[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
                                 -,~~~~~~~~~~~q                    M ï¿½                                                          -
                           ~~R~~PM~                   r *-m 


                            A                                         a     g        S    U            S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~











































               QH~~~~~~~~~                                    

541 

                .M3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~  ~  ~ ~ ~ -                        .. 2 -       2  - 
     W4~~~~~~~.-                                  ;-"~- 2~             '&2~    9'2Q


  1991 





                                                                                                                                         go    -






GAO    ~~~United States
         General Accounting Office
GAO ~~~Washington, D.C. 20548

         Resources, Community, and
         Economic Development Division


          B-24 6559


          November 22, 1991


          The Honorable Mike Synar
          Chairman
          The Honorable William F. Clinger, Jr.
          Ranking Minority Member
          Environment, Energy, and Natural
            Resources Subcommittee
          Committee on Government Operations
          House of Representatives

          The Honorable Bob Wise
          Chairman
          Government Information, Justice,
            and Agriculture Subcommittee
          Committee on Government Operations
          House of Representatives

          The Honorable John Cox, Jr.
          House of Representatives


          This fact sheet responds to your April 29, 1991, request for
          an overview of federal and state wetlands-related policies,
          legislation, and programs. Your request was based on your
          concern about the confusion that now exists among those who
          must comply with various wetlands-related laws and
          regulations and among policymakers who must oversee
          wetlands-related policies and programs, respond to wetlands-
          related inquiries, and legislatively address wetlands-
          related issues.

          Historically, wetlands were considered unimportant areas to
          be filled or drained for various uses. More recently, the
          benefits of wetlands--such as providing fish and wildlife
          habitat, maintaining water quality, abating erosion and
          aiding *in flood control, and offering recreational and
          aesthetic opportunities--have become better known. However,
          according to one federal estimate, over one-half of the
          original 221 million acres of wetlands in the contiguous 48
          states have already been lost and another 290,000 acres are
          being lost annually to agriculture, development, and other
          causes.








B-24 6559



in summary, federal statutes regulating or otherwise
protecting wetlands have evolved piecemeal over the years;
from time to time, new laws have been enacted to fill gaps
in existing coverage. No less than 25 laws provide for such
things as (1) regulating activities undertaken in areas
designated as wetlands, (2) acquiring wetlands or protecting
them through easements preventing certain activities, (3)
restoring damaged wetlands or creating new ones, and (4)
providing disincentives to altering wetlands and/or
incentives to protect them in their natural state. In
addition, in 1989, the President announced a goal of no net
loss of wetlands and assigned the task of developing a
national wetlands policy to the White House Domestic Policy
Council. The Council is currently considering how to
implement the President's goal.

At the program level, six federal agencies are primarily
responsible for implementing existing wetlands-related
legislation: the Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental
Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture's Soil
Conservation Service (SCS) and Agricultural Stabilization
and Conservation Service, the Department of the Interior's
Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Department of Commerce's
National Marine Fisheries Service. Of these agencies, the
Corps generally determines whether proposed projects
involving wetlands require permits, and SCS identifies
wetlands subject to the Swampbuster provision of the 1985
Food Security Act. From fiscal years 1988 through 1990, the
Corps made over 74,000 determinations relative to its permit
programs, and since 1985 SCS has made over 2 million.   Of
the host of federal programs relating to wetlands, only
Agriculture's administration of the Swampbuster provision
directly affects eligibility for other federal benefits.

In addition to the numerous federal policies, statutes, and
programs, laws specifically applicable to wetlands have also
been enacted by most states. These laws range from those
that authorize some states to acquire and preserve wetlands
to those that require state permits for construction on
wetlands.
Fragmentation of responsibilities relating to wetlands at        
the federal and state levels has necessitated extensive
coordination efforts among the various agencies. Numerous
interagency agreements, joint wetlands mapping arrangements,
and cooperative public educational efforts have been set in
place.


2








B-24 6559



Section I of this fact sheet defines wetlands and discusses
why they are important. Section 2 identifies how many
wetlands remain and explains why others have been lost.
Section 3 provides an overview of the federal government's
recent policy and approach toward wetlands. Sections 4 and
5 discuss existing and proposed legislation relating to
wetlands. Section 6 identifies the federal agencies
primarily responsible for administering wetlands-related
programs, while section 7 provides a rough estimate of the
resources each of these agencies devotes to wetlands-related
programs. Section 8 provides a brief overview of the
states' wetlands-related laws and programs. Coordination of
wetlands-related programs is discussed in section 9.
Section 10 describes some ways in which the public can learn
about wetlands-related programs and their requirements.

To assist the public in finding out more about wetlands-
related laws and programs, appendixes I through VII list
contacts for the various major federal and state agencies
with wetlands-related responsibilities. Appendix VIII
builds on the information in section 2 by providing
estimates of the wetlands lost in the United States from the
1780s to the 1980s, by state.



In gathering the information contained in this fact sheet,
we reviewed studies and reports on wetlands-related policies
and programs. We obtained information relating to wetlands
legislation and federal programs. We also reviewed and
included in this fact sheet findings from extensive work we
have previously done on various federal wetlands protection
programs. Throughout our work, we discussed various
wetlands-related issues with, and obtained information from,
knowledgeable agency officials. However, as requested, we
did not obtain written agency comments on a draft of this
fact sheet.

Our review was conducted from June through October 1991 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards.

Unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we plan
no further distribution of this fact sheet until 30 days
from the date of this letter. At that time, we will send
copies to the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense,



3








 B-246559



 and the Interior; the Administrator of EPA; and other
 interested parties.  We will make copies available to othero'
 upon request.

 If you have any questions about this fact sheet, please
 contact me at (202) 275-7756. Major contributors to this
 fact sheet are listed in appendix IX.






m7    ffus III
 Director, Natural Resources
  Management Issues

































4









                            CONTENTS
                                                            Page

LETTER I

SECTION

    I WHAT ARE WETLANDS AND WHY ARE THEY
                  IMPORTANT?                                     8

    2            HOW MANY WETLANDS REMAIN AND WHY
                  HAVE SO MANY BEEN LOST?                       11

    3            WHAT HAS BEEN THE FEDERAL
                  GOVERNMENT'S RECENT POLICY
                  AND APPROACH TOWARD WETLANDS?                 15

    4            WHAT WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION
                  HAS BEEN ENACTED?                             19

    5            WHAT WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION
                  IS PENDING BEFORE THE CONGRESS?               30

    6            WHICH FEDERAL AGENCIES ARE PRIMARILY
                  RESPONSIBLE FOR ADMINISTERING
                  WETLANDS-RELATED PROGRAMS?                    32

    7            WHAT RESOURCES HAVE FEDERAL AGENCIES
                  DEVOTED TO IMPLEMENTING AND ENFORCING
                  WETLANDS-RELATED PROGRAMS?                    37

    8            DO STATES HAVE WETLANDS-RELATED
                  PROGRAMS?                                     39

    9            HOW ARE FEDERAL AND STATE WETLANDS AND
                  WATER-RELATED PROGRAMS COORDINATED?           40

   10            HOW DO PRIVATE PARTIES LEARN ABOUT
                  WETLANDS PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS?                44

APPENDIX

      I ~~~DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                  DIVISION AND DISTRICT OFFICE WETLANDS
                  CONTACTS                                      45

  11             ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  OFFICE OF WETLANDS PROTECTION PROGRAM
                  OFFICE CONTACTS                               55




                                5








APPENDIX

 III             DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                    SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
                    PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS                       59

  IV             DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                    AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND
                    CONSERVATION SERVICE
                    STATE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR CONTACTS             65

   V             DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                    FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REGIONAL
                   OFFICES AND PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS           70

  VI             DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                   NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                   PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS                       81

 VII             STATE AGENCY WETLANDS CONTACTS                   82

VIII              ESTIMATES OF WETLANDS PRESENT IN
                   COLONIAL AMERICA AND IN THE 1980s             91

  IX             MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS FACT SHEET            93


TABLE

  1.1            List of Division and District Engineers          47

 II.1            List of EPA Regional Contact Persons             57

iII.1            List of SCS State Conservationists               59

 IV.1            List of ASCS State Executive Directors           65

  V.1            List of FWS Program Office Contacts              71

VI.1            List of NMFS Regional Directors                  81


FIGURE

  1.1            Atlantic Salt Marsh Wetlands                      8

  1.2            Prairie Pothole Wetlands                          9

  1.3            Waterfowl Production Area                        10




                                  6








FIGURE

  2.1            Percent of Wetlands Present in the
                   United States in the 1780s and the 1980s      12

  2.2            Wetlands Losses Attributed to Agricultural
                   Activities                                    14

  2.3            Wetlands Losses Attributed to Housing and
                   Highway Development                           14

  4.1            Classification of Certain Major Federal
                   Wetlands-Related Legislation by Primary
                  Purpose                                        20

  1.1            Corps of Engineers Offices                       46

'I1.1            EPA Regions                                      56

  V.1            FWS Regions                                      70


                           ABBREVIATIONS

ASCS             Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
                   Service
CRP              Conservation Reserve Program
EPA              Environmental Protection Agency
FWS              Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO              General Accounting Office
NMFS             National Marine Fisheries Service
SCS              Soil Conservation Service






















                                 7









                             SECTION 1

                       WHAT ARE WETLANDS AND

                      WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?

     "Wetlands" is a general term used to describe a variety of
ecosystems.1 Wetlands are transitional zones between open water
and dry land. They often occur where water is found at or near the
ground's surface or in places where the ground is covered by
shallow water ranging from a few inches to several feet.

     Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, and bogs.
Throughout the United States, wetlands are known by many other
names--prairie potholes, sloughs, fens, mangroves, pocosins, wet
meadows, savannahs, wet tundra, playa lakes, and vernal pools.
Some wetlands are dry during certain seasons and, therefore, do not
always appear to people as wet habitat. Prairie potholes are
characteristic of this type of wetlands. Such potholes are
freshwater depressions and marshes, often less than 2 feet deep and
1 acre in size, that were created by glaciers thousands of years
ago.

     Figures 1.1 and 1.2, respectively, show traditional Atlantic
salt marsh wetlands commonly found along the East Coast and prairie
pothole wetlands commonly found in the North Central United States.

Fiaure 1.1: Atlantic Salt Marsh Wetlands




















Source: Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS).


'An ecosystem is defined as a system of mutual relationships
between organisms and their environment.

                                 8








Fiaure 1.2:  Prairie Pothole Wetlands






                                                    a.,ii-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i











Source: FWS photograph by L. Childers.

     In contrast to the past, when wetlands were considered to be
unimportant and even worthless areas to be filled or drained for
agricultural or developmental activities, wetlands are now
recognized for a variety of important functions, including the
following:

     -- They provide vital resting, breeding, and feeding habitat
        for birds, including migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and
        geese. Over one-half of all North American ducks, for
        example, nest in the prairie potholes of the North Central
        United States and Southern Canada. More than half of all
        threatened or endangered species depend directly or
        indirectly on wetlands during their life cycle.

     -- They provide economic benefits. For example, they provide
        spawning grounds for commercially valuable fish and
        shellfish.

     -- They help maintain water quality by filtering out
        pollutants to purify water before it enters streams, lakes,
        or oceans.

      -- They control floods by slowing down and absorbing excess
        water during storms and then slowly releasing the stored
        water to reduce peak flows downstream.

     -- They protect coastal and upland areas from erosion by
        absorbing and dissipating the impact of waves.



                                  9








     -- They provide aesthetic and recreational opportunities,
        including fishing, hunting, and birdwatching.

     Altering wetlands for various purposes can greatly diminish
their effectiveness in providing these important functions. For
example, loss of wetlands habitat is the major reason for severe
declines in some migratory waterfowl populations.2 This decline
has been a concern of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, which
have various initiatives under way to address the problem. A
waterfowl production area in the Prairie Pothole Region of the
United States, which encompasses parts of Minnesota, North and
South Dakota, Montana, and Iowa, is shown in figure 1.3.

Fiaure 1.3:  Waterfowl Production Area



               _                                     A~~tA















Source: FWS.

     Similarly, when development occurs in coastal areas, it can
interfere with natural processes and harm fish and wildlife
habitat. Development also reduces the coastal area's ability to
protect populated inland areas from hurricanes and other storms and
can therefore increase by millions of dollars the costs incurred by
federal and state governments to clear away storm debris and
provide temporary food and shelter to residents displaced by the
storms.






2Wetlands Preservation: Easements Are Protectina Prairie
Potholes but Some Improvements Are Possible (GAO/RCED-92-27, Nov.
7, 1991).

                                 10








                             SECTION 2

                     HOW MANY WETLANDS REMAIN

                  AND WHY HAVE SO MANY BEEN LOST?

     In 1989, the Congress passed the North American Wetlands
Conservation Act (P.L. 101-233), which directed the Secretary of
the Interior to assess the estimated number of acres of wetlands
present in the 1780s and in the 1980s. The Interior Department's
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), using various data sources,
estimated that over this 200-year period, the contiguous 48 states
had lost an estimated 53 percent of their original 221 million
acres of wetlands. An estimated 104 million acres of wetlands
remained in these states as of the 1980s, according to FWS
estimates. FWS estimates suggest that the annual rate of loss has
declined from about 458,000 acres during the period from the mid-
1950s to the mid-1970s to about 290,000 acres currently.

STATE-BY-STATE ESTIMATES
OF REMAINING WETLANDS

     In 1990, FWS concluded that 19 of the contiguous states had
lost more than one-half of their original wetlands. Figure 2.1
shows FWS' estimates of wetlands in the United States in the 1780s
and the 1980s. State-by-state estimates are provided in appendix
VIII.









FiQure 2.1:  Percent of Wetlands Present in the United States in
the 1780s and the 1980s


                          Wetland Distribution Circa 1780's





















                          Wetland Distribution Circa 1980's




















           =o0 1to5  5to52  12t25
          _    25to50    _ 50 to 55




Source: T.E. Dahl, Wetland Losses in the United States: 1780s to
1980s, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
(Washington, D.C.: 1990), 13 pages.

                                     12








REASONS FOR WETLANDS LOSSES

     Historically, over 80 percent of past wetlands losses have
been attributed to drainage and clearing of inland wetlands for
farming. Iowa, for example, has already lost an estimated 99
percent of its natural marshes to agricultural drainage, and almost
60 percent of the original prairie pothole wetlands of the Dakotas
have been converted to cropland. Recent studies, however, indicate
that wetlands losses to agricultural activities have been
declining.

