Kawainui Marsh resource management plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

KAWMPqM MAMH
"'OSOURCE IVIANAGE-M-ENT PL@

Kawainui Marsh Technical and Policy Advisory Committee
Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
Department of Planning and Economic Development
State of Hawaii

The preparation of this report was financed in part by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.

March 1983

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Cover photo and design by Stew Wastell

This report has been cataloged as follows:

Kawainui Marsh Technical and Policy Advisory Committee.
Kawainui Marsh resource management plan. Honolulu: Dept. of Planning
& Economic Development, State of Hawaii, March 1983.

1. Kawainui Marsh. 2. Kailua, Oahu. 3. Wetlands-Oahu-Kailua. 4. Con-
servation of natural resources-Oahu. 1. Hawaii. Department of Planning
and Economic Development. 11. Title.
QH87-3.K29 (x fr. Hawaii. Coastal Zone Management Program)

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View of the Marsh taken from the Quarry Road slope with Castle Memorial Hospital and the Kukunono Subdivision in the backg
Portions of this area of the Marsh are presently used for cattle grazing (Stew Wastell, 1982).

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EXECUTIVE CHAMBERS

HONOLULU

GFORGE R. ARIYOSHI
0 0 V E R N 0 R

FOREWORD

As the people of Hawaii move into the future, it is always satisfying to pause
and reflect on our past and our surroundings, at those features of Hawaii which
have given us such enjoyment and where nature and man have left an endowment
for future generations to appreciate.

Kawainui Marsh is such a place.

I commend the staff of the Department of Planning and Economic
Development and the members of the Kawainui Marsh Technical and Policy
Advisory Committee for their efforts in preparing this most important resource
management plan.

. I firmly support the establishment of a natural heritage area at Kawainui
Marsh and know that this document will aid us in this endeavor.
@
eorge Ariyoshi
eo rg e7-

PREFACE

Kawainui Marsh is a thousand acre expanse at the base of the Ko'olau Mountains where time and nature
have created what is today the largest remaining wetland in the State of Hawaii. Over the past decade, and more
recently through the preparation of this plan, the Marsh has been found to contain resource values beyond the
open vistas it affords between sea and mountain. It is also the habitat for four endangered Hawaiian waterbird
species, the site of early Hawaiian fishponds and wetland agriculture, and numerous archaeological remains. It
serves as a flood basin for protecting Kailua Town and provides recreational and educational potential for the
people of Oahu and the State.
This document describes a resource management plan for a natural heritage area at Kawainui Marsh. The
plan is presented in four parts, the first of which provides a brief background of the Marsh as a public
environmental issue. The second and third parts describe the planning process utilized by the Department of
Planning and Economic Development and the Kamainui Marsh Technical and Policy Advisory Committee and
offer specific policies and implementing actions through which better resource management can be achieved.
Inasmuch as this plan is but the first step in the establishment of a natural heritage area at the Marsh, part
four recommends a means through which multi-resource management can be accomplished and offers a
framework through which the plan can be implemented.
We are most grateful to the members of the Committee, without whose perserverance and dedication the
formulation of the plan would not have been possible.
Finally, we bell eve that the inter-disciplinary, multi-organizational participation in the development of this
plan has provided the State of Hawaii a valuable experience in the resolution of future environmental issues.

ideto Kono, Director
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This plan would not have been possible without the valuable insights and technical comment provided by
resource persons in the community throughout the plan formulation process. The technical studies and reports
integral to the overall planning process were assisted financially and by in-kind contributions from the Federal
Office of Coastal Zone Management, and the U.S. Army Corps ol Engineers (COE). Most importantly, the
participation and commitment of the Kawainui Marsh Technical and Policy Advisory Committee members are
acknowledged and appreciated. The members are:

Hideto Kono, Chairman Department of Planning and Economic
Development (DPED), State of Hawaii
Frank Skrivanek, Co-Chairman DPED
Ed Marcus, Staff DPED
Gary Barbano National Park Service
Sandra Braun Lani-Kailua Outdoor Circle
Patricia Beggerly* Department of Land and Natural Resources
Lorrie Chee Department of Land Utilization
Brian Choy Department of Health
Edgar Curtis Ameron HC&D
Tom Fake* National Park Service
George Houghtailing Kaneohe Ranch (Consultant)
Kenneth Kupchak Kailua Neighborhood Board
BillLennon* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
James Maragos Army Corps of Engineers
Earl Neller Department of Land and Natural Resources
Jacqueline Parnell* Department of Health
Muriel Seto Congress of Hawaiian People
Robert Shallenberger U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Gordon Soh Department of Land and Natural Resources
Yukio Taketa Department of Parks and Recreation
Ron Walker Department of Land and Natural Resources

*past members

CONTENTS

PAGE

Preface ..................................................................................... ***'*"*' i
Acknowledgements .................................................................................... ii

PART I: THE MARSH AS A MANAGEMENT PROBLEM ................................................. 1
History
Significant National Legislation
The Planning Process
Formulation of a Technical and Policy Advisory Committee
Committee Process
PART H: OVERVIEW OF THE MARSH SYSTEM ........................................................ 9
Economic
Ecological
Cultural
Interrelationships Among Components
PART III: THE MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................. 11
Boundaries of the Management Plan
Primary Area
Secondary Area
Broad Goals and Objectives of the Plan
Objectives, Policies, and Implementing Actions of the Plan
ECONOMIC RESOURCES .................................................................... 13
Goals and Objectives
Management Elements
A. Land and Water Use
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Recommended Management Policy
Implementing Actions
B. Controls and Coordination
ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................. 19
Goals and Objectives
Management Elements
A. Waterbird Habitat: Primary Endangered
Wildlife Areas
B. Terrestrial Wildlife and Vegetation Habitat
C. Stream Habitat
D. Estuarine Habitat
E. Water Quality
CULTURAL RESOURCES .................................................................... 23
Goals and Objectives
Management Elements
A. Historical
B. Archaeological
C. Hawaiian Heritage
D. Aesthetic
E. Educational
F. Recreational
PART IV: PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................... 27
Land Acquisition and Management
Implementation and Operation
An Advisory Body for Implementation
FIGURES
1. Maps indicating the probable geomorphological evolution of Kawainui Marsh ........................... iv
2. A map of the Ko'olaupoko watershed with principle resource features ................................. 12
3. A map of the principle study area with recommended management features ..................... Last Page
APPENDIX ..................... 29
A. BIBLIOGRAPHY: bo*c*u* e*c*h*n*ic'a'l*
and Policy Advisory Committee.
B.CHRONOLOGY: A list of dates, events and activities that are significant in the modern
history of the Marsh.
C. RESOURCE STUDIES Technical Studies contracted by DPED that were important
ABSTRACTS: to plan formulation.
D, REGULATORY AUTHORITY: A tabular summary of Federal, State and County statutes, laws,
ordinances and regulations that relate to Marsh resource management.

iii

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source: J.C. Kraft 1982

These maps are taken from a forthcoming technical paper on the geornorphology of Kawainui Marsh.
(John C. Kraft, University of Delaware)

PART 1:
THE MARSH AS A MANAGEMENT PROBLEM

Kav,rainui Marsh is an established wetland system on the Island of Oahu whose existence and evolution has
been investigated and recorded perhaps more than any similar system in the State. The continuing active interest
of environmentalists, planners, developers, historians, scientists, and a broad spectrum of public organizations is
evidence of its importance as a natural system and its significance as a public issue.
Considering its natural, cultural, and economic resource values, its prime location, and the mix of
established and proposed uses, Kawainui Marsh offers a unique opportunity for coordinated long term multiple
resource management. The potential exists for restoring and enhancing these values for greater benefit to the
public.
This section provides the background for the Marsh as a resource management issue to establish the
context within which development of this plan was undertaken

History
Active interest in this century regarding the use of Kawainui Marsh dates to 1939 when Congress instructed
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a survey of the Marsh area and to assess its value as a flood control
basin. The survey report, completed in 1941, recommended that the Marsh be used to protect the Coconut
Grove area of Kailua from flooding. There are reports of major flooding in this area in the years 1921 and 1940.
Action did not follow until the report was updated in 1948 and subsequently submitted to Congress. In 1952, one
year after another major flood, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of a pilot flood control channel
bordering the Marsh. In 1957, the Corps completed the design of the project.
The proposal for the comprehensive flood control project was held in abeyance until the early 1960s when
Federal assistance for the acquisition of lands became available. The Federal legislation provided $360,000 to the
City and County of Honolulu to purchase the Marsh basin. These lands were identified in a study by the City
Planning Commission as desirable for a flood storage basin and a large open park.
As the City deliberated the purchase, however, private developers (Centex-Trousdale, Inc.) alternately
devised a plan for the development of 4,000 homes on 200 acres, a 50-acre park and a 40 acre pond for the area.
Dames and Moore, a soils engineering consulting firm, was contracted by Centex-Trousdale, Inc. to prepare a
preliminary site investigation for development in and around the Marsh. The report indicated that a cautious
approach was necessary for any development in the basin. The Centex-Trousdale initiative gained some support
among the neighboring residents in view of the numerous complaints about the health dangers of the
"malodorous" Marsh. The development proposal underwent a series of alterations in response to public reaction.
In 1964, however, the City and County of Honolulu decided to purchase, with Federal aid, 749 acres of the
Marsh land from the Centex-Trousdale Corporation at a price of $1.2 million. The Corps of Engineers
subsequently completed the flood control project by creating a 640-acre flood storage basin in Kawainui Marsh
with the construction of a protective dike on the makai side of the Marsh and the widening of the channel to Kailua
Bay.
The City's Department of Parks and Recreation conducted a series of public meetings during 1967 and 1968
with conservationists, recreationists and the general public to discuss and develop a master plan for the Marsh. A
conceptual plan evolved from these meetings for a water-oriented recreational area with a 300-400-feet-wide
channel, approximately three miles in circumference, around a Marsh wild life sanctuary. The periphery of the
Marsh was proposed for fill to create active and passive recreational areas which could be inundated during a
storm in order to satisfy the Corps of Engineers requirement for 3,000 acre-feet of flood storage capacity.
Acquisition of 250 acres was proposed to expand the park from 749 acres to approximately 1,000 acres.
A General Plan amendment was initiated in 1969 to designate 1,000+ acres for park use in and around
Kawainui Marsh. This amendment was discontinued as a result of a State Supreme Court decision in Dalton vs.
City and County, wherein it was ruled that a comprehensive and long range plan was required to amend the
General Plan. A subsequent application for amendment in 1973 was also precluded by a Circuit Court injunction
against processing amendments until rules and regulations were adopted.
The Department of Public Works proposed that the filling of portions of Kawainui Marsh for recreational
purposes should be accomplished with sanitary landfill. A pilot project was initiated in 1969. A consultant from the
University of Hawaii monitored the effects of the landfill on the water quality of the Marsh. After three years of
testing, he reported that, "the sanitary landfill did not increase the pollution of the water in the swamp".
In 1972, private developers filed a "letter of intent" to construct a shopping complex on 63 acres of Marsh
land that had been targeted as the site for silting basins for the flood control project. In response, community
groups actively voiced their objections against the proposed development and the use of the Marsh for sanitary
landfill. The Ad Hoc Committee of the Outdoor Circle developed a slide show to generate public interest in

