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INTERIM REPORT January 1 - December 31, 1981 WETLAND HABITATS OF THE ALABP41A COASTAL AREA PART III An Inventory of 'Wetland Habitats of The Mobile - Tensaw River Delta Prepared By Judy P. Stout to Michael J. Lelong X: Hugh M. Dowling Maureen T. Powers Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium VN For Alabama Coastal Area Board Conti-act No. CAB-81-02 QH 541.5 M W47 1982 pt.3 CONTENTS PAGE NO. RELATED DOCUMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 HABITATS EXAMINED 3 Marshes 4 Swamps 4 Submersed Grassbeds 5 METHODOLOGY 5 Photo Sources 5 Photo Interpretation and Field Verification 5 Map Preparation 6 Area Measurements 6 Limitations 6 FINDINGS 8 Forested Wetlands - Swamps 8 Bay Forest (Atlas Type VI) 8 Alluvial Swamp (Type X) 10 Moist Pine Forest (Type IV) 11 Moist Pine Savannah, Bog (Type V) 11 Geographic Distribution of Forested Wetlands 12 Emergent Wetlands - Marshes 13 Freshwater Marshes (Type III) 13 A. Low Marsh 13 B. High Marsh 14 Geographic Distribution of Freshwater Marshes. 15 Submersed Grassbeds 15 Geographic Distribution of Grassbed's 34 PAGE 140. REFERENCES CITED 38 APPENDIX A. Wetlands Habitats Included as Classified in Cowardin et al 1979, with Corresponding Atlas Types Indicated. APPENDIX B. Checklist of the Dominant Plants of Emergent and Forested Wetlands ATLAS LEGEND of Coastal Alabama ATLAS Related Documents Sapp, D.C. , M.L. Cameron, J.P. Stout 1976. Alabama Coastal Marsh Inventory. Alabama Geological Survey, Unique Rept. No. ALA-AD04996-CZM-11. (Part I of this Wetland's Atlas series). Stout, J.P. and M.J. Lelong 1981. Wetland Habitats of the Alabama Coastal Area. Part 11. An Inventory of 11-Jetland Habitats South of the Cochrane Causeway. Ala. Coast@-Area Bd., Tech. Publ. CAB-81-01. Stout, J.P., H.M. Dowling and M.T. Powers 1982. An inventory of land use within the Lower Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 1981. Alabama Coastal Area Board, Completion Report, Contract No. CAB-81-02 Amendment, U.S. Department of Interior 1979. Study of Alternatives: Mobile-Tensaw River Bottomlands/Alabama. National Park Service, July, 1979. 'A List of Tables P A G' E 1. Index to Quadrangle Maps of the Lower Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. 6 2. Summary of the Wetland Habitats of the Lower Mobile-Ter-saw Piver 9 Delta, 1981. 3. Acreages of Emergent Wetland Communities of the Lower iMbbile-Tensaw 16 River Delta, 1981, by Topo Map. 4. Acreages of Emergent Wetland Communities of the Lower Mobile-Tensaw 17 River Delta, 1981, by Photo. 5. Characteristics and Occurrence of Submersed Aquatics in the Lower 18 Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 1981. 6. Occurrence and Species Compositionof Aquatic Beds in the Bays of 25 the Lower Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 1981. 7. Occurrence and Species Composition in Watercourses of the Lower flbbile- 27 Tensaw River Delta, 1981. 8. Relative Abundance of Delta Submerged Aquatics in Descending Order of 32 Abundance, 1956. (After Baldwin, 1957) 9. Major infestations of Obnoxious Submerged Aquatic Plants in Mobile, 34 1979. (From Powell, 1979) 10. Aerial Coverage of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) in the Lower 35 Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 1981, by Topo raphic Quadrangle (See Table 1 for Map Index). Acres (hectares@. LIST OF FIGURES F f, G E 1. Location of Study Site and Boundaries of Atlas Maps. 7 2. Locations of Obnoxious Aquatic Plant Species in the Lower Ycbile- 33 Tensaw River Delta, 1956 and 1981. 3. Distribution of Submersed Grassbeds of the Lower Ilobi 1 e- Tensaw 36 River Delta, After Lueth, 1968. INTRODUCTION Recognizing the increasing pressures upon our nations coastal 'rescurces and the far-reaching impacts of activities within our coastal area .s, Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act which was signed into law by the Presi- dent in 1972 (P.L. 92-583) and amended in 1976 (P.L. 94-370). The act provided funds for coastal states to develop and implement their own coastal management programs on a voluntary basis. The 1976 Regular Session of the Alabama Legislature passed Act Nuriber 534, designating the Coastal Area Board as the agency to develop and implement a management plan for coastal Alabama. The state management plan received Federal approval in 1979 and is currently proceeding with the implementation phase. The Alabama legislation requires that certain elements be included in the state's coastal management program. Included among those elements are: a. Identification of all of the state's coastal resources; and b. Evaluation of these resources in terms of the quality, quantity and capability for use both now and in the future. Pursuant to this mandate, the Alabama Coastal Management Program addresses specific resource elements for further assessment and management. Included as primary natural resources for consideration are wetlands and submersed grassbeds (Alabama Coastal Area Board, 1979). The purpose of this inventory is thus to determine the extent and composition of these resources as a baseline for preservation and development planning. Three broad habitat types are examined: a) marshes, b) Swamps-shrub and forested, and c) submersed grassbeds. *These are defined and described below. These resources were inventoried within the boundaries of the Alabania Coastal Zone (at or below the 10-foot contour) in the 1.1obile-Tensaw River Delta. The t4obile-Tensa@,., River Delta comprises approximately 70,000 acres of w-etland habitats ranging from submersed "grassbeds" to deep swamps. The Delta extends from the confluence of the Tombigbee and Alabeina. Rivers, at its northern end, approximately 45 miles south@,.,ard to the head of Mobile Bay. At its southern extreme the Delta drains through four_rivers (1,11obile, Tensaw, Blakeley, Appalache) over an east to %.,,est expanse of approximately 8mi 1 es .Both limited access and size have enabled the area Lo retain its basic natural integrity. The Delta was desiynated a national natural lindmark, in 1974, as the "I'liobile-Tensaw River 1 Bottomlands in Alabama". Four sites- within the Delta are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, The imminent completion of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway along the. 'western delta, recent petroleum discoveries within delta wetlands and increasing population and industrial growth along the upland margins, require adequate assessment of this national and local resource for utilization planning and rnanagerir-ent, This interim report addresses only the lower portion of the Delta, south of an east-west line passing through Hurricane, Baldwin County. The final report will include the entire Delta and will be presented in map format. 2 HABITATS EXA141NED Three habitats, each considered a "wetland", were examirfed for the inventory. The most recent proposed classification of wetland habitats by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service defines wetlands as: "...lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water ... must have one or more of the following three attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predom- inately hydrophytes; (2) the substrate is predominately undrained hydric soils; and (3) the substrate is non- soil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year." (Cowardin et al., 1979, p. 3). The Coastal Area Board further defines "wetlands" for management purposes as: "...those areas saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and under norma. 1 circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." (Coastal Area Board, 1979 b., p. 42). Included within the broad category "wetlands", are habitats coavnonly called marshes, grassbeds, swamps, bogs, pocosins and others with local names. Regardless of the nomenclature, each of these areas function to perform several important roles within the ecosystem. Each supports a unique floral and faunal community of which many component species are endemic to the particular habitat. A significant portion of the listed endangered and/ or threatened species of a geographic area require a wetland habitat for their survival. In addition, wetland areas may provide critical habitat for transient species during soine portion of their lives, i.e. nesting sites, nursery areas and breeding grounds. d - h _v - the _ca'@a'ci t ' 'to s'to-r'e'*l a`r`g@6_ -q-6-aintifties -of _,viater' and thus Vletlan s a 'e y serve as both recharge si.tes to surrounding areas and as natural flood control features. Those @-@,etlands adjacent to coastal shorelines also serve as storm buffers @.,,hen absorbing and slo,,..,ing stormn-driven flcod,..:aters. 