[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


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                      STATE OF LOUISIANA
            DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL REsoURCES
                  Coastal Management Division
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                             PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
                                      OF THE LOUISIANA
                       COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM





                                               Prepared under the
                                Coastal Zone. Enhancement Grants Program


                                                  Section 309
                                          Coastal Zone Management Act














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                                               PREPARED BY
                                        The Coastal Management Division
                                    Louisiana Department of Natural Resources

                                      Rodney E. Emmer & Associates, Inc.
                                               Baton Rouge, La.






                                              November 25, 1991




                                             of
                                                      L

       BUDDY ROEMER                                                                        MARTHA A. SWAN
         GOVERNOR
                                                                                              SECRETARY




                                    DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

                                             November 27, 1991

              Dear Preliminary Assessment Recipient:

              The 1990 reauthorization of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA),
              as amended, established under Section 309 a new voluntary Coastal Zone
              Enhancement Grants Program which encourages federally -approved state
              coastal management programs to seek to achieve one or more of eight coastal
              management objectives.   The states are encouraged to achieve these objectives
              through changes to their coastal management programs.     Louisiana has a
              federally approved coastal management program, the Louisiana Coastal
              Resources Program (LCRP), which is administered by the, Coastal Management
              Division of the Department of Natural Resources (CMD/DNR).

              As a first step in this process, CMD/DNR is seeking to identify priority needs
              for improvement.   The CMD/DNR is requesting public input regarding
              Louisiana's most pressing coastal issues related to the following Section 309
              objectives:

              1.     Protection, enhancement, or creation of coastal wetlands;

              2.     Preventing or significantly reducing threats to life and property by
                     controlling coastal development and redevelopment in hazardous areas,
                     and anticipating and managing the effects of sea level rise;

              3.     Attaining increased opportunities for public access;

              4.     Reducing marine debris by managing uses and activities that contribute
                     to marine debris;

              5.     Development and adoption of procedures to address the cumulative and
                     secondary impacts of coastal growth and development;

              6.     Preparing and implementing special area management plans;

              7.     Planning for the use of ocean resources; and

              8.     Adoption of procedures and policies to facilitate the siting of energy
                     facilities and government facilities and energy-related activities and
                     government activities which may be of greater than local significance.

              The attached document, the "Preliminary Assessment of the Louisiana Coastal
              Management Program", has been produced by CMD/DNR in order to address the
              above enhancement areas.   It has been provided to the public so that they may
              review it and comment on the state's assessment of its priority needs for



                         COASTAL NIANAGEWNT DIVISION P.O. ROX 44497 BATON ROUGF.. I.OUISIANA 70804-4487


                                          AN FQUAL OPPOR FUNITY FMPLOYF.R








                improvement in the eight enhancement areas.       From the Assessment,
                CMD/DNR will develop a Strategy for addressing the identified high priority
                areas. The Assessment and Strategy will provide the basis by which CI@M/DNR
                will apply for grant funds from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
                Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.          The final
                Assessment will be completed by January 10, 1992, and the Strategy will be
                completed by February 28, 1992.

                The CMD/DNR will hold public      meetings about the Assessment document on the
                following days in the following locations:

                1.    Tuesday, December 17, 1991, 7:00 PM - Lake Charles, Louisiana,
                      Courtroom A, Calcasieu Parish Courthouse, 1000 Ryan St.;

                2.    Wednesday, December 18, 1991, 7:00 PM - Morgan City, Louisiana,
                      Morgan City Council Chamber, City Court Building, Comer of Myrtle St.
                      and U.S. Highway 90; and

                3.    Thursday, December 19, 1991, 7:00 PM - LaPlace, Louisiana, Woodland
                      Room, Holiday Inn, 3900 Main Street, immediately south of the LaPlace
                      Exit of I-10 (Exit 209) and the LaPlace Exit of 1-55 (Exit 1).

                The CMD/DNR invites you to attend one or more of the meetings and/or to
                submit written comments, about the attached Assessment document.        If you
                would like to provide written comments, please send them to me at the address
                listed on the front sheet of this packet.  Additionally, if you have questions
                about the Assessment process, please call Jim Rives at (504) 342-7591.

                                                          Sincerely yours,



                                                         Terry Howey
                                                         Director


                attachment












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                             ENERGY DIVISION GIS LABORATORY & CMDTECHNICAL SERVICES
                                    LOUISIANA DEPARTMENTOF NATURAL.RESOURCES,- 1991

                                                6QACRES                                          CONiIGUQUS AREAS OF CHANGE                              NO NET LAND OR MARSH GAINfLOSS DURING 195ry-78 OR 1978-84
                                @SCALE                                                                          LAND,OR                             FRESH MARSH IN 1978                                                   SWAMP IN 1978
                                                                                                                LOSS lg5%SIH
                                                                                            ONLY UNITS                   6      978                                                      BROKEN MARSH IN 1984
                                                  64.                                            6 ACRES                                                                                                                     RUB-SCRUB AND
                               5 a 5 10                                                                    0 m On @YH                               INTERMEDIATE MARSH IN'1978                                             SH REST IN 1978
                                  MILES             -2                  LEGEND                   -                    , 1 97MB  984             El                                       NATURAL WATER IN 1978-84     EFO
                                               *100 HECTARES                                               F] LAND OR     VARSH                     BRACKISH MARSH IN 1978                                                      Vauk    AND
                                 LO 510                                                          UNITS OF       GAIN, 1956 rO 1978                                                       ARTIFICIAL WATER IN 1978                   19
                                                   10, -31                                       ALL SIZES            OR     S                      SALINE MARSH IN   1978
                                                                                                           El W9, 1978M lH984                                                                                             AMPff 4078'L










                                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS



                     LIST OF FIGURES            ..........................................................................................    iv

                     LIST OF TABLES          ..............................................................................................   v

                     INTRODUCTION            .............................................................................................    1

                     Section 309(a)(1) WETLANDS               .............................................................................   4
                               INTRODUCTION            ....................................................................................   4
                               WETLANDS          ..........................................................................................   4
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                        WETLANDS          ...............................................................................     11
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                            .............................................    14
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's WETLANDS
                                        PROGRAM        .................................................................................      11

                     Section 309(a)(2) COASTAL HAZARDS                    ......................... ; .....................................   16
                               INTRODUCTION            ..................................................................................     16
                               COASTAL HAZARDS               ............................................................................     16
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                        COASTAL HAZARDS                ...................................................................    23
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                            .............................................    25
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's COASTAL HAZARDS
                                        PROGRAM        ......................  ............................  I .............................. 26

                     Section 309(a)(3) PUBLIC ACCESS                  ....................................................................    28
                               INTRODUCTION            ..................................................................................     28
                               PUBLIC ACCESS           .................................................................................      28
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                        PUBLIC ACCESS             ........................................................................    29
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                            .............................................    31
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's PUBLIC ACCESS
                                        PROGRAM        .................................................................................      32

                     Section 309(a)(4) MARINE DEBRIS                  ....................................................................    33
                               INTRODUCTION            ..................................................................................     33
                               MARINE DEBRIS           .................................................................................      33
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                        MARINE DEBRIS             .........................................................................   33
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                            .............................................    35
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's MARINE DEBRIS
                                        PROGRAM        .................................................................................      35

