    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    GC
    ~57.2 -
    * R4 4
    no.66

     Cover photograph courtesy of Hubbard Phelps of Westerly, R.I.

    The preparation of this publication was financed in part by a planning grant from the
     National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under the provisions of the Coastal
    ZZo eManageme nt Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-583), through the Integrated Grant
     Administration program &a'~riihistered as part of Federal Regional Council grant
     FRC-JF-01 -11.

     Additional copies of this publication are available from URI, Marine Advisory Service,
     Publications Unit, Bay Campus, Narragansett, R.I. 02882.

     6/78-200

                            COASTAL ZONE
                            INFORMATION CENTER

         P'

                      THE PAWCATUCK RIVER ESTUARY AND
                         LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY:
                   A Compilation of Available Information

                      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                      COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                      2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                      CHARLESTON , SC  29405-2413

                              Ruth Ehinger
                              Ruth E. Folit
                            Lynne Zeitlin-Hale

                         Coastal Resources Center
                        University of Rhode Island
                        Marine Technical Report 66
                               June, 1978

       Pf

            Tt-~   ~          Property of CSC Librar
    4Yn

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

     4    List of Figures
     5    List of Tables
     6    Acknowledgments
     7    Preface
     9    Introduction
    10    Physical Description
    10    Geomorphology
    11    Bedrock
    11    Topography
    14    Sediments
    19    Hydrography
    22    Storms
    22    Water Chemistry
    24    Pollution
    25    Plankton
    25    Biota
    25      Macroflora
    25        Macroalgae
    25        Salt Marsh
    27        Barrier Beach
    32      Periphyton
    32      Benthos
    35        Artificial Reef Biota
    35        Metals and Pesticides in Shellfish
    35      Birds
    35      Mammals
    43      Fish
    43    Work in Progress
    45    References by Topics
    50    Appendix

                                 4

    LIST OF FIGURES

     8    Figure 1  -  Pawcatuck River Estuary and Little
                       Narragansett Bay Orientation Map
    13    Figure 2  -  Migration of Napatree Landform Over 125
                       Years
    16    Figure 3  -  Army Corps of Engineers Sediment Sampling
                       Stations in Little Narragansett Bay
    17    Figure 4  -  Sampling Stations for Selected Studies
    26    Figure 5  -  Upland-to-Bay Vegetation Sequence of
                       Wequetequock-Pawcatuck Tidal Marsh
    28    Figure 6  -  Vegetation of Juncus Upper Slope
    29    Figure 7  -  Vegetation of Spartina patens  Lower Slope
    29    Figure 8  -  Vegetation of Spartina alterniflora Lower
                       Border
    30    Figure 9  -  Vegetation of the Stunted Spartina
                       alterniflora Community
    30    Figure 10 -  Vegetation of the Forb Panne

    LIST OF TABLES

    15     Table 1  -  Chemical Analysis of Bottom Sediments of
                       Little Narragansett Bay
    18     Table 2  -  Heavy Metal and Pesticide Concentrations
                       in Sediments at Pawcatuck River Mouth
    20     Table 3  -  Mean Water Discharge of Pawcatuck River -
                       October 1975 to September 1976
    23     Table 4  -  Water Chemistry Data Base
    31     Table 5  -  Vegetation on Napatree
    33     Table 6  -  Seasonal Periodicity Among the More Preva-
                       lent Periphyton Species in the Pawcatuck
                       River at Kenyon and in the Saugatucket
                       River at Peace Dale, R.I,
    34     Table 7  -  Benthic Fauna of the Pawcatuck River
                       Estuary and Little Narragansett Bay
    36     Table 8  -  List of Species Found on or Around the
                       Artificial Reef West of Napatree Point in
                       Little Narragansett Bay
    37     Table 9  -  Amounts of Heavy Metals in Oysters and
                       Quahaugs
    37     Table 10 -  Pesticide Concentration in Oysters and
                      Quahaugs
    37     Table 11 -  Amounts of Heavy Metals in Oysters
    38     Table 12 -  Birds of Napatree Point
    42     Table 13 -  Mammals of Napatree Point
    44     Table 14 -  Fish of the Pawcatuck River Estuary and
                      Little Narragansett Bay
    50     Table Al -  Dissolved Oxygen of Pawcatuck River at
                      White Rock, RI
    51     Table A2 -  Temperature of Water of Pawcatuck River at
                      White Rock, RI
    52     Table A3 -  Rhode Island Department of Health Water
                      Quality Survey Data of Pawcatuck River
                      Basin
    54     Table A4 -  Chemical-Physical, Hydrologic, and Coliform
                      Data in the Pawcatuck River at Route 2,
                      Kenyon, RI
    55     Table A5 -  Temperature, Salinity, and Dissolved Oxygen
                      of the Pawcatuck River Estuary

                               6

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    The authors would like to specially thank
    Dr. Clement A. Griscom of the Coastal Resources Center
    and Mr. Richard T. Sisson of the Wickford Laboratory,
    Department of Environmental Management,for their con-
    structive review of numerous drafts. Their corrections
    and suggestions were extremely helpful. Deborah Zinser
    and Penny Geuss are greatly appreciated for typing
    this report.

    The preparation of this publication was financed in
    part by a planning grant from the National Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Administration, under the provisions of
    the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (Public law
    92-583), through the Integrated Grant Administration
    program administered as part of Federal Regional
    Council grant FRC-JF-O1-11.

                                7

    PREFACE

    As part of the Coastal Resources Center's inventory of the
    coastal and marine resources of Rhode Island, this publica-
    tion compiles all of the scientific information available
    to us on the Pawcatuck River Estuary and Little Narragansett
    Bay. This document is a first attempt at putting the infor-
    mation together, and undoubtedly some relevant work has
    been overlooked. We hope that people using this summary
    will inform us both of work we have omitted and of new work.

    Ste   n Olsen, Coordinator
    Coas al Resources Center

       MASSACHUSETTS

         I RHODE  '                                    X
         /ISLAND.~    .

              i' 9NCCU                                WESTERLY
                                   PAWCATUCK

                             dt~~ ~RHODE
                                                  ISLAND

                         CONNECTICUT

                WEQUETEQUOCK

                       BARN                         DALE
    SANDY  I.            BSLARN(  s. ..pONDALE-
    POINT  /         -       PAWCAT      , -/

        LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY   WATCH HILL

       NAPATREEo-                     /      BLOCK ISLAND SOUND
         POINT
                                  WATCH HILL POINT

                            FIGURE 1

      Pawcatuck River Estuary and Little Narragansett Bay
                         Orientation Map

                                9

    INTRODUCTION

    The Pawcatuck River Estuary and Little Narragansett Bay
    compose a valuable, but little studied, estuarine system
    that forms Rhode Island's southwest border (Figure 1).
    The purpose of this report is to summarize available
    scientific data on the area and to give the sources of
    this information.

    The Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council
    has designated the Pawcatuck River and Little Narragan-
    sett Bay a high-intensity recreation estuary (Type 3).
    Recreational boating, public access, maintenance and
    improvement of marinas and boatyards, hunting, sportsfish-
    ing, and wildlife management are listed as the highest
    priority uses for these waters.

                                 10

    PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

    The physical characteristics of the Pawcatuck River Basin,
    the estuarine reaches of the Pawcatuck River, and Little
    Narragansett Bay are summarized below.

    The River Basin
    The Pawcatuck River Basin is the largest in Rhode Island,
    draining 25 percent of the state. Most of the basin is
    forest, open, and agricultural lands. The 29-mile-long
    river is fed by 159 miles of tributaries running through
    eight communities in Rhode Island and four in Connecticut.
    All the freshwater streams in the basin are Class C or
    better (RISPP & RIDOH, 1976), The Pawcatuck's main
    tributaries are the Wood, Beaver, Queens, and Chipuxet
    rivers.

    The Estuary
    The Pawcatuck River Estuary forms where the freshwater of
    the Pawcatuck River mixes with the saltwater of Long
    Island Sound. Bordered by the town of Stonington,
    Connecticut, on the west and Westerly, Rhode Island, on
    the east, the estuary includes Little Narragansett Bay
    and extends five miles upstream from the mouth of the
    river to the Route 1 bridge at Westerly, The estuarine
    shoreline is composed of glacial till in the uplands, two
    to three miles of beaches and dunes (mostly in Rhode
    Island), and approximately 500 acres of salt marsh
    (mostly in Connecticut),

    The Bay
    Little Narragansett Bay is a two-square-mile estuary at
    the mouth of the Pawcatuck River. The bay averages six
    feet in depth and is protected on the seaward side by
    Napatree barrier beach and Sandy Point. The barrier is
    breached at two locations. One breachway, cut between
    Napatree and Sandy points by the 1938 hurricane, is
    about 1,000 yards wide and two to three feet deep. The
    other, bordered by Stonington, Connecticut, is the chan-
    nel maintained for boating. The seven-mile-long channel
    is dredged to 10 feet from Stonington Point, Connecticut,
    upriver to Westerly, Rhode Island. There is also a ten-
    foot-deep dredged channel from the river mouth to Watch
    Hill Cove.

    GEOMORPHOLOGY

    The Pawcatuck River Estuary and Little Narragansett Bay
     are parts of a moraine system, glaciated during the

    Wisconsin era. This region marks the farthest extension of
    the Laurentide ice sheet some 20,000 years ago (Napatree
    Point Conservation Committee, 1972). The glacier modified
    the preglacial surface by scraping it and leaving deposits.
    All unconsolidated deposits, except those most recently
    laid (beach and swamp deposits), were deposited by this ice
    sheet and its accompanying waters. Scattered ice blocks
    created kettle holes, and wave action formed terraces on
    the shore (Martin, 1925).

    Napatree Point was once an island; sand deposited by lit-
    toral currents have created the beach, which now connects
    it to the mainland. The point and beach make up one arm of
    the double tombolo formation, a geologic term to describe
    two sand bars connecting an island with the mainland. The
    other arm is Sandy Point.

    Coastal geomorphological processes are continuously occur-
    ring on Napatree barrier, but often at imperceptible rates.
    By overlaying navigation charts, the earliest of which
    date from 1847, Griscom (1976) monitored large-scale
    changes, indicating present trends of landform migration
    (Figure 2).

    BEDROCK

    A bedrock map of the Watch Hill quadrangle is available
    from the U.S. Geological Survey (Moore, 1967). Narragansett
    Pier granite of magmatic origin underlies Watch Hill, much
    of Westerly, and the eastern side of the Pawcatuck River
    south from Colonel Willie Cove. Metavolcanic rocks and
    pink and gray layered gneisses border most of the rest of
    the river. Interbedded rustyweathering, medium-grained,
    vitreous quartzite and quartz mica schist are found in a
    bed up to 12 feet thick on the river's west bank across
    from Ram Point, Bedrock outcrops are found in this small
    area. The U.S. Geological Survey bedrock map does not indi-
    cate the submarine bedrock of the Pawcatuck River or
    Little Narragansett Bay.

    TOPOGRAPHY

    Elevation of most of the Pawcatuck River Basin is less than
    200 feet (SENE, 1975). Napatree Point has an elevation of
    approximately 22 feet. The region contains two contrasting
    topographical types (Martin, 1925). Rough land, which
    marks the terminal moraine, extends east from Watch Hill and
    west from Fishers Island in small hills, irregular ridges,

                               12

                            FIGURE 2

          Migration of Napatree Landform Over 125 Years

    For the first 30 years very little change can be identi-
    fied on the Napatree landforrn. However, between 1877 and
    1885, the beach formation is beginning to move and thin
    out, showing the tendency to move westward toward
    Connecticut, to complete a double tombolo. By 1911, the
    migratory process is quite active, as it is still
    stretching and moving. By 1937, just before the hurri-
    cane, the process had progressed to a point that even a
    fresh water pond existed. However, the 1938 hurricane
    caused the newly formed deposits to be breached, and a
    new balance of forces came into being. By 1950, the sand
    spit had started to recurve at both ends of the beach -
    a well-known phenomenon in tidal inlets. By focusing
    on the more permanent part of the landform, the Point
    itself, one is able to identify how much movement has
    occurred to the spit, the more dynamic part of the
    system. Since the 1938 storm, the beach has become
    more concave, and has moved over 100 yards into the bay.
    The western end of the spit, Sandy Point, has moved
    some 1,200 yards (since 1877) toward Stonington.

    From Griscom, 1976.

                                   13

       1b547                               S

       19~57                        61942

     V   AWLly 11Oimr

                                        LO19J 72-
    MIGRATION   OF IN.APATrY  LANL7FOJIL1 O~; IZ6 YrAMS
                  !50L)RjP- TL4CAINC1 ImoM SAILINJa CHArZrs

                                 14

    and undrained depressions. North of this narrow belt is a
    region of terraced bedrock hills covered with till. Five
    terrace elevations are identified, each seemingly produced
    by wave action when sea level was higher than it is today.
    Along the eastern side of the Pawcatuck River, one to
    three miles south of Westerly, are small, discontinuous
    sand and gravel terraces, rising 15-25 feet above the river.
    These were probably deposited as deltas in lakes (Martin,
    1925). Westerly is built on one such terrace.