3 Ro'oted wetland plants hold substrates against transport by moving waters. Erosion is thus reduced and turbidity levels minimized. The food web role of different wetland types varies, but.. in all cases thei provide essential nutrients in the form of detritus and dissolved organics. In many cases, the food web impact of a wetland is complex and extends beyond the immediate habitat into adjacent ecosystems. Thcugh Cowardin, et al. (1979),of U.S. Fish & Wildlife,set forth a classi- fication scheme for wetland habitats, the detailed hierarchy has not been applied in this study. Field testing of the wetlands classification was being initiated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the time the Alabama inventory began and an applied classification had not yet been developed. Habitat designations appearing in this document may be converted to corresponding Fish and Wildlife categories using the information in Appendices A and B of this report. MARSHES Marshes are wetlands characterized by erect, rooted, herbaceous plants. The vegetation is usually dominated by perennial species. Marshes appear as wet grasslands occurring as extensive meadows, fringing margins of shorelines or isolated patches within other habitat types. The plant community is unique to the marsh and may generally be typified for any geographic area. Community compo- sition will vary depending upon the nature of the water - its salinity, its depth, daily and annual cycles of flooding and drought, and other edaphic factors. Marshes are usually spoken of as freshwater, brackish or saline, reflecting the significant influence of salinity on species occurrence. (Saline and brackish marshes of the study area and many freshwater marshes were surveyed in a previous inventory and the results are not duplicated here, although their locations are indicated Sapp, et al., 1979 .) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife wetlands classification system includes marshes in its class "Emergent Wetland". (See Appendix A.) SWAMPS 1,,Ietlands with a canopy dominated by i.,,oody vegetation, shrubs or trees, are categorized as s,.,@amps. Understory species may be a combination of woody and A herbaceous forms, but the outstanding vegetal feature is the canopy corpuTpunity. Swamps are located along @stuarine and freshwater shorelines and in topographic i depressions of inland areas... This wetland. type miay be divided- into tw.o categories: 1) shrub wetland aoillifnated by*@..,oody-vbgetation_les_'s than 20 feet (6 m) Lall, consisting Of Shl-Libs, young trees or trees and shrubs stunted 4 by environmental conditions, and 2) forested wetlands-dominated by woody vegetation taller than 20 feet (6 m). These two categories correspond to U.S. Fish and Wildlife classes Shrub Wetland" and "Forested Wetland". (See Appendix A.) SUBMERSED GRASSBEDS Habitats supporting rooted vegetation that are not nomally emergent at low water, but remain covered by water, are designated submersed grassbeds. Plant species present are diverse, but require surface water for optiffluff. growth and reproduction. Grassbeds may be monotypic in species composition or fflixed, with two or more species occurring. Water salinity, clarity and depth are important environmental factors affecting community composition, though substrate types also play a role. The submersed grassbeds' habitat is included in the Fish and Wildlife class "Aquatic Bed." (See Appendix A.) METHODOLOGY PHOTO SOURCES Color infra-red photographs with a scale of 1:15,000 were utilized for boundary delineation, data recording, and acreage determinations (NASA Mission JSC 411, Project 0839, October, 1979). PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND FIELD VERIFICATION The ten foot contour was delineated on photos based upon the most recent U.S. Geological Survey topographic map of each area inventoried. For terrestrial wetland types (i.e. marshes and swamps) transects were delineated to traverse all signature differences on each frame of the imagery. Each transect was inspected by boat or walking for verification of habitat types. A list of species and individual dominance was prepared for each transect. Approximately fifty (50) percent of the study area was field-checked for terrestrial wetland types. Difficulties were encountered in identifying reliable signatures for submersed grassbeds. Minimal depth penetration of the photography prevented location of possible beds in waters deeper than 1.0-2.0 meters. In many arIeas, miud flats, accumulations of organic detritus ando"hershallovi bottom features projected signatures indistiliguishable from submersed grassbeds. Therefore 100X of the study area i,,,as field inspected to locate and identify grassbeds. Al I 5 shorelines-were surveyed from high water to water depths of 2.0 meters. Duri rig clear water conditions, grasses could be located visually. When turbidity was high, bottoms were surveyed along transects using drag rakes to locate bed boundaries. Bed dimensions were determined and transferred to topogr.-aphic field maps. Grasses were hand collected for species determination and community descriptions. lootes were made on phenophase events for each species collected, including growth. flowering, fruiting and senescence. 14AP PREPARATION U.S. Geological Survey topographic quandrangles on mylar were utilized as basemaps. Four 71-,' quadrangles (1:24,000) were used to obtain coverage of the area (See Table 1). Black-line renderings of black, blue and red map overlays were included in the base maps. Information was transferred from photographs and field notes to topographic maps for atlas presentation. AREA MEASUREMENTS Areal measurements of each habitat type were prepared on both photographs and base maps. measurements were made using a K & E Polar Planimeter (Model 620002, 99% accuracy). Total areas were calculated for each habitat type and each quandrangle, and expressed in acres and hectares (2.47 acres or 100 m x 100 m). LIMITATIONS In general, areas smaller than one acre could not be portrayed at either atlas scale and have, therefore, not been included in this report. Consequently, submersed grassbeds with patchy, rather than continuous occurrence, have been outlined with broken line boundaries, since individual patches could not be delineated. In addition, continuous, narrow bands of vegetation, too narrow for the atlas scale, have been indicated by a single solid line instead of an enclosed area. Table 1. Index to Quadrangle Maps of The Lower Mobile-Tensaw River Delta Q UADRANGLE NAP NUMBER Bridgehead 2 Chickasaw 4 Hurri cane 3 Mobi 1 e 1 6 C JL 7112.11C .1, MAP 3 MAP 0 SARALAND CHICKASAW PRICHARC@@' d& IV, MAP I I L E 0 1 2 3 4 Miles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kilometers Figure 1. Location of Study Site and Boundaries of Atlas Maps. 7 FINDINGS Approximately 32,626 acres (13,594 hectares) of wetland habitats were mapped within the Lower Delta. Distribution within the various types of wetlands is summarized in Table 2. FORESTED WETLANDS-SWAMPS Dense and extensive swamps occur along and between the major rivers and their tributaries throughout the Mobile-Tensaw Delta. The vegetation of these swamps varies, depending primarily on the frequency, depth and duration of flooding. Interactions between water level factors and soil characteristics may enhance or overshadow the impacts of flooding alone. Four distinct habitats were identified as swamp types within the coastal zone. Criteria for separating these habitats include: 1. dominant plant species (canopy and understory); 2. density/openness of tree cover; and 3. flooding patterns. Descriptions of these types, as they occur in the study area, follow. Check- lists of the dominant species of each are provided in Appendix B. @ay Forest (Atlas Type VI) Bay forest occur on sandy acidic soils bordering streams and rivers. The vegetation of these swamps vary depending partly on the amount and duration