM A 3 7/16/92 SP 285. 25.72 14.6 AM A 4 7/16/92 SP 472. 19.47. 13.2 AM A 4 7/16/92 SA 9 2.6 AM A 4 7/16/92 LN I AM JA 5 7/16/92 SP 418. 18.78. 10.2 AM A 5 7/16/92 SA 7 4.3 AM A 5 7/16/92 PLS 45 AM A 5 7/16/92 Ot 1 AM A 5 7/16/92 LN 2 AM A 5 7/16/92 cr= 11 AM JA 6 7/16/92 SP 417. 24.33 17.9 AM A 7 7/16/92 SP 366. 21.05. 14.1 AM A 8 7/16/92 SP 604. 19.04. 19.4 AM A 9 7/16/92 SP 487. 22.24 20.9 12 AM B 1 7/16/92 SA 25. 43.25 . AM B 1 7/16/92 AP 1 18. 1.1 AM B 11 7/16/92 SE 19. 21.5. AM B 2 7/16/92 SP 293 36.59. 18.5 AM B 2 7/16/92 SA 21 53.75 . 29.1 AM B 2 7/16/92 SE 41. 10. AM B 3 7/16/92 SP 59. 34.2. 1 3.3 AM B 3 7/16/92 SA 59. 35.4. 18.7 AM B 4 7/16/92 SP 235. 22.96. 11.1 AM 4 7/16/92 SA 15. 33.5. 5.7 AM B 5 7/16/92 SP 3 34.5. 0.1 AM B 5 7/16/92 SA 54. 43.7. 29.6 AM 8 6 7/16/92 SP 159. 32.97. 12.2 AM B 6 7/16/92 SA 35. 32.84. 13.9 -;@m- B 7 7/16/92 SP 233. 29.83. 12.6 -AM B 7 7/16/92 SA 29. 38.25. 5.5 @-m B 7 7/16/92 AP 1 19. 0.1 AM B 8 7/16/92 SP 219. 36.6. -20.9 -@-m B 8 7/16/92 SA 32 56.67. 22.6 AM 113 19 17/16/92 SA --F-4 5 39.88, 22.8 F I. Page 1 MARSH Xl@E STATION DATE SPECIES V. STEM # V. LEAF R. STEM R. LEAF AVE. STEM HT X LEAF BIOMASS AM C 1 7/16/92 SP 28. 20.61 . 10.9 AM C 1 7/16/92 SA 19. 37.5. 4.8 AM C 2 7/16/92 SP 170. 27.33. 9.6 AM C 2 7/16/92 SA 13. 35.5. 4.8 AM C 3 7/16/92 SP 1851. 24.84. 13.9 AM C 3 7/16/92 SA 19. 34.5 3.7 AM C 4 7/16/92 SA 35. 33.67 14.5 AM C 5 7/16/92 SP -139. 24.31 8 AM C 5 7/16/92 SA 9 31.5. 1.5 AM C 6 7/16/921 SP 120 251. 1 68 7/16/921 SA 201. 27.751. AM C 6 1 4.7 V Page 2. AWCOMIN MARSH 1993 %HARVEST MARSH ZONE STATION DATE SPECIES TYPE V. STEM V. LEAVEES R. STEMS 0 R. LEAVES AVE. STEM HI X LEAF BIOMASr AM A 4 7/29/93 AP 0 9 0.3 AM A 5 7/29/93 AP 0 1 0.8 AM A 6 7/29/93 AP 0 3 1 24.17. 0.4 AM A 1 7/29/931 DS 0 2 19.95 8 0.1 AM A 1 7/29/931 SA SA 6 1 20.617 3.167 2.41 AM A 2 7/29/93 SA SA 2 4 30.85. 1.9 AM A 4 7/29/93 SA SA 1 1 0.8 AM A 5 7/29/93 SA SA 2 0 49.6. 1.6 AM A 19 7/29/93 SA SA 7 3 39.786 4.286 4.1 AM A 5 7/29/93 SE SE- 1 17.2. 0 AM A 6 7/29/93 SE ICE 1 22.5. ol AM A 9 7/29/93 SE T- 2 8.7. 0 AM A- 1 7/29/93 SP SP 316. 12. 19.18. 13.1 AM A 2 7/29/93 SP SP 549 23.4. 23.8 AM A 3 7/29/93- SP SP 381 25.13. 25.3 AM JA 4 7/29/931 SP SP 420. 21. 31.73. 22 > 1 31.69. 15.8 "a AM JA 5 7/29/931 SP SP 3-1-4. M AM JA 6 7/29/93 SP SP 156. 29.66. 10.3 7 7/29/93 279. 16. 30.42. 21.9 AM JA SP SID AM A 8 7/29/93 SP SP 401 47 28.48 34.7 AM A 118 7/29/93 SP SP 79 25.89 9 AM A 9 7/29/93 SP SP 299 2 25.91 19.1 AM A 19 7/29/931 SP SP 62 25.95 2.8 AM B 10 7/29/931 AP 0 1 18.1 0 -jiM- B 6 7/29/93 AP 0 1 17.4. 0.1 AM B 8 7/29/93 AP 0 68 6.94. 7.2 -;@m- B 17 7/29/93 LC 0 1 4.2. 0 -i@m- B 1 7/29/93 SA SA 19 35. 38.14. 13.8 @m- -6- -10 7/29/93 SA SA 16. 42.76. 7.2 A-M- B 2 7/29/931 SA SA 10 39. 36.45. 8.4 AM B 3 7/29/931 SA SA 25 11 33.95. 8.5 AM B 4 7/29/93 SA SA 29 7 32.8. 9.2 AM B 5 7/29/93 SA SA 37 4 35.53. 21.4 B 6 7/29/93 SA SA 43 18. 29.4. 11 B 9 7/29/93 SA SA 7 6 27.957 4.286 3.9 SE 5E 72 10.88. 1.8 B 1 7/29/93 AM B 110 7/29/93 SE ICE 6 13.35. 0.1 AM- 113 is 7/29/93 SE SE 41. 19. n3 Page 1 MARSH ZXE STATION DATE SPECIES TYPE V. STEM V. LEAVEE R. STEMS R. LEAVES AVE. STEM HI X LEAF BIOMASc AM B 6 7/29/93 SE SE 4 15.6. 0.1 AM B 7 7/29/93 SE SE 1 6.9. 0 AM B 8 7/29/93 SE SE 3 16.63. 1.7 AM B 10 7/29/93 SP SP 149. 28.32. 8.1 AM B 2 7/29/931 SP SP 69. 1 1 28.44. 6.4 AM B 3 7/29/93 SP SID 87 . 6 24.69. 6.8 AM B 4 7/29/93 SP SP 108. 25.31 4.9 AM B 6 7/29/93 SP SP 110. 2 21.97 5.1 AM B 7 7/29/93 SP SP 27 8.7 31 0.4 AM B 8 7/29/931 SID SID 5 11.5 2 0.1 AM C 2 7/29/93 AP 0 1 1 18.03. 0.9 AM C 5 7/29/93 AP 0 3 4.93. 0.1 AM C 6 7/29/93 AP 0 2 13.7. 0 AM C 1 7/29/93 SA S 33 27.18. 6.4 AM C 2 7/29/93 SA SA 9 3 31.733 4 2.5 AM C 3 7/29/93 SA SA 5 5 32.7 3.8 3.1 > AM C 4 7129193 SA -SA 81 20.64. 8.9 SA SA 1 34 5 0.3 AM C 5 7/29/93 AM C 6 7/29/93 SA SA 20 4 28.54. 6.5 AM C 17 7/29/93 SA SA 6 2 30.9. 0.9 AM C 2 7/29/931 SE SE 2 4.95 . 0 AM C 3 7/29/93 SE SE 1 8.4. 0 AM C 4 7/29/93 SE SE 8 18.588. 1.2 AM C 6 7/29/93 SE SE 6 11.75. 0.2 AM C 1 7/29/93 SP SP 122. 26.971. 7.8 AM C 2 7/29/93 SID SP 108. 9 24.74 7.4 C .3 7/29/93 SP SID 198. 10. 23.65 12.5 C 5 7/29/93 SP SP 161 . I. 21.89. 8.9 C 6 7/29/93 SP SP 88. 2 21.99 5.6 C 17 7129193 SP SP 125. 29.46 5.1 D 2 7/29/93 AP 1 0 2 6.65 0 AM D is 7/29/93 AP 0 2 11.8. 0.1 -W-M- D 2 7/29/93 p P 7 2 46.143 7.286 5.8 @-M D 3 7/29/93 P P 6 18 D 15 7/29/93 P, p -4 79.85. 8.1 D 16 7/29/9 P, P 2 61.75. 3.1 AM ID 11 7/29/93 SA SA 1 11 2 35.9 51 0.9 AM 1 12 7/29/93 SA SA 1 361 131 3 28.62. 12.5 3 2 AM ID 13 7129/93 SA SA 371. 35.49. 11.9 Page 2 MARSH 2DE STATION DATE SPECIES TYPE V. STEM # V. LEAVU R. STEMS R. LEAVES AVE. STEM HI X LEAF BIOMAS@c AM D 15 7/29/93 SA SA 10 8 27.43 6.6 1.4 AM D 16 7/29/93 SA SA 10 9 46.17 4.2 7.4 AM D 2 7/29/93 SE 1% 154. 14.79 4.9 AM D 3 7/29/93 SE SE 17. 11.17. 0.3 AM D 1 7/29/931 SP SP 298 . 6 22.48. 19.2 AM D 2 7/29/93 SP SP 189. 30. 21.62. 12.1 AM D 3 7/29/93 SP SP 41 . 2 34.52. 5.8 AM D 4 7/29/93 SP SP 170. 7 26.41 . 11 AM D 5 7/29/93 SP SP 102. 9 28.12. 11.7 AM ID 15 7/29/93 SP SP 129. 23 26.98. 12.7 AM D 16 7/29/931 SP SP 285 24. 28.85. 20.1 AM D 16 7/29/931 SP SP 281 4 38.17. 21.2 AM D 2 7/29/93 TM 0 1 15.1 2 0 AM E 13 7/29/93 AP 0 2 19. 0.6 AM E 14 7/29/93 AP 0 3 18.467. 0.1 AM IE 13 7/29/93 p P 7 101.757. 33.6 AM E 14 7/29/93 p p 2 137.2. 12.5 AM E 14 7/29/931 JG 0 6 8 44.517 3.5 1.6 > AM F 12 7/29/93 AP 0 2 7.751._ 0.1 M AM F 12 7/29/93 p P 1 1 92.9. 23.5 AM F 11 7/29/93 SPP SPP 6 50.811 9.6 12.7751 4.5 0 I AM IF 12 7/29/93 SPP SPP 41 1 Page 3 MARSH SAMPUNG STUART FARMS JUN 3,1993 Temp. Temp. Corr Corr Soil Soil % Soil 0/cLOI Site Transact Elevation Rep. at 1 cm at 10 cm Eh 1 cm Eh 1 Ocrn Sal pH Moisture D 5 HIGH 1 10.8 11.0 405.0 401.01 0 6.81 52.7 13.01 D 5 HIGH 2 10.7 11.0 370.0 409.0 0 6.7 49.2 11.3 D 5 MID 1 10.9 11.3 361.0 268.0 5 6.3 74.6 33.2 D 5 MID 2 11.1 11.3 303.0 3.0 4 6.6 70.0 13.8 D 5 LOW 1 11.9 12.8 -4.0 166.0 7 6.7 62.0 13.8 D 5 LM 2 12.0 12.81 -119.0 -87.0 8, 6.4 63.0, 12.3 D 3 HIGH 1 12.3 11.0 37.0 -44.0 0 6.6 88.2 70.6 D 3 HIGH 2 14.4 11.5 178.0 -12.0 0 6.5 87.7 70.8 D 3 MID 1 14.5 13.2 13.0 -89.0 3 6.2 86.8 68.6 D 3 MID 2 14.6, 13.4 19.0 1.01 3 6.2, 86.3 67.3, D 3 LOW 1 12.5 13.5 316.0 -207.0 8 6.2 68.5 17.11 D 3 LOW 2 14.3 13.2 283.0 291.0 5 6.1 69.2 13.6 D I LM 1 15.1 13.0 143.0 171.0 12 6.7 57.8 9.8 D I LOW 2 15.9 12.5 -332.0 111.0 12 6.5 56.0 11.2 D 1 MID 1 14.01 12.9 -12.0 -86.0, 10 6.3 83.9 51.9 D 1 MID 2 15.21 13.4 98.0 -7.0 8 6.41 85.7 13.8, D I HIGH 1 11.6 11.8 16.0 -54.0 8 6.1 86.2 58.6 D 1 HIGH 2 11.6 11.7 6.0 -154.0 6 6.7 88.1 55.4 u 1 HIGH 1 14.0 10.9 458.0 346.0 0 6.8 60.0 32.5 u 1 HIGH 2 11.8 10.9 417.0 506.0, 0 4.4 61.2 32.0 u 1 MID 1 13.41 10.8 132.0 217.0 0 6.91 68.4 38.0, u 1 MID 2 13.0 10.9 384.0 374.0 0 6.7 70.6 49.9 u I LM 1 24.0 18.8 195.0 38.0 0 6.3 46.2 8.5 u 1 LOW 2 21.5 17.2 393.0 138.0 0 5.8 44.1 9.4 u 3 HIGH 1 16.4 12.2 322.0 19.0 0 6.6 39.6 22.3 u 3 HIGH 2 15.4, 12.1 398.0 599.0 0 6.9, 33.2 20.81 u 3 MID 1 14.7 12.1 331.0 402.0 0 6.9 49.1 17.0 u 3 MID 2 13.3 11.4 151.0 493.0 0 6.6 51.2 22.5 u 3 LOW 1 23.3 17.1 106.0 47.0 0 6.5 62.9 13.2 u 3 LOW 2 20.7 18.3 395.0 268.0 0 6.5 65.7 13.4 u 6 1 HIGH 1 15.01 12.5 283.0 56.01 0 6.71 66.8 27.61 u 6 HIGH 2 15.9 12.2 263.0 233.01 0 6.81 68.8 30.2 u 6 MID 1 13.8 11.3 336.0 -39.0 0 6.9 65.6 32.1 u 6 MID 2 13.2 10.5 398.0 322.0 0 6.5 67.0 34.9 u 6 LOW 1 16.3 14.6 378.0 416.0 0 7.2 46.4 10.1 lu 6, LOW 2, 18.8, 14.1 418.0 351.0 01 5.8 42.41 10.1 APP 1111- 17 STUART FARMS SAMPLING NOV 2,1993 Temp. Temp. Corr. Corr. Soil Soil % Soil */4-01 Zone Transact ElevLt@ Rep. 1 cm. 10 cm. EH 1CM EH10CM Sal. pH Moisture u 1 HIGH 1 6.3 6.6 202 77 12 5.21 70.0 25.2 ILI 1 HIGH 2 6.4 6.7 490 164 15 5.8 72.3 29.8 u 1 MID 1 5.71 6.4 204 179 18 6.1 77.8 42.9 u 1 MID 2 5.3 6.1 309 294 17 6.2 76.1 38.5 ILI 1 LOW 1 6.4 6.5 430 499 10 5.2 .65.7 10.6 ILI I LOW 2 4.2 4.8 349 404 101 6.81 67.6 16.1 u 31HGH 11 5.8 6.6 384 494 12 6.7 64.1 21.3 u 3 HIGH 2 5.6 5.6 424 409 14 6.4 62.0 17.1 ILI 3 MID 1 7.3 5.8 349 344 12 6.6 63.3 15.5 u 3 MID 2 5.4 5.4 414 49 10 6.7 64.7 16.5 ILI 3 LOW 1 5.3 6.0 374 375 141 6.0 70.5 13.7 ILI 3 LOW 1 2 5.31 6.6 329 394 17 6.1 69.2 14.8 u 6 HIGH 1 6.6 6.4 285 164 10 6.8 75.4 35.3 ILI 6 HIGH 2 6.0 6.5 102 -120 7 6.4 76.7 37.2 ILI 6 MID 1 5.6 6.0 274 .66 10 6.51 73.8 33.9 u 61MID 21 5.4 6.0 444 484 9 6.6 74.0 35.1 u 6 LOW 1 5.1 5.71 34 464 7 6.8 69.3 16.9 u 6 LOW 2 5.1 5.5 434 404 8 6.8 69.4 16.5 D 5 HIGH 1 5.2 5.4 33 564 9 6.6 69.8 19.3 D 5 HIGH 2 5.1 5.2 444 164 121 6.01 66.7 13.8 D 51MID 1 5.5 5.6 374 -16 12 6.5 79.6 34.51 D 5 MID 2, 5.6 5.61 214 364 16 6.7 77.6 30.6 D 5 LOW 1 5.9 5.4 264 91 17 6.0 72.7 13.7 D 5 LOW 2 5.1 5.1 319 300 16 6.5 72.2 13.1 D 3 HIGH 1 5.6 5.2 374 79 121 6.1 87.1 74.1 D 3 HIGH 2 6.0 5.2 344 238 13 6.3 87.6 69.01 D 31MID 1 5.5 5.31 374 269 16 5.5 87.1 66.0 D 3 MID 21 7.4 5.4 -40 194 16 5.8 85.9 63.1 D 3 LOW 1 7.1 5.9 154 -1 19 5.1 75.4 16.7 D 3 LOW 2 7.7 5.9 -1721 284 161 6.3 73.31 15.4 D 1 HIGH 1 5.2 5.0 414 50 201 6.4 84.5 60.6 D 1 HIGH 2 5.9 5.1 234 244 19 6.0 85.4 63.3 D 1 MID 1 6.5 5.2 -116 124 17 6.4 84.8 56.4 D 1 MID 2 6.8 5.71 284 .26 18 6.1 88.1 51.1 D 1 LOW 1 8.4 5.51 1691 59 25 4.4 73.31 141 D 1 LOW 2 7.2 5.61 2341 204 21 5.41 66.41 11. 