    SEDIMENTS

    The New England Division of the Army Corps of Engineers
    sampled sediments from Little Narragansett Bay in August,
    1975 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division,
    1977). Samples were analyzed for volatile solids, chemical
    oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, hexane-soluble
    oil and grease, nine heavy metals, PCB's and DDT.  This
    information is presented in Table 1; Figure 3 shows the
    Corps' sampling stations.

    The Environmental Protection Agency (Wong, 1973-1974)
    examined sediments at the mouth of the Pawcatuck River
    (Figure 4). Samples collected on June 20, 1973 and
    March 13, 1974 were analyzed for seven heavy metals; those
    collected on May 26, 1974 were analyzed for pesticides.
    Table 2 gives the reported values,

    The remainder of available information concerns intertidal
    and terrestrial areas. A surficial geologic map of the
    Watch Hill Quadrangle, RI - CT (Schafer, 1965) provides
    general information on surface sediments. Napatree Beach
    is covered by beach deposits. Moving north along the
    eastern shore of the Pawcatuck, one finds glacial till
    that is more sandy or gravelly than deposits on the western
    shore, along with generally well-sorted stream deposits.
    Glacial stream deposits and poorly sorted till (dominated by silt
    and sand) characterize the river's western shore. Further
    north, river terrace deposits border the Pawcatuck. For
    information on soils, see the recently completed soil sur-
    vey for the town of Westerly (Spangler, 1975).

    Most other sediment data is from the Napatree area, where
    sand is deposited by littoral currents (Sculco, 1972).
    Deposition and erosion periods alternate at Napatree; some
    geological features changing almost daily (Realini, 1972).
    The Army Corps of Engineers declared Napatree an area of
    critical coastal erosion (three feet/year) in 1971
    (SENE, 1975), and the CRMC designated it an erosion-prone

                                         15

                                      TABLE 1

                       CHEMICAL ANALYSIS-BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
                           OF LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY

    PARAMETER                    GE-1      GE-2    PE-3    PE-4        PE-7

    % Vol Solids-EPA             0.22      0.71    11.76    1.65       9.73
    % Vol Solids-NED             0.13      0.55   10.27    1.47        8.43
    % Tot Vol Sol-EPA            1.52      2.10   16.5       3.49    14.3
    % Chem Oxygen Dem            0.20      0.80   15.5       2.21     13.2
    % Tot Kjdl Nit               0.005    0.017   0.434   0.057    0.407
    % Hex Sol-Oil & GWease    0.000    0.051   0.355   0.048    0.249
    % Mercury    X10             0.33      0.00    0.36    0.80        8.3
    % Lead        X10-3          0.65      0.78    6.9       2.0       7.6
    % Zinc        X1-3           0.87      2.60   15.1       2.8      15.8
    % Arsenic    X10-3           0.04      0.07    0.69    0.14        0.41
    % Cadmium    X10            0.09      0.10    0.48    0.11        0.04
    % Chromium   X103            0.50      1.1      7.8      1.7       8.7
    % Copper      X10-           1.1       2.6    13.8       2.5      14.0
    % Nickel      X103           0.44      0.88    3.8       0.97      2.9
    % Vanadium   x1 3            1.3       1.6      0.0      1.7       7.0
    " PCB            -3           -                           -         -
            PCB   X10-                             0.0
    % DDT         X103                              0.02

    From U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977

    Stonington

               GE-2
               Sandy Pt.
                             PE-3   PE-4
                            LITTLE
                          NARRAGANSETT   PE-
                              BAY

                                 FIGURE 3

               Army Corps of Engineers Sediment Sampling
                   Stations in Little Narragansett Bay

               From U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977.

                               * 17

                              Carolina

                                      PAWCATUCK RIVER Pawcatua  Westrly

         SAMPLI NG   STATIONS

    0 DOI,I1971     A RIDOH, 1977
    * R I DO0H, 1973  a  Stebbins,et aI, 1970-7 7

    O Wood, i964    *EPA, 1973,1974,1976

    A~argraves and   ESisson, 1970-73
     Wood, 1971-72

                                       Isl~~~ ~ ~~and  ~     vnate

                                   LITTLE~~~

                            FIGURE 4

           Sampling Stations for Selected Studies

                                                      TABLE 2

                 HEAVY METAL & PESTICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AT PAWCATUCK RIVER MOUTH

      Amounts of Heavy Metals in mg/gm (oven dry weight)

      Date      Mercury          Zinc        Copper      Lead       Cadmium         Nickel         Chromium
                 (Hg)           (Zn)         (Cu)       (Pb)        (Cd)            (Ni)            (Cr)

    6/20/73       --              34           20         25          --               5              21

    3/13/74      0.11             15         9.08        8.9         0.2                              --

    Amounts of Pesticides in ppb
                                                                                       1254
      Date    |  P,P/DDE          O,P/DDE           P,P/DDT           Dieldrin           PCB (arachlor)

    5/26/74         28              ND                ND  ND                                 167

    ND = not detectable (The sensitivity of the test no detectable levels is 10 ppb)

    From EPA, unpublished data

    area of environmental concern (CRMC, 1977).  Erosion is
    caused both by wind and water. Snow fences have been effec-
    tive in building sand dunes by capturing blowing sand
    (Quist and Benoit, 1972). In January and February of 1973,
    however, dune faces were receding (Realini, 1973).

    Mills and Sisson (1972) conducted soil analyses on Napatree
    and found three zones: a sandy beach, a transition zone,
    and an upland region.  Results of their analyses are as
    follows:

       Zone     Texture       pH  Phosphorus  Potassium  Nitrate
    sandy beach   sand       6.2      VL           VL        VL
    transitional  fine       7.0      VL           VL        VL
                  sandy
                  loam
    upland      loamy sand  5.9         L          VL        VL

      VL = Very Low
       L = Low

    HYDROGRAPHIY

    Little Narragansett Bay is generally well flushed; the
    flushing factor has been calculated at 33 percent.  The
    tidal prism is estimated at 250 x 106 ft.3, mean tidal range
    of about 2.5 feet, and average depth of less than six feet
    at mean low water (Hale et al., 1975). In contrast, the
    "kitchen'  area of the bay, a small cove (three to four acreS)
    near Napatree Point, is poorly flushed, being shallow and
    well sheltered (Phelps and Griscom, 1973). Additional
    research is needed to determine circulation patterns in the
    bay. Preliminary data indicate that most water transport
    is in the channel and, furthermore, that the direction of
    water movement is significantly affected by wind stress
    (Hale et al., 1975).

    Bathymetric data collected by the Corps of Engineers and
    on file at the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial
    Data Center (NGSDC) are available for 1961, 1962, and 1966
    for Little Narragansett Bay and the Pawcatuck River up to
    Westerly. The data are not mapped, but listed by the depth
    meters at locations described by longitude and latitude.

    Average water flow in the Pawcatuck River is 550 to 600
    cubic feet per second; the recorded maximum and minimum
    are 4,000 ft.3/sec. and 70 ft.3/sec., respectively
    (Phelps and Griscom, 1973). The same report states that,
    in 1969, maximum flows of 1,100 ft.3/sec. were observed in
    the spring (April) and minimum flows (95 ft.3/sec.) in the
    fall (October). Seasonal river discharge at Westerly has
    been measured by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1940. An
    example of their annual records is shown in Table 3.

                                           Table 3

      MEAN WATER DISCHARGE (IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND) OF PAWCATUCK RIVER-OCTOBER 1975 TO SEPTEMBER 1976

    Day OCT NOV DEC JAN                            FEB MAR APR MAY                          JUN      JUL       AUG
                                                                                          SEP

      1 244 354 985 1460 2040 768 730 501 320 152                                                              171 134
      2     225       336 918 1340 2130 738 888 655 342 155 174                                                          130
      3 212 315 842 1250 2160 738                                      932 842             354 155 163 130
      4 204 304 768                     1250 2050 752                  880 842             342 148 148 134
      5 186 304 700 1140 1860 775 805 738 320 144 137
                                                                                          130

      6 178 289 655                      918 1680 790 745 648 299 141                                          130
                                                                                          127
      7 182 289                627 910 1460 775 662 592 283                                          141 127 124
      8     199 294 599 1270 1370 730 662                                        557       273       134 199
                                                                                          124
      9     204       325 599           1430 1230 692                  641 529             273 134
                                                                                   550 120
     10 195 348 775 1290 1160 708                                       613 501             259 127 842
                                                                                          113

     11 186 388 860 1170 1090 678 599                                            473 244 120 738
                                                                                          127
     12 199 414 820 1080 1060 700 571 494 239                                                         124 529
                                                                                          124
     13     225       880 760 970 1020 865 564 550 225 124
                                                                                   359 124
     14     254 1490 720 1360 970 1160 550 543 221                                                    117 278
                                                                                          120 o
     15 254 1450 685 1600 932 1180 536 515                                                  216 113            225
                                                                                          117

     16 244 1310 648 1520 925 1120 529 473 212 113
                                                                                   204 120
     17 230 1130 620 1460 94Q                               1230 522 522                    208
                                                                            113 182            120
     18 263 932 606 1290 970 1210 513 550 208
                                                                            120 174 127
     19 426 805 599 1080 985 1100 508 557 199 120 163 130
     20 494 715 557 1030 985 1030 494 564 199
                                                                            113 152 134

     21 459 662 536 948 962 992                                         487       529 205 110 144
                                                                                          130
     22 401 888 536 880 970 940 480 529 199 107 141 124
     23 365 1000 543 730 1130 880 473 473 195 104
                                                                                   137 120
     24 336 985 550 798 1140 828 466 432 178 117
                                                                                   134 120
     25 342 940 550 798 1070 782                                        480 401 174 120 134
                                                                                          117

     26 550 872 700 798                             992 745 557                   388       167 110 137 120
     27 564           865      1660 1060            925 722             592 376             163 98
                                                                                   137 124
     28     515 1110 1740 2130 865                            730 578 365 167 95
                                                                                   152 127
     29 445 1160 1610 2630 812 760 543 348 152 95
                                                                                   155 124
     30 395 1080 1450 2520 --- 752 515 336 155
                                                                            98 152 124
     31 376 --- 1460 2310 --- 715 --- 325
                                                                    -~ 120 144 ---

    TOTAL 9552 22234 25678   40420 35883    26585 18117 16148 6991 3782 7212 3739

    MEAN   308      741     828    1304    1237       858      604     521      233     122      233      125
     MAX   564    1490    1740    2630    2160    1230         932     842      354     155      842     134
     MIN   178      289     536      730      812     678      466     325      152      95      127     113
    CFSM  1.04    2.51    2.81    4.42    4.19    2.91    2.05    1.77          .79     .41      .79     .42
     IN.  1.20    2.80    3.24    5.10    4.52    3.35    2.28    2.04          .88     .48      .91     .47
     CAL YR 1975  TOTAL  213590  MEAN 585  MAX  1740  MIN 95  CFSM 1.98  IN. 26.93
     WTR YR 1976  TOTAL  216341  MEAN 591  MAX  2630  MIN 95  CFSM 2.00  IN. 27.28

     LOCATION -- Lat 41023'01", long 71050'01", Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 01090005, on left bank
      at Westerly, 2.1 mi (3.4 km) downstream from Shannock River.
    DRAINAGE AREA -- 295 mi2 (764 km2).
    PERIOD OF RECORD -- Discharge: November 1940 to current year.
     Chemical analyses: Water years 1953, 1963 (partial-record station).
    REVISED RECORDS -- WSP 1051: Drainage area.
     GAGE -- Water-stage recorder.  Datum of gage is 1.76 ft (0.536 m) below mean sea level.
    REMARKS -- Records good. .Diurnal fluctuation at low flow prior to 1962 by mills upstream; regulation
     much greater prior to 1958. Diversion upstream for municipal supply of Westerly. Several observa-
      tions of water temperatures were made during the year.
    AVERAGE DISCHARGE -- 35 years (water years 1942-76), 566 ft3/s (16.03 m3/s), .26.06 in/yr (662 mm/yr).
    EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD -- Maximum discharge, 4,470 ft3/s (127 m3/s) Mar. 18, 1968, gage
     height, 10.49 ft (3.197 m); maximum gage height, 12.16 ft (3.706 m) Aug. 31, 1954, backwater from
     tide; minimum daily discharge, 25 ft /s (0.71 m3/s) Aug. 17, 1941.
    EXTREMES OUSIDE PERIOD OF RECORD -- Flood in March 1936 reached a discharge of 3,150 ft3/s (89.2 m3/s),
     by computation of flow over dam 1.5 mi (2.4 km) upstream. Maximum discharge since 1886 occurred
     in November 1927 and was possibly more than twice that in March 1936. Maximum stage since at least
     1935, 15.0 ft (4.57 m) Sept. 21, 1938, due to hurricane tidal wave.
    EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR -- Maximum discharge, 2,670 ft /s (75.6 m3/s) Jan. 29, gage height,
     7.57 ft (2.307 m); maximum gage height, 7.62 ft (2.233 m) Feb. 2, backwater from tide; minimum daily
     discharge, 95 ft3/s (2.69 m3/s) July 28, 29.

