[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





























                                   SURVEY OF COIIPENSATORY

                                   MITIGATION IN VIRGINIA




                                      Barnard & Mason












































   541 .5
   .m3
   B37
   1990













                                                          U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                          COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                          2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                          CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413
                                    A SURVEY OF COMPENSATORY MITIGATION




                                   WITHIN THE TIDAL WETLANDS OF VIRGINIA







                                             SUBMITTED TO THE





                                     VIRGINIA COUNCIL ON THE ENVIRONMENT





                                                  BY THE







                                   VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE





                                        COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY







                               THOMAS A. BARNARD, JR., PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

                                  PAMELA ANNE MASON, LABORATORY SPECIALIST




                                               FEBRUARY 1990

           401






                                                                                         2


















                                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






                   The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Jan Hodges, Graduate

              Assistant, for her help with the literature review. Special acknowledgement

              also goes to Amy Hogge, Summer Aide, and Walter Priest, Associate Marine

              Scientist, for their help in the field. We wish to thank the Norfolk

              District, Corps of Engineers; the Habitat Management Division of the

              Virginia Marine Resources Commission and all the wetland board members and

              staff persons who contributed to our list of sites. Special thanks to Judy

              Hudgins for her assistan.ce in typing and editing this final report.



                              This report was produced, in part, through
                              financial support from the Council on the
                              Environment pursuant to Coastal Resources
                              Program Grant No. NA88AA-D-CZ091 from the
                              National Oceavic and Atmospheric
                              Administration.






                                                                                         3










                                           TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                         Page No.

              Table of Contents                                              3




              Acknowledgements                                               2




              Introduction                                                   5




              Literature Review                                              7-




              Methodology and Limitations                                    9



              Results and Discussion                                         11




              Conclusions and Recommendations                                34




              Literature Cited                                               38




              Appendices



                   1. Project Data Sheets

                   2. Research Report Summaries







                                                                                          4




















                   This report contains the opinions of the project investigators only and

              is not an official opinion of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,

              College of William and Mary.







                                                                                         5













                                              INTRODUCTION




                   As the population in the coastal zone continues its rapid expansion,

              pressures increase to develop wetlands and other sensitive natural areas.

              One third of the nation's wetlands have been lost in the past 200 years, and

              presently more than 300,000 acres are lost annually (Hamon and McConnell

              1983, Tiner 1984). While much of the loss of wetlands occurs naturally due

              .to subsidence or erosion, the majority of the loss is caused by man's

              activities in channelization, flood control, agricultural land conversion,

              and dredging (Farnell 1981, Wakefield 1982). Even though it is generally

              recognized that wetlands have high ecological value and provide natural

              services such as water quality maintenance, development pressures continue

              due to economic factors. In Virginia the number of wetlands permit

              applications reviewed by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) has

              increased from 372 in 1980 to 935 in 1989.

                    During this same time period, both the regulatory and development

              communities have been looking for methods by which the adverse impacts of

              wetland development might be mitigated. One method which has seen inMlYeased

              use is that of compensatory mitigation. Generally this is the term used for

              the practice of constructing a new, similar wetland as compensation for one

              which is filled or otherwise disturbed by development activities. In theory

              the new wetland would serve to offset the losses incurred by the environment

              due to destruction of the natural wetland.

                    Although the theoretical value of wetlands compensation makes it very

              appealing and the practice has become increasingly common, it is generally







                                                                                           6







              the subject of controversy due to studies indicating less than successful

              implementation of the concept in application. Many of these studies are

              controversial in themselves due to the difficulty inherent in defining what

              constitutes a "successful" created wetland. Habitat creation is predicated

              on the theory that man-made systems can function on a par with natural

              systems. Major difficulties are encountered in determining when created

              wetlands reach ecological parity with the natural systems they theoretically

              replace. How does one measure and then compare the function and value of

              systems which at best are only poorly understood to begin with? Man-made

              wetlands are particularly poorly understood because the concept is

              relatively new and very little scientific information is available at

              present (Shisler and Charette 1984, Race 1985). Many plant species are slow

              colonizers and may take very long periods of time to attain natural

              densities and rates of production. in addition, the substrate changes over

              time as sediments and peat accumulate and different plant species invade the

              new wetland. During the development period, both plant production and

              habitat value are generally low .(Thayer, et al. 1986). Also, many different

              types of wetland plant communities, many of which have no history of

              successful establishment, are being used as compensation with no predt?--table

              probability of long-term establishment. As a result, the validity of

              wetlands creation as a management tool has been questioned (Race and

              Christie 1982, Knutz 1987).

                    The appeal of compensation to developers, other landowners and the

              regulatory community is understandable. It can be looked upon as a form of

              having your cake and eating it too. If compensation works, development can

              occur, permits can be issued and at the same time resource loss is







                                                                                          7







              prevented. Some states have adopted mandatory compensation for all wetlands

              losses. Others have refused to rely on wetlands creation except in rare

              circumstances. With the adoption by many federal and state programs of the

              11no net loss" goal for wetlands resources, pressures will very likely

              increase to employ compensation as one method of achieving the objective.

              The overall question remains, however, as to how well created marshes

              restore the functional values of the resources they theoretically replace

              and how well the compensation concept is implemented on a day-to-day basis.

                    This study has as its primary purpose an examination of how

              compensatory mitigation has worked as a wetlands management tool to date in

              Virginia (i.e. how well theory has been put into practice). Our approach

              was to look at the overall use of compensation in coastal Virginia based on

              regulatory records and to examine as many existing created wetlands as

              possible within the tidal area of the state to determine how closely,these

              projects have come, collectively, to fulfilling the compensatory goal of

              wetland replacement. Secondary objectives include an examination of the

              literature regarding wetland compensation concept evaluation and to

              construct a comprehensive list of wetland compensation sites in Virginia.




                          LITERATURE REVIEW OF C014PENSATION EVALUATION 14ETHODS




                   The scientific investigation of compensation projects can be approached

              from a site specific basis by investigating particular parameters of a

              single or of several sites. While the literature available on the

              assessment of mitigation/compensation sites is sparse, several studies have

              been published. The majority of these studies publish the ecological data






                                                                                         8







              garnered from field research in man-made wetlands; few attempts are made to

              compare with natural systems. However, some studies (Shisler and Charette

              1984, Lindau and Hossner 1981) provide data on natural marshes without

              making direct comparisons. Studies of man-made sites most often employ

              typical wetlands ecology field techniques. Most studies address the

              vegetative community, although a few evaluated fish (Clairain et al 1978),

              invertebrates (Zedler 1984, Clairain et al 1978, Cammen 1976) and bird use

              (Zedler 1984, Clairain et al 1978). Very few studies have addressed the

              abiotic component of compensation marshes, although Lindau and Hossner

              (1981) did a study on the substrate characteristics of an experimental

              marsh. Some studies have assessed more than one ecological parameter of

              man-made marshes. Shisler and Charette (1984) investigated the vegetative

              community, the invertebrates and the sediment chemistry of several

              compensation sites in New Jersey.

                   The criteria most frequently used to assess the vegetative communities

              included above and belowground biomass (Seneca et al 1985, Shisler and

              Charette 1984, Broome et al 1982, Cammen 1976), percent cover (Zedler 1984,

              Clairain et al 1978), density (Broome et al 1982,) and species composition

              (Broome et al 1982). It is apparent from our survey of the literaturd-that

              there is little agreement regarding how one measures the success of efforts

              to establish wetlands of anthropogenic origin. The primary reasons for this

              are the relatively few investigations attempted and the varying approaches

              researchers have to defining success in the mitigation arena. The two

              approaches most often cited are, 1] how well does the created wetland meet

              the theoretical objectives set for it by its designers and, 21 how well does

              the new system compare to a similar natural system from an ecological






                                                                                          9







               standpoint. See Appendix 2 for brief summaries of the approaches that are

               described in the literature.

                    Because our primary goal involved looking at as many sites as possible

               rather than a few selected ones, we decided to use the former of the two

               approaches presented above. We also chose to conduct vegetative cover

               estimations along with other more qualitative observations at each site.
               Even if our literature survey had been able to conclusively define how one

               measures success in a compensation wetland, it would be well beyond the

               scope of this study.




                                       METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATIONS




                    This study is a survey of werland compensation sites created through

               requirements of the permit process in Virginia. Wetland restoration/creation

               activities resulting from unpermitted activities were not assessed in this

               survey. The permit application and project information was reviewed and a

               data sheet with pertinent project information was generated for each

               compensation site. Field investigations including an assessment of the

               vegetative community were done at selected sites. Because there is nd-single

               list of sites or agency which tracks projects as they are permitted, each

               regulatory body in the state was petitioned and a list of compensation*

               projects, potential survey sites, was generated from the responses of the

               31 extant wetlands boards, the staff of the Virginia Marine Resources

               Commission (VMRC) and personnel of the Regulatory Functions Branch of the

               Norfolk District of the Army Corps of Engineers (COE). Personal

               communication and files maintained at the Virginia Institute of Marine







                                                                                         10







              Science (VIMS) provided further information. The project list developed

              during this study is probably incomplete. Staff personnel changes over time

              and the lack of organized records make it a virtual certainty that projects

              with wetland compensation have been lost from the collective institutional

              memory.

                   The resulting list of potential compensation survey sites has 51

              entries. This inclusive list was examined to determine which of the

              potential sites were suitable to be surveyed as part of this study. Sites

              eliminated were those which were too recently permitted or had had less than

              two years of growth. Also eliminated from sampling due to time constraints

              and their minimal size were 11 sites under 1,000 square feet in total area.

              Logistic problems, the inability to locate the site or gain access, removed

              5 sites from the list. Because there is no agency tracking of compensation

              projects, many problems were encountered in trying to evaluate project

              objectives versus the outcome based on permit file data. Evaluation of a

              number of projects had to be eliminated or cut-short for these reasons. The

              result was 32 sites visited.

                   Percent cover estimates were made at each of the compensation sites and

              where possible at adjacent natural sites. The time required to use t"gis

              method allows for an assessment of planting successs in a comparatively

              short time. With the potential of over 50 sites meeting the requirements of

              this survey, the percent cover estimate was the most feasible method

              available. The same number of samples were taken in the compensation and

              natural sites. In highly developed areas, the compensation sites were often

              isolated and lacked any contiguous natural wetlands. A few sites were

              adjacent to natural wetlands of totally different vegetative community














              character. In these cases, no cover estimate was determined for a natural

              site.

                   Transects were established in a shore normal alignment where possible.