                     Section 309(a)(5) CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY IMPACTS                                    .................................. 37
                               INTRODUCTION            ..................................................................................     37
                               CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY IMPACTS                              ..............................................   37
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS
                                        ON CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY IMPACTS                                 ................................  38
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                            ..............................................   39
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's CUMULATIVE AND
                                        SECONDARY IMPACTS PROGRAM                         .................................................   40









                      Section 309(a)(6) SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLANNING                                     ................................ 41
                               INTRODUCTION             ..................................................................................    41
                               SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLANNING                               ..............................................  41
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                         SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLANNING                              ...................................... 43
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                              .............................................  44
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's SPECIAL AREA
                                         MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROGRAM                             ...........................................  45

                      Section 309(a)(7) OCEAN RESOURCES                     ...............................................................   46
                               INTRODUCTION             ..................................................................................    46
                               OCEAN RESOURCES                .............  ...............................................................  46
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                         OCEAN RESOURCES                ....................................................................  50
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                              .............................................. 50
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's OCEAN RESOURCES
                                         PROGRAM         .................................................................................    50

                      Section 309(a)(8) ENERGY AND GOVERNMENT FACH=
                      SITING AND ACTIVITIES                ...............................................................................    51
                               INTRODUCTION             ..................................................................................    51
                               ENERGY         ............................................................................................    51
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                         ENERGY        ...................................................................................    51
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                              .............................................  52
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's ENERGY PROGRAM                                      ............................... 53
                               GOVERNMENT FACILITIES                    ...................................................................   53
                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON
                                         GOVERNMENT FACILITIES                    ........................................................... 53
                               EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS                             ...................    ......................... 54
                               POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's GOVERNMENTAL
                                         PROGRAM         .................................................................................    54


                      REFERENCES            ..............................................................................................    55
                      APPENDIX        ..................................................................................     Follows page 63







                                                                                                                                           iv



                                                                   LIST OF FIGURES



                          1.     South Louisiana parishes and the Act 361 Coastal
                                 Zone Boundary        .....................................................................................2

                          2.     Coastal zone boundary of Louisiana           .............................................................8

                          3.     Disturbed acres for permits issued for vegetated
                                 wetlands     ...........................................................................................  12

                          4.     Hurricane recurrence intervals and historic inland
                                 storm surge limit with depths of inundation          ...................................................  18

                          5.     The 1 00-year floodplain       .........................................................................  20

                          6.     Shoreline accretion/erosion rates and communities
                                 imminently affected by sea-level rise        ...........................................................  22

                          7.     Public recreation lands and camp concentrations            .............................................  30

                          8.     Nine hydrologic basins in coastal Louisiana as they
                                 are frequently used in environmental management and
                                 planning   .............................................................................................  42

                          9.     Mineral resources off the Louisiana coast          .....................................................  47

                         10.     Louisiana coastal and offshore oil and gas fields          .............................................  49









                                                                                                                                          v



                                                                   LIST OF TABLES



                         I      Land Cover Change in Each Basin Between 1978
                                and 1984, in acres     ..................................................................................  5

                         2.     Land Loss per Hydrologic Basin, 1956-1978-1983                ...........................................  6

                         3.     Occurrence and Severity of Natural Hazards in Louisiana             ...................................  16

                         4.     Data Collected from Four Years of Voluntary Beach
                                Cleanup   ............................................................................................   36
















                                                               INTRODUCTION


                        The Louisiana Coastal Resources Program (LCRP) becarne a fully functioning, federally-approved
                        coastal management program on October 1, 1980. This beginning was the culmination of a
                        process that began in Washington in 1972 with the passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act
                        and which continued in Baton Rouge with the passage of the State and Local Coastal Resources
                        Management Act (SLCRMA) in 1978. Between 1978 and 1980 the Louisiana Coastal
                        Commission, which has since been abolished, developed the Coastal Use Guidelines (Guidelines),
                        which serve as performance standards for proposed coastal uses and activities. The state also
                        established the Guidelines and certain other procedures as regulations.

                        The basic policies of the SLCRMA call for a balancing of development and resource utilization
                        with conservation, preservation, and restoration of the coastal zone (Figure 1). The focus of the
                        program is primarily on combating wetland loss, which is now at an annual rate of between 35 and
                        60 Mi2. 'Other aspects of the program relate to regulating activities in open water and on elevated
                        natural features such as sand dunes and chenier ridges, as well as activities which have direct and
                        significant impact on coastal waters.

                        Further, the SLCRMA provided for state and local coastal management and that local management
                        would be on the parish level. Under the SLCRMA, prior to receiving its local coastal management
                        authority, a parish must develop a coastal management program, which must in turn be approved
                        on the state and federal levels. The state has full coastal management authority in those parishes
                        which do not have approved local programs and retains authority over certain uses (uses of state
                        concern) in parishes which do have approved programs. Nineteen parishes are at least partially
                        within the coastal zone boundary, and seven now have approved programs.

                        The Coastal Managem   ent Division (CMD) of the Office of Coastal Restoration and Management of
                        the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is the agency responsible for regulating uses of state
                        concern, and approving and overseeing local coastal management programs. The local program
                        review and oversight function is carried out by the Local Program Section of CMD. The CMD
                        carries out its regulatory mandate through the efforts of the Permit, Consistency, and Enforcement
                        Sections. The Permit Section is responsible for regulating all the proposed coastal uses in the
                        coastal zone except those by federal agencies or deep-water port commissions. Examples of the
                        types of activities regulated by the Permit Section include the dredging or filling of wetlands or
                        open water areas, modification of water flow patterns, and alteration of barrier islands and
                        beaches. The Permit Section receives about 1,500 permit applications per year. To expedite the
                        process, the CMD has a Joint Public Notice process with the New Orleans District Corps of
                        Engineers. The Consistency Section is responsible for evaluating the activities of federal agencies
                        and deep water port commissions for consistency with the LCRP. It is also responsible for
                        commenting on activities taking place on federal lands within the coastal zone and the federal
                        waters off of the Louisiana coast. Examples of the types of activities evaluated by the Consistency
                        Section include offshore oil and gas development, flood control and navigation projects, and
                        coastal uses on federal wildlife refuges. The Enforcement Section is responsible for investigating
                        possible violations of the LCRP. Such violations include incidents of permit noncompliance, as
                        well as uses conducted without permits. The LCRP also mandates that the state must create and
                        maintain an information base, perform necessary research, and monitor the coastal zone. The
                        CMD carries out these functions with the Technical Resources Section, the Wetland Resources
                        Section, and the Field Investigations Section.


















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                          Figure          South Louisiana parishes and the                  Act 361     Coastal Zone Boundaty.








                                                                                                                        3


                        In 1990, Congress reauthorized the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) for five years. A new
                        voluntary enhancement grant was established by Section 309 of the CZMA, a mechanism that
                        encourages states to develop changes in any of eight areas. The results will lead to a more effective
                        state coastal zone program.  The eight areas to receive attention include:

                                Section 309(a)(1)   -Wetlands
                                Section 309(a)(2)   -Coastal Hazards
                                Section 309(a)(3)   -Public Access
                                Section 309(a)(4)   -Marine Debris
                                Section 309(a)(5)   -Cumulative and Secondary Impacts
                                Section 309(a)(6)   -Special Area Management Planning
                                Section 309(a)(7)   7Ocean Resources
                                Section 309(a)(8)   -Energy and Government Facility Siting and Activities.