preservation of the Marsh as a wildlife sanctuary and nature park and organized an islandwide effort to gather
support for their position. High school groups contributed funds to assist in renewed efforts to amass broader
public support for the park alternative. At the same time, the City implemented its earlier plans for a large sanitary
landfill project on the Western slope of the Marsh and developed a model airplane flying facility on previously
reclaimed land on the Marsh floor.
In April, 1974, the State Legislature responded to this public concern by adopting resolutions urging the City
to take "immediate action" on the regional park plan. Upon approval by the State Department of Land and
Natural Resources (DLNR) for an application to use 750 acres of conservation land for recreation, the City
resubmitted its proposal for a General Plan amendment to change 1,000 acres, including the 250 acres of
privately-owned urban lands, from conservation to recreational use. In response, the landowners obtained an
injunction against the proposed amendment.
In October 1974, the Land Use Commission initiated action to reclassify 224 acres of peripheral Marsh lands
from urban to conservation. While the City Planning Commission recommended approval of the petition, the
City's Chief Planning Officer opposed it on the basis that the boundary change would move the land out of City
control.
Discussions in early 1975 between the City and community groups indicated that the City wanted to proceed
with General Plan amendments that would support a broad range of land uses. The City agreed to compile limited
baseline studies for an environmental impact statement. In conjunction with this, special interest groups
combined to pursue an evolutionary plan from the studies and environmental assessments. The environmental
information was not compiled nor were acquisition funds released.
- As a result, the Outdoor Circle's Ad Hoc Committee sought technical assistance in pursuit of the
development of a regional park. Its direction and interest differed from that of the City in the intended use of the
lands within the 1,000 acres. The citizen effort focused principally on the area's use as a natural preserve with
passive recreational and educational use, while the City pursued a plan for more active and diverse recreational
uses and civic amenities.
The 1970s witnessed recurring efforts to return urban lands surrounding the Marsh to their earlier
conservation designation. During the 1974 District Boundary Review, the Land Use Commission reclassified 50
acres near Kapaa Quarry (Docket 074-8) from the Urban to the Conservation District on the basis that the
property was not suited for urban development, and would more appropriately be designated in the
Conservation District. In 1978, the State Department of Planning and Economic Development petitioned the
Land Use Commission for reclassfication of an additional 234 acres. While the petition was initially denied, an
appeal led to the reclassification of 71 acres. Approximately 180 acres of urban zoned and privately owned land
immediately adjacent to the Marsh basin remain and are proposed for residential development.
In July 1979, the National Registrar for Historic Places issued a "Determination of Eligibility Notification."
The report found that the Marsh basin and peripheral slopes were eligible for listing in the National Register for
Historic Places.
While the City denied a Special Management Area permit for a residential subdivision development on 181
acres in 1978, it subsequently approved a scaled down version for the development of 39 acres between the
existing Kukunono subdivision and the Marsh basin in 1981. This prompted special interest organizations to
seek redress through the court. Meanwhile, the developer has submitted a formal request for subdivision of the
39 acre site. The request cannot be accepted until conditions of the SMA permit have been met. As of October
1982, the conditions relating to archaeology have not been met and the subdivision request has been returned
to the applicant.
The Olomana-Maunawili sewer collector project, initiated in the mid-seventies, resurfaced in 1980. It
involves the construction of a 10,200-foot sewer line within a trench excavated along the east end of Kawainui
Marsh to serve existing and future residents of the area. Since a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit was
required, consistency with the objectives and policies of the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program was
also necessary. As administrator of the Federal consistency provisions of the National Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended, the Department of Planning and Economic Development issued a
conditional concurrence of the project. The conditional concurrence would have disallowed the proposed
collector from serving or supporting further urbanization of lands surrounding the Marsh within the primary
study area of the plan. The DPED concurrence was predicated to a large extent on the Memorandum of
Agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the State
Historic Preservation Officer, Department of Land and Natural Resources to protect and mitigate for
archaeological loss of resources in the proposed construction area. As the result of new information contained
in the baseline studies of this plan, the DPED has recently informed the City and County and the Corps that the
proposed Marsh alignment of the sewer collector is inconsistent with the objectives and policies of Chapter
205A. In September of 1982, the Corps of Engineers denied the wetland permit. Their decision took into
account the Marsh's importance as a wetland, a wildlife refuge, historic and prehistoric agricultural setting and
its symbol of traditional Hawaiian culture.

Significant National Legislation
A history of the forces affecting the use of Kawainui Marsh would be incomplete without reference to
national legislative initiatives which provided substantive and fiscal basis for much of the renewed efforts to
protect and manage Kawainui Marsh.
Title VII of the Housing Act of 1961 provided financial assistance to the City for acquisition of 750 acres of
the Marsh floor. While the Federal government's initial approval for acquisition was for park and recreational
use, the authorizing resolution of the City Council in 1963 was for opL space.
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 established a national Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation to review Federal project impacts on historic sites. It also provided for the establishment of an
historic preservation office and review board in each state. The Act provided a 50 percent reimbursement
program to the State to help cover the costs for preparing State inventories, proposing nominations and
pursuing acquisition of historic sites. Additionally, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978
expanded on the definition of historic sites to include those sites having religious significance.
In 1969, Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act which required environmental impact
statements for Federally assisted actions with potential environmental impacts. The objectives of this Act were:
to create and maintain... productive harmony (between) man and nature; to establish a Council on
Environmental Quality which among other things is to review the environmental impact of all Federal programs;
and to require detailed statements of environmental impacts of proposed activity.
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 provided direct sanctions and techniques for the control of
discharges of particular pollutants and other hazardous substances. The Clear Air Act of the same year
established rigid deadlines for auto emissions and provided standard-setting authority to the Federal
government and the States. It also included a provision for the establishment of noise management criteria.
In 1972, Congress enacted sweeping amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Chief
among these were the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the establishment of a construction
grants program to build municipal sewage treatment plants.
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 focused its policies on previous environmental legislations
dealing with the Nation's coastal zone. National policy was declared: 1) to preserve, protect, develop, and
where possible to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding
generations; 2) to encourage and assist the States to achieve wise use of the land and water resources of the
coastal zone giving full consideration to ecological, cultural, historic, and aesthetic values as well as the needs
for economic development; 3) to encourage the preparation of special area management plans which provide
for increased specificity in protecting significant natural resources, reasonable coastal-dependent economic
growth, improved protection of life and property in hazardous areas, and improved predictability in
governmental decision making; and 4) to encourage the participation and cooperation of the public, state and
local governments... in carrying out the purpose of the Act. Funding provided by this Act was expended for
the preparation of this plan.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 recognized a nationwide need to protect endangered species. It
defined criteria to guide Federal action with respect to impacts on endangered species. It also established the
criteria and means for future cooperation between States and the Federal government and offered Federal
funds to conduct State programs and develop management plans. In carrying out the intent of the Act, the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service defined a program for the establishment of wildlife recovery teams at State and
interstate levels to develop recovery plans for identified endangered species. Hawaii's teams were organized in
1975, and thus far, two recovery plans have been prepared and approved. In the Waterbird Recovery Plan,
Kawainui Marsh is identified as a high priority recovery area.
These environmental management programs included provisions to encourage or require the participation
of the various States. Hawaii elected to participate in all of these federally initiated programs and has established
offices, divisions and programs to carry out these mandates. State programs were established within two to
three years after passage of the National Laws. (Statutory references, including implementing ordinances of the
City and County, are provided in Appendix D.)

The aerial photos on this and the following page provide evidence of the extensive urbanization around Kawainui Marsh during
the period 1945-1981.The absence of open water in the earlier photo is attributable to the pumping and transport of Marsh water to
Waimanalo for agricultural irrigation-a practice discontinued in the early fifties (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Division).

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The Planning Process
Formulation of a Technical and Policy Advisory Committee
In April 1979, the Outdoor Circle submitted a proposal for funding to the Department of Planning and
Economic Development's (DPED) Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program to develop a
management plan for Kawainui Marsh. The intent of the proposal was to follow the "evolutionary" concept
espoused by the Ad hoc Committee for Kawainui Marsh five years earlier.
The State CZM Program met with the Outdoor Circle and other government agencies to decide on a
three-year program for the preparation of a resource management plan for Kawainui Marsh. To assist in this
effort, a multi-disciplinary advisory body representing a broad spectrum of special interests was created by the
Director of DPED. It consisted of representatives from the three levels of government, community
organizations, land owners and principal industrial interests in the Marsh area.

Committee Process
The goals and objectives of the Committee process were initially defined and subsequently modified as
follows:
Goal: Develop and obtain approval for an effective and implementable resource management plan
that reconciles existing conflicts and resolves principal resource management issues that
have been identified in past discussions and current resource studies of the Marsh.
Objective: Complete technical studies of the Marsh which are identified as essential to the completion
of a plan.
Objective: Develop specific management strategies for the Marsh resources incorporated in the
resource management plan, including:
�Specific strategies which recognize and are coordinated with identified resource values.
�Related land use indicators, including permissible or non-permissible uses of land.
�Identification of the geographic area to be included in specific resource management plans.
�Recommended changes in property ownership or control.
�Specific implementation measures relative to authority and regulation of management
measures.
�Procedures for the ongoing monitoring and enforcement of the management program.
Objective: Consensus among Committee participants and the public on recommendations submitted to
the Governor.
The initial task of the Committee was to compile and review a vast amount of existing reports and technical
studies on the various resources of the Marsh. This task was done by organizing the Committee into three
groups: scientific/environmental, cultural, and economic/planning. Each group identified information gaps in
available resource data and defined specific studies that were essential to the completion of the goals and
objectives of the Committee process.
Although a long list of studies and information needs was developed, funding limitations required a
distinction between those studies that were essential and those that could be deferred. The studies selected and
completed were:
1. "Nutrient and Suspended Solids Budget for Kawainui Marsh," by AECOS, Inc-survey of nutrient
budget and net primary production.
2. "Historical Study of Kawainui Marsh Area," by Marion Kelly and Barry Nakamura, Bishop Museum-
archival search of written cartographic and photographic records.
3. "Archaeological Excavations in Kawainui Marsh," by Jane Allen-Wheeler, Bishop Museum-pre-and
post-contact archaeological exploration on the Marsh floor.
4. "A Survey of Waterbirds of Kawainui Marsh," by Sheila Conant, Ph.D.-population density and
distribution of birds.
5. "An Analysis of the Aesthetic Significance and Potential of Kawainui Marsh," by Nick Huddleston-
summary of aesthetic values and viewplanes.
6. "Appraisal Report for Kawainui Marsh," Mitsuo Shimizu-real estate appraisal of private lands
surrounding the Marsh floor.
7. "Photo Base Map, Kawainui Marsh Area," Scale 1" = 300', 1981, R.M. Towill for Army Corps of
Engineers-ortho-photo basemapping of primary area compiled from recent aerial photography.
8. "Summary of Federal, State, and County Statutes, Regulations, and Ordinances Applicable to Marsh
Management," Department of Planning and Economic Development-review and summary of laws
and regulations.
The studies were completed in 1981 and circulated for review and comment. The subsequent plan
development process included presentations and reactions by the contractors. Each contractor discussed the

activities and values in their particular study area in terms of the geographic boundaries and sites important to
management considerations.
In order to organize the results of the studies and compile and present the recommendations of the
consultants, the information was presented in two formats:
Graphically, through resource maps which were overlaid on the new base map, and
Narratively, through abstracts and summary recommendations developed from each report.
The Committee derived its recommendations with the aid of composite resource overlays. The primary
study area was described in terms of singular resource values, combined resource values, and areas where
incompatible resource values were indicated. Particular focus was given to those land/resource areas where
incompatible use values were identified.
Resolution among conflicting resource values was accomplished mainly through the preparation of a list of
all potential uses and a corresponding list of alternative solutions which encompassed the range of conflict. The
alternatives were ranked. The resultant compilation has been used as the basis for the Committee's
management recommendations in areas where existing or allowable uses are incompatible. Twelve geographic
areas with incompatible resource values were identified.
The plan development process was initially conceived as one in which the Committee could reach a full
consensus on their recommendations through mediation proceedings. Prior to ranking the alternative
solutions, the Committee members from both government and community organizations expressed concern
that their participation and individual ranking should not be construed as a representation of their respective
organization positions with respect to pending permits or approvals. Without the authority to represent their
organizations it was not possible to follow mediation procedures, and therefore, the body of policies and
recommended actions were achieved through negotiations and represent only a general consensus.
In order to formulate management policies for the major resource components of the management plan,
the Committee was divided into three subcommittees. Each was asked to draft management policies based
upon the Committee's ranking of preferred alternate actions with respect to the 12 geographic areas, the
information provided in past and current studies, and recommendations of the consultants.

PART II:
OVERVIEW OF THE MARSH SYSTEM

At the outset, planning for the Marsh was viewed from three perspectives: economic, ecological and
cultural. Each constitutes a component of this plan.
While the plan does not provide all of the technical information desirable for multiple resource
management, it provides the basis for near term implementation of management measures and identifies areas
where longer term studies and monitoring should be focused.

Economic
The Marsh chronology during the fifties and onward, indicates a reoccurring interest in urban development
of the Marsh floor and surrounding upland slopes. Reclamation of the wetlands was viewed as a means for
providing land for housing and other urban uses for an expanding suburban population in a desirable coastline
community. The issues during this early period were focused on housing development versus open space and
park use. In the Sixties and Seventies, however, following landmark Federal legislation relating to open space,
endangered species, water quality, historic resources and coastal zones, the Marsh debate took on greater
meaning and complexity.
This complexity is reflected in the records. As a result of this broadened perspective, the issues evolved from
maximum utilization of a resource versus preservation of open space to a question of incremental development
versus careful assessment and management of multiple resources. Economic issues relating to land and water use
still remain central to a broader development perspective. Land and water use, however, are strongly influenced
by the ecological and cultural components of the plan.
Although there was a desire to compile cost/benefit analyses for alternative land uses, particularly for
housing, commercial, and industrial uses, this was not done. Prior studies on land reclamation (Dames & Moore)
indicated that extensive reclamation would be expensive and ill-advised in areas within the wetland. Given the
mounting evidence and emphasis of other resource values and the availability of other lands for urban uses, the
approach shifted to evaluating the impact of existing uses and assessing the merits of urban expansion versus
enhancement and preservation of other resource values.
The economic component is not a typical land use plan outlining and detailing land use areas. Rather, it
provides economic policy guidance from a broad perspective and establishes a basis for subsequent development
plans, zoning, and development codes that impact the Marsh area.

Ecological
The ecological component of the plan provides detailed and specific policies for management of the natural
resources within the study area. The largest volume of existing data pertained to elements of the ecological
component, much of which was derived from earlier studies in the form of environmental assessments and impact
statements. Because some of the data were dated or incomplete, it was necessary to update the information on
waterbird and other wildlife habitat, to examine available data on water quality, and to develop a definitive
overview of the nutrient budget.
The records indicate that environmental and ecological concerns surrounding the Marsh span perhaps 20
years. Although very little has been done to alter the impacts on wetlands and habitat, it appears that the
established value of the Marsh as a flood basin has contributed to its preservation.
Among the three components of this plan, the ecological aspect has been most subject to change. There
are indications that this change has been accelerated in the last several decades. The count and distribution of
waterbirds, for example, have been reduced. In addition, the surface of the Marsh has been altered by
sedimentation and accelerated plant growth stemming principally from the input of nitrogen and phosphorus by
sewage treatment plants.
These changes can be decelerated by implementing some of the management policies offered in this plan.
There is also the potential for reversing the past alteration of the Marsh surface, particularly with respect to
improving wildlife habitat. The success of these measures cannot be assured; however, it is clear that deceleration
of the buildup of nutrients which support rapid vegetation growth in open water areas, for example can be
accomplished by discontinuing the dumping of sewage effluents directly into the Marsh. Because certain impacts
on the ecological elements are not easily reversed, the management policies of the ecological component have
an immediacy not present in other components of the plan.
The policies and recommended implementing action are provided in five elements of the ecological
component. They relate generally to habitat protection, enhancement, and management and to quality and
quantity of Marsh waters which are crucial to the Marsh's survival.