              This was to decrease the influence on the sample of any differential effects

              of varying tide levels and increasing elevation, and usually resulted in

              transects running toward the tidal source and away from the upland

              construction access. For smaller sites, samples were taken every 5 meters

              along the transect and every 10 meters for larger sites. Several

              rectangular sites were easily sampled along one or two transects, while

              larger or odd shaped sites required more transects to provide a

              representative sample. Sample quadrats were delineated using a 0.25 m hoop.

              Visual estimates of percent cover of each species were made by two

              investigators to minimize the subjective nature of this sampling method.



                                         RESULTS AND DISCUSSION




                   A total of 51 compensatory mitigation projects were identified as a

              result of this survey. Each of these is numbered and described in a table

              in Appendix 1. Because there is no central record keeping system, thLr'

              authors attempted to make this list as complete as possible. It is our

              belief, however, that there are a few projects which have been lost from the

              various institutional memories over the years. An additional problem

              encountered while developing the tables in Appendix I was the general

              variability of available information in the permit files on proposed wetland

              compensation projects. Two projects could not be located in the field due

              to incomplete or conflicting information available regarding their






                                                                                        12







              locations, dimensions, etc. Five other projects could not be considered

              due to incomplete file histories. The earliest permitted wetland

              compensation projects identified in our survey were two which were

              authorized in 1981. Although somewhat variable, the number of permits

              issued involving wetland compensation increased generally on an annual basis

              between 1981 and 1989 (Figure 1). It is not possible, given the data

              available, to determine whether the increase in compensation projects

              reflects an increase in popularity of the practice among the regulatory

              community or whether it is accounted for simply by the increase in the total

              volume of permits which also climbed steadily during the same time frame.

              Ten compensation permits were issued in 1988, the most for any year in our

              survey. The permit data for 1989, the year of the survey, were incomplete.

              The average number of compensation projects permitted annually since 1981

              was 6.3.

                   Since wetland compensation was first permitted for use in Virginia in

              1981, a total' of 32.3 acres of man-made wetlands has been ordered as

              compensation for projects impacting a total of 31.3 acres of aquatic

              habitat. The former total assumes all compensatory mitigation was

              successfully constructed. The latter number is based primarily on pe=it

              application data and impact reports of the Virginia Institute of Marine

              Science, Wetlands Advisory Group. The average size mitigation area

              permitted was 0.68 acres. If, however, the seven projects over one acre in

              size are deleted, the average man-made wetlands is 0.12 acres. The latter

              average is more indicative of the size projects generally constructed since

              a total of 43 compensation projects are below one acre in size and 9 are







                        WETLANDS COMPENSATION STU
                   COMPENSATION PROJECTS PERMI
                                       ANNUALLY: 1981-1989

            20-
















             12--
         LLj
         CL

         LL-
         C)  lo..

         LLj
         m   a.-







             4--



             2--



             0-
                       1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198E
                                                                   YEAR

                                                                                           1989 dat







                                                                                         14







              below 1,000 square feet. The seven large projects mentioned above account

              for 79% of the 32.3 acre wetland compensation total.

                   The theoretical acreage figures for man-made vs. natural marsh,

              presented in the foregoing paragraph, demonstrate an overall mitigation

              ratio of slightly greater than 1:1. The actual numbers from permit files

              are shown in Figures 2 and 3. These data demonstrate that ratios of 1:1 or

              less than 1:1 were the rule and were permitted 60 percent of the time. If

              all projects were constructed successfully, these figures would indicate a

              slight gain in wetland acreage. In general, a minimum ratio of 1:1 is

              required with some agencies recommending 1.5:1 and 2:1 when the wetland

              being lost is high in functional value or rare in occurrence. Project

              sponsors'often offer to create wetlands in greater than 1:1 ratios in order

              to make their projects more appealing to regulatory authorities. This

              accounts for the greater than 1:1 overall ratio from the permit records.

                   Smooth cordgrass, SRartina alterniflora, was the vegetation planted or

              seeded in 83 per cent of the projects permitted (Figure 4). Areas were

              permitted to naturally revegetate in only 6 percent of the permits. Since

              this survey only covers tidal areas and in general smooth cordgrass has the

              highest planting success rate, these figures are not surprising. Th@_use of

              smooth cordgrass would also be expected since it is a vigorous plant that

              spreads rapidly via rhizome growth. It can be established via plugging or

              seeding.

                   Eighty percent of the permits issued requiring wetland compensation

              were issued for construction "onsite". "Offsite, same basin" and "offsite"

              accounted for the remaining twenty percent (Figure 5). If implemented as






                        WETLANDS COMPENSATION STU
                            HISTORICAL MITIGATION RATIO
                                                      .1981-1989
            20-












            14--



            12--
        V)

        LL-
            lo--

        LLJ
        m









              4--




              2--
             0  1-
                               1:1               2:1               <1:1              >1:1               UN
                                                       MITIGATION           RATIO




        0                               0

                     WETLANDS COMPENSATION STUDY
                       HISTORICAL MITIGATION RATIOS
                                   1981-1989





                                           -1:1
                                        -- 36.50


                                                          UNK.
                                   <1:1       >1:1
                                  23.1%      15.4%



                           I







                          WETLANDS        COMPENSATION STUDY
                                     SPECIES PLANTED

                               S. cyno.  2%                 S. alt./ S. pat.
                     Nat. Reveg. 5.9%






                                                                      Fwmx. Z
                                                              lilt



                                                                      Unknowr
                                        S. alt.                     S. alt./ E
                                         54.9Pc














                                                                F*mx  freshwater






                     WETLANDS COMPENSATION STUDY
                       COMPENSATION SITE LOCATION







                              ONSITE
                              80.4%                  F


                                                   .4


                                 IF            13.7%

                                                        OFFSIT




                                                 OFFSITE 5.9%







                                                                                        19







             permitted, these figures indicate the generally accepted prioritization for

             these three choices of location are being followed in the tidal areas of

             Virginia.

                  Data on the general site character of areas permitted to be used for

             compensation are presented in Figure 6. Seventy percent of the permits

             issued required the grading down of uplands, while thirty percent involved

             the use of both upland and wetland, wetland only or the use of subaquatic

             habitat. These data indicate that if all projects are constructed as

             proposed, something less than thirty percent of the projects will involve

             the construction of wetlands on some type of existing marine habitat. To

             the extent that this occurs, it negates the compensatory aspects of these

             projects. The permit record data regarding site characteristics was often

             quite incomplete. Some of the permit files seemed to indicate that projects

             may have involved restoration of disturbed-areas in some cases rather than

             purely wetland for wetland. In other cases it was clear that one marine

            .habitat such as subaquatic bottom or higher elevation marsh was used to

             create a different marsh community for compensatory mitigation purposes.

                  The following are descriptions of site surveys at 21 compensation

             marshes. An additional 10 sites were visited during the study period,-but

             are not reported because they were not constructed, could not be located or

             the landowner did not grant permission to view the site. Description of

             these sites is included with the general discussion. The descriptions are

             numbered to correspond to the numbers on the data sheets in Appendix 1. The

             data sheets have been generated from details available in the project permit

             files. The information on the data sheets is from site visits as well as






                        WETLANDS COMPENSATION STUDY
                         COMPENSATION SITE CHARACTER






                                    UPLAND
                                     70.6@4                 ool@
                                                             ;O@@o

                                                   ol'o
                                                   .1






                                         00,
                                                                      SUB




                                                                  WETLAN



                                                   UPLAND/WETLAND







                                                                                         21






             from the permit histories available from the regulatory agencies.

                  Site one was sampled for a percent cover estimate on October 25, 1989.

             The project information indicated that this site is 5 years old. The mean

             cover was estimated at 34 percent. The site was dominated by Spartina

             alterniflora, the species specified in the project plan. However, excessive

             deposition from an eroding upland slope has apparently increased the

             relative elevation of part of the site. In the areas of higher elevation

             the dominant vegetation was Salicornia species. An unvegetated zone was

             present between the two vegetative communities. There was no observed

             organic accumulation on the marsh surface. The areal measurements indicated

             the site was constructed according to the project plan. There was no

             obvious evidence of faunal use. Phray-mites communis was not present at the

             site. An adjacent natural marsh dominated by a. alterniflora was surveyed

             and estimated to have a mean cover of 58 percent. The mean cover estimate

             in the natural marsh was significantly higher than that of the man-made

             marsh, P <0.01 (t - 7.943, df - 16). Approximately 20% (1200 sq. ft.) of

             the created marsh was not vegetated.

                  The second site was sampled for cover estimates on October 10,1989.

             The mean cover was 47 percent. Visual observation indicated the proji-ct was

             constructed in 1987 according to the project plan. The dominant species

             were those planted, a. alterniflora and S. patens. The vegetative cover in

             the short form Spartin zone was relatively high. There was some evidence

             of vandalism affecting the graded elevations and thereby affecting the

             vegetative community development. The site is being used as a feeding area

             by great blue heron. No Phragmites communis was found at the site. An

             adjacent natural site, dominated by     alterniflora and S. Ratens, was







                                                                                         22







              sampled. Its percent cover was estimated at 57 percent. The natural marsh

              cover estimate was not significantly higher than that of the created

              wetland, P <0.01 (t = 1.707, 18 df).

                   Site 3 was sampled for vegetative cover on September 27, 1989. This

              site was constructed in 1984. Cover was estimated at 24 percent. The

              vegetative distribution was very patchy with the plants growing mostly along

              the upland wetland interface. S. Alterniflora and S. patens, the species

              planted, were dominant; however, the large unvegetated area was being

              invaded by Distichlis spicata and galicornia species. The site was

              constructed according to size specifications of the project plan. There was

              no organic accumulation and the sediment was dry and hard. The lack of

              organic accumulation and the low vegetative cover appeared to be due to the

              marsh being planted at an elevation above normal tidal range. There was

              extensive use of the site by various fiddler crab species. No P. communis

              was found at the site. Approximately 9600 sq. ft. of the 12,000 sq. ft.

              total for this site was unvegetated. The site will need to be reworked if a

              viable marsh is to be established.

                   Site 4 was investigated on August 9, 1989. This compensation site has
              been developing for 4 years. Mean vegetative cover was estimated at 5U

              percent. This site includes a large unvegetated freshwater pond which was

              excluded from the cover estimates. It was beyond the scope of this survey

              to accurately verify the areal extent of the site as meeting the

              requirements of the permit. No project plan was available to indicate

              construction design or species planted. The vegetative community was very

              diverse, the most diverse of all the sites visited, with more than 24

              species identified (Table 1). This site was unique to this study in the







                                                                                        23







              type of vegetative community present. The standing water associated with

              the pond allowed for invasion of many freshwater species and there were also

              hardwood tree seedlings growing along the pond edge. At present, the only

              negative aspect regarding this compensation project is the fact that it is a

              freshwater non-tidal wetland and yet was created as mitigation for the

              filling of a tidal brackish water marsh located in a separate drainage

              basin.