5 APP 11- 18 STUART FARM 1993 %COVER MARSH 2131NE ITRANSECT STATION DATE SPECIES PERCENT TYPE SF u 1 1 7/30/93 POS 10 0 SF u 1 1 7/30/93 50 0 SF u 1 1 7/30/93 AR 30 0 SF u 1 1 7/30/93 AgS 5 0 SF u 1 1 7/30/93 70 5 0 SF u 1 2 7/30/93 Spp 7 SPP SF u 1 2 7/30/93 AS 45 0 SF u 1 2 7/30/93 AR is 0 SF u 1 2 7/30/93 AgS 30 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 TL 20 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 LS 20 LS SF lu 1 3 7/30/93 POS is 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 CA 3 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 Pis 3 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 Prs 3 0 SF u 1 3 7/30/93 Cys 7 0 SF u 2 1 7130/93 AR 30 0 SF u 2 1 7/30/93 CS 40 0 SF u 2 1 7/30/93 LS 5 LS SF u 2 1 7/30/93 Ags 10 0 SF u 2 1 7130/93 AS 10 0 SF u 2 2 7/30/93 AR 30 0 SF u 2 2 7/30/93 PS 2 0 SF u 2 2 7130/93 Fs 56 0 SF u 2 2 7/30/93 LS 5 LS SF u 2 3 7/30/93 TI 20 0 SF u 2 3 7/30/93 LS 25 LS SF u 2 3 7/30/93 03 5 0 SF u 2 3 7/30/93 PhAr 35 0 SF u 2 3 7/30/93 AS 5 0 SF u 2 3 7/30/93 Ot 5 0 SF u 3 1 7/30193 LS 20 LS SF u 3 1 7/30/93 AR 70 0 SF u 3 1 7/30/93 Ot 10 0 SF u 3 2 7/30/93 AS 1 0 SF u 3 2 7/30/93 AR 95 0 SF u 3 3 7/30/93 LS 90 LS SF u 3 3 7/30/93 03 5 0 SF u 4 1 7/30/93 PhAr 3 0 SF u 4 1 7/30/93 AS 50 0 SF u 4 1 7/30/93 AR 40 0 SF u 4 2 7/30/93 PhAr 5 0 SF u 4 2 7/30/93, AS 55 0 SF u 4 2 7/30/93 LS 30 LS SF u 4 3 7/30/93 Spp 5 SPP SF u 4 3 7/30/93 PhAr 40 0 SF u 4 3 7/30/93 Ot 15 0 SF u 4 3 7/30/93 LS 10 LS SF u 4 3 7/30/93 AS 5 0 SF u 5 1 7/30/93 IC 70 0 SF u 5 1 7/30/93 AS 20 0 SF u 5 1 7/30/93 LIP 2 0 SF u 5 2 7/30/93 AS 100 0 SF u 5 3 7/30/93 LS 65 IS SF u 5 --- 3 -7/30/9 3 PS 5 0 SF u 5 3 7/30/93 POS 10 0 SF u 5 3 7/30/93 IC 5 0 SF u 5 3 7/30/93 VH 5 0 SF u 5. =3 7/30/93 ca 5 0 SF 51 31 7/30/93, Gr2 5 0 APP 11- 19 MARSH 20M TRANISECT STATION DATE SPECIES PERCENT TYPE SF ILI 6 1 7/30/93 LS 70 LS SF u 6 1 7/30/93 TA 10 0 SF u 6 1 7/30/93 SPP 10 Spp SIF ILI 6 1 7/30/93 JE 3 0 SIF ILI 6 1 7/30193 Ic 3 0 SIF ILI 6 1 7/30193 PS 3 0 SF u 6 2 7/30/93 LS 76 LS SF ILI 1 6 2 7/30/93 TL 5 0 SF ILI 6 2 7/30/93 JE is 0 SF ILI 6 2 7/30/93 AS 2 0 SF u 6 2 MOM Gs 2 0 SF u 6 2 7/30/93 IC 2 0 SIF ILI 6 3 7/30/93 LS es LS SF u 6 3 7/30/93 03 1 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 AS 3 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 PS 2 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 GS 2 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 Ags 2 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 Ic 2 0 SF u 6 3 7/30/93 CaR 2 0 SF IL 1 1 8/4/93 SR is 0 SF L 1 1 8/4/93 SID 65 SID SF L 1 1 8/4/93 Sas 7 0 SF L 1 1 8/4/93 SR 8 0 SF L 1 2 8/4193 PA 15 0 SF L 1 2 8/4/93 SID 75 SID SF L 1 2 8/4/93 TM 10 0 SF L 1 3 8/4/93 SA 40 SA SF L 1 3 8/4/93 SR 15 SF L 1 3 8/4/93 SID 15 SID SF L 1 3 8/4/93 UnS 5 0 SF L 2 1 8/4/93 SID 95 SID SF L 2 2 814/93 SCA 10 0 SF L 2 2 8/4/93 SR 5 0 SF L 2 2 8/4/93 PA 10 0 SF L 2 2 8/4/93 Sas 10 0 SF L 2 2 8/4/93 TM 5 0 SF L 2 2 8/4/93 SP 60 SID SF L 2 3 8/4/93 SA 90 SA SF L 3 1 7/30/93 CID 90 CID SF L 3 1 7/30/93 SID 5 0 SF L 3 2 7/30193 SP 65 SID SF L 3 2 7/30/93 S2 25 0 SF L 3 2 7/30/93 PA 5 0 SF L 3 2 7/30/93 Ot 5 0 SIF L 3 3 7/30193 SA 70 SA SF L 3 3 7/30/93 Wr 10 0 SF L 3 3 7/30/93 Un4 10 0 SF L 4 1 7/30193 CID 80 CID SF L 4 2 7/30/93 CID 90 CP SF L 4 3 7/30/93 SA 70 SA SF L 4 3 7/30/93 SR 10 0 SF L 5 1 7/30193 p 80 p SF L 5 1 7/30/93 1 7 0 SF L 5 1 7/30/93 RT 5 0 SF L 5 1 7/30/93 Vs 2 0 SF L 5 2 7/30/93 P 75 P Ic OT SF L 5 2 7/30/93 FIR 15 0- SF L 5 3 7/30/93 p 75 P SF IL 5 3, 7/30/93 SA 15 SA I SF IL 1 5 31 7/30/93 CP 5 CID APP 11- 20 STUART FARM 1994 %COVER MARSH 1213NE TRANSECI STATIOIS DATE SPECIES PERCENT TYPE SF U 1 2 6/10/94 Js 90 0 SF U 1 2 6/10/94 AR 5 0 SF U 1 3 6/10/94 TL 5 0 SF U 1 3 6/10/94, LS 10 LS SF u 1 3 6/10/941 FGA 80 0 SF U 1 3 6/10/941 Js 1- 0 -SF U 2 1 6/10/94 AR 90 0 SF U 21 1 6/10/94 Sas 0.5 0 SF U 21 1 6/10/94 UN 20 0 SF U 2 2 6/10/94 Sas 15 0 SF U 2 2 6/10/94 AR 10 0 SF U 2 2 6/10/94, UN 50 0 SF U 2 3 6/10/94 AP 0.5 0 SF U 2 3 6/10/94 cc 5 0 SF U 21 3 6/10/94 LS I LS -SF U 21 3 6/10/94 FGA 50 0 SF U 21 3 6/10/94 UN 2 0 SF U 3 1 6/10/94 AR 40 0 SF U 3 2 6/10/94. AR 60 0 SF U 3 2 6/10/94 UN 5 0 SF U 3 3 6/10/94 LS 0.5 LS SF U 3 3 6/10/94 IN 5.5 0 SF U 4, 1 6/10/94 OC so 0 SF U 41 1 6/10/94 AR 10 0 -SF U 41 2 6/10/94, AR 30 0 SF U 4 2 6/10/941 LS 0.5 LS SF U 4 2 6110/94 Sas 1 0 SF U 4 3 6/10/94 CAS 0.5 0 SF U 4 3 6/10/94 FGA so 0 SF U 4 3 6/10/94 LS 15 LS SF U 5, 2 6/10/94 TO 1 0 -SF U 5 -2 6/10/94, AR 2 0 SF U 5 2 6/10/941 LS 2 LS SF U 5 2 6/10/94 Sas 2 0 SF U 5 3 6/10/94 AP 0.5 0 SF U 5 3 6/10/94 LS 20 LS -SF U 5, 3 6/10/94 Sas 10 0 SF U 5 3 6/10/94 UN 5 0 SF U 5 3 6/10/941 FGA 40- 0 SF U 6 1 6/10/94 TL 2 0 SF U 6 1 6/10/94 AR 2 0 SF U 6 1 6/10/94 Sas 10 0 SF U 61 1 6/10/94 LIS 0.5 0 SF U 61 2 6/10/94 LS 0.5 LS SF U 61 2 6/10/941 Sas 5 0 SF U 6 2 6/10/941 AR 0.6 0 -SF U 6 3 6/10/941 AP 0.5 0 SF U 6 3 6/10/941 LS 40 LS SF L 1 1 6/10/94 AP 0.5 0 SF L 1 1 6/10/94 SSP 10 0 SF L 1 1 6/10/94 UN 70 0 SF L 1 1 6/10/94 Sas 10 0 SF L 1 2 6/10/94 SID 50 SP SF L 1 2 6/10/941 PA 15 SF L 1 3 6/10/94 SA 40 SA SF L 1 3 6/10/94 SSP 30 0 SF IL 1 3 6/10/94 PA 0.5 0 1 SF IL 1 21 1 6/10/94 SP 50 SID APP 11- 21 MARSH ZONE TRANSEC1 STATIOIN DATE SPECIES PERCENT TYPE SF L 2 16/10/94 G 5 0 SF L 2 16/10/94 Sas 1 0 SF L 2 26/10/94 SP 60 SID SF L 2 26/10/94 TM 0.5 0 SF L 2, 26/10/94 SSP 1 0 SF L 2 26/10/94 PA 10 0 SF L 2 36/10/94 SA 60 SA SF L 3 16/10/94 CP 80 CID SF L 3 26/10/94 SP 70 SID SF L 3 26/10/94 M 2 0 SF IL 3, 26/10/94 PA 5 0 SF L 3 36/10/94 SA 60 SA SF L 3 36/10/94 AP 0.5 0 SF L 3 36/10/94 LIN 5 0 SF L 4 16/10/94 CID 80 CID SF L 4 26/10/94 CID 80 CID -SF L 4, 36/10/94 SA so SA SF L 5 16/10/94 RS 30 0 SF L 5 16/10/94 P 40 P SF L 5 26/10/941 TR 0.5 0 SF L 5 26/10/94 P 40 P SF IL 5 36/10/94 SA 15 SA I SF IL 5, 36/10/94 P 40 P APP 11- 22 SF-MC 93 PRINT MARSH ZDNE TRANSECT STATION DATE SPEC4ES; V. STEM V. LEAF R. STEM R. LEAF AVE. STEM HT. X LEAF BIOMASS SF L 1 1 80493 SR 5 62.5 5.6 5.8 SF L 1 1 80493 SP 62. 47.7 8.4 SF L 1 2 80493 SP 263. 40.7 26.9 SF L 1 2 80493 PA 46 16.6. 2 SF L 1 3 80493 SA 17 11 60.1 . 15.5 SF jL 21 1 804931SP 422. 2 47.3. 36.11 SF L 2 2 804931SP 478. 33.5. 42.9 SF L 2 2 80493 SCIR 3 2 50.4 3.4 2.3 SF L 2 2 80493 PP 6 21.4. 0.6 SF L 2 2 80493 UNI 4 18.9 4.75 0.3 SF L 2 2 80493 UN2 3 29.2. 0.1 SF L 2 2 80493 UN3 3 13.9. 0 SF L 2 2 80493 .UN4 5 28.9 2.2 0.71 SF L 2 3 804931SA 23 4 110.4 66.4 SF L 3 1 73093 SR 7 0 109.4 11.3 SF L 3 1 73093 ES 0 2 1.5 1.5 SF L 3 2 73093 SID 484 0 32.5 27 SF L 3 2 73093 Unl 17 0 16.9 0.9 SF L 3 2 73093 PP 8 0 16.5 0.3 SF L 3 3 80493 SA 25 1 93.5. 46.1 SF L 4 1 73093 SR 10 0 12.6 21.7 SF L 4 1 73093 UN2 0 3 1 79.2 2.2 98.2 21.2 SF L 4 2 73093 CP 12 5 SF L 4 3 80493 SA 34 4 3 3 115.4 . 86.7 SF L 5 2 80493 P 3 150.9 . 31.1 SF L 5 3 80493 P 5 155.9 . 39.9 SF L 5 3 804931AR 4 85.6 . 