    From USGS, 1976

                                 22

    STORMS

    Storms have resulted in dramatic changes to Napatree.  The
    Hurricane of 1938 killed 18 people on Napatree, destroyed
    the 39 homes located on the point, the yacht club, the beach
    club, and the bathing pavilion. A number of inhabited
    houses were washed across the bay; 27 people survived the
    trip (Seaside Topics, 1968), Winds were estimated to reach
    185 mph during that hurricane (Sculco, 1972). The 1938
    hurricane also separated Sandy Point from Napatree Point, a
    separation that not only has been maintained but is
    increasing. The only land on Napatree which came through
    the hurricane unscathed was the point near the fort. The
    rest - the dunes and the beach - was eroded away by waves
    washing over the point and the beach. Public and private
    bath houses, cabanas, and a beach club were rebuilt on
    Napatree after 1938; all but the beach club were subse-
    quently washed away by the 1954 hurricane (Seaside Topics,
    1954). The beach has been left in a natural state since
    1954; however, approximately 30 washover or blow-out areas
    remain.

    WATER CHEMISTRY

    Several studies have been performed on the Pawcatuck River,
    including measurements of chemicals (Table 4, Figure 4).
    The Water Resources Report (U.S. Department of Interior,
    USGS, 1971) gives maximum and minimum dissolved oxygen and
    temperature values for May to October of 1971 at White Rock
    (Tables A-1 and A-2). Average maximum dissolved oxygen levels
    increased from May to a high in August (14.0 mg/l) followed
    by a gradual decrease to a low value in October of 10.7 mg/l,
    Minimum levels did not show the same trend, being lowest in
    July and August (4.0 mg/l) and highest in May (6.0 mg/l),
    Average maximum temperatures were highest in July, at 29.50C.
    (August value is missing).

    Two studies were conducted for the upstream area, well into
    the freshwater portion of the river. Richard Wood (1972)
    made measurements at Kenyon, RI (at Route 2), where a textile
    dyeing factory is located. Temperature, coliform, and phos-
    phate all peaked in summer, in inverse relation to discharge
    (Table A-4). Another study (Hargraves and Wood, 1967)
    included one station on a tributary of the Pawcatuck (at
    Usquepaug River). Both phosphate and nitrate were always
    detectable at the station when sampled (March to October of
    1964), Maximum phosphate values were observed in early
    summer, and maximum nitrate in late summer. Silicate remained
    high throughout the study period. Dissolved oxygen levels
    varied with temperature, oxygen saturation values being more
    constant.

                                                        Table 4
                                              WATER CHEMISTRY DATA BASE

         Investigator                  Sampling Period            River Location              Parameters Sampled
                      :*
    U.S. Dept. of Interior                5/77-10/77         Freshwater-White Rock, RI       dissolved oxygen,
                *                                                                             temperature
    Richard Wood                          1971-1972          Freshwater-Kenyon, RI           temperature, pH,alka-
                                                                                              linity, dissolved
                                                                                              oxygen, % oxygen
                                                                                              saturation, conduc-
                                                                                              tivity, phosphate,
                                                                                              nitrate, color, tur-
                                                                                              bidity, velocity, dis-
                                                                                              charge, coliform
    Hargraves and Wood                      1964             Freshwater-at Usquepaug         phosphate, nitrate,
                                                              River                           silicate, dissolved
                                                                                              oxygen, temperature
    Rhode Island Department               8/22/73            Estuary & freshwater -                                       co
     of Health*                                               from river mouth
                                                              upstream to Richmond, RI       flow, temperature, dis-
                                                                                              solved oxygen, bio-
                                                                                              chemical oxygen demand,
                                                                                              total coliform, fecal
                                                                                              coliform, ammonia,
                                                                                              nitrite, nitrate, total
                                                                                              copper, total zinc
    Rhode Island Department               1970-1973          Estuary                         temperature, salinity,
     of Environmental Mgmt.*                                                                  dissolved oxygen
    Henry Stebbins & Wheeler              1970-1977          Estuary                         temperature, density,
     High School Students**                                                                   salinity, acidity,
                                                                                              alkalinity, dissolved
                                                                                              oxygen, fecal coliform

     data in tables in Appendix
    **data on file in Coastal Resources Center
     data on file in Coastal Resources Center

                                 24

    The Rhode Island Department of Health conducted a Water
    Quality Survey on the Pawcatuck River Basin on August 22,
    1973. Values for temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), bio-
    chemical oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform, fecal coli-
    form, ammonia nitrogen, total copper, and total zinc were
    collected at 12 stations, from the mouth of the river,
    upstream to the Shannock Dam in Richmond, RI (Table A-3,
    Figure 4). Nitrate and nitrite values are also listed at
    these 12 stations in the New England River Basins Modeling
    Project - Final Report. They found that water quality
    varies with adjacent land use.

    The Wickford Marine Fisheries Laboratory of the Department
    of Environmental Management collected temperature, salinity,
    and dissolved oxygen data at four stations in the Pawcatuck
    River Estuary (Table A-5 and Figure 4) from 1970 to 1973
    (Sisson, unpublished data). All stations were in the saline
    portion of the river. Dissolved oxygen values were lowest
    in July, August, and September, and highest in March and
    April.

    Henry Stebbins and his biology students at Wheeler High
    School in North Stonington, Connecticut, are currently
    involved in a study of the estuarine portion of the Pawcatuck
    River. Temperature, density, salinity, acidity, alkalinity,
    dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform were measured from
    1970 to 1977. Copies of the data are on file at the Coastal
    Resources Center.

    POLLUTION

    In the Pawcatuck River Basin Water Quality Management Plan
    (RISPP and RIDOH, 1976), the Pawcatuck River has been
    divided into segments for planning purposes. Each segment
    is a section of a water body with common water-quality
    characteristics and use classification. The first three
    segments of the Pawcatuck River Basin include Little Narra-
    gansett Bay and the Pawcatuck River Estuary.

    The first segment, Little Narragansett Bay from Napatree
    Point to Rhodes Point at the mouth of the river, is desig-
    nated Class SA by the Department of Health. It is not in
    compliance with its water-quality designation, however, and
    therefore is closed to shellfishing. Sources of pollution
     are upstream industrial, municipal, and individual discharges
     from Westerly and Pawcatuck, Connecticut.

     The 2.3-mile segment of the estuary from Rhodes Point to
     Pawcatuck Rock is classified SB. This segment is also not
     in compliance with its water-quality designation, because
     of upstream discharges.

                                  25

    The upper reach of the estuary, the third segment, extends
    from Pawcatuck Rock to the Stillmanville Dam in Westerly.
    It is in compliance with its class designation of SC. How-
    ever, the amount of polluted discharge is greater than the
    assimilative capacity in the segment. This results in the
    degradation of downstream areas. The three major sources
    of effluent in this segment are the Westerly Municipal
    Sewage Treatment Plant, the Yardney Electric Corporation,
    and the Harris Intertype Corporation.

    PLANKTON

    No studies have been conducted on phytoplankton or zooplank-
    ton in the Pawcatuck River Estuary or in Little Narragansett
    Bay. However, a survey of phytoplankton and zooplankton has
    been made in a small stream and estuary, adjacent to Barn
    Island Reserve Area in Wequetequock, Stonington, Connecticut
    (Blackstone, 1970). The 0.7-mile stream empties into Little
    Narragansett Bay on the Connecticut side of Pawcatuck Point.

    Blackstone collected plankton from three upstream stations.
    A survey examining the vertical zonation of algae and inverte-
    brates was conducted at the three most downstream saline
    stations. The list of plankton reported is too extensive
    to reproduce here; the paper is on file at the Coastal
    Resources Center.

    BIOTA

    Macroflora

          Macroalgae: A bottom survey conducted in April 1970
    of the Kitchen area off Napatree Point (White, 1972) indi-
    cated the presence of five macrofloral species: Zostera
    marina (eel grass), Ulva lactuca, Laminaria saccharina,
    Codium fragile, and Dulse (species name not given). Rela-
    tive abundances were not recorded.

          Salt Marsh: An in-depth investigation of the
    Wequetequock-Pawcatuck tidal marsh on the Connecticut side
    of Little Narragansett Bay was undertaken by Miller and
    Egler (1950) some 30 years ago. They describe several
    different plant communities and give lists of flora and
    relative abundance for each community. Their results are
    probably representative of the other coastal wetlands and
    uplands in the area. The vegetation community found furthest
    inland was an oak-sprout forest that included much hickory;
    more shoreward was an upland shrub border, followed by the
    tidal marsh (Figure 5). Miller and Egler classified the marsh
    in three sections: a narrow upper border (up to 20 m. wide)

                               26

                             TIDAL-MARSH

    f"ea,'t   PANICUM VIRGATUM - 2-
      UPLANDPER                              3
     FOREST UPLAND  .ER     JUNCUS
             SHRUB BORDER  ILOP
            y J BORDER  5\�UPPER SLOPE SPARTINA PATENS
                        R.    t$G~~ffLOWER SLOPE
                                            SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA
                                                LOWER BORDER

      Di9   117    i~  ___<~'          PEAT AND MUCKJg
            -    GLACIAL TILL    --

                            FIGURE 5

    Upland-to-Bay Vegetation Sequence of Wequetequock-Pawcatuck
                           Tidal Marsh

    Diagrammatic cross-section of the upland-to-bay sequence,
    showing the characteristics of the major vegetational
    units. Vertical scale is greatly exaggerated.

    From Miller and Egler, copyright 1950 by the Ecological
    Society of America.

                                  27

    dominated by Panicum virgatum and Spartina pectinata; a
    7-to-10-meter-wide upper slope covered with dense Juncus
    vegetation (Figure 6); and a Spartina patens lower slope;
    where few species other than S. patens occur (Figure 7).
    Sometimes Distichlis spicata is abundant in this last zone,
    but rarely does it gain over 50 percent coverage. The S.
    patens community is similar to the Juncus community.
    Finally, a thin (2 m. wide) line of Spartina alterniflora
    is found on the water's edge both along the bay and along
    mosquito ditches. Coverage by species other than S.
    alterniflora is even less frequent here than in other zones
    (Figure 8).

    In addition to the aforementioned communities, panne
    communities are found on the marsh which are surrounded
    by S. alterniflora and then by Forb pannes. The structure
    and appearance of these panne communitiesare quite different
    though the species present are nearly the same, with one
    exception (Figures 9 and 10).

    Miller and Egler also discuss the estuaries of this region.
    Zostera marina is often found at the estuary mouth and
    S. alterniflora along the edge.  These estuaries are charac-
    terized by natural levees caused by the deposition of sedi-
    ment as currents slowed by grasses overflow the banks.

          Barrier Beach: Vegetation on the barrier beach at
    Napatree was studied by Mills and Sisson (1972). Sampling
    along a transect, they found that 75 percent of the area
    was beach grass habitat, 15 to 20 percent was upland vege-
    tation, and salt marsh covered 5 to 10 percent of the area.
    A list of species, by zone, is included in Table 5. The
    beach grass zone, dominated by beach grass, also included
    much beach pea and seaside goldenrod. The transition zone,
    which begins behind the Kitchen area, was vegetated with
    bayberry, poison ivy, spike grass, sea rose, and other
    scrubby vegetation. The soil here is sandy to silty, and,
    because of its higher organic content, retains more water
    than soil in the beach grass zone. Also located in this
    zone is a small salt marsh, at the base of the fort, that
    is colonized by Spartina pectinata, Spartina patens, Spartina
    alterniflora, Panicum virgatum, Distichlis spicata, and
    Phragmites communis. Salt water seeps up from under the
    ground to supply this marsh. A small drainage channel from
    the Kitchen area also supplies salt water during perigee
    tides. The third community of upland vegetation includes
    many species, which have probably been imported by birds
    or humans. At the fort, the soil is organically rich and
    plant life includes bayberry, European grasses, ox-eye
    daisies, black-eyed susans, red cedar, Queen Anne's lace,
    sumac, and wild grape.

                               FREQUENCY                  MANNER OF OCCURRENCE
                               (PERCENT)         RARE           OCCASIONAL          ABUNDANT

         ASTER TENUIFOLIUS                86                        I
         ATRIPLEX PATULA HASTATA          56
         DISTICHLIS SPICATA               98
         GERARDIA MARITIMA               42
         IVA ORARIA                      70
         JUNCUS OERARDI                  100
         LIMONIUM  CAROLINIANUM          88
         PLANTAGO DECIPIENS                6
         SALICORNIA EUROPAEA              98
         SALICORNIA MUCRONATA              8
         SOLIDAGO SEMPERVIRENS             4
         SPARTINA  ALTERNIFLORA           28                        I
         SPARTINA  PATENS                 26
         SUAEDA MARITIMA
            AND LINEARIS                  4
         TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA         ;    6

                                        FIGURE 6

                       Vegetation of Juncus Upper Slope

    Frequency and manner-of-occurrence of the species of the
    Juncus upper slope. The length of the bar is proportional
    to the number of quadrats showing the respective degree
    of occurrence.

    From Miller and Egler, copyright 1950 by the Ecological
    Society of America.