                   A mean cover estimate of 49 percent was determined for site 5 sampled

              on August 22, 1989. The wetland is 5 years old. The site appeared to

            .-conform to the size specifications of the permit plan. Vegetative species

              at the site were S. alterniflora, S. cygosuroides, Sciryus robutus, Pluchea

              Purpurescens, S, Ratens and D. sRicata. Phragmites was invading along the

              upland edge of the site. The site was well vegetated, but there was an area

              of sparse vegetation as well as approximately 1500 square feet which was

              not vegetated. The substrate along the unvegetated upland edge was very dry

              and there was little organic accumulation. This would indicate that the

              elevation is above normal tidal range. Sampling an adjacent natural marsh

              dominated by a. alterniflora, S. Ratens and D. sRicata gave a cover estimate

              of 71 percent. The compensation site had more than twice the species-of the

              natural site. This would indicate that during development unvegetated areas

              are easily invaded by many species, even if they are not well represented in

              native wetlands. Were it not for the relatively bare, upper elevation edge

              areas, this would be by our measurements a well established wetland. Cover

              estimates for both man-made and natural marsh were not significantly

              different, P <0.01 (t - 2.616, df - 14).







                                                                                         24







                   A mean cover estimate of 39 percent was determined from a visit to site

              6 on June 13, 1989. Project plan information indicates that this site was

              created in 1985. The dominant species planted, S. cynosuroides, was not the

              dominant species in the cover samples. The dominant species sampled was

              ScirRus robustus. Of the three species represented in the cover samples, S.

              cyLiosuroides provided the smallest contribution to total vegetative cover.

              This indicates that the S. cyLiosuroides was difficult to establish allowing

              for invasion by other species. The site appeared to be constructed

              according to a revised permit plan. There were originally to be two sites

              created for compensation for impacts at this location. The second site of

              2150 square feet was never planted. The first site was enlarged in order to

              eliminate the need for the second site. An area along the upland edge of

              the site was therefore graded and planted at a later date than the original

              construction. This was to increase the total area to be accounted for as

              compensation. This newer area, about 1200 square feet, was planted with

              plugs which were mostly saltbush, but other species (R. sRicata, A.

              cannabinus and Salicornia spp.) were also present in the plugs. The plugs

              appeared healthy, but would take a long time to cover the unvegetated area.

              The plugs were planted on 6 foot centers resulting in sparse cover for'an

              area of about 1200 square feet. This area was excluded from the cover

              samples. E. communis did not appear in the cover samples, but it was

              present and could become a factor as an invader. An adjacent natural marsh

              was sampled and determined to have a cover of 59 percent. This was not

              significantly higher than the man-made, P <0.01, (t - 1.402, df - 12).

                   A site investigation was conducted on June 13, 1989 at site 7 planted

              in 1987. Vegetative cover was estimated at 32 percent. Measurements







                                                                                         25







              verified the construction of the site according to the project application.

              The site was dominated by the species planted, S. alterniflora and S.

              Ratens. The S. patens was not spreading well and areas where it was planted

              had low vegetative cover and little organic accumulation. Large portions of

              adjacent marsh were vegetated by !!. communis and this species was invading

              the compensation site. There were several types of animal tracks on the

              marsh surface including raccoon, ducks and egret. An adjacent marsh

              dominated by a. patens and saltbush was estimated to have a vegetative cover

              of 62 percent. This was significantly higher than the man-made marsh, P

              <0.01 (t - 2.933, df - 16). The difference in cover may be explained by the

              fact that the new marsh was only 2 years old. It was, however, also being

              impacted by runoff from adjacent slopes.

                   Site 8 was sampled for vegetative cover on September 26, 1989. This

              site is 4 years old. The cover was estimated at 51 percent. Visual

              observation indicated the site was constructed according to the project

              plans. The site was well vegetated and dominated by S. alterniflora.

              Variability in the elevations of the marsh surface was reflected by the

              vegetative community. Where the substrate was less saturated and firmer the
              plants were about 5 feet in height with a dense distribution. Where tTe

              elevation appeared lower, as indicated by saturated, mucky soils, the plants

              were quite tall (7 feet) and not as dense. Other species present, but not

              represented in the cover samples include A. cannabinus, A. Patula, A.

              tenuifolius and P. communis. Muskrat runs were ubiquitous at the site, as

              were red-wing blackbirds. This marsh was established at the toe of a large

              berm behind which a landfill was operating. Sediment erosion from the berm

              had adversely affected the man-made marsh to an unqualified extent. The site






                                                                                          26









              is rather isolated and there were no natural sites available for cover


              estimates.


                   Site 9 was visited on September 26, 1989. The site constructed 7 years

              ago is over 8 acres in area. Due to the size and complex communities of

              this site, it is beyond the scope of this study to estimate vegetative

              cover. Very limited cover sampling was done and the estimate of 59 percent

              cover only represents one community type at the site. The community sampled

              was dominated by short form S. alterniflora, A. tenuifolius and P. communis.

              Several species present were not represented in the sampling including f.

              purgurascens, 1. frutescens, B. halimfolia and ff. moscheutos. The site is

              generally a stable, well vegetated marsh. The P. communis is present in the

              higher elevations at the site and along the upland edge. Most of the site

              is vegetated with medium height S. alterniflora. Heavy muskrat activity was

              indicated by the large number of muskrat runs and grazed areas. The site

              supported a large fiddler crab population. Based on our limited analysis,

              this marsh appeared to be successfully established.

                   Site 10 was investigated on October 11, 1989. The site was built in

              1986. Vegetative cover was estimated to be 52 percent. The site was well

              vegetated with little area unvegetated. The man-made marsh was dominated by

              1. alterniflora, the species planted. Species either sampled or observed

              were T. latifolia, T. anaustifolia, Juncus effusus, Scirgus validus, Scirpus

              americanus, ScirRus robustus, Amar&nthus cannabinus, Aster tenuifolius,

              Pluchea purRureseens, Atriplex patula and Phragmites communis. Although no

              drawings were available, project information indicated that 6160 square feet

              of this site was to be unvegetated wetlands. The unvegetated wetlands could

              not be identified on the site visit. It had apparently been invaded by the







                                                                                         27







              wetland grass species. Even though the nonvegetated portion of this plan

              had been taken over by marsh grasses from the planted areas, this project

              was not adversely affected. It does serve to point out, however, that all

              projects do not turn out as planned. This may or may not affect the

              successful establishment of the wetland.

                   Site 11 was visited on September 15, 1989. While the most recent

              project plan available indicated one 7000 square foot compensation site, two

              man-made marshes identified at the site were sampled. The sites were most

              likely created in 1986. The total area of both sites together falls short

              of the required compensation by 1300 square feet. The cover estimate was

              determined to be 41 percent. The vegetative community was dominated by a.

              alterniflora and the only other species sampled was Distichlis sRicata.

              Species not represented in the cover samples were Atriplex Ratula, Aster

              tenuifolius and Limonium carolinian . Phragmites communis was beginning to

              invade at one of the sites. The sites lacked organic accumulation and

              eroding upland banks were providing a sediment supply for deposition on the

              marsh surface. The marsh surface adjacent to the-eroding bank was dry while

              the rest of the site was wet or even had standing water. The apparently

              higher, dry areas were vegetated by R. sRicata. The site was providUrg

              habitat for large fiddler crab and marsh periwinkle populations.

              Neighboring marshes differed greatly in vegetative community and were not

              sampled for determination of a cover estimate.

                   Site 12 was sampled to determine a vegetative cover estimate on July

              26, 1989. The available project plan had been outdated through the normal

              process of project revision. This was not discovered until the sites could

              not be located using the available plan. The compensation site was located






                                                                                         28







              through contact with a local staff person familiar with the project. The

              site, about 2 years old, appeared to be the proper size and configuration.

              Mean vegetative cover was estimated at 33 percent. S. alternifloLa, the

              planted species, was dominant. Phragmites was present as an invader. The

              vegetation was particularly sparse in an area of dry, inorganic sediment.

              This area was covered with rocks. The presence of the rocks would indicate

              a relic deposit was unearthed during the grading process. The presence of

              fiddler crabs and common egrets, along with deer and raccoon tracks was

              evidence of faunal use of the site. The native marshes are dominated by

              saltmeadow, but a cover estimate of the natural S. alterniflora community

              was 64 percent. This is significantly higher than the cover estimate for

              the anthropogenic wetland, P <0.01 (t - 4.188 df 34).

                   Site 13 was investigated on June 27, 1989. The site was estimated to

              have a vegetative cover of 46 percent. The marsh was created 2 years ago.

              Aside from a little Distichlis sRicata the marsh was a monotypic stand of S.

              alterniflora. The cover sampling was quite difficult due to the unstable

              substrate. According to the project plan the compensation was done on some

              degraded wetlands and probably some that had been previously filled. This

              could explain the apparent high sediment accumulation and unstable

              substrate. Visual observation indicated the site was constructed according

              to project application. There were several large unvegetated areas;

              however, the total unvegetated area was not determined. These mud-flat

              areas, mostly adjacent to the tidal creek, may indicate that the elevation

              is too low to support the planted vegetation. Killdeer and marsh rails were

              observed at the site and fiddler crabs were abundant. A neighboring wetland







                                                                                        29







              dominated by S. alterniflora had a cover of 73 percent. The two cover

              estimates are significantly different, P <0.01 (t - 4.028, df 33).

                   Site 14, built in 1986, was sampled for vegetative cover on September

              12, 1989. The mean cover was estimated at 62 percent. This site was well

              vegetated with a healthy stand of the planted species S. alterniflora.

              Several invading species present included AtriRlex Vatula, Pluchea

              Rurpurescens, Amaranthus cannabinus, Spartina cynosuroides, SRartina Patens

              and Distichlis sRicata. The site had been a Phray-mites marsh that was

              graded down and sprigged with Spartina. A large stand of Phragmites had

              established along the upland slope and the plant was also scattered

              throughout the site. The nearby marshes were dominated by Phragmites and

              saltbush so were not sampled for a cover estimate. Based on our limited

              survey criteria, this was a successfully established wetland.

                   Cover estimate sampling was done at site 15 on September 12, 1989.