Cultural
The cultural component has benefited greatly from research, field surveys, and studies compiled within the
last decade and especially during the period of the plan process. The body of cultural information has also been
augmented not only by specific studies commissioned by the DPED, but through privately funded research
related to development activities within the district as well. While the cultural data are not complete (policies of
this component call for additional study) there are new data on carbon dating from early Hawaiian sites,
uncovered artifacts, and emerging perspectives of cultural systems that were not previously available.
Through fortuitous research and study by a renowned geologist, there is additional information on the
geomorphic evolution of the Marsh and its surrounding area. There is now evidence that the Marsh was once a
bay open to the Pacific Ocean. The ancestral Kawainui Bay of some 4,000 to 6,000 years ago altered to a lagoon
somewhere between the third and sixth century A.D. With this information, it has been theorized that the early
Hawaiians may have accelerated Kawainui's evolution from lagoon to marsh through the construction of fish
ponds and taro walls to impede the flow and ebb of both fresh and sea waters through the lagoon. While the
walls of the fish pond have not been located, further research could add to the mounting evidence of the
presence of the early Hawaiians and their manipulation of the environment.
This research led to the identification of three areas of interest for further archaeological study: 1) the
nature of the early inland occupation around the Marsh; 2) the nature of the environment at the time of the
initial occupation; and 3) changes in settlement and land use over time as a result of human occupation in the
Kawainui vicinity.
- While this information is more significant to management of the cultural component of the plan, it also
provides basic knowledge which can be useful in the ecological and land use components.

Interrelationships Among Components
Over the years that the Marsh has been viewed as a planning and management issue, the interrelationships
among the resources of the Marsh have become more evident and complex. For example, it was assumed that
sewage effluent played a dominant role in the rapid vegetative overgrowth in the open water areas. Accordingly,
a nutrient budget was developed by measuring total inputs to and outflows from the Marsh (black box method).
This study provided specific information about the relationship between nutrients and vegetative growth, which
in turn led to the formulation of management policies in two components of the plan. Because of similar
interrelationships in other resource areas, it was clear that a study of the Marsh resource values would require
exchange and coordination among the investigators.
Coordination among the various resources addressed in the plan benefited from the diverse composition
of the Committee. This composition itself essentially reflects an interdisciplinary approach to Marsh
management. During the planning process, subgroups were formed to organize pools of related skills and
backgrounds. The output was discussed by the entire Committee and, invariably, modifications were made to
reflect the perspectives of the other subgroups.
In the final phases, it was evident that the ecological and cultural components of the plan were reasonably
compatible. Management policies for one could often be stated in similar terms for the other. Conflict in the
economic component was understandably the most evident. It was clear that expanded urban development in
the primary study area would in many cases preclude present and future management opportunities for
ecological and cultural resources. Therefore, the major thrust of the management policies contained in this plan
is directed toward preservation and management of ecological and cultural resources.

PART III:
THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

BOUNDARIES OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Kawainui Marsh system consists of numerous resource values. Most of the known resources are
concentrated in and around the Marsh floor. As part of a larger system, however, the Marsh should be viewed
as a focal point for the Kawainui Watershed-easily impacted ecologically, economically and culturally by
activities within the watershed and to a lesser extent the Koolaupoko District.
For this reason, two areas and two levels of management are envisioned.

Primary Area
The policies of this plan apply principally to the primary area. The geographic boundaries of this area are
defined as all lands bounded by Kapaa Quarry Road on the West and North, the Coconut Grove Drainage
Canal on the East, and Kailua Road-from the bridge crossing the Canal to its junction with Kapaa Quarry
Road-on the South.

Secondary Area
The land area outside of the primary area and within the Kawainui Watershed is defined as the secondary
area.
It is evident that the quality of the water regime that supports the Marsh, and upon which other resources are
dependent, is influenced by activities in the watershed above the Marsh. In turn, the Marsh impacts upon the
receiving waters of nearby Kailua Bay.
This broader system approach gains additional importance from recent research on the geomorphic origins
of the Marsh. It is further supported by the strong interrelationships in both the cultural and biological systems of
the primary area and the remaining watershed.

BROAD GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

The formulation of the broad goals and objectives for the Kawainui Marsh Resource Management Plan
was evolutionary. Part I described the process goal and objectives through which the Committee evaluated the
need and parameters for a resource management plan. The Committee concluded that the overall function of
the plan was to: "Characterize and manage the primary area of the Marsh and where appropriate, the
secondary area, as a natural heritage area which is to be acquired, zoned, and utilized for its intrinsic
recreational, cultural/ archaeological, religious, educational, open space, wildlife and economic values."
The formulation of the substantive goal and objectives of Part III evolved from the resource assessments
and defined values in each resource area.

Goal: Provide for short- and long-term protection, enhancement, and use of identified natural,
cultural, and economic resources of Kawainui Marsh in a manner consistent with the greatest
public good.
Objective: Provide a comprehensive and coordinated land and water management plan which is consistent
with the economic values of Kawainui Marsh.
Objective: Protect, maintain, and enhance identified wildlife species, their habitats, and related ecological
systems.
Objective: Protect, preserve, and enhance cultural, educational, and recreational values at Kawainui
Marsh.
Objective: Provide ongoing coordination, review, and implementation of the policies and implementing
actions of the plan in a manner consistent with the objectives and policies of Chapter 205A
(HRS).

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OBJECTIVES, POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS
OF THE PLAN

The objectives, policies, and implementing actions of this plan are organized under the three broad
resource components: economic, ecological and cultural. The policies and implementing action under each
component are essential to ongoing management of the Marsh. While some of the policies and implementing
actions provide for the protection and preservation of specific existing resources, others relate to resource
enhancement for the improved enjoyment and use by the public.

Economic Resources

The economic component provides a general perspective of the overall management concerns of the plan.
The policies and implementing actions relate to land uses, sources and controls of contributing waters, land
ownership, recommended acquisition of private lands deemed essential to the protection and management of
resources identified in the other components, an assessment of the existing authorities and controls, and the
recommended administrative measures for plan implementations.

Objectives
- Protect compatible natural, cultural, and economic resources through management and control of
existing and future land uses.
- Provide for public use and enjoyment of the existing and potential resources of the Marsh.
- Provide for a centralized and consistent means for reviewing and regulating land use and development
in the primary study area.

Management Elements
A. Land and Water Use
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
The Marsh and its peripheral areas are currently used for flood control, a wildlife sanctuary, scenic and
open space vistas, recreation and education, and historical and cultural values. It is a unique ecosystem that
requires preservation, protection, management, and regulation. Competing or conflicting uses (either existing,
proposed or presently permissible) include cattle grazing, an auto dump, landfill, sewage discharge, a collector
sewer, housing development, and limited recreation, research, and education.
There is a need to resolve existing and potential conflict among the identified and proposed uses and to
develop a plan to ensure survival of the Marsh and its various values to the community. An integrated approach
to management is necessary, therefore, to ensure that the existing resource values are maximized to their
fullest potential in a manner which benefits a full range of uses for the public.

Policies
1. Existing housing, churches, the hospital, and the YMCA which are within the primary study area, are
recognized as established uses. Expansion of these facilities should not be permitted where they are in
conflict with the policies and implementing actions of this plan.
2. Existing economic activities within the primary area that are incompatible with recommended land
uses of this plan should be removed.
3. Wetland agricultural use of the Marsh should be encouraged where it would serve to promote historic
restoration or improve the waterbird habitat.
4. Public recreational use of the Marsh should be encouraged consistent with the protection of wildlife
and habitat and cultural resources.
5. Development of the Marsh should combine active and passive uses associated with the public
enjoyment of open space, wildlife, flora, and cultural experiences.
6. To minimize predation of ground nesting birds, open land in the primary area should not be planned or
zoned for residential, or other uses which support expanded domestic or feral animal populations.
Recommended Actions
1. Remove the auto dump from the primary area.
2. Relocate existing industrial uses situated on the Marsh side of the Quarry Road.
3. Establish 200-foot primary buffer zones surrounding existing and proposed wildlife habitats on the
Marsh side of the Quarry Road and adjacent to Ulupo Heiau.

VI-

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40A

Kawainui Marsh is framed by Mokapu Blvd. and the incomplete H-3 on the left and bottom of the photo. The auto wrecking operation
along the north boundary (bottom) and into the wetland of the Marsh. The Kawainui Drainage Canal begins at the left center of the
(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Division, July 1982).

4. Establish 50-foot secondary buffer zones along the remaining perimeter of the primary study area.
5. Restore identified early Hawaiian taro patches (fields) in the areas near Ulupo Heiau and between
Maunawili and Kahanaiki Streams.
6. Explore the economic viability of taro production in the wetland portions of both the primary and
secondary areas.

B. Controls and Coordination
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Under current regulatory controls, all three levels of government have direct regulatory authority within
and around the Marsh. There is also a clear geographic overlap of authority. As an example, at the Federal level
the Corps of Engineers has direct review and approval authority for activities which result in the discharge of
dredged or fill materials into wetlands. It should be noted that the jurisdictional boundaries of the wetland have
not been precisely or completely delineated. The wetland, however, appears to lie entirely within the Special
Management Area (SMA) boundary administered under Coastal Zone Management (CZM) related ordinances
by the City and County of Honolulu. Similarly, the State has specific regulatory authority over the State
Conservation District which is also situated within the SMA boundary. In addition, the State is also responsible
for monitoring a broad range of activities for compliance with the legislative CZM objectives and policies. The
geographic boundaries for this latter responsibility encompass the entire primary and secondary areas.
The vast array of governmental responsibilities in resource management have not been coordinated nor
enforced systematically in the management of the Marsh resources, nor is there an inter- or intra-departmental
forum through which multi-resource management can take place. Effective plan implementation will require
adequate provisions for the proper coordination and enforcement of these regulatory activities, including the
simplification and streamlining of procedures for reviewing and processing activity proposals within the Marsh
area. More importantly, there is a need to provide a centralized coordinative mechanism through which
consistent protection, enhancement, and use of Marsh resources can be assured.

Policies
1. No structures in the primary area, above or below grade should be allowed, unless such structure is
specifically identified as an implementing action of this plan.
2. In opening freshwater areas within the Marsh, consideration should be given to the effects of dry
weather on stream flow and evaporation rates.
3. Opening or enlarging of brackish or saltwater areas should be minimized to prevent saltwater intrusion
into the Marsh and resulting adverse effect on present estuarine areas.
4. To avoid a reduction in the flood retention capacity of the Marsh basin, landfilling should not be
permitted.
5. The integrity of the Marsh as a flood control and sedimentation basin must be maintained to the
maximum extent feasible to protect the Kailua town area from flooding and to maintain the quality of
near-shore waters.
6. Development on the slopes overlooking the Marsh and Kapaa Valley should be examined for potential
adverse impacts on a case-by-case and cumulative basis in conjunction with the resource values
identified in the policies of the Plan.
7. Specific land areas within the Marsh should be maintained for the protection and propagation of
endangered birds.
8. The present stream flow into the Marsh should not be diverted where such diversion will negatively
impact the resource management opportunities encompassed by the policies and recommended
actions of this Plan.

Recommended Actions
1. Purchase all privately-owned land within the primary area, with the exception of the existing
subdivisions and hospital, and reclassify them to conservation or preservation use.
2. Exchange, transfer, or by other means give authority over all publicly owned lands within the primary
area to the State for its administration.
3. Clear Marsh publicly owned lands of trash, hazards, and other debris, and maintain such a program.
4. Create a security system for the Marsh area to assure peaceful enjoyment by the public.
5. Construct and properly maintain perimeter fences along the Quarry Road to discourage dumping,
illegal activities, and predators, and to control unauthorized entry into the Marsh.
6. Investigate the technical feasibility and land use consistency of establishing a specific sedimentation
area in the Marsh basin.
7. Delineate the entire wetland boundary of the Marsh.

@53

This photo was taken after a period of heavy rain and captures the resultant increase of silt-ladened water flowing through the Marsh. T
choked with vegetation during drier periods, is recommended as a principal water-bird habitat.
(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Division, July 1982).

8. Acquire those lands in the secondary area that will fulfill the other policies and implementing actions of
this plan, including an access trail to Pohukini Heiau and lands related to other historic sites.
9. Investigate the feasibility of realigning the Northeast portion of the Quarry Road in order to maintain
access to existing landfill and quarry operations and improve public access and use of other
recommended features of this plan.
10. Appoint a multi-sector Kawainui Marsh Advisory Committee to monitor implementation of the Marsh
management plan by the lead agency and assisting agencies and to provide continuity from the
planning phase through the implementation phase of the project. In addition this body would assist in
the evaluation of management plan policy additions or revisions arising from its own initiatives or those
of public agencies and organizations.