                                   29

              SPECIES       FREQUENCY           MANNER OF OCCURRENCE
                          (PERCENT)    RARE       OCCASIONAL     ABUNDANT
        ASTER TENUIFOLIUS       44
        ATRIPLEX PATULA HASTATA    30
        DISTICHLIS SPICATA      94
        GERARDIA MARITIMA       22
        IVA ORARIA              I 4
        JUNcUS GERARDI           6
        LIMONIUM CAROLINIANUM   20
        SALICORNIA EUROPAEA     82
        SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA   20
        SPARTINA PATENS         94

                                FIGURE 7

              Vegetation of Spartina patens Lower Slope

    Frequency and manner-of-occurrence of the Spartina patens
    lower slope. The length of the bar is proportional to
    the number of quadrats showing the respective degree of
    occurrence.

                         PEES  FREQUENCYI    MANNER OF OCCURRENE
                         s(PERCENT)    RARE    I OCCASIONAL  I  ABUNDANT
        ASTER TENUIFOLIUS       12
        LIMONIUM CAROLINIANUM    2
        SALICORNIA EUROPAEA     l0
        SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA    100
        SPARTINA PATENS          6

                                FIGURE  8

         Vegetation of Spartina alterniflora Lower Border

    Frequency and manner-of-occurrence of the species of the
    Spartina alterniflora lower border. The length of the bar
    is proportional to the number of quadrats showing the
    respective degree of occurrence.

    From Miller and Egler, copyright 1950 by the Ecological
    Society of America.

                                        30

                             FREQUENCY                MANNER OF OCCURRENCE
               SPECIES             PERCENT)        RARE          OCCASIONAL         ABUNDANT

        ASTER TENUIFOLIUS               8
        DISTICHLIS SPICATA             20
        GERARDIA MARITIMA             20
        LIMONIUM CAROLINIANUM          40
         PLANTAGO DEGIPIENS              4
         SALIGORNIA EUROPAEA            88
         SALICORNIA MUGRONATA           46
         SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA         100
         SPARTINA PATENS                64
         SPERGULARIA MARINA
           AND GANADENSIS               +
         TRISLOCHIN MARITIMA             8

                                     FIGURE 9

    Vegetation of the Stunted Spartina alterniflora Community

    Frequency and manner-of-occurrence of the species of the
    stunted Spartina alterniflora community. The length of
    the bar is proportional to the number of quadrats showing
    the respective degree of occurrence.

                              FREOUENCY                MANNER OF OCCURRENCE
                              (PERCENT)        RARE          OCCGGASIONAL      ABUNDANT
         ASTER TENUIFOLIUS              66           -           I
         DISTICHLIS SPICATA             64    S-                  _ l
         GERARDIA MARITIMA             100         ,
         JUNCUS BERARDI                 10
         LIMONIUM CAROLINIANUM         100       _                _       I 1
         PLANTAGO DECIPIENS            100      _                m
         SALICORNIA EUROPAEA            86
         SAUCORNIA MUCRONATA            90     _
         SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA         100         .                         I
         SPARTINA PATENS                90        _              *
         SPERGULARIA MARINA
            AND CANADENSIS               +
         TlIOLoonIn MARITIMA           100       _                _

                                      FIGURE 10

                         Vegetation of the Forb Panne

    Frequency and manner-of-occurrence of the species of the
    Forb panne. The length of the bar is proportional to the
    number of quadrats showing the respective degree of occur-
    rence.

    From Miller and Egler, copyright 1950 by the Ecological
     Society of America.

                                     31

                                   Table 5
                           VEGETATION ON NAPATREE

      Common Name           Latin Name                Sand  Trans  Upi  Marsh

    Adams Flannel        Verbasawn thapsus                    x
    Bayberry             Myrica pensyZvanica                  x     x
    Beach Grass          Ammophila  breviligulata      x
    Beach Pea            Lathyrus japonicus            x
    Beach Plum           Prunus maritima                      x
    Black-eyed Susan    Rudbeckia hirta                       x     x
    Canadian Thistle     Cersium arvense                            x
    Common Evening       Oenothera biennis                    x
     Primrose
    Common Saltwort      SaZsola kali                  x
    Dew Berry            Rubus fZageZZarum                    x
    Dusty Miller         Artemisia stelleriana         x
    English Plaintain   Plantago ZanceoZata                   x     x
    European Grasses     spp.                                       x
    Glassworts           Salicornia spp.               x
    Lichens (on drift-   spp.                          x
      wood)
    Ox-eye Daisy         Chrysanthemum Zeucanthemum           x     x
    Panic Grass          Panicum virgatum                     x           x
    Poison Ivy           Rhus radicans                        x     x
    Queen Anne's Lace   Daucus carota                               x
    Red Cedar            Juniperus  virginiana                x     x
    Red Soldier          Cladonia christatella         x
      (lichen)
    Salt Meadow Cord-    Spartina patens                      x           x
     grass
    Sea Beach - Sand-   Arenaria pepZoides             x
      wort
    Sea Oats             UnioZa panicuZata             x
    Sea Rocket           Cakile edentuZa               x
    Sea Rose             Rosa rugosa                   x
    Seaside goldenrod    SoZidago sempervirens         x
    Seaside spurge       Euphorbia polygonifolia       x
    Sumac                Rhus spp.                                  x
    Spike grass          DistichZis  spicata                  x           x
    Tall Cordgrass       Spartina pectinata                   x           x
    Tall Reed            Phragmites communis                  x           x
    Wild Grape           Vitis rupestris                            x
    Wormwood             Artemisia caudata             x
    Wood Lily            Lilium phiZadelphiaum                x
          Algae and sea grasses observed along the outer beach:
    AscophyZZum modosum-rockweed              Laminaria agardhii-kelp
    Chondrus crispus-Irish moss              Rhodyomenia paZmata-dulse
    Codium fragiZe-Japanese oyster weed       Ulva Zactuca-sea lettuce
    Enteromorpha intestinalis                 Zostera marina-eel grass
    Fucus vesicuZosis-rockweed
                                              From Mills and Sisson, 1972

                                  32

    Sculco (1972) studied revegetation in the beach grass zone.
    He observed that beach grass first ventured into an unvege-
    tated but protected area by spreading rhizomes. Following
    some stabilization of the substrate, beach pea moved in,
    growing higher as the beach grass grew more dense. Lastly,
    seaside goldenrod colonized the area.

    Periphyton            *
    Studies of periphyton and water chemistry have been per-
    formed in two freshwater sections of the Pawcatuck River,
    one at Kenyon (Wood, 1972) and one in the Usquepaug River
    (Hargraves and Wood, 1967). At Usquepaug, a total of 24
    species were found with diatoms dominant in the spring,
    followed by green algae and some blue-green algae. A
    seasonal species list for the Kenyon and Peace Dale stations
    is included in Table 6.

    Benthos
    Many commercially valuable shellfish inhabit the Little
    Narragansett Bay and Pawcatuck River Estuary. The estuary
    is presently closed to shellfishing, however, because of
    pollution. Quahaugs (Mercenaria mercenaria) and a produc-
    tive population of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) are
    found in the Pawcatuck (Olsen and Stevenson, 1975). Surf
    clams (Spisula solidissima) and soft-shelled clams (Mya
    arenaria) have also been reported in Little Narragansett
    Bay (Mills and Sisson, 1972). In 1975, scallops
    (Aequipecten irradians) were abundant in Little Narragansett
    Bay between Westerly and Stonington after being absent for
    several years. This area had been seeded one year earlier.
    Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are found on the west side of
    Napatree Point and on Sandy Point.

    Beginning in April 1970, Ronald White (1972) made qualitative
    surveys of benthic life in the Kitchen area off Napatree
    Point by visual observation using SCUBA. At that time, the
    only infaunal organisms seen were quahaugs. The epifauna
    observed are listed in Table 7. Numerous benthic species
    were undoubtedly missed by White's sampling technique.

    White observed dramatic changes in the Kitchen's benthic
    fauna during the two years of his survey. In May 1971,
    the number of quahaugs seemed the same as in April 1970,
    but by August numbers had decreased. By November 1971,
    periwinkles had greatly increased in number, looking like
    a "continuous carpet of snails" from a distance greater
    than four feet. The final observations for this survey

    *
     periphyton is a term which applies to the total assemblage
     of sessile, or attached, flora on any substrate.

                                     33

                                   Table 6
       SEASONAL PERIODICITY AMONG THE MORE PREVALENT PERIPHYTON SPECIES
            IN THE PAWCATUCK RIVER AT KENYON AND IN THE SAUGATUCKET
                          RIVER AT PEACE DALE, R.I.

    Permanent flora (present throughout the year):
     Achnanthes Zinearis var. pusilZa       Melosira amnbigua
      Cocconeis placentula                   Meridion circulare var. con-
      Eunotia eZegans                          stricta
      E. pectinaZis                          Nitzschia sublinearis
      E. pectinaclis var. biarcuata          Pinnularia biceps
      E. pectinaZis var. minor               StigeocZonium subsecundum
      FragiZaria virescens                     (prostrate colonies)
      Gomphonema angustatum var. producta   TabeZZaria fenestrata
                                            T. flocculosa

    Spring flora (increasing in spring, some (marked S or F) continuing
     into the summer and/or fall):
      AsterioneZla formosa +S                Gomphonema acuminatum
      Coleochaete sp. no. 1 +S,F              var. coronata +F
      CymbeZlZa ventricosa                   G, parvuZwn +S,F
      Eunotia elegans                        MeZosira granulata
      E. exigua                              NavicuZa mutica
      FragiZaria crotonensis                 PinnuZaria viridis
      Gloeothece sp. no. 1                   Scenedesmus quadricauda
                                            SurirelZa sp. +S

    Summer flora (increasing in summer, some (marked F) continuing into
     fall):
      Achnanthes lanceolata                  Navicula cryptocephdla
      CoZeochaete orbicularis                Nitzschia vermicuZaris +F
      C. sp. no. 1 +F                        Oscillatoria princeps +F
      Eunotia naegelii                       0. sp. no. 2

    Fall flora (increasing in fall, some (marked Sp) continuing into
     spring):
      Achnanthes minutissima                 Eunotia incisa
      CymbeZZa ventricosa +Sp                NavicuZa rhynchocephaZa

    From Wood, 1972.

                                     34

                                  Table 7
                BENTHIC FAUNA OF THE PAWCATUCK RIVER ESTUARY
                        AND LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY

            COMMON NAME                                  LATIN NAME

    INFAUNA

         Quahaug                                      Mercenaria mercenaria
         Soft-shelled clam                            Mya arenaria*
         Surf clam                                    Spisula solidissima*

    EPIFAUNA

         Bay scallop                                 Aequipecten irradians
         Blue crab                                    CalZinectes sapidus
         Rock crab                                    Cancer irroratus
         Green crab                                   Carcinus maenas
         Oyster                                       Crassostrea virginica k*
        Mole crab                                    Emerita talpoida
        Mud crab                                     Eurypanopeus sp.
         Lobster                                      Homarus americanus
         Spider crab                                  Libinia emarginata
         Horseshoe crab                               LimuZus poZyphemus
         Periwinkle                                   Littorina Zittorea
         Mussel                                       MytiZus edulis
         Lady crab                                    Ovaipes oceflatus
         Moon snail                                   Polenices duplicatus
         Oyster drill                                 Urosalpinx cinerea

       not listed by White but reported by Mills and Sisson

       not listed by White but reported by Olsen and Stevenson

      Adopted from White, 1972

                                 35

    were made from April through June.of 1972.  At that time,
    the number of blue, lady, and rock crabs, as well as of
    scallops and lobsters, had decreased, A number of dead
    blue and rock crabs were seen, and quahaugs were observed
    to be dead or dying. Periwinkles, moon snails,and hermit
    crabs were all more abundant than before. White attri-
    buted these population changes to increased silt and decaying
    matter on the bottom, which results in the production of
    hydrogen sulfide.

         Artificial Reef Biota: Alfieri (1975) studied the
    growth of attached biota to two artificial reefs placed in
    Little Narragansett Bay off the west coast of Napatree
    Point in July, 1972 and June, 1973. Five species of macro-
    algae became permanent residents on an automobile tire
    reef, with Polysiphonia the dominant species throughout the
    experiment. In addition to macroalgae, a number of
    invertebrates colonized the reef and three species of fish
    commonly associated with the reef. A list of permanent,
    part-time, and visitor species found on or around the
    reef is shown in Table 8.

         Metals and Pesticides in Shellfish: The New England
    Regional Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency
    (Wong, 1973-1976) collected oysters and quahaugs at the
    mouth of the Pawcatuck River (see Figure 4) in 1973, 1974,
    and 1976. The shellfish were analyzed for seven heavy
    metals and for pesticides. Tables 9 and 10 present the
    results of the chemical analyses.

    In addition, the Rhode Island Department of Health collec-
    ted data in the fall of 1977 on three heavy metals (lead,
    cadmium, and chromium) in oysters at three stations (see
    Figure 4) in the estuary. The reported values are shown
    in Table ll.

    Birds
    Napatree is an excellent area for bird watching, due to
    its location on the migration route and its diversity of
    habitats.

    More than 125 bird species (Table 12) have been observed
    there, including many nesting shore and land birds.