     In some regions of the country, such as the Mississippi Delta
and certain parts of the western and midwestern United States,
federally funded water resources projects have contributed to
significant losses of natural wetlands. However, these projects
also restore or create wetlands to mitigate some of these losses.
other public works projects, such as roads, airports, public
buildings, recreational facilities, energy production and
distribution systems, and water and sewer systems that are located
in and adjacent to wetlands, account for considerable wetlands
alterations. In addition, private projects or activities, such as
marinas, commercial facilities, housing developments, and
individual homes, can adversely affect wetlands.

     Figures 2.2 and 2.3 show some of the activities that cause
wetlands losses in the United States.




























                                 13









Fiaure 2.2: Wetlands Losses Attributed to Aaricultural Activities























Source: FWS.

Figure 2.3:  Wetlands Losses Attributed to Housina and Highwav
Development
























Source: Environmental Protection Agency photograph by Doug
Thompson.


                                14









                             SECTION 3

           WHAT HAS BEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S RECENT

                POLICY AND APPROACH TOWARD WETLANDS?

     At the time of our review, the issue of wetlands protection
was being debated before the Congress and in the executive branch
in an attempt to establish a federal wetlands policy and define the
scope of the federal effort to save the nation's remaining
wetlands. Central to the current debate on wetlands is their
continuing loss versus the economic impacts related to stemming
their decline. Efforts to stem this decline will be widely felt
and may require the expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars
to, among other things, acquire lands and easements, compensate
private landowners for the loss of property values, and implement
the myriad federal programs relating to wetlands. Another major
consideration is how to implement the goal of no net loss of
remaining wetlands, as proposed by the President and various
environmental and other organizations, and included in certain
existing and proposed legislation.

     in 1987, the National Wetlands Policy Forum,1 convened by the
Conservation Foundation2 at the request of the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), found that the nation's wetlands programs
contain many of the elements needed for a comprehensive protection
system. However, the Forum determined that the current programs
lack a clear and coherent goal.

     The Forum recommended that a national wetlands protection
policy be established to achieve no overall net loss of the
nation's remaining wetlands base, as defined by acreage and
function, and to restore and create wetlands, where feasible, to
increase the quality and quantity of the nation's wetlands resource
base. The no-net-loss goal, as proposed, is not intended to imply
that individual wetlands will in every instance be untouchable;
rather, the intent is that the nation's overall wetlands base will
reach equilibrium between losses and gains in the short run and
that it will increase in the long term.


'The 20 members of the Forum included 3 governors, a state
legislator, and heads of state agencies; a town supervisor; chief
executive officers of environmental groups and businesses;
farmers and ranchers; and academic experts. In addition, senior
officials from five principal federal agencies involved in
wetlands protection and management participated as ex-officio
members.

2The Conservation Foundation is a nonprofit research and
communications organization dedicated to encouraging human
conduct to sustain and enrich life on earth.

                                 15








     On February 9, 1989, the President said that the private and
public sectors must work together to find ways to conserve
wetlands; he further said that the nation's goal should be no net
loss of remaining wetlands. On May 23, 1989, the White House
established an Inter-Agency Task Force on Wetlands,3 under the
Domestic Policy Council's Working Group on Environment, Energy and
Natural Resources, to examine ways to achieve no net loss of
wetlands as a national goal. The task force's objectives are to
(1) recommend revisions to existing presidential executive orders
on wetlands protection and floodplain management; (2) establish no
net loss of wetlands as a national goal; (3) provide direction to
federal agencies for strengthening, implementing, and enforcing
wetlands protection, maintenance, and restoration; (4) coordinate
agency involvement in achieving the no-net-loss goal; (5) study and
recommend ways to encourage state and local governments and the
private sector to support the no-net-loss goal; (6) assess
implementation of the no-net-loss goal by federal, state, and local
governments and the private sector to determine what further steps
might be necessary to achieve the goal; and (7) solicit state and
local government and private sector views on wetlands issues.

     Recently, the Inter-Agency Task Force on Wetlands, with
participation by other executive branch agencies, proposed
revisions to the wetlands delineation criteria included in a
Federal Manual for Identifvina and Delineatina Jurisdictional
Wetlands, which became effective on March 20, 1989. The manual had
been developed by, and represented a consensus of, four federal
agencies (Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service, Agriculture's Soil
Conservation Service, EPA, and the Army Corps of Engineers).
However, the public had not been given an opportunity to comment on
the manual before it became effective, and its provisions have
become a concern to private landowners throughout the country.

     Because most of the remaining wetlands in the contiguous
states are privately owned and because virtually any project or
activity, depending on its location, can adversely affect wetlands,
the nature and breadth of any wetlands delineation criteria can
have major economic impacts. Agricultural producers and landowners
are likely to be among the groups most significantly affected by
such criteria. Real estate investors, land developers, lenders,
contractors, industrial companies, local governments,
transportation planners, the mining industry, coastal oil and gas
drilling companies, and timber companies will also be affected.


3The task force comprised representatives from the Departments of
the Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Housing and Urban
Development, and Transportation; EPA; the Office of the Vice
President; the office of Management and Budget; the Council on
Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President;
and the office of the Assistant to the President for Economic and
Domestic Policy.

                                 16








     Before 1989, the generally accepted definition of wetlands had
been drawn from federal regulations implementing section 404 of the
Clean Water Act of 1977. In these regulations, wetlands are
defined as

     "those areas that are innundated or saturated by surface
     or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to
     support, and that under normal circumstances do support,
     a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in
     saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include
     swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas."

The 1989 manual had the effect of significantly expanding the
definition of the nation's wetlands. The manual defined wetlands
as areas that have water within 18 inches of the surface for 7 days
during the growing season and used indicators of vegetation, soils,
and hydro logy4 to delineate wetlands boundaries.

     in response to concerns from the public, the task force
proposed significant revisions to the manual and, in August 1991,
published them for public comment in the Federal Reaister. The
public comment period on the revisions ends December 14, 1991. The
proposed revisions would once again significantly change the
criteria for delineating wetlands for federal program purposes.

     Under the proposed revisions, wetlands would be limited to
areas having standing water for 15 consecutive days or having
surface soil saturated for 21 consecutive days during the growing
season. Environmental groups are concerned that the proposed
revisions to the definition of wetlands could result in the
declassification of millions of acres considered wetlands under the
1989 manual criteria. Among the areas that environmental groups
are most concerned about are those, such as prairie potholes, that
are wet only during certain seasons.

     Although we made several attempts to discuss the formulation
and status of wetlands policy with White House Domestic Policy
Council officials, the Council did not make officials available to
meet with us. However, we determined that, as of October 1991, the
task force had not completed work on at least two of its primary
objectives: recommending revisions to two existing presidential
executive orders that deal with floodplain management and wetlands
protection, and coordinating agency involvement in achieving the
no-net-loss goal. Executive Order 11990, signed by the President
in 1977, directed federal agencies to minimize adverse effects on
wetlands, protect these resources, and undertake or allow new
construction in wetlands only when there are no practical


'Hydrology deals with the distribution of water on the earth's
surface and underground and the cycle involving evaporation,
precipitation, etc.

                                 17








alternatives. Executive Order 11988, also signed in 1977, entitled
"Floodplain Management," requires each federal agency to avoid
direct or indirect support of floodplain development wherever there
is a practical alternative. Since many wetlands are located in
floodplains, this order could influence wetlands development.

     Federal agencies concerned with wetlands protection are
developing strategies to address the no-net-loss goal. In
addition, although the task force has not completed its work, the
President announced a three-point plan for improving the protection
of the nation's wetlands on August 9, 1991. The plan seeks to
balance protection, restoration, and creation of wetlands with the
need for economic growth and development. The Plan is designed to

      --strengthen wetlands acquisition programs and other efforts
        to protect wetlands,

      --revise the 1989 manual defining wetlands to ensure that it
        is workable, and

      --improve and streamline the current wetlands regulatory
        system.

     In addition, the United States and Canada have developed a
plan--the North American Waterfowl Management Plan--to focus
particularly on the Prairie Pothole Region of the two countries.
Aimed at restoring waterfowl populations to the levels of the
1970s, the plan emphasizes raising funds from private sources for
the acquisition and improvement of waterfowl habitat, much of which
is wetlands. Mexico signed a memorandum of agreement with the
United States and Canada to aid in this effort. Habitat can be
purchased, leased, or protected with conservation easements, and
landowners are offered economic incentives for land-use practices
that are beneficial to waterfowl.



















                                 18








                             SECTION 4

                 WHAT WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION

                         HAS BEEN ENACTED?

     The federal government does not have a comprehensive wetlands
protection statute. Rather, federal statutes regulating or
otherwise protecting wetlands have evolved piecemeal over the
years. New laws have been enacted from time to time to fill gaps
in coverage under previously enacted legislation.

     Among the numerous laws enacted by the Congress that affect
wetlands are those that result in (1) the regulation of activities
undertaken in areas designated as wetlands; (2) the acquisition of
wetlands through outright purchase (fee-title acquisition) or
through protective easements that prevent certain activities, such
as draining, leveling, filling, or burning; (3) the restoration of
damaged wetlands or the creation of new wetlands; and (4)
disincentives to altering wetlands or incentives to protect them in
their natural state. Figure 4.1 shows some federal wetlands-
related legislation by primary purpose.
































                                 19









Fiaure 4.1:  Classification of Certain Maior Federal Wetlands-
Related Leaislation by Primary Purpose






  Regulation                                                                   Restoration
  Section 404 of the Clean Water                                              Title Xll of the Food Security
  Act of 1977                                                                   Act of 1985 (Conservation Reserve
                                                                Program)
                                                               Coastal Wetlands Planning,
                                                                 Protection, and Restoration Act
                                                               Water Resources Development
                                                                Act of 1990

                                       Wetlands
                                      Preservation





  Acquisition                                                                 Incentive/Disincentive
  Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act,                                            Title XII, Subtitle C of the Food
   as Amended, (Wetlands Acquisition)                                           Security Act of 1985
  Emergency Wetlands                                                            (Swampbuster)
   Resources Act of 1986                                                      Water Bank Act
  Land and Water
   Conservation Fund Act                                               O
  National Wildlife Other
   Refuge System Act                                                   Coastal Barrier Resources Act
                                                          Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
                                                          Endangered Species Act
                                                          Coastal Zone Management Act






MAJOR WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION

       Of the numerous wetlands-related statutes enacted, at least
six stand out as having major impacts on wetlands. Each of these
six laws affecting wetlands is discussed below.

Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act ("Clean Water Act") (33 U.S.C. 1344)

       Section 404 of the Clean Water Act provides the principal
federal authority to regulate wetlands use. Under section 404,
landowners and developers must obtain permits in order to carry out
dredging and fill activities in navigable waters, which include

                                             20








adjacent wetlands. The act specifically exempts certain
activities--normal agriculture, silviculture (forestry), and
ranching--provided that they do not convert areas of U.S. waters to
uses to which they were not previously subject and do not impair
the flow or circulation of such waters or reduce their reach.

The Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198, 99 Stat. 1354)

     By most estimates, section 404 regulates only about 20 percent
of the activities that destroy wetlands. Activities not regulated
under section 404 include drainage, ditching, and channelization
for agricultural production, which are major causes of past
wetlands losses. To fill this gap in coverage, the Food Security
Act of 1985--also referred to as the 1985 Farm Bill--included two
major wetlands-related provisions, Swampbuster and the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP). The Food, Agriculture, Conservation and
Trade Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-624)--referred to as the 1990 Farm
Bill--amended Swampbuster and CRP.

     The SwamDbuster Provision (16 U.S.C. 3821)

     Prior to enactment of the Food Security Act of 1985, federal
agricultural policies indirectly encouraged farmers to convert
wetlands to farmland by providing credit and commodity price
supports. The Swampbuster provision of the Food Security Act of
1985 (title XII, subtitle C) denied federal farm program benefits
to producers who planted an agricultural commodity (defined as an
annually tilled crop or sugarcane) on wetlands that were converted
after December 23, 1985.

     The Swampbuster provision is the only legislative provision we
are aware of that can directly affect eligibility for other federal
benefits. Swampbuster violations result in farmers losing
eligibility for commodity program benefits, crop insurance,
disaster payments, and other federal benefits. Under the initial
Swampbuster provision, producers could legally drain wetlands as
long as they did not plant an agricultural commodity on the land.
Furthermore, federal financial benefits were denied only in those
years in which an agricultural commodity was planted on the
converted land. This policy allowed producers to plant a commodity
on the converted land in years when prices were high enough to make
federal farm program benefits unnecessary and plant the converted
land with a noncommodity crop in years when federal program
benefits might be needed. The Department of Agriculture's
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) reported
that, as of August 1991, benefits totaling about $3.7 million had
been withheld from producers because of Swampbuster violations.

     The Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990
strengthened Swampbuster by stipulating that a person who drains or
otherwise manipulates wetlands for the purpose, or to have the
effect, of making the production of an agricultural commodity

                                21








possible on such converted wetlands (actual planting is not
required), is ineligible for farm program benefits for that year
and all subsequent years. The act also created a system of
graduated sanctions for inadvertent violations and provided that
farmers can regain lost federal benefits if they restore converted
wetlands.

     The Conservation Reserve Proaram

     Authorized under title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985,
as amended, CRP authorizes the federal government to enter into
contracts with agricultural producers to remove highly erodible
cropland from production for 10 to 15 years in return for annual
rental payments. Program objectives include curbing the production
of surplus commodities and providing income support to farmers for
reducing soil erosion. The program was expanded by the Congress in
early 1989 to make cropped wetlands eligible for enrollment.

     Under CRP, participating producers are to implement
conservation plans that usually include planting a conservation
cover, such as grass or trees, on the acreage to hold soil in place
and reduce erosion. The federal government may reimburse producers
for up to half the cost of planting the conservation cover.

     As of July 1991, nearly 34.5 million acres had been enrolled
in CRP. The Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service
estimated that about 410,000 of these acres are wetlands. The
annual rental payments for wetlands enrolled in the program is
about $20.1 million. In 1989 we reported that a 40-million-acre
CRP could cost over $22 billion by 1999; annual costs would peak at
about $2.1 billion in the 1990 to 1995 time period.'

The Water Bank Act (16 U.S.C. 1301)

     Passed in 1970, this act authorizes the Water Bank Program to
provide funds to purchase 10-year easements on wetlands and
adjacent areas. The act's objectives are to preserve, restore, and
improve the wetlands of the nation and thereby (1) conserve surface
waters, (2) preserve and improve habitat for migratory waterfowl
and other wildlife resources, (3) reduce runoff and soil and wind
erosion, (4) contribute to flood control, (5) contribute to
improved water quality and reduced stream sedimentation, (6)
contribute to improved subsurface moisture, (7) reduce acres of new
land coming into production and retire lands now in production, (8)
enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, and (9) promote
comprehensive and total water management planning.




'Farm Proarams: Conservation Reserve Proaram Could Be Less
Costly and More Effective (GAO/RCED-90-13, Nov. 15, 1989).