Two of the four species of endangered Hawaiian waterbird found at Kawainui Marsh-the alae ke'o ke'o (coot) and the ae'o (stilt)-
pose for an unknown photographer as if on cue. The white bird is a cattle egret.

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Ecological Resources
The ecological component primarily addresses the technical aspects of restoring, protecting, and
enhancing the Marsh as a habitat for identified flora and fauna. Water quality is an important element of the
ecological component. The policies and implementing actions address both quantity and quality of fresh water
entering and circulating through the Marsh. They also address potential overlaps and coordinative oppor-
tunities with elements of the other components, particularly with regard to education, recreation, interpretive
uses, and agriculture. Five principal elements are identified and addressed.
Objectives
� Protect waterbird species and enhance their habitats.
� Protect identified stream, estuarine, and terrestrial wildlife and fish and enhance their habitats.
� Improve and maintain the water quality of the Marsh.

Management Elements
A. Waterbird Habitat: Primary Endangered Wildlife Areas
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Kawainui Marsh presently provides an important habitat for four endangered species of native Hawaiian
waterbirds. The Marsh has nearly unlimited potential for improvement as a waterbird habitat, partially because
of its large size. Problems which limit existing and potential waterbird use include: vegetation/aquatic weed
encroachment into valuable open water areas, human disturbance, predation, fluctuating water levels, limited
access to food, public attitudes, and sedimentation. There is a need to restore and enhance existing habitats,
develop new ones, and insure that competing or disturbing activities are located away from them.
Public use areas should be separated from waterbird areas which are designated as primary and sensitive
in order to facilitate both the wildlife and human uses of the Marsh which are proposed in this plan.

Policies
1. The natural water levels in the Marsh basin should be maintained in order to protect waterbird habitat
and support potential agricultural activity.
2. Human access should be regulated in order to minimize disruption of identified habitats.
3. Preferential measures should be established to enhance habitat for endangered species, especially
koloa, gallinule, and coot.
4. Growth of food species preferred by waterbirds should be encouraged.

Recommended Actions
1. Reestablish existing waterbird habitat by removing excess vegetation to create 20 acres of open water
(total of 40 acres of habitat, including vegetated nesting and escape areas).
2. Conduct an ongoing program for the control of water hyacinth and water lilies through ecologically
acceptable chemical or mechanical means.
3. Control by mechanical means California grass in areas surrounding water hyacinth.
4. Implement mechanical measures to control cattails along primary drainage areas that are not part of
primary waterbird habitats.
5. Enlarge waterbird habitat (described in No. 1 above) by removing additional excessive vegetation to
create a total of 50 acres of open water (total of 100 acres of habitat including vegetated nesting and
escape areas).
6. Implement predator control measures (moats, traps, fencing, etc.).
7. Design and implement a program for the protection of wildlife through posting and surveillance of
habitats.
8. Expand the waterbird habitat to 150 acres by clearing areas that extend from the 50 acres of open
water (described in No. 5 above) toward the floating mat at the Eastern end of the Marsh (total of 300
acres of habitat including vegetated nesting and escape areas).
9. Establish an access route to Na Pohaku 0 Hauwahine (Kridler's Rock) for observing waterbirds and
other compatible cultural uses.
10. Develop waterbird habitats in conjunction with interpretative uses in areas such as Hamakua Drive,
the ITT parcel, and other areas.
11. Incorporate interpretive waterbird habitat features into taro/agriculture areas.
12. Develop nature walks along the flood control levee and other areas.

B. Terrestrial Wildlife and Vegetation Habitat
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Upland areas adjacent to Kawainui Marsh provide habitats for many terrestrial plants and animals, most of
which are non-indigenous species. It was generally agreed that improvement of the terrestrial habitat to support
indigenous and Polynesian introduced plants and other indigenous and non-indigenous birds should be
pursued. Improved areas could provide study areas for ethnobotanical plants and enhance the aesthetics of
scenic, agricultural, and recreational areas. Terrestrial vegetation also provides acoustic and visual barriers
within buffer areas. In general, there should be a program to control undesirable species, accommodate
desirable ones, and integrate terrestrial species within appropriate components of the plan.
Policy
1. Desirable terrestrial vegetation and wildlife species should be promoted and accommodated in
recreation/park areas, agricultural lands, interpretive centers, buffer zones, educational displays and
scenic/aesthetic resources and viewing areas to complement the objectives and policies of this plan.
Recommended Actions
1. Develop an ethnobotanical garden adjacent to proposed taro fields and within the old landfill area
occupied in part by the model airplane field,
2. Koa haole and other undesirable species should be removed in areas where they pose a nuisance or
compete with other more desirable species and resource values such as scenic view points and view
planes.

C. Stream Habitat

Problems, Needs, Opportunities
For over a century, the quality of habitat for streams discharging into Kawainui Marsh has been
significantly and in part irreversibly degraded. Indigenous stream fauna and vegetation have been replaced by
exotic species, and endemic migratory (diadromous) @pecies can no longer utilize Kawainui Marsh for access to
and from the ocean. In recent decades, two sewage treatment plants began discharging into Maunawili Stream,
which flows into Kawainui Marsh. Considerable quantities of sediments have been transported by Maunawfli
and Kahanaiki Streams into the Marsh basin. The middle reaches of the streams have been channelized.
Despite the severity of these changes, the potential for improving the water quality and public use/value of the
contributing streams still exists. In particular, the streams could be incorporated as part of an overall
interpretation concept involving the Marsh and its hydrological inputs and outputs.

Policies
1. The quality of habitat of streams discharging into the Marsh should be improved to encourage the
natural recovery of the Marsh and passage of endemic migratory species.
2. Existing grading and erosion control ordinances should be enforced and special conditions applied to
minimize sedimentation impact from urban development in the Maunawili Heights area.
Recommended Actions
1. Expand stream courses by removing vegetation from their entrance into the Marsh downstream to
connect with open water habitats.
2. Clear the accumulations of high grass at the stream mouth between the Kailua Road bridge and the
small City and County park upstream to improve habitats.

D. Estuarine Habitat
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
At present, the Oneawa Channel and the immediate upstream portion of the Marsh adjacent to the
channel is presently an estuarine habitat. This habitat has potential value for recreational fishing (aholehole,
mullet, barracuda, o'opu, lizard fish) and has existing value as a habitat for stilt, a flood-way for the existing flood
control project and a watering area for seabirds (frigate birds). Factors limiting the abundance and distribution
of species in the habitat include: bathymetry, tidal circulation, growths of emergent vegetation, and freshwater
discharge rates from the marsh into the canal. In particular, emergent vegetation or floating vegetative mats
serve as a barrier to increased mixing of marine waters within the marsh. The estuarine habitat could be
expanded to improve opportunities for recreational fishing and other uses. On the other hand, the increased
intrusion of salty marine waters into the Marsh could inhibit the growth of certain emergent vegetation
intolerant to salt water and reduce feeding and other habitat areas for waterbirds.

Policies
1. Any alteration of estuarine habitat which may impact emergent fresh-water vegetation should be
preceded by impact assessments.
2. Alteration of estuarine habitat should not impact existing or proposed waterbird habitats identified in
this plan.
3. The present balance between fresh and marine waters in the Marsh should not be altered by
mechanical or unnatural means unless supported by other policies of the plan
Recommended Actions
1. Implement studies to determine feasibility of developing interconnecting boating trails between fresh
and marine water areas.
2. Place a ban on any additional freshwater withdrawal from Kawainui Marsh.
3. Explore opportunities for enhancing recreational opportunities in the estuarine area of the Marsh.

E. Water Quality
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
In recent years, Kawainui Marsh has served as the receptacle for sewage effluents discharged directly from
two sewage treatment plants, indirectly from two additional plants and for accumulating sediments transported
by streams and direct surface runoff. Heavy urbanization of the Kailua region is the indirect cause of both of
these undesirable water quality trends. The sewage effluent often contain pathogens harmful to aquatic life and
wildlife. At the same time, they also contain nutrients which stimulate the growth of vegetation, which in turn
contributes to the acceleration of encroachment of aquatic weeds into open water habitats important to
endangered waterbirds. The discharge of sediments into the Marsh also contributes nutrients and accelerates
the rate of the Marsh shoaling and conversion to upland habitat. A sizeable portion of the upstream watershed
has already been urbanized and covered over with pavement and vegetation. There still remain large open
tracts presently in agricultural use or watershed that are important to Marsh water quality. Future uses in this
area, however, should be closely monitored. The construction of housing on sloped lands immediately adjacent
to the marsh could add considerable undesired sediments to the Marsh.
Policies
1. Existing grading and erosion control ordinances should be enforced and special conditions applied to
minimize the sedimentation impacts from development.
2. The chemical parameters contributed by agricultural uses within the watershed should be defined.
3. In order to resolve potential water quality problems, leachate monitoring requirements should be
applied to any landfill activity within the drainage area of the Marsh.
Recommended Actions
1. Develop criteria for monitoring discharge of sediments into the Marsh.
2. Discontinue direct discharges of treated sewage effluent into the Marsh and into streams subsequently
discharging into the Marsh.
3. Develop and maintain a system to monitor the quality and quantity of influent streams and overland
flows to the Marsh.

4,
777

Above Volunteers assist Bishop Museum archaeologists in the excavation of a trench and test pits
near the Kukunono-Pohakupu Slope.

Below - Basalt, prehistoric artifacts uncovered in the archaeological
survey and excavation work of Bishop Museum. (Photos by Jane
Allen-Wheeler)

5CM

Cultural Resources

The various elements of the cultural component encompass the existing or potential resource values that
are related to Hawaii's history and cultural legacy. While there are strong interrelationships with the ecological
and land/water use components, this component specifically addresses those activities that are uniquely human
in terms of past and present impacts and benefits. These activities include the study of history, archaeological
research and analysis, educational and recreational programs and facilities, and identified cultural values and
related activities at Kawainui Marsh.
The information base for the cultural component is the result of recent historical, geomorphic and
archaeological studies which were either conducted under the public funded planning process or through
privately funded research. The research provided additional information on the geopmorphic evolution of the
Marsh, the cultural history of the area, the Marsh's potential for different kinds of archaeological research, and
the need for preservation and development of some of the area's archaeological sites.
Objectives
Protect and preserve identified historic and pre-historic sites and districts within the primary and
secondary areas which are listed or eligible for listing on the National and State registers.
Promote traditional cultural values through the development and use of important archaeological. sites in
the Marsh area.
Provide for the enhancement and use of the primary area as a learning resource for educational
institutions.
Identify, enhance, and preserve aesthetic qualities of the primary and secondary areas, including vistas,
view planes and site-specific features and elements.
Provide for recreational activities in the Marsh area.

Management Elements
A. Historical

Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Kawainui, the Kailua area, and the Koolaupoko district are significant in the history of the Hawaiian people.
The area, favored for settlement by the Hawaiian ah'i, contained an extensive system of taro patches and was
well known because of its large fishpond. It became an important rice growing area in the late 1800s as well as a
settlement for people of Chinese ancestry. During more recent historic times, it was also the source of fresh
water for Windward sugarcane plantations and diversified agricultural produce.
While the Bishop Museum published a recent study of the area and has others in preparation, there is no
consistent and complete record available. In this regard there is a need to develop a chronology of this rich
history for wide dissemination to the public.
Policy
1. The formal nomination of Kawainui Marsh to the National Register of Historic Places should be
pursued.
Recommended Actions
1. Publish a report on the history of the Marsh area which is based on existing reports and a thorough
archival search of records.
2. Prepare a chronology of historic events for public use.
3. Define specific boundaries of the eligible historic district for nomination to the National and State
Registers of Historic Places.

B. Archaeological
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Archaeological studies have identified a number of significant sites in the Kawainui Marsh area: Ulupo
Heiau, Pahukini Heiau, Kawainui Pond, the buried lo'i in the alluviated lowlands of Kailua, the grinding stone in
the Kukunono area and sites 32 and 33 below Pahukini Heiau. All of the areas surveyed so far have contained
previously unknown sites with research potential. Archaeologists have recommended preservation for some
sites and salvage excavations for others. The sites recommended for preservation require protection and
maintenance for continuing public use.
Policies
1. All significant archaeological sites on private land within the primary area should be acquired and
preserved for public use.

Rock mound recorded in a 1977 archaeological survey and found along the Kukunono-Pohakupu Slope (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Pacific Division, 1977)

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2. Implementing actions of this Plan which propose activities such as construction of trails and
recreation areas, or landscaping and restoration of historic sites, should be preceded by
archaeological surveys.
Recommended Actions
1. Acquire lands necessary to provide visual corridors and trail linkages between Ulupo and Pahukini
Heiaus.
2. Implement and fund programs for the landscaping and maintenance of existing historic sites, including
the heiaus, Site 33, the grinding stone, and other identified sites.
3. An archaeological research design to investigate the history of the primary area of this plan and to
identify all significant sites should be formulated. Such research design should address the five
recommendations for future research listed in the Bishop Museum archaeological report by Jane
Allen-Wheeler.