3.8 SF u 1 1 73093 UNI 178 0 20.6 2.9 SF u 1 1 73093 UN2 4.6 SF u 1 1 73093 UN3 1.2 SF u 1 1 73093 UN4 2.5 SF u 1 3 73093 Js 3 84 56.2 24 SF u 1 3 73093 UN1 1 0 37.0 0 SF u 1 3 73093JUN2 18 ol 18.5 0.6 SF u 1 3 73093]UN3 91 0 0.3 SF u 1 3 73093 UN4 23 0 0.6 SF u 2 1 73093 AS 2 0 74.3 8 SF u 2 1 73093 Ags 2 5 73.5 2.8 SF u 2 1 73093 AR I 1 0 68.5 8.8 SF u 2 1 73093 UNI 18 0 43.6 1.1 SF u 2 2 73093 AgS 26 601 47.6 15.8 SF u 2 2 73093 EA 13 0 34.6 0.4 @F F F SF SF SF SF u 2 2 73093 AGR 12.3 SF u 2 2 73093 UN2 0.2 S --T- - 73093 UN3 2.21 F U 2 Page 1 SF-MC 93 PRINT MARSH L21MCDNWE TRANSECT STATION DATE SPECIES #V.STEM #V.LEAF #R.STEM #R.LEAF AVE.STEMHT. XLEAF BIOMASS SF u 2 3 73093 AS 28 47.8 21.1 SF u 2 3 73093 PhAr 12. 10. 115.1 48.3 SF u 2 3 73093 Un 5 90.3 . 0.6 SF u 3 1 73093 AR 122. 44.2 . SF u 3 2 73093 AR 55 8.. 55.5. 31 SF u 31 3 82793 LS 2. 180.8 265.5 24.61 SF u 3 3 82793 UNI 22. 56.1 30.6 SF u 3 3 73093 LS 0 2 180.8 24.6 SF u 3 3 73093 UNI 22 0 56.1 30.6 SF u 4 1 73093 AR 108 . 53.8 . 23.2 SF u 4 2 73093 AR 4 74.1 5.25 2.5 SF u 4 2 73093ISS 20- 71.3 19.7 SF u 4 2 73093 ANT 3 88.1 9.1 SF u 41 3 73093 PhAr 18. 2. 67.5 . 19.91 SF u 5 1 73093.P 1 81.8 7 17 SF u 5 1 73093SS 4 86.9. SF u 5 2 73093 UN1 1 30.0 . 0.1 SF u 5 2 73093 UN2 5 36.8 3 0.3 SF u 5 2 73093 UN3 5 35.6 2.8 0.3 SF u 5 2 73093 AST 13. 90.9. 53 SF u 51 3 73093 LS 4 1 140.6 78.7 SF u 5 -3 73093 Js 2 3 72.1 1 SF u 5 3 73093 UNI 2 0 42.3 0.1 SF u 6 1 73093 LS 2. 143.8 223 . SF u 6 1 73093 IN 3 SF u 6 1 73093 TEAR 1 SF u 6 2 73093 Js 1 4 45.0 0.9 SF u 6 2 73693 LS 0 4 147.1 57.1 SF u 6 2 73093 UN1 25 2 66.3 5.2 SF u 6 2 73093 UN2 1 0 56.1 0.4 SF u 6 2 73093 UN3 1 0 19.2 0.1 SF u 6 2 73093 UN4 9 0 33.1 0.3 SF u 6 2 73093 AS 16 0 46.5 3 SF u 61 2 73093 LS 0 4 162.6 128.6 SF u 6 2 73093 UNI 3 5 79.0 2.1 SF u 6 21 73093 UN2 1.3 SF u 6 21 73093 UN3 1.3 1 -SF---Fu- 6 21 73093 UN4 1 2.5 Page 2 INMP MITIGATION SAMPLING 9/21/93 temp. Temp. Corr. Corr. Soil Soil % Soil 0/cLOI Zone - Statioi Rep. at 1 cm at 10 cm EH lCM EH 10CM Sal. pH Moisture Created I A 12.7 12.3 179 354 34 7.7 55.2, 2.89 Created I B 13.2 12.7 101 192 33 7.0 56.3 1.80 Created 2 A 12.8 12.6 155 401 32 6.8 57.8 1.91 Created 21B 13.31 12.8 226 361 30 6.6 56.5 3.02 Created 3 A 12.8 12.4 ill 326 32 7.1 56.1 1.61 Created 3 B 12.9 12.6 376 2991 34 7.41 55.3 1.561 Created 4 A 12.6 12.2 230 316 44 7.2 55.5 1.14 Created 4 B 13.0 12.5 131 233 49 6.8 55.1 3.75 Created 6 A 1 12.9 12.6 275 235 32 7.1 56.5 3.65 Created 5 B 13.2 12.9 57 165 36 7.3 56.0 3.62 Created 6 A 12.9 12.6 381 296 36 6.8 55.4 3.39 Created 6 B 13.3 12.8 2811 330 371 7.3 54.9 3.61 Created 7 A 12.8 12.5 252 313 34 7.1 56.5 1.72 Created 71B 13.2 12.8 291 249 32 7.2 56.0 1.38 Created 81A 12.7 12.5 51 -174 34 7.3 57.5 4.11 Created 8 B 13.2 12.6 59 -184 32 7.4 56.9 2.12 Created 9 A 12.71 12.4 -59 343 28 6.91 55.3 3.001 Created 9 B 13.2 12.6 26 3051 35 7.41 55.2 2.94 Created 10 A 12.7 12.4 56 323 34 7.3 56.9 3.46 Created 10 B 13.2 12.6 121 186 34 7.3 55.3 2.80 Created I 1,A 12.9 12.5 331 13 35 6.4 65.1 3.22 Created 11113 13.0 12.6 288 355 37 7.1 55.7 3.31 Created 12A 13.0 12.8 -185 -129 33 6.8 55.21 3.38 Created 12B 13.0 12.7 398 145 35 7.2 55.4 2.80 Created 13A 13.0 12.8 .44 405 32 6.8 56.2 3.28 Created 13 B 13.3 12.9 50 379 34 7.1 56.5 3.00 Created 14A 12.8 12.5 -146 231 34 6.8 55.6 7.02 Created 1 41B 13.4 12.8 31 289 34 6.41 55.7 3.091 Created 15 A 13.4 13.1 -176 371 30 6.9 56.0 3.18 Created 15 B 13.71 13.2 1281 223 32 6.9 56.1 3.03 Created 16A 13.4 13.1 -191 2191 34 6.8 59.0 4.00 Created 16 B 13.3 13.0 32 2111 36 6.7 56.1 3.27 Referencq 1 A 13.9 13.5 -179 -391 30 4.8 78.6 15.13 Referenc@ 1 B 14.2 13.7 -71 -179 35 7.2 73.7 11.79 Referenc4 2 A 1 14.8 13.8 -84 -143 32 6.6 74.8 15.97 Referenc4 2 B 1 14.7 13.6 61 -113 34 6.2 74.8 16.70 Referenc4 3 A 13.7 13.2 -95 -137 31 5 79.1 15.29 ReferenC4 3 B 14 13.41 -194 -138 32 4.81 81.0 14.10 ReferenC4 4 A 14.7 13.6 29 -150 34 6.41 73.7 11.62 Referenc4 4, B 14.4 13.6 131 -167 32' 6.2 76.7 12.43 Referenc4 51A 14.2 13.5 146 -130 35 6.9 71.7 9.93 ReferenC4 5 B 14.4 13.7, -122 -129 34 4.9 74.2 12.111 Referenc4 6 A 14 13.3 -129 .1891 33 5.8 78.9 13.871 Referenc4 6 B 13.8 13.3 -201 -174 32 6.61 80.0 14.53 Referenc@ 7 A 13.8 13.4 43 -105 34 6.5 77.6 17.27 Referenc 7 B 13.51 13.41 116 -212 31 5.3 81.2 18.90 Referencq 81A 14. 3 13.21 159, -128 32 6.2 79.71 25.27 Referenc4 81B 13.9+ 13.31 2821 -62 26 7.2t 78 61 21.771 APP 11- 25 INMP PLANT DATA PRINT INNER NORTH MLL F PERCENT COVER AND HARVEST DATA 9/93 RELATIVE PERCENT COVER 1 1% % COVER # TOTAI MEAN LF WAN TOTAL CANOPY zow RP SAM SA SAT SAS SP LC I FV AN I BWEJ ODVER VASCULAF SHOOTS AREA HEIGHT BJOIMASS STRUCTURE REFU*C I A 95 95 3 2 98 95 25 28.6 25.3 67.344 REFEFIC 1 8 80 55 25 10 10 0 100 80 28 35.5 33.1 41.145 8 REFERIC 2 A 100 100 0 100 100 30 114.9 90.1 88.37 9, REFEF#4C 1 2 B 90 90 5 5 95 go 31, 98.6 78.9 72.082 9 REFERNO 31A 95, 95 5 95 95 29 124.1 88.9 51.818 9 REFERNO 3 B 85 86 2 1 , 12, 88 85 27 70.3 55.4 74.164 8 Fll@ 4 A 115 85 151 85 85 37 91.1 64.8 49.399 10 REFEFW 4 B 85 85 15 85 85 17 75.9 55.2. 31.323 a REFEFW 5 A 80 so 20 Sol 80 58 147.3 90 86.48 10 REFERC 5 B 90 90 10 90 90 64 129 82.9 62.646 10 REFEFW 6 A 95, 95 5 95 95 47 55.6 38 95.063 9 REFEFIC 6 B 100 100 0 100 100 49 96 57.3 123.62 9 REFEFM 7 A 95 95 5 95 95 50 126.9 89.1 64.685, 10 REFERNO 7 B 90 90 10 90 90 49 67.9 68.7 42.089 10 REFERC 8 A 95 95 5 95 95 39, 108.8 76.5 44.899 11 REFERW 8 B 90 90 5 5 95 95 65 106.6 73.5 38.906 11 CREATED 1 A 15. 85 15 15 6 9.7 12.4 4 CREATED 1 B 20 so 20 20 8 6.6 6.6 3 CREATED 2 A 20 80 20, 20 6 21.9. 18.6 5 CREATED 2 B 15 85. 15 15 11 22.2 19.2 6 CREATED 3 A 10 90 10 10 1 9.5 11 2 CREATED, 3 B 10 90 10 10 11 22.3 19.2 6 CREATED 4 A 10, 90 10 10 0 0 0 0 CREATED 4 B 10 90 10 10 1 6.7 5 1, CREATED 5 A 15 85 15 151 11 17.81 17.9 6 CREATED 5 B 10 90 10 10 8 17.61 12.8 4 CREATED 6 A 10 90 10 10 0 0 0 0 CREATED 1 6 B 15 85 15 15 0 0 0 0 CREATED 7 A 25, 75 25 25 16 24.8 19.6 6 CREATED 7 B 15 85 15 Is- 11 13.7 14 5, CREATED 8 A 10 90 10 10 3 23.9 20.3 4 CREATED 8 B 10 90 10 10 10, 0 0 0 CREATED 9 A 10 90 10 10 1 12.3 16, 2 CREATED, 9 B 10 90 10 10 1 6.7 5 1 CREATED 10 A 8, 92 8 8 3 21.7 18.7 4 CREATED 10 B 10 90, 10 10 3 10.1 10 3. CREATED 11 A 20 80 20 20 0 0 0 0 CREATED 11 B 10 90 10 10 1, 48.4 48 4 CREATED 12 A 10 90 10 10 8 6.5 9 4 CREATED, 12 B 12 88 12 12 2 6.7 5 1 CREATED 13A 30, 2 78 22, 32 9 22.9 17.7 7 CREATED 13 B 30 70 30 30 14 19.9 18.4 6, CREATED 14A 30 70 30 30 16 37.81 30.4 6 CREATED 14 B 8 92 8 8 11 12.6 13.2 5 CREATED 15 A is 85 16 15 17 30.2 30 7 CREATED 15 B 20 80 20 20 8 13.7 9.6 4 CREATED 16A 1 41 96, 41 4 3 33.7 22 4 CREATED1 161B 1 1 601 401 40 8, 17.7 12.9 4 APP 11- 26 Fish Species Identity and Abundance by Site and Date* Site Date Species Present Number Dffisitv Awcomin Marsh Reference 7 Oct. 193 Fundulus heteroclitus 1 0.041 21 Oct.193 Fundulus heteroclitus 2 Menidia menidia 1 Pungitius pungitius 2 Total Fish 5 0.205 Awcomin Marsh Restoration 7 Oct. '93 No fish present 0 0 Mill Creek 21 Oct.193 No fish present: 0 0 Stuart Farm - Downstream 20 Sept. 193 Fundulus heteroclitus 7 0.097 5 Oct. '93 Fundulus heteroclitus 32 0.444 Mill Creek Stuart Farm - Upstream 20 Sept. 193 Fundulus heteroclitus 31 Apeltes quadracus 1 Anguilla rost:rata 6 Lepomis sp. 1 Total Fish 39 0.448 5 Oct. '93 Fundulus heteroclitus 5 Pungitius pungitius 1 Total Fish 6 0.069 Inner North 10 Sept. '93 Fundulus heteroclitus 30'l Mill Pond Menidia menidia 91 Reference Anguilla rostrata 1 Total fish 393 1.29 21 Sept. '93 Fundulus heteroclitus 355 1.16 Inner North 10 Sept. 193 Fundulus heteroclitus 53 Mill Pond - Menidia menidia 2 Created Anguilla rostrata 1 Total fish 56 0.08 21 Sept. '93 Fundulus heteroclitus 165 Menidia menidia 2 Total fish 167 0.24 Fish were sampled after hydrologic restoration at both Awcomin Marsh and Stuart Farm. Densities are expressed per m' of low marsh sampled. APP 11- 27 I I I I APPENDIX 11- 28 1 AWCOMIN MARSH WATER TABLE DATA I I I I I I I I I I I I I APP 11-28 I A B c Q E 1 Date Site %o