                                 22








     Implementation of the Water Bank Act, much like the Small
Wetlands Acquisition Program established under the Migratory Bird
Hunting Stamp Act, as amended, is concentrated in the Prairie
Pothole Region of the United States. Under the act, private
landowners or operators enter into agreements with the federal
government in which they promise not to drain, fill, level, burn,
or otherwise destroy wetlands and to maintain ground cover
essential for the resting, breeding, or feeding of migratory
waterfowl. In exchange, the landowners or operators receive annual
payments. The Water Bank Program had 543,208 acres enrolled as of
July 1, 1991, at an annual cost to the federal government of about
$8 million.

The Miaratorv Bird Huntina and Conservation Stamp Act
(16 U.S.C. 718)

     Passed in 1934, this act requires waterfowl hunters aged 16
and older to purchase "duck stamps," the proceeds of which are
deposited into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to be used to
acquire habitat for migratory waterfowl. A large portion of such
habitat is wetlands, although adjacent uplands can also be acquired
to provide nesting cover. Millions of acres of wetlands and
surrounding uplands areas have been preserved with these funds,
either by outright purchase or through perpetual easements. For
example, through fiscal year 1989, about $49 million had been spent
to obtain over 23,000 easements on more than 1.2 million acres of
wetlands, and another $102 million had been spent to acquire fee-
simple title to almost 564,000 acres of wetlands in the Prairie
Pothole Region under the Small Wetlands Acquisition Program. Under
this program, landowners give up their rights to drain, fill, burn,
or level wetlands.

The Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3501)

     The Coastal Barrier Resources Act, enacted in 1982, prohibits
most new federal expenditures and financial assistance forI
development of coastal barriers included in the Coastal Barrier
Resources System, a major portion of which is wetlands. The
purpose of the act is to minimize the loss of human life, wasteful
expenditure of federal revenues, and damage to fish, wildlife, and
other natural resources associated with the development of coastal
barriers. Undeveloped coastal barriers include islands, spits,
tombolos, and bay barriers that are subject to wind, waves, and
tides.2

     with certain exceptions, financial assistance is defined as
any form of loan, grant, guaranty, insurance, payment, rebate,


2A barrier spit is a narrow point of land or shoal that extends
from the shoreline. A tombolo is a sand bar connecting an island
to the mainland or another island.

                                23








subsidy, or other form of direct or indirect federal assistance.
Prohibitions against providing federal flood insurance on property
within the system became effective October 1, 1983. Generally, the
act prohibits new federal financial assistance for development of
specific coastal barriers, including expenditures for

      --constructing or purchasing structures, appurtenances,
        facilities, or related-infrastructure;

      --constructing or purchasing any roads, airports, boat
        landing facilities, or other facilities on, or bridges or
        causeways to, any units in the system; and

      --carrying out any project to prevent the erosion of, or to
        otherwise stabilize any inlet, shoreline, or inshore area,
        with certain exceptions.

OTHER WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION

     In addition to the six statutes previously discussed, many
other laws help protect wetlands, even though some were not enacted
specifically for that purpose. Some of these laws are briefly
discussed below.

The Food, Aariculture. Conservation
and Trade Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-624)

     In addition to making major changes to Swampbuster and CRP,
this act established the Wetlands Reserve Program to be
administered by ASCS as part of the Environmental Conservation
Acreage Reserve Program. The Wetlands Reserve Program will create
a wetlands reserve of up to I million acres through the use of
easements of the longest term permitted by state law. Landowners
may receive up to $50,000 per year in payments and 75 percent in
cost-sharing assistance to implement restoration plans on acres
under nonpermanent easements. For permanent easements, there is no
annual payment limit and the federal government pays all the costs
to implement the restoration plans.

The 1987 Aaricultural Credit Act
(P.L. 100-233)

     This act established the Farmers Home Administration
Conservation Easement Program, under which lands that either have
reverted or may revert to the Department of Agriculture's Farmers
Home Administration can be preserved in their natural state. Under
this program, the Secretary of Agriculture may grant or transfer
easements on land obtained from farm foreclosures or voluntary
conveyance to federal and state agencies.




                                24








The Coastal Wetlands PlanninQ, Protection,
and Restoration Act (title III, P.L. 101-646')

     This 1990 act authorizes spending for wetlands restoration
projects, particularly in Louisiana. The act establishes a task
force and planning process for protecting and restoring coastal
wetlands in Louisiana and a provision that creates a coastal
wetlands restoration cost-sharing program open to all coastal
states. The act also provides additional funds for North American
Waterfowl Management Plan projects, which seek to protect more than
6 million acres of important wetlands. Projects thus funded help
protect and restore habitat for migratory waterfowl. Seventy
percent of the revenues go to restoring Louisiana coastal wetlands,
15 percent for a national wetlands grant program for all coastal
states, and 15 percent to fund North American Waterfowl Management
Plan projects.

The Water Resources Development Act
of 1990 (P.L. 101-640')

     This act includes provisions, as a part of the Corps' water
resources development program, for no overall net loss of the
nation's remaining wetlands base. The act also requires the
Secretary of the Army to develop--in consultation with the
Environmental Protection Agency--(EPA), the Department of the
Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and other appropriate
federal agencies--a wetlands action plan to achieve the goal of no
net loss of remaining wetlands. This action plan is to be
completed by November 28, 1991.

Section 10, Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
(33 U.S.C. 403')

     This act requires that permits be obtained from the Army Corps
of Engineers for dredge, fill, and other activities that could
obstruct navigable waterways, which can include wetlands.

The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
(16 U.S.C. 661')

     This act requires that wildlife conservation be given
consideration equal to that given other purposes of water resources
development projects constructed by federal agencies. This act
empowers FWS and the Department of Commerce's National Marine
Fisheries Service to evaluate the impact on fish and wildlife of
all new federal projects and federally permitted projects,
including projects granted a permit under section 404 of the Clean
Water Act.





                                 25








The Endanaered Species Act of 1973
(16 U.S.C. 1531)

     This act prohibits any federal agency from undertaking or
funding a project that will threaten a rare or endangered species.
Some wetlands development is restricted by this statute. The act
can be used to prevent alterations of wetlands necessary to
maintain a species' critical habitat--that is, of the geographical
area that has the physical or biological features essential to
conserve the species and that may require special management
consideration or protection.

The Emerqencv Wetlands Resources Act of 1986
(P.L. 99-645)

     This act promotes the conservation of wetlands in order to
maintain the public benefits they provide. The purpose is to
intensify cooperation and acquisition efforts among private
interests and local, state, and federal governments for the
protection, management, and conservation of wetlands. The act
authorized the acquisition of wetlands consistent with a National
Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan. It also (1) contains options
for generating revenues to acquire and protect wetlands, (2)
requires that statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plans
specifically address wetlands, (3) directs the completion of the
mapping of the nation's wetlands, and (4) requires a study of the
effects of federal programs on wetlands. The act raised the price
of duck stamps, required entrance fees for selected units of the
national Wildlife refuge system, and required that an amount equal
to the annual duties on imported firearms and ammunition be paid
into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund. The act requires FWS to
complete its wetlands inventory mapping of the contiguous United
States by 1998.

The Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937
(16 U.S.C. 669-669i)

     The purpose of this act is to provide assistance to the states
and territories in carrying out projects to restore, enhance, and
manage wildlife resources and habitat.

The Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956
(16 U.S.C. 742a-742i)

     This act established FWS and authorized the Secretary of the
Interior to take such steps as required for the development,
advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and
wildlife resources. Such authority can be used to protect wetlands
vital to many fish and wildlife species.




                                26








The Everalades National Park Protection and
Expansion Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-229')

     This act provides for the acquisition of 107,600 acres to be
added to the Everglades National Park in southern Florida and
provides for an increase in the water flow to the park to help
restore and protect its water-dependent ecosystem. The additional
acres would expand the size of the park to 1.5 million acres.

The National Wildlife Refuce System Administration Act
of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee')

     This act established a National Wildlife Refuge System by
combining former "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and
conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with
extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management
areas, and waterfowl production areas," into a single refuge
system. The system currently includes 472 national wildlife
refuges covering approximately 90 million acres. FWS estimates
that 35 percent is wetlands.

Section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(Clean Water Act') (33 U.S.C. 1342')

     This section authorizes a national system for regulating
sources of water pollution, which can affect wetlands, with
regulation either by EPA or through approved state programs. The
Clean Water Act prohibits pollutant discharges without a permit.
Pollutant discharges are allowed subject to statutory restrictions
under this section.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
(42 U.S.C. 6901')

     This act, which is administered by EPA, controls the disposal
of hazardous waste and could reduce the threat of chemical
contamination of wetlands.

The National Environmental Policv Act of 1969
(42 U.S.C. 4321')

     This act provides that environmental impact statements be
prepared for major federal actions. The statements must include
assessments of the environmental impacts of the proposed actions,
any adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided should the
proposals be implemented, and alternatives to the proposed actions.
Assessments conducted under this act have been applied to- major
federal actions affecting wetlands.





                                 27








The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965,
As Amended (16 U.S.C. 4601)

     This act supports the purchase of natural areas, including
wetlands, at federal and state levels. The Emergency Wetlands
Resources Act of 1986 amended the Land and Water Conservation Fund
Act to (1) permit the funds to be used to acquire wetlands and (2)
require the states to include the acquisition of wetlands as part
of their comprehensive outdoor recreation plans.

The North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989
(16 U.s.c. 4401)

     This act seeks to increase the protection and restoration of 6
million acres of wetlands under the North American Waterfowl
Management Plan in an effort to increase waterfowl populations and
authorizes the Congress to appropriate up to $15 million for its
implementation. The act is financed, in part, by funds received
from the investment of unobligated Federal Aid to Wildlife
Restoration Act funds, which are derived from excise taxes on
ammunition and sporting arms, handguns, and certain archery
equipment, as well as from fines, penalties, and forfeitures
associated with Migratory Bird Act violations. Between 50 and 70
percent of available funds are to be spent on wetlands conservation
projects in Canada and Mexico; the remaining funds are to be spent
on projects in the United States. Projects are recommended to the
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission,3 and costs are shared with
state and private organizations working toward the goal of wetlands
preservation.

The Coastal Zone Manacrement and Improvement Act of 1990
(16. U.S.C. 1451)

     Under the Coastal Zone Management and Improvement Act
(subtitle C of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (P.L.
101-508)), the Federal Office of Coastal Zone Management in EPA
sets guidelines and provides funding for states to implement
coastal zone management programs. The act also requires each state
with a coastal zone management program to develop a coastal water
quality protection program to address pollution of coastal waters
and to encourage each coastal state to improve (1) coastal wetlands
protection, (2) natural hazards management, (3) public beach
access, (4) marine debris management, (5) assessments of coastal
growth and development, and (6) environmentally sound siting of
coastal energy facilities. The act makes available grants to


3The Commission was established under the Migratory Bird
Conservation Act of 1929, as amended, and includes as members the
Secretaries of the Departments of the Interior, Transportation,
and Agriculture, and two Senators and two Representatives from
the Congress.

                                 28








encourage the six states and territories without coastal zone
management programs to develop coastal water quality protection
programs.

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
(42 U.S.C. 4001-4128')

     This act requires communities to develop federally approved
floodplain management programs. Administered by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, the act provides subsidized flood
insurance to property owners in communities with approved programs.
Communities that do not adopt an approved program to regulate
future floodplain uses are ineligible for most federal financial
assistance, including federal disaster assistance in the event of a
flood. Property owners whose land is situated in a floodplain
cannot get federally guaranteed mortgages, loans, or other forms of
financial assistance unless the property is covered by flood
insurance. In general, the programs apply to structures in
floodplains. Although not the act's primary focus, wetlands
development is covered in the programs, since nearly all coastal
and most inland wetlands occur in floodpiains.


































                                29








                             SECTION 5

                 WHAT WETLANDS-RELATED LEGISLATION

                  IS PENDING BEFORE THE CONGRESS?

     Several significant legislative proposals that could change
federal wetlands protection policies have been introduced in the
102nd Congress. Some of the major provisions of certain bills are
as follows.

THE WETLANDS NO-NET-LOSS ACT OF 1991
(H.R. 251)

     Among other things, H.R. 251 proposes a no-net-loss goal for
wetlands, establishment of an Office of Wetlands Identification and
Preservation within the Department of the Interiors's Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS), and requirements for ensuring that all
feasible measures are taken to avoid or minimize adverse effects of
activities in wetlands during the section 404 permitting process.
The bill also (1) substantially revises section 404, including the
addition of permit fees that reflect actual administrative costs;
(2) establishes a Wetlands Preservation Account within the General
Fund of the U.S. Treasury that will include deposits of criminal
penalties for violations of section 404 permits and $300 million
annually transferred from the Land and Water Conservation Fund; (3)
authorizes the creation of private preservation trusts (with
donations to a trust eligible for treatment as charitable
deductions under the Internal Revenue Code); and (4) requires
taking an inventory of all government-owned wetlands and creating a
management plan for these lands.

     H.R. 251 expands the restricted activities under section 404
to include drainage and certain other activities, rather than just
the discharge of dredged or fill material. It amends the Fish and
Wildlife Coordination Act by expanding FWS' authority to report on
and recommend conditions for proposed water projects of the Army
Corps of Engineers and other federal agencies. It also provides to
the Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service new
authority relating to commenting on, and making recommendations
regarding, certain proposed section 404 permits.

THE WETLANDS PROTECTION AND REGULATORY
REFORM ACT OF 1991 (H.R. 404)

     This act's major provisions include (1) a no-net-loss goal;
(2) a narrowed definition of wetlands similar to that proposed by
the Domestic Policy Council's Inter-Agency Task Force on Wetlands;
(3) a classification approach to accord differential regulatory
treatment of wetlands on the basis of the acreage, function, and
benefits they provide; (4) broadened section 404 permit exemptions;
and (5) a repeal of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)

                                30








authority to veto section 404 permits. The bill also facilitates
assumption of section 404 responsibilities by states.

THE COMPREHENSIVE WETLANDS CONSERVATION
AND MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1991 (H.R. 1330)

     H.R. 1330 proposes a complete overhaul of the existing Section
404 Program. The bill's major provisions include (1) defining and
classifying wetlands according to their size and value to the
environment, (2) compensating pertain wetlands property owners, (3)
broadening section 404 permit exemptions and general permits (see
sec. 6 of this fact sheet), and (4) eliminating EPA's authority to
veto section 404 permits. When a landowner accepts an offer of
compensation for wetlands classified into the most valuable
category under the act, that acceptance results in a "taking" of
property by the federal government. The bill also imposes
increased mapping and inventory duties on FWS, requires the Corps
to establish a mitigation banking program (e.g., establishes
"mitigation credits" through restoration, creation, or set-aside of
wetlands to satisfy compensatory mitigation requirements when
losses are unavoidable) in each state, and sets deadlines and
administrative appeal procedures for the permitting process.