C. Hawaiian Heritage
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
The Kawainui Marsh area is an important wetland, a refuge for wildlife and endangered species, a place of
importance for both historic and pre-historic agricultural systems, and a symbol of traditional Hawaiian culture.
There appears to be potential for further identifying historic linkages between these important elements
through the interpretation of Hawaiian folklore and legend. There is, however, sufficient existing data to
establish interpretive centers to restore and demonstrate portions of this heritage,
Policies
1. All identified archaeological sites within the primary study area should be viewed from a cultural-
system perspective.
2. Interpretation of Hawaiian heritage should address agriculture, aquaculture, habitation, folklore, and
other traditional systems.
Recommended Actions
1. Establish trails and overlook systems to connect principal cultural features such as heiaus, and
interpretive centers with wildlife overlooks.
2. Develop secluded areas where ceremonial practices and, performances can be conducted.
3. Investigate and record the sacred nature and cultural significance of the birds of Kawainui, particularly
where such values relate to proposed wildlife management recommendations of this plan.

D. Aesthetics

Problems, Needs, Opportunities
Current land use in parts of the Marsh area distract from the wilderness character of the Marsh and its
surrounding areas. These uses diminish scenic and open space areas important to the Marsh's use as a cultural
park. The drive-in theater, the land-fill operation, the auto junkyard, and the currently permitted and proposed
urban uses of the surrounding lands are incompatible with the visual qualities and natural area potential of the
Marsh.

Policies
1. The wilderness character of the Marsh and the surrounding area should be promoted through
rehabilitation, landscaping, and management.
2. To the extent feasible, landforms, views and vistas of the natural landscape should be reconstructed.
Recommended Actions
1. The existing sanitary landfill site, following closure, should be graded and landscaped.
2. The auto junkyard should be cleared and the area restored to an appropriate natural area setting.
3. The opportunities for removal or modification of the Kailua drive-in theater screen should be explored
in order to improve view planes toward and from the Marsh.

E. Educational

Problems, Needs, Opportunities
The Marsh area is presently the locale for field studies related to natural environment and cultural
heritage. Current use by students from all educational levels is limited by the absence of established trails and
sites which highlight selected Marsh features.
Policies
1. Features of the Marsh basin that are important to educational programs including historic sites,

habitat overlooks, interpretive centers, interconnecting trail systems between the above features and
access trails to Marsh overlooks, should be developed.
2. The educational opportunities that are present in the Marsh, including those that have been utilized in
past educational programs and more recently described in the guidebook "Ho'ona'auao No Kawai
Nui" should be supported so long as such use is not counter to the resource protection and
management policies identified in this plan.
Recommended Actions
1. Prepare learning modules based on previous and proposed basic research.
2. Develop interpretive educational programs and centers which demonstrate the interrelationship of
early Hawaiian cultural, agricultural, recreational and social systems.

F. Recreational
Problems, Needs, Opportunities
The peripheral slopes surrounding the Marsh floor and certain areas of the wetlands, have recreational
potential appropriate to the intrinsic values of the area.
There are no similar natural and cultural resource areas that are readily accessible to the public anywhere
on the Island of Oahu or elsewhere in the State.

Policies
1. Passive recreational opportunities, including picnicking and camping sites, should be established at
appropriate points so they will not disrupt or conflict with policies within other resource areas.
2. Open fields for active recreational activities should be provided in locations consistent with other
policies of the management plan.
Recommended Actions
1. Create or establish safe hiking paths and jogging trails in perimeter areas of the Marsh.
2. Provide scenic and wildlife overlooks in places consistent with identified scenic and habitat values.
3. Study the potential for expanding the estuary for fishing and boating activities.
4. Establish or create access routes, trails, and facilities for nature studies.
5. Prepare a comprehensive recreational plan for Kawainui Marsh which encompasses the primary area
and portions of the secondary area, and which addresses existing uses and uses proposed within this
document. The plan should integrate recreational activities so that they are consistent with the
resource protection and management policies of this document.

PARTIV:
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

The preceding chapters of this plan address only the first stage in the establishment of a permanent natural
heritage area at Kawainui Marsh. Through its preparation, new baseline data have been completed and a
bibliography and chronology of the Marsh have been prepared. The planning process provided a forum for an
interdisciplinary overview and conceptual framework for assessing the significant cultural, natural, and
economic resources of the Marsh.
While the recommended policies and actions of the management plan provide specific guidance for the
establishment and ongoing management of the area, the fulfillment of the plan will unquestionably require the
subsequent commitment of financial, technical, and administrative resources and planning for the detailed
implementation and operation of a natural heritage area.
It is not the intent nor within the capacity of this Resource Management Plan to provide detailed plans for the
implementation and operation of a multi-resource area such as the Marsh. It is, however, desirable and within the
scope of the document to provide general recommendations for the completion of these important stages of the
project.
Land Acquisition and Management
During the course of the planning process, the Committee recognized that existing land ownership
patterns and controls would make broad multi-resource management most difficult. The policies and actions of
the plan address this concern by recommending that all private lands adjacent to the Marsh basin that have
natural and cultural resource values be acquired. Similarly, in order to facilitate centralized management, the
plan recommends that County owned lands within the Marsh basin be exchanged for other lands owned
elsewhere by the State. The Legislature and the Governor have endorsed both of these recommendations with
legislative measures providing acquisition funds and supporting land exchange.
It is recommended that both acquisition and exchange of lands should proceed expeditiously. The suggested
priorities for the acquisition of private lands are dictated to a great extent by their imminent development and the
negative impact that such development would have on the natural resource values of the Marsh. The Committee
has provided its recommendations for acquisition priorities. It appears likely that the exchange of lands between
the two levels of government "fill require supporting legislation.
The Division of Land Management of the Department of Land and Natural Resources has statewide
responsibilities related to land matters and should prepare a schedule for the acquisition of identified private lands
around the Marsh consistent with budgetary and fiscal constraints of the State.
Implementation and Operation
During the two year period in which the Committee deliberated the prospects and parameters of Marsh
management, it was equally apparent that divided resource management responsibilities among many levels of
government would make multi-resource management in a defined area most difficult. While the foregoing
Resource Management Plan does not provide specific identification of agency assignments, it is difficult to discuss
policy and action without some concept of the probable or preferred agency that would assume the implementing
responsibilities. In this regard, virtually all of the identified resource values for which the plan proposes
management are found within the various divisions of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. These
activities include not only acquisition and management of State lands, but as well the management of wildlife
preserves; the protection of endangered species; the identification, registration, and protection of historic
properties; and the management of State parks and recreational facilities and other related activities.
It is the recommendation of this plan that the Governor direct the Department of Land and Natural
Resources to be the lead agency for the implementation of the policies and recommended actions contained
herein, and that the Department of Land and Natural Resources assume responsibility for ongoing operation of
the natural heritage area.
In order to implement this resource management plan the Department of Land and Natural Resources
should prepare a plan for implementation which contains:
� A description of the organizational structure through which this plan can be implemented;
� An evaluation of the existing and additional staff resources required to implement this plan;
� The identification of and provisions for continued participation by other government agencies and
private organizations in the implementation of this plan;
� A conceptual diagram which depicts the management and operation of the district;
� A program for the maintenance and protection of instrearn uses in keeping with the provisions of Act 185;
� Identification of applicable rules and regulations that would guide management (Appendix D); and
� A preliminary assessment of implementation and ongoing operational costs of the primary area.

An Advisory Body for Plan Implementation
An indication of past interest in Kawainui Marsh is provided in the introductory chapters of this plan. The
great numbers of hours of time and technical assistance that has been provided by many sectors of the
community in the compilation of this document is further evidence of this interest.
Chapter III of this plan recommends that an advisory body be named to provide assistance to the lead
agency in the implementation of this plan. While the detailed functions of such a group are not fully described, it
is recommended that the lead agency for implementation further consider and describe the means by which the
technical and advisory skills of such persons could provide important continuity during the implementation of
the plan.
It is recommended that the DPED participate in the implementation of this plan as a member of the
advisory body.

APPENDIX A

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report on the Feasibility of Filling the Periphery of the Kawainui Swamp for Residential Development; R.M.
Towill Corporation; March 20, 1964.
Summary of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Kawainui Landfill, No Author or Agency
Listed; August 1, 1974.
Kawainui Marsh Draft Research Plan; Robert J. Shallenberger; October 24, 1974.
A Description of the Environmental Conditions of the Kawainui Marsh Ecosystem; Paul K. Bienfang; July 11,
1974.
Preliminary Biological Survey of KawainuiMarsh and the Maunawili - Kahanaiki Stream System; John 1. Ford,
Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii; June, 1975.
Kawainui Wetlands Resources Study; Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii; September 17,
1975.
A Study of the Auifauna and Flora of the Kawainui Swamp Region; Andrew J. Burger; August, 1976.
Testimony of Rev. Edward Kealanahele for District Boundary Amendment from Urban to Conservation at
Kawainui Ko'olaupoko, Oahu; Rev. Edward Kealanahele; March 24, 1977.
Unpublished Draft Environmental Statement - U.S. Department of the Army Permit for the Discharge of
Dredged orFillMaterial into Kawainui Marsh, Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii, in Conjunction with the Olomana District
Interceptor Sewer and Maunawili District Trunk Sewer Construction; U.S. Army Engineer District Honolulu;
(circa) 1978-1979.
Determination of Eligibility Notification; Charles A. Herrington; July 13, 1979.
Kawainui Swamp, unpublished document; Henry Lee, Water Resources Center; (circa) 1976.
A Proposal for a Kawainui Marsh Baseline Resource Study; 1 + 1 = 3 Associates, Robert A. Herlinger, A.I.A.,
Robert Shallenberger, Ph.D.; August 2, 1976.
Archaeological Investigation, Kawainui Swamp, Koolau Poko, Kailua, Oahu Island, Ned Ewart and Myra
Tuggle; December, 1977.
Brief History of Kawainui Fishpond and Associated Sites; Marion Kelly, Associate Anthropologist, Bishop
Museum; June, 1979.
Socioeconomic Impacts of the Proposed Kawainui Residential Development; Evaluation Research Consultants,
Robert Anderson, Ph.D.; September, 1976.
Environmental Aspects of Storm Water Runoff, Kawainui Residential Sub-Diuision Windward Oahu, Hawaii,
Michael J. Chun, Ph.D. and Gordon Dugan', Ph.D.
Access Study for the Proposed Kawainui Project, Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii, Eugene Mailer; October, 1976.
Carbon Monoxide Impact Analysis for the Proposed Kawainui Residential Development, Kailua, Koolaupoko
District, Oahu; Barry Root, MA, MPH; February 25, 1977.
An Alternative Drainage Studyfor an Upper Storage Basin for Kawainui Marsh; R.M. Towill Corporation; May,
1973.
Hau-uff's Endangered Waterbirds; Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Land and Natural
Resources; November 8, 1976.
Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Kawainui Residential Development; Community Planning Inc.;
Revised November 8, 1976.
Preliminary Site Investigation, Proposed Land Development Kawainui Marsh, Kailua, Hawaii (Unpublished);
Dames and Moore; June, 1961.
Hydrology and Drainage Study for Kawainui Regional Park at Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii; R.M. Towill Corporation;
March, 1972.
Color Infared Film as a Media to Record and Portray Natural Resources and Environmental Information; G.E.
Gnauck, ESL Incorporated.

Prehistoric Hawaiian Fishponds; William Kikuchi; July, 1976.
Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan (Portion of Document); R. Walker, J. Medeiros, R. Saito, P. Seorka, G.
Swedborg, T. Jeffer, D. Woodside, F. Zeillemaker; August, 1977.
Development of Emergent Vegetation in a Tropical Marsh (Thesis); Linda Lea Smith; May, 1978.
Memorandum (Computer printout of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Computer generated bibliography); U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service; January 28, 1980.
Development Plan Ordinance Koolaupoko, Text and Map; City and County of Honolulu; September, 1979.
Test Excavations; Site 7, Kawainui Marsh, Kailua Ahupuaa, Oahu and Determination of Effect; U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers; August, 1978.
Sites of Oahu; Elspeth Sterling and Catherine Summers, Bishop Museum; 1978.
Wetlands and Wetland Vegetation of Hawaii, Margaret E. Elliott and Erin Marie Hall; September, 1977.
Geoarchaeological Analysis of Field Remnants, Kawainui Marsh Kailua, Oahu; Harry Morganstein, Hawaii
Marine Research Inc.
A Cultural Resources Study for the City and County of Honolulu Permit Request: Kawainui Marsh Sewerline
(Oahu), Archaeological Reconnaissance and Pre-1850 Literature Search; Ross Cordy, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers; August, 1977.
A Resources Management Program For Kawainui Marsh Oahu: A ProposalBy the Outdoor Circlefor Funding
by the Hawaii CZM Program; The Outdoor Circle; April 12, 1979.
Nomination Form to the National Register of Historic Places (for Ulu Po Heiau); Form Completed by B. Jean
Martin, Hawaii Register of Historic Places; September 23, 1971.
Nomination Form to the National Register of Historic Places (forPahukiniHeiau); Form Completed by Jennifer
Hunt Watts, Hawaii Register of Historic Places; September 23, 1971.
An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian Wetlands, Volume I, Introduction, Species Acc6unts, Bibliography, and
Appendix; Ahuimanu Productions, Robert J. Shallenberger, Ph.D.; December 1977.
An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian Wetlands, Volume 11 Site Discussions; Ahuimanu Productions, Robert J.
Shallenberger, Ph.D.; December, 1977.
Recreation Program Handbook (Portion of Document); Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of
Hawaii; March 1978.
Examples of Land Ecosystems; Dr. Charles Lamoureux, University of Hawaii.
Ecosystem Classification; Dr. John A. Maciolek.
Hawaii Geothermal Project; Energy Resources Group Ltd.; February 11, 1975.
Display Material, Life of the Land; Doug Meller; January, 1980.
Selected Testimony from the Kawainui Marsh SMA Permit Hearing- November 29,1979.
Relation of Drainage Problems to High Ground Water Levels, Coconut Grove Area, Oahu, Hawaii; L.A. Swain
and J.L. Huxel, Jr.; 1971.
Phase I Archaeological Survey of Castle Estate Lands Around the Kawainui Marsh, Kailua, Oahu; Jeffrey T.
Clark, M.A., Bishop Museum; April, 1980.
Determination of Eligibility Notification: Kawainui Marsh; National Register of Historic Places; July 1979.
Environmental Aspects of Kapaa Landfill, Kawainui, Oahu Hawaii; Michael J. Chun and Gordon L. Dugan;
September 1981.
Kawainui Marsh of Oahu: Historical and Archaeological Studies: Marion Kelly and Jeffrey T. Clark, Bishop
Museum; September 1981.
Geomorphologic Research at Kawainui Marsh: (Memos, Seminar Notes and Maps); John C. Kraft; 1981-82.
Ho'ona'auao No Kawai Nui: (A Multi-Media Guide to Kawainui Marsh); Diane Drigot, Environmental Studies
Forum; October 1982
Environmental Impact Statement: Permit Application for Olomana-Maunawili Sewer Project, KawainuiMarsh,
Oahu; U.S. Army Engineering District, Honolulu; August 1981