                        To assist the public during the 309 process the CMD staff offers this assessment of the
                        enhancement areas. The purposes of the assessment are:

                                To determine whether coastal problems exist within each of the eight Section 309
                                enhancement areas, and, where they do exist, to evaluate their future, the extent to which
                                they are already being addressed, and their relative importance;

                                To provide the factual basis for the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                                (OCRM), in consultation with Louisiana, to determine the priority needs for improvement
                                of state coastal management programs; and

                                To provide the public with an opportunity to comment on the state's identification and
                                justifications of priority needs, as well as possible means that Louisiana is considering in
                                addressing the identified needs.

                        A section on each enhancement area is divided into five parts: an introduction; a discussion of the
                        issue; a description of the existing programs that address that issue; an evaluation of the
                        effectiveness of each of these programs; and CMD's recommendations for improving Louisiana's
                        coastal zone management program. In compliance with OCRM's guidelines, the assessment
                        contains text, figures, tables, and appendix. More technical material and extensive data are
                        incorporated by reference. A bibliography directs the reader to many documents that contain more
                        detailed information.

                        All comments and suggestions should be sent to:

                                                       Dr. Terry Howey
                                                       Director
                                                       Coastal Management Division
                                                       Louisiana Department of Natural Resources
                                                       P.O. Box 44487
                                                       Baton Rouge, La. 70804-4487
                                                       504-342-7591








                                                                                                                    4


                    Section 309(a)(1)        WETLANDS

                                                            INTRODUCTION


                    Wetlands are "open water areas or areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater
                    at a frequencyand duration sufficient to support (and) ... do support a prevalence of vegetation
                    typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions" (La. R. S. 49: 214.3 (3), and subsection 731
                    (a), Chapter 7, Title 43 La. Administrative Code). Wetlands, according to the state, are areas that
                    support aquatic vegetation or lands that are capable of supporting wetland vegetation under "normal
                    circumstances." This definition includes areas (hat Were once wetlands but now are open water as
                    a result of wetland loss caused by various natural or human factors. Coastal wetlands include
                    bottomland hardwoods, swamps, shrub/scrub, and fresh, intermediate, brackish, and saline marsh
                    habitats.

                    Bottomland hardwoods are important habitats for wildlife such as squirrel and white tail deer.
                    Swamps are essential for wildlife and nonmigratofy freshwater fisheries. such as catfish,
                    largemouth bass, and bluegill. Fresh and intermediate marshesare especially valuable for
                    alligators, waterfowl, nutria, deer, wading birds, and other wildlife. Marshes also provide habitat
                    for fisheries species such as the freshwater catfish and largemouth bass, and the estuarine
                    migratory species, menhaden and white shrimp. Brackish and saline marshes are prime nursery
                    areas for estuarine organisms, including white and brown shrimp, blue crab, and various finfish
                    (redfish and spotted sea trout). Some waterfowl, furbearers (muskrat), and wading birds use the
                    more saline environments, but their prime habitat occurs in fresher marshes.

                    This section describes Louisiana's coastal wetlands, presents the institutional programs now in
                    place, analyzes the effectiveness of these programs, and suggests changes.that may occur in the
                    CMD sphere of responsibility for addressing wetland issues.

                                                               WETLANDS

                    The Louisiana coastal zone provides a wealth of both renewable (fisheries, furs, and agricultural
                    products) and nonrenewable (mineral) natural resources. Louisiana's coastal wetlands contribute
                    over'30% of the U.S. commercial fisheries harvest and 66% of the Mississippi Flyway's wintering
                    waterfowl. Louisiana produces the greatest amount of furs of any state in the nation (Turner
                    1985). These renewable coastal resources are significant to the state and the nation (Louisiana
                    Coastal Resources Program 1980; Gosselink et al. 1979; Gagliano et al. 1981; Costanza et al.
                    1983; Turner 1985; and Day et al. 1986). Louisiana's coastal wetlands, which represent
                    approximately 41 % of the Nation's total coastal wetlands (Turner and Gosselink 1975), contain
                    60% of the estuaries and marshes along the Gulf of Mexico (Lindstedt 1989). It has been
                    estimated that the Louisiana coastal zone contains 3,233,000 ac of wetlands (Mossa et al. 1990).

                    Despite these statistics, Louisiana's coastal zone presently experiences the serious problems of
                    wetland loss, wetland alteration to more saline habitat, and water quality degradation. Land loss in
                    the coastal zone has been documented in the range of 0. 8% per year Q 5,5 5 8 ac/yr) (Gagliano et al.
                    1981; Turner 1985; Walker et al. 1987; Turner and Cahoon 1987). These rates have increased
                    from 6.7 mi2/yr in 1913, to 50.1 mi2/yr in 1980 (Gagliano et al. 1981), and decrease to
                    30.7 mi2lyr in 1983 (Dunbar and Kemp 1990). At the rate of 0.8% per year, the entire coastal
                    zone will be converted to open water by the year 2116 (or 125 years). Wetland losses translate to
                    losses in renewable resources such as commercial and recreational fishing, hunting, trapping, and
                    recreational coastal pursuits. Tables 1, 2, and A-1 through A-4 (Appendix) show the amounts of











                                          Table 1-                             Land cover in each basin between 1978 and 1984, in acres (percentages in
                                                                               parentheses).                                  Numbers between 1978 and 1984 may not match because of
                                                                               map registration problems and                                                                 the differences in the                                                   nature of                        data types.