                                31








                             SECTION 6

          WHICH FEDERAL AGENCIES ARE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE

            FOR ADMINISTERING WETLANDS-RELATED PROGRAMS?

     Wetlands determinations are generally made by two federal
agencies--the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of
Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS). During fiscal years
1988 through 1990, the Corps made over 74,000 determinations under
its permit programs. Since 1985, SCS has completed over 2 million
wetlands determinations relating to Swampbuster. In addition, many
other federal agencies administer or participate in programs and
activities that protect the nation's wetlands. The federal
agencies that are most often identified with wetlands protection
include the Corps, SCS, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
Agriculture's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
(ASCS), the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service
(FWS), and the Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS). The role of each of these agencies in wetlands
protection is briefly discussed below.

THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

     The Corps is responsible for issuing section 404 permits
authorizing dredging or fill activities in U.S. waters, including
adjacent wetlands. Other federal agencies, such as EPA, NMFS, and
FWS, also have significant roles in the permit and/or enforcement
processes. The Clean Water Act also authorizes state permit
programs if approved by EPA. Of the approximately 15,000 project-
specific permit applications the Corps evaluates each year, about
10,000 are issued and 500 denied. The remaining 4,500 applications
either qualify for authorization under a general permit,' are
withdrawn by the applicant, or are canceled by the Corps when the
applicant fails to provide information required for a decision.
The Corps also verifies authorization of approximately 40,000 minor
activities each year under the terms and conditions of regional and
nationwide general permits.

     During fiscal years 1988 through 1990, the Corps made 74,148
determinations concerning whether a proposed project or activity
required a permit (jurisdictional determinations). These
determinations included not only section 404 wetlands delineations
but also determinations for other Corps programs. (Corps officials
could not provide a breakdown of how many wetlands delineations
came under section 404.) In addition, the Corps attempts to verify


'General permits are developed on either a regional or a national
basis to cover activities that are similar in nature and that
will cause only minimal individual and cumulative adverse
impacts.

                                32








the accuracy of wetlands delineations performed by consultants for
permit applicants. Some Corps district offices suggest that
applicants hire their own consultants to perform wetlands
delineations rather than wait for Corps staff to become available.

     The Corps' Jacksonville, Florida, District Office, which has
historically processed the most section 404 permits, estimated that
its wetlands delineations can take anywhere from a few hours to
several weeks, depending on the magnitude of the project. District
officials told us that 7 to 10 days would be an appropriate average
time for such delineations in response to requests from citizens
wanting to know if a permit was required for a proposed project.

     A public interest review is the process under which an
application is considered and a decision is reached as to whether
to issue a permit. Corps regulations require consideration of many
factors during these public interest reviews, including wetlands
values, conservation, economics, aesthetics, general environmental
concerns, historic values, fish and wildlife values, flood damage
prevention, land use, navigation, recreation, water supply and
quality, energy needs, safety, food production, and, in general,
the needs and welfare of the public.

     The Section 404 Program does not provide applicants with a
formal administrative procedure for appealing Corps decisions. If
applicants are denied a permit, Corps guidance stipulates that they
can either withdraw their permit application or modify the project
and reapply. Alternatively, an applicant may seek judicial review.

     Applicants for Corps permits can discuss their projects with
relevant federal agencies and others before formally submitting
their applications. Also, as part of the public interest review
process, federal agencies are available to discuss with applicants
any recommendations the agencies may have made relative to permit
conditions if the applicants believe the conditions to be
unworkable. Applicants can work directly with the field staff of
the agencies that originated the permit recommendations to search
for acceptable alternatives.

     Both the Corps and EPA have enforcement responsibilities under
section 404. EPA has statutory enforcement authority to deal with
discharges of dredged or fill material where no permit has been
obtained. The Corps has similar authority for dealing with
violations of permit conditions. In January 1989, the Corps and
EPA entered into a memorandum of agreement that established the
Corps as the agency primarily responsible for initial
investigations of reported violations. Both the Corps and EPA have
authority to seek civil or administrative remedies for unauthorized
discharges in wetlands. In addition, EPA can pursue criminal
action in its enforcement areas. During fiscal years 1988 through
1990, 18,140 unauthorized discharges were reported to the Corps.
The Corps resolved 16,736 reported violations by requiring

                                33







restoration of the damage to wetlands or other actions. Some
violations remained open at the end of fiscal year 1991. In
addition to the unauthorized discharges, the Corps conducted
compliance inspections of over 44,000 permitted activities. Almost
2,700 violations were noted as a result of these inspections.

EPA

     In addition to its enforcement responsibilities under section
404, EPA has responsibilities relating to section 404 permits.
EPA, in consultation with the Corps, developed the guidelines for
selection of sites for disposal of dredged or fill materials into
the waters of the United States. In addition, EPA has the
responsibility for determining-the scope of "navigable waters"
(waters of the United States, including adjacent wetlands) and for
making interpretations of the scope of exemptions under the Section
404 Program. EPA generally defers, however, to the Corps for
specific wetlands delineations. EPA also has what is often
referred to as "veto" authority under subsection 404(c). Even
where the Corps has already approved a permit, EPA may prohibit the
disposal of dredged or fill materials at any site if use of the
site will have an unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water
supplies, shellfish beds and fishery areas, wildlife, or
recreational areas. From inception of the Clean Water Act through
October 1, 1991, EPA had completed veto actions only 11 times.

FWS

     FWS plays an advisory role in the Section 404 Program, making
recommendations to the Corps on whether to approve a permit
application and on any conditions that should be incorporated into
a permit prior to its approval. In addition, FWS is active in
programs that protect, restore, and enhance wetlands and conducts
research and distributes information concerning wetlands. For
example, FWS administers the Small Wetlands Acquisition Program,
which has acquired about 1.8 million acres of wetlands primarily in
the North Central United States. FWS also plays a major role in
implementing the Coastal Barrier Resources Act, which has resulted
in the incorporation of vast wetland acreage into the Coastal
Barrier Resources System. In addition, FWS manages over 90 million
acres within the National Wildlife Refuge System, about a third of
which are wetlands. Wetlands maps used widely across the nation
come from FWS1 National Wetlands inventory. More than half of the
maps planned for this inventory have been completed; the remainder
are scheduled for completion by 1998.

     FWS assists SCS in mapping agricultural wetlands and in
selecting and managing valuable wetlands to be protected under the
Farmers Home Administration Conservation Easement Program and the
Wetlands Reserve Program. Moreover, in 1990, FWS entered into
about 1,300 agreements to implement wetlands restoration projects
on highly erodible cropland removed from production under the

                                34








Conservation Reserve Program. FWS also assists agencies within the
Department of Agriculture and farmers in designing wetlands
conservation and mitigation plans necessary to qualify for Farm
Bill incentives and to restore wetlands on private lands.

ASCS and SCS

     Within Agriculture, two agencies have primary responsibility
for wetlands protection--ASCS and SCS. ASCS administers and
enforces the Swampbuster provision, including providing wetlands
information to producers and third parties, monitoring compliance
with regulations, responding to public complaints and producers'
appeals of ASCS decisions, and dealing with violations of the
regulations. In each state, ASCS operations are carried out in
conjunction with a state committee appointed by the Secretary of
Agriculture. In each of the approximately 3,080 agricultural
counties throughout the United States, a county committee is
responsible for local administration of ASCS operations.
Potential Swampbuster violations by farmers can be resolved if the
farmers present information to ASCS county committee
representatives that justifies their actions. In addition, a
farmer can appeal an ASCS violation determination first to the ASCS
county committee, then to the ASCS state committee, and finally to
the ASCS Deputy Administrator for State and County Operations. We
attempted to obtain current information on Swampbuster violations
and appeals but were told that Agriculture was experiencing
problems with its data base and therefore could not provide us with
such information.

     SCS is responsible for identifying the wetlands subject to the
Swampbuster provision and for granting certain exemptions. SCS
staff conduct wetlands delineations, notify producers of the
presence of wetlands, and process producers' appeals of SCS
delineations. SCS activities are carried out in about 3,000
conservation districts that cover more than 2 billion acres. SCS
wetlands delineations may be appealed to the agency's conservation
districts, then to its area offices (in those states with such
offices), then to its state offices, and finally to the Chief of
SCS.

     As of July 1, 1991, Agriculture reported that since the
Swampbuster provision was established in 1985, SCS had completed
2,017,354 out of about 2,500,000 wetlands delineations requested by
farmers during that time. These delineations involved almost 15
million acres of wetlands. The average time required to make a
wetlands delineation was 1.5 hours for clerical effort and 2.5
hours for the on-site inspection. SCS has temporarily stopped
accepting new requests from farmers for wetlands delineations,
pending revisions to the federal wetlands delineation manual. As a
result, SCS estimates that all remaining delineations will be
completed by December 31, 1992.


                                 35









       NMFS

             NMFS is an active player in coastal wetlands issues. Under
       the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, as amended, NMFS can make
       recommendations regarding section 404 permit applications. These
       recommendations may serve as the basis for the Corps to modify,
       attach conditions to, or deny a permit. NMFS field office staff
       also work closely with state fish and wildlife agencies as well as
       with state water quality agencies on wetlands issues.




































                                                                          -..  ,  .; ? ,.;  t!.   .-




t:. ... ...                                                                   ji










 4!     j/4                             ,                     "     :  '  1    d b36








                             SECTION 7

               WHAT RESOURCES HAVE FEDERAL AGENCIES

               DEVOTED TO IMPLEMENTING AND ENFORCING

                    WETLANDS -RELATED PROGRAMS?

     Because of the diversity of laws and the resulting diversity
of federal programs relating to wetlands, the precise number of
staff and resources devoted to wetlands protection and enforcement
cannot be readily determined. However, it is safe to say that the
recent emphasis on protecting wetlands has translated into
increased funding for many of the major federal wetlands-related
programs.

THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

     The Army Corps of Engineers' regulatory program budget, much
of which is devoted to the Section 404 Program, was a little over
$55 million for fiscal year 1988. For fiscal years 1991 and 1992,
the budget had climbed to about $75 million and $86 million,
respectively.

     The Corps currently has a regulatory staff of over 1,000. The
increased funding the Corps has received will enable it to increase
its regulatory staff to a planned level of 1,250 by the end of
fiscal year 1993.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)i

     At EPA, officials advised us that the wetlands program budget
has increased from $7.7 million and 96 full-time equivalent
positions in fiscal year 1989, to $10.4 million and 105 full-time
equivalent positions in fiscal year 1990, and to $18.8 million and
161 full-time equivalent positions in fiscal year 1991. Of the
fiscal year 1990 and 1991 budget amounts, $1.2 million and $5.0
million, respectively, were for grants to states for developing and
enhancing their wetlands protection programs.

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

     Wetlands protection activities of Agriculture's Agricultural
Stabilization and Conservation Service totaled about $11 million in
fiscal year 1989, $15.5 million in fiscal year 1990, and an
estimated $15.8 million in fiscal year 1991. Total staff-years for
these 3 fiscal years were 404 in 1989, 543 in 1990, and an
estimated 524 in 1991.

     Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS) estimated that
wetlands delineations under the Swampbuster provision involved 793
staff in fiscal year 1989, 1,635 in fiscal year 1990, and 793 in

                                 37








fiscal year 1991. The cost of wetlands delineations under the
Swampbuster provision for these 3 fiscal years was about $33.3,
$73.6, and $38.1 million, respectively. An SCS official said that
the current suspension of wetlands delineations, pending resolution
and finalization of the revised federal wetlands delineation
'manual., was responsible for the decrease in staff years in fiscal
year 1991. The revised manual and changes brought about by the
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 may cause the
agency to redo some or all of its previous wetlands delineations.

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

     At Interior, officials told us that funds budgeted for the
various wetlands programs and activities, including research,
acquisition, and education, have increased significantly. For
example, in fiscal year 1989, the Fish and Wildlife Service's
comprehensive wetlands budget was about $76 million; in fiscal year
1990, the budget was about $111.4 million; and in fiscal year 1991,
it was about $136.7 million. These amounts include funds for
operational programs for wetlands conservation and restoration,
acquisitions, and other initiatives. In addition, Interior's
Bureau of Reclamation reported a fiscal year 1991 budget of about
$10 million for wetlands protection, restoration, enhancement,
research, information, and education.

THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

     According to a Commerce official, the National Marine
Fisheries Service's Habitat Conservation Program has a total of 55
professionals, who spend about 40 percent of their time on
permitting programs administered by the Army Corps of Engineers.
The total budget devoted to wetlands activities runs about $2
million annually.




















                                 38








                             SECTION 8

             DO STATES HAVE WETLANDS-RELATED PROGRAMS?

     In addition to various water quality programs, many states
have enacted laws that apply specifically to wetlands. Some state
wetlands laws protect only "wet" wetlands, such as bogs, swamps,,
marshes, and tidal areas, while other state laws extend to wetlands
that are more broadly defined. The laws vary from those that
authorize the states to acquire and preserve wetlands to those that
require permits for construction on wetlands. Some states have
modeled their programs after the federal government's Section 404
Program and incorporated the same definitions, exemptions, and
permit requirements as those employed by the Army Corps of
Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency. One state,
Michigan, has--according to the provisions of the Clean Water Act--
assumed administration of the section 404 permitting activity for
all waters within its boundaries except for those that actually are
or could be used for navigation in interstate and foreign commerce,
where the Corps retains jurisdiction.

     Some states have regulatory programs that, unlike the Section
404 Program, regulate more than the deposit of dredged and fill
material into wetlands. In such instances, the Corps will
generally not issue a section 404 permit unless the proposed
project complies with state water-quality certifications, coastal
zone management plans, and state wetlands laws.



























                                39








                             SECTION 9

               HOW ARE FEDERAL AND STATE WETLANDS AND

                WATER-RELATED PROGRAMS COORDINATED?

     Federal and state agencies coordinate their wetlands and
water-related programs and activities in a variety of ways. Many
agencies have formal memoranda of agreement that outline
responsibilities for administering various aspects of their
programs. These agreements vary in scope and in the number of
agencies that participate in them.

COORDINATION UNDER SECTION 404
OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT

     Interagency and intergovernmental coordination is a
.requirement under the Section 404 Program. The primary mechanism
for coordinating section 404 is a project-specific public notice
that is sent to interested federal, state, and local government
agencies; adjacent landowners; and other organizations or
individuals who have expressed a desire to be on the public notice
mailing list. In some areas of the country, the Army Corps of
Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and
the states have instituted a program of preapplication
consultations with prospective applicants during which time
proposals can be discussed before significant expenditures are
incurred.