APPENDIX B

Kawainui Marsh
Chronology of Events

DATE EVENTS
1921 Major flooding at Coconut Grove.
1923 Kawainui waters pumped to Waimanalo for agricultural irrigation. Continued into the 1950s.
1923 Coconut Grove area subdivided.
1941 U.S. Corps of Engineers recommends flood control levee and channel in its: Report on Survey
Flood Control, Kawainui Swamp, Kailua District, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii.
1949 Auto wrecking operation starts.
1949 Congress authorizes "Kawainui Swamp Flood Control Project" in Section 204 of the Flood
Control Act. Funding not provided.
1951 Major flood at Coconut Grove; 250 persons evacuated.
1952 Pilot flood control channel, 67 feet wide and nine feet deep, constructed by the Territory.
1952 Ameron HC&D takes over quarry operation. Quarry Road constructed.
1956 Owner of Kaneohe Ranch drains Marsh for use as pastureland. Water level dropped four feet.
1957 Development of subdivisions around Marsh begins. Completed by 1965. Four sewage
treatment plants which presently flow into the Marsh were constructed during this period.
1957 Pali Highway to Kailua completed. Alignment transects mauka portion of Marsh.
1957 U.S. Corps of Engineers updates earlier 1941 report. Publishes Design Memorandum
Kawainui Swamp. Study completed the design of the flood control project using 750 acres of
the Marsh basin for storing and diverting flood waters around Coconut Grove,
1959 City Planning Commission completes report, Preliminary Study of Kailua-Lanikai Area.
Report indicated possible park use and water storage areas in Kawainui Marsh. Proposed the
use of more than 1,000 acres of the Marsh floor and peripheral slopes.
1959 City Planning Commission reviews the Territorial Highway Department's proposal for an
easement along the Dike Road as part of a defense system linking Kaneohe Marine Corps Air
Station to Pali Highway. (Interstate Route H-3) Report also indicates alternate route of
extending Kalanianaole Highway to Kapaa Quarry Road and Mokapu Boulevard. Later in 1964
this alternate was officially adopted in the Oahu General Plan.
1959 City Planning Commission report makes reference to a Territorial Senate Bill for the
acquisition of Kawainui to provide water for Waimanalo development. Honolulu Board of
Water Supply decides to pump water from Waihee instead; Kawainui water said to be
of poor quality.
1961 Dames and Moore completes its preliminary site investigation for proposed land development
in Kawainui. Report estimated the extent of sand, depth of various soil types and
expected settling.
1961 Centex-Trousdale proposes to develop a 200-acre subdivision along three sides of the marsh.
(Centex-Trousdale owned development rights to Kaneohe Ranch lands.)
1961 City and County Board of Parks and Recreation recommends park development at Kawainui.
1961 U.S. Congress authorizes Federal financial assistance to States and loca[ governments for
acquisition of Open Space Land and Urban Beautification under Title VII of the 1961
Housing Act.
1962 Honolulu City Council adopts a General Plan for Kailua (Ordinance 2408).
1962 Centex-Trousdale subdivision disapproved. (TMK 4-2-13:22; 4-2-16:1)
1964 Centex-Trousdale properties included in Conservation District by State Land Use
Commission.

1964 750 acres of Kawainui acquired from private owners for $1.2 million financed jointly by Federal
Housing and Home Finance Agency and City. Managed by City and County Parks and
Recreation Department.
1964 Honolulu City Council adopts Kailua Detailed Land Use Maps (DLUM) (Ord. 2473).
1964 Tests made for proposed Olomana sewer trunkline.
1965 H-3 Spur constructed.
1966 U.S. Corps of Engineers completes flood control improvements for Kavrainui -includes
widening Oneawa Channel construction of dike and flow control device.
1967 Consultant Sanford Hill completes Master Plan proposals for City and County Department of
Parks and Recreation. Report recommends acquisition of two parcels: 76 acres on which
Centex-Trousdale proposed a residential subdivision and 74 acres for a silting basin. Other
parcels with less priority were also recommended for acquisition.
1968 City and County/Citizen planning sessions for regional park are held.
Aug. 1970 Michael Baldwin Trust, John Baldwin Trust, James Castle Trust, and James McIntosh
proposed subdivision approved. (TMK 4-2-15:4,6)
Oct. 1970 Tests made for Maunawili Trunk Sewer.
June 1971 Kaneohe Ranch Company subdivision disapproved. (TMK 4-2-14:2; 4-2-15:1,4; 4-2-17:1)
Aug. 1971 Ulupo and Pahukini Heiaus nominated to National Register of Historic Places.
Aug. 1971 City and County Department of Public Works acquires Kapaa Quarry site through eminent
domain.
Nov. 1971 Edward K. Pipi, Jr. subdivision deferred. (TMK 4-2-13:16)
Dec. 1971 FIT applies for General Plan Amendment.
Mar. 1972 R.M. Towill completes Hydrology Drainage Study for Kaujainui Regional Park.
April 1972 Castle Estate subdivision approved. (TMK 4-4-34:25)
May 1972 Kaneohe-Kailua Origin and Destination Traffic Study completed by A.M. Voorhees for City
and County Traffic Department. Report projects traffic flow to the year 1995.
June 1972 City opens Kapaa landfill operation below Pahukini.
Oct. 1972 City park plan completed. Includes recommendations for acquisition of peripheral private
lands.
Nov. 1972 Dillingham files letter of intent to construct shopping center at northeast corner of Marsh.
Dec. 1972 Dr. Nathan C. Burbank of University of Hawaii Environmental Health and Sanitary
Engineering Department completed Kau)ainui Water Quality Study for City and County
Department of Parks and Recreation. Report indicated that the sanitary landfill did not
increase the pollution of the water in the swamp.
June 1973 Castle Estate subdivision approved. (TMK 4-2-15; 4-2-17)
Nov. 1973 City and County Department of Parks and Recreation applies for General Plan Amendment
for park designation of properties. A 1,045-acre park is proposed.
Dec. 1973 City and County Department of Public Works applies for General Plan Amendment for the
proposed Kapaa Landfill and Corporation Yard.
April 1974 Hawaii State Legislature requests City and County to develop Kawainui Regional Park.
June 1974 Honolulu City Council provides $100,000 in its Capital Improvements Program for a model
airplane field at the former landfill area in Kawainui.
June 1974 R.M. Towill completes Twenty- Year Incremental Development Plan for Kaujainui Regional
Park for City and County Department of Parks and Recreation.
July 1974 Paul Bienfang completes A Description of the Environmental Conditions of the Kawainui
Marsh Ecosystem for U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
July 1974 Dillingham Corporation presents its plans for the proposed 88-acre Kawainui Shopping
Center.
Sept. 1974 Dillingham Corporation drops its plans for Kawainui Shopping Center.

Dec. 1974 Land Use Commission reclassifies 50 acres from Urban to Conservation. (TMK 4-2-14:2)
Feb. 1975 State Senators Anderson, George, Hulten introduce a bill for a $2 million appropriation for the
development of Kawainui Park.
Feb. 1975 State Representatives Ajifu and Evans introduce a bill for a $100,000 appropriation for
scientific studies of Kawainui.
April 1975 State Legislature passes HB 223 requesting the Department of Land and Natural Resources to
study Kawainui as a National Historic site.
April 1975 Shoreline Protection Act (205A) approved as interim measure.
April 1976 State House of Representatives adopts a resolution to support the nomination of 1,000 acres
of the Marsh and its periphery as a National Historic District.
April 1976 State Legislature requests City and County Department of Parks and Recreation to develop
comprehensive plan for the development of Kavrainui adding that no major development
should take place until such a plan is completed.
Oct. 1976 City and County requests permit to construct Olomana/Maunawili Interceptor Sewer in the
southeastern fringe of Marsh floor. Not actively pursued.
Oct. 1976 Department of Planning and Economic Development petitions State Land Use Commission
to reclassify 234 acres to conservation. Petition denied.
Jan. 1977 Public hearing held on Olomana/Maunawili Interceptor Sewer. Determination made that E.I.S.
would be required.
April 1977 Hawaii State passes Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act (Act 188).
June 1977 Marsh Waterbird Recovery Plan completed.
April 1978 Department of Planning and Economic Development (DPED) appeals Land Use Commission
decision. Seventy-one acres subsequently reclassified.
April 1979 Outdoor Circle submits a proposal to DPED CZM program for funding to propose a
management plan for Kawainui Marsh.
June 1979 Kawainui Marsh designated as a Special Planning Project for the Coastal Zone Management
Office under the Department of Planning and Economic Department.
July 1979 National Register of Historic Places, Heritage, Conservation, and Recreation Service
completes Determination of Eligibility Notification. Report indicates that the Kawainui Marsh
is eligible for listing in National Register of Historic Places.
Aug. 1979 U.S. Corp of Engineers (COE@ delineates wetland boundary (with exception of eastern
border).
Oct. 1980 Olomana/Maunawili Sewer project reactivated. COE completes DEIS.
Dec. 1980 Hawaiian Papaya applies for a Shoreline Management Permit (SMP) for 39-acre residential
subdivision on Kukunono Slope.
April 1981 Honolulu City Council passes resolution approving SMP for Hawaiian Papaya subdivision.
Congress of Hawaiian People, and others enter complaint against Council and Department of
Land Utilization.
April 1981 Resource studies funded by the Office of Coastal Zone Management are initiated.
Nov. 1981 Development Plan for Koolaupoko revised and approved by Honolulu City Council.
Nov. 1981 Development Plan for Koolaupoko vetoed by Mayor Anderson.
Jan. 1982 Resource studies completed.
April 1982 Hawaii State Legislature appropriates $6.0 million for land acquisition.
April 1982 Public hearing for Olomana/Maunawili sewer collector.
April 1982 1982 Hawaii State Legislature passes resolution approving land exchange between State and
the City and County of Honolulu.

APPENDIX C

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ABSTRACT

Historical Study of Kawainui Marsh Area
Island of 0'ahu

Marion Kelly and Barry Nakamura
Bernice P. Bishop Museum
Department of Anthropology

January 1982

This report is the product of a contract to conduct historical research on land uses and resources of the
Kawainui Marsh area.*
Both published and unpublished historical materials were researched. Published materials included books,
reports, newspaper and magazine articles. Unpublished materials ranged from legal land documents, such as
19th century Land Commission Awards, government leases and boundary records, and private land sales and
leases; archival materials such as tax, school and census data, journals, letters and probate records; to various
contemporary reports for projects such as flood control and urban development. Additionally, maps,
photographs and other graphic materials were researched.
This report is organized chronologically with footnotes and a bibliography. The authors have tried to present
facts objectively and in such a way that readers can, if they wish, consult the original reference sources.
Significant Findings
Kawainui Marsh is favorably located yet little understood area of about 1,000 acres. Kawainui is located
within the windward ahupuaa (Hawaiian land division running from the mountains to the sea) of Kailua, which has
a rich tradition of legends, was a favored locale of ruling aIN (chiefs) in pre-contact (pre-1778) Hawai'i, and was a
productive agriculture and aquaculture area.
Legends associated with Kawainui Marsh include: Menehune, a legendary people who accomplished great
works at night; a rno'o, guardian spirit of Kawainui fishpond who took the shape of a large lizard; and, the makalei,
a supernatural, fish-attracting tree.
Among the famous ah'i who lived at Kailua and in the Kawainui area, dating back to the 16th century, were
Kakuhihewa and Kuali'i. In 1795, Kamehameha 1, during his struggle to unify the Hawaiian Islands, utilized the
resources of Kawainui to feed his army.
At present, in spite of historic modifications in land use, Kawainui preserves some integral parts of native
Hawaiian society from the pre-contact and early post-contact periods. These include the 440-acre fishpond, 250
areas of taro lo'i (pondfields) and 'auwai (irrigation ditch systems), heiau (Hawaiian religious temples), and
habitation and kula (dry-land) agricultural areas along the slopes, all of which combine to form a rich and valuable
Hawaiian cultural resource complex.
With the decline of Hawaiian population in the post-contact period, many of these resources at Kawainui
were abandoned. However, the agricultural resources, in particular, were revitalized in the last half of the 19th
century by Chinese farmers who developed rice into the second most important industry in Hawai'i, the first being
sugar. Thus, Kawainui also adds an important chapter to the early cultural history of the Chinese in Havrai'i.
Kawainui has been established as an area of early human occupation in pre-contact Hawai'i. Roughly 1,500
years ago, a site along the southern portion of Kawainui,near Ulupo heiau, was occupied by Hawaiians, according
to archaeologists. Geological studies suggest that Kawainui was, at that time, an open lagoonal embayment with
access from and to the sea. Thus, Kavrainui is significant in our understanding of prehistoric Polynesian migration,
settlement and cultural development.