    Mammals
    Eleven mammal species have been reported on Napatree
    (Table 13). Small mammals are present, particularly in
    upland regions where food and cover are available. White-
    tail deer occasionally visit Napatree. Other mammals
    probably inhabit shore areas, but have not been reliably
    reported.

                                  36

                               Table 8

          LIST OF SPECIES FOUND ON OR AROUND THE ARTIFICIAL
       REEF WEST OF NAPATREE POINT IN LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY

    Latin Name                                     Common Name

    Rhodophyceae                                   Red algae
     *Polysiphonia sp.
     -Dasya pediceZlata
     +GraciZaria sp, and family
     -Porphyra sp.                                   Dulse, purple laver
     +Ceramium sp. and family
    Chlorophyceae                                  Green algae
     *Enteromorpha sp.
     +Ulva sp.                                       Sea lettuce, sea laver
     *CZadophera sp.
     -Codiwnum sp.                                   Sea moss
    Phaecophyceae                                  Brown seaweed
     *Laminaria sp.                                 Kelp
     *Chordaria sp.                                  Bootlace weed
    Protozoa
     +Foraminifera                                   Foraminiferans
    Hydrozoa*
    Ectoprocta
     *SchizoporeZZa sp,
     -BuguZa sp.                                     Bryozoan
    PeZecypoda                                     Bivalves
     +MytiZus edulus                                 Blue mussels
     -Anomia sp.                                     Jingle shells
    Gastropoda                                     Snails
     +Littorina obtusata                             Periwinkles
     +Crepidula sp.                                  Slipper shells
     +EupZeura caudata                               Oyster drills
     -Urosalpinx sp.                                 Oyster drills
    AnneZida                                       Segmented worms
     +Polychaeta                                     Marine worm
    Crustacea
     *CapreZZa geometrica                           Amphipod
     +Callinectes sapidus                            Blue crab
     +Homarus americanus                             Lobster
     -Libinia emerginata                             Spider crab
     *BaZunus sp.                                   Barnacle
     +Cancer borealis                                Jonah crab
    Asteroida                                      Starfish
     *Asterias forbesi                              Starfish
    Ascidiacea
     +Botryllus sp.                                  Sea squirt
    Pisces                                         Fish
     *Tautogolabrus adspersus                       Tautog
     -Hemitripterus americanus                       Sea raven
     +Tautoga onitis                                 Tautog

         *= permanent    += part time      -= visitor

    From Alfieri, 1975

                                                     Table 9

                      AMOUNTS OF HEAVY METALS IN OYSTERS & QUAHAUGS IN ppm (DRY WEIGHT)

    Collection      Benthic      Mercury       Zinc     Copper  r  Lead       Cadmium      Nickel      Chromium
    Date           Organism        (Hg)        (Zn)       (Cu)      (Pb)       (Cd)        (Ni)          (Cr)
    6/20/73        Oyster            --       4500       230         --         7.0           2            2
    3/13/74        Oyster           .87       4700       200         20         4.0          --            -
    5/26/74         Oyster          .52       4600       220         10         ---          10            -
    5/12/76        Quahaug          .8        7580       326         10         7.9          --            2

    from EPA, unpublished data

                                                     Table 10

              PESTICIDE CONCENTRATION IN OYSTERS & QUAHAUGS IN ppb (20 GRAMS OF SHELLFISH MEAT)

    Collection   Benthic I  P,P/DDT   O,P/DDT   P,P/DDE   O,P/DDE   Dieldrin            PCB'S (arachlor)
    Date         Organism             I          I          I                          1248 1254   1260

    5/20/73      Quahaug       ND         ND         ND         ND         ND         C1OO |  40     50

    5/26/74      Oyster        ND         --         28         ND         ND            --    167      --

    ND = not detectable (The sensitivity of the test no detectable levels is 10 ppb.)
    from EPA, unpublished data

                                                     Table 11

                        AMOUNTS OF HEAVY METALS IN OYSTERS IN ppm (WET WEIGHT*)- FALL, 1977

              Stations                                 I  Lead (Pb)      Cadmium (Cd)  I Chromium (Cr)
              Avondale Boat Yard                            1.06              .31               .32
              South of Pawcatuck Rock                        .56              .78               .31
              Mouth of Pawcatuck River (Breen Rd.)          trace             .23               .15

              *Wet weight measurements can be roughly compared to dry weight values by
               multiplying by 10, i.e. wet weight x 10 = dry weight.
              From R.I. Department of Health, unpublished data

                                             Table 12
                                   BIRDS OF NAPATREE POINT

    Group Name
       Common Name            Latin Name                       Water  Beach  Trans  Upl  Nest

    Loons                     Gaviidae
       Common Loon               Gavia immer                     x
       Red-Throated              Gavia stellata                  x
    Grebes                    CoZymbidae
       Horned                    CoZymbus auritus                x
     B Pied-Billed               PodiZymbus podiceps             x
    Shearwaters               Proceliariidae
     S Sooty                     Puffinus griseus                x
    Cormorants                Phaiacrocoracidae
       Great                     Phatacrocorax carbo             x
       Double-Crested            Phalacrocorax auritus           x      x
    Herons                    Ardeidae
       Great Blue                Ardea herodias                         x       x
       Green                     Butorides virescens                    x       x
       Common Egret              Casmerodius aZbus                      x       x
     S Snowy Egret               Leucophoyx thuta                       x
       Black-Crowned Night       Nycticorax nycticorax                  x
    Bitterns                  Ardeidae
     S American                  Botaurus Zentiginosus                  x
    Swans                     Cygninae
       Mute                       Cygnus oZor                    x       x
    Geese                     Anserinae
       Canada                    Branta canadensis               x      x
        Brant                     Branta bernicia                 x      x
      S Snow                      Chen hyperborea                 x
     Surface Ducks             Anatinae
       Mallard                   Anas platyrhynchos              x       x
        Black                     Anas rubripes                   x      x
      S Gadwall                   Anas strepera                   x
      B American Widgeon          Mareca americana                x
     Diving Ducks              Aythyinae
        Canvasback                Aythya vaiisineria              x
        Greater Scaup             Aythya mariZa                   x
        Lesser Scaup              Aythya affinis                  x
        Common Goldeneye          Glaucionetta clanguZa           x
        Bufflehead                GZaucionetta atbeoZa            x
        Oldsquaw                  Ciangula hyemaZis               x
    SB Harlequin                  Histrionicus histrioncus       x
        Common Eider              Somateria motZissima            x
     SB King Eider                 Somateria spectabiZis          x
        White Winged Scoter       Metanitta fusca                 x
        Surf Scoter               Metanitta perspicillata         x
        Common Scoter             Oidemia nigra                   x
      S Ruddy Duck                Erismatura jamaicensis          x
    . Mergansers                Merginae
        Red-Breasted              Mergus serrator                 x

                                                 39

                                          Table 12 (cont.)
    Group Name
        Common Name           Latin Name                        Water  Beach  Trans  UpI  Nest

    Hawks                     Accipitrinae, Buteoninae
                              FaZconinae,
                              Circinae,Pandionidae
      S Sharp-Shinned            Accipiter striatus                      x      x      x
      B Bald Eagle                Haliaeetus leucocephaZus               x       x     x
       Marsh Hawk                Circus cyaneus                         x       x     x
     SB Osprey                    Pandion haliaetus                      x      x      x
        Peregrine Falcon          Falco peregrinus                       x      x      x
      S Pigeon Hawk               Falco coumnbarius                      x      x      x
        Sparrow Hawk             FaZco sparverius                        x      x      x
    Oyster-catchers            Haematopodidae
        American                  Haematopus palliatus            x      x
    Plovers                    Charadriidae
        Semipalmated             Charadrius hiaticuZa                    x
        Piping                    Charadrius melodus                     x                   x
        Killdeer                  Charadrius vociferus                   x
     SB Golden                    PZuviaZis dominica                     x
        Black-Bellied             Squatarota squatarola                  x
        Ruddy Turnstone          Arenaria interpres                      x
    Sandpipers                Scolopacidae
        Common Snipe              Capella galbinago                      x
      B Whimbrel                  Numenius phaeopus                      x
        Spotted Sand.            Actitis macularia                       x                   x
      S Willet                    Catoptrophorus semipalmatus            x
        Greater Yellow Legs       Totanus metanoleucus                   x
     SB Knot                      Calidris canutus                       x
        Purple Sand.             Erolia maritima                         x
        White Rumped Sand.        EroZia fuscicollis                     x
      S Baird's Sand.             Erolia bairdii                         x
        Least Sand.               EroZia minutiZla                       x
        Dunlin                    Erolia aleina                          x
     SB Dowitcher                 Limnodromus griseus                    x
        Semipalmated Sand.       Ereunetes pusillus                      x
      S Buff-Breasted Sand.       Tryngites subruficoibis                x
        Sanderling                Crocethia atba                         x
    Phalarope                  PhaZaropodidae
      S Wilson's                  Steganopus tricolor                    x
    Jaegar                     Stercorariidae
      S Parasitic                 Stercorarius parasiticus        x
      S Long-Tailed               Stercorarius Zongicaudus        x
    Gulls                      Larinae
        Great Black-Backed        Larus marinus                   x      x
        Herring                   Larus argentatus                x      x
        Ring-Billed               Larus delawarensis              x      x
      S Laughing                  Larus atricibla                 x      x
        Bonaparte's               Larus philadelphia              x      x
    Terns                      Sterninae
      S Forster's                 Sterna forsteri                 x      x

                                                 40

                                           Table 12 (cont.)

    Group Name
        Common Name           Latin Name                       Water  Beach  Trans  Upi  Nest

        Common                   Sterna hirundo                  x      x
        Roseate                  Sterna dougallii                x      x
        Least                    Sterna aZbifrons                x      x
      S Royal                    ThaZasseus maximus              x      x
      S Caspian                  Hydroprogne caspia              x      x
      S Black                    Chlidonias nigra                x      x
    Skimmers                  Rynahopidae
      S Black                    Rynchops nigra                  x
    Alcids                    Alcidae
      S Razorbill                AZca torda                      x
      S Dovekie                  PZautus aZle                    x
    Doves                     CoZumbidae
      B Mourning                 Zenaidura macroura                     x
    Owls                      Tytonidae & Strigidae
     SB Snowy                    Nyecta scandiaca                       x       x     x
        Short-eared              Asio facmmeus                          x       x
    Woodpeckers               Picidae
        Yellow-shafted flicker    CoZaptes auratus                      x       x     x
      B Downy                    Dendrocopus pubescens                                x
    Flycatchers               Tyrannidae
        Eastern Kingbird         Tyrannus tyrannus                              x     x
        Eastern Phoebe           Sayornis phoebe                                x     x
    Larks                     Alaudidae
        Horned                   Eremophila alpestris                   x                  x
    Swallows                  Hirundinidae
        Tree                     Iridoprocne bicoZor                    x       x     x
        Bank                     Riparia riparia                        x       x     x    x
        Barn                     Hirundo rustica                        x       x     x    x
        Cliff                    Petrochelidon pyrrhonota                             x
    Jays-Crows                Corvidae
        Blue Jay                 Cyanocitta cristata                                  x
        Crow                      Corvus brachyrhynchos                  x      x
        Fish Crow                Corvus ossifragus                      x
    Titmice                   Paridae
        Black-Capped Chickadee   Parus atricapillus                             x     x
    Wren                      Troglodytidae
      S Short-Billed Marsh       Cistothorus platensis                         x
    Mimics                    Mimidae
        Catbird                  Dumetella caroZinensis                               x    x
        Brown Thrasher           Toxostoma rufum                                      x    x
    Thrushes                  Turdidae
        Robin                    Turdus migratorius                             x     x
    Kinglets                  SyZviidae
     SB Golden-Crowned           Regulus satrapa                                      x
     SB Ruby-Crowned             Regulus caZendula                                    x
    Pipits                    MotaciZZidae
     SB American                 Anthus spinotetta                      x      x

                                               41

                                        Table 12 (cont.)