     Considerable coordination involving section 404 has occurred
between the Corps and other federal agencies, particularly EPA. In
enacting the Clean Water Act, the Congress took steps to ensure
that the permitting process was coordinated with EPA. In this
regard, the Corps uses guidelines developed jointly with EPA in its
permitting decisions.

     In accordance with a January 1989 memorandum of agreement
between the Department of the Army and EPA, the Corps generally
makes wetlands delineations under the Section 404 Program, even
though such authority rests with EPA. The agreement provides that
the Corps will make all jurisdictional and exemption determinations
unless EPA designates, in advance, special cases in which it will
make the determination. Other memoranda of agreement have been
signed by the Corps and EPA regarding mitigation policy and
enforcement activities. The Corps also has memoranda of agreement
with other federal agencies, including the Departments of the
Interior and Commerce.

     The concept of mitigation has been the focus of considerable
disagreement among federal agencies and has been the subject of
extensive negotiation, especially between the Corps and EPA. The

                                40








President's Council on Environmental Quality stated that mitigation
of adverse environmental effects should follow a "sequencing"
approach. This approach involves step-by-step actions taken in
order. Avoidance of adverse impacts is the first consideration.
Compensatory mitigation--creating or restoring wetlands to
compensate for the loss of existing, functioning wetlands--is
generally the last consideration. In between these two extremes
are considerations relating to minimizing, rectifying, reducing, or
eliminating the adverse impacts over time. The Corps and EPA
signed an agreement, effective in February 1990, that generally
endorses this sequencing approach. The agreement also endorses a
no-net-loss goal for wetlands.

     The Corps and EPA have also worked with the states and other
federal agencies to clarify certain activities exempt from section
404 regulations and to otherwise coordinate activities. For
example, the Corps and EPA, in consultation with various states,
have identified potential disposal sites in advance of dredge or
fill disposal operations. This process allows affected parties to
identify the location of wetlands and assess wetlands values in
advance of permit decisions. Disposal sites can be identified as
generally suitable or unsuitable before any commitment of resources
is made.

     Amendments to the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act require
that the Corps give full consideration to comments from FWS and the
Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
when reviewing section 404 applications. State water resources
agencies are also given a chance to comment on proposed projects as
part of the public interest review performed for each project-
specific section 404 permit application.

     Also, if requested, an applicant for a section 404 permit must
provide the Corps with a water quality compliance certification
from the state where the discharge of dredged or fill material into
navigable waters originates. Coastal states also certify under
section 307 of the Coastal Zone Management Act whether a proposed
project or activity is consistent with the state's coastal zone
management plan before the Corps will issue a permit.

     In addition, the Clean Water Act authorizes state assumption
of the section 404 permitting activity for all waters except those
that actually are or could be used for navigation in interstate and
foreign commerce, where the Corps retains jurisdiction. However,
only one state, Michigan, has assumed the administration of the
section 404 permitting authority. Before a state can assume such
authority, it must first get approval from EPA.

     Another form of coordination with regard to the Section 404
Program between the Corps and the states is the issuance of general
permits that cover similar activities that will cause only minimal
individual and cumulative adverse impacts.

                                 41








COORDINATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

     Agriculture agencies responsible for administering wetlands
programs rely on various memoranda of agreement with other federal
agencies involved with wetlands programs. These agreements vary in
scope and in the number of agencies participating in them. For
example, Agriculture"s Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
Service (ASCS) and Soil Conservation Service (SCS) have an
agreement regarding implementation of the highly erodible land and
wetlands conservation provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985.
The Commodity Credit Corporation (an Agriculture agency that, among
other things, stabilizes, supports, and protects farm income and
prices), ASCS, SCS, the Forest Service (that manages the National
Forest System, which contains many wetlands), and the Extension
Service (Agriculture's education agency) have established a
cooperative agreement for carrying out the highly erodible cropland
provisions of the 1985 act under the Conservation Reserve Program.

     ASCS, SCS, and the Department of the Interior's Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) have entered into a memorandum of agreement
for the purpose of implementing wildlife management agreements on
lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program in the Prairie
Pothole Region of the United States. Also, ASCS and SCS have
entered into an agreement regarding administrative responsibility,
conservation planning, and technical servicing associated with the
Water Bank Program authorized by the Water Bank Act, as amended, to
purchase 10-year easements on wetlands and adjacent areas. In
addition, Swampbuster regulations require ASCS to consult with FWS
on wetlands delineations, and FWS is to report suspected
Swampbuster violations to Agriculture. The Food, Agriculture,
Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 requires Agriculture to work
with FWS to prioritize easement acquisitions under the Wetlands
Reserve Program.

COORDINATION AT THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

     In addition to FWS' extensive involvement in the Section 404
Program, Agriculture's wetlands programs, and management of
Interior's lands containing millions of acres of wetlands, several
other Interior agencies manage lands containing vast acreages of
wetlands and/or conduct research and education programs related to
wetlands. As a result, the Secretary of the Interior has
established a Working Group on Wetlands Policy--made up of a
representative from each agency or bureau within Interior and from
each Assistant Secretary's office--to provide policy
recommendations supporting the President's no-net-loss goal for
wetlands. Also, Interior's agencies and bureaus participated in
various subgroups formed by the Domestic Policy Council's Inter-
Agency Task Force on Wetlands to evaluate and recommend actions to
achieve the President's goal of no net loss of wetlands.


                                 42








     Interior's FWS, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of
Reclamation, and Bureau of Indian Affairs coordinate work on
projects undertaken in conjunction with the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan and its joint ventures and partnerships.
Several Interior agencies and bureaus, including the Bureau of
Reclamation and the National Park Service, have cooperative
agreements with FWS to inventory wetlands under their jurisdiction,
or, in the case of the U.S. Geological Survey,.to assign staff to
assist FWS in its wetlands inventory mapping activities.














































                                 43








                            SECTION 10

                   HOW DO PRIVATE PARTIES LEARN

               ABOUT WETLANDS PROGRAM REOUJIREMENTS?

     Landowners and other affected parties can learn about
wetlands-related program requirements and regulations from a
variety of sources. Field locations of the federal agencies most
active in wetlands protection--the Army Corps of Engineers, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of
Agriculture's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
(ASCS) and Soil Conservation Service (SCS), the Department of the
Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the Department of
Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)--are all
involved in public education efforts concerning wetlands
protection. These agencies also provide local officials and
citizens with specific information on their programs' scope and
requirements. State offices responsible for wetlands-related
programs can provide similar information. Appendixes I through VII
list wetlands contacts for each of the above federal agencies and
state offices.

     Most of the federal agencies also provide the public with
information on their programs through word of mouth, newspaper
articles, and public information meetings. For example, during
fiscal years 1988 through 1990, the Corps participated in 3,325
public information meetings. Another means of becoming aware of
program requirements is through referrals from one agency to
another. For example, if an individual constructing a project
needs to obtain a state or local permit, the responsible state or
local office should make the individual aware of the possible need
for a section 404 permit if wetlands are involved. Additionally,
some state governments have a joint permit application process
through which an application for a state permit is automatically
referred to the Corps at the time it is received by the state.

     The Corps encourages many potential section 404 permit
applicants to have a preapplication conference to discuss their
proposed projects. These conferences are held to advise the
potential applicants of the application review process, including
the need for special studies and/or processes (environmental
assessments or wetlands delineations).

     FWS makes private landowners aware of assistance programs
through a variety of sources, including Agriculture's county
offices, farm trade journals, FWS representation at agricultural
meetings, and word of mouth. Publications regarding FWS programs
are distributed through field offices of both FWS and Agriculture.




                                 44








APPENDIX I                                                 APPENDIX I


             DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

          DIVISION AND DISTRICT OFFICE WETLANDS CONTACTS

For information on the national perspective of the Section 404
Program, the contact person is

     John F. Studt
     Chief, Regulatory Branch
     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
     20 Massachusetts Avenue NW
     CECW-OR
     Washington, D.C. 20314-1000
     (202) 272-0199

Figure 1.1 provides a breakout of Corps jurisdictional areas.
Information on the Corps' wetlands regulatory program requirements
can be obtained on a state-by-state basis by contacting the
appropriate division or district engineer listed in table 1.1.




































                                 45










APPENDIX I                                                                                                                                APPENDIX I










Ficrure I.1: Corvs of Encrineers Offices
















               North        North Pacific
          Paii                         Wala Walla                                        North Centra    eoItNrh
                                                                         r  --- ~~ -'  Rock Island             Atianti      New ~York



            San Francisc           Suth Pacific                                                              Il





                Honolulu4                                Sotheser                *               !         oth  tiati
              Pacific Ocean Jcsnil







      a Division and District Headquarters
      *    Division Headquarters
      A    District Headquarters
   - - - State Boundaries
       -District Boundaries

                                            Note: In Iowa the eastern bank of the Missouri River is regulated by the Omaha office.





Source: Corps of Engineers.








                                                                 46








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


Table I.1: List of Division and District Enaineers

State               Address                      Telephone

Alabama             Mobile District Engineer
                    CESAM-OP-S
                    P.O. Box 2288
                   Mobile, AL
                      36628-0001                 (205) 690-2511

Alaska              Alaska District Engineer
                   CENPA-CO-R
                    P.O Box 898
                   Anchorage, AK
                      99506-0898                 (907) 753-2504

Arizona             Los Angeles District
                      Engineer
                   CESPL-CO-R
                   P.O. Box 2711
                   Los Angeles, CA
                      90053-2325                 (213) 894-5300

Arkansas            Little Rock District
                     Engineer
                   CESWL-CO-P
                   P.O. Box 867
                   Little Rock, AR
                      72203-0867                 (501) 324-5531

California          Sacramento District
                     Engineer
                   CESPK-CO-O
                   650 Capitol Mall
                   Sacramento, CA
                      95814-4794                 (916) 551-2005

Colorado            Albuquerque District
                     Engineer
                   CESWA-CO-R
                   P.O. Box 1580
                   Albuquerque, NM
                      87103-1580                 (505) 766-2732











                                 47








APPENDIX I                                                    APPENDIX I


Connecticut          New England Division
                      Engineer
                    CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                    Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220

Delaware             Philadelphia District
                      Engineer
                    CENAP-OP-R
                    U.S. Custom House
                    Second and Chestnut
                      Streets
                    Philadelphia, PA
                      19106-2991                 (215) 597-4848

Florida              Jacksonville District
                      Engineer
                    CESAJ-RD
                    P.O. Box 4970
                    Jacksonville, FL
                      32232-0019                 (904) 791-2241

Georgia              Savannah District
                      Engineer
                    CESAS-OP-F
                    P.O. Box 889
                    Savannah, GA
                      31402-0889                 (912) 944-5224

Hawaii               Honolulu District
                      Engineer
                    CEPDO-CO-O
                    Building 230
                    Fort Shafter
                   Honolulu, HI
                      96858-5440                 (808) 438-1060

Idaho               Walla Walla District
                      Engineer
                   CENPW-OP-RF
                   Building 602
                   City-County Airport
                   Walla Walla, WA
                      99362-9265                 (509) 522-6505








                                 48








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


Illinois            Rock Island District
                      Engineer
                    CENCR-OD-S
                    P.O. Box 2004
                    Clock Tower Building
                    Rock Island, IL              (309) 788-6361
                      61204-2004                   ext. 6224

Indiana             Louisville District
                      Engineer
                    CEORL-OR-F
                    P.O. Box 59
                   Louisville, KY
                      40201-0059                 (502) 582-5601

Iowa                Rock Island District
                      Engineer
                   CENCR-OD-S
                    P.O. Box 2004
                   Clock Tower Building
                   Rock Island, IL              (309) 788-6361
                      61204-2004                   ext. 6224

Kansas              Kansas City District
                      Engineer
                   CEMRK-OD-P
                    700 Federal Building
                    601 East 12th Street
                   Kansas City, MO
                      64106-2896                 (816) 426-3201

Kentucky            Louisville District
                      Engineer
                   CEORL-OR-F
                   P.O. Box 59
                   Louisville, KY
                      40201-0059                 (502) 582-5601

Louisiana           New Orleans District
                      Engineer
                   CELMN-OD-S
                   P.O. Box 60267
                   New Orleans, LA
                      70160-0267                 (504) 862-1121










                                 49








APPENDIX I                                                    APPENDIX I


Maine                New England Division
                      Engineer
                    CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                    Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220

Maryland             Baltimore District
                      Engineer
                    CENAB-OP-R
                    P.O. Box 1715
                    Baltimore, MD
                      21203-1715                 (410) 962-4545

Massachusetts        New England Division
                      Engineer
                    CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                    Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220

Michigan             Detroit District
                      Engineer
                    CENCE-CO-L
                    P.O. Box 1027
                    Detroit, MI
                      48231-1027                 (313) 226-6762

Minnesota            St. Paul District
                      Engineer
                    CENCS-CO-R
                    1421 USPO & Custom House
                    St. Paul, MN
                      55101-9806                 (612) 220-0300

Mississippi          Vicksburg District
                      Engineer
                    CELMK-OD-F
                    P.O. Box 60
                    Vicksburg, MS
                      39180-0060                 (601) 631-5010

Missouri             Kansas City District
                      Engineer
                    CEMRK-OD-P
                    700 Federal Building
                    601 East 12th Street
                    Kansas City, MO
                      64106-2896                 (816) 426-3201




                                  50








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


Montana             Omaha District
                      Engineer
                   CEMRO-OP-R
                   P.O. Box 5
                   Omaha, NE
                      68101-0005                 (402) 221-3900

Nebraska            Omaha District
                      Engineer
                   CEMRO-OP-R
                   P.O. Box 5
                   Omaha, NE
                      68101-0005                 (402) 221-3900

Nevada              Sacramento District
                      Engineer
                   CESPK-CO-O
                    650 Capitol Mall
                    Sacramento, CA
                      95814-4794                 (916) 551-2005

New Hampshire       New England Division
                      Engineer
                   CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                   Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220

New Jersey          Philadelphia District
                      Engineer
                    CENAP-OP-R
                    U.S. Custom House
                    Second and Chestnut
                      Streets
                    Philadelphia, PA
                      19106-2991                 (215) 597-4848

New Mexico          Albuquerque District
                      Engineer
                    CESWA-CO-R
                    P.O. Box 1580
                    Albuquerque, NM
                      87103-1580                 (505) 766-2732

New York            New York District
                      Engineer
                    CENAN-OP-R
                    26 Federal Plaza
                    New York, NY
                      10278-0090                 (212) 264-0100



                                  51








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


North Carolina      Wilmington District
                      Engineer
                   CESAW-CO-E
                   P.O. Box 1890
                   Wilmington, NC
                      28402-1890                 (919) 343-4501