Recommendations
Perhaps as much as any area in Hawai'i, Kawainui has the potential to further our understanding of Hawaiian
natural and cultural history. This potential should be preserved, especially when one considers that on 0'ahu very

*A previous study, "Kawainui Marsh, 0'ahu: Historical and Archaeological Studies," by M. Kelly and J. Clark,
published by and available from Bishop Museum, Department of Anthropology, September 1980, is recom-
mended reading.

few areas remain which present such unusual opportunities to study our past.
Kawainui Marsh and its environs are central features of an important Hawaiian ahupuaa complex at Kailua.
As such, the Kawainui Marsh area can provide meaningful cultural, historical and environmental information
about a specific windward valley settlement commuity as well as about the general history of Hawai'i. And, the
Kawainui Marsh area can satisfy many of the needs of our people, the young and old of all ethnic groups, for
cultural education and understanding. Therefore, no further obliteration of the remaining cultural resources at
Kawainui Marsh and adjacent areas should be permitted.

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ABSTRACT

Archaeological Excavations in Kawainui Marsh, Island of 0'ahu

Jane Allen-Wheeler
Department of Anthropology, Bishop Museum

January 1982

Under contract to the DPED, staff of the Department of Anthropology, Bishop Museum, conducted archival
and field research to elucidate the nature of archaeological sites located in the southern portion of the floor of
Kawainui Marsh, windward 0'ahu. The project was designed to provide background information to be used in
planning future land-use in and around the Marsh.
Research addressed three general questions: (1) What was the nature of the early inland occupation around
Kawainui Marsh? (2) What was the nature of the environment at the time of initial occupation? (3) What changes
occurred in the valley during human occupation around the Marsh, and how did the settlements and land use of
the Marsh vicinity change over time? Field survey was designed to check the present status of sites, such as walls
and canals, that appear on historic maps and aerial photographs of the area, and to determine which areas offered
the greatest potential for archaeological excavation.
Field survey uncovered few surface signs of structural features. Four trenches and two test pits were
excavated, revealing evidence that suggests that most of these features were buried under at least 50 cm of soil,
deposited through rapid on-going sedimentation.
In two trenches the full sedimentary sequence was exposed down through rice and taro soils, into an
underlying peat layer and a basal coral-rubble/sand/seashell layer. This coralline layer was once the floor of an
open bay, prior to the accumulation of the accretion sand barrier that underlies Kailua town today. Formation of
the barrier changed the bay into a lagoon; a fringing and floating vegetal mat then developed in the basin, and the
Marsh floor gradually filled with soils and sediments as alluvial materials were blocked behind the barrier. The
evidence indicates that the sedimentation rate in the basin increased markedly after the initiation of agriculture on
the surrounding slopes; presumably, this led to increasing slope erosion into the Marsh.
Soil samples recovered during excavation were analyzed for particle size and other physical properties as
well as for presence of pollen and other floral and faunal materials. Identifications of the corals and molluscs
presiant in the coralline layer suggest quiet, clear, marine waters in the immediate area during earlier times.
Samples of carbon from the coralline, peat, and agricultural layers were dated by the radiocarbon method.
The results indicate that the basal peat formed after A.D. 650 in the areas tested, and that soil did not fill the basin
until after A.D. 1300.
When the slopes surrounding the Marsh were first occupied (ca. A.D. 500), agriculture in the Marsh floor
would not have been possible. The earliest occupants apparently lived beside a lagoon or open bay, probably
relying on dryland slope agriculture and fishing and shellfish exploitation for subsistence. The area was probably
not densely populated until the late prehistoric or early historic period; by that time much of the Marsh floor was in
wetland taro cultivation.
The Kawainui data are compared with data from other Hawaiian sites, and specific future research projects
are suggested. The results of this project support the archaeological significance of Kavrainui Marsh. Data
recovered from the current research relate to several questions of importance in Hawaiian archaeology, including,
windward adaptations during the initial settlement period, the evolution of Hawaiian agricultural systems, and the
interaction of cultural and geomorphic processes in the creation of today's landscape.

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ABSTRACT

Nutrient and Suspended Solids Budget
for Kawainui Marsh, Oahu, Hawaii

AECOS, Inc.

January 1982

Introduction
This report is the product of a contract study whose object was to quantify the amount of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and suspended solids that enter and leave Kawainui Marsh during various climatic conditions. It
provides information as to the marsh's present capacity to process significant influxes, and estimates the effects
of changes in these influxes on vegetative growth, fill-in of standing water areas, and potential for impacting
other marsh and nearshore resources.

Methodology
In order to quantify the influxes into and discharges from Kawainui Marsh without having to quantify the
complex internal processes, the investigators have followed the conceptual mode which views the Marsh as a
"black box", i.e., a system in which inputs and outputs and are measurable, but for which the sum of the
internal processes is taken as the difference between the inputs and outputs.
Fluxes of nutrients and suspended solids were determined on a mass basis, which requires knowledge of
volume flow and concentration. Major volume flows into the marsh are stream flow and rainfall, and out of the
marsh, evaporation, transpiration and flow into the Kawainui Canal. Four waste water treatment plants
(WWTP) are the major sources of nutrient inputs.
Calculations of mass balance (mass input minus mass discharge equals internal processes) under wet and
dry conditions resulted in determinations of processing capacity for the Marsh.

Summary Findings
The investigators determined that the year could be divided into a 36 day wet weather period and a 329 day
dry period. The investigators also found that the loss of water through evaporation and transpiration during dry
weather nearly balanced the volume of water flowing into the marsh from the principal contributing sources
(streams and WWTP's). This condition results in low flow through the marsh, contributes to the high retention
rates of inorganic nutrients, and is the cause of saltwater intrusion into the lower end of the marsh during high tide.
- Data for dry and wet weather indicate the more than 95% of the nitrogen and phosphorus that flows into the
Marsh during dry weather is retained. Retention rates are lower during wet weather, especially for organic
nitrogen and phosphorus.

Suggested Management Alternatives
The investigators believe the removal of the WWTP effluents would have relatively little immediate effect
on the rooted vegetation of the Marsh, in view of the large amounts of nutrients stored in the sediments. Over
the long term, however, the rooted vegetation could be expected to decrease.
The investigators cau-tion that the removal of the existing vegetation by chemical or mechanical means,
without removal of the WWTP effluents, would decrease the Marsh's capacity to process the effluents and could
result in the possible disruption of the nearshore marine environment.
The report also concludes that under a "No Change" alternative, the natural processes in the Marsh would
continue at the present rates, removing the majority of the nutrients and suspended solids, and contributing to
the continued and rapid coverage of the open vmter. The processes of sedimentation and deposition of dead plant
material would gradually fill the standing water areas, and eventually the Marsh would become a grassland. The
natural rate of input of sediment would complete this process in approximately 7,000 years; the additional input of
dead plant material and increase in sediment input load due to grading and construction would shorten this
period.

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ABSTRACT

A Survey of the Waterbirds of Kawainui Marsh
Sheila Conant, Ph.D.

January 1982

This report is the product of a contract survey to determine current population density and distribution of
waterbirds and predatory and pestiferous animals of Kawainui Marsh in relationship to physiographic factors.
The report begins with a review of pre-contact and early historic references to Kawainui waterbirds. It asserts
that waterfowl species increased dramatically after Polynesian settlement in Hawaii. The investigator believes
that the presence of the 440-acre fishpond attracted large numbers of native and migratory waterfowl.
The investigator reports that the systematic recordation of data on Marsh avifauna was initiated only in the
last two to three decades. She identifies the sources of the data, much of which is unpublished, and references
Shallenberger's literature review as the best historical overview of the avifauna of Kawainui Marsh. She also
believes that the lack of consistent and adequate coverage during past bird counts has resulted in underestimates
of waterbird populations.
Using aerial photos taken at intervals during the period of 1940 to 1981, the report presents evidence of
habitat alteration. The cumulative effect of sedimentation and rapid vegetative growth have led to substantial
alteration and loss of open water areas. These changes, the author believes, have had the greatest impact on the
waterbirds of Kawainui.
The report describes the study methods employed and documents the observations made over time.
Physiographic features of the Marsh are mapped and evaluated according to waterbird resource values.

Recommendations
The report suggests various means by which the habitat can be enhanced through mechanical, herbicidal, or
biological control. The absence of a permanent waterflow through the marsh is credited as the most influencing
factor for the rapid vegetative growth, sedimentation and subsequent reduction of open water. The reduction or
elimination of sewerage effluent and the control of run-off, including pesticides, fertilizers and sediment from
adjacent lands, are considered to be two important measures for establishing a high quality wildlife resource.
The report also recommends that development on peripheral lands should be buffered from identified
wildlife habitats with heavily vegetated zones of 150 to 300 feet in width.
While the report expresses the need for protection and management of the habitats, it recognizes the
potential for multiple uses of the marsh and peripheral lands. These are identified as education, recreation, and
agriculture.
The report further recommends the continuous monitoring of waterbird population, breeding activity, and
distribution, and provides a method for carrying out this monitoring function.
In conclusion, the report provides some thought and guidance for long-term management of wildlife
resources of the Marsh. While the indicated counts of some species are not relativey numerous, the report
emphasizes habitat restoration and improvement through control of plant growth, the maintenance of open
water, and the establishment of full-time management program to control predation and human disturbance, and
to coordinate recreational and agricultural use of the marsh.

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
Department of Planning and Economic Development

ABSTRACT

An Analysis of the Aesthetic Significance and
Potential of Kawainui Marsh

Nick Huddleston

January 1982

This report was prepared in response to the Kawainui Marsh Technical and Policy Advisory Committee's
concern that intangible resources, such as vistas, viewplanes, open space, scenic attractions and cultural values
in and around Kawainui Marsh need to be identified and evaluated. The author, a graduate student in architecture
at the University of Hawaii, developed a methodology based on established techniques in order to identify and
record economically intangible resources. Guidance in this effort was provided by the Department of Planning
and Economic Development CZM Program.

Methodology and Scope
The author's approach to assessing aesthetic values of the Marsh and watershed was based on techniques or
approaches developed in the following documents:
Visual Management System, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service
Design with Nature, Ian McHarg
A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander
The report describes a concept of aesthetic values and relates the values to planning and preservation.
Existing conditions in and around the Marsh are distinguished as assets and liabilities as they relate to the
enhancement of the Marsh's aesthetic resources. The author believes that the elements considered as sources of
aesthetic stimulation in the Forest Service report are applicable to the Marsh and its environs. He employs the
approach of Alexander which asserts that certain places are special and should be preserved regardless of
accessibility or number of viewers. He offers as an example the historic use of the Marsh as a Hawaiian settlement
and its potential for re-establishment.

Identification of Specific Viewpoints
Viewpoints are identified with respect to quality - both existing and potential - from four perspectives:
distant views, mid-distant views, Marsh border views, and views from within the Marsh. The viewpoints, vistas
and features are mapped, identified and demonstrated with photographic slides to support the value
assessments.

Conclusions and Recommendations
On the basis of his investigation, the author concludes that the Marsh is a significant multi-faceted resource.
He suggests a list of activities to preserve and improve its aesthetic character. Among others, he offers the
following:
1 .Open up water areas to encourage their use as a wildlife habitat.
2. Locate and interpret historic sites and improve access to these sites.
3. Improve access and development of trails.
4. Establish viewpoints and passive recreation areas.
5. Preserve the Marsh's natural state and permit future use of the periphery for public purposes.
6. Eliminate the drive-in and auto dump, and stabilize and reuse the sanitary fill area for future enhancement
of aesthetic qualities.

APPENDIX D

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Geographically Determined Controls

Purpose/Authority Responsible Agency Uses Subject to Management Criteria f
Wetlands and Other Waters of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The placement of any material in an aquatic Pern
United States The Corps'District Engineer is area which will replace that area with dry The Corps' revie
(Dredge and Fill Permit) required to consult with various land or change the bottom elevation of the accordance with
Federal and State agencies prior to waterbody. by the Environme
Reflecting the national concern for both issuing a permit. These include: (EPA). In general,
the protection and utilization of im- The excavation or dredging of any material public benefits ou
portant resources, the U.S. Army Corps a) the State Historic Preservation from water of the United States (33 CFR impacts resulting
of Engineers regulatory program seeks to Officer and, if applicable, the 323.2). activity (33 CFR
maintain the quality of the nation's water National Advisory Council for
by controlling dredge and fill activities Historic Preservation;
under Section 404 of the Clean Water b) the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
Act (33 USC 1344). c) the National Marine Fisheries
Service; and
d) the State's fish and wildlife
management agency.