                                                                                                                                            Ch far
                                                                                                                                            rl:tn                                                                                                                                         Delta plain         Coest.4 Zone,
                                                                          Sabina          Cal"           Mermarn         Verall             Total              AEchaf          Terra               harstar            "is$. R          Pont                      Bret."    Pearl          I.E.1               Total
                                            1978 "ter to 1984 108.106                     144,233        279.892         411,960            9". 190            255.662            676.6b6             537.157         1.28.593         1.517.106                 416A69      1.021        3.832.873           4.777,063
                                                .&Car                          (34)                            (35)           (49)                  (41)           (65)               (4 9 )              (47  )            (69)               (68)              (59)               (3)              (5, 9)             ( &0
                                            1978 marsh to 1994 10.720                          7. W            23,648         9.435           50.398             9,413             67.B62              50.651            16,457            23.467                17.920             528        186.298             236.606
                                                .&ter                          (3)             (2)             (3)             (1)                  (7)             (21                                     (4)             (3)                (1)               (2)                (2)              (1)                (3)
                                            1978 IwA to 1984                   5.477           1.763           5.936          2.273           15.3"              1.732                1,985              3@468           8@572               4,121               653                85         20.615              36.015
                                                -star                          (2)             (2)             (1)             (1)                  (1)            MI                 (<I)                (@I)              (1)                (@I)              (<I)         (<I)                   A@1)               (-I)
                                            1978 u,st*r to 1984                5,607           7,577           13,641         16.413          43.238             6.410             45,1.12             30.672            15.979            26.669                27,834             927        153.802             19 7, OLO
                                                marsh                          (2)             (2)             (2)             (2)                  (2)             (2)                  (3)                (2)             (3)                (1)               (4)                (2)              (2)                (2)
                                            1979 marsh to 1994                 92.304     75,071         342,345         257.555            767.274              $@,617           375.183             249.548            53.674            332.686               179.940   ig.061.        1.298 113           2.065.987
                                                marsh                          (29)            (23)            (42)           (30)                  (31)           (23)               (27)                (22)              (9)                (15)              (25)         (54)                   (20)               (23)
                                            1976 land to 1984                  8.749      14.596               16.420         1,6.902         54,557             2.808             11.516              20. 4.2)          4.906             16.981                6.559              719        63@910              119.467
                                                Bar h                          (3)             (4)             (2)             (2)                  (2)             (1)                  (1)                (?)             (1)                (1)               (1)                (2)              (1)                (1)
                                            1,  78 w:t.r C. 19" 11.015                    13.690               10.245         6.113           41.D63             1.389             42.916              38,178            5.700               7.720               13.052             111        109,066             150.128
                                                broken marsh                   (4)             (4)             (1)             (1)                  (2)            (<I)                  (3)                (3)             (1)                4<1)              (2)          (<I)                   (2)                (2)
                                            1978 marsh to 1984 50,126                     29.756               67.736         24.320        171.940              7.721            121.458             115.988            7.740             28.218                25,608             715        301   44B           474  M
                                                broken marsh                   (16)            (9)             (8)             (3)                  (7)             (2)                  (9)              (10)              (1)                (1)               (4)                (2)              (5)                (5)
                                            1978 land to 1984                  3.047           3.750           4.230          1.387           12.415                185               1,629              2.145              671                65?               493                10               199           18,2(6
                                                broken marsh                   (1)             (1)             (1)            (<I)                  (1)            (<I)               (<I)                (<I)              (-1)               (.1)              (<I)         (,I)                   f.11               (<I@
                                            1978 &car to 1984                  392             4zI             922            1.816             3,552            4.561                2.114              3,069           ISM               10,1150               1643               61         17.886              41,439
                                                larbd                          (<I)            (<I)            (<I)           (<I)                  (<I)            (1)               (<I)                (,1)              (3)                (<I)              (.1)         (<I)                   (I)                (<I)
                                            1978 marsh to 1994                 9.523           7.847           7.836          7.565           32.771             8.665             15.134              Ii. .670          14.326            33,979                6.286              723        93.76,              126.555
                                                land                           (3)             (2)             (1)             (1)                  (1)             (2)                  (1)                (1)             (2)                (2)               (1)                (2)              (1)                (1)
                                            1979 land to 1984                  9.062      22.267               )5,121    110.637            177,0:6              7.457             11.017              71.215            SO.191            236.046               24,977    10.186              41 ? 268,8          594.374
                                                l.r.d                          (3)             (7)             (4)            (13)                                  (2                                      (6)                                                  3)           (3    1                                   (7
                                            Area compared                314.0            320.545        807.970         $63,271         2.313.073             3W619           1,379,092           1.137.182          612.696          2.238.200                 721 .1.31 33,251         6.521.473           3.641.)46
                                            Percentage hftqe                   (3))            (26)            (19)           (10)                  (18)           M)                 (27)                (25)              (14)               47)               (14)         (11)                   (15)               (16)


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Q"























                                                                                                                                                                                             Lord I-ma       per hy"logic fl@ 1966 1079 1983

                                                                                                                                                                                             Hyd'o"i.        Lkwis
                                                                              Sabine/cal"al"       marmsitt"                 U.1te/Vo-1110.         Chortlor FrOwn                 AtchalWay.                T-.o--                  B-Wl.                  u1sawUppi now.            PontChativain            W.I..                    0.4a. Pf.n                cami.1 Z- total
                                                                              W-(-) vy,                         wyr@         Walk     "I            ar"             Wy,            W&A       Wy,             ar"     ivy,            ..a     WY,                      %IV,                                     a"       say,                    %ty,

                                        Fmih Marsh
                                                         toss                 SSS36                S67042                    31220                        484697                   26160                     340560                  2608.0                 14S033                    4, "4                    46168                    854753                    1332450
                                                         tole                 21718                236801                    48512                        307031                   64963                     166857                  51063                  391172                    32288                    2542                     346605                    653636
                                                WwwoskmWO                              -3-sm                    .154%                    2.50%                      - 1.64%                  4.99%                   .2.30%                  3.85%                    -3@30%                    1.04%                   -426%                      2 10%                        2,32%
                                        78183                                          -0-96%                   -2AS%                    3.51016                    .0.26%                   1,25%                   _IA11%                  -3.14%                   .0.72%                    .0."%                   -&05%                      1. 16%                       1 45%

                                                         1958                 2slose               127270                    242498                       560863                   40010                     336 122                 273212                 3648                      235692                   213120                   1101812                   1752675
                                                         $976                 248368               isol"                     107770                       $38294                             0               350264                  340820                 32224                     215297                   207024                   IIS4918                   1700911
                                        % W"Onift ftqt                                 -0.52%                   226%                     -0.80%                     -0.10%                   -4.56%                  0.21%                   1,12%                    35.60%                    -019%                   0@0%                       022%                         010%
                                        ?8/83                                          -0.14%                   fAf%                     .0.46%                     -0.04%                   .4.30%                  0.40%                   I-2W%                    92.56%                    .032%                   -0.18%                     0.30%                        0.14%
                                        FWQGI
                                                         1956                 t273                     7361                  14832                        236"                     1003                      15&25                   222"                   5611                      102969                   15262                    179617                    203183
                                                         1979                 1597                     6614                  17661                        25862                    2049                      167$8                   28483                  7444                      106511                   12390                    173715                    199577
                                                invogain sorm                          0.74%                    -0.45%                   026%                       0.44%                    41M                     0.27%                   -0s2%                    1.40,y;                   -0,14%                  0.85%                      OAS%                         -0.08%
                                        7943                                           12M                      @0.61%                   -0-49%                     DIM                      6.18%                   0-47%                   A"%                      2.6296                    -0,12%                  -121%                      -0@ 10%                      -005%
                                        Swamp
                                                         IUs                       0                   203                   4001:1                       40217                    *0732                     46840                   33121                  13658                     203673                   14090                    361123                    401340
                                                         1978                      0                   let                   37032                        Mill                     63347                     34227                   236"                   12000                     180152                   1751                     306225                    342425
                                        % Wav9su,        urn                                0%                  0.76%                    .0-34%                     -0.24%                   0.33%                   -1.22%                  -1.30%                   -0-55%                    Os2%                    .3.98%                     .0-70%                       .067%
                                        79j52                                               74                                           -0.19%                     -0.20%                   0-36%                   .0-419%                 -IA2%                    -0-13%                    OA3%                    565%                       0. "%                        042%
                                        Shetilime-b
                                                         1958                 1411                     929                   10233                        12672                    322                       441                     2254                   3940                      3547                     839                      11415                     23986
                                                         1274                 2761                     3627                  10193                        16471                    2012                      12176                   b703                   2320                      $350                     1454                     32026                     48497
                                                imaloWn  541M                          4.2m                     12.71%                   -0102%                     1.41%                    18.79%                  121%                    6.95%                    -186%                     6.15%                   333%                       0-21%                        4,60%
                                        78ts3                                          7.47%                    11.615%                  -0.01%                     2.0^                     19.2,40%                156%                    7.92%                    0,45%                     7                       103%                       11 @04%                      626%
                                        T.t.1
                                                         1956                 370405               493714                    338796                 1211914                        117$33                    739444                  601603                 1710910                   S94845                   283472                   2509720                   3720634
                                                         1978                 274424               437277                    sill"                  t0224150                       112471                    600312                  449767                 92070                     6425"                    225170                   2012182                   3035046
                                                "Wom Sam                               -1.29%                   -0.6m                    .0.37%                     -0.71%                   -019%                   -0.93%                  1.15%                    _Z06%                     -0.40%                  .0.93%                     0.2m                         0@83%
                                        76183                                          -0.34%                   .0-07%                   A21%                       -0.41%                   -0.18%                  -047%                   0-99%                    -0.54D%                   .0.33%                  1.32%                      @Ost%                        0.53%


                                        'AdW" from Ourtbar &1 0 (IOW)

                                        W211C                                 -2.01%                   5.33                     1.11                      -7.74                    .0.32                     -7.73                   -048                   - 1@33                    3.093                    4.83                     22.97                        30.7

                                        W'O. 10"                              12094C               3409at                    ?i2m,                  4954"                          206M                      49478C                  593a..                 $51"                      1980.,                   3731"                    14701&t                   196484.