North Dakota        Omaha District
                      Engineer
                   CEMRO-OP-R
                   P.O.- Box 5
                   Omaha, NE
                      68101-0005                 (402) 221-3900

Ohio                Huntington District
                      Engineer
                   CEORH-OR-F
                    502 Eighth Street
                   Huntington, WV
                      25701-2070                 (304) 529-5395

Oklahoma            Tulsa District
                      Engineer
                   CESWT-OD-RF
                   P.O. Box 61
                   Tulsa, OK
                      74121-0061                 (918) 581-7311

Oregon              Portland District
                      Engineer
                   CENPP-PL-R
                   P.O. Box 2946
                   Portland, OR
                      97208-2946                 (503) 326-6000

Pennsylvania        Baltimore District
                      Engineer
                   CENAB-OP-R
                   P.O. Box 1715
                    Baltimore, MD
                      21203-1715                 (410) 962-4545

Rhode Island        New England Division
                      Engineer
                    CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                   Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220





                                  52








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


South Carolina      Charleston District
                      Engineer
                   CESAC-CO-P
                   P.O. Box 919
                   Charleston, SC
                      29402-0919                 (803) 724-4229

South Dakota        Omaha District
                      Engineer
                   CEMRO-OP-R
                   P.O. Box 5
                   Omaha, NE
                      68101-0005                 (402) 221-3900

Tennessee           Nashville District
                      Engineer
                   CEORN-OR-F
                   P.O. Box 1070
                   Nashville, TN
                      37202-1070                 (615) 736-5626

Texas               Fort Worth District
                      Engineer
                   CESWF-OD-O
                   P.O. Box 17300
                   Fort Worth, TX
                      76102-0300                 (817) 334-2300

Utah                Sacramento District
                      Engineer
                   CESPK-CO-O
                    650 Capitol Mall
                    Sacramento, CA
                      95814-4794                 (916) 551-2005

Vermont             New England Division
                      Engineer
                    CENED-OD-R
                    424 Trapelo Road
                    Waltham, MA
                      02254-9149                 (617) 647-8220

Virginia            Norfolk District
                      Engineer
                    CENAO-OP-P
                    803 Front Street
                    Norfolk, VA
                      23510-1096                 (804) 441-3601





                                  53








APPENDIX I                                                   APPENDIX I


Washington          Seattle District
                      Engineer
                    CENPS-OP-RG
                    P.O. Box C-3755
                    Seattle, WA
                      98124-2255                 (206) 764-3690

West Virginia       Huntington District
                      Engineer
                    CEORH-OR-F
                    502 Eighth Street
                    Huntington, WV
                      25701-2070                 (304) 529-5395

Wisconsin           St. Paul District
                      Engineer
                    CENCS-CO-R
                    1421 USPO & Custom House
                    St. Paul, MN
                      55101-9806                 (612) 220-0300

Wyoming             Omaha District
                      Engineer
                    CEMRO-OP-R
                    P.O. Box 5
                    Omaha, NE
                      68101-0005                 (402) 221-3900

District of         Baltimore District
Columbia              Engineer
                   CENAB-OP-R
                    P.O. Box 1715
                    Baltimore, MD
                      21203-1715                 (410) 962-4545

Pacific             Honolulu District
Territories           Engineer
                   CEOPD-CO-O
                    Building 230
                    Fort Shafter
                   Honolulu, HI
                      96858-5440                 (808) 438-1060

Puerto Rico &       Jacksonville District
Virgin Islands        Engineer
                   CESAJ-RD
                   P.O. Box 4970
                   Jacksonville, FL
                      32232-0019                 (904) 791-2241




                                 54








APPENDIX II                                               APPENDIX II

                  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                   OFFICE OF WETLANDS PROTECTION

                      PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS

Wetlands information from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
headquarters may be obtained by contacting the

     Chief of outreach and State Programs
     Wetlands Division
     U.S. EPA
     401 M Street SW
     Room 719, Fairchild Building
     Washington, D.C. 20460
     (202) 382-5043

EPA has also established a Wetlands Protection Hotline (1-800-832-
7828) to respond to requests for information about the values and
functions of wetlands and options for their protection.

Figure 11.1 shows the boundaries of EPA's regional offices. Table
11.1 provides the names and titles of regional contact persons as
well as their addresses and telephone numbers.




























                                 55









APPENDIX II                                               APPENDIX II









Fiaure II.1:  EPA Reaions






































Source: EPA.








                                 56








APPENDIX II                                                 APPENDIX II

Table II.1: List of EPA Reaional Contact Persons

Reqion 1                                             Telephone
Douglass Thompson, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region I
Wetlands Protection Section (WWP-1900)
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, MA  02203-1911                               (617) 565-4430

Region 2
Dan Montella, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region II
Wetlands Section (2WM-MWP)
26 Federal Plaza, Room 837
New York, NY  10278                                  (212) 264-5170

Region 3
Barbara D'Angelo, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region III
Wetlands and Marine Policy Section (3ES42)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA  19107                              (215) 597-9301

Region 4
Thomas Welborn, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region IV
Wetlands Unit (4WM-MEB)
345 Courtland Street NE
Atlanta, GA  30365                                   (404) 347-2126

Region 5
Doug Ehorn, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region V
Wetlands Protection Section (5WQ-TUBS-8)
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL  60604                                   (312) 353-2079

Region 6
Beverly Etheridge, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region VI
Wetlands Protection Section (6E-FT)
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX  75202                                    (214) 655-2260






Region 7

                                 57








APPENDIX II                                                APPENDIX II

Reqion 7
Diane Hershberger, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region VII
Wetlands Protection Section
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS  66101                              (913) 236-2823

Reqion 8
Gene Reetz, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region VIII
Wetlands Protection Section (8WM-WQ)
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver Place
Denver, CO  80202-2405                              (303) 293-1568

Reqion 9
Phil Oshida, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region IX
Wetlands Section (W-7-2)
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA  94105                            (415) 974-2318

Reqion 10
Bill Reilly, Chief
U.S. EPA - Region X
Water Resources Assessment Section (WD-138)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA  98101                                  (206) 442-1412
























                                 58








APPENDIX III                                             APPENDIX III

                     DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

                     SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

                      PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS

For information on Soil Conservation Service (SCS) wetlands
programs and their requirements, producers and landowners should
contact

     Gary A. Margheim
     Deputy Chief for Programs
     Soil Conservation Service
     Department of Agriculture
     Room 5113, South Agriculture Building
     Washington, D.C. 20250
     (202) 720-4527

An SCS headquarters official told us that although the SCS state
conservationist will have delegated wetlands responsibilities to
specific program offices within each state, initial SCS contacts
regarding wetlands issues should be with the state conservationist.
Table I11.1 provides the name, address, and telephone number of
each state conservationist.

Table III.l: List of SCS State Conservationists

State               Address                           Telephone

Alabama             Ernest Todd
                    665 Opelika Road
                    P.O. Box 311                     (205) 821-8070
                    Auburn, AL  36830                  ext. 535

Alaska              Burton L. Clifford
                    201 East Ninth Avenue
                    Suite 300
                    Anchorage, AK  99501-3687         (907) 271-2424

Arizona             Donald W. Gohmert
                    201 East Indianola
                    Suite 200
                    Phoenix, AZ  85012                (603) 640-2247

Arkansas            Ronnie D. Murphy
                    Federal Building, Room 5404
                    700 West Capitol Avenue
                    Little Rock, AR  72201            (501) 324-5445



                                 59








.APPENDIX III                                             APPENDIX III

California           Pearlie S. Reed
                     2121-C Second Street
                     Davis, CA  95616                  (916) 449-2848

Colorado             Duane L. Johnson
                     655 Parfet Street
                     Room E200C
                     Lakewood, CO  80215-5517          (303) 236-2886

Connecticut          Judith K. Johnson
                     16 Professional Park Road
                     Storrs, CT  06268-1299            (203) 487-4013

Delaware             Elesa K. Cottrell
                     Treadway Towers, Suite 207
                     9 East Loockerman Street
                     Dover, DE  19901-7377             (302) 678-4160

Florida              Niles T. Glasgow
                     Federal Building
                     401 S.E. First Avenue
                     Room 248
                     Gainesville, FL  32601            (904) 377-0946

Georgia              Hershel R. Read
                     Federal Building, Box 13
                     355 East Hancock Avenue
                    Athens, GA  30601                  (404) 546-2272

Guam                 Joan Perry
                     USDA - SCS
                     Pacific Basin Office
                     Suite 602, GCIC Building
                     414 West Soledad Avenue
                     Agana, Guam  96910                (671) 472-7490

Hawaii               Warren M. Lee
                     P.O. Box 50004
                     Honolulu, HI  96850               (808) 541-2601

Idaho                Paul H. Calverley
                     3244 Elder Street
                     Room 124
                     Boise, ID  83705                  (208) 334-1601

Illinois             Charles Whitmore
                     1902 Fox Drive
                     Champaign, IL  61820              (217) 398-5267



                                  60








APPENDIX III                                               APPENDIX III

 Indiana             Robert L. Eddleman
                     6013 Lakeside Boulevard
                     Indianapolis, IN  46278           (317) 290-3200

 Iowa                Jeffny P. Vonk
                     63 Federal Building
                     2D Walnut Street
                     Des Moines, IA  50309             (515) 284-4261

 Kansas              James N. Habiger
                     760 South Broadway
                     Salina, KS  67401                 (913) 823-4565

 Kentucky            Billy W. Milliken
                     333 Waller Avenue
                     Room 305
                     Lexington, KY  40504              (606) 233-2749

 Louisiana           Horace J. Austin
                     3737 Government Street
                     Alexandria, LA  71302             (318) 473-7751

 Maine               Charles Whitmore
                     USDA Building
                     University of Maine
                     Orono, ME  04473                  (207) 581-3446

 Maryland            Robert J. Klumpe
                     John Hanson Business Center
                      339 Revell Highway, Suite 301
                     Annapolis, MD  21401              (410) 757-0861

 Massachusetts       Richard A. Gallo
                      451 West Street
                     Amherst, MA  01002                (413) 256-0441

 Michigan            Homer R. Hilner
                      Room 101
                      1405 South Harrison Road
                      East Lansing, MI  48823-5202      (517) 337-6702

 Minnesota           Gary R. Nordstrom
                      600 Farm Credit Building
                      375 Jackson Street
                      St. Paul, MN  55101-1854          (612) 290-3675

 Mississippi         L. Pete Heard
                      Federal Building, Suite 1321
                      100 West Capitol Street
                      Jackson, MS  39269                (601) 965-5205

                                   61








APPENDIX III                                              APPENDIX III

Missouri             Russell C. Mills
                    555 Vandiver Drive
                    Columbia, MO  65202               (314) 875-5214

Montana              Richard J. Gooby
                    Federal Building
                    10 East Babcock Street
                    Room 443
                    Bozeman, MT  59715                (406) 587-6813

Nebraska             Ronald E. Moreland
                    Federal Building
                    100 Centennial Mall North
                    Room 152
                    Lincoln, NE  68508-3866           (402) 437-5300

Nevada               William D. Goddard
                    1201 Terminal Way
                    Room 219
                    Reno, NV  89502                   (702) 784-5863

New Hampshire        David L. Mussulman
                    Federal Building
                    Durham, NH  03824                 (603) 868-7581

New Jersey           Barbara T. Osgood
                    1370 Hamilton Street
                    Somerset, NJ  08873               (908) 246-1662

New Mexico           Ray T. Margo, Jr.
                    517 Gold Avenue SW
                    Room 3301
                    Albuquerque, NM 87102-3157        (505) 766-2173

New York             Paul A. Dodd
                    James M. Hanley Federal
                      Building
                    100 South Clinton Street
                    Room 771
                    P.O. Box 7248
                    Syracuse, NY  13261-7248          (315) 423-5521

North Carolina       Bobbye Jack Jones
                    4405 Bland Road
                    Suite 205
                    Raleigh, NC  27609                (919) 790-2888





                                 62








APPENDIX III                                              APPENDIX III

North Dakota         Ronnie L. Clark
                    Federal Building
                    220 East Rosser Avenue
                    Room 278
                    P.O. Box 1458
                    Bismarck, ND  58502               (701) 250-4421

Ohio                 Joseph C. Branco
                    200 North High Street
                    Room 522
                    Columbus, OH  43215-2478          (614) 469-6962

Oklahoma             C. Budd Fountain
                    USDA
                    Agricultural Center Building
                    Stillwater, OK  74074             (405) 624-4360

Oregon               Jack P. Kanalz
                    Federal Building
                    1200 S.W. Third Avenue
                    16th Floor
                    Portland, OR  97204-2822          (503) 326-2751

Pennsylvania         Richard N. Duncan
                    Suite 340
                    One Credit Union Place
                    Harrisburg, PA  17110-2993        (717) 782-2202

Caribbean Area       Humberto Hernandeza
                    P.O. Box 364868
                    San Juan, PR  00936-4868          (809) 766-5206

Rhode Island         Robert R. Ensorb
                    USDA - SCS
                    46 Quaker Lane
                    Warwick, RI  02886                 (401) 828-1300

South Carolina       Billy Abercrombie
                    1835 Assembly Street
                    Room 950
                    Strom Thurmond Federal
                      Building
                    Columbia, SC  29201               (803) 765-5681


aTitle is Director, Caribbean Area.

bTitle is Deputy State Conservationist.



                                 63







APPENDIX III                                             APPENDIX III

South Dakota        Ron E. Hendrick
                    Federal Building
                    200 Fourth Street SW
                    Huron, SD  57350-2475             (605) 353-1783

Tennessee           Jerry S. Lee
                    675 U.S. Courthouse
                    801 Broadway
                    Nashville, TN  37203              (615) 736-5471

Texas               Harry W. Oneth
                    W. R. Poage Building
                    101 South Main Street
                    Temple, TX  76501-7682            (817) 774-1214

Utah                Francis T. Holt
                    P.O. Box 11350
                    Salt Lake City, UT
                      84147-0350                      (801) 524-5050

Vermont             John C. Titchner
                    69 Union Street
                    Winooski, VT  05404               (802) 951-6795

Virginia            George C. Norris
                    Federal Building
                    400 North Eighth Street
                    Room 9201
                    Richmond, VA  23240-9999          (804) 771-2455

Washington          Lynn A. Brown
                    West 316 Boone Avenue
                    Suite 450
                    Spokane, WA  99201-2348           (509) 353-2337

West Virginia       Rollin N. Swank
                    75 High Street
                    Room 301
                    Morgantown, WV  26505             (304) 291-4151

Wisconsin           Earl Cosby
                    6515 Watts Road
                    Suite 200
                    Madison, WI  53719-2726           (608) 264-5577

Wyoming             Frank S. Dickson, Jr.
                    Federal Office Building
                    100 East B Street
                    Room 3124
                    Casper, WY  82601                 (307) 261-5201

                                 64








APPENDIX IV                                               APPENDIX IV

                     DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

        AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND CONSERVATION SERVICE

                 STATE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR CONTACTS

For headquarters information on Agricultural Stabilization and
Conservation Service (ASCS) wetlands programs and their
requirements, producers and landowners should contact

     Daniel Shaw
     Deputy Administrator for State
       and County Operations
     Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
     Department of Agriculture
     Room 3096, South Agriculture Building
     Washington, D.C. 20250
     (202) 720-3175

Although a headquarters ASCS official told us that county executive
directors should be the initial contact regarding wetlands
questions pertaining to ASCS programs, the number of such contacts
are too numerous to list in this report. We have, however,
included in table IV.1 a listing of the address and telephone
number of each state executive director who, in turn, should be
able to provide the name, address, and telephone number of the
appropriate county executive director. As an alternative, the
names, addresses, and telephone numbers of county executive
directors should also be available in local telephone directories.