              The compensation site was created 4 years ago. The mean vegetative cover

              was 41 percent. The site was dominated by g. alterniflora and the only

              other species sampled was A. tenuifAliul. There was a significant amount of

              debris on the marsh surface impeding vegetative community development. A

              fairly large portion of the site had standing water at low tide. The-Area

              of standing water had very low vegetative cover relative to the adjacent

              areas. In addition, the S. alterniflora plants appeared stunted and

              chlorotic. These characteristics may indicate low substrate elevation

              and/or excessively high soil salinities. Phragmites was not present at the

              site. However, Phragmites is established in the neighboring wetlands and

              could begin to invade this disturbed site. There was a large fiddler crab

              population present. The site appeared to be constructed to the size







                                                                                          30







              required in the permit, although no plans were available for direct

              comparison. An adjacent SRartina marsh had a mean vegetative cover of 52

              percent. The two cover estimates were not significantly different, P <0.01

              (t - 1.717, df 14).

                   Site 16 was investigated on September 12, 1989. Vegetative cover at

              the site planted in 1987 was estimated at 49 percent. Spartina alterniflora

              was the dominant species and the species planted. The few invading species

              were Pluchea RurRurescens, Amaranthus cannabinus, and AtriRlex Ratula.

              Phrazmites was also present along the upland edge. The site is quite

              irregular in shape and difficult to measure to verify construction plans;

              however, a visual estimate confirmed the site was constructed according to

              application requirements.

                   Site 17, created 5 years ago, is a large brackish wetland. The

              Spartina alterniflora dominated site was estimated to have a mean cover of

              46 percent. There is some question, yet to be resolved, as to whether the

              site meets the size requirements of the permit. Some of the controversy

              stems from the delineation of the landward edge of the site. The City of

              Norfolk has found the site to be 1.1 acres smaller than that required as

              compensation. The site is an effective faunal habitat housing fiddleFs,

              blue crab, birds and many species of fishes. An adjacent natural site was

              determined to have a m6an vegetative cover of 64 percent. This site was the

              subject of intensive monitoring in a separate study (Priest, 1989).

                   Site 18 was visited on September 27, 1989 and qualitatively defined.

              This site was constructed in 1986. The vegetative cover at the site was not

              sampled due to high water. The site was to have been 4500 square feet in

              area rather than the existing 2400 square feet. Approximately 2,000 square






                                                                                         31







               feet of the planted wetland appeared to have eroded due to wave action. The

               SRartina alterniflora marsh that is present was graded down from a high

               marsh community.

                    In addition to the foregoing, sites 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33,

               35, 36 and 50 were visited as part of this survey. No compensation was

               apparent at these sites except site 24 where it appeared to have just been

               completed. Our measurements indicated the area planted totalled 8,000 sq.

               ft. Sites 35 and 36 were visited but not sampled because inexact drawings

               made it impossible to determine their location and if the compensation had

               been done. Site 49 was also visited as part of this survey. However, due

               to adverse tidal and meteorological conditions cover estimates could not be

               attempted. We noted however that portions of the planted marsh "A" were

               eroding and it appeared that the system might be returning to its original

               drainage configuration, Marsh area "B" appeared healthy and stable.
4                  Cover estimates were made at eighteen of the compensation marshes

               visited. The investigators were able to sample similar adjacent marshes at

               eight of these sites. A total of four of the eight compensation marshes

               sampled had significantly lower cover than their respective adjacent natural

               systems (Figure 7). Slope runoff and perhaps tidal communication appTared

               to be the problem at two of the sites. Tidal communication and substrate

               elevation appeared to have adversely affected vegetation at the two other

               sites.

                   The cover data for all eighteen sites were also pooled to examine the

               overall differences between the man-made and natural wetlands. A

               significant difference was found at the 99 percent confidence level for the






                       WETLANDS COMPENSATION SITE
                                            COVER ESTIMATES
                                     NATURAL vs MAN-MADE

           so-




           70--




           GO.-




           50.-                                                                    x

        cr_

           40 - -        x
        Vol                                                     x

           30.-




           20--




           10-1




            0-
                                                                                         E772























                        1                            6        7        12        13        15
                                                      SITES

                                                                                           X Significant







                                                                                          33







              pooled data. The mean cover for all man-made marshes was 41 percent and

              that for the natural systems was 63 percent. The cover estimates noted

              above are an important indicator of how successful a marsh is at that

              particular point in time. This one parameter, however, is one indicator and

              not conclusive evidence of success or lack thereof. In order to say any

              more about the success of wetland community establishment in the man-made

              versus the natural marshes of this survey, destructive sampling techniques

              such as peak standing crop, stem density and below-ground biomass are

              necessary. This approach was not considered feasible for a survey of this

              type, dealing with many small, privately owned marshes.

                   In order to further examine wetland compensation in Virginia, the

              authors looked at the acreages proposed to be constructed and that which was

              found at the sit es. Two of the large compensation sites could not be

              accurately measured and so are not included in these numbers. For the sites

              visited in this survey, 709,358 sq. ft. of wetland was to be constructed.

              Our observations indicate that 68,792 sq. ft. either was never constructed

              or was generally devoid of marsh vegetation at the time of our site review.

              This amounts to approximately 10 percent of the total extent of the

              compensation sites examined. If this ratio holds for all compensatioTr

              within Virginia, it would mean that approximately 3.1 acres of compensation

              marsh is non-functional or non-existent. In addition to this factor, our

              survey indicates that although the exact acreages are not known,

              approximately 12 percent of the mitigation sites permitted in Virginia to

              date were on sites which were already wetlands. The compensatory value of

              these "wetland to wetland" areas would have to be in question.



   0







                                                                                         34







                   A number of other factors were observed to be affecting the quality of

              some of the compensation sites examined in this survey. Several marshes

              were being adversely affected by sedimentation which came from unstabilized,

              adjacent land. Several were adversely affected by the activities which were

              occurring in their immediate vicinity and from which they were not buffered.

              In addition, 65 percent of the "new" marshes were already being invaded by

              the less desirable opportunist, Phragmites australis. The quality of the

              marsh as compensation for that lost to development may be diminished to

              the extent that this species is able to displace the wetlands

              species planted. This is not a measurable factor at present, however.




                                       CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS




                   In overview, our survey results support the continued use of wetland

              compensation by the regulatory community, but only on a highly limited

              basis (i.e., generally as a last resort). The study documents problems with

              implementation of the concept in both wetland establishment success

              and regulatory decision-making. our cover data and historical decision

              characterization indicate that adverse impacts are probable on a locaT'

              scale. If wetland compensation continues to see increasing use, these

              relatively small local effects could have cumulative significance.

              Increased planning,.monitoring and research are recommended in order to

              effectively deal with such an eventuality. The pressures of growth in the

              coastal zone, and the adoption of "No Net Loss" policies almost ensure more

              pressure for compensatory mitigation in the future. These recommendations







                                                                                         35







              along with the newly promulgated "Wetland Compensation Guidelines" should

              address the concerns brought out by this study.

                   Wetland compensation has had a relatively limited role in tidal

              Virginia to date. Based on the results of our survey, 32.3 acres of tidal

              wetlands have been proposed for creation since 1981 (the earliest

              application year identified). This eight-year acreage total is dwarfed by

              the 215,000 acre total for tidal wetlands in Virginia and is a relatively

              small proportion of permitted wetland losses of approximately twenty acres

              annually (VIMS1 Wetlands Advisory Program, unpublished data). Our data

              indicate a slov?.ly increasing use of compensation as a management tool. In

              terms of project numbers, wetland compensation in Virginia is dominated by

              small projects. In terms of wetland acreage, however, seven projects over

              one acre in size compose 79 percent of the 32.3 acre wetland compensation

              total. Our research indicates that 10 percent of this total was not

              constructed or has been adversely affected by other external factors to the

              point that it is not viable wetland. Additionally, the man-made

              compensation marshes exhibited significantly lower vegetative cover than the

              natural wetlands sampled.

                   Our study indicates that, in general, state regulators are using

              compensation on a conservative basis. Record keeping is highly variable and

              much of the permit information available is maintained at different

              locations within the regulatory community. There is much information that

              is apparently not available due to the fact that there are no standard

              record-keeping practices for compensation projects. In addition, there is

              some indication that monitoring and follow-up are being employed on a

              limited basis, although this effort appears to have little consistency.







                                                                                         36







              Most of the follow-up which does occur appears to be at the behest of the

              federal regulatory authority.

                   If wetland compensation continues to be used as a management tool or

              sees increasing use, as our survey indicates is happening, steps should be

              taken to ensure that the compensation wetlands are constructed in a manner

              which will ensure that they mature, in both structural and functional

              aspects, into wetlands similar to existing natural systems. Based on our

              survey of permit records, our ten years of field experience, and the field

              surveys conducted as part of this study, we offer the following

              recommendations:




                        - Record-keeping for compensatory mitigation projects

                          should be improved through consolidation and standardization.

                          A centralized record repository is needed.



                        - All projects should have post-construction inspections and

                          selected projects should be monitored for viability and

                          ecological function. The monitoring should include similar,

                          adjacent natural systems.



                        - Regulatory agencies should give greater consideration to the

                          siting and buffering of wetland compensation areas during

                          permit review. The aim should be to minimize the impacts to

                          the wetland from adjacent physical features (i.e. sediment

                          erosion and deposition), and from adjacent activities such as

                          farming and development.






                                                                                         37







                          More attention should also be directed to other planning

                          aspects such as tidal hydrology and substrate elevation.

                          Slow-spreading species such as Spartina cyLiosuroides should

                          generally not be planted or should be mixed with faster growing

                          species such as ScirRus robustus and Spartina alterniflora.



                        - Phrap-mites australis should be studied to determine its impact

                          on created marshes and how best to naturally control it if

                          this is deemed necessary.



                        - Wetland compensation should take into consideration regional

                          wetland management needs through the use of comprehensive

                          shoreline inventories or other information systems.



                        - Basic research aimed at increasing our knowledge of the values,

                          structure and function of both anthropogenic and natural wetland

                          systems should be continued.



                        - Long term monitoring of man-made wetlands should be initiffted

                          in order to establish what the realistic time tables are for

                          these systems to reach ecological parity with similar natural

                          communities. These efforts should involve multi-parameter

                          investigations as well as structurally diverse wetland types.









                                                                                       38















                                          LITERATURE CITED



              Brooks, Robert P. and Robert M. Hughes. 1986. Guidelines for assessing
                   the biotic communities of freshwater wetlands. Proceedings:
                   National Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation of Impacts and Losses.
                   New Orleans.

              Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1982. Establishing
                   brackish marshes on graded upland sites in North Carolina. Wetlands
                   2:152-178.

              Cammen, L.M. 1976. Macroinvertebrate colonization of Spartina marshes
                   artificially established on dredge spoil. Est.-Coast. Mar Sci.
                   4:357-372.