    Group Name
        Common Name           Latin Name                        Water  Beach  Trans  Upl  Nest

    Starlings                 Sturnidae
        Starling                 Sturnus vulgaris                               x     x
    Warblers                  Parulidae
        Yellow                   Dendroica petechia                             x      x     x
        Myrtle                    Dendroica coronata                            x      x
      S Palm                      Dendroica palmarum                            x      x
        Yellow-throat             Geothylpis trichas                            x      x     x
    Weaver Finches             PZoceidae
        House Sparrow             Passer domesticus                      x             x     x
    Blackbirds                Icteridae
        Eastern Meadowlark       SturneZZa magna                         x
        Redwinged                AgeZaius phoeniceus                     x      x      x     x
        Common Grackle            Quiscalus quiscula                     x      x      x
      S Cowbird                  Molothrus ater                          x
    Finches                   Fringillidae
        Purple                    Carpodacus purpureus                   x      x      x
        House                     Carpodacus mexicanus                   x      x      x
        Gold                     Spinus tristis                                 x      x
      S Pine Siskin              Spinus pinus                                   x      x
      S Redpoll                  Acanthis ftammea                               x      x
    Sparrows                  FringiZlidae
        Rufous-Sided Towhee       Pipilo erythrophthalmus                       x      x
        Ipswich Sparrow          PassercuZus princeps                    x
      S Savannah Sparrow         Passerculus sandwichensis               x      x            x
        Song Sparrow             Melospiza meZodia                       x      x      x     x
        Slate-colored Junco      Junco hyemalis                                        x
      S Snow Bunting             PZectrophenax nivalis                   x      x      x

      S Observed by Eloise Saunders of Westerly, RI

      B Observed by Lawrence E. Brooks of Stonington, CT

    From Mills and Sisson, 1972

                                                    Table 13
                                           MAMMALS OF NAPATREE POINT

       Common Name               Latin Name                        Beach Grass         Transition          Upland

       Opossum                   Dideiphis marsupiaZis                                                       x
       Little Brown Bat          Myotis lucifugus                       x                  x                 x
       Raccoon                   Procyon Zotor                                             x                 x
    *   Long Tail Weasel          MusteZa frenata                        x                  x                 x
        Skunk                     Mephitis mephitis                      x                  x                 x
    *   Red Fox                   VuZpes fulva                                              x                 x
    o   Gray Squirrel             Sciurus caroZinensis                                                        x
       White Footed Mouse        Peromyscus Zeucopus                                                         x
       Meadow Vole               Microtus pennsyZvanicus                x
       Eastern Cottontail        SyZviZagus ftoridans                                      x                 x
    *  White Tail Deer            OdoeoiZeus virginianus                                                      x

    * Not verified by survey observations but likely visitors or residents of Napatree

    o   Observed by Eloise Saunders in a year of high populations

       From Mills and Sisson, 1972

                                 43

    Fish
    The most extensive fish survey of Little Narragansett Bay
    and the Pawcatuck River was conducted at the mouth of the
    River with a 50-foot, 1/4-inch-mesh minnow seine (Gordon,
    1958). The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) was abundant
    both in the river and in Little Narragansett Bay, in sizes
    ranging from 6 to 36 inches. Other species found were
    striped bass (Morone americana; range of 7-12 inches;
    river), anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli; abundant; river mouth),
    pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus; bay), sea sturgeon (Acipenser
    oxyrhyncus; one 6'4", 7 miles upriver), and brook trout
    (Salvelinus frontinalis; in tidal reaches of the river,
    although it is primarily a freshwater species). Three
    anadromous species were also identified: smelt (Osermus
    mordax; there is a small gill net fishery), alewife shad
    (Alosa sapidissima),and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus).
    Five ponds associated with the river were stocked with
    alewives in the early 1970s and the run is now the best
    in the state. The Department of Environmental Management
    has begun a program to reestablish shad and to introduce
    steelhead trout into the Pawcatuck River. The observa-
    tions made by Mills and Sisson (1972) and White (1972)
    indicate that winter flounder (PseudoDleuronectes
    americanus), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bluefish
    Pomatomus saltatrix), tautog (Tautoga onitis), scup
    (Stenotomus chrysops), and sand dab (Scopthalmus aquosus)
    are present in Little Narragansett Bay near Napatree Point.
    Certainly other fish species are present, but no records
    are available (see Table 14 for a summary species list).

    WORK IN PROGRESS

    A study to determine the effects of land use on water
    quality in the Pawcatuck River Estuary, and to develop
    techniques for managing the estuary, is in progress
    at the University of Rhode Island. The purpose of this
    study which is being conducted by the Department of
    Community Planning and Area Development (Kupa et al.)
    is to analyze three growth and development models for
    the communities of Westerly and Stonington and their
    subsequent effects on the water quality of the Pawcatuck
    River Estuary. In addition, plans will be developed for
    carrying out an interstate estuarine management program
    that will maintain state standards for water quality and
    sustain the functional nature of the shared estuarine
    ecosystem.

    The Army Corps of Engineers is in the process of writing
    a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) evaluating
    the impacts of maintenance dredging in Little Narragansett
    Bay, the Pawcatuck River Estuary and Watch Hill Cove.
    This document is scheduled for release in 1978.

                                    44

                                  Table 14
        FISH OF THE PAWCATUCK RIVER ESTUARY AND LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY

                Common Name                 Latin Name

            Sea sturgeon                Acipenser oxyrhyncus
            Alewife                      Alosa pseudoharengus
            Shad                        Alosa sapidissima
            American eel                 Anchoa mitchilli
            Anchovy                      Anguilla rostrata
            Weakfish                     Cynoscion regalis
            Smelt                        Osmerus moidax
            Bluefish                     Pomatomus saltatrix
            Winter flounder              PseudopZeuronectes americanus
            Striped bass                Morone saxatilis
            Brook trout                  Salvelinus frontinalis
            Sand dab                     Scophtharnus aquosus
            Scup                         Stenotomus chrysops
            Pipefish                     Syngnathus fuscus
            Tautog                       Tautoga onitis

    Henry Stebbins, a biology teacher at Wheeler High School
    in North Stonington, Connecticut, and his students are
    continuing their study of the water chemistry of the
    Pawcatuck River Estuary. Parameters to be examined
    include temperature, salinity, density, and coliform
    count.

                                  45

    REFERENCES BY TOPICS

    Geomorphology
    Griscom, Clement. 1976. Case Study of Napatree Point
    Illustrating Migratory Characteristics of Landforms in a
    "V" Zone. In the Ocean's Reach. New England River
    Basins Commission. pp. 11-29.

    Martin, Laura Hatch. 1925, The Geology of the Stonington
    Region, Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History
    Survey Bulletin No. 33.

    Napatree Point Conservation Committee. 1972. Napatree
    Point Conservation Area - A Status Report.

    Sculco, Alfred J. 1972, Vegetation Regeneration on Post-
    disturbed Dunes. A Study of Napatree Point Watch Hill,
    Rhode Island. 25 pp.

    Topography
    Hale, S.O., S.B. Saila, and C,A. Griscom. 1975. Proposal
    to develop a management plan for the Pawcatuck estuary and
    its drainage basin 7/1/75 - 6/30/76. Submitted to Rhode
    Island Water Resources Center.

    Martin, Laura Hatch. 1925. The Geology of the Stonington
    Region, Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History
    Survey Bulletin No. 33.

    Moore, George E., Jr. 1967. Bedrock Geologic Map of the
    Watch Hill Quadrangle. Washington County, Rhode Island,
    and New London County, Connecticut. U.S. Geologic Survey.

    Napatree Point Conservation Committee. 1972, Napatree
    Point Conservation Area - Status Report.

    National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center.
    1961, 1962, 1966. Charts 8616, 8708, 8908. Code D62,
    Environmental Data Service, NOAA. Boulder, Colorado.

    Phelps, Hubbard and Clement Griscom. 1973. The Proposed
    Napatree Anchoring Plan-What it is and why it is needed.

    Sculco, Alfred J. 1972. Vegetation Regeneration on Post-
    disturbed Dunes. A Study of Napatree Point Watch Hill,
    Rhode Island. 25 ppo

                                 46

    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division. 1961.
    Water Resources Development in Rhode Island. Waltham,
    Mass.   pp. 22-23.

    U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey. 1976.
    Water Resources Data for Massachusetts and Rhode Island -
    Water Year 1976. Annual Report. Boston, Mass. p. 152.

    Chemistry
    Hargraves, Paul E. and R.D. Wood. 1967. Periphyton algae in
    selected aquatic habitats. Intern. J. Oceanology and
    Limnology 1 (01): 55-66.

    Raytheon Company. 1974. New England River Basins Modeling
    Project - Final Report: Volume II - Data Report, Part 2 -
    Rhode Island River Basins. Prepared for Office of Water
    Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program and Rhode Island
    Department of Health. 1976. Water Quality Management Plan
    for the Pawcatuck River Basin. Report Number 26E.

    Sisson, Richard T. 1970-1973. Temperature, salinity, and
    dissolved oxygen in the Pawcatuck River Estuary. Unpub-
    lished data, Rhode Island Department of Environmental
    Management - Wickford Laboratory.

    Southeastern New England Study. 1975. Pawcatuck Planning
    Area Report: Draft. How to Guide Growth in New England,
    Part III, Vol. 10. New England River Basins Commission,
    Boston.
    U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey. 1971.
    Water Resources Data for Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt.
    pp. 113-114, 321-322.

    Wood, Richard D. 1972. Periphyton and Phytobenthon as
    Indicators of Water Quality, In Eighth Annual Report of
    R.I. Water Resources Center, October, 1972. pp. 46-51.
    Sedimentology
    Coastal Resources Management Council. 1977. State of
    Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Program. p. 62.

    Mills, Douglas E. and Richard T. Sisson. 1972. Inventory
    and Management of Life at Napatree Point. 39 pp.

    Quist, Walter J. and Gaboury Benoit. 1972. Napatree Point
    Summary (1 June - 7 September 1972). 10 pp.

    Realini, Frank. 1972, 1973. Status Reports on Napatree
    Point.

                                 47

    Schafer, J.P. 1965. Surficial Geologic Map of the Watch
    Hill Quadrangle, Rhode Island - Connecticut. U.S. Geologic
    Survey.

    Sculco, Alfred J. 1972. Vegetation Regeneration on Post-
    disturbed Dunes. A Study of Napatree Point Watch Hill,
    Rhode Island. 25 pp.

    Spangler, Daniel G. 1975. Interim Soil Survey Report for
    Town of Westerly, Rhode Island. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
    Soil Conservation Service.

    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division. 1977.
    Environmental Assessment-Sidecast Maintenance Dredging:
    Little Narragansett Bay, Stonington, Connecticut;
    Waltham, Massachusetts,

    Wong, Edward F.M. 1973-1974. Heavy metals and pesticide
    analysis of sediments from Pawcatuck River mouth.
    Unpublished data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    New England Regional Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts.

    Hydrography
    Anonymous. 1954. Watch Hill's Famous Bathing Beach from
    Early Days. Seaside Topics LI (13):8-9.

    Anonymous. 1968. Watch Hill in the Hurricane of September
    21st, 1938. Special Pictorial Issue of Seaside Topics,
    Chas. F. Hammond, publisher, Watch Hill, R.I.

    Hale, S.O., S.B. Saila, and C.A. Griscom. 1975. Proposal
    to develop a management plan for the Pawcatuck estuary
    and its drainage basin 7/1/75-6/30/76. Submitted to R.I.
    Water Resources Center.

    Stebbins, Henry,et al. 1970-1977. Water chemistry data
    collected in the Pawcatuck River Estuary. Unpublished
    data.

    U.So Department of Interior, Geological Survey. 1971.
    Water Resources Data for Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt., pp. 113-
    114, 321-322.

    Wood, Richard D. 1972. Periphyton and Phytobenthon as
    indicators of water quality. In Eighth Annual Report of
    R.I. Water Resources Center, October, 1972. pp. 46-51.

    Plankton
    Blackstone, Dan E. 1970. A Survey of Phytoplankton and
    Zooplankton in a Small Fresh and Brackish Water Stream.
    M.S. Thesis, U.R.I.

                                 48

    Macroflora
    Miller, William R. and Frank Eo Egler. 1950. Vegetations
    of the Wequetequock-Pawcatuck tidal marshes, Connecticut.
    Ecological Monograph 20:143-172.

    Mills, Douglas E, and Richard T. Sisson, 1972. Inventory
    and Management of Life at Napatree Point. 39 pp.

    Sculco, Alfred J. 1972. Vegetation Regeneration on Post-
    disturbed Dunes, A Study of Napatree Point Watch Hill,
    Rhode Island. 25 pp.

    White, Ronald L. 1972, A Statement of General Bottom
    Conditions off the Bay Side of Napatree Point.

    Periphyton
    Hargraves, Paul E. and R.D. Wood. 1967. Periphyton alga(
    in selected aquatic habitats. Intern. J. Oceanology and
    Limnology 1 (01):55-66.

    Wood, Richard D, 1972. Periphyton and Phytobenthon as
    indicators of water quality. In Eighth Annual Report of
    R.I. Water Resources Center, October, 1972. pp, 46-51.

    Benthos
    Alfieri, Daniel J. 1975. Organismal Development on an
    Artificial Substrate 1 July 1972 - 6 June 1974. Estuarine
    and Coastal Marine Science, Vol. 3. pp. 465-472.

    Mills, Douglas E. and Richard T. Sisson. 1972. Inventory
    Management of Life at Napatree Point. 39 pp.

    Olsen, Stephen B. and D,K. Stevenson. 1975. Commercial
    Marine Fish and Fisheries of Rhode Island, URI Marine
    Technical Report 34.

    Providence Journal-Bulletin. 1975. Scallop beds produce
    fishing okay, 10/25/75.

    R.I. Shellfish Advisory Committee. 1964. Unpublished draft
    of Report of the R.I. Shellfish Advisory Committee 2/13/64.
    14 pp.

    R.I. Department of Health. 1977. Heavy metals in oysters
    in the Pawcatuck River Estuary. Unpublished data.

    White, Ronald L. 1972. A Statement of General Bottom
    Conditions off the Bay Side of Napatree Point.