Table IV.l: List of ASCS State Executive Directors

State              Address                         Telephone

Alabama             P.O. Box 891
                   Montgomery, AL  36104           (205) 223-7256

Alaska              634 South Bailey Street
                   Suite 102
                   Palmer, AK  99645               (907) 745-7982

Arizona             201 East Indianola
                   Suite 325
                   Phoenix, AZ  85012              (602) 640-5200

Arkansas            P.O. Box 2781
                   Little Rock, AR  72201          (501) 378-5642




                                 65








APPENDIX IV                                               APPENDIX IV

California          1303 J Street
                    Suite 300
                    Sacramento, CA  95814           (916) 551-1801

Colorado            655 Parfet Street
                   Lakewood, CO  80226             (303) 964-0200

Connecticut         88 Day Hill Road
                   Windsor, CT  06095              (203) 285-8483

Delaware            1201 College Park Drive
                   Suite A
                   Dover, DE  19901                (302) 678-4912

Florida             401 S.E. First Avenue
                   Second Floor, Room 261
                   Gainesville, FL  32602          (904) 372-8549

Georgia             P.O. Box 1907
                   Athens, GA  30613               (404) 546-2266

Hawaii              300 Ala Moana Boulevard
                   Room 4202
                   Honolulu, HI  96850             (808) 541-2644

Idaho              3220 Elder Street
                   Boise, ID  83705                (208) 334-1706

Illinois           P.O. Box 19273
                   Springfield, IL  62794-9273    (217) 492-4180

Indiana            5981 Lakeside Boulevard
                   Indianapolis, IN  46278         (317) 290-3030

Iowa                10500 Buena Vista Court
                   Des Moines, IA  50322           (515) 254-1571

Kansas              2601 Anderson Avenue
                   Manhattan, KS  66502            (913) 539-3531

Kentucky            333 Waller Avenue
                   Lexington, KY  40504            (606) 233-2726

Louisiana           3737 Government Street
                   Alexandria, LA  71302           (318) 473-7738

Maine               P.O. Box 406
                   Bangor, ME, 04401               (207) 942-0342



                                 66








APPENDIX IV                                               APPENDIX IV

Maryland            River Center
                    10270B Old Columbia Road
                   Columbia, MD  21046             (410) 381-4550

Massachusetts       445 West Street
                   Amherst, MA  01002              (413) 256-0232

Michigan            1405 South Harrison Road
                   Room 116
                   East Lansing, MI  48823         (517) 337-6659

Minnesota           375 Jackson Street
                   400 Farm Credit Service
                     Building
                   St. Paul, MN  55101             (612) 290-3651

Mississippi         6310 1-55 North
                   Farm Bureau R107W
                   Jackson, MS  39211              (601) 965-4300

Missouri            555 Vandiver Drive
                   Columbia, MO  65202             (314) 875-5201

Montana             10 East Babcock
                   USPO & Federal Building
                   Bozeman, MT  59715              (406) 587-6872

Nebraska           P.O. Box 57975
                   Lincoln, NE  68510              (402) 437-5581

Nevada              1755 East Plumb Lane
                   Suite 202
                   Reno, NV  89502                 (702) 784-5411

New Hampshire       P.O. Box 1398
                   Concord, NH  03301              (603) 224-7941

New Jersey          163 Route 130, Building 1
                   Suite E
                   Bordentown, NJ  08505           (609) 298-3446

New Mexico          517 Gold Avenue SW
                   Room 4408
                   Albuquerque, NM  87102          (505) 766-2472

New York            100 South Clinton
                   Room 811
                   Syracuse, NY  13260             (315) 423-5176








APPENDIX IV                                                 APPENDIX-IV

North Carolina      P.O. Box 2761 1
                   Raleigh, NC .27609               (919) 790-2960

North Dakota        P.O. Box 3046
                   Fargo, ND  58103                 (701) 239-52-24

Ohio                200 North High Street
                   Room 540
                   Columbust OH  43215              (614) 469-6735

Oklahoma            USDA Agricultural Center
                     Building 
                   Farm Road and-Orchard
                   Stillwater, OK  74074            (405) 624-4110

Oregon              1220 S.W. Third Avenue   :
                   Room 1524
                   Portland, OR  97204    .         (503) 326-2741

Pennsylvania        1 Credit Union Place 
                   Suite 320
                   Harrisburg, PA  17110            (717) 782-4498

Puerto Rico         1607 Ponce de Leon Avenue
                   Santurce, PR  00909              (809) 729-6813

Rhode Island        40 Quaker Lane
                   Alderic Complex
                   West Warwick, RI  02893          (401) 828-8232

South Carolina      1835 Assembly Street
                   Room 909
                   Columbia, SC  29201              (803) 765-5186

South Dakota        200 Fourth Street SW
                   Federal Building, Room 208
                   Huron, SD  57350                 (605) 353-1092

Tennessee           801 Broadway
                   U.S. Courthouse Room 579
                   Nashville, TN  37203             (615) 736-5555

Texas               2405 Texas Avenue South
                    College Station, TX
                      77840                          (409) 260-9207

Utah                125 South State Street
                    Room 4239
                    Salt Lake City, UT
                      84147                          (801) 524-5013

                                 68








APPENDIX IV                                               APPENDIX IV

Vermont             346 Shelburne Executive
                     Square Building
                   Burlington, VT  05401           (802) 658-2803

Virginia            400 North Eighth Street
                   G-500
                   Richmond, VA  23240             (804) 771-2581

Virgin Islands      1607 Ponce de Leon Avenue
                   Santurce, PR  00909             (809) 729-6902

Washington         West 316 Boone, Suite 568
                   Rocke Point Tower
                   Spokane, WA  99201-2350         (509) 353-2307

West Virginia       75 High Street, Second Floor
                   Room 239
                   Morgantown, WV  26505           (304) 291-4351

Wisconsin           6515 Watts Road
                   Madison, WI  53719              (608) 264-5301

Wyoming             P.O. Box 920
                   Casper, WY  82601               (307) 261-5853


























                                 69









APPENDIX V                                               APPENDIX V

                     DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                     FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

            REGIONAL OFFICES AND PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS

The following map shows the location and boundaries of the Fish and
Wildlife Service's (FWS) regional offices. Table V.1 lists the
contacts for FWS' wetlands-related activities.

Fiaure V.1:  FWS Reaions











           ï¿½ Rnioa l  ~      T Sostone









        <e~~~Abu rq              u    e      a




















Source: Prepared by GAO using original from FWS.
          ~~~~~70
          ,~horage    ~ Hawaii                        Puerto Rico
                                                      and Virgin Islands
                                                      4


     * Regional Office
      Regional Boundary







Source: Prepared by GAO using original from FWS.

                                 '70









APPENDIX V                                                   APPENDIX V

Table V:1: List of FWS Proaram Office Contacts

Reaional Director (Reaion 1)             Reaion 1 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service           California, Hawaii, Idaho,
911 N.E. 11th Avenue                     Nevada, Oregon, Washington,
Portland, OR  97232-4181                 American Samoa, Commonwealth
(503) 231-6159                           of the Northern Mariana
                                       Islands, Guam, and the
                                       Pacific Trust Territories
Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4696 Overland Road, Room 576
Boise, ID 83705
(208) 334-1931

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Federal Building, 24000 Avila Road
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677
(714) 643-4270

Supervisory Biologist
Fisheries Assistance Office
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Marrowstone, Nordland, WA 98358
(206) 385-1007

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3704 Griffin Lane, Suite 102
Olympia, WA 98501-2192
(206) 753-9440

Supervisory Biologist
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Great Basin Complex
4600 Kietzke Lane, Suite C
Reno, NV 89502
(702) 784-5227

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2140 Eastman Avenue, Suite 100
Ventura, CA 93003
(805) 644-1766






                                 71









APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 6307
P.O. Box 50167
Honolulu, HI 96850
(808) 541-2749

Supervisory Biologist
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 174
Lewistown, CA 96052
(916) 778-3536

Supervisory Biologist
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 1157
Moses Lake, WA 98837
(509) 765-6125

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2600 S.E. 98th Avenue, Suite 100
Portland, OR 97266
(503) 231-6179

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2800 Cottage Way, Room E-1803
Sacramento, CA 95825
(916) 978-4613

Recrional Director (Reaion 2)           Reaion 2 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildife Service           Arizona, New Mexico,
P.O. Box 1306                           Oklahoma, and Texas
Albuquerque, NM 87103
(505) 766-2324

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3530 Pan Am Highway NE, Suite D
Albuquerque, NM 87107
(505) 883-7877

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Stadium Centre Building
711 Stadium Street, Suite 252
Arlington, TX 76011
(817) 885-7830


                                 72








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3616 West Thomas Road, Suite 6
Phoenix, AZ 85019
(602) 241-2493

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Corpus Christi State University
Campus Box 338, 6300 Ocean Drive
Corpus Christi, TX 78412
(512) 888-3346

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
17629 El Camino Real, Suite 211
Clear Lake, TX 77058
(713) 229-3681

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
222 South Houston, Suite A
Tulsa, OK 74127
(918) 581-7458

Reaional Director (Reaion 3)            Reaion 3 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service          Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Federal Building, Fort Snelling         Michigan, Minnesota,
Twin Cities, MN  55111                  Missouri, Ohio, and
(612) 725-3510                          Wisconsin

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
718 North Walnut Street
Bloomington, IN 47401
(812) 334-4261

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
301 Manly Miles Building
1405 South Harrison Road
East Lansing, MI 48823
(517) 337-6650

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
6950-H Americana Parkway
Reynoldsburg, OH 43068
(614) 469-6923


                                 73








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Route 3, Box 328
Marion, IL 62959
(618) 997-5491

Program Manager
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Environmental Management Technical Center
575 Lester Drive
Onalaska, WI 54650
(608) 783-7550

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
608 East Cherry, P.O. Box 1506
Columbia, MO 65205
(314) 876-1911

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1015 Challenger Court
Green Bay, WI 54311
(414) 433-3803

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4469 48th Avenue Court
Rock Island, IL 61201-9213
(309) 793-5800

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4101 East 80th Street, Suite 50
Twin Cities, MN 55425-1600
(612) 725-3548

Reaional Director (Reaion 4)            Reaion 4 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service          Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Richard B. Russell Federal Building    Georgia, Kentucky,
75 Spring Street SW, Suite 1276         Louisiana, Mississippi,
Atlanta, GA 30303                       North Carolina,
(404) 331-6343                          South Carolina, Tennessee,
                                       Puerto Rico, and the U.S.
                                       Virgin Islands
Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
100 Otis Avenue, Room 224
Asheville, NC 28801
(704) 259-0321

                                 74








APPENDIX V                                                APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
801 Gloucester Street, Room 334
Brunswick, GA 31520
(912) 265-9336

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 845
Cookeville, TN 38503
(615) 528-6481

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Jackson Mall Office Center
300 Woodrow Wilson Avenue
Jackson, MS 39213
(601) 965-4900

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
825 Kaliste Saloom
Brandywine II, Suite 102
Layfayette, LA 70502
(318) 234-7478

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 491
Boqueron, PR 00622
(809) 851-7297

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 12559
Charleston, SC 29412
(803) 724-4707

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 1190
Highway 98, Daphne East Plaza
Daphne, AL 36526
(205) 690-2181








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3100 University Boulevard, South
Suite 120
Jacksonville, FL 32216-2737
(904) 791-2580

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1612 June Avenue
Panama City, FL 32405-3721
(904) 769-0555

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 33726
Raleigh, NC 27636-3726
(919) 755-4520

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
900 Clay Street, Room 235
Vicksburg, MS 39180
(601) 638-1891

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 2676
Vero Beach, FL 32961-2676
(305) 562-3909

Reaional Director (Reaion 5)            Reaion 5 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service          Connecticut, Delaware,
One Gateway Center, Suite 700           District of Columbia, Maine,
Newton Corner, MA  02158               Maryland, Massachusetts,
(617) 965-9217                         New Hampshire, New Jersey,
                                       New York, Pennsylvania,
                                       Rhode Island, Vermont,
                                       Virginia, and West Virginia
Assistant Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
927 North Main Street, Building D-1
Pleasantville, NJ 08232
(609) 646-0620







                                 76








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Ralph Pill Marketplace, Fourth Floor
22 Bridge Street, Junction 1-93
Concord, NH 03301-4901
(603) 225-1411

Assistant Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 1278
Elkins, WV 26241
(304) 636-6586

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
315 South Allen, Suite 322
State College, PA 16801
(814) 234-4090

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1825-B Virginia Street
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 269-5448

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
100 Grange Place, Room 202
Cortland, NY 13045
(607) 753-9334

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish-and Wildlife Service
USDA Building, Room 214
University of Maine
Orono, ME 04469
(207) 581-3674

Biologist in Charge
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 480
Mid-County Center, U.S. Route 17
White Marsh, VA 23183
(804) 693-6694







                                77








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

SuDplemental Offices:

Chesapeake Bay Field Office
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
180 Admiral Cochrane Drive, Suite 535
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 224-2732

Delaware Bay Field Office
U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service
R.D. 1, Box 146-A
Smyrna, DE 19977
(302) 653-9152

Recional Director (Reaion 6)            Reaion 6 Jurisdictions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service          Colorado, Kansas, Montana,
P.O. Box 25486                          Nebraska, North Dakota,
Denver Federal Center                   South Dakota, Utah, and
Denver, CO  80225                       Wyoming
(303) 236-8189

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1501 14th Street West, Suite 230
Billings, MT 59102
(406) 657-6750

Project Leader
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2617 East Lincolnway, Suite A
Cheyenne, WY 82001
(307) 772-2374