              Clairain, E.J., Jr., R.A. Cole, R.J. Diaz, A.W. Ford, R.T. Huffman, L.J.
                   Hunt, and B.R. Wells. 1978. Habitat development field
                   investigations Miller Sands marsh and upland habitat development
                   site, Columbia River, Oregon. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
                   Experiment Station. Technical Report D-77-38. 76p.

              Erwin, Kevin. 1986. A quantitative approach for assessing the
                   character of freshwater marshes and swamps impacted by development
                   in Florida. Proceedings: National Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation
                   of Impacts and Losses. New Orleans, Louisiana.

              Farnell, S. 1981. Legal options for wetland management, p. 237-248. In:
                   Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Coastal
                   Society. October 11-14, 1981. Galveston, Texas;

              Hamon, K. W. and C. A. McConnell. 1983. The politics of wetlands
                   conservation: a wildlife view. J. Soil and Water Cons, 2:93-95.

              Knutson, P.L., J.C. Ford, M.R. Inskeep and J.-Oyler. 1981. National
                   survey of planted salt marshes (vegetative stablization and wave
                   stress). Wetlands 1:129-157.

              Knutz, G. 1987. Offsite habitat mitigation banking: the Port of Long
                   Beach experience, pp.2530-2543. In: O.T. Magoon, H. Converse, D.
                   Miner, L.T. Tobin, D. Clark and G. Domurat (eds.), Coastal Zone _87
                   Proceedings of the fifth symposium on coastal and ocean management.
                   May 26-29. Seattle, Washington.








                                                                                         39











              Lindau, C.W. and L.R. Hossner. 1981. Substrate characterization of an
                   experimental marsh and three natural marshes. Soil Sci, Soc. Am. J.
                   45:1171-1176.

              Newling, Charles J. 1981. Monitoring of Dredged Material Research
                   Program (DMRP) habitat development sites. U. S. Army Corps of
                   Engineers. Dredged Material Research Bulletin, Vol. D-81-1.

              Oviatt, C. A., S. W. Nixon and J. Garber. 1977. Variation and
                   evaluation of coastal salt marshes. Environ. Manage.
                   1(3):201-211.

              Pitre, Randy L. & Fred Anthamatten. 1981. Successful restoration of
                   filled wetlands at four locations along the Texas Gulf Coast.
                   Wetlands 1:171-178.

              Priest III, Walter 1. 1989. Wetlands Mitigation Evaluation Vegetation
                   Studies, Monkey Bottom Disposal Area. Final contract report. VA
                   Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester
                   Point, VA.

              Quammen, Millicent. 1986. Measuring the success of wetlands
                   Mitigation. Proceedings: National Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation
                   of Impacts and Losses. New Orleans, IA.

              Race, M.S. 1985. Critique of present wetlands mitigation policies in the
                   United States based on an analysis of past restoration projects in
                   San Francisco Bay. Environ. Manage. 9(l):71-82.

              Race, M.S. and D.R. Christie. 1982. Coastal zone development:
                   mitigation, marsh creation and decision-making-. Environ, Manage,
                   6(4):317-328.

              Reimold, Robert J. 1980. Creation of a southeastern United States
                   salt marsh on dredged material. IN: Lewis, J. C. and E. W. Bunce,
                   eds. Rehabilitation and Creation of Selected Coastal Hibitats:
                   Proceedings of a Workshop, U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
                   Biological Services Program, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS - 80/27.
                   162 pp.

              Seneca, E. D. 1980. Techniques for creating salt marshes along the
                   East Coast. IN: Lewis, J. C. and E. W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation
                   and Creation of Selected Coastal Habitats: Proceedings of a
                   Workshop. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Biological Services
                   Program, Washington, D. C. FWS/OBS - 80/27. 162 pp.










                                                                                         40










              Seneca, E.D., S.W. Broome and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1985. The influence of
                   duration-of-inundation on development of a man-initiated Spartina
                   alterniflora (Loisel.) marsh in North Carolina. J. ExR. Mar. Biol.
                   Ecol, 94:259-268.



              Shew, D.M., R.A. Linthurst and E.D. Seneca. 1981. Comparison of the
                   production computation methods in a southeastern North Carolina
                   SRartina alterniflora salt marsh. Estuarkes 4(2):97-109.

              Shisler, J.K. and D.J. Charette. 1984. Evaluation of artificial salt
                   marshes in New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
                   Publication No. P-40502-01-84. 169 p. Rutgers University, New
                   Brunswick, N.J.

              Thayer, G.W., M.S. Fonseca and W.J. Kenworthy. 1986. Wetland mitigation
                   and restoration in the Southeast United States and two lessons from
                   seagrass mitigation, pp. 95-117. In: The 'Estuarine Management
                   Practice SymRosi . Nov. 12-13, 1985. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

              Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1984. Wetlands of the United States: current status and
                   recent trends. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
                   59p.

              Wakefield, P. 1982. Reducing the federal role in wetlands protection.
                   Environment 24:6-13, 30-33.

              Webb, J. W..and C. J. Newling. 1984. Comparison of natural and man-
                   made salt marshes in Galveston Bay Complex, Texas. Wetlands 4:
                   75-86.

              Zedler, J.B. 1984. Salt Marsh Restoration: A guidebook for Southern
                   California. California Sea Grant Report No. T-CSGCP-009. California
                   Sea Grant College Program, University of California, La Jolla,
                   California. 46p.







   0






























                                              APPENDIX I


    0                                    Project Data Sheets
















              Table 1.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            820395
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 6000 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             PARTING CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1983
              SOIL TYPE                            CLAY/SAND
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             UNKNOWN
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED,             6000 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETL&NDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    Spaalt; Salicornia
              NET CHANGE- Planned                  0
              NET CHANGE - As Built                -1200
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   NO

















              Table 2.



              Category                            Value

              AREA NAME                           861583
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW; CATTAIL
              AREA                                87120 SF
              ASPECT                              SOUTH
              WATERWAY                            SARAHS CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR                       1987
              SOIL TYPE                           CLAY/SAND
              GRASSES                             YES
              Species                             Spaalt; Spapat; Typha
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                              NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         41382 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             41382 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                  2 TO-1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMEADOW; SCRUB/SHRUB; BOTTOKLAND
                                                  HARDWOOD
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                   SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW; CATTAIL
              NET CHANGE - Planned                +41,382
              NET CAHNGE - As Built               +41,382
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                  NO
















               Table 3.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            810490
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                 12,800 SF
               ASPECT                               NORTH
               WATERWAY                             OWLS CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                        1984
               SOIL TYPE                            SAND/CIAY
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting Rate
               Seed Nix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
               Type
               Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          2625 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             10,119 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              12,744 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   ALMOST 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED            >SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; NV TIDAL FLAT
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLAND
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               NET CHANGE - Planned                 0
               NET CHANGE - As Built                -9600
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   NO
















              Table 4.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            831002
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              BRACKISH-FRESHWATER MIXED
              AREA                                 3 ACRES
              ASPECT                               WEST
              WATERWAY                             GREAT NECK CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1985
              SOIL TYPE                            CLAY/SAND
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (YIN)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          3.5 ACRES
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             UNKNOWN
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              3.5 ACRES
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   LESS THAN 1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              BRACKISH MIXED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE - PROJECT ON LITTLE NECK CREEK
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    BRACKISH-FRESHWATER (APPENDIX)
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 -21,780
              NET CHANGE - As Built                -21,780
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES

















              Table 5.


              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            830701
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; BIG CORDGRASS
                                                   SALTMEADOW
              AREA                                 4750 SF
              ASPECT                               WEST
              WATERWAY                             LONDON BRIDGE CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1984
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt; Spacyn; Spapat; Disspi
              Planting  Rate                       24 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 18-6-12 SLOW RELEASE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED-WETLANDS IMPACTED          2400 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              2400 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   2 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SWALE
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    BRACKISH MIXED- BULRUSH
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 +2350 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built                +1030 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















              Table 6.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            840364
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              BIG CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 3900 SF; 1200 SF PLANTED IN 1989
              ASPECT                               EAST
              WATERWAY                             COX CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1985
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spacyn
              Planting  Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               YES
              Species                              Myrcer
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          1900 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              1900 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   2 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SWALE
              SITE FROM UPIANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    BRACKISH MIXED (STALBAN)
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 +2000 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built                + 800 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















              Table 7.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            VB8625
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              AREA                                 3250 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             LITTLE NECK CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR                        1987
              SOIL TYPE                            CLAY-SAND
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt; Spapat
              Planting Rate                        24 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (YIN)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          2460 SF
              NONVEC WETLANDS IMPACTED             3300 SF
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              5760 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   LESS THAN I TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              PHRAGMITES
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 -2510 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built                -2510 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















               Table 8.


               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            81029M
               COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 52,000 SF
               ASPECT                               EAST
               WATERWAY                             MILLDAM CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                        1985
               SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting Rate                        24 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               KAINTENANCE/KANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          52,000 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             app. 150,000 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              202,000 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   LESS THAN 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE I14PACTED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           35,000 SF TIDAL DITCH; 17,000 SF UPLAND
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               NET CHANGE - Planned                 -35,000 SF
               NET CHANGE - As Built                -35,000 SF
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES

















              Table 9.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            810397
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 8.5 ACRES
              ASPECT                               NORTHEAST
              WATERWAY                             SOUTHERN BRANCH ELIZABETH RIVER
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1982
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix                             Spaalt
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF SEEDING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT               RESPRIG AS NECESSARY
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6.7 ACRES
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              6.7 ACRES
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1.3 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMEADOW; BLACK NEEDLERUSH; BIG
                                                   CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPILANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE- SAME WATERBODY
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS- BRACKISH MIX
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 +1.8 ACRES
              NET CHANGE - As Built                +1.8 ACRES
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















               Table 10.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           860914
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                17,237 SF - 11,077 VEGETATED
               ASPECT                              EAST
               WATERWAY                            DRUM POINT CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                       1986
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt
               Planting Rate                       24 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    YES
               Type                                OSMOCOTE
               Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         11,077 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            6160 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             17,237 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      OFFSITE- SAME WATERBODY
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                   SALTMARSH CORDGRASS- BRACKISH MIXED
               NET CHANGE - Planned                0
               NET CHANGE - As Built               0
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                  YES
















              Table 11.



              Category                            Value

              AREA NAME                           840355
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDCRASS
              AREA                                7040 SF
              ASPECT                              WEST
              WATERWAY                            HAMPTON RIVER
              PLANTING YEAR                       1985
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                             YES
              Species                             Spaalt
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                              NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         9000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             9000 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                  LESS THAN 1 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                   SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              NET CHANGE - Planned                -1940 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built               -3200 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                  YES
















              Table 12.