T %o B Depth 2 921005 A-1 36 35 24.6 3 921005 A-2 35 26.3 4 921005 A-3 34 25.0 5 921005 A-4 36 28.3 6 921005 A-5 36 26.4 7 921005 A-6 36 27.3 8 921005 A-7 36 36 26.9 9 921005 A-8 36 36 26.9 1 0 921005 A-9 37 37 25.5 1 1 921005 B-1 32 32 41.8 1 2 921005 B-2 32 47.3 1 3 921005 B-3 1 4 921005 B-4 32 32 30.2 1 5 921005 B-5 32 32 18.7 1 6 921005 B-6 30 30 29.5 1 7 921005 B-7 28 30 15.7 1 a 921005 B-8 30 32 12.7 1 9 921005 B-9 30 30 6.1 20 921005 C-1 34 34 23.9 21 921005 C-2 33 34 11.8 22 921005 C-3 32 38 16.7 23 921005 C-4 35 35 20.8 24 921005 C-5 32 34 21.8 2 5 921005 C-6 34 34 18.1 26 921005 D-1 25 25 16.1 27 921005 D-2 28 28 18.4 28 921005 D-3 28 28 21.0 29 921005 D-4 20 20 22.4 30 921005 D-5 25 25 22.3 3 1 921005 D-6 25 28 14.0 3 2 Date Site %o T %0 B 33 921014 A- 1 37 37 19.0 34 921014 A-2 36 36 21.3 35 921014 A-3 34 34 16.2 3 6 921014 A-4 36 36 18.2 37 921014 A-5 36 36 19.0 38 921014 A-6 36 36 20.9 39 921014 A-7 38 38 15.9 40 921014 A-8 38 38 17.2 41 921014 A-9 37 37 15.9 42 921014 B-1 34 34 23.4 43 921014 B-2 32 32 39.5 44 921014 B-3 34 33 44.3 45 921014 B-4 28 31 24.7 46 921014 B-5 27 30 14.6 47 921014 B-6 28 28 23.5 48 921014 B-7 25 30 11.1 49 921014 B-8 22 30 8.1 50 921 0141B-9 211 28 3.31 A B c D E 51 921014 C-1 22 28 19.7 52 921014 C-2 24 30 8.6 53 921014 C-3 24 28 13.9 54 921014 C-4 32 30 15.8 55 921014 C-5 26 30 16.8 56 921014 C-6 26 29 13.5 57 921014 D-1 20 12.8 58 921014 D-2 20 24 14.3 59 921014 D-3 18 22 17.8 60 921014 D-4 14 16 17.8 .6 1 921014 D-5 15 1.9 16.3 62 921014 D-6 14 16 20.3 63 64 Date Site %o T %o B .65 921020 A-1 35 36 18.1 66 921020 A-2 35 35 20.3 67 921020 A-3 34 34.5 14.9 68 921020 A-4 36 36 17.3 69 921020 A-5 35.5 36 18.1 70 921020 A-6 36 36 20.0 71 921020 A-7 36 36 15.4 72 921020 A-8 36 36.5 16.3 73 921020 A-9 36 36 14.9 74 921020 B-1 32 32 40.8 75 921020 B-2 32 52.4 76 921020 B-3 77 921020 B,4 28 30 24.7 78 921020 B-5 26 29 14.6 79 921020 B-6 25 25 20.8 so 921020 B-7 20 30 7.8 8 1 921020 B-8 23 30 9.5 8 2 921020 B-9' 25 28 8.4 113 921020 C-1 25 28 21.6 .84 921020 C-2 22 30 10.0 85 921020 C-3 22 28 14.4 86 921020 C-4 26 35 18.1 87 921020 C-5 28 31 19.5 88 921020 C-6 29 31 15.8 89 921020 D-1 20 22 12.4 90 921020 D-2 23 27 13.8 9 1 921020 D-3 20 25 17.8 92 921020 D-4 19 20 17.8 93 921020 D-5 16 21 17.7 94 92-1020 D-6 20 22 10.3 95 96 Date Site %o T %o B 97 9;0610 A-1 28 29 14.9 98 930610 A-2 30 30 16.2 99 930610 A-3 100, 930610 A-4 A B c D E 101 930610 A-5 102. 930610 A-6 32 30 14.4 103 930610 A-7 28 30 7.6 104 930610 A-8 31 32 7.1 105 930610 A-9 30 32 12.6 106 930610 B-1 26 29 16.0 1071 930610 B-2 27 30 21.1 108 930610 B-3 24 26 18.1 109 930610 B-4 28 32 31.6 1 10 930610 B-5 27 30 14.1 1 1 1 930610 B-6 26 27 16.2 1 1 2 930610 B-7 32 34 19.2 1 13 930610 B-8 32 33 9.9 1 14 930610 B-9 I is 930610 C-1 30 32 26.2 1 16 930610 0-2 30 33 13.7 1 17 930610 C-3 27 32 15.3 1 1 8 930610 C-4 31 32 21.7 1 19 930610 C-5 31 32 26.9 1 201 930610 C-6 30 30 27.3 1 21 930610 D-1 29 32 22.5 1 22 930610 D-2 28 31 21.6 1 23 930610 D-3 29 30 24.7 1 24 930610 D-4 10 22 25.6 1 25, 930610 D-5 28 32 24.6 1 26 930610 D-6 25 30 15.4 1 27 128 Date Site %o T %0 B 1 29 930617 A - 1 1 30 930617 A-2 21 21 0.8 131 930617 A-3 132 930617 A-4 133 930617 A-5 1341 930617 A-6 30 30 26.9 135 930617 A-7 136 930617 A-8 137 930617 A-9 138 930617 B-1 28 28 50.5 139 930617 B-2 25 25 51.0 140 930617 B-3 1 41 930617 B-4 20 20 50.4 142 930617 B-5 24 24 32.1 143 930617 B-6 18 18 31.3 1 44 930617 B-7 26 26 32.2 145 930617 B-8 14-6 93'0617 B-9 22 22 15.3 147 930617 C-1 25 25 40.9 148 930617 C-2 25 251 27.51 1 4 91 930617 C-3 1 24 241 24.1 1501 930617 C-4 1 26 261 31.4 A B c D E 151 930617 C-5 22 22 34.7 152 930617 C-6 25 25 38.3 153 930617 D-1 22 22 31.7 154 930617 D-2 30 30 39.6 155 930617 D-3 27 27 41.7 156 930617 D-4 17 17 .35.8 157 930617 D-5 25 25 33.8 158 930617 D-6 22 22 24.6 159 160 Date Site %o T %o B 1611 920919 A- 1 24 32 14.9 162 920919 A-2 32 20.8 163 920919 A-3 30 32 17.6 164 920919 A-4 28 32 16.4 165 920919 A-5 18 30 14.9 166 920919 A-6 26 32 23.2 167 920919 A-7 20.5 32 10.8 168 920919 A-8 18 32 8.9 169 920919 A-9 20 32 9.9 170, 920919 B-1 30 30 52.3 171 920919 B-2 26 51.9 172 920919 B-3 173 920919 B-4 24 25 32.9 174 920919 B-5 25 25 26.5 175 920919 B-6 22 22 25.4 176 920919 B-7 22 28 14.3 177 920919 B-8 22 27 11.3 1781 920919 B-9 26 28 4.3 179 920919 C-1 30 30 23.4 180 920919 C-2 25 30 10.9 1al 920919 C-3 25 26 16.7 182, 920919 C-4 32 32 22.7 183 920919 C-5 27 30 26.9 184 920919 C-6 28 30 19.0 185 920919 D-1 22 22 16.1 186 920919 D-2 25 25 16.1 1871 920919 D-3 25 25 18.7 188 920919 D-4 is 18 20.1 189 920919 D-5 20 22 19.1 190 920919 D-6 25 28 12.6 191 192 Date Site %o T %o B 193 920724 A-1 28 28 28.1 194 920724 A-2 30 30 28.6 195 920724 A-3 30 30 28.6 1961 920724 A-4 30 30 31.3 1971 920724 A-5 30 30 30.8 198 920724 A-6 30 30 32.9 199 920724 A-7 30 29 31.9 2 00 9207241A-8 1 301 301 28.1 A B C D E 201 920724 A-9 30 30 29.7 202 920724 B-1 20 20 8.6 203 920724 B-2 20 20 17.3 204 920724 B-3 22 22 18.4 205 920724 B-4 16 16 20.5 206 920724 B-5 is 18 10.3 207 920724 B-6 18 is 18.9 208 920724 B-7 16 16 16.7 209 920724 B-8 15 15 14.6 21 0 920724 B-9 20 20 15.1 21 1 920724 C-1 20 21 23.8 21 2 920724 C-2 17 16 13.0 213 9207240-3 16 16 18.9 21 4 920724 C-4 26 26 20.0 215 920724 C-5 19 19 21.6 216 920724 C-6 18 is 19.4 217 218 Date Site %o T %o B 21 9 920804 A-1 31 32 14.0 220 920804 A-2 31 31 12.4 221 920804 A-3 32 32 9.7 222 920804 A-4 32 32 11.3 223 920804 A-5 32 32 19.4 224 920804 A-6 32 31 18.4 225 920804 A-7 33 33 8.1 225 920804 A-8 32 32 9.7 227 920804 A-9 31 32 11.3 228 920804 B-1 30 30 4.3 229 920804 B-2 30 30 3.2 230 920804 B-3 31 31 2.2 231 920804 B-4 28 28 22.7 232 920804 B-5 30 30 9.7 233 920804 B-6 30 30 13.5 234 920804 B-7 28 29 8.6 235 920804 B-8 28 29 10.3 236 920804 B-9 28 28 10.8 237 920804 C-1 28 29 21.1 238 920804 C-2 27 28 10.8 239 920804 0-3 25 25 11.3 240 920804 C-4 31 31 14.6 241 920804 C-5 28 28 18.4 242 920804 C-6 29 30 13.5 243 244 Date Site %o T %o B 245 930624 A- 1 30 33 14.6 246 930624 A-2 32 33 2.9 247 930624 A-3 32 33 15.3 248 9306241ADAVE1 321. 249 9306241A-4 1 321 321 5.3 250 9306241A-5 1 341 321 2.5 A B c Q E 251 930624 A-6 33 32 15.8 252 930624 ADAVE2 31 253 930624 A-7 32 32 9.4 254 930624 A-8 32 32 10.8 255 930624 A-9 33 34 13.1 256 930624 ADAVE3 34 257 930624 B-1 29 30 10.0 258 930624 B-2 30 30 10.1 259 930624 B-3 31 32 7.o 260 930624 BDAVE1 3o . 261 930624 B-4 32 32 28.3 262 930624 B-5 32 32 12.8 263 930624 B-6 31 31 16.2 264 930624 BDAVE2 32 . IEVAL 265 930624 B-7 37 38 5.5 266, 930624 B-8 39 40 4.4 267 930624 B-9 35 35 -12.7 268 930624 BDAVE3 39 . !EVAL 269 930624 C-1 30 32 27.1 .270 930624 C-2 30 32 13.7 271 930624 C-3 29 31 15.8 272 930624 CDAVE1 29 . IEVAL 273 930624 C-4 35 35 21.3 274 930624 C-5 32 30 23.7 275 930624 C-6 31 33 22.3 276 930624 CD"E2 29 . EVAL 277 930624 D-1 30 32 23.9 278 930624 D-2 30 31 24.4 279 930624 D-3 30 31 27.0 280 930624 DDAVE1 31 . IEVAL 281 930624 D-4 18 16 33.0 282 930624 D-5 31 31 28.3 283 930624 D-6 30 31 21.8 284 930624 DDAVE2 25 . 285 286 Date Site %o T %o B 287 930723 A-1 31 5 288 930723 A-2 31 3.5 289 930723 A-3- 31 4.5 .290 930723 ADAVE-1 36 0 291 930723 A-4 32 4 292 930723 A-5 31 7 293 930723 A-6 31 5 294 930723 ADAVE2 35 3 295 930723 A-7 35 0 296 930723 A-8 33 0 297 930723 A-9 32 4.5 298 930723 ADAVE3 321. 5 299 930723 B-1 311. 5 300 930723 B-2 321. 