Each application is also reviewed by
the Environmental Protection Agency.

A CZM consistency certification must
be approved by the State's CZM lead
agency, the DPED, prior to permit
approval.

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Geographically Determined Controls
Purpose/Authority Responsible Agency Uses Subject to Management
District Use Boundary) Any new, change in or expansion of uses
Conservation District (Conservation Board of Land and Natural Resources Crite
issues or denies a CDUA permit, within the District including those permitted Permitted Us
Controls the development and utilization Dept. of Land and Natural R uses listed in the administrative Rules and by Subzone c
esources other conditional uses granted at the Board's "Limited," 'R
of natural and scenic resources within processes and evaluates permit
the District for their protection and applications, reCOrnmendirig approval discretion.
Preservation so as to ensure optimum or denial to t Conditional U
long-term benefits for the people of the he Board. Permitted uses, depending upon the must demons
State of Hawaii, Subzone category designation, include: appropriate s
research, habitat enhancement, recreational
Under the State's Land Use Law use, restoration of archaeological sites, flood
(Chapter 205, HRS), the Land Use or erosion control Projects, aquacultute, and
Commission delineates Conservation removal of vegetation,
District boundaries. Uses are permitted
in accordance with State Department of
Land and Natural Resources Rules de-
veloped under Chapter 183, HRS. Title
13, Chapter 2, Administrative Rules,
Department of Land and Natural
Resources specifies procedural and
substantive permit review requirements.

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Geographically Determined Controls

Purpose/Authority Responsible Agency Uses Subject to Management Criter
Coastal Zone Management All State and County agencies whose All land and water uses within the State's P
(Consistency and compliance actions affect or occur in the State's coastal zone management area and those Conformance
requirements) coastal zone. occurring outside the CZM area which policies, and n
directly affect it. Of particular concern
State compliance - The CZM objectives The Department of Planning and are those activities which impact upon
and policies and any guidelines enacted Economic Development, the State's the resources covered by the State's
by the Legislature are binding upon CZM "lead" agency, is responsible for CZM objectives, policies, and
actions within the coastal zone monitoring agency actions for implementing network of laws and
management (CZM) area by all agencies compliance with the State's regulations.
(�205A-4(b), HRS). CZM law. In addition, the DPED
reviews Federal actions and must find
Federal consistency - Federal planning, them consistent with CZM program
management, development and policies before the Federal agency
regulatory activities must be conducted implements them. This includes the
in a manner consistent with Hawaii's granting of a Federal license or
CZM Program (16 USC 1456). permit, e.g., the Corps'Section 404
Dredge and Fill Permit.

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Geographically Determined Controls

Purpose/Authority Responsible Agency Uses Subject to Management Criteria
Special Management Area Permit City Council issues or denies an "Development" as defined by Per
(SMA Permit) SMA use permit. �205A-22(3)(A), HRS includes: The County mu
Places special management controls on Dept. of Land Utilization processes a) the placement of any solid material or development:
development to avoid permanent losses and evaluates permit applications, any gaseous, liquid, solid, or thermal a) will not have
of valuable resources and foreclosures of recommends approval or denial to waste; environment
management options. the City Council. b) grading, dredging or extraction of any except as su
materials; minimized t(
County permit authority is granted under c) change in the density or intensity of and clearly o
the State's Coastal Zone Management use of land; health, safet
law, Chapter 205A, Part 11, County's d) change in the intensity of use of interests;
Ordinance No. 4529 delineates the SMA water, ecology, related thereto, or of b) is consistent
boundary and specifies permit processing access thereto; and policies and
regulations. e) construction, reconstruction, c) is consistent
demolition, or alteration of the size of plan, zoning
any structure.

Exempted activities are listed in
�205A-22(3)(B), HRS.

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Resource Determined Controls

Resource Responsible Agency Controlled Activities
Historic Objects, Chapter 6, HRS, Chapter 6, Department of Land and Natural Resources All development and any activity h
HRS impact on eligible or nominated N
Title 13, Subtitle 8. The Chairman of the Board of Land and Natural Historic Site.
Administrative Rules, Department of Land Resources is also the State Historic Preservation
Natural Resources, Chap. 198. Officer
Rules Governing the Hawaii and National The Hawaii Historic Places Review Board adopts
Register of Historic Places Program. and administers the Administrative Rule.

33CFR Part 305 National Advisory Council
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Wild birds and endangered species Department of Land and Natural Resources Special permits are required for th
Chapter 124, Title 3, Subtitle 5, Part 2, Board of Land and Natural Resources permit. wild birds for educational or scient
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Administrative Rules. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Endangered Species Act (16 USC � 1540)

Soil Department of Public Works Grading, grubbing and stockpiling
conducted under permit. To get a
Ordinance 3968, City and County of Honolulu must meet certain standards in co
grading, grubbing and stockpiling z

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFFECTING KAWAINUI MARSH
Resource Determined Controls

Resource Responsible Agency Controlled Activities
Water Quality and Waste Disposal Department of Health Degradation of water quality may
Chapter 55, Title 11, Department of Health conducted under permit (NPDES
Administrative Rules - Water Pollution Control Best management practices must
Chapter 54, Title 11, Department of Health private wastewater plant is to be u
Administrative Rules - Water Quality Standards

Chapter 58, Title 11, Department of Health
Administrative Rules - Solid Waste Management
Control

Chapter 57, Title 11, Department of Health
Administrative Rules - Private Wastewater
Treatment Plants

Flood Basin Building Department, Department of Land Construction activities and devel
Utilization limited from certain areas depend
State law hazard. Design of structures is pr
County Ordinance HUD County's building code.
Federal Flood Insurance Program

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KAWAINUI RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN. - 04

LC-ONOMIC ECOLOGICAL
OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES:
� PROTECT COMPATIBLE NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES THROUGH MANAGEMENT AND * PROTECT WATERBIRD SPECIES AND ENHANCE THEIR HABITATS.
CONTROL OF EXISTING AND FUTURE LAND USES. - PROTECT IDENTIFIED STREAM, ESTUARINE, AND TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE
� PROVIDE FOR PUBLIC USE AND ENJOYMENT OF THE EXISTING AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES OF THE MARSH. * IMPROVE AND MAINTAIN THE WATER QUALITY OF THE MARSH.
� PROVIDE FOR A CENTRALIZED AND CONSISTENT MEANS FOR REVIEWING AND REGULATING LAND USE AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRIMARY STUDY AREA.

POLICIES RECOMMENDED ACTION POLICIES
A. LAND AND WATER USE A. WATERBIRD HABITAT. PRIMARY ENDANGERED WILDLIFE AREAS
1. The natural water levels in the Marsh basin should be 1. Reestabli
maintained in order to protect waterbird habitat and support vegetatio
1. Existing housing, churches, the hospital, and the YMCA 1. Remove the auto dump from the primary area. potential agricultural activity. of habitat
which are within the primary study area, are recognized as
established uses. Expansion of these facilities should not 2. Relocate existing industrial uses situated on the marsh side 2. Human access should be regulated in order to minimize 2. Conduct
compromise the implementing policies of this plan. of the Quarry Road. disruption of identified habitats. hyacinth
3. Establish 200 foot primary buffer zones surrounding 3. Preferential measures should be established to enhance chemical
2. Existing economic activities within the primary area that are existing and proposed habitats on the marsh side of the habitat for endangered species, especially koloa, gallinule, 3. Control b
incompatible with recommended land uses of this Plan
should be removed. Quarry Road and adjacent to Ulupo Heiau. and coot. surroundi
4. Establish 50 foot secondary buffer zones along the 4. Growth of food species preferred by waterbirds should be 4. Impleme
3. Wetland agricultural use of the Marsh should be encouraged remaining perimeter of the primary study area (see map). encouraged. primary d
whereitwould serve to promote historic restoration or improve I waterbird
the waterbird habitat. 5. Restore identified early Hawaiian taro patches (fields) in the
4. Public recreational use of the Marsh should be encouraged areas near Ulupo Heiau and between Maunawili and 5. Enlarge waterbird habitat (described in No. I above) by
consistent with the protection of wildlife and habitat and Kahanailki Streams. removing additional excessive vegetation to create a total of
cultural resources. 6. Explore the economic viability of taro production in the 50 acres of open water (total of 100 acres of habitat 9. Establish
5. Development of the Marsh should combine active and wetland portions of both the primary and secondary areas. including vegetated nesting and escape areas). (Kridler'
passive uses associated with the public enjoyment of open 6. Implement predator control measures (moats, traps, fencing, compatib
space, wildlife, flora, and cultural experiences. etc.). 10. Develop
6. To minimize predation of ground nesting birds, open land in 7. Design and implement a program for the protection of interpret
the primary area should not be planned or zoned for wildlife through posting and surveillance of habitats, parcel, an
residential use, or other uses which support expanded 8. Expand the waterbird habitat to 150 acres by clearing areas 11. Incorpor
domestic or feral animal populations. that extend from the 50 acres of open water (described in taro/agri
No. 5 above) toward the floating mat at the Eastern end of 12. Develop
B. CONTROLS AND COORDINATION the Marsh (total of 300 acres of habitat including vegetated other are
nesting and escape areas).

1. No structures in the primary area, above or below grade 1. Purchase all privately owned land within the primary area, B. TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION HABITAT
should be allowed, unless such structure is specifically with the exception of the existing subdivision and hospital, 1. Desirable terrestrial vegetation and wildlife species should 1. Develop
identified as an implementing action of this Plan. and reclassify them to conservation or preservation use. be promoted and accommodated in recreation/park areas, fields and
2. In opening freshwater areas within the Marsh, consideration 2@ Exchange, transfer, or by other means give authority over all agricultural lands, interpretive centers, buffer zones, model ai
should be given to the effects of dry weather on stream flow publicly owned lands within the primary area to the State educational displays and scenic/ aesthetic resources and Koa haol
and evaporation rates. for its administration. viewing areas to complerrient the objectives and policies of in areas
3. Opening or enlarging of brackish or saltwater areas should Clear publicly owned lands of trash, hazards, and other this Plan. more des
be minimized to prevent saltwater intrusion into the Marsh debris, and provide continued maintenance. C. STREAM HABITAT view poi
and resulting adverse effects on present estuarine areas. 4. Create a security system for the Marsh area to assure the 1. The quality of habitat of streams discharging into the Marsh 1. Expand s
4. To avoid a reduction in the flood retention capacity of the peaceful enjoyment by the public.
Marsh basin, landfilling should not be permitted. should be improved to encourage the natural recovery of the entrance
5. Construct and maintain perimeter fences along the Quarry Marsh and passage of endemic migratory species. water ha
5. The integrity of the Marsh as a flood control and Road to discourage dumping, illegal activities, and predators, 2. Existing grading and erosion control ordinances should be 2. Clear the
sedimentation basis must be maintained to the maximum and to control unauthorized entry into the Marsh.
extent feasible to protect the Kailua Town area from enforced and special conditions applied to minimize between
flooding. 6. Investigate the technical feasibility and land use consistency sedimentation impact from urban development in the County P
6. Development on the slopes overlooking the Marsh and of establishing a specific sedimentation area, Maunawili Heights area.
Kapaa Valley should be examined for potential adverse TDelineate the entire wetland boundary of the Marsh. D. ESTUARINE HABITAT
impacts on a case-by-case and cumulative basis in 8. Acquire those lands in the secondary area that will fulfill the 1. Any alteration of estuarine habitat, which may impact 1. Impleme
conjunction with the resource values identified in the other policies and implementing actions of this Plan, emergent freshwater vegetation should be preceded by interconn
policies of the Plan. including an access trail to Pohukini Heiau and lands impact assessments. areas.
7. Specific land areas within the Marsh should be maintained related to other historic sites. 2. Alteration of estuarine habitat should not impact existing or 2. Place a ba
for the protection and propagation of endangered birds. 9. Investigate the feasibility of realigning the Northeast proposed waterbird habitats identified in this plan. Kawainui
8. The present strearnflow should not be diverted where such portion of the Quarry Road in order to maintain access to 3. The present balance between fresh and marine waters in the
diversion will negatively impact the resource management existing landfill and quarry operations and improve public 3. Explore o
access and use of other recommended features of this Plan. Marsh should not be altered by mechanical or unnatural opportun
opportunities encompassed by the policies and means unless supported by other policies of the Plan.
recommended actions of this Plan. 10. Appoint a multi-sector Kawainui Marsh Advisory
Committee to monitor implementation of the Marsh E. WATER QUALITY
management plan by the lead agency and assisting agencies 1. Existing grading and erosion control ordinances should be
and to provide continuity from the planning phase through 1. Develop
the implementation phase of the project. In addition, this enforced and special conditions applied to minimize the Mars
body would assist in the evaluation of management plan sedimentation impacts from development. 2. Discontin
policy additions or revisions arising from its own initiatives 2. The chemical parameters contributed by agricultural uses the Mars
or those of public agencies and organizations. within the watershed should be defined. the Mars
3. In order to resolve potential water quality problems, 3. Develop
leachate monitoring requirements should be applied to any quantity
landfill activity within the drainage area of the Marsh. Marsh.

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