    Wong, Edward F.M. 1973-1976. IIeavy metals and pesticide
    analysis of shellfish from Pawcatuck River mouth. Unpub-
    lished data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New
    England Regional Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts.

                                  49

    Wildlife
    Mills, Douglas E. and Richard T. Sisson. 1972. Inventory and
    Management of Life at Napatree Point. 39 pp.

    Fish
    Alfieri, Daniel J. 1975. Organismal Development on an
    Artificial Substrate 1 July 1972 - 6 June 1974. Estuarine
    and Coastal Marine Science, Vol. 3. pp 465-472.

    Borden, D.V. i974. Evaluation of R.I. fishway program for
    the alewife (Alosa pseudoharenus). Unpublished report,
    Coastal Resources Center, URI,

    Gordon, Bernard Ludwig. 1958. The Marine Fishes of R.I.
    MoS. Thesis, URI.

    Guthrie, R.C., J.A. Stolgitis and W.L. Bridges. 1973.
    Pawcatuck River Watershed Fisheries Management Survey. R.I.
    Division of Fish and Wildlife, Fisheries Report No. 1.

    Mills, Douglas E. and Richard T. Sisson. 1972. Inventory
    and Management of Life at Napatree Point. 39 pp.

    Olsen, Stephen B. and D,K. Stevenson. 1975. Commercial Marine
    Fish and Fisheries of R.I., URI Marine Technical Report No. 34.

    White, Ronald L. 1972. A Statement of General Bottom Condi-
    tions off the Bay Side of Napatree Point.

    Work in Progress
    Kupa, John J., Richard O. Brooks, and Clement A. Griscom.
    1976. Proposal to Study the Effect of Land Use on Water
    Quality in the Pawcatuck River Estuary and Develop Legal
    Vehicles for Its Management, 7/1/76 - 9/30/77. Submitted
    to Rhode Island Water Resources Center.

    Stebbins, Henry. 1978. Personal communication.

                                                     50

                                                 APPENDIX

                                                 Table A-1

                                    PAWCATUCK RIVER AT WHITE ROCK, R.I.
                     DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO), (MILLIGRAMS PER LITER), MAY TO OCTOBER 1971

                  May           June          July          August          September    October
       Day    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN

        1    10.5    9.2   12.0    9.1   10.1    7.8    8.0    5.2   10.4    6.2   10.0    6.6
        2    10.1    9.2   13.4    9.2   10.0    7.8    8.7    5.0   10.4    6.9    9.9    6.5
        3     9.7    9.5   11.1    8.5   10.7    7,7   10.6    5.3   10.0    5.5   10.3    6.5
        4    10.4    9.6   10.1    7.0   10.8    8.4    7.0    4.5   10.0    5 5   10.7    6.9
       5    10.8   10.0   10.5    8.5   12.4    8.4    9.6    4.5   10.5    5.6   10.4    6.6

       6    10.0    9.2   12.2    9.0   10.5    6.8    9.9    5.2   10.5    5.5    8.1    5.6
        7    10.0    9.1    --       --    10.8    6.8    9.9    5.1    9.4    5.5    9.0    5.7
       8     9.5    9.2    --       --      9.3    6.0   10.2    4.9    9.7    5.4    9.2    6.0
       9     9.6    9.1    --       --      8.0    4.0   10.2    5.1   10.0    5.6    9.9    6.3
       10    10.5    9.6    --       --      9.2    5.0   10.9    5.1   10.4    5.5    7.2    6.2

       11    10.7   10.1    --       --      8.7    5.5   11.8    6.2    9.0    5.8    7.2    6.2
       12    10.1    9.0    --       --    10.1    5.5   12.2    7.1   10.1    5.6    8.3    6.6
       13     9.0    8.3    --       --    10.2    7.8   11.9    7.4    9.2    6.0    9.1    7.6
       14     8.8    8.4    --       --      9.6    7.0   14.0    6.0    9.3    5.8    9.2    7.5
      15     8.7    8.0    --       --    10.0    7.0   13.1    7.0   10.0    5.3    9.1    7.4

       16     8.5    8.0    --       --    10.0    6.9   12.5    6.4    8.5    5.6    9.1    7.0
       17     9.5    8.4    --       --    10.0    7.0   13.5    6.9    8.2    4.6    9.2    6.8
       18    10.0    9.0    --       --    10.7    7.0   12.4    6.1    8.0    5.2    9.2    6.4
       19     9.0    8.7    --       --      9.0    7.1   10.0    4.9    9.3    5.8    9.4    6.3
       20     8.7    8.3    --       --      8.1    7.0    9.7    5.6    8.4    5.9    9.4    6.2

       21.   8.4    7.5    --        --      8.3    7.0    9.5    5.0   10.0    5.1    9.0    6.3
       22     8.0    7.3    --       --      8.4    6.5    9.3    4.0   10.0    6.0    9.0    6.3
       23     8.4    7.5    --       --      8.4    6.5    9.5    4.0   10.0    6.2    9.6    6.4
       24     9.2    8.0    --       --      8.6    6.5    9.5    5.5   10.0    5.9    8.1    6.6
       25     9.5    9.0    8.1    5.5    7.1    5.9   11.3    6.7   10.4    6.7    7.2    5.7

       26     8.2    6.0    7.9    5.4    7.1    5.6   11.5    7.3   10.5    7.0    7.2    5.4
       27     9.3    6.8   10.0    6.7    8.0    5.8    8.4    6.4   11.0    7.5    5.8    4.5
       28     9.8    6.8   11.0    7.1    8.5    5.3    9.5    5.5   10.3    7.0    6.1    4.4
       29    10.3    7.4   12.2    9.4    8.0    5.2    9.4    5.3   11.0    6.9    7.0    5.1
       30     9.8    7.9   11.6    8.8    8.2    6.0    9.7    4.9   10.4    4.9    7.4    5.1
       31     9.6    8.0    --       --      8.3    5.5   10.0    5.4    --        --      7.2    5.5
    Month   10.8    6.0    --        --    12.4    4.0   14.0    4.0   11.0    4.6   10.7    4.4
    Period   14.0    4.0

           Location -- Lat 41023'51", long 71o50'33", Washington County, two parameter monitor
             on old trolley bridge 0.2 mile southwest of White Rock and 1.2 miles upstream
             from gaging station at Westerly.
           Period of Record -- Chemical analyses: May to October 1971.
             Water temperatures: May to October 1971.
           Extremes -- May to October 1971:
             Dissolved oxygen: Maximum, 14.0 mg/l Aug. 14; minimum, 4.0 mg/l July 9, Aug. 22, 23.
             Water temperatures: Maximum, 30.00C Aug. 14; minimum, 9.50C May 4, 5.

            From U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey, 1971

                                                    Table A-2

                                      PAWCATUCK RIVER AT WHITE ROCK, R.I.
                                TEMPERATURE ( C) OF WATER, MAY TO OCTOBER 1971

                   May           June          July         August         September       October
        Day    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN    MAX    MIN

         1    12.0   11.0   19.0   14.5   24.5   24.0   26.0   24.0    --          --    20.5   17.5
         2    12.0   11.0   18.5   13.5   27.5   24.0   26.0   24.0   23.5   21.5   20.5   17.0
         3    11.0   10.0   18.0   13.5   26.0   23.5   26.0   24.0   23.0   21.0   19.5   17.0
         4    10.0    9.5   21.0   12.5   25.5   23.0   25.0   21.0   24.5   21.5   17.5   16.5
         5    11.0    9.5   19.0   14.0   25.0   23.0   24.5   21.0   25.0   22.0   19.0   16.5

         6    12.5   11.0   20.0   13.0   26.0   23.0   23.5   22.0   23.5   22.5   24.0   17.5
         7    14.0   12.5    --      --    26.0   23.0   24.0   22.0   22.5   21.5   20.0   15.5
         8    14.0   13.0    --      --    28.0   21.0   25.0   22.5   25.0   22.0   17.0   12.5
         9    13.0   11.5    --       -     25.5   23.0   26.5   24.0   25.5   22.5   13.0   11.0
        10    11.5   11.0    --       --    25.0   23.5   27.0   25.0   25.0   22.5   17.0   12.0

        11    15.0   11.0    -- -.          24.5   23.0   28.0   26.5   23.0   22.0   15.5   11.5
        12    15.0   14.5    --       --    25.0   22.0   29.0   27.0   25.0   22.5    --         --
        13    15.0   14.0      -      --    25.0   22.5   28.0   23.5   24.0   22.5    --         --
        14    16.0   14.0    --       --    25.5   24.0   30.0   22.0   23.0   22.5    -          --
        15    19.5   16.0    --       -     26.5   23.5   28.0   27.0    --        --     --      --

        16    21.0   19.5    -        --    26.0   24.5   28.0   25.5   25.0   20.5    --         --
        17    20.0   17.0    --       -     29.5   24.5   27.0   24.0   23.0   20.5    --         --
        18    19.0   16.5    -        -     27.0   24.0   26.5   24.0   23.0   21.0    --         --
        19    19.0   17.0    --       --    25.0   22.5   25.5   23.5   26.0   21.0    --         --
        20    19.0   18.0    --      --    23.0   21.5    -         --    21.5   21.0   14.5   13.5

        21    19.0   18.0    --       --    22.5   22.5    --       --     --      --    15.0   14.5
        22    19.0   17.5    --       --    23.0   22.0    --       --    23.5   20.0   15.0   14.0
        23    20.0   18.0    --       --    24.0   22.0    --       --    22.5   19.5   14.5   13.5
        24    19.0   18.0    --       --    24.0   23.0    --       --    22.0   19.5   14.5   14.0
        25    19.0   17.5   26.5   23.5   24.0   23.0    --         --    20.0   18.0   14.0   14.0

        26    21.5   18.0   26.5   24.5   24.0   23.0    --         --    18.0   18.0   15.0   14.0
        27    20.0   17.0   26.5   24.5   25.5   23.5    --         -     18.0   17.5   15.5   14.5
        28    19.0   16.0   26.0   24.0   26.5   24.0    --         --    18.0   17.5   16.5   15.5
        29    20.0   15.0   24.5   23.5   26.0   24.0    --         --    19.0   17.5   17.0   15.5
        30    18.5   17.0   25.5   23.5   25.0   24.0    --         -     20.5   17.5   17.0   16.0
        31    20.0   17.0    --       -- .  26.0   24.0    --       --     --      -     17.0   16.0

     Month    21.5    9.5    -        --    29.5   21.0    -.       --    26.0   17.5    -        --
    Period    30.0    9.5

              From U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey, 1971

                                                                                   TABLE A-3
                                                        Rhode Island Department of Health Water Quality Survey Data
                                                                             Pawcatuck River Basin
                                                                   August 22, 1973 (unless otherwise noted)

                                                                                             Total a         Fec           Ammon  b       Totalb      Totalb

                                   River      Flow      Temp.a        DOa        BOD5        Coliform         Coliform       Nitrogen      Copper        Zinc      Nitrite    Nitrate

    Location                       Mile       (mgd)       (OF)       (mg/l)      (mg/l)     (MPN/100ml)    (MPN/I100ml)        (mg/l)       (mg/l)       (mg/l)     (mg/1)       (mg/l)

    Green Haven Road                                        73          6.1        1.2           2,100            150
     Stonington, CT                  1.3       Tidal        76          7.11       2.4           3,350            840           0.44         0.47          0.32       0.400       0.010
                                                           79         10.3        4.2           4,300            930

    Main Street Bridge                                      71          4.4        1.6             230            230
     Westerly, RI                    4.8        157         75          4.6        2.5           2,615            430           0.18         0.10          0.06        ---        0.004
                                                           79          6.2        3.3           9,300         4,300

    Boom Bridge                                            72           3.3        1.6             430           150
     BoomHighway Bridge              8.4        141        75           4.2        3.0           2,415           930            0.14         0.07          0.06        ---        0.010
     HighWesterly, RI 77                                                4.5        5.3           9,300           930

    Meeting House Bridge                                   72           3.1        1.9             750            73
     (RI Route 3)                  11.6         138        75          3.5        3.0              930           290           0.16          0.07         0.06        0.100      0.010
     Hopkinton, RI                                         78           3.7       3.7            4.600           430

    Narragansett Electric                                  72           3.6        2.0           1,500           230
     Company Substation             13.3        137        74           3.8        3.0           2,400           680            0.16         0.05          0.06       0.000      0.100
     Hopkinton, RI                                         77           4.6       4.6            2,400           930

    Bradford Road Bridge                                   71           5.9        1.1           2,400            43
     Westerly, RI                   17.0        126         72          6.2        2.2           3,500           585            0.11         0.05          0.07       0.100      0.002
                                                            76          6.6        3.8          15,000         2,400

    Burdickville Road Bridge                               65           6.5        1.1           9,300         9,300
     Hopkinton, RI                  20.5         c         65           6.9        1.9          33,500        19,500            0.13         0.08          0.10       0.000      0.000
                                                            66          7.2        3.1          43,000        43,000

    Same - August 30, 1973                                  71          6.4        1.3           3,050           460
                                                 118        74          6.8        1.4           4,600            460           0.14         0.08          0.14       0.100       0.002
                                                            76          7.5        4.4           1,500           460

    Wood River                      21.6+                   66          6.6        0.5             390            240
      Alton-Carolina Road             0.6         67         67          7.4        2.1             840           315            0.09         0.03          0.09 ---
      (RI Route 91)                                         68          7.8        4.0            2,400           930
      Richmond, RI

    TABLE A-3 (cont'd)
                                                                                             Totala          Fecala        Ammoniab      Total      Total
                                   River      Flow      Temp.a        DOa        BODsa       Coliform        Coliform       Nitrogen      Copper      Zinc      Nitrite    Nitrate
    Location                        Mile      (mod)       (OF)      (mg/l)      (mg/1)      (MPN/100ml)      (MPN/100ml)      (mg/1)       (mg/l)     (mg/1)      (mg/l)      (mg/l)

    Kings Factory Road                                     65          5.8        1.5          15,000           7,500
     Wood River Junction, RI        24.0        92         65          6.6        1.8          68,000          15,000          0.17         0.05        0.07       0.000      0.000
                                                          65          6.9        3.0         390,000         43,000

    Alton-Carolina Road                                    64          6.4        1.7          23,000         < 2,300
     (RI Route 91)                  25.3        85        65           6.5        1.8          43,000         33,000          0.20         0.07        0.10       0.000      0.000
     Charlestown, RI                                       66          7.0        2.5         150,000          75,000

    Carolina Dam                                           64          5.7        1.9           15,000          9,100
     Charlestown, RI                27.1        82         66          7.2        2.0          84,000         32,000           0.23         0.04        0.07      0.000       0.000
                                                          67          7.4        2.4         460,000         43,000

    Shannock Dam                                           65          4.8        2.1         430,000        240,000
     Richmond, RI                   29.0        78         66          5.0        2.6         430,000        315,000           0.23         0.05       0.10       0.000       0.010
                                                          67          5.3        3.0         750,000        430,000

      a Data tabulated presented in order: Minimum,Median, and Maximum of values obtained during a twenty-four-hour sampling period.
        Samples taken at two-hour intervals.