                                        ï¿½ "Woobvy,                            -0.24%               -0-410%                   -0.21%                       -0.41%                   -0.18%                    -0.67%                  A99%                   @Qso%                     .0.33%                   4.22%                    059%                      .0.53%

                                        ï¿½ OWIP 1074-83                        77%                  32.1511016                4310%                        4zllm                    6-25%                     27.96%                  13.90%                 75.70%                    17AM                     4144%                    34.44%                    38.14%

                                        6krimpow x 6v7se                      0.27                     tL3S                     0.67                      0.50                     0.92                      *-?2                    9411                   0.24                      Os3                      059                        0.66                       063



                                        Unaw 4, 0. Lirda". 0. Cahowt, Nd J. Simim IUD. E-Amr-or" Clorvowilibm &-A HAMM Chm" k- the Loukam Cos" Zarm. pp 167-2",IrL D, Cahmn wW C- Grain (als.) A Study c* WAmh mmagamare Practice in CO." L@@ FWal Rpmm
                                        OWOW. j.. L, &*wA wd F- K"V NU loos. Lard Law flmm@ PAW 2 La. Claimer PliWL US C4,pa 0 Eighimmi. f0ar Obwm L& 2f pp . appenolk.
                                        HWW Ogww 6W S" "" do me kWkde Wwt@dW* W offm nwwAVW tim"Wal Amas.
                                        Farew Imblext C069my bWkdn al larem Wims Imat WLWW p1ma to bollowland
                                        Oftwirom marsh bwWwo " cbffhkwdm of IftermedWair. br@lvh aral SaIrm ffilmh fyPaL
                                        .. ..   p j Ift 561118 lard law, Wakwit Py OA36 (63.6%) 0.0oll W by 9ft Qpw;dC b0lft n%WAPMM 1"Ca" Ow Lard 98K lar 1wal giur,. mult" by % ChArQ* and aW 0 wb) in ordar m oft* w w aw-w"k- CW it. 19W Ck'"r M .' "W I". ,k-


                                    Table 2. Land loss per hydrologic basin 1956, 1978, 1983. (Clark 1990)









                                                                                                                      7

                       wetland habitat and habitat loss from 1956 through 1984 within each habitat and hydrologic unit of
                       the Louisiana coastal zone (Mossa et a]. 1990).

                       Some areas of the Louisiana coastal zone are losing land at a greater rate than the average. The
                       Barataria Basin in the Deltaic Plain is one example. From 1956 to 1978, a land loss of 18%
                       (216,000 ac) was noted. From 1978 to 1984, there was a 25% change in land cover, with 4%
                       (50,651 ac) consisting of marsh converting to open water (Mossa et al. 1990). Out of a total of
                       1,150,000 ac, 287,912 ac (25%) of Barataria Basin wetlands were lost during the period 1956 to
                       1984 (Mossa et al. 1990). Sasser et al. (1986) reported a 77.4% loss in wetland area in the
                       southwestern Barataria Basin from 1945 to 1980 (a decrease from 130,560 ac in 1945 to only
                       29,455 ac in 1980).

                       In analyzing changes in wetland habitats from 1956 to 1978, certain areas along the coastal zone
                       had high wetland loss rates (Frontispiece). Most land loss occurred in the interior marshes of
                       Cameron Parish east and west of Black Lake; in the interior marshes between Sabine and Calcasieu
                       Lakes; east of Lake Calcasieu; south of White Lake in Vermilion Parish; in the interior marshes
                       near the northern portion of Marone Point in southwest St. Mary Parish; northwest Terrebonne
                       Parish; central Terrebonne, Lafourche, and Jefferson Parishes; the mouth of the Mississippi River;
                       areas adjacent to the MRGO; and the northeast shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain (Frontispiece).
                       Coastal swamp and marsh losses are occurring throughout the Louisiana coastal zone except for
                       the Atchafalaya Bay region where land is actively being built by the prograding Atchafalaya Deltaic
                       system.

                       The areas of greatest fresh marsh loss from 1956 to 1978 were in the Breton Sound (-4.3%/yr;
                       94.6%), Barataria (-3.7%/yr; 81 % in 22 yrs), and Sabine-Calcasieu (-3.5%/yr, 77%) Hydrologic
                       Units (Figure 2). The Breton (-6%/yr, 36%), Barataria (-3.1 %/yr, 18.6%), and Mermentau
                       (-2.1%/yr, 12.6%) hydrologic units had large fresh marsh losses from 1978 to 1984 (Table 1).
                       Non-fresh marsh habitats (intermediate, brackish, and saline marshes) increased in most
                       hydrologic units from 1978 to 1983, except for the Atchafalaya (43%/yr), TecheNermilion (-
                       0.5%/yr), and Pontchartrain (-0.3%/yr) hydrologic units (Dunbar and Kemp 1990). Swamp
                       habitats experienced an average decrease of 0.4%/yr over all the coastal zone hydrologic units,
                       with the Breton Sound Hydrologic Unit experiencing a 5.7% annual swamp loss. Swamp
                       building is occurring in the Atchafalaya Delta Hydrologic Unit (+0.35%/yr) because of willow tree
                       development on the recent delta deposits. Shrub/scrub habitat gained in every hydrologic unit in
                       the coast, with the exception of the TecheNermilion and the Mississippi River units, at an average
                       rate of +6.3% annually from 1978 to 1983. Overall, however, wetland habitats experienced a net
                       0.53% annual loss of area from 1956 to 1983 (Table 2) (Mossa et al. 1990; Dunbar and Kemp
                       1990).

                       Land loss is caused by natural and human actions. Natural causes include'sea-level rise,
                       subsidence, lack of sedimentation, saltwater intrusion, muskrat and nutria "eat outs," tidal scour,
                       and wave action (Turner 1985; Walker et al. 1987). Man-made hydrologic alterations of the
                       coastal wetlands have accelerated these losses (Davis 1973; Gosselink et al. 1979; Craig et al.
                       1980; Turner et al. 1982; Scaife et al. 1983; Day et al. 1986). Human actions include canal
                       construction, dredging and filling, total impoundments, levees, and toxic discharges.

                       Two major coastal wetland problems in Louisiana's coastal zone are: (1) wetland losses or the
                       conversion of wetlands to open water, uplands, and other habitat types; and (2) wetland change to
                       more saline habitat types. Sasser et al. (1986) used the term "submergence rates" to refer to all
                       factors that combine to raise water levels and thereby increase "land sinking" in coastal Louisiana.
                       These factors are true sea-level rise, lack of sedimentation, and subsidence resulting from both
                       compaction and coastal downwarping (Sasser et al. 1986). Saltwater intrusion, storms, and
                       human-induced impacts also cause wetland loss and habitat changes. Furthermore, saltwater
                       intrusion is caused by human-induced hydrological changes such as leveeing the Mississippi River































                                                                                                                                    C-mal Am IIA-v



                                                                                                                                                                et Akt





                                                                                                                                                              P()NICI 1A X14

                                             CMCAS4U                           Or


                                                                                     VjKh4%K)14 )KIM                                                              NMI 1().4
                                                                                                 AICIWAIA   VA                               NAMAIAMIA            S" 440

                                                                                                                                                       It %AWC WIat'.