              Category                              Value

              AREA NAME                             861637
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              AREA                                  60,000 SF
              ASPECT                                EAST
              WATERWAY                              TABBS CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                        1987
              SOIL TYPE                             CLAY
              GRASSES                               YES
              Species                               Spaalt; Spapat
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (YIN)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                                NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED           30,000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED              NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED               30,000 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                    2 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED               SALTBUSH; COMMON REED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS            UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                        OFFSITE- SAME WATERBODY
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                     SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              NET CHANGE - Planned                  +30,000 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built                 +27,000 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                    YES

















             Table 13.



             Category                            Value

             AREA NAME                           772355
             COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
             AREA                                2.15 ACRES @90,000 SF
             ASPECT                              WEST
             WATERWAY                            SALT PONDS/ LONG CREEK
             PLANTING YEAR                       1987
             SOIL TYPE                           ORGANICS; SILT/CIAY
             GRASSES                             YES
             Species
             Planting Rate
             Seed Mix                            Spaalt
             Seeding Method
             FERTILIZER (YIN)
             Type
             Date of Application
             SHRUBS                              NO
             Species
             Shrub Transplant Type
             MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
             VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         UNKNOWN (2.15+ ACRES)
             NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            UNKNOWN
             TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             UNKNOWN
             COMPENSATION RATIO                  U M OWN
             COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
             SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          BOTH - MOSTLY WETLAND
             ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
             COMMUNITY PRESENT                   SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
             NET CHANGE - Planned                -1.5 ACRES
             NET CHANGE - As Built               -1.5 ACRES
             PHRAGMITES PRESENT                  NO
















              Table 14.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            850384
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 4200 SF
              ASPECT                               WEST
              WATERWAY                             BROAD CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1986
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting  Rate                       12 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          4200 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              4200 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 0
              NET CHANGE - As Built                0
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















               Table 15.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            841250
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 3000 SF
               ASPECT                               EAST
               WATERWAY                             EASTERN BRANCH- ELIZABETH RIVER
               PLANTING YEAR                        1985
               SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          1400 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             3600 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              5000 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   LESS THAN 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SWALE
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               NET CHANGE - Planned                 -2000 SF
               NET CHANGE - As Built                -2000 SF
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   NO
















               Table 16.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           850443
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                22,505 SF
               ASPECT                              EAST
               WATERWAY                            EASTERN BRANCH- ELIZABETH RIVER
               PLANTING YEAR                       1987 (SMALL AREA ADDED 1988)
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting Rate                       24 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    YES
               Type                                OSMOCOTE
               Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         19,500 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             19,500 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  SLIC;HTLY GREATER THAN 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                   SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               NET CHANGE - Planned                +3000 SF
               NET CHANGE - As Built               +3000 SF
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                  YES
















               Table 17.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            820341
               COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 7.6 ACRES
               ASPECT
               WATERWAY                             WILLOUGHBY BAY
               PLANTING  YEAR                       1984
               SOIL TYPE                            ORGANIC CIAY/SAND
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting  Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6 ACRES
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             1.6 ACRES
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              7.6 ACRES
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO I
A
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              BRACKISH MIXED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           BOTH; MOSTLY UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               NET CHANGE - Planned                  0
               NET CHANGE - As Built                -1.1 ACRES
               PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   YES
















              Table 18.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            850109
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              AREA                                 4500 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             LINKHORN BAY
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1986
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt; Spapat
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6500 SF (2000 SF FILL -4500 SF ENHANCED)
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              6500 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   LESS THAN 1 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           WETLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 -2000 SF
              NET CHANGE - As Built                -2850 SF
              PHRAGMITES PRESENT                   NO
















              Table 19.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            880386
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              AREA                                 9000 SF
              ASPECT                               WEST
              WATERWAY                             OWL CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt; Spapat; Disspi
              Planting Rate                        18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMACOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT               REPORT AFTER IST & 2ND, YEAR
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          9000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              9000 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 0
















               Table 20.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           880283
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              PEAT MAT/ ORGANICS FROM A NON-COMMON REED
                                                   WETLAND
               AREA                                6320 SF
               ASPECT                              WEST
               WATERWAY                            MUDDY CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                       WORK DONE IN 1989
               SOIL TYPE                           ORGANICS; SILT/CLAY
               GRASSES                             NO
               Species
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    NO
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT              AFTER ONE YEAR- SPRIG/RESEED AS NECESSARY
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         6320 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             6320 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
               NET CHANGE - Planned
               NET CHANGE - As Built
















              Table 21.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            881105
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              FRESHWATER MIXED COMMUNITY
              AREA                                 3333 SF
              ASPECT
              WATERWAY                             ST JULIANS CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1990
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Saucer; Leeory; Sciame
              Planting  Rate                       24 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 18-6-12 SLOW RELEASE
              Date of Application                  TI14E OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               YES
              Species                              Cepocc (Buttonbush); Samcan (Elderberry)
              Shrub Transplant Type                NURSERY GROWN
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT               REPORT AFTER IST AND 2ND YEAR
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          3300 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              3300 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
              NET CHANCE - Planned                -0-
              NET CHANGE - As Built
















              Table 22.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            881403
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               BIG CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 3250 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             GOOSE CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spacyn
              Planting Rate                        18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT               REPORT AFTER 1 YEAR; RESPRIG AS NECESSARY
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          3250 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              3250 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   I TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              BIG CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE- SAME WATERBODY
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
              NAT CHANGE - Planned
















               Table 23.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            880533
               COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 1430 SF
               ASPECT
               WATERWAY                             GILMERTON- DEEP CREEK CANAL
               PLANTING  YEAR
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting  Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
               Type                                 SLOW RELEASE
               Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          1400 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   -1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
               NET CHANGE - Planned                 0
















                Table 24.



                Category                               Value

                AREA NA14E                             871557
                COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED                SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
                AREA                                   13,000 SF
                ASPECT                                 NORTHWEST
                WATERWAY                               LYONS CREEK
                PLANTING  YEAR                         1989
                SOIL TYPE
                GRASSES                                YES
                Species                                Spaalt
                Planting  Rate                         24 INCH CENTERS
                Seed Mix
                Seeding Method
                FERTILIZER (Y/N)
                Type
                Date of Application
                SHRUBS                                 NO
                Species
                Shrub Transplant Type
                MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
                VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED            13,000 SF
                NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED               NONE
                TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED                13,000 SF
                COMPENSATION RATIO                     1 TO 1
                COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED                SALTMEADOW
                SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS             UPLANDS
                ONSITE/OFFSITE                         ONSITE
                COMMUNITY PRESENT                      SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
                NET CHANGE - Planned                   0
                NET CHANGE - As Built                  -5000
















              Table 25.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            871915
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 6000 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             NEWTONS CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             40,000 SF SUBAQUEOUS
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              6000 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           BOTH; MOSTLY SUBAQUEOUS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
              NET CHANGE - Planned
              NET CHANGE - As Built
















               Table 26.



               Category                              Value

               AREA NAME                             871854
               COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                  4000 SF
               ASPECT                                SOUTH
               WATERWAY                              PHILLIPS LAKE    HAMPTON RIVER
               PLANTING  YEAR
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                               YES
               Species                               Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting  Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                                NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED           2900 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED              70 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED               2970 SF
               C014PENSATION RATIO                   less than I to 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS            WETLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                        ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
               NET CHANGE - Planned                  0
               NET CHANGE - As Built                 -4000
















              Table 27.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            871079
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 22,840 SF
              ASPECT                               SOUTH
              WATERWAY                             MILL CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (YIN)                     YES
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          9210 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              9210 SF
              COMPENSATION kATIO                   @ 2.5 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
              NET CHANGE - Planned                 +13630
              NET CHANGE - As Built
















               Table 28,


               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           820947
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                225 SF
               ASPECT                              WEST
               WATERWAY                            JACKSON CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                       1984
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt
               Planting Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (YIN)                    YES
               Type                                OSMOCOTE
               Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         126 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             126 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  1.8 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLAND S         UPLAND
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 29.



              Category                            Value

              AREA NAME                           77B357
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                4000 SF
              ASPECT                              NORTH
              WATERWAY                            CHAPEL CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR                       1983
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                             YES
              Species                             Spaalt
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                              NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         10,000 SF?
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            UNKNOWN
              TOTAL WETLANDS I14PACTED
              COMPENSATION RATIO
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          BOTH
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 30.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            881948
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 1100 SF
              ASPECT
              WATERWAY                             SCOTTS CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR                        1989
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          480 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              480 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   2 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTBUSH
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 31.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            830260
               COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 1600 SF
               ASPECT                               SOUTH
               WATERWAY                             LINKHORN BAY
               PLANTING  YEAR                       1986
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES
               Species
               Planting  Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          850 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              850 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   ALMOST 2 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMEADOW; SALTBUSH
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS/WETIANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 32.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           880152
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                4 ACRES
               ASPECT                              NORTH
               WATERWAY                            DEEP CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         41900 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            10100 SF & 214,00 SUBAQUEOUS
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             52000 SF (1.19 ACRE)
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  3.3 TO 1?
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             BRACKISH MIX; HUD FIAT
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS/WETLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      OFFSITE; SAME WATERBODY
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 33.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            851388
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDCRASS
               AREA                                 3000 SF
               ASPECT                               EAST
               WATERWAY                             SCOTTS CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                        1987
               SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANACEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          3000 SF
               NONVEC WETLANDS IMPACTED             2000 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              5000 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   I TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDCRASS; MUD FIAT
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT

















                Table 34.