        Composite of all samples collected at station

      c Error in 'calculation suspected

      From Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program and Rhode Island Department of Health, 1976

                                           54

                                      Table   A-4

                 CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL, HYDROLOGIC AND COLIFORM DATA IN
                    THE PAWCATUCK RIVER AT ROUTE 2, KENYON, R.I.

                               March    April       May      June      July    August

    Temperature, 0C               2.0       9.1      13.0       19.0    22.3       25.2
    pH                           5.28      6.10      5.85        6.10    6.25       6.15
    Alkalinity, ppm               0.7       2.7       2.5        4.4      6.0       4.1
    Dissolved oxygen, ppm        9.72      8.64      7.62        5.20    4.20       4.04
    % oxygen saturation        ---        75        72          55      52        49
    Conductivity, u mhos        55        71       ---          80      97        90
    PO4,ppm                    ---         0.008    0.026        0.091   0.076    0.071
    NO3,ppm                    ---         0.000    0.000        0.000   0.128  ---
    Color                       60        65       100         130      80        80
    Turbidity, JTU             ---       ---       ---         ---        3.1    ---
    Velocity, ft/lec           ---       ---          0.55       0.55    0.39       0.39
    Discharge, ft sec          ---       ---       113.96       85.84   56.67    56.63
    Coliform, cells/100 ml   ---         336.8    ---        2496.1  3095       3215

                               Sept.    Oct.        Nov.    Dec.       Jan.       Feb.

    Temperature,C&               19.0      13.0       3.2        3.0      0.0       0.0
    pH                           6.41      6.41      6.60?       5.88    5.20       5.30
    Alkalinity, ppm               6.2       4.1        5.0       1.8      1.4       1.2
    Dissolved oxygen, ppm        6.08      6.40    11.20        10.40   11.04    10.80
    % oxygen saturation         65        60        83         --- - - - -
    Conductivity, u mhos        90        99       115         98       91        70
    P04, ppm                     0.028    0.002    0.010         0.021   0.017    0.008
    NO3, ppm                     0.407    0.191    0.518         0.000   0.226    0.010
    Color                       35        50        30          60      40        45
    Turbidity, JTU             ---       ---       ---           1.0      1.0       1.0
    Velocity, ft/lec             0.20       0.22     0.14        0.37    0.61       1.22
    Discharge, ft /sec          27.94    30.78    20.34        62.84  105.05   232.5
    Coliform, cells/100 ml  2200        3379      1222         60      111       104

       From Wood, 1972

                                                          55

                                                       Table A-5

                              TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) OF THE
                                               PAWCATUCK RIVER ESTUARY

      Date*   Westerly Marina   Westerly Yacht Club   Avondale Town Dock   Watch Hill (Breen Road)
              temp  sal  DO      temp    sal    DO        temp    sal       DO        temp   sal    DO
               C   o/oo  ppm
     2/22/70   4.0 <1.0   --        2.0    1.0    --        2O    2.0        --         2.0   5.5    --
     3/08/70   5.0  1.5   --        5.0    2.0    --        4.0   12.5       --         4.0  22.5    --
     3/22/70   7.0  2.2  13.0    6.0    3.0    13.0    6.0   10.0    14.0               6.0  24.8   14.0
     4/05/70   6.0  0.0  12.0    6.0   <1.0    10.0    7.0    2.0    11.0               7.0   1.5   11.0
     4/20/70  10.0  1.5   9.0    9.0    2.0    10.0    8.0   16.4            7.0       10.0  21.2   11.0
     5/04/70  14.0  1.0  11.0   14.0    3.0         9.0   13.0   17.8        8.0       12.0  17.0    9.5
     5/18/70  14.5  1    12.0   14.5    2          11.0   14.0    5          9.0       13.0  12.5    6.0
     6/02/70  18    3.0  12.0   18         3.0      8.0   14        5.0      8.0      18    11.8   12.0
     6/15/70  17.0  1.5   7.5   19.0    2.5         7.0   19.0    6.5        6.5       18.0  12.0    8.0
     6/30/70  17    4.0  10.0   18         2.0      9.0   18        7.0      6.0       18    11.5   13.0
     7/18/70  22.0  2.0   8.0   23.0    5.5         8.0   23.0   11.5        6,0       22.0  26.5    8.0
     8/03/70  23.5  2.0   5.0   21.0    2.0         8.0   24.5   10.5    10.5          24.0  17.5   11.0
     8/17/70  24    0.0   6.5   25.0   11;0         7.5   24       21.0      6.5       23.5  22.5    --
     8/19/70
          24.5  --    8.0   24.0    --              9.0   22.6    --         8.0       21.5   --      8.5
     2330 hrs
     8/20/70
          8 0    22�8  --    5.0   23.2    --        7.5   22.0    --        8.0       22.5   --       7.5
     0800 hrs
     8/21/70
         8/21/70  23�0  --    5.0   21.5    --     5.5   21.0    --         6.5       20.8   --       5.0
     0445 hrs
     8/31/70  23.0  0.0  6.5   22.5    5.5          9.0   22.0   22.0        7.5       22.0  26.5   7.5
     9/11/70  18.0  3.5   7.5   17.5    --          8.5   18.0   13.5        8.5       17.5  21.8    7.5
     9/28/70  17.0  4.0   6.0   16.5    4.4         7.0   17.5    --         7.5       17.0   --      8.0
    10/26/70  15.0  5.0   8.0   14.0    5.5          8.0   14.0    9.0       7.5       15.0  23.6    7.0
    11/24./70   7    2.4   8.0    5       (1.0       7.0    5       1.6      7.0        6      6.4    --
     1/07/71      0  < 1   --         0    1.4      --    ice       --       --           0   5.4    --
     4/05/71   8    2.2  12.0    8         1.0    11.0    8         7.8    11.0         8      9.8   11.0
     4/19/71   8.5  2.2   8.5    7.0    4.8         8.5    7.0   11.2        9.5        7.0  18.8   11.5
     4/30/71   8.0  1.8   8.5    8.0    3.1         8.5.    8.0   . 8.6      9.0   ..8.0  12.0    9.5
     5/17/71  12.5  0.5   8.0   12.5    4.1         7.0   12.5   10.8        7.5       13.0  12.7    9.5
     6/07/71  18.0  0.5   6.5   17.0    1.0         7.0   19.0    4.6        7.0       19.0  11.9    9.0
     6/21/71  20.0  0.0   5.5   22.0    4.6         7.0   22.0    7.6        7.5       20.0  17.4    9.0
     7/06/71  24.0  0.0   6.5   24.0    0.0         9.5   24.0    8.6    12.0          23.5  15.6   12.0
     7/20/71  21    0.0   5.0   21         2.4      5,.5   21      10.8      3.5       22    16.7    5.5
     8/03/71  25.0  0.0   3.5   26.0    0.0         6.5   26.0    0.0        6.5       24.0  10.5    8.0
     8/16/71  22    3.8   8.5   21        12.0    11.0   21        17.8      7.5       21.5  26.3    8.5
     8/30/71  23    3.9   6.5   23         5.4      7.0.  22       16.2      7.0       22    21.2    8.0
     9/16/71   --   3.9   6.5   28.0    6.2    10.0   26.0   16.6    11.5              23.5  20.1   11.5
     9/28/71  20    2.6   9.0   20        25.6      7.5   19       26.3    10.0        18.5  29.0    9.5
    10/26/71  13.0  5.5   6.5   15.0   11.2          7.5   15.0   21.2       6.5       15.0  27.6    7.5
    11/15/71   4.0  3.7  10.5    1.0    5.5    10.5    4.0   15.2    1001               5.0  27.4   10.0
    11/30/71   5.0  2.5  12.0    5.5    3.9    11.5    5.5   10.1    11.5               7.0  20.6   10.5
    12/13/71   5.0  1.7  11.5    6.0    1.6    11.5    5.0    5.2    12.0               5.0  12.8   12.0

                                                            56

                                                     Table A-5 (cont.)

                            TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) OF THE
                                             PAWCATUCK RIVER ESTUARY

     ;ate*   Westerly Marina   Westerly Yacht Club   Avondale Town Dock | Watch Hill (Breen Road)
             temp  sal  DO      temp    sal    DO       temp    sal      DO        temp   sal    DO
              C   o/oo  ppm

    1/04/72  2      0.0  14.0   2        0.0   12.0    2         3.0    12.5       5       12.8   12.5
    1/17/72  ice                 ice                     ice                      ice
    1/3i/72  ice                 ice                     ice                      ice
    +2/14/72  0.5   1.6  13.5   ice                       ice                       ice
    +2/28/72  1.3   0.0  10.2   1.0       0.0   10.2    1.2       0.0    10.0      --        --      --
     3/13/72  2.9   0.5  13.5   3.2       0.3   14.0    3.5       3.2    13.0      4.0      13.3   13.5
     3/23/72  4.0   0.0  12.0   4.2       0.0   12.0    3.9       0.0    12.0      3.8       6.5   13.0
     4/10/72  5.0   0.0  14.0.  4.0       0.5   14.0    4.5       4.5    13.0      5.0       7.0   13.5
     4/24/72 10.0   2.2  11.5   9.9       2.5   10.3   10.4       5.5    10.6    10.2        8.0   11.6
     5/08/72 14.0   0.4   9.0  14.0       0.4    8.6   13.5       3.2      8.7     8.0      11.4    9.9
     5/22/72 16.9   5.5   9.0  16.8       6.0    8.8   17.0       9.5      8.8    17.5      21.0    9.7
     6/05/72 18.0   0.9   7.8  18.0       0.9    7.4   17.8       2.8      7.5    17.8       8.9    8.2
     6/19/72 16.2   0.2   7.4  16.0       2.0    7.4   16.5       5.2      6.2    15.7      12.2    6.7
     7/05/72 19.3   0.5   6.4  19.2       1.0    6.2   18.6       5.0      5.9    18.6      14.0    5.9
     9/01/72 22.0   8.0   9.0  24.0    10.5    8.0   24.0    22.0          8.5    22.5      24.5    9.5
     9/19/72 18.8   9.0   5.9; 19.3       9.0    6.3   20.4    14.0        7.0    21.0      20.5    6.0
     9/28/72 22.5   0.0   2.8  23.0       3.0    2.9   23.0    14.0        3.61   22.5       9.5    6.4
    11/13/72  8.6  (1.0  10.5   8.6       1.0   10.5    8.9       1.0    10.51    9.2        8       9.5
     4/18/73 14.5   0.0   --   14.5       1.0   10.0   14.5       2.0    10.5    15.5        8.0    9.0
     6/07/73 18.8      0   6    20.5      6.3    7      20.0**  12.8**   6**    20.5***  28.9*** 5   ***
     6/21/73 19.0   3.0   7.0  19.0       3.0    7.5   19.0       8.0      7.5    17.0      30.0    9.0

             *unless otherwise noted samples taken between 7-8 a.m.

            **Frank Hall Boat Yard

           ***Watch Hill Boat Yard

             +Ice breaking up in river-fresh water lens apparent

           Compiled from unpublished data by the Department of Environmental Management -
             Wickford Laboratory

    COA TI\IONE

     GALRD No. 2333               PRINTED IINTER&.

               E3 668 14106 3992