                               Figure 2. Coastal zone boundary of Louisiana (Cahoon and Groat 1990).








                                                                                                                      9

                       and its tributaries, construction of canals and navigation channels, and by subsidence and sea-level
                       rise. Shoreline erosion caused by increased water levels, wave action, and boat wakes also
                       contributes to wetland loss. Pollutants from petroleum exploration and production often contribute
                       to wedand losses through oil spills, brine discharges, produced waters, and other chemical spills.
                       Animal "eat outs" may denude areas of vegetation, leading to eventual conversion of the site to
                       open water. Turner and Cahoon (1988) separate the causes of wetland loss into the following:
                       direct habitat change or alteration caused by human development activities; sea-level rise;
                       subsidence; hydrologic changes, which, in turn, are caused by saltwater intrusion; the leveeing of
                       coastal rivers; reduction in sediment sources; canalization; spoil banks; hurricanes/storms; increase
                       in fetch and boat wakes; major flood events; brine, drilling fluids, and oil discharges and spills;
                       and animal "eat outs."

                       Seven causes of submergence, or sea-level rise, that is, the vertical relationship between land and
                       water surfaces, are: eustacy (true sea-level rise); geosyncline downwarping; compaction of tertiary
                       and Pleistocene deposits; Holocene deposit compaction; localized consolidation; tectonic activity;
                       and subsurface fluid withdrawal (Kolb and van Lopik 1958; Adams et al. 1976 in Mossa et al.
                       1990). Human activities may aggravate some of the above, resulting in accelerated submergence.
                       The leveeing of the Mississippi River and subsequent channeling of sediments off the continental
                       shelf may be increasing the rate of geosyncline downwarping. Human-induced subsurface fluid
                       withdrawal results from either forced drainage activities which remove water just below the surface
                       or by petroleum or other mineral operations extracting products from below the surface (i. e., oil,
                       gas, and sulphur). As the water is removed, sediments compact because of the oxidation of
                       organics and the physical elimination of water and its supporting ability.

                       The average subsidence/submergence rates in the coastal zone are approximately 0.39 in/yr (3.3
                       ft/100 yrs). Louisiana subsidence rates are approximately six times the world average rate of
                       0.,065 in/yr. Subsidence rates along the Louisiana coast have ranged from a low of 0.048 in/yr
                       (0.4 ft/100 yrs) to a high of 0.75 in/yr (6.3 ft/100 yrs) (Gagliano and van Beek 1970; Ramsey and
                       Moslow 1987). Local subsidence rates could be as high as 4.7 in/yr (39 ft/100 yrs) or 12 times the
                       average coastal subsidence rates (Turner and Cahoon 1988).

                       Superimposed on all the factors contributing to land sinking is the degree of sedimentation or
                       vertical accretion. Average sedimentation rates are approximately 10 to 30% lower than
                       "submergence" rates, especially in the interior marshes. Baumann (1980) and Hatton (1981)
                       found sedimentation rates of 0.59 in/yr in riparian salt marshes, with only 0.26 in/yr to 0.36 in/yr
                       for inland salt marshes of the Barataria Basin. Turner and Cahoon (1988) calculated mean coastal
                       subsidence rates at 0.45 in/yr and sedimentation rates of 0.28 in/yr, creating a deficit or
                       submergence rate of 0. 17 in/yr (1.4 ft/100 yrs).

                       Sasser et al. (1986) indicated that "submergence rates" in the area of southwestern Barataria Bay
                       were 0. 11 in/yr from 1945 to 1956, and 0.5 in/yr from 1956 to 1980. This latter figure represents
                       a 430% increase in the rates of water-level rise in the southwestern Barataria Bay area. Since the
                       sedimentation rates are only 0.3 to 0.35 inlyr, the southwestern Barataria Basin marshes have a
                       sedimentation deficit of 0. 14 in/yr to 0.22 in/yr (14 to 22 in/l 00 yrs) (Sasser et al. 1986).

                       Submergence causes increased water levels, which may lead to saltwater intrusion. The dredging
                       of canals may increase the movement of saltwater from saline to fresher wetlands, thereby
                       contributing to saltwater intrusion. If the salinity increases suddenly in a fresh marsh or swamp,
                       the fresh vegetation may be killed; if salinity increases gradually, the fresh vegetation may change
                       through time to a more salt-tolerant group of species. With alteration of habitats, i.e., to more
                       saline wetland types, changes in wildlife and fisheries assemblages occur. Plant and animal
                       diversity has been found to decrease when fresher wetlands convert to more saline conditions. As
                       a result, the habitat value for wildlife decreases over that previously found under fresher
                       conditions. Of course, fresh marsh may convert to open water, resulting in decreased productivity








                                                                                                                   10

                    and diversity of the area's plants, wildlife, and fisheries. When the habitat maps produced by
                    O'Neil (1949), and Chabreck and Linscombe (1978, 1991) are compared, a general trend of the
                    increasing brackish and saline marshes, and the retreat of fresh and intermediate marshes can be
                    observed.

                    Major hurricanes and storms may accelerate wetland loss by increasing flooding and saltwater
                    intrusion in fresher areas. Muller and Fielding (1987) describe the hurricanes that struck the coast
                    from 1900 to 1986. Major floods can affect coastal vegetation by causing vegetation stress similar
                    to that which occurs in impoundment situations. Major flood events occurred in 1940, 1953,
                    1977, 1979, and 1983 (Mossa et al. 1990). In the past, some leveed areas have caused an
                    aggravation of hurricane impacts because high salinity waters trapped behind levees killed the
                    fresher wetland vegetation. Impoundments and semi-impoundments, with the proper design and
                    operation of structures, can expedite drainage after hurricanes and thereby reduce hurricane impacts
                    to the marshes.

                    Muskrat and nutria are the prime animal causes of wetland losses in coastal Louisiana because they
                    eat all of the vegetation within a specific area when their populations reach critical levels. The
                    nutria is an introduced species that is particularly prone to overpopulation. Ponds may form in the
                    unvegetated areas created by the animals which, if water levels remain high, may not revegetate.
                    The Alligatorweed Flea Beetle, by eating alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), has denuded
                    large coastal areas of this plant, which is a valuable animal food providing a basis for the formation
                    of flotant (floating) marshes. Both alligatorweed and the Alligatorweed Flea Beetle are also
                    introduced species.

                    Human-induced impacts in the form of levees along the Mississippi River, canals, dredge and fill
                    activities, urban and agricultural expansion, and urban and agricultural point and nonpoint
                    pollutants also are responsible for wetland loss and habitat change in coastal Louisiana. The
                    dredging of petroleum and navigation canals causes direct wetland losses and leads to increased
                    tidal input and physical erosion of area soils and wetlands. These canals, with their associated
                    spoil banks, alter the natural hydrology by stopping or hindering the "sheet flow" of water over the
                    marsh and causing impoundments or the accumulation of too much water in the marsh (Craig et al.
                    1979; Scaife et al. 1983; Deegan et al. 1984; Sasser et al. 1986; SCS 1987; van Beek 1989).
                    Canals increased from 1% of area to 10% in southwestern Barataria Bay or from 42 mi in 1945 to
                    312 mi in 1980 (Sasser et al. 1986).