3 A B C Q E 301 930723 B-3 32 0 302 930723 BDAVE1 32 3 303 930723 B-4 34 3 304 930723 B-5 35 2 305 930723 B-6 37 4 306 930723 BDAVE2 42 1 307 930723 B-7 36 7 .308 930723 B-8 37 3.5 309 930723 B-9 34 2 310 930723 BDAVE3 45 1 31 1 930723 C-1 34 6 312 930723 C-2 35 3 313 930723 C-3 36 7 '314 930723 CDAVEI 38 2 315 930723 C-4 34 1 316 930723 C-5 35 7.5 .317 930723 C-6 32 7 318 930723 CDAVE2 40 6 31 9 930723 D-1 37 9 .320 930723 D-2 35 7 321 930723 D-3 37 6 322 930723 DDAVE1 42 5 323 930723 D-4 25 11 .3,24 930723 D-5 35 7.5 325 930723 D-6 34 5 326 930723 DDAVE2 32 4.5 327 328 Date Site %o T %o B 329 930809 A-1 29 19 330 930809 A-2 33 20 331 930809 A-3 332 930809 ADAVE-1 35 18.5 333 930809 A-4 334 930809 A-5 34 29 335 930809 A-6 25 336 930809 ADAVE2 35 19 337 930809 A-7 35 24 338 930809 A-8 25 339 930809 A-9 26 340 930809 ADAVE3 37 13 341 930809 B-1 46 342 930809 B-2 35 38 343 930809 B-3 36 344 930809 BDAVE1 345 930809 B-4 32 27 346 930809 B-5 32 24 347 930809 B-6 35 24 348 9308091BDAVE2 401 17 .349 930809IB-7 1 401 2 3dl 350 930809IB-8 I - 1 2 A B c Q E 351 930809 B-9 34 24 352 930809 BDAVE3 44 is 353 930809 0-1 33 25 354 930809 C-2 35 23 355 930809 C-3 34 23 356 930809 CD"El 38 19 357 930809 C-4 33 20 358 930809 C-5 30 26.5 359 930809 0-6 32 26 360 930809 CDAVE2 42 18 361, 930809 D-1 35 28 362 930809 D-2 33 25 363 930809 D-3 36 22.5 764 930809 DDAVE1 365 930809 D-4 .366 930809 D-5 27 367 930809 D-6 33 25 368 930809 DDAVE2 32 15.5 369 3 7 01 Date Site %o T %0 B 371 930813 A-1 32 24.5 372 930813 A-2 28 24.5 373 930813 A-3 374, 930813 ADAVE-1 375 930813 A-4 33 31 376 930813 A-5 33 33 377 930813 A-6 33 23 3781 930813 ADAVE2, 379 930813 A-7 34 22 380 930813 A-8 37 21 381 930813 A-9 37 21 3821 930813 ADAVE3 34 20 383 930813 B-1 38 47 384 930813 B-2 35 42 385 930813 B-3 3861 930813 BDAVE1 387 930813 B-4 31 32 388 930813 B-5 33 29 389 930813 B-6 34 29 3901 930813 BDAVE2 38 27 391 930813 B-7 37 29 392 930813 B-8 393 930813 B-9 34 30 3941 930813 BDAVE3 395 930813 C-1 396 930813 C-2 34 22.5 397 930813 C-3 33 29 398 930813 CDAVE1 3991 930813IC-4 32 24.5 4001 93081 31C-5 351 1 32 A B c Q E 401 930813 C-6 32 29.5 402 930813 CDAVE2 403 930813 D-1 30 34.5 404 930813 D-2 33 36 405 930813 D-3 34 29.9 406 930813 DDAVE1 407 930813 D-4 408 930813 D-5 409 930813 D-6 29 23.5 410 930813 DDAVE2 411, 412 Date Site %o T %o B 413 930817 A-1 30 3 .414 930817 A-2 32 2 415 930817 A-3 32 3.5 41 6 930817 ADAVE-1 36 0 417 930817 A-4 32 7 418 930817 A-5 32 3 419 930817 A-6 32 7 420 930817 ADAVE2 36 0.5 421 930817 A-7 32 0 422 930817 A-8 32 0 4231 930817 A-9 32 3.5 424 930817 ADAVE3 35 0 425 930817 B-1 35 6 426 930817 B-2 35 6.5 427 930817 B-3 36 5 428 930817 BDAVE1 34 4 429 930817 B-4 37 9 430 930817 B-5 38 5 930817 B-6 35 5.5 432 930817 BDAVE2 41 5 433 930817 B-7 42 7.5 434 930817 B-8 38 8 435 930817 B-9 38 2 436 930817 BDAVE3 38 6 437 930817 C-1 35 1 1 438 930817 0-2 37 9.5 439 930817 C-3 36 13.5 440 930817 CDAVE1 38 8 441 930817 C-4 36 5.5 442 930817 C-5 34 14.5 443 930817 C-6 34 15 444 930817 CDAVE2 36 13 445 930817 D-1 28 17.5 446 930817 D-2 38 15 447 930817 D-3 27 36 448 930817 DDAVEI 40 15 449 930817ID-4 450 930817ID-5 A B c Q E 451 930817 D-6 32 30 452 930817 DDAVE2 453 454 Date Site %o T %o B 455 930824 A-1 31 8 456 930824 A-2 32 11 457 930824 A-3 35 13 458 930824 ADAVE-1 35 11 459 930824 A-4 34 16 460 930824 A-5 33 12 4611. 930824 A-6 32 17.5 462 930824 ADAVE2 37 0 463 930824 A-7 34 5.5 .464 930824 A-8 32 6 465 930824 A-9 32 8 466 930824 ADAVE3 35 0 467 930824 B-1 31 5.5 468 930824 B-2 32 7 469 930824 B-3 36 5 470 930824 BDAVE1 32 5.5 471 930824 B-4 32 7 472 930824 B-5 34 4 4731 930824 B-6 36 6 474 930824 BDAVE2 35 3 475 930824 B-7 36 6 476 930824 B-8 38 7 477 930824 B-9 34 1.5 478 930824 BDAVE3 38 0 479 930824 C-1 34 12 480 930824 C-2 36 8.5 481 930824 C-3 35 10.5 482 930824 CDAVEI 33 5 483 930824 C-4 32 14.5 484 930824 C-5 34 15.5 485 930824 C-6 35 5 486 930824 CDAVE2 34 11 487 930824 D-1 35 15.5 488 930824 D-2 34 12 489 930824 D-3 38 10 4901 930824 DDAVE1 43 9.5 491 930824 D-4 30 16 492 930824 D-5 33 10 493 930824 D-6 32 8.5 494 930824 DDAVE2 33 7 495 496 w 497 498 4991 5001 A B c D E 501 502 5031 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 51 2 513 5141 51 5 51 6 517 518 51 9 520 521 5 2 21 DATE Site %o T %0 B 523 940603 A-1 22 0 524 940603 A-2 26 21 525 940603 A-3 5261 940603 ADAVE-1 29 20 527 940603 A-4 32 25 528 940603 A-5 24 29 529 940603 A-6 530 940603 ADAVE2 531 940603 A-7 532 940603 A-8 23 22 533 940603 A-9 29 18 5341 940603 ADAVE3 535 940603 B-1 26 32 536 940603 B-2 26 34 537 940603 B-3 25 28 538 940603 BDAVEI 25 20 539 940603 B-4 26 '16 540 940603 B-5 26 17 541 940603 B-6 28 15 542 940603 BDAVE2 26 13.5 543, 940603 B-7 27 17 544 940603 B-8 26 17 545 940603 B-9 30 16.5 546 940603 BDAVE3 26 14.5 547 940603 C-1 25 19 5481 940603 C-2 28 13.5 5491 940603IC-3 251 13.5 5501 9406031CDAVE1 1 221 13 A B c D E 551 940603 C-4 26 12 552 940603 C-5 28 20 553 940603 C-6 28 20 554 940603 CDAVE2 28 17 555 940603 D-1 25 15 556 940603 D-2 29 13.5 557 940603 D-3 29 1 1 558 940603 DDAVE1 27 15 559 940603 D-4 24 25.5 560 940603 D-5 23 17 .561 940603 D-6 22 9.5 562 940603 DDAVE2 24 13.5 563 564 DATE Site %o T %o B .565 940608 A-1 23 1 1 566 940608 A-2 24 13 567 940608 A-3 30 14 568 940608 ADAVE-1 29 13.5 569 940608 A-4 31 14.5 570 940608 A-5 30 14 571 940608 A-6 31 8.5 572 940608 ADAVE2 30 13.5 .573 940608 A-7 32 4 574 940608 A-8 32 5.5 575 940608 A-9 32 9 576 940608 ADAVE3 32 1 577 940608 B-1 27 47 578 940608 B-2 26 47.5 579 940608 B-3 580 940608 BDAVE1 27 20 .581 940608 B-4 25 27.5 582 940608 B-5 25 24.5 583 940608 B-6 28 22 584- 940608 BDAVE2 27 22 585 940608 B-7 34 29 586 940608 B-8 587 940608 B-9 33 22 588 940608 BDAVE3 28 19 589 940608 C-1 29 25.5 590 940608 C-2 26 17.5 591 940608 C-3 25 18 592 940608 CDAVE1 20 16 .593 940608 C-4 24 13 594 940608 C-5 25 19 595 940608 C-6 28 25 596 940608 CDAVE2 26 20 597 940608 D-1 26 21.5 598 940608 D-2 29 1 8 '599 940608 D-3 26 16.5 ,600 940608IDDAVE1 271 191 A B c D E 601 940608 D-4 23 24.5 602 940608 D-5 23 22 603 940608 D-6 21 14 604 940608 DDAVE2 22 17 605 606 DATE Site %o T %0 B 607 940620 A-1 30 12.5 608 940620 A-2 26 12.5 609 940620 A-3 34 14 61 0 940620 ADAVE-1 31 13 61 11 940620 A-4 32 15.5 61 2 940620 A-5 32 14 613 940620 A-6 32 10 614 940620 ADAVE2 32 -13 615 940620 A-7 33 10 616 940620 A-8 32 10 617 940620 A-9 32 10 61 8 940620 ADAVE3 32 5.5 61 9 940620 B-1 32 34 6201 940620 B-2 621 940620 B-3 28 40 622 940620 BDAVE1 623 940620 B-4 26 31 624 940620 B-5 31 35 625 940620 B-6 29 35 626 940620 BDAVE2 29 21.5 627 940620 B-7 36 9.5 628 940620 B-8 38 13 6291 940620 B-9 38 10.5 630 940620 BDAVE3 37 10 631 940620 C-1 28 25 632 940620 C-2 25 633 940620 C-3 25 28 634 940620 CDAVE1 22 21.5 635 940620 C-4 24 22 636 940620 C-5 25 24 6371 940620 C-6 28 30 638 940620 CDAVE2 26 22 639 940620 D-1 26 32 640 940620 D-2 30 28.5 641 940620 D-3 27 20 642 940620 DDAVE1 27 23 643 940620 D-4 23 32 644 940620 D-5 25 27 6451 940620 D-6 24 21.5 646 940620 DDAVE2 25 23 647 648 DATE Site %o T %0 B 649 940623 A-1 32 1 1650, 9406231A-2 1 29 6 A B c Q E 6,11 940623 A-3 30 10.5 652 940623 ADAVE-1 32 7 653 940623 A-4 30 12 654 940623 A-5 30 8 655 940623 A-6 30 7 656 940623 ADAVE2 29 7 657 940623 A-7 32 2 658 940623 A-8 32 1 659 940623 A-9 31 6.5 660 940623 ADAVE3 32 -4 661 940623 B-1 31 4 662 940623 B-2 31 4 663 940623 B-3 30 0 664 940623 BDAVE1 33 0 665 940623 B-4 32 5 666 940623 B-5 32 3.5 667 940623 B-6 33 4 668 940623 BDAVE2 35 0 669 940623 B-7 35 3.5 670 940623 B-8 37 1 671 940623 B-9 38 6 672 940623 BDAVE3 37 2.5 673 940623 C-1 30 8.5 674 940623 C-2 31 5 675 940623 C-3 30 6 676 940623 CDAVE1 31 2 677 940623 C-4 30 0 678 940623 C-5 31 9 679 940623 C-6 33 9 680 940623 CDAVE2 30 5.5 681 940623 D-1 32 8 682 940623 D-2 30 7 683 940623 D-3 31 5 684- 940623 DDAVE1 30 0 685 940623 D-4 31 6 686 940623 D-5 31 0.5 687 940623 D-6 28 -2 688 940623 DDAVE2 31 -4.5 689 690 DATE Site %o T %o B 691 920901 A-1 31 12.1 692 920901 A-2 30 12.5 693 920901 A-3 30 9.8 694 920901 A-4 30 9.5 695 920901 A-5 30 14.0 696 920901 A-6 30 14.9 697 920901 A-7 30 8.0 698 920901 A-8 30 7.51 699 920901 A-9 28 10.8 700 920901IB-1 301 1 9.6 A B C D E 701 920901 B-2 30 8.3 702 920901 B-3 29 7.5 703 920901 B-4 25 23.8 704 920901 B-5 26 11.4 705 920901 B-6 30 17.5 706 920901 B-7 31 8.3 707 920901 B-8 30 6.2 708 920901 B-9 28 3.8 709 920901 C-1 31 17.9 710 920901 C-2 31 5.8 71 1 920901 0-3 34.5 14.4 71 2 920901 C-4 30 14.8 713 920901 0-5 32 13.7 714 920901 C-6 30 11.6 71 5 716 DATE Site %o T %o B 717 920905 A-1 30 21.8 71 8 920905 A-2 30 24.0 71 9 920905 A-3 31 19.5 720 920905 A-4 32 26.9 721 920905 A-5 32 26.4 722 920905 A-6 32 26.4 723 920905 A-7 30 20.9 724 920905 A-8 30 22.7 725 920905 A-9 34 10.8 726 920905 B-1 24 12.3 727 920905 B-2 18 13.8 728 920905 B-3 25 12.1 729 920905 B-4 24 21.0 730 920905 B-5 22 11.8 731. 