Project Leader
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
529 25 1/2 Road, Suite B-113
Independence Plaza
Grand Junction, CO 81501
(303) 243-0348

State Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
315 Houston Street, Suite E
Manhattan, KS 66502
(913) 532-7320






                                 78








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

State Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 986, 227 Federal Building
225 South Pierre
Pierre, SD 57501
(605) 224-8693

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
301 South Park, P.O. Box 1003
Helena, MT 59626-0023
(406) 449-5322

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1500 Capital Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58501
(701) 255-4011

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
203 West Second Street
Federal Building, Second Floor
Grand Island, NE 68803
(308) 381-5571

State Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
730 Simms Street, Suite 290
Golden, CO 80401
(303) 231-5280

Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
NS 312
University of Montana
Missoula, MT 59812
(406) 329-3223

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2060 Administration Building
1745 West, 1700 South
Salt Lake City, UT 84104-5110
(801) 524-4430






                                79








APPENDIX V                                                 APPENDIX V

Recional Director (Reaion 7)            Reaion 7 Jurisdiction
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service          Alaska
1011 East Tudor Road
Anchorage, AK 99503
(907) 786-3522

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
605 West Fourth Avenue, Room G62
Anchorage, AK 99501
(907) 271-2788

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Federal Building, Room 417
P.O. Box 021287
Juneau, AK 99802
(907) 586-7240

Biologist in Charge
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
329 Harbor Drive, Room 207
Sitka, AK 99835-7538
(907) 747-8882

Field Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
101 12th Avenue, Box 20, Room 232
Fairbanks, AK 99701
(907) 456-0203

Biologist in Charge
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
103 Main Street
P.O. Box 3193
Ketchikan, AK 99901
(907) 225-9691

Biologist in Charge
U.S. Fish and Wildlife'Service
P.O. Box 1108
Petersburg, AK 99833
(907) 772-3866








                                 80








APPENDIX VI                                                APPENDIX VI



                       DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

                 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

                      PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS

Wetlands information from the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) headquarters may be obtained by contacting the

     Chief, Habitat Policy and Conservation Division
     National Marine Fisheries Service
     1335 East-West Highway
     Silver Spring, MD 20910
    (301) 427-2325

Table VI.1 provides the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of
NMFS regional directors.

Table VI.1:  List of NMFS Reaional Directors

Alaska Reaion                                  Telephone
Steven Pennoyer, Director
709 West Ninth Street
Federal Building, Room 453
Juneau, AK  99802                              (907) 586-7221

Northwest Recion
Rolland A. Schmitten, Director
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
BIN C15700 - Building 1
Seattle, WA  98115-0070                        (206) 526-6150

Northeast Reaion
Richard B. Roe, Director
One Blackburn Drive
Gloucester, MA  01930                          (508) 281-9300

Southeast Reuion
Dr. Andrew J. Kemmerer, Director
9450 Koger Boulevard, Room 206
St. Petersburg, FL  33702                      (813) 893-3141

Southwest Recrion
E. Charles Fullerton, Director
300 South Ferry Street, Room 2005
Terminal Island, CA  90731-7415                (213) 514-6197



                                 81








APPENDIX VII                                             APPENDIX VII




                   STATE AGENCY WETLANDS CONTACTS

This appendix provides a listing of state officials who are
knowledgeable about wetlands-related programs.

ALABAMA
Richard Hulcher
Water Quality Branch
Water Division
1751 Congressman W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7782

ALASKA
Doug Redburn, Chief
Office of Water Quality Management
P.O. Box 0
Juneau, AK 99811
(907) 465-2653

ARIZONA
Sue Monroe, Project Specialist
Non Point Source Unit
Office of Water Quality
2655 East Magnolia
Phoenix, AZ 85034
(602) 392-4069

ARKANSAS
Steve Drown, Program Coordinator
Water Division
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219
(501) 562-7444

CALIFORNIA
Peter R. Douglas, Executive Director
Coastal Commission
Resources Agency
631 Howard Street, Fourth Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 904-5200





                                 82








APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




COLORADO
Don Smith, Wildlife Program Specialist
Habitat:Resources Section
Colorado Division of Wildlife
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7266

CONNECTICUT
Tom Morrissey, Director
Water Resources Unit, Environmental Quality Department
Department of Environmental Protection
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-7220

DELAWARE
William F. Moyer, Environmental Program Manager
Water Resources - Wetlands and Aquatic Branch
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
89 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-4691

FLORIDA
Janet Llewellyn, Chief
Bureau of Wetland Resources Management
Division of Water Management
2600 Twin Tower Office Building
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 488-0130

GEORGIA
David Word, Branch Chief
Water Protection Branch
Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler Street SW, Room 1058
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 656-4708

HAWAII
Douglas Tom, Program Manager
Coastal Zone Management Program
Office of State Planning
State Capitol
Honolulu, HI 96813
(808) 548-3026

                                 83








APPENDIX VII                                             APPENDIXIVII




IDAHO
Steve Bower
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health and Welfare
450 West State Street
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5860

ILLINOIS
Ed Hoffman
Planning Division
Department of Conservation
524 South Second Street
Springfield, IL 62701-1787
(217) 782-3715

INDIANA
John Winters
Water Quality Section
Office of Water Management
5500 West Bradbury
Indianapolis, IN 46225
(317) 243-5028

IOWA
Susan Millard, Environmental Specialist
Surface and Groundwater Protection Bureau
Environmental Protection Division
Wallace State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-8045

KANSAS
Ron Fox, Chief
Bureau of Environmental Quality
Division of Environment
Building 740, Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66620
(913) 296-0077

KENTUCKY
Don Walker, Principal Environmental Biologist
Water Quality Branch
Division of Water
18 Reilly Road, Fort Boone Plaza
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410

                                 84








APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




LOUISIANA
Darryl Clark, Manager
Coastal Wetlands Section
Coastal Management Division
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 44487
Baton Rouge, LA 70804
(504) 342-7591

MAINE
Donald T. Witherill, Wetlands Coordinator
Land Quality Control Bureau
Environmental Protection Department
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-2111

MARYLAND
Charles A. Wheeler, Program Director
Wetlands and Waterways Program
Water Resources Administration
Department of Natural Resources
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 974-3877

MASSACHUSETTS
Christy Foote-Smith, Director
Division of Wetlands and Waterways Regulation
Department of Environmental Protection
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5695

MICHIGAN
Steve Sadewasser, Lead Worker
Wetland Protection Unit
Land and Water Management Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-8000







                                85








APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




MINNESOTA
Greg Larson, Wetlands Program Manager
State Board of Water and Soil Resources
Division of Waters
155 South Wabasha Street, Suite 104
St. Paul, MN 55107
(612) 296-0882

MISSISSIPPI
Robert Seyfarth, Chief
Water Quality Management Branch
Office of Pollution Control
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
(601) 961-5171

MISSOURI
Charles Stiefermann, Director
Water Pollution Control Program
Environmental Quality Division
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-1300

MONTANA
Loren L. Bahls, Supervisor
Ecosystems Management Section
Water Quality Bureau
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-2406

NEBRASKA
Steve Walker, Supervisor
Surface Water Section
Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-4700

NEVADA
Jim Cooper, Supervisor
Planning and Standards Branch
Bureau of Water Quality Planning
Capitol Complex, 123 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 687-4670

                                 86








APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




NEW HAMPSHIRE
Delbert F. Downing, Director
Water Management Bureau
Water Resources Division
P.O. Box 2008
Concord, NH 03302-2008
(603) 271-2147

NEW JERSEY
John Weingart, Assistant Commissioner
Environmental Regulation
CN 401
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-2795

NEW MEXICO
Doug Jones, Water Resource Specialist
Ground Water Section
New Mexico Environment Department
1190 Saint Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87504
(505) 827-2903

NEW YORK
Patricia Riexinger, Manager
Wetlands Program
Division of Fish and Wildlife
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518) 457-9713

NORTH CAROLINA
Steve Leonard, Section Chief
Wetlands Section
Division of Soil and Water Conservation
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-2302

NORTH DAKOTA
David A. Sprynczynatyk, Secretary
Water Commission
State Office Building, 900 East Boulevard
Bismarck, ND 58505
(701) 224-4940



                                87








APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




OHIO
Dave Bergman, Administrator
Environmental Review
Department of Natural Resources
Fountain Square, Building C-4
Columbus, OH 43224
(614) 265-6410

OKLAHOMA
Ben Pollard, Assistant Director
Oklahoma Conservation Commission
2800 North Lincoln Boulevard, Suite 160
Oklahoma City, OK 73105
(405) 521-2384

OREGON
Ken Bierly, Wetlands Manager
Division of State Lands
775 Summer Street NE
Salem, OR 97310
(503) 378-3805

PENNSYLVANIA
Roger P. Fickes, Chief
Rivers and Wetlands Conservation Division
Bureau of Water Resources Management
P.O. Box 8761
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8761
(717) 541-7802

RHODE ISLAND
Dean Albro, Chief
Wetlands Section
Division of Freshwater Wetlands
291 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6820

SOUTH CAROLINA
Barbara Postles, Planner
Surface Water Division
Water Resources Commission
1201 Main Street, Suite 1100
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 737-0800



                                 88









APPENDIX VII                                            APPENDIX VII




SOUTH DAKOTA
Duane Murphy, Senior Scientist
Division of Water Resources Management
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building, 523 East Capitol Avenue
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605) 773-4216

TENNESSEE
Bill Duffel, Manager
Natural Resources Section
Division of Water Pollution Control
Seventh Floor, TERRA Building,
150 Ninth Avenue, North
Nashville, TN 37243
(615) 741-7883

TEXAS
Tom Calnan, Biologist
Coastal Division of Resource Management and Development
General Land Office
1700 North Congress
Austin, TX 78701
(512) 463-5100

UTAH
Mike Reichert, Manager
Water Quality Management Section
Division of Water Quality
State of Utah, Department of Environmental Quality
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
(801) 538-6146

VERMONT
Carl Pagel, Coordinator
Wetlands Program
Division of Water Quality
10 North Building, Second Floor, 103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0408
(802) 244-6951

VIRGINIA
William Pruitt, Commissioner
Marine Resources Commission
P.O. Box 756
Newport News, VA 23607
(804) 247-2200

                                89









APPENDIX VII                                              APPENDIX VII




WASHINGTON
Rod Mack, Manager
Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program
Water and Shorelands
MS PV-ll
Olympia, WA  98504
(206) 459-6777

WEST VIRGINIA
William D. Brannon, Assistant Chief-
Program Management and Technical Support
Water Resources Section
1201 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, WV  25311
(304) 348-2108

WISCONSIN
Mike Dresen, Wetlands Protection Policy Coordinator
Water Regulation and Zoning Bureau
Enforcement Division
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 266-8032

WYOMING
Bill DiRienzo, Program Planning Analyst
Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4 West
Cheyenne, WY  82002
(307) 777-7781


Source:  The Council of State Governments, Resource Guide to State
Environmental Manaaement, 1990.  Information updated by GAO to
August 1991.,












                                 90









APPENDIX VIII                                             APPENDIX VIII

                        ESTIMATES OF WETLANDS

                     PRESENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA

                           AND IN THE 1980s

                                 Acres
                        Estimates    Estimates    Percent
                      of original  of existing           of
                         wetlands     wetlands   wetlands
 State                      1780s         1980s        lost

Alabama                7,567,600    3,783,800          50.0
Arizona                  931,000       600,000         36.0
Arkansas               9,848,600    2,763,600          72.0
California             5,000,000       454,000         91.0
Colorado               2,000,000    1,000,000          50.0
Connecticut              670,000       172,500         74.0
Delaware                 479,785       223,000         54.0
Florida               20,325,013   11,038,300          46.0
Georgia                6,843,200    5,298,200          23.0
Idaho                    877,000       385,.700       56.0
Illinois               8,212,000    1,254,500          85.0
Indiana                5,600,000       750,633         87.0
Iowa                   4,000,000       421,900        89.0
Kansas                   841,000       435,400         48.0
Kentucky               1,566,000       300,000         81.0
Louisiana             16,194,500    8,784,200          46.0
Maine                  6,460,000    5,199,200          20.0
Maryland               1,650,000       440,000         73.0
Massachusetts            818,000-      588,486         28.0
Michigan              11,200,000    5,583,400          50.0
Minnesota             15,070,000    8,700,000          42.0
Mississippi            9,872,000    4,067,000          59.0
Missouri               4,844,000       643,000         87.0
Montana                1,147,000       840,300         27.0
Nebraska               2,910,500    1,905,500          35.0
Nevada                   487,350       236,350         52.0
New Hampshire            220,000       200,000         09.0
New Jersey             1,500,000       915,960         39.0
New Mexico               720,000       481,900         33.0
New York               2,562,000    1,025,000          60.0
North Carolina        11,089,500    5,689,500          49.0
North Dakota           4,927,500    2,490,000          49.0
Ohio                   5,000,000       482,800         90.0
Oklahoma               2,842,600       949,700         67.0
Oregon                 2,262,000    1,393,900          38.0
Pennsylvania           1,127,000       499,014         56.0
Rhode Island             102,690        65,154         37.0


                                    91








APPENDIX VIII                                             APPENDIX VIII

South Carolina         6,414,000    4,659,000          27.0
South Dakota           2,735,100    1,780,000          35.0
Tennessee               1,937,000      787,000         59.0
Texas                 15,999,700    7,612,412          52.0
Utah                      802,000      558,000         30.0
Vermont                   341,000      220,000         35.0
Virginia               1,849,000    1,074,613        :42.0
Washington             1,350,000       938,000         31.0
West Virginia             134,000      102,000         24.0
Wisconsin              9,800,000    5,331,392          46.0
Wyoming                2.000,000    1,250,000          38.0
 Subtotal
 (Contiguous U.S.)   221,129,638  104,374.314           53.0
Alaska               170,200,000  170,000,000           0.1
 Hawaii                     58,800       51,800         12.0
 Total                391,388,438  274,426,114          30.0

Source:  T.E. Dahl, Wetlands Losses in the United States:  1780s to
1980s, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
(Washington, D.C.: 1990), 13 pages.































                                     92









APPENDIX IX                                                APPENDIX IX



               MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS FACT SHEET



RESOURCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION,
WASHINGTON. D.C.

Ralph W. Lamoreaux, Assistant Director
Edward A. Niemi, Evaluator-in-Charge
Daniel M. Haas, Senior Evaluator
Robert E. Seelinger, Senior Evaluator
Ronald J. Johnson, Senior Evaluator
Sherry L. Casas, Senior Evaluator
John C. Johnson, Evaluator
Adrienne C. Jones, Typist

OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL

Margaret L. Armen, Senior Attorney






























(140657)

                                 93