                    Turner and Cahoon (1988) stated that canals and spoil banks in coastal Louisiana, which included
                    petroleum access canals, were responsible for 239,048 ac (8,877 mi) of direct impacts by 1978,
                    two years prior to the beginning of the LCRP. It was estimated that by 1985 the direct impacts of
                    pipeline and petroleum access canals and spoil banks in coastal Louisiana covered 192,000 ac
                    (7,130 mi) (Lindstedt and Nunn 1985 and Lindstedt et al. 1991). There may therefore be over
                    10,000 mi of navigation canals at the present time.'The CMD has no data concerning the indirect
                    impacts of these or other activities with the exception of Scaife et al. (1983), who indicated that
                    generally the indirect to direct impact ratio was 7.69 to 1. Craig et al. (1980) stated that canals
                    enlarge from 2 to 15% per year or may double every 5 to 35 years. Scaife et al. (1983) also
                    postulated that 89% of the total land loss in coastal Louisiana was due to canals of all types, and of
                    this 89%, 6.5% was direct loss and 50% was indirect loss resulting from petroleum canals (Scaife
                    et al. 1983). Unfortunately, this information is of little use in determining what secondary and
                    indirect impacts occur as a result of canals regulated by the LCRP because the studies are based on
                    research done on canals dredged prior to the implementation of the LCRP (and some even before
                    the Section 404 permitting process of the Corps of Engineers). Through its regulatory program,
                    CMD has required that canal and spoil bank widths be standardized and that canals be plugged on
                    abandonment. The program has also regulated the siting of canals to avoid hydrologic, salinity,
                    and erosion impacts, but there has been no research on the indirect impacts of canals that were so
                    constructed. In any event, the major contributors to wetland losses are the large navigation canals,









                       such as the Mississippi River Gulf outlet (MRGO), the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW), the
                       Freshwater Bayou Canal, the Houma Navigation Canal, and the Calcasieu Ship Channel.

                       Oil spills destroy wetland vegetation as well as wildlife and fisheries resources, and brine
                       discharges may cause coastal wetland losses if spilled or leaked into adjacent wetlands. Oil spills
                       and brine discharges contribute directly to coastal wetland loss and habitat change by covering
                       vegetation, coating beaches and shorelines, and changing the water quality. The extent of the
                       threat of these types of activities on wetland loss and habitat change in Louisiana is relatively low.
                       Dredging and filling, sea-level rise, and submergence are the major threats to coastal wetlands.

                               CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON WETLANDS

                       The Louisiana response to coastal wetland loss, habitat change, and pollution includes the
                       following regulatory and restoration activities and programs. The Department of Natural
                       Resources, Office of Coastal Restoration and Management, administers the Louisiana coastal
                       management and restoration programs. In the LCRP (La. R.S 49: 214.21-214.41) within the
                       CMD, coastal use permit applications are reviewed for projects that may cause significant impacts
                       on the coastal zone. The LCRP depends on existing Coastal Use Guidelines and rules for the
                       review of permit applications. For example, in the case of developments, CMD determines if the
                       project is of minimal size, if alternative locations have been considered, whether restoration is
                       practical and mitigation is necessary, or when the best practical techniques should be employed.
                       The purpose is to have a project with minimal adverse impacts on the surrounding wetlands.

                       Ile LCRP also has enforcement and federal consistency programs that complement the permitting
                       program. Other CMD programs provide support for the regulatory aspects of the program. These
                       include the technical services, wetland resources, public information, field investigations, local
                       coastal programs, special area management plans, and administrative programs.

                       The CMD receives approximately 1,500 Coastal Use Permit (CUP) applications annually. Only
                       50% of these applications require coastal use permits. The majority of the applications that do not
                       require permits are for uses exempted from the state program. Examples of activities that are
                       exempt are uses located outside of the coastal zone boundary, in fastlands, on areas above 5 ft
                       MSL, or are single family residences or camps. Some of the other activities which do not require
                       permits have been determined by the CMD to have no direct and significant impact on coastal
                       waters or are covered by a Corps of Engineers general permit found to be concurrently consistent
                       with the LCRP. The impact of those projects which are exempt, or for which permitting is not
                       required, is not known at this time because the CMD has not been keeping records of the area
                       disturbed by these projects. However, most of these exempt projects have very little adverse effect
                       on coastal waters because they are located in areas separated from tidal influence (i. e., fastlands)
                       or they do not involve any dredging or filling of coastal wetlands. In 1990, the total area disturbed
                       or altered by permitted adverse projects was one-tenth of that in 1982 (196 ac in 1990 vs 1925 ac
                       in 1982) (Figure 3), partly because of regulatory activities and partly because of a reduction in
                       applications due to a downturn in the state's economy.

                       The United States Army Corps of Engineers regulates activities affecting wetlands through the
                       Section 404 permitting process. In conjunction with the Corps' Section 404 and Section 10
                       permitting program, the overall adverse impacts-of many of these activities have been minimized by
                       the CMD requiring the reduction in the size of projects, the use of best practical techniques, and
                       mitigation. In addition to regulatory protection, annual congressional appropriations support large
                       Corps' restoration projects, such as freshwater diversions, shoreline protection, and marsh
                       creation. The Corps is able to do more restoration projects in conjunction with maintenance
                       dredging projects for navigation. The Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion project and marsh
                       creation along the Houma Navigation Canal are examples of two recently completed projects of












           Acres

            3000







            2500-






            2000    1925.4

                                             1747.2




                                                          1452.7
            1500-








            1000-



                                                                       660.9


             500-                                                                   448.5
                                                                                                 308.6        355.3




              0
                      82           83           84           85           86           87           88           89           90


                  Figure 3. Disturbed acres for permits issued for vegetated wetlands.
                                                                                                                              .6








                                                                                                                      13

                        this nature. In the near future, the Corps and other federal agencies will have additional coastal
                        restoration funding from the Breaux Act (see below).

                        In addition to the regulatory solutions, state, federal, and local agencies have been increasingly
                        involved in the implementation of various types of coastal restoration projects. The state's Coastal
                        Restoration Program operates on a maximum of $25 million annually for these projects. The
                        federal Coastal Wetland Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (Breaux Act), currently in its
                        first year, will provide up to $32 million annually in restoration projects for coastal Louisiana.
                        Additionally, coastal research concerning the causes of wetland problems, special wetland
                        interagency projects, and public relations and exchange of information all assist these other
                        programs in helping to solve or reduce Louisiana's coastal wetland problems by acquiring and
                        disseminating more scientific information.