920905 B-6 20 16.6 .732 920905 B-7 22 9.7 733 920905 B-8 20 6.7 734 920905 B-9 18 -3.1 735 920905 C-1 25 18.3 7361 920905 0-2 24 7.2 737 920905 C-3 24 10.7 738 920905 C-4 28 15.3 739 920905 C-5 26 14.9 740 920905 C-6 28 12.1 .741 920905 D-1 22 11.8 742 920905 D-2 24 12.9 743 920905 D-3 25 16.9 744 920905 D-4 16 16.4 .745 920905 D-5 20 16.3 746 920905 D-6 20 5.4 747 748 DATE Site %o T I%o B 1 17491 920821 A-1 251 24.6 17501 920821 A-2 301 26.8 A B c D E 751 920821 A-3 30 24.1 752 920821 A-4 29 28.3 .753 920821 A-5 25 26.9 754 920821 A-6 26 27.3 755 920821 A-7 30 26.4 756 920821 A-8 30 27.3 757 920821 A-9 25 26.9 758 920821 B-1 16 14.6 759 920821 B-2 15 22.0 760 920821 B-3 25 24.1 .761 920821 B-4 15 25.1 762 920821 B-5 13 13.7 763 920821 B-6 12 21.7 764 920821 B-7 14 10.7 765 920821 B-8 15 9.0 766 920821 B-9 15 4.7 767 920821 0-1 20 39.0 768 920821 C-2 20 27.0 769 920821 C-3 15 30.5 770 920821 C-4 22 35.5 771 920821 C-5 21 36.5 772 920821 C-6 21 35.5 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 w 796 797 798 799 8 0 0 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH A B c Q E 801 930624 DAVEI 802 930624 DAVE2 803 930624 DAVE3 18 19.5 804 930624 DAVE4 805 930624 DAVE5 29 12 806 930624 DAVE6 32 12.5 807 930624 DAVE7 28 7 808 930624 DAVE8 27 0 809 930624 DAVE9 31 2 sio 930624 DAVE10 32 3.5 Bill 81 2 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 81 3 930723 DAVE1 15 24 814 930723 DAVE2 12 17 815 930723 DAVE3 28 1 81 6 930723 DAVE4 28 10 817 930723 DAVE5 35 7 81 8 930723 DAVE 45 5.5 81 9 930723 DAVE7 40 2 820 930723 DAVE8 35 * 3 821 930723 DAVE9 36 * 4 822 930723 DAVE10 39 0.5 823 824 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 825 930809 DAVE1 10 19 826 930809 DAVE2 827 930809 DAVE3 30 15 828 930809 DAVE4 28 15.5 829 930809 DAVE5 830 930809 DAVE6 14 831- 930809 DAVE7 38 18 832 930809 DAVE8 35 10 833 930809 DAVE9 38 15 834 930809 DAVE10 38 15.5 835 836 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 837 930813 DAVE1 838 930813 DAVE2 839 930813 DAVE3 26 18 840 930813 DAVE4 841 930813 DAVE5 842 930813 DAVE6 48 15 843 930813 DAVE7 844 930813 DAVE8 31 13.5 845 930813 DAVE9 846 930813 DAVE10 847 848 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 1849 930817 DAVE1 1850 9.308171DAVE2 A B c D E 851 930817 DAVE3 852 930817 DAVE4 853 930817 DAVE5 35 18 854 930817 DAVE6 36 16 855 930817 DAVE7 36 6 856 930817 DAVE8 35 3 857 930817 DAVE9 35 0 858 930817 DAVE10 37 5 859 860 DATE SITE %0 DEFrH 861, 930824 DAVEI 862 930824 DAVE2 863 930824 DAVE3 32 5.5 864 930824 DAVE4 30 1 1 865 930824 DAVE5 37 13 866 930824 DAVE6 42 9 867 930824 DAVE7 32 5 868 930824 DAVE8 35 0 869 930824 DAVE9 32 0 8701 930824 DAVE10 35 4.5 871 872 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 873 9,40603 DAVE1 874 940603 DAVE2 875 940603 DAVE3 15 4.5 876 940603 DAVE4 1 1 7 877 940603 DAVE5 12.5 14 8781 940603 DAVE6 879 940603 DAVE7 25 12 1180 940603 DAVE8 27 10 881 940603 DAVE9 28 13.5 882 940603 DAVE10 30 14 883 884 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 885 940608 DAVE1 886 940608 DAVE2 8871 940608 DAVE3 18 11.5 888 940608 DAVE4 10 10 889 940608 DAVES 24 17.5 890 940608 DAVE6 25 21 891 940608 DAVE7 25 20 892 940608 DAVE8 25 17 893 940608 DAVE9 38 20 894 940608 DAVE 10 28 20 895 81 7 51 1 D a 117 52 D@8 @ 8 9 61 DATE SITE %0 DEPTH 8971 940620 DAVE1 898 940620 DAVE2 899 940620 DAVE3 20 16 9 0 0 9406201DAVE4 141 231 A B C D E 901 940620 DAVE5 25 23 902 940620 DAVE6 26 17.5 903 940620 DAVE7 24 24 904 940620 D"E8 30 21 905 940620 DAVE9 36 2 906 940620 DAVE10 29 20 907 .908 940623 DAVE1 909 940623 DAVE2 .91 0 940623 DAVE3 25 -4.5 911 940623 DAVE4 18 -2 .91 2 940623 DAVE5 30 3 913 940623 DAVE6 32 3 914 940623 DAVE7 33 0 915 940623 DAVE8 30 -2 .91 61 9406231 DAVE9 381 -31 19171 9406231DAVE10 1 341 2.51 I I I I I APPENDIX 11- 29 I 1 MILL CREEK STUART FARM WATER TABLE DATA I I I I I I I I I I I APP 11-29 1 A B c Q E I DATE SITE %0 DEPTH TIDE S/N 2 930 610 SFL1 A 6 -0.488479 N 3 930610 SFUB 6 4.1198157 N 4 930610 SFU C 14 11.953917 N 5 930610 SFL2A 4 2.2764977 N 6 930610 SFL2B 5 2.7373272 N 7 930610 SFL2C 12 9.1889401 N a 930610 SFL3A 1 2.2764977 N 9 930610 SFL3B 3 5.5023041 N 1 0 930610 SFL3C 15 8.2672811 N 1 1 930610 SFL4A 0 4.5806452 N 1 2 930610 SFI-413 4 6.4239631 N 1 3 930610 SFL4C 1 -15.69585 N 1 4 930610 SFI-5A N 1 5 930610 SFL5B N 1 6 930610 SFL5C N 1 7 930610 SFUlA 0 17.9447 N 1 8 930610 SFUl B 0 18.40553 N 1 9 930610 SFUlC 0 10.110599 N 20 930610 SFU2A 0 21.170507 N 2 1 930610 SFU213 0 21.170507 N 2 2 930610 SFU2C 0 11.032258 N .2 3 930610 SFU3A 0 20.248848 N 24 930610 SFU3B 0 16.562212 N 2 5 930610 SFU3C 0 7.3456221 N 26 930610 SFU4A 0 21.170507 N 27 930610 SFU4B 0 21.170507 N 2 8 930610 SFU4C 0 9.1889401 N 2 9 930610 SFU5A 0 18.866359 N 30 930610 SFU513 0 21.170507 N .3 1 930610 SFU5C 0 8.7281106 N 3 2 930610 SFU6A 0 8.7281106 N 33 930610 SFU613 0 20.248848 N 34 930610 SFU6C 0 21.170507 N .35 2.7373272 36 DATE SITE %0 IVALUE TIDE S/N 37 930617 SFLlA 5 12.875576 N 38 930617 SFU B 6 19.327189 N 39 930617 SFUC 13 4.5806452 N 40 930617 SFL2A 4 14.718894 N 41 930617 SFI-213 5 19.327189 N 42 930617 SFL2C 1 1 6.8847926 N 43 930617 SFL3A 1 14.718894 N .44 930617 SFI-313 3 18.40553 N 45 930617 SFL3C 1 1 4.5806452 N 46 930617 SFL4A 2 12.414747 N 47 930617 SFL4B 3 17.023041 N .48 930617 SFL4C 0 -20.30415 N 49 930617 SFL5A N 50 9306171SFI-513 IN A B c Q E 51 930617 SFL5C N 52 930617 SFUlA 0 16.562212 N 53 930617 SFUlB 0 17.023041 N 54 930617 SFUlC 0 6.8847926 N 55 930617 SFU2A N 56 930617 SFU213 N 57 930617 SFU2C 0 6.8847926 N .58 930617 SFU3A 0 2.7373272 N 59 930617 SFU313 0 18.866359 N 60 930617 SFU3C 0 7.3456221 N 6 1 930617 SFU4A N .62 930617 SFU413 N 63 930617 SFU4C 0 8.2672811 N 64 930617 SFU5A 0 18.40553 N 65 930617 SFU513 0 18.40553 N 66 930617 SFU5C 0 8.7281106 N 67 930617 SFU6A 0 17.483871 N 68 930617 SFU613 0 20.248848 N 69 930617 SFU6C 0 19.327189 N .70 2.7373272 71 DATE SITE %0 IVALUE TIDE S/N 72 930624 SFLlA 10 0.4331797 S 73 930624 SFL1 B 1 1 2.7373272 S 74 930624 SFUC 16 8.2672811 S 75 930624 SFL2A 16 1.8156682 S '76 930624 SFI-213 10 1.3548387 S 77 930624 SFL2C 13 8.2672811 S .78 930624 SFL3A 3 5.0414747 S 79 930624 SFL3B 5 2.7373272 S 80 930624 SFL3C 17 4.5806452 S 8 1 930624 SFL4A 5 1.3548387 S .82 930624 SFI-413 3 3.6589862 S 8 3 930624 SFL4C 2 -26.75576 S 84 930624 SFL5A S 85 930624 SFI-513 S 86 930624 SFL5C S 87 930624 SFUlA 0 17.483871 S .88 930624 SFUlB 0 18.40553 S 89 930624 SFUlC 0 11.953917 S .90 930624 SFU2A S 91 930624 SFU213 S 92 930624 SFU2C 5 12.875576 S 93 930624 SFU3A S 4 930624 SFU313 S 95 930624 SFU3C 0 12.875576 S 96 930624 SFU4A S 9 7 930624 SFU4B S .98 930624 SFU4C 0 7.8064516 S 99 930624 SFU5A 0 17.483871 S 100 930624ISFU5B 01 18.405531S A B c Q E 101 930624 SFU5C 0 17.023041 S 102 930624 SFU6A S 103 930624 SFU6B S 930624 SFU6C S 105 2.7373272 106 DATE SITE %0 TIDE S/N 107 930714 SFL5A 20 7.8064516 N 108 930714 SFL5B 27 20.248848 N 109 930714 SFL5C 15 18.40553 N 110 2.7373272 1 1 1 DATE SITE %0 TIDE S/N 11 2 930723 SFLIA 20 -0.02765 S 113 930723 SFL1 B 18 0.8940092 S .1 14 930723 SFL1 C 27 8.2672811 S 1is 930723 SFL2A 15 2.7373272 S 116 930723 SFI-213 18 0.8940092 S 117 930723 SFL2C 20 7.3456221 S 11 1 8 930723 SFL3A 9 1.8156682 S 11 9 930723 SFI-313 12 1.8156682 S 120 930723 SFL3C 24 6.4239631 S 121 930723 SFL4A 12 -1.870968 S 122 930723 SFL4B 6 -0.488479 S 123 930723 SFL4C 5 -10.1659 S 124 930723 SFI-5A 14 12.875576 S 125 930723 SFL5B 10 8.2672811 S 1261 930723 SFL5C 21 7.3456221 S 127 930723 SFUIA 0 12.875576 S 128 930723 SFUIB S 129 930723 SFUIC 0 21.170507 S 130 930723 SFU2A 0 19.788018 S 131 930723 SFU2B 0 21.170507 S 132 930723 SFU2C 2 17.9447 S 133 930723 SFU3A 0 25.778802 S 134 930723 SFU313 0 17.9447 S 135 930723 SFU3C S 136 930723 SFU4A 0 28.082949 S 137 930723 SFU413 0 21.170507 S 138 930723 SFU4C 0 21.170507 S 139 930723 SFU5A 2 21.170507 S 140 930723 SFU513 0 23.935484 S 141 930723 SFU5C