                Category                             Value

                AREA NAME                            871940
                COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               UNKNOWN
                AREA                                 6000 SF
                ASPECT
                WATERWAY                             PAGAN RIVER
                PLANTING YEAR                        1988?
                SOIL TYPE
                GRASSES
                Species
                Planting Rate
                Seed Mix
                Seeding Method
                FERTILIZER (Y/N)
                Type
                Date of Application
                SHRUBS
                Species
                Shrub Transplant Type
                MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
                VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6000 SF & 1800 SF SHADING
                NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
                TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              6000 SF
                COMPENSATION RATIO                   I TO I
                COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
                SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS
                ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE; SAME WATERBODY
                COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 35.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            831164
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 10,000 SF
              ASPECT
              WATERWAY                             FOWLING GUT/ CHINCOTEAGUE BAY
              PLANTING YEAR                        1984
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting Rate                        18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING & 1985
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGE14ENT              INSPECT 1985; RESPRIG AS NECESSARY
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          10,000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              10,000 SF
              COMPENSATION kATIO                   1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 36.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            861689
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 13,100 SF
              ASPECT
              WATERWAY                             CHINCOTEAGUE BAY
              PLANTING  YEAR
              SOIL TYPE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting  Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
              Type                                 OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          6000 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   2 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 37.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            860673
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 300 SF
              ASPECT
              WATERWAY                             FOWLING GUT
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1986?
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          300 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              300 SF
              ,COMPENSATION RATIO                  1 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       OFFSITE; SAME WATERBODY
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 38.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            880334
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                 500 SF
               ASPECT                               SOUTH
               WATERWAY                             MATTAPONI RIVER
               PLANTING YEAR                        1988?
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
               Type                                 SLOW RELEASE
               Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          250 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              250 SF,
9,             COMPENSATION RATIO                   2 TO 1-
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; BIG CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 39.



               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            881102
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                 @2280 SF
               ASPECT                               SOUTH
               WATERWAY                             WILLETTS CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR
               SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
               GRASSES                              YES
               Species                              Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting Rate                        24 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                     YES
               Type                                 OSMOCOTE
               Date of Application                  TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                               NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          759 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             1395 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              2054 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   I TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           WETLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 40.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           860873
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                800 SF
               ASPECT                              NORTH
               WATERWAY                            RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER
               PLANTING YEAR                       1987
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt
               Planting Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    YES
               Type
               Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         2000 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED            3000 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             5000 SF
               COMPENSATION RATiO                  LESS THAN I TO I
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          WETLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 41.



              Category                            Value

              AREA NAME                           820441
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                500 SF
              ASPECT                              WEST
              WATERWAY                            TOWLES CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR
              SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
              GRASSES                             YES
              Species                             Spaalt
              Planting Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                              NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         200 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             200 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                  2.5 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 42.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            870247
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED
              AREA                                 900 SF
              ASPECT                               NORTH
              WATERWAY                             BROAD CREEK
              PLANTING  YEAR                       1988
              SOIL TYPE                            NATIVE
              GRASSES
              Species
              Planting  Rate
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          340 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED
              COMPENSATION FLk-TIO
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT
















              Table 43.



              Category                            Value

              AREA NAME                           831292
              COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTKARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                320 SF
              ASPECT                              SOUTH
              WATERWAY                            KINGSCOTE CREEK
              PLANTING YEAR                       1984
              SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
              GRASSES                             YES
              Species                             Spaalt
              Planting Rate                       18 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    YES
              Type                                OSMOCOTE
              Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
              SHRUBS                              NO
              Species
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         320 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             320 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                  1 TO I
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS          WETLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT

















               Table 44.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           881375
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                480 SF
               ASPECT
               WATERWAY                            LINKHORN BAY
               PLANTING YEAR                       1990
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt
               Planting Rate                       18 - 24 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (YIN)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT              AFTER ONE YEAR- RESPRIG IF NECESSARY
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         240 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             240 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  2 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 45.



               Category                               Value

               AREA NAME                              871071
               COM14UNITY TYPE PLANTED                SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
               AREA                                   3713
               ASPECT                                 EAST
               WATERWAY                               CRYSTAL LAKE
               PLANTING YEAR                          1988
               SOIL TYPE                              NATIVE
               GRASSES                                YES
               Species                                Spaalt
               Planting  Rate                         18 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                                 NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED            4625 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED                100 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED                4725 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                     SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED                SWALE
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS             UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                         ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 46.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           VB8416
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                450 SF; 300 SF Spaalt -150 SF Spapat
               ASPECT                              SOUTH
               WATERWAY                            GREAT NECK CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                       1985
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spaalt; Spapat
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         300 SF
               NONVEGWETLANDS IMPACTED             UNKNOWN
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             300 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  1.5 TO I
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
               SITE FROM UPIANDS/WETLANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















               Table 47.



               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           VB8602
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED              SALTMEADOW
               AREA                                300 SF
               ASPECT                              NORTHWEST
               WATERWAY                            LINKHORN BAY
               PLANTING YEAR                       1986
               SOIL TYPE                           NATIVE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species                             Spapat
               Planting Rate                       12 INCH CENTERS
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)                    YES
               Type                                18-6-12 SLOW RELEASE
               Date of Application                 TIME OF PLANTING
               SHRUBS                              NO
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT              PERIODIC CHECKS; DEBRIS REMOVAL
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         300
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             300
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  1 to 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             Spapat- Ivafru
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          WETLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY.PRESENT
















               Table 48.


               Category                             Value

               AREA NAME                            826018
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED               UNKNOWN
               AREA                                 3960 SF
               ASPECT                               NORTH
               WATERWAY                             NOMINI CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR                        1983?
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES
               Species
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (Y/N)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          960 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             3000 SF
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              3960 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                   I TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; BIG CORDGRASS
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETLANDS           UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT















              Table 49.



              Category                             Value

              AREA NAME                            826051
              COMMUNITY  TYPE PLANTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
              AREA                                 20,000 SF (10,000 & 10,000)
              ASPECT                               EAST; WEST
              WATERWAY                             LITTLE WICOMICO
              PLANTING YEAR                        1984
              SOIL TYPE                            DREDGE SPOIL
              GRASSES                              YES
              Species                              Spaalt
              Planting Rate                        12 AND 24 INCH CENTERS
              Seed Mix
              Seeding Method
              FERTILIZER (Y/N)
              Type
              Date of Application
              SHRUBS                               YES
              Species                              JUNIPERUS VIRGINIA
              Shrub Transplant Type
              MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
              VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED          7800 SF
              NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED             22,000 SF
              TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED              29,800 SF
              COMPENSATION RATIO                   less than 1 TO 1
              COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED              SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW
              SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS           WETLANDS
              ONSITE/OFFSITE                       ONSITE
              COMMUNITY PRESENT                    SALTMARSH CORDGRASS
















               Table 50.


               Category                            Value

               AREA NAME                           860945
               COMMUNITY TYPE PLANTED
               AREA                                1446 SF
               ASPECT                              EAST
               WATERWAY                            BENNETTS CREEK
               PLANTING YEAR
               SOIL TYPE
               GRASSES                             YES
               Species
               Planting Rate
               Seed Mix
               Seeding Method
               FERTILIZER (YIN)
               Type
               Date of Application
               SHRUBS
               Species
               Shrub Transplant Type
               MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
               VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED         1800 SF
               NONVEG WETLANDS I14PACTED           NONE
               TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED             1800 SF
               COMPENSATION RATIO                  LESS THAN 1 TO 1
               COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED             SALTMEADOW
               SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS          UPLANDS
               ONSITE/OFFSITE                      ONSITE
               COMMUNITY PRESENT
















                Table 51.



                Category                               Value

                AREA NAME                              VB8803
                COM14UNITY TYPE PLANTED                SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTMEADOW &
                                                       SALTBUSH
                AREA                                   UNABLE TO DETERMINE
                ASPECT
                WATERWAY                               LITTLE NECK CREEK
                PLANTING  YEAR                         1988
                SOIL TYPE
                GRASSES                                YES
                Species                                Spaalt
                Planting  Rate
                Seed Mix
                Seeding Method
                FERTILIZER (Y/N)
                Type
                Date of Application
                SHRUBS                                 YES
                Species                                Ivafru
                Shrub Transplant Type
                MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
                VEGETATED WETLANDS IMPACTED            3000 SF
                NONVEG WETLANDS IMPACTED               350 SF
                TOTAL WETLANDS IMPACTED                3350 SF'
                COMPENSATION RATIO
                COMMUNITY TYPE IMPACTED                SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SALTBUSH
                SITE FROM UPLANDS/WETIANDS             BOTH
                ONSITE/OFFSITE                         ONSITE
                COMMUNITY PRESENT







   0




























                                              APPENDIX 2


   9                                   Research Report Summaries

















              Brooks, Robert P. and Robert M. Hughes. 1986. Guidelines for assessing the
                   biotic communities of freshwater wetlands. Proceedings: National
                   Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. New Orleans,
                   Louisiana.


                   Written for freshwater, but could be applied to estuarine wetlands.
                   Describes specific methods for sampling vertebrates, invertebrates,
                   vegetation, water quality, and water quantity. It is a very thorough,
                   lengthy methodology, but it could be modified by choosing the most
                   important parameters. The authors suggest identifying an undisturbed
                   site in the same ecoregion as the impacted and restoration/creation
                   sites, to serve as a control.



              Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1982. Establishing
                   brackish marshes on graded upland sites in North Carolina. Wetlands 2:
                   152-178.


                   The researchers compared experimental sites to nearby natural marshes.
                   The parameters measured were:

                        visual survey  .... plant species composition
                                         dominance
4
                                         zonation
                        vegetation  ....... blade height
                                         stem density
                                         aboveground standing crop
                        substrate interstitial water salinity

                   The variables measured at the experimental wetland sites were:

                        plant height
                        number of stems in main plant
                        number of rhizome stems
                        number of flowering stems
                        aboveground standing crop
                        basal area of plant clusters

                   The authors found that the primary factors affecting wetland
                   development were elevation, soil moisture conditions after
                   transplanting and fertilization.









                                                                                        2











              Cammen, Leon M. 1976. Macroinvertebrate colonization of Spartina marshes
                   artificially established on dredge spoil. Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 4:
                   357-372.


                   This study was another in the series funded by the Corps of Engineers
                   which examined marsh development on dredged material. The parameters
                   examined per living and abiotic system are listed below.
                   Macroinvertebrates
                       70.9 cm2 core, 13 cm deep, pairs lm apart at each station, washed
                            through lmm. mesh
                       total number of taxa
                       total number of individuals
                       total biomass (weighed by taxa)
                       Shannon-Weaver diversity

                   Sediment
                       similar cores
                          particle size
                          organic carbon determination

                   Vegetation
                       aboveground biomass (0.25 m2)
                       belowground biomass (same cores as above)

                   Sediment and vegetation were not measured to evaluate the success of
                   the project, but so that macroinvertebrate data could be related to
                   sediment and vegetation factors. The author notes that a natural marsh
                   will develop, but how long this will take depends on numerous factors
                   which mediate development.









                                                                                       3










              Clairain, Jr., E. J., R. A. Cole, R. J. Diaz, A. W. Ford, R. T. Huffman,
                   L. Jean Hunt and B. R. Wells. 1978. Habitat development field
                   investigations: Miller Sands marsh and upland habitat development
                   site, Columbia River, Oregon. U.S. ACE Technical Report D-77-38.