of flooding. If flooding is extensive, pond cypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) and swamptupelo (Nyssa @yjy_Ltica var. biflora) may dominate the canopy. Usually, under moderate flooding Lhe dominant Lrees are s,,.,,P-et bay (M@_qLiqlia -vij3-iniana). Red maple (Acer rul)rum), s@,,,amp tupelo; sv,,amp Lay (Persea palustris), and tulip 8 TABL E 2. SUMMARY OF THE WETLAND HABITATS OF THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, 1931 COVERAGE 14ABITAT TYPE ACRES HECTARES Alluvial Swamp (X) 18,533 (7,722) Bay Forest (VI) 1,901 (759) Freshwater Marshes (III) High Marsh (B) 6,235 (2,524) Low Marsh (A) 4,248 (1,719 Moist Pine Forest (IV) 404 (168) Mloist Pine Savannah (V) 60 (24) Aquatic Beds 3,696 (1,496) Spoil 529 (214) Upland (Below the 10' Contour) 715 (290) TOTAL 32,626 (13,594) tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) may also occur there. White cedar (Chamae- cyparis thyoides) becomes increasingly more common in swamps along upper reaches of streams. Few plants grow under the dense shade of those trees; among these are such shrubs as Virginia willow (Itea virginica), star anise (Illicium floridanum), and fetterbush (Leucothoe axillaris). Netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata) and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) are among the few shade tolerant herbs growing there. The more open borders of these swampy woods may be covered by dense thickets of swamp cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora), black titi (Cliftonia. monophylla), and large gallberry (Ilex coriacea). Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) and yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) also grow in this habitat and are especially common along brackish waters. The transition zone between these forested wetlands and upland pine-oak forests may support growth of plants adapted to somewhat better drained condition such as water oak (Quercus nigra), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), and devilwood (Osmanthus americana). Alluvial Swamps (Type X) Areas of low relief, subjected to only short periods of seasonal innundation may support amixture of relatively flood tolerant species including swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora), red maple (Acer rubrum var. rubrum and var. drummondii), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica ), pumpkin ash (F. profunda), swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla) and overcup oak (Quercul lyrata) as well as the extremely flood tolerant bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). 10 Num(@.rous shade tolerant species may occupy the shrub and ground layers including Virginia willow (Itea virgini winterberry (Ilex verticillata), dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor),Hypericum walteri., water hemlock (Cicuta maculata), ladies tresses orchid (Spiranthes odorata), panic grass (Panicum qyqj@ar @on), rice cut grasses (Leersia lenticularis and L. virginica), Justicia ovata, swamp milkweed (Asclepias perennis), false nettle (Boehmeria virginica) and the day flower (Commelina virginica.). Openings in the canopy of these swamps allow plants which occur predominantly in adjacent marshes to grow there. Examples are arrow arum (Peltandra virginica.), pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), Ludwigia qlandulosa, L. decurrens and L. leptocarpa. Moist Pine Forest (Type IV) Another common type of forested wetland in the region is the moist pineland, prevalent in areas of low relief and poor drainage between streams. It often forms a more or less extensive strip between floodplain swamps and upland pine-oak forest. Despite its apparent monotony, the vegetation of moist pinelands is diverse and rich in species. The most common tree is the slash pine (Pinus elliottii) although longleaf pine can also grow there. The understory maybevery dense, especially if fire has been prevented, consisting largely of gallberry (Ilex qja@ra), wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera), savi palmetto (Serenoa repens), St. John's-worts, such as @ypqricum fasciculatum, and occasional sweet bay, swamp bay and swamp tupelo. Moist Pine Sa%Fannah (Type V) This habitat type is similar to the moist pine forest with an overstory of slash or longleaf pines, Hoviever, the tree canopy is much more open and the understory more herbaceous than shrubby. The vegetation of this habitat reflects clearing of the dominant trees and shrubs, usually by recurrent burning. A great diversity of sedges, grasses and other herbaceous plants grow in the open, sunny understory of these moist pinelands. Possibly the most colorful and unusual plants in this iabitat are insectivorous plants such as the pi tcher pl ants (Sarraceni a spp . ) , sundews ( Drosera spp. ) and butterworts (Pinquicula spp.). Other attractive and conspicuous herbs of this community include pipewort (Eriocaulon decangulare), redroot (Lachnanthes tinctoria), golden crest (Lophiol americana), milkworts (Polygala spp.), meadowbeauties (Rhexia spp.), yellow-eyed grasses (Xyris spp.), ladies' tresses orchids (Spiranthes spp.), fringed orchids (Habenaria spp.), the rose crested orchids (Poqonia ophioglossoides), and the uncommon rosebud orchid (Cleistes divaricata). Numerous plants of the moist pinelands are included in the list of endangered and threatened plants of the state. Geographic Distribut ionof Forested Wetlands Distribution of forested wetland types are summarized by quadrangle in Table 3. Types IV and V, the Moist Pine Forest and Moist Pine Savannah, are restricted to topographic rises within the interior of the Delta and the margins approaching the 10-foot contour. Consequently, their contribution to the total acreage is minor (1.3%). Ho,",,ever, the two sv-,,amp types (VI and X) are the primary cover vegetation of the Loe:er Delta, representing 18,533 acres or 56.2% of Delta wetlands. S,,,@aiTIps e/ h -1 b i-t -a,-n-- 1 n-c-'re6sed -predomi nance 'on anorth to south gradient, probably indicative (if r-plative age of the emergen t coi,.-Huni ties. 12 EMERGENT WETLANDS-IAARSHES Within the study area only freshwater marshes a re found, bu-t'may be divided into low marsh and high marsh. Subdivisions reflect both elevation and consequent impact in changing water levels. Low Marsh (Type IIIA) Low marshes are found occupying shallow flats in the large bays and on the gently sloping shores of slower moving water courses. This zone is frequently flooded but not on a regular, predictable schedule. Though the vegetation is emergent (partially above water) at all times, the roots and lower leaves and stems are covered by water on both a seasonal basis and, along the Cochrane causeway, on a tidally influenced basis. Sedges, grasses and rushes are often the dominant vegetation of these marshes, including panic grass (Panicum gymnocarpon), wild rice (Zizania aquatica and Zizaniopsis T@il@acea) . and saw grass (Cladium jamaicense), as well as numerous species of beak rushes (Rynchospora spp.), spike rushes (Eleocharis spp.), umbrella sedges (Cyperus spp.), and rushes (Juncus spp-) Occasionally other plants such as alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) , arrowhead (Sagittaria. falcata and S. latifolial or cattails (jyp@a latifolia and T. domingensis) are the dominant vegetation. Other plants commonly encountered in the low marsh are pennyworts (@@ro@o@yje spp.), numerous species of false loosestrife (Ludwigia spp.), golden club (Orontium aquaticum), arrow arum (Pel.tandra virg_Lnica), swamp lily (Crinum americanum), marsh fleabane (Pluchea odorata), pic@erelweed (Pontederia cordata) and lizzard's ,d tail (Saur-urus @ernuds).