S 142 930723 SFU6A 0 20.248848 S 143 930723 SFU613 0 24.857143 S 144 930723 SFU60 S 145 2.7373272 146 DATE SITE %0 TIDE S/N 147 930726 SFI-5A S 148 930726 SFI-513 12 21.170507 S 149 930726 SFL5C S 150 1 2.7373272 A B c D E 1,51 DATE SITE -/oo TIDE SIN 152 930809 SFLlA 21 12.414747 N 153 930809 SFL1 B 21 17.9447 N 154 930809 SFLlC 25 8.7281106 N 155 930809 SFL2A 18 16.562212 N 156 930809 SFI-213 18 19.327189 N 157 930809 SFL2C 20 7.8064516 N 158 930809 SFL3A 8 17.483871 N 159 930809 SFL3B 12 18.40553 N 160 930809 SFL3C 22 7.3456221 N 1611 930809 SFL4A 13 16.101382 N 162 930809 SFL4B 10 17.483871 N 163 930809 SFL4C 6 -16.61751 N 164 930809 SFL5A 15 18.40553 N 165 930809 SFL513 N 166 930809 SFL5C 21 7.3456221 N 167 930809 SFUlA N 168 930809 SFUlB N 169 930809 SFUlC N 170 930809 SFU2A N 171 930809 SFU213 0 20.248848 N 172 930809 SFU2C 0 13.336406 N 173, 930809 SFU3A N 174 930809 SFU313 N 175 930809 SFU3C N 176 930809 SFU4A N 177 930809 SFU4B N 178, 930809 SFU4C 0 18.40553 N 179 930809 SFU5A 2 14.718894 N 180 930809 SFU513 N 181 930809 SFU5C N 1821 930809 SFU6A N 183 930809 SFU613 0 20.248848 N 184 930809 SFU6C 0 18.40553 N 185 2.7373272 186 DATE SITE %0 TIDE S/N 187 930813 SFLIA 15 18.40553 N 188 930813.SFLlB N 189 930813 SFUC N 1901 930813 SFL2A N 191 930813 SFI-213 14 18.40553 N 192 930813 SFL2C N 193 930813 SFL3A 4 18.40553 N 194 930813 SFL3B N 195 930813 SFL3C 14 2.7373272 N 196 930813 SFL4A 6 18.866359 N 197 930813 SFI-413 5 19.327189 N 198 930813 SFL4C 4 -12.00922 N 1991 930813 SFL5A 10 17.9447 N 2001 93081 31SFI-513 I. IN A B c Q E 201 930813 SFL5C N 202 930813 SFUlA N 203 930813 SFUl B N 204 930813 SFUlC N 205 930813 SFU2A N 206 930813 SFU2B 0 19.788018 N 207 930813 SFU2C 0 15.179724 N 208 930813 SFU3A N 209 930813 SFU313 N 21 0 930813 SFU3C N 2111 930813 SFU4A N 21 2 930813 SFU4B N 213 930813 SFU4C N 214 930813 SFU5A N 21 5 930813 SFU513 N 21 6 930813 SFU5C N 217 930813 SFU6A N 21 8 930813 SFU613 N 21 91 930813 SFU6C 0 9.1889401 N 220 2.7373272 2 2 1 DATE SITE %0 NALUE TIDE S/N 222 930817 SFLlA 20 -1.870968 S 223, 930817 SFLl B 25 -0.02765 S 224 930817 SFL1 C 25 0.4331797 S 225 930817 SFI-2A 18 0.8940092 S 226 930817 SFI-213 18 -0.949309 S 227 930817 SFL2C 25 -0.488479 S 2281 930817 SFL3A 14 -0.02765 S 229 930817 SFI-313 15 1-.8156682 S 230 930817 SFL3C 20 2.7373272 S 231 930817 SFL4A 18 2.7373272 S 2321 930817 SFI-413 10 -0.949309 S 233 930817 SFL4C 12 -4.635945 S 234 930817 SFL5A 20 12.875576 S 235 930817 SFI-513 15 6.4239631 S 236 930817 SFL5C 22 6.4239631 S 2371 930817 SFUIA S 238 930817 SFUlB S 239 930817 SFUlC S 240 930817 SFU2A S 241 930817 SFU213 S 242 930817 SFU2C 0 17.483871 S 243 930817 SFU3A S 244 930817 SFU313 S 245 930817 SFU3C S 246 930817 SFU4A S 247 930817 SFU4B 0 20.248848 S 248 930817 SFU4C S 249 930817 SFU5A 2 17.023041 S 12501 93081171SFU513 01 19.7880181S A B c D E 251 930817 SFU5C S 252 930817 SFU6A S 253 930817 SFU613 S 254 930817 SFU6C 0 17.023041 S 255 2.7373272 256 DATE SITE %0 IVALUE TIDE S/N 257 930823 SFLIA 20 4-5806452S, 258 930823 SFL1 B 26 5.0414747 S 259 930823 SFLlC 26 11.493088 S 260 930823 SFI-2A 20 3.6589862 S 2611 930823 SFI-213 18 5.5023041 S 2621 930823 SFL2C 26 8.7281106 S 263 930823 SFL3A 12 2.7373272 S 264 930823 SFI-313 15 4.1198157 S 265 930823 SFL3C 25 7.3456221 S 266 930823 SFL4A 14 3.0138249 S 267, 930823 SFL4B 12 3.0138249 S 268 930823 SFL4C 12 8.2672811 S 269 930823 SFL5A 20 11.953917 S 270 930823 SFI-513 16 13.336406 S 271 930823 SFL5C 24 8.2672811 S 272 930823 SFUlA 0 14.718894 S 273 930823 SFUIB 20.248848 S 274 930823 SFUlC S 2751 930823 SFU2A 0 19.788018 S 276 930823 SFU213 S 277 930823 SFL12C 0 17.023041 S 278 930823 SFU3A S 279, 930823 SFU313 s 280 930823 SFU3C S 281 930823 SFU4A S 282 930823 SFU4B 0 20.248848 S 283 930823 SFU4C 0 17.483871 S 284 930823 SFU5A 1 16.562212 S 285 930823 SFUSB 0 19.788019 S 286 930823 SFU5C S 2871 930823 SFU6A S 288 930823 SFU613 0 18.40553 S 289 930823 SFU60 0 16.101382 S 290 2.7373272 291 DATE SITE %0 NALUE TIDE S/N 292 940603 SFOA 5 13.797235 N 293 940603 SFL1 B 15 16.562212 N 294 940603 SFOC 17 6.8847926 N 295 940603 SFL2A 1 1 12.875576 N 2961 940603 SFL2B 17 19.327189 N 12971 940603 SFL2C 10 5.0414747 N 298 940603 SFL3A 1 1 16.562212 N 299 940603 SFI-313 9 17.023041 N 300 940603ISFL3C 91 13.7972 3 51 N A B c D E 301 940603 SFL4A 5 19.327189 N 302 940603 SFI-413 9 19.327189 N 303 940603 SFL4C 9 18.40553 N 304 940603 SFL5A 14 19.327189 N 305 940603 SFI-513 N 306 940603 SFL5C 14 11.493088 N 307 940603 SFUIA 5 8.2672811 N 308 940603 SFUl B 7 9.1889401 N 309 940603 SFUlC 7 6.8847926 N 310 940603 SFU2A 11 7.3456221 N 31 1 940603 SFU2B 10 2.7373272 N 31 21 940603 SFU2C 12 8.7281106 N 313 940603 SFU3A N 314 940603 SFU313 N 315 940603 SFU3C 9 -11.08756 N 31 6 940603 SFU4A 9 8.7281106 N 3171 940603 SFU413 N 31 8 940603 SFU4C 9 6.8847926 N 319 940603 SFU5A 10 19.788018 N 320 940603 SFU513 10 11.953917 N 321 940603 SFU5C 10 16.562212 N 3221 940603 SFU6A 4 1 1.953917 N 323 940603 SFU613 5 13.797235 N 324 940603 SFU6C N 325 2.7373272 326 DATE SITE %0 NALUE TIDE S/N 327 940608 SFL1 A 6 8.2672811 N 328 940608 SFL1 B 15 20.248848 N 329 940608 SFL1 C 19 7.3456221 N 330 940608 SFL2A 12 16.101382 N 3311 940608 SFI-213 16 18.866359 N 332 940608 SFL2C 13 6.4239631 N 333 940608 SFL3A 14 7.3456221 N 334 940608 SFI-313 7 23.013825 N 335 940608 SFL3C 10 19.327189 N 336 940608 SFL4A 4 21.170507 N 337 940608 SFL4B 10 19.327189 N 338 940608 SFL4C 10 15.640553 N 339 940608 SFL5A 15 23.013825 N 3401 940608 SFL5B 9 22.092166 N 341 940608 SFL5C 17 11.032258 N 342 940608 SFUlA 8 3,6589862 N 343 940608 SFUl B 12 8.2672811 N 344 940608 SFUlC 14 7.3456221 N 345 940608 SFU2A 12 4.5806452 N ol 3 qO2 346 940608 SFU213 7 2.7373272 N 347 940608 SFU2C 16 9.1889401 N 348 940608 SFU3A 13 16.562212 N 349 9406081SFU313 16 23.013825 N 350 940608TSFU3C 121 11.4930881 N A B c D E 351 940608 SFU4A 1 1 11.493088 N 352 940608 SFU413 15 22.092166 N 353 940608 SFU4C 15 9.1889401 N 354 940608 SFU5A 12 14.718894 N 355 940608 SFU513 15 11.953917 N 356 940608 SFU5C 10 16.562212 N 357 940608 SFU6A 5 8.2672811 N 358 940608 SFU613 8 11.032258 N 359 940608 SFU6C 15 21.170507 N 360 361 DATE SITE %0 IVALUE TIDE S/N 362 940620 SFLIA 18 5.5023041 S 363 940620 SFL1 B 21 8.2672811 S 364 940620 SFL1 C 20 5.9631336 S 3651 940620 SFI-2A 12 21.170507 S 366 940620 SFI-213 19 11.493088 S 367 940620 SFL2C 19 5.5023041 S 368 940620 SFL3A 10 18.866359 S 369 940620 SFL3B 20 11.953917 S 370 940620 SFL3C 18 -13.85253 S 371 940620 SFL4A 18 11.953917 S 372 940620 SFI-413 13 11.032258 S 3731 940620 SFL4C 15 20.248848 S 374 940620 SFI-5A 14 21.170507 S 375 940620 SFI-513 18 16.562212 S 376 940620 SFL50 20 10.571429 S 377 940620 SFUlA 15 2.7373272 S 378 940620 SFUl B 19 6.4239631 S 379 940620 SFUlC 19 6.4239631 S 380 940620 SFU2A 17 2.7373272 S 3811 940620 SFU213 15 -1.870968 S 382 940620 SFU2C 21 9.1889401 S 3113 940620 SFU3A 20 21.170507 S 384 940620 SFU313 22 21.170507 S 385 940620 SFU3C 22 11.953917 S 386 940620 SFU4A 20 9.6497696 S 387 940620 SFU4B 15 18.866359 S 388 940620 SFU4C 20 11.032258 S 389 940620 SFU5A 20 19.327189 S 390 940620 SFU5B 21 11.953917 S 391 940620 SFU5C 20 13.797235 S 392 940620 SFU6A 10 5.5023041 S 3931 940620 SFU613 18 8.2672811 S 3941 940620 SFU6C 20 21.170507 S 395 3 9 6 DATE SITE %0 TIDE S/N 397 940623 SFUA 21 0.8940092 S 398 940623 SFL1 B 24 0.8940092 S 399, 940623ISFLlC 251 10. 