                   Good description of methodology presented in this paper which
                   describes marsh development on dredged material deposits.

                   Botanical variables observed were:


                        survival
                        percent cover
                        above and belowground biomass

                   Researchers compared the planted marshes to adjacent natural marsh and
                   unvegetated areas. In the natural marsh areas investigators measured
                   cover and plant production. In unvegetated areas cover was monitored
                   in order to track natural invasion. Faunal variables in the aquatic
                   areas of the study were designed to document changes in abundance,
                   biomass, and composition of fishi benthic macroinvertebrates, and zoo-
                   plankton communities. This study also monitored wildlife such as
                   birds, small mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates.









                                                                                         4










              Erwin, Kevin. 1986. A quantitative approach for assessing the character
                   of freshwater marshes and swamps impacted by development in Florida.
                   Proceedings: National Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation of Impacts and
                   Losses. New Orleans, Louisiana.

                   "One of the principal questions which must be addressed when assessing
                   the success of a completed wetland mitigation project is, to what
                   extent does the reclaimed wetland provide biological and hydrological
                   functions similar to those of the original undisturbed wetland. To
                   determine what the success criteria should be for a particular wetland
                   habitat restoration, the natural system must first be evaluated in
                   order to ascertain its form, function, and contribution to the
                   ecosystem."

                   The authors suggest that one could develop a standard set of criteria,
                   but vary that set depending on the character of the natural system
                   being examined.

                   Contributions of an impacted wetland (which ideally would be provided
                   by the compensating wetland):

                        hydrological function
                        water quality
                        fish and wildlife values
                        floral species contribution

                   It is recommended that criteria be developed which measure aspects of
                   all these contributions.









                                                                                           5










              Newling, Charles J. 1981. Monitoring of Dredged Material Research Program
                    (DMRP) habitat development sites. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
                    Dredged Material Research Bulletin, Vol. D-81-1.

                    This article reports a summary of the continued monitoring of DMRP
                    sites (Clairain et al. described initiation of Oregon site).
                    Sites compared to reference areas in the vicinity which were selected
                    based on:


                         habitat quality
                         similarity to type of habitat developed at site
                         proximity to site

                    "Results from the reference area would establish the range of natural
                    variability to which data from the experimental sites could be
                    compared."

                    Plant sampling involved the use of site transects along which were
                    deployed 0.5 m quadrats. Parameters measured were:

                         species occurrence
                         stem density (by species)
                         height (mean height of 10 randomly selected stems)
                         number of flowering stems
                         aboveground biomass
                         total root biomass

                    Soil sampling involved looking at the following:

                         particle size
                         volatile solids
                         percent moisture
                         bulk density
                         pH
                         TKN, TP, TOC










                                                                                        6











              Oviatt, C. A., S. W. Nixon and J. Garber. 1977. Variation and evaluation
                   of coastal salt marshes. Environmental Management 1(3):201-211.

                   Not a survey of restored/created marshes--rather an attempt to develop
                   a system to rate the "value" of marshes.

                   Looked at 10 Rhode Island intertidal marshes ranging from a virtually
                   unspoiled marsh in a waterfowl refuge to an urban marsh surrounded by
                   development.

                   Measured the following parameters:

                        standing crop, height, density, and seed set of Spartina
                        abundance and diversity of larval, juvenile, and adult fish
                        abundance of grass shrimp, fiddler crabs, and insects
                        diversity and relative abundance of birds

                   Large variation within sites for almost all parameters results in no
                   statistical differences between sites. Substantially increasing sample
                   sizes might allow differences between sites to be manifested.

                   Not possible to develop a rating system of wetland values based on
                   their research- _n the most likely use of such rating schemes would be to
                   serve as a dull tool to pry marshes out from under the protective
                   legislation that covers themn.










                                                                                              7









               Pitre, Randy L. & Fred Anthamatten. 1981. Successful restoration of filled
                    wetlands at four locations along the Texas Culf Coast. Wetlands 1:
                    171-178.


                    Compared restored areas to adjacent nondisturbed wetlands.

                    T-test statistics were used. Authors do not give size of sampling plot
                    or how many plots were sampled. The following parameters were
                    measured:


                          total number of plants by species
                          mean number of plants per plot.
                          percent cover


               Quammen, Millicent. 1986. Measuring the success of wetlands mitigation.
                    Proceedings: National Wetlands Symposium. Mitigation of Impacts and
                    Losses. New Orleans, IA.

                    Describes studies which relate success of a project to compliance
                    with permit conditions--rather than absolute biological or physical
                    parameters. The studies and the wetland variables recorded in each
                    were:


                          Maguire 1985 - area, vegetative cover
                          Dial and Dies 1986 - in-kind replacement of vegetation
                          Shisler & Charette 1984 -  vegetative and sediment characteristics
                                                     macroinvertebrates
                                                     live, dead, & total standing crop
                                                     number of reproductive shoots
                                                     nutrients
                                                     organic matter

                          "The failure of permit conditions to state restoration objectives
                          or provide sufficient technical detail about restoration design
                          makes it difficult to develop success evaluation criteria."

                          It is necessary to define important habitats, functions, and
                          species of marshes to be impacted. A measure of success could be
                          how well restoration/creation area replaces the habitats,
                          functions, and species of the destroyed area. This would require
                          going back to the original permit application, which hopefully
                          describes the area to be affected as well as the area to be
                          created.









                                                                                       8










             Race, Margaret S. 1985. Critique of present wetlands mitigation policies
                  in the United States based on an analysis of past restoration projects
                  in San Franciso Bay. Environmental Management 9(l):71-82.

                       Investigator conducted evaluation of wetland compensation projects
                       in San Francisco Bay area. Very critical of the results of
                       restoration projects based on her survey. Looked at percent
                       survival of transplants, height of individual shoots, number of
                       stems per area and percent cover.

                       Suggests that coastal managers be more specific regarding
                       mitigation requirements and that compensatory mitigation be used
                       with caution at the present time.

             Reimold, Robert J. 1980. Creation of a southeastern United States salt
                  marsh on dredged material. IN: Lewis, J. C. and E. W. Bunce, eds.
                  Rehabilitation and Creation of Selected Coastal Habitats: Proceedings
                  of a Workshop, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Biological Services
                  Program, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS - 80/27. 162 pp.

                       Analysis of soil was accomplished through measurement of
                       mineral nutrients andphysical analysis of soil particles.
                       Presence and abundance-of macroinvertebrates and vertebrates
                       were noted. Chemical analysis of surrounding waters and inter-
                       stitial waters in plots was conducted. Analysis of plants was
                       conducted by noting or measuring the following:

                           condition: absent/dying/stressed/stable/new growth
                           height (cm)
                           basal diameter (0.01 mm)
                           number of live and dead leaves
                           average live stem density
                           number of flowering stems
                           aboveground and belowground biomass (g/m2)









                                                                                                9










               Seneca, E. D., S. W. Broome and W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1985. The influence
                     of duration-of-inundation on development of a man-initiated Spartina
                     alterniflora Loisel. marsh in North Carolina. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol.
                     94: 259-268.


                          This study involves anthropogenic marshes which the authors
                          sampled annually for up to 12 growing seasons. In their effort
                          to determine the impact of inundation time on success of the
                          planted areas, the authors measured the following:

                               average height of five tallest culms
                               number of flowering culms
                               total number of culms
                               basal area
                               aboveground standing crop (dry wt.) of planted species
                               aboveground standing crop of invading species
                               total belowground biomass (live and dead, culm bases and
                                 roots and rhizomes, planted and invading species



               Seneca, E. D. 1980. Techniques for creating salt marshes along the East
                     Coast. IN: Lewis, J. C. and E. W. Bunce, eds. Rehabilitation and
                     Creation of Selected Coastal Habitats: Proceedings of a Workshop.
                     U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, Washington,
                     D.C. FWS/OBS     80/27. 162 pp.

                          The author planted saltmarsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora on
                          dredged material deposits and then monitored areas to determine
                          degree of successful establishment. Parameters measured were
                          aboveground and belowground biomass and number of rulms per unit
                          area.









                                                                                        10










              Shisler, Joseph K. and David Charette. 1984. Evaluation of artificial
                   salt marshes in New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
                   Station, Publ. No. P-40502-01-84. Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
                   New Jersey.

                        The investigators selected eight representative artificial marshes
                        to be quantitatively evaluated. The variables assessed for this
                        study were:

                            standing crop
                            community composition
                            relative elevational gradients
                            density
                            height
                            stem diameter
                            number of reproductive heads

                        Also examined were a number of sediment variables including pH,
                        magnesium, phosphorus, ammonium and organic matter. Macroinverte-
                        brate density and community composition were also examined. The
                        authors concluded that artificially created high marshes were
                        failures and that only low marshes (i.e. below mean high water)
                        should be planted at compensation sites.

















              Webb, J. W. and C. J. Newling. 1984. Comparison of natural and man-made
                   salt marshes in Galveston Bay Complex, Texas. Wetlands 4:75-86.

                        The authors compared an artificial marsh to three nearby natural
                        marshes with similar vegetative composition. The artificial marsh
                        was created in 1976-77 and sampled in 1978-79 (also in 1980, 81,
                        82, for additional studies).

                        Six plots were sampled at each of 3 elevations in each marsh for
                        the following parameters:

                          vegetative sampling:
                            aboveground
                            standing live biomass, standing dead biomass, live stem
                              density, and stem height of S. alterniflora
                            stem density and biomass of Salicornia bigelovIi
                            biomass of all other species
                            percent cover
                            total aboveground biomass
                            total belowground biomass

                          sediment sampling:
                            organic matter
                            total Kjeldahl nitrogen
                            ammonia - nitrogen
                            cation exchange capacity
                            extractable phosphorus
                            clay content

                        The authors found that total aboveground biomass was higher in the
                        planted marsh while belowground biomass was highest in the natural
                        wetlands. The authors concluded that the planted marsh was still
                        in an early stage of development.








                                                                                        12











              Zedler, Joy. 1984. Salt Marsh Restoration; A Guidebook for Southern
                   California. California Sea Grant Report No. T-CSGCP-009. University
                   of California, La Jolla, California 92093.

                        Author discusses the following list of parameters as possible
                        approaches to monitoring and determination of degree of success
                        among projects.

                            elevation
                            soil salinity
                            toxic compounds
                            plant species composition
                            percent cover and height for each species
                            density of Spartina alterniflora
                            invertebrate species composition
                            bird use

                        Recommends against destructive sampling techniques, i.e. biomass
                        sampling. Recommends annual aerial photographs.






































































                                3 6668 14107 5335