- 13 Scattered shrubs and individual small trees may be found in these marshes on slightly higher spots or ridges. The following may be repre- sented: buttonbush (Cephalanthus occiden@alis), swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora), swamp dogwood (Cornus stricta) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum). High Marsh (Type IIIB) As accretion of sediments continues in the low marsh the elevation rises slightly and the marsh becomes dominated by less flood-tolerant herbaceous species. Th is high marsh may occur as a continuous zone between the low marsh and higher forested wetlands, as isolated patches of higher ground within the low marsh or may represent the dominant marsh type on more stable, steeper shorelines. As in the low marsh, dominant vegetation is often grasses or sedges including common reed (Phragmites australis), cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides.and S. patens), switch grass (Panicum vir- gatum) and Carex hyalinolepis. Frequently occuring herbs are marsh fleabane (Pluchea spp.), climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens), beggar's tick (Bidens spp.), morning glory (Ipomea sagittata) and royal fern (Osmunda reg alis). Trees and shrubs are much more frequent in the high tha n the low marsh reflecting the longer exposure periods experienced due to the higher elevation. A variety of woody species may be observed, including wax nyrtle (Myrica cerifera), elderberry (Sambucus can-adensis), ba.stard i.ndigo A r D ha f u _@-ullj cosa) , ma r s h fna I I ows (H i b i s c us mo I i ta r i sa nd -Kos tel etzkya Olca), black willow (Salix MD yaupon (Ilex voimitoria) and sea i7rjrt@le (Baccharis halimifolia). 14 Geographic Distribution of Freshwater Marshes Freshwater marshes occupy large expanses of the southernmost, younger portion of the Delta. In addition, marshes may be found along margins of creeks and rivers upon recently emergent bottoms. Marshes are the dominant wetland habitat of the Mobile and Bridgehead quadrangles (Table 3, Maps 1 and 2) and represent 28.9% (10,483 acres) of study area total wetland acreage. SUBMERGED GRASSBEDS Submerged grassbeds are found in the shallow flats of bays, small tributaries and in pockets along the margins of the larger rivers. Twenty- four species of submerged plants were identified and are characterized in Table 5. Most beds were represented by mixed communities, usually, however, exhibiting strong dominance by one or several species (Tables 6 and 7). Four species, Eurasian milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) bushy pond weed (Najas quadaluDensis), charophytes (not identified to species) and slender pondweed (Potamogeton Ry@ @Ilus) occured most frequently and cover the majority of the acreage mapped. Of these four species, Eurasian milfoil, is the most abundant. 1@@iophyllum spicatum is an introduced, not native, species and is considered a "pest species" or "obnoxious weed" in the United States. Its lush and complex growth form overshadows and outcompetes other more desireable waterfowl food species (see Table 8). In addition, boaters find it alimost ifinipossible to navigate for any distance through beds of milfoil viithout choking the motor-. a I aw i 6(1957) identified this species as a significant problem. during a 1956 inventory of @,;aterflowl habitats in the delta. Figure 2 illustrates the increase in coverage of this species 15 TABLE 3 ACREAGES OF EMERGENT WETLAND COMMUNITIES OF THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, 1981, BY TOPOGRAPHIC. QUADRANGLE (SEE TABLE FOR INDEX), ACRES (HECTARES). MOIST MO I ST FRESHWATER MARSHES TOPO ALLUVIAL SWAMP BAY FOREST PINE FOREST PINE SAVANNAH UPLAND HIGH LOW SPOIL TOTALS (X) (VI) (IV) (V) (VIIA) (111B) (IIIA) Hurricane 866.5 943.1 162.7 14,565.4 (5,096.43) (350.Sl) (381.67) (65.84) (b,068.9/' Bridgehead 1,210.7 736.0 3,909.4 2,225.8 97.5 8,179.4 '(490.16 (297.98) (1,582.1) 900.78) (39.46) (3,408.1) Mobile i5 9.i 830.9 706.1 236.6 1,932.7 (64.39) (39.05) (285.76) (95.75) (805.3) Chickasaw 4,570.3 1,165.2 403.5 60.0 715.3 628.2 372.9 32.6 7,948.0 (1,849.60) (471.74) (168.1) (24.28) (289.48) (254.23) (150.91) (13.19) (3,311.7) TOTALS 18,533.2 1,901.2 403.5 60.0 715.3 6,235.0 4,247.9 529.4 32,625.5 (7,722.2) (769.72) (168.1) (24.28) (289.48) (2,524.29) (1,719.13) (214.25) (13,594.0) TABLE 4. ACREAGES OF EMERGENT WETLAND COMMUNITIES OF THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, 1981, BY PHOTO, ACRES (HECTARES). MOIST MOIST FRESHWATER MARSHES PHOTOS ALLUVIAL SWAMP BAY FOREST PINE FOREST PINE SAVANNAH UPLAND HIGH LOW SPOIL TOTALS M (VI) (IV) (V) (VIIA) (IIIB) (IIIA) 211 6,219.2 1,165.2 403.5 60.0 715.3 888.1 973.6 32.6 10,457.5 (2,531.21) (471.74) (A68.1) (24.28) 289.48 (359.41) (394.02) (13.19) (4,357.3) 171 6,333.7 151.4 215.1 6,700.2 (2,563.25) (61.30) (87.05) (2.791.1 170 5,655.5 2,325.8 1,676.2 162.7 9,920.2 (2,329.25) (941.25) (678.36) (65.84) (4,133.4) 213 161.5 1,071.4 385.9 236.6 1,855.4 (24.89) (433.60)' (156.17) (95!.-75) (773.11) 168 63.3 736.0 1,798.3 997.1 97.5 3,692.2 (297.98) (727.78) (403.53) (39.46) (1,538.4) TOTALS 1,9,533.2 1,901.2 403.5 60.0 715.3 6,235.0 4,247.9 529A. 32,625.5 (7,722.2) (769.72) (168.1) (23.28) (289.48) (2,524.29) (1,719.13) (214.25) (13,594.0) TABLE 5. CHAPACTEPISTICS AND OCCURRENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCURRENCE (common Name) Azolla caroliniana Az Free floating fern, Dead-end canals. plants green to dark (Mosquito fern) red, 1 cri wide, often in dense mats. Leaves in two rows, the upper on the water surface, the lower submersed and slightly larger. Spores borne on the lower leaf lobes. Cabomba caroliniana Cc Perennial herb with Creeks, (esp. upper submersed and when portions) bayous (Fanwort) in flower, floating (esp. abundant in leaves; submersed small creek N. of leaves opposite or Chuckfee Bay) whorled, dichoto- mously dissected into linear leaflets; floating leaves al- ternate, linear- elliptic, peltate; corolla white with yellow spots at base. Ceratophyllum demersum Cd Herbaceous aquatic; Creeks, bays, rivers, stems usually much bayous (Coontail, Hornwort) branched, leaves whorled with 9-10 leaves/whorl , dis- secCed; leaflets up to 3 cm long with distinct mar- ginal serrations. 18 TABLE 5 CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCURRENCE (common Name) Charophytes - CHR Macroscopic, sub- Bays, creeks, rivers, merged algae with bayous (Muskgrasses, stoneworts) upright green stems; main axis branched, divided into alter- nating long and short internodes from which arise whorls of branchlets. Generic distinctions may be made on the basis of the struc- ture of the branch- lets - simple (Chara), forked (Nitella) or monopodial (Tolypella). Eichhornia crassipes Ec Aquatic herb with Sluggish creeks, dead rosettes of leaves, end canals, log jams (Water-hyacinth) free-floating or and bayous. stranded in mud. Leaves ovate, petioles usually spongy-inflated. Inflorescence spicate, flowers few. Perianth blue with yellow streaks, 2-lipped, s howy. Fruit an ellipsoid capsule. Heteranthera dubia Hd Submersed aquatic Bays, creeks, rivers (Water star-grass) with sessile, linear bayous. leaves. F 1 owe rs solitary, exerted from a terminal spathe. Perianth lobes yellow, linear fruit a capsule. Hydrochole carolineinsis -Hc Submersed, weak- Slow moving streams, stemmed, freely bran- lakes and headwaters (Watergrass) ching herb; leaves of rivers. flat, up to 5 cm long and 4 mm wide. 19 TABLE 5 CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCUPPENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCURENCE (common Name) Myriophyllum spicatum - Ms Rhizomatous, branching Creeks, bays, rivers perennial herb; leaves esp. Chacaloache Bay, (Eurasian Watermilfoil) whorled, pinnately Big Bateau Bay, Bay divided, 14-21 pairs Minette Basin & Bay, of leaflets; leaflets Delvan Bay, Bay Grass approximately 1.8 cm long; Flowers axillary. Najas guadalupensis - Ng Submersed aquatic herb Bays, creeks, rivers, with slender branching bayous. Appears (Common Water Nymph, stems; leaves opposite, most abundant in Bushy Pond Weed) linear, simple, up to shallow waters (.5m 2 cm long and 1.5 mm or less) esp. wide, leaf margins Chuckfee Bay, finely serrulate, Justin's Bay, Little bases sheathed; flowers Bay John axillary, sessile. Majas minor - Mi Bushy-branched, Gravine Island Bay submersed annual. was the only site (Yellow-lotus) Leaves opposite where this species stiff, with coarsely was encountered spinulose teeth, usually recurved. Flowers axillary; staminate and pistillate flowers. Fruit a greenish achene. Nelumbo lutea - Nel Rhizomatous perennial Creeks, bays, rivers. with emergent, Greatest abundance alternate leaves. along Tensaw River. Leaves orbicular, entire, peltate; some floating, some emergent; petioles to 1 meter or more long. Flowers solitary on long peduncles. Periantl parts numerous, yellow; sepals grading into petals. Fruit acorn-like; imbedded in an obconic, flat-topped receptacle. 