                        Louisiana's Coastal Restoration Program is called the "Coastal Wetlands Conservation and
                        Restoration Plan" (La. R.S. 49:214.1-214.20). The plan includes the establishment of the Coastal
                        Restoration Authority within the governor's office, a Coastal Restoration Task Force, and the
                        "Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Fund." Funding of the Restoration plan is derived from
                        oil and gas revenues and can be no higher than $25 million per year. Four basic projects may be
                        funded through the coastal restoration program: (1) freshwater, sediment, and nutrient diversioln
                        projects; (2) wetland management projects; (3) marsh restoration, sediment, and low-cost shoreline
                        protection projects; and (4) gulf shoreline protection projects. In 1990/9 1, the legislature approved
                        35 projects, and in 1991/92, 50 projects. Completed projects or those presently under construction
                        include: the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion; LaReussite Freshwater Diversion; West Point a la
                        Hache Freshwater Diversion; Holly Beach Shoreline Protection; Lake Salvador Shoreline
                        Protection; Yellow Bayou Shoreline Protection; Central Wetlands Pump Outfall; Soil Conservation
                        Service Vegetative Plantings; Falgout Canal Marsh Management; Bayou LaCache Marsh
                        Management; Queen Bess Island Restoration; Wine Island Restoration; Violet Siphon; Bohemia
                        Siphon; Cameron Creole Watershed Project; Sabine Vegetative Planting; Pecan Island Freshwater
                        introduction; LaBranche Shoreline Protection; Barrier Island Sediment Capture; and Pass a Loutre
                        Sediment Diversion Projects (Coastal Restoration Division 1991). This program also provides
                        state matching funding for Corps of Engineers' restoration projects. The above coastal restoration
                        projects totaled $25,579,730, with the Corps of Engineers providing $4,700,000 (18.5%) or most
                        of the funding for large diversion projects. Louisiana, with the passage of the 1981 Coastal
                        Restoration Trust Fund, has attempted to begin some state-sponsored projects involving barrier
                        island restoration, Mississippi River Freshwater Diversion Projects, vegetative plantings, and
                        wetland management (Chambers and Clark 1986; Spicer et al. 1986; deMond et al. 1985).

                        The Breaux Act (PL-101-646; Title 111), which passed Congress in November 1990, provides
                        annual funding of up to $32 million for coastal restoration efforts in Louisiana and should result in
                        the development of the "Comprehensive Coastal Restoration Plan" at the end of three years (by
                        1993). Currently, a Task Force comprised of federal and state agencies is developing a list of
                        projects to submit to Congress by November 1991.

                        Special interagency teams, composed of personnel from state, federal, and local agencies with
                        coastal expertise, have been and continue to be effective in conceiving, implementing, and
                        evaluating various special wetland projects that may have contributed to a reduction in the rates of
                        coastal wetland losses. Some of these projects include the Bayou Penchant Working Group, the
                        Soil Conservation Service Sabine-Calcasieu River Basin Study, the Cameron-Creole Watershed
                        Advisory Committee, the EPA Non-Point Source Pollution Committee, the Terrebonne-Barataria
                        National Estuary Program, and the Gulf of Mexico Initiative.

                        The Department of Natural Resources and the LCRP do not have any coastal land acquisition
                        programs by which special areas in the coast can be preserved. However, mitigation funds are









                                                                                                                   14

                     sometimes directed towards the Louisiana Nature Conservancy, which does use.these funds to
                     acquire coastal wetlands and other special habitats.

                     The CMD is involved in several coastal research projects to determine the causes and effects of
                     various coastal wetland processes that may relate to future coastal protection activities and the
                     avoidance of adverse impacts from permitted projects. Some of the more recent studies include the
                     Mitigation Project Study; Fastland Delineation Study; Spoil Island Vegetation Study; Study of the
                     Use of Run-off Discharges in Coastal Louisiana for Wetland and Water Quality Enhancement;
                     Spoil Bank Management Study; A Study of Marsh Management Practice in Coastal Louisiana; five
                     staff marsh management fisheries studies; three contract wetland management fisheries studies;
                     Marsh Management Sedimentation Study; Vegetational Analysis of the AVOCA Island
                     Management Plan; Parish Mitigative Projects List; Lake Pontchartrain Basin Special Management
                     Area Environmental Management Unit Mapping Project; Oil Spill Contingency Planning Review
                     and Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Planning; and other staff reports and studies.

                     The Louisiana Legislature passed Act 1040 of 1990, which provides for mandatory compensatory
                     mitigation for projects permitted under the coastal use permitting program. The Act requires
                     mitigation for any impacts to vegetated wetlands and establishes that mitigation banks may be
                     created. Once implemented, the Act will have uniform standards for determining impacts and
                     mitigation, and mitigation costs should become less variable; but its rulei have not yet been
                     promulgated. However, the CMD has been requiring mitigation for the unavoidable impacts of
                     most uses on a case-by-case basis since the beginning of the coastal use permitting process, and
                     this has not been limited to impacts to vegetated wetlands.


                                          EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                     In 1990, the total area disturbed or altered by permitted adverse projects was one-tenth of that in
                     1982 (196 ac in 1990 vs. 1,925 ac in 1982), and one-fourteenth (196 ac vs 2,735 ac), of that
                     permitted to be disturbed in 1983. The highest permitted disturbed area was 2,735 ac in 1983.
                     The reasons for this decrease in permitted disturbed area are the Geologic Review Program, decline
                     in activity in the petroleum industry after 1983, permit review procedures, and mitigation
                     programs. The permitted disturbed area fell from 2,735 ac to 1,747 ac in 1984, the first full year
                     after the directional drilling review.

                     Of a total of 1,069 (119/yr) investigations by CMD during the period from 1983 to 1991, 61%
                     were determined to be violations. There is no existing information to provide an analysis of the
                     relative impacts in terms of area disturbed by these unpermitted activities. Most cases involved
                     non-compliance with permit conditions. The disturbed area for these projects is confounded with
                     the permitted area discussed above. Violation cases are frequently resolved by complete or partial
                     restoration of the area or by the performance of mitigation activities which equal or exceed the
                     violation's adverse impacts. A strong enforcement program within the CMD helps to ensure a
                     strong permitting program.

                     A total of 85 coastal wetland restoration, creation, and enhancement projects (listed individually in
                     the previous subsection) have been approved from 1990 to 1992 for implementation through the
                     Coastal Restoration Program. These projects, begun in the 1990/1991 fiscal year, are projected to
                     benefit coastal wetlands by preservation, enhancement or creation activities (over 306,275 ac), the
                     equivalent of 9.5% of the present coastal wetlands, or 3.7% of the total coastal zone. The Corps
                     of Engineers has provided most of the funding'(see previous subsection) for large freshwater
                     diversion projects such as Caemarvon. The Caernarvon, LaReussite, and West Point a la Hache
                     freshwater diversions are projected to help preserve and enhance over 62,800 ac of coastal
                     wetlands. This figure is part of the above total for the Coastal Restoration Program. Thus, a








                                                                                                                        15

                        significant amount of coastal wetlands may be protected by these state, federal, and local
                        restoration programs.

                                     POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's WETLANDS PROGRAM

                        The possible methods to address the Wetland issue are as follows:

                                Strengthen the present permit and enforcement regulations to make them
                                less ambiguous and clearer to understand;

                                Promulgate and implement the Mitigation Act Rules for Act 1040 entitled "Mitigation of
                                Coastal Wetland Losses," which was approved by the state legislature in 1990;

                                Revise the Coastal Use Guidelines to reduce ambiguous and unclear language, and add
                                new guidelines in areas such as wetland management where additional guidelines may
                                be needed;

                                Draft federal consistency regulations which would include wetland standards;

                                Evaluate the present "fastland" and "Coastal Zone Boundary Definitions," and other
                                exemptions under the present program to determine whether exempt activities are
                                causing impacts to coastal resources;

                                Increase the number of general permits to make their processing more efficient by
                                shortening the review time for these types of activities and by freeing the staff to work
                                on projects with significant impacts;

                                Increase cooperation with other state, federal, and local agencies in joint projects