1105 9 91 S 4001 940623ISFL2A 221 -0.027651S A B c D E 401 940623 SFL2B 22 0.4331797 S 402 940623 SFL2C 23 5.0414747S 403 940623 SFL3A 24 0.4331797 S 404 940623 SFL3B 18 0.8940092 S 405 940623 SFL3C 20 7.3456221 S 406 940623 SFL4A 22 2.7373272 S 407 940623 SFL4B 24 0.4331797 S 408 940623 SFL4C 21 24.857143 S 409 940623 SFL5A 22 16.562212 S 410 940623 SFL5B 22 -15.69585 S .411 940623 SFL5C 25 11.953917 S 41 2 940623 SFUlA 15 2.7373272 S 413 940623 SFUl B 16 3.6589862 S 414 940623 SFUlC 24 7.3456221 S .415 940623 SFU2A 21 -2.792627 S 41 6 940623 SFU2B 10 -3.714286 S 417 940623 SFU2C 25 8.2672811 S 41 8 940623 SFU3A 23 21.170507 S .419 940623 SFU3B 25 22.092166 S 420 940623 SFU3C 25 10.571429 S 421 940623 SFU4A 23 9.6497696 S 422 940623 SFU4B 22 17.483871 S 1423 940623 SFU4C 24 7.3456221 S 424 940623 SFU5A 25 18.40553 S 425 940623 SFU5B 24 11.493088 S 426 940623 SFU5C 25 9.1889401 S .427 940623 SFU6A 13 4.5806452 S f 428 940623 SFU6B 21 7.3456221 S 0 4 2- _9 940623 SFU6C 25, 14.718894 S F4 qO2 APPENDIX III An assessment of: "A Manual for monitoring mitigation and restoration projects on New Hampshire's Salt Marshes", by Normandeau Associates, Inc., with appropriate management recommendations and suggestions for improvement of the document. The Manual not only provides a good plan to organize data for assessment of individual projects, it provides an important step to establish and standardize a database and help organize monitoring data for assessment of mitigation and restoration projects throughout New Hampshire and perhaps northern New England. It is intended for use by professionals concerned with salt marsh resources and functions. The goal of the Manual is to provide a framework within which professionals may develop and implement a long- term monitoring program to assess the success (or failure) of mitigation and restoration projects. By suppling such a framework, the authors hope to: 1) focus the development of the monitoring plan on assessing functions critical to the goals of the specific project, 2) simplify determination of the level of effort required to monitor such projects, and 3) provide standardization of the types and frequency of data collection, so a large database will be available in the future from which to judge mitigation and restoration projects. The Manual decomposes monitoring programs into two efforts: Routine and Comprehensive. Routine monitoring includes observations and measurements necessary to assess the establishment of appropriate vegetation at a site, whereas Comprehensive monitoring is invoked to address specific goals of a project or if the basic vegetation goal is not being approached in a satisfactory manner. Overall, the Manual is well-written and comprehensive. Most sections of the Manual appear to be well-researched. However, some sections still contain data gaps. These are not crucial points, but should be included. For example: improvement of water quality by removal of suspended sediments in marshes, herbivory and use of salt marshes by deer, and function of salt APP M-1 marsh vegetation in maintaining intertidal habitat as sea level rises, are all important points that have been omitted. Much of the Manual"s utility derives from its generality, so the principles may be applied to different projects. However, the procedures for setting up transects; (Appendix A) and the data forms (Appendix B) are specific and may be inappropriate for many if not most projects. Therefore, the forms should indicate that these are merely general examples and modified transect designs and data forms may have to be developed for many projects. In fact, the assessor is directed to set up transects from a reference site to the project, but there is no space on the forms for the reference data. Thus, two examples applied to actual projects (one hydrologic restoration, the other a mitigation- creation project) using real data should be included in the Manual to aid the user. Although it is clear that the monitoring design should be established prior to the beginning of the restoration or mitigation project and that many projects require baseline monitoring, there is no specific sampling period designated as a baseline period and there are no baseline forms for monitoring. The collection of baseline data should be included in the overall design of many projects, and it should be included as a separate sampling period. The routine monitoring may require too much data collection for some project budgets. The focus on elevations and slopes requires much detailed information, some of which may not be available for a site (i.e., NGVD). Additionally, efforts spent on measuring surface water salinity may best be used placing simple wells at permanent sampling transects for measuring salinity of the pore water. The well data collected for the bulk of this report provided excellent information to assess the effectiveness of the hydrologic restoration efforts at Awcomin Marsh, Rye and at Mill Creek in Stuart Farm. Unfortunately, there are no criteria for measuring success of the different parameters, not to mention whole projects. What are the criteria that cause a component of a project to be judged satisfactory or unsatisfactory? For example what is good vegetative cover and how much is needed for a project Apr 111-2 to be considered a success or a failure requiring remediation? How is productivity estimated from cover, density and height measurements? And, if 18% of the Spartina alterniflora shoots are flowering, what can we infer? It appears that such criteria were supposed to be included as part of the Manual (Page 3, sentence #1), but the concept was only alluded to in the text by offering data on natural marshes in New England and New Hampshire. Falling short of providing such criteria, the aim of the Manual could be interpreted as setting up the framework for comparisons, with the actual criteria established separately for each project. The establishment of a statewide or regional database (for example the Acadian Province) with success criteria for several of the measures in this manual would be welcomed. For example, since plant height and density are inversely correlated, these data could be an important criteria for assessing success of the vegetation. Measures of height and density of plants could be placed on two axes of a graph to construct an envelope of height-density values in natural marshes for each species. The restored or created marsh data then could be plotted over time to show how and if the plant stands in the created marsh are approaching the envelope of natural marsh plant stands. The methods for assessment of sediment budgets were inadequate. In section 2.4 of the Manual, it is suggested that the sources, frequency and quality of sediment be examined. The meaning of frequency is not explained. Also, observations assessing sediment accretion are called for on the data forms, but no practical methods of how these observations might be made are in the sampling protocols (Appendix A). In addition, no methods for the design or establishment of permanent photographic sites were discussed. In Appendix D, Diagnostics, the smothering of salt marsh vegetation by algae is included in the section on wrack. If the algae is dead, this and the corrective suggestions made are appropriate. If the algae is alive, the addition of fertilizer will only exacerbate the problem and should be avoided. Although we realize that some may have been inappropriate, many of the suggestions made in 1992 by Burdick were not incorporated into the report. For example, he requested that the section on animals (4.2.4) be made specific APP 111-3 for New Hampshire and suggested:' that the section on fiddler crabs be removed, since there are no fiddler crabs in New Hampshire. In the new version, the section remained general for New England, but the fiddler crab paragraph was deleted, resulting in the section being too general and now with an information gap about the activities of fiddler crabs. The Manual needs to be revised and expanded to include 1) the above suggestions, 2) examples of assessments from two projects, and 3) assessment criteria. A set of as-built data forms and a set of as-built assessment forms should be filled out for the two most common types of projects: a hydrologic restoration project and a mitigation-creation project. The suggested revisions should be made to increase the value and utility of the Manual for those that assess marsh projects and resource and managers. APP 111-4 VS Department Of Commerce ROAA Coastal services 2234 South Robson A Center Library venue Charleston' "C 29403-2413 3 66 14101 6958