20 TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION 0CCURENCE (common Name) Nuphar luteum - N1 Rhizomatous, aquatic Margins of fresh water perennial with sub- streams, lakes, ponds, (Spatter-Dock, mersed or emersed protected coves of Cow-Lily, Yellow leaves; leaves sub- rivers. Pond Lily) orbicular to lan- ceolate, up to 5 dm long and 3 dm wide; flowers axillary, yellow or sometimes with reddish tinge. Nymphaea mexicana - Nm Perennial aquatic Big Bay John. herb with floating (Yellow Water-Lily) leaves. Leaves ovate - oval to orbicular, entire, green above, purple below. Flowers floating, sepals 4, green; petals numerous, bright yellow. Fruit berry-like, many seeded. Nymphaea odorata - No Rhizomatous, perennial Creeks, bays, bayous aquatic with floating (White Water-Lily, leaves; leaves entire, Pond Lily) suborbicular, up to 3 dm wide, bases notched to petiole, leaf purple below; flowers floating. Nymphoids aquatica - Na Rhizomatous, aquatic Freshwater stream perennial with floating margins, ponds, leaves suborbicular with lakes. (Big Floating Heart) cordate bases, up to 20 cm long, upper leaf sur- face green, purple be- neath. 21 TABLE 5 CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCURENCE (common Name) Potamogeton crispu - Pc Rhizomatous, herbaceous Creeks, shallow bay aquatic with submersed margins, rivers (Curly Pondweed) leaves; leaves linear oblong, up to 10 cm long and 10 mm wide, undulate, sessile, with conspicuously toothed margins. Potamogeton illinoensis Pill Rhizomatous peren- Major river courses, nial with both especially Tensaw submersed and River. floating leaves. Submersed leaves thin, translucent, often arcuate, elliptic to linear. Floating leaves elliptic or ovate ending in a blunt mucro. Spike of 8-15 whorls of flowers. Fruits greenish, obovate, suborbidular or ovate. Potamogeton nodosus - Ph Perennial aquatic Rivers, creeks, bayous. herb with floating and submersed leaves. Submersed leaves linear or lan- ceolate. Floating leaves elliptic, long petioled. Spike of 10-17 whorls of flowers. Fruit brownish or reddish, obovate. TABLE 5 CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURENCE OF SUBMERSED AQUATICS IN THE LOWER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCURRENCE (common Name) Potamogeton pectinatus Ppect Rhizomatous perennial Major river courses. herb. Leaves all submersed, linear - filiform, appearing to originate at the top of the sheath. Spikes conspicuously interrupted by 2-4 unequal, remote whorls of flowers. Fruits obliquely obovate. Potamogeton perfoliatus Submersed rhizomatous Major river courses. var. bupleuroides - Pperf herb. Leaves widely ovate, cordate at base and clasping, margins often undulating. Spikes short-cylindric, with 2-8 whorls of f1owers. Fruits light brown or tan; obovate. Potamogeton pusillus Pp Perennial aquatic Creeks, rivers, herb with freely bayous, bays (Slender Pondweed) branched stems; leaves submersed, linear, up to 7 cm long and 3 mm wide. Usually with two small, translucent glands at base, leaf free from stipule. Utricularia sp. - Utric. Aquatic or terres- Sluggish waters- trial herbs with heads of freshwater alternate or whorled streams protected leaves; leaves dissec- coves along rivers. ted or very fine, linear; insect trapping bladders borne on the leaves; Scapes elongate flowers; white, yellow or purple. 23 TABLE 5 - CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURPENCE OF SUBMERSE5 r'U1771@" '4" THE LOWEP MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA. SPECIES DESCRIPTION OCCUPPENCE (common Name) Vallisneria americana Va Stoloniferous, peren- Bays, creeks, rivers nial aquatic; leaves (Tapegrass, Eelgrass) elongate, linear, rib- bon like, up to 6 dm long and 10 mm wide; leaf margins serrulate; Both staminate and pistillate flowers; free floating at anthesis. Zannichellia palustris_ - Zp Rhizomatous, perennial Creeks, shallow bays, aquatic with freely rivers, bayous (Horned Pondweed) branching stems; leaves opposite, linear, up to 6 cm long and 0.8 mm wide, stipules sheathing. *Descriptions after Radford, et al, 1968 and Godfrey and Wooten, 1979. 24 4@ EM M M M TABLE 6 OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN THE BAYS OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE.5 TRANSECT DATE BAY QUAD NUMBER VISITED. SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS Bay Grass M .188 9/10/81 MS Ms matted over with Cladophora Bay Mi notte B 6/19/81 Ms, CHR, Ng. NI CHR - Nitella sp. Bay Kinette Basin a 089 6/19/81 Ms. CHR, Ng Extensive beds of Ms with small amount of Nitella sp. 819 Bateau.Bay B 067 6/5/81 Ms 069. 6/5/81 Ms, Hd only small amount of Kd present Big Bay John H 193 9/10/81 Ms, Ng Chacalooche Bay 121 7/7/81 Ms*, Ng*, Va*, Pp* Ms growing in water up to I-S m along shallow margins of Bay, Ng is dominant. 122 7/7/81 Va, Ms, Nq Ng increases in abundance where water is shallow. Chuckfee Bay H 084 6/15/81 Ng, Pp Upper Chuckfee Bay 107 6/26/81 Ng, Pp, CHR, Cd CHR = Nitella sp. 108 6/26/81 Ng, Pp. CHR, Cd, Ms only I plant f Ms found CHR Nitella sp. Delvan Bay B 117 7/7/81 Ms soft mud- 118 7/7/81 Ms growing in band paralleling shoreline in water up to 1@ m,Cladophora mats cover Ms 119 7/7/81 Ms* Ms Covered with Cladophora Gravine Island Bay H 163 8/18/81 CHR, Ng, Cd, Mi CHR - Chara zeylandica Bay almost completely filled in with vegetation Justin's Bay B 133 7/8/81 Ng, Pp, Ms. CHR Bay very shallow < 1 m deep almost completely filled in with Ng, other spe( occur in much lesser abundance CHR = Nitella sp. 134 7/8/81 Ng, Ms. Pp, CHR CHR = sp. shift in subdominance 11 Ills NONE RISEN TABLE OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN THE SAYS OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE (CONTINUED) TRANSECT DATE BAY QUAD NUMBER VISITED SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS Little Bateau Bay B 077B 6/10/81 Ng, Zp, Ms. Pp. CHR, Nel Nelumbo found 8/24/81 Little 3ay John 190 9/10/81 Ng, Pp, Cd, Ms Polecat Bay M 182 9/1/81 Ng Thick mat of Cladophora Found in flower. TABLE 7 OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN WATERCOURSES OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE 5 DATE TPANSECT NATERMRSE VISITED NUMBER SPECIES PRESENT QUAD COMMENTS Al I Day Bayou' H 6/30/81 109' Hd, Va. Cd, Pp, Ng Alligator Bayou H 7/10/81 136 N1, Ec NI along shoreline Ec in ver) small amount Say Grass Creek M 9/10/81 188 Ms, Va Narrow band along creek banks Bay Kinette Creek B 6/19/81 090 CHR, Ng, Nel, No, Na, Fin, N1, Ms Near mouth-west of 239 BridgE CHR- Nitella sp. 6/19/81 091 Hc* z1.5 m-water depth 6/19/81 092 Hc, Na, CHR, NI small Bay east of Bridge CHR= Nitella sp. 6/22/81 098 Utric*, Mh, Cc*, Cd Lower Bay Minette Creek 6/22/81 094 Na, Hc, Utric Mid portion of creek - both sides. 6/22/81 097 Utric, Hc, Mh Lower Say Minette Creek 6/22/81 095 Na, No Upper Bay Minette Creek- 1.5 m water depth 6/22/81 096 Na, No, Utric Upper Say Minette Creek Big Bateau Bay Creek B 8/24/81 172 Ms, Va Ms especially abundant in upper reaches, Va I equal in abundance to Ms in lower -reaches Big Bay John Creek H&B 4/28/81 051 Chr, Pc, Zp, Ms, Ng, Cd, Nm(*9/10) aquatic beds line shore from mouth of creek to Say CHR- Nitella sp. 4/28 052 ms, NMI(*9/10) Ng, Zp, CHR East of Bay CHR= Chara sp. 4/28 053A Ms, CHR, Ng, Z;. Nm(*9/10) Lower Portion of Creek - just above Bay CHR = Chara sp. 4/28 053B Cc, Ms, N9, Zp, Pp, Nm(*9/10), Nel Upper portion of _c_re_e'W - above Bay *,, 9/10 194 Ms. Ng, ttn*, Va, Cd Creek lead.ihg into Big Bay John-compare with 051 9/10 195 Ms, Ng, Cc. Cd, Hid, Va, Nm*, Nel Creek above Big Bay John- compare with 053A&B TABLE 7 OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN WATERCOURSES OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE 5. (CONTINUED) DATE TRANSECT WATERCOURSE QUAD VISITED NUMBER SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS Big Bayou Canot C 7/10 /81 138 NI, Ec creek with no name off of Bayou Canot Nl occurs in discontinuous band becoming more abundant near head of creek where water is shallower- Ec in very small amount 7/10/81 139 N1, Ec Log jams above RR-beds fairly continuous along both banks- sporadic in occurrence where log jams are absent. Big Gravine Creek H 8/18/81 164 CHR, Ng, Cd, N1 Aquatics almost completely fill in creek - occur-along banks of marsh and swamp CHR a Chara zeylandica Black Creek C 9/17/81 197 CHR. Utric., Ng, No Along creek margins in upper portions CHR-Nitella & Chara spp. Byrnes Lake H 5/22/81 060 N11 Discontinuou@ band along creek' margins on both sides - 3-4 m in width most abundant near mouth of stream-as you travel upstream, tree branches shade shallow waters and Nl is absent 7/2.V81 159 N1, Utric Catfish Bayou C ..10/6/81 213 Ng, CHR Especially abundant In upper reaches CHR% Nitelll A Chara spp, Chicory Bayou H 6/15/81 080 N9, CHR, Pp. Zp, Cd Upper and neat, Chuckfee Boy CHR- Nitella iO. 6/30/81 CHR, Ng Lowtr@ -end-TFove' Grand Bay Chuckfee Bay H 6/15/81 .081 Ng. Pp, Cc, CHR. Kd, Nel, Zp Submerged vegetation on.t@oth crcck parallell to sides of creek West bank CHR- Nitella sp._ TABLE 7 . OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN WATER COURSES OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) DATE TRANSECT WATERCOURSE QUAD VISITED NUMBER SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS Conway Creek B 8/24/81 168 Ms, Va, Ng discontinuous beds along low marsh areas 8124 /81 173 Ms, Ng, Va, Hd, Nel. Ms very abundant, NIg closest to creek banks, Va - mixed with Ms in deeper waters, NI - I bed Cutoff Creek B 5/27/81 062 CHR, Zp, Ng, Cd, Ms -Soft mud CHR - Chara Sp. Franklin Bayou H 7/10/81 141 Nl, Ng, Utric. Scattered bands along shore Hurricane Bayou H 7/10/81 135 Nl* discontinuous band. Irving's Lake H 6/26/81 100 CHR, Ng, Cd CHR - Chara & Nitella spp. Justin's Bay Creek B 7/8/81 132 Ng, Va. Pp, Ms, Hd forms discontinuous band along shore Littl e Bateau Bay Creek B 8/24/81 169 Ng. Va, Ms, Pp, Cd, Hd Cd & Ng - especially abundant In uppei reaches Va - confined to deepest waters In middle of creek Ms - abundant along marsh in lower half of creek % Pp - mixed with Ng Hd - in very small amounts 8/24/81 170 Ms Occurs In protected pockets along creek banks - rapid water movement through creek 8/24/81 171 Ms Scattered beds, rapid water flow 8/24/81 172 Ms, Va Ms especially abundant in upper reaches Little Bay John Creek M 5/29/81 066? Pc, Ms, Va, Ng 9/10/81 189 Va, Ms. Cd Little Briar Creek H 7/13/81 140 NI Discontinuous band along creek margins - a few large beds within treek center (I m deep) 'OCCURRENCE-AND SPECIES*COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN WATERCOURSES OF THE TABLE 7 -LOWER MOBI CE RIVER DELTA,. 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE 5 (CONTINUEDY DAiL TRANSELT WATERCOURSE QUAD 'VISITED NUMBER SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS CHR Chara & Nitella spp. Louis Bayou: C 6/30/81- 113 CHR, Ng ____T_`low md abunda'ntin front 0 Creek almost completely fil Lower'Crabi Creek M 8/19/81 166 C.HR. Ng, Cd, N I in with aquatics 2 Ng, Pp, Cd, Nel , Hd Lower Creek ..'Mal I ard'Fork,.: H 9/22/81 01 9/22/81 202 Ng, Va, Nel, Cd Upper Creek Off of Mallard Fork Cc 9/22/81 203 Ng, Cd, Cc*, Va. Hd, Pp. especially abundant In uppe reaches ..,X.CVay,s Lak .e 7/21/81 1.57 N1, Ec, CHR, Utric CHR- Chara zeylandica 145 Ml, Ec Nl- Sporadic in lower reach :1 ...Mike Is. Creek H 7/13/81 abundant in upper Lo . Ec- Small amount, where log block creek. Mudhol e Creek' B 6/9/81 076 CHR, Zp, Ng, Hd, Ms, Va, Cd CHR- Nitella sp. Very smaFT amounts of Ms. V Oak Bayou H 6/26/81 102 No*, Hd*, CHR, NG CHR- Nitella sp. s p 6/26/81 103 No, CHR CHR- Nite a - found below floa@t`ing leaves of Nymphaea odorata Oak Leaf BayQu H 6/26/81 104 CHR, Ng, CHR= Nitdlla & Chara spp. 6/26/81 105 Ng, Cc, Pp One Mile Bayou H 7/13/81 150 Ng, CHR, Cd CHR- Nitella & Chara spp. Pass Picada.: B 6/9/81 072 Va*, Ms, Ng. Zp* Va band 1 5 m wide Railroad Creek H 9/29/81 209 Nl* Sand Bayou H 6/26/81 106 Ng. CHR CHR- Nitella sp. Sardine Pass 718/81 131 Ng, Pp, Ms, Hd Along banks Stau@er Creek H 6/30/81 110 Ng, CHR, Cd Growing in bands, usually i front of low marsh CHR- Chara braunii Stor-.r. Croek H 6/26/81 099 CHR, Ng, Cd CHR- Nitella & Chara SPD. TABLE 7 . OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC BEDS IN WATERCOURSES OF THE LOWER MOBILE RIVER DELTA, 1981. FOR SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS SEE TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) DATE TRANSECT 14ATERCOURSE QUAD VISITED NUMBER SPECIES PRESENT COMMENTS Three Mile Bayou H&B 7/6/81 153 Ng, Cd, Cc, Hd. CHR, Pp, Ec CHR= Nitella & Chara spp. Ng- especia ly aYu-ndant in upper reaches Ec- I plant H 9/22/81 204 Ng, Cd, Cc, Hd, Va, CHR, No, Ec lotes Creek 9/22/81 205 Cd, Ng, Va 9/22/81 206 Va. Ng. Cd, Ms Williams Creek H 7/10/81 137A N9, CHR, Cd, Utric, NI SAY's completely fill in creel in upper reaches CHR- Nitella Chara braunii. Wood's Creek H 6/15/81 082 Va, Mst Ngg Cc% lid, Cd Branch to west off of lower creek 6/15/81 083 Cc* Upper-completely fills i n creek 6/15/81 084 Va, Ng, Pp Lower Creek Yancey say B 6/19/81 087 Ng, Pp, CHR, Ms. Hd yellow Flycreek M 8/19/81 167 Ng, Ms. Va, Hd, Pp. Cd, Cc, Pc Canal completely filled I.. n with SAV's round in flower TABLE 8. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF DELTA SUBMERGED AQUATICS IN DESCENDING ORDER OF ABUNDANCE, 1956. (After Baldwin, 1957). COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SYNONOMY LUETH Bushy Pondweed *Naias uadalupensis Southern Naiad Wild Celery *Vallisneria spiralis Narrow-leaved Pondweed *Potamogeton pusillus type P. foliosus *Water Stargrass Heteranthera dubia Muskgrasses *Nitella spp. Characeae Horned Pondweed *Zannichellia palustris *Ribbon-leaf pondweed Potamogeton robbinsii P. epihydrus Longleaf Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus (P. fluitans, Small?) Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum Watermilfoil Myriophyllum sp. Marestail *Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana *Desireable waterfowl food. MV loj?hyljulil spicatuill 1981, 11 V I I um s pi,catum 1956 -[-'-e t era n th e--ra d u b i a 1956 2. Locations of 01--noxious Aquatic Pla@nt Specie- in th e L r 1.'.o b i I T e t i s a w R i v e r De I t a , 19 5 6 a n d II 33 rable-9. MAJOR INFESTATIONS OF OBNOXIOUS SUBMERSED AQUATIC PLANTS IN MOBILE DELTA, 1979. (From Powell, 1979). Name of Are,a Infestation Acreage Affected Species Appalachee River ----- 85-90 acres Myriophyllum spicatu L. G"lakeley River. ----- 40 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Tensaw River (Lower)_ ----- 25-30 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Soanl-;Ish R'Iver ----- 50 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Raft P\41ver ----- 10 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Say Xinette 60% 288 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Bay Xinnette Basin 85% 204 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Bay Grass 85% 81 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Big Sateau 80% 260 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Big Bay John 85% ----- Xlyriophyllum spicatum L. Choca -lata 55% 995 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Delvan 55% 649 acres Myriophyllum spicatum L. Yancy Bay 4 5/'0' ----- Myriophyllum spicatum L. between 1956 and 1981. An earlier study by Lueth in 1947 did not indicate the occurence of "pest species" (Leuth, 1963) (Figure 3). The current magnitude of the problem is being addressed by the Mobile District Corps of Engineers, Aquatic Weed Control Program. Powell (1979) identified problem areas similar to this study (Table 9) and a program of selective spraying has been initiated to open boat channels through beds of milfoil in small harbors and major fishing areas. Geographic Distribution of Grassbeds Approximately 3,696 acres (1,497 hectares) of submerged vegetation were located in the Lower Delta (Table 10). The most extensive coverage is in the large shallow bays (Chacaloochee Bay, Big Bateau Bay, Justin's Bay, Bay Minette, Delvan Bay and Little Bateau Bay) of the Bridgehead quadrangle (3,075 acres). These bays are being steadily filled by sedimentation and provide ideal habitat for submerged vegetation. Table 10.-- AERIAL COVERAGE OF SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION (SAV) IN THE L014ER KOBILE-TENSA114 RIVER DELTA, 1981, BY TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE (SEE TABLE 1 FOR MAP INDEX). ACRES (HECTARES). QUADRANGLE COVEPAGE Bridgehead 3,075 (1,245) 313 (139) 1-irricane /11 Mobi I e 278 (113) TOT,`1L 3,696 (1,497) 35 V I I I I I I I I I Figure 3. Distribution of Submersed Grassbeds of the Lower flobile-Tensaw Ri-ver Delta, After Lueth, 1968. I -- I 0 0 0 A 4 1 36 VA L L ISNERIA CHARACEAE NAJAS andlor ZANNICHELLIA POTAMOGETON SPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HETERANTHERA .......... SCALE I I L E The large rivers of the study area are too deep and fast moving'-'for the establishment of submerged species. However, quiet bends, where velocities slow and sedimentation occurs, may support small patches of aquatic plants. Small tributary rivers and creeks often are lined by a marginal band of submersed vegetation. The map scale of the inventory does not allow accurate portrayal of these beds and the total acreage figures are consequently underestimates which do not include the narrow marginal beds. 37 REFERENCES CITED Alabama Coastal Area Board, 1979a. The Alabama Coastal Area -Management Program: A Balanced Approach to Economic Development and Natural Resources. Hearing Draft, January, 1979. 343p. Alabama Coastal ARea Board, 1979b. The Alabama Coastal Area Management Program and Final Environmental Impact Statement. August, 1979. 264p. Baldwin, W.P. 1957. An- inspection of waterfowl habitats in the Mobile Bay Area, Alabama. Ala. Dept. of Conserv., Fish and Game Div., Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Spec. Rept. No. 2. 41p. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet and E.T. LaRoe, 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. 103 p. Godfrey, R.K. and J.W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States. t4onocotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens. .712 pp. Lueth, F.X. 1963. Mobile Delta Waterfowl and Muskrat Research. Ala. Dept. Conserv., Final Rept. Pittman-Robinson Project 7-R. 86 pp. Powell, D.H. 1979. I'lobile Delta Aquatic Plant Survey - 1979. Mobile District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Mimeo. Report. Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles and C.R. Bell, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1183 pp. Sapp, D.C., M.L. Cameron and J.P. Stout. 1976. Alabania. Coastal Marsh Inventory. Alabama Geological Survey, Unique Rept. No. AL. -ADO-X996-CZM-11. 38 APPENDIX A Wetlands Habitats Included (As classified in Cowardin et al., 1979) With Corresponding Atlas Types Indicated. ATLAS FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE DESIGNATION DESIGNATION Estuarine Subtidal Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Intertidal Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Emergent Wetland III A&B (<6m) Forested Wetland IV,V'vi'X Riverine Tidal Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Emergent Wetland III A&B Lower Perennial Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Emergent Wetland III A&B Upper Perennial Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Palustrine Aquatic Bed Grassbeds Emergent Wetland III A&B Forested Wetland IV, V, V1, X 39 APPENDIX B CHECKLIST OF THE DOMINANT PLANTS OF EMERGENT AND FORESTED WETLANDS OF COASTAL ALABAMA 40 Type III A. Low Marsh Trees and Shrubs (occasional) Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) Cornus stricta (Swamp Dog-wood) Fraxinus caroliniana (Water Ash) Nyssa sylvatica, var. biflora (Swamp tupelo) Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress) Herbs Acnida cuspidata (Water Hemp) (Alligator Weed) Alternanthera, philoxeroides Asclepias lanceolata (Milkweed) Aster tenuifolius Bacopa, monnieri Bidens laevis; B. mitis (Beggars tick) Boltonia asteroides Cicuta maculata (Water Hemlock) Crinum americanum (Swamp Lily) Galium tinctorium (Bedstraw) Hydrocotyle bonariensis; H. umbellata (Pennywort) Hymenocallis occidentalis (Spider Lily) Iris virginica Justicia americana (Water Willow) Lilaeopsis chinensis Ludwigia glandulosa; L. leptocarpa ... Lythrum lineare (Loose Strife Orontium aquaticum (Golden Club) Peltandra virginica (Arrow Arum) Pluchea odorata (Marsh Fleabane) Polygonum hydropiperoides; P. punctatum (Smartweed) Pontederia cordata (Pickerel Weed) Ptilimnium capillaceum (Bishop Weed) Sagittaria falcata Sagittaria latifolia (Arrowhead) Saururus cernuus (Lizard's Tail) Sium suave (Water Parsnip) Sphenoclea zeylanica (Chicken Spike) Typha domingensis; T. latifolia (Cat Tail) 41 Grasses and Sedges Carex alata, C. glaucescens Carex hyalinolepis Cladium jamaicense (Saw Grass) Cyperus filicinus; C. haspan (Umbrella Sedge) Cyperus odoratus; C. virens Distichlis spicata Echinochloa crus-galli, E. walteri (Water Grass) Eleocharis elongata; E. equisetoides (Spikerush) Eleocharis quadrangulata; E. obtusa Juncus effusus (Soft Rush) Juncus roemerianus (Needle Rush) Leesia hexandra; L. oryzoides (Cut Grass) Panicum dichotomif1orum (Fall Panic Grass) Panicum hemitomon (Maidencane) Rhynchospora corniculata (Beak Rush) Sacciolepis striata Scirpus americanus (Three- square-Bul rush) Scirpus californicus (Giant Bulrush) Scirpus robustus (Salt Marsh Bulrush) Scirpus validus (Soft-stem Bulrush) Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice) Zizaniopsis miliacea (Southern Wild Rice) 42 Type III B. High Marsh Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines (scattered) Amorpha fruticosa (Bastard Indigo) Baccharis halimifolia (Sea Myrtle) Hibiscus militaris (Marsh Mallow) Hibiscus moscheutos Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon) Kosteletzkya virginica (Seashore Marsh Mallow) Myric cerifera (Wax Myrtle) Salix nigra (Black willow) Sambucus canadensis (Elderberry) Sesbania macrocarpa Sesbania vesicaria (Bladder Pod) Wisteria frutescens Herbs (Including Grasses and Sedges) Andropogon virginicus (Broomsedge) Bidens mitis; B. frondosa (Beggars Tick) Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) Carex hyalinolepis Eupatorium serotinum (Fall Boneset) Euthamia minor (Flat Top Goldenrod) Helenium autumnale (Sneeze Weed) Ipomoea sagittata (Morning Glory) Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempweed) Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) Panicum repens (Torpedo Grass) Panicum virgatum (Switch Grass) Phragmites australis (Common Reed) Pluchea camphorata; P. odorata (Marsh Fleabane) Solidago sempervirens (Seaside Goldenrod) Spartina cynosuroides (Big Cordgrass) Spartina patens (Saltmeadow Cordgrass Teucrium canadense (Germander) Thelyptersis palustris (Marsh Fern) Vigna luteola 43 Type VI. Bay Forest Trees Acer rubrum (Red maple) Chamaecyparis thyoides (White Cedar) Gordonia lasianthus (Loblolly Bay) Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree) Maqnolia grandiflora (Southern Magnolia) Magnolia virginiana (Sweet Bay Magnolia) Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Swamp Tupelo) Osmanthus americana Persea palustris (Swamp Bay) Pinus elliottii (Slash Pine) Quercus laurifolia (Laurel Oak) Q. nigra (Water Oak) Salix nigra (Black Willow) Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Pond Cypress) Shrubs and Vines Alnus serrulata (Hazel Alder) Arundinaria gigantea (Cane) Clethra alnifolia(Peper Bush) Cliftonia monophylla (Black Titi) Cyrilla racemiflora (Titi) Decumaria barbara (Climbing Hydrangea) Ilex coriacea Large Gallberry) Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon) Illicium Floridanum (Star Anise) Itea virginica (Virginia Willow) Leucothoe axillaris (Fetterbush) Lyonia lucida (Fetterbush) Myrica cerifera (Wax Myrtle) Smilax glauca (Green Briar) S. Laurifolia (Green Briar) Viburnum nudum (Possum-Haw Viburnum) Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine) Herbaceous Plants Carex glaucescens (Sedge) Eleocharis flavescens...(Spike Rush) Gratiola virginiana (Hedge Hyssop) Hypericum mutilum (St. John's Wort) H. virginicum Juncus debilis; J. diffusissimus...(Rush) Leersia virginica (Rice cutgrass) Lindernia dubia (False pimpernel) Lycopus rubellus (Water Horehound) Orentium aquaticum (Golden Club) Osmunda cinnamomea (Cinnamon Fern) O. regalis (Royal Fern) 44 Bay Forest (Continued) Peltandra virginica (Arrow-Arum) Polygonum punctatum (Smartweed) Rhynchospora millacea (Beak Rush) Thelypteris normalis (Widespread Maiden Fern) Woodwardia areolata (Net Vein Chain Fern) Xyris iridifolia (Yellow- Eyed Grass) 45 Type X. Alluvial Swamp Trees Acer rubrum var. drummondii - (Red Maple) Carya aquatica (Water Hickory) Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) Fraxinus caroliniana (Water Ash) Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green Ash) Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) Ilex opaca (American Holly) Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweetgum) Magnolia virginiana (Sweet Bay) Nyssa aquatica (Water Tupelo) Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Swamp Tupelo) Persea palustris (Swamp Bay) Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) Populus heterophylla ( Swamp Cottonwood) Quercus laurifolia (Laurel Oak) Q. nigra (WaterOak) Salix nigra (Black Willow) Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress) Ulmus americana (American elm) Shrubs Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) Cornus stricta (Swamp Dogwood) Ilex verticillata (Winterberry) Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon) Itea virginica (Virginia willow) Myrica cerifera (Wax myrtle) Sabal minor (Dwarf Palmetto) Styrax americana (Snow Bell) Woody Vines Ampelopsis arborea (Pepervine) Anisostichus capreolata (Cross Vine) Berchemia scandens (Rattan Vine) Brunnichia cirrhosa (Ladies' eardrops) Campsis radicans (Trumpet creeper) Smilax laurifolia (Greenbriar) Toxicodendron radicans (Posion Ivy) Vitis cinerea; V. vulpina (Grape) V. rotundifolia (Muscadine) Wisteria frutescens (Wisteria) 46 Herbs Asclepias perennis (Swamp Milkweed) Boehmeria cylindrica (False nettle) Cicuta maculata Commelina virginica (Dayflower) Cynoctonum mitreola (Miterwort) Dracocephalum virginianum (Dragonhead) Eupatorium coelestinum (Mist Flower) Gratiola virginiana Hibiscus militaris Hypericum walteri (St. John's Wort) Justicia ovata Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal Flower) Ludwigia alternifolia, L. glandulosa Lycopus rubellus Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempweed) Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern) Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) Polygonum hydropiperoides; P. punctatum (Smartweed) Sabatia calycina Samolus parviflorus Saururus cernuus (Lizard's Tail) Senecio glabellus (Butterweed) Spilanthes americana var. repens Spiranthes cernua var. odorata (Fragrant Ladies' Tresses) Vernonia altissima (Giant ironweed) Grasses and Sedges Arundinaria gigantea (Cane) Carex alata; C. gigantea Carex intumescens; C. louisianica .... Chasmanthium latifolium Leersia lenticularis, L. virginica (Cut Grass) Leersia oryzoides (Rice Cut Grass) Panicum gymnocarpon (Panic Grass) P. rigidulum Rhynchospora corniculata, R. miliacea ...(Beak Rush) 47 Types IV & V. Pine Savannah (Pocosin, Low Pineland, Bog) Woody Plants (Trees, Shrubs and Vines) Aronia arbutifolia (Red Chokeberry) Arundinaria gigantea (Cane) Clethra alnifolia (Pepperbush) Cliftonia monophylla (Black Titi) Cyrilla racemiflora (Swamp Cyrilla) Hypericum cistifolium; H. brachyphyllum (St. John's Wort) H. fasciculatum; H. myrtifolia Ilex coriacea (Large Gallberry) Ilex glaabra (Gallberry) Ilex cassine (Dahoon) Lyonia lucida (Fetterbush) Magnolia vlrqiniana (Sweet Bay) Myrica cerifera (Wax myrtle) Nyssa sylvatica var. Biflora (Swamp Tupelo) Persea palustris (Swamp Bay) Pinus elliottii (Slash Pine) Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) Rhododendron viscosum var. Serrulatum (Swamp Azalea) Rhus vernix (Poison Sumac) Smilax laurifolia (Greenbriar) Serenoa repen (Saw Palmetto) Taxodium distichum var. Nutans (Pond Cypress) Vaccinium elliottii; V. fuscatum (Blueberry) Herbaceous Plants (Except Grasses and Grass-Like Plants) Aletris aurea; A. farinosa (Colic Roof) Asclepias lanceola , A. longifolia (Milkweed) Balduina uniflora Calopogon pulchellus (Grass Pink Orchid) Chondrophora nudata (Rayless Goldenrod) Cleistes divaricata (Rosebud Orchid) Drosera brevifolia; D. filiformis (Sundew) Eriocaulon decangulare (Pipewort) Habenaria blephariglottis (White Fringe Orchid) Lachnanthes caroliniana (Red-Root) Lobelia glandulosa; L. puberula (Lobelia) Lophiola americana (Golden Crest) Pinguicula lutea; P. planifolia (Butterwort) Pogonia ophioglossoides (Rose-Crested Orchid) Polygala brevifolia; P. cruciata ( Milkwort) Polygala cymosa; P. ramosa (Yellow Milkwort) Phexia alifans; R. lutea (Meadow Beauty) Sabatia brevifolia; S. macrophylla (Rose Gentian) Sarracenia alata; S. flava (Yellow Pitcher Plant) S. leucophylla (Purple Pitcher Plant) S. psittacina (Parrot Pitcher Plant) S. purpurea; S. rubra (Red Pitcher Plant) Scutellaria integrifolia (Rough Skullcap) 48 Spiranthes praecox; S. vernalis (Ladies Tresses Orchid) Tofieldia, racemosa (False Asphodel) Utricularia cornuta; U. juncea (Bladder-wort) Xyris caroliniana; X. difformis (Yellow Eyed Grass) Grasses and Grass-Like Plants Andropogon virginicus (Broom Sedge) Anthaenantia rufa Aristida affinis; A. virgata (Three-Awn Grass) Ctenium aromaticum (Toothache Grass) Dichromena. latifolia (White-Top Sedge) Eleocharis microcarpa; E. tuberculosa. (Spike Rush) Erianthus giganteus (Plume Grass) Fuirena squarrosa; F. scirpoidea (Umbrella Grass) Muhlenbergia, expansa. (Muhly Grass) Panicum consanguineum; P. ensifolium (Panic Grass) P. spretum; P. scabriusculum Rhynchospora chapmanii; R. ciliaris (Beak Rush) R. glomerata; R. plumosa; R. pusilla Scleria ciliata; S. reticularis (Nut Rush) 49 Type VII. Upland Pine-Oak Forest Woody Plants (Trees, Shrubs and Vines) Carya tomentosa (Mockernut Hickory) Castanea pumila (Chinkapin) Ceratiola ericoides (Rosemary) Conradina canescens (Searide Balm) Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) Gaylussacia dumosa (Dwarf Huckleberry) Gelsemium sempervirens (Yellow Jessamine) Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon) Magnolia grandiflora (Southern Magnolia) Pinus clausa (Sand Pine) Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) P. elliottii (Slash Pine) Quercus falcata (SouthernRed Oak). Q. hemisphaerica (Laurel Oak) Q. incana (Blue-Jack Oak) Q. laevis (Turkey Oak) Q. margaretta (Sand Post Oak) Q. myrtifolia (Myrtle Oak) Q. virginiana (Live Oak) Q. virginiana var. maritima (Dwarf Live Oak) Rhus copallina (Winged Sumac) Sassafras albidum (Sassafras) Sereno repens (Saw Palmetto) Smilax auriculata (Greenbriar) Vaccinium arboreum (Sparkleberry) V. elliottii, V. myrsinites (Blueberry) Herbaceous Plants (Except Grasses and Grass-Like Plants) Agalinis purpurea; A. setacea (Purple foxglove) Asclepias humistrata (Sand Milkweed) A. tuberosa (Butterfly Weed) Aster adnatus; A. linariifolius (Aster) Calamintha coccinea (Red Basil) Centrosema virginianum (Butterfly Pea) Clitoria mariana (Butterfly Pea) Cnidoscqolus stimulosus (Spurge Nettle) Coreopsis major Crotalaria angulata; C. purshii (Rattlebox) Desmodium laevigtum; D. viridiflorum (Beggar's Ticks) Euphorbia corollata (Flowering spurge) Gaillardia aestivalis (Gaillardia) Galactia erecta; G. yolubilis (Milk Pea) Lespedeza stuevei; L. virginica (Lespedeza) Liatris elegans; L. graminifolia (Blazing Star) Lucinus diffusus (Sandhill Lupine) Pepsteron austrlis (Beard tongue) Phlox pilosa (Phlox) 50 Pycnanthemum incanum (Whitish Basil) Salvia azurea (Blue Sage) Schrankia microphylla (Sensitive Brier) Solidaqo odora (Goldenrod) Stillingia sylvatica (Queen's Delight) Tephrosia florida; T. chrysophylla (Hoary Pea) Tetragonotheca helianthoides (False Sunflower) Trilissa odoratissima (Deer Tongue) Vernonia angustifolia (Narrow-Leaf Ironweed) Grass and Grass-Like Plants Andropogon tener Aristida lanosa; A. purpurascens (Three-Awn Grass) Cyperus globulosus; C. retrorsus (Umbrella Sedge) Danthonia sericea (Oat Grass) Eragrostis refracta; E. spectabilis (Love Grass) Gymnopogon ambiguus (Windmill Grass) Panicum aciculare; P an ustifolium (Panic Grass) Rhynchospora megalocarpa ( Beak Rush) Scleria triglomerata (Nut Rush) Sorghastrum elliottii (Indian Grass) Sporobolus junceus (Dropseed Grass) 51 ATLAS LEGEND Submersed Grassbed Species Az Azolla caroliniana Nm Nymphaea mexicana Cc Cabomba caroliniana No Nymphaea odorata Cd Ceratophyllum demersum Na Nymphoides aquatica Chr Charophytes PC Potamogeton crispus Ec Eichhornia crassipes Pill Potamogeton illinoensis Hd Heteranthera dubia Pn Potamogeton nodosus Hc Hydrochloa caroliniensis Ppect Potamogeton pectinatus MS Myriophyllum spicatum Pperf Potamogeton perfoliatus Ng Nagas guadalupensis Pp Potamogeton pusillus Ili Najas minor Utric Utricularia spp Nel Nelumbo lutea Va Vallisneria americana NI Nuphar luteum Zp Zannichellia palustris Marsh and Swamp Types III. Fresh Water Marsh A. Low Marsh B. High Morsh IV. I/joist Pine Forest V. Moist Pine Savannah V1. Bay Forest. VII. A. Upland Pine-Oak Woodland X. Alluv_ial Swamp 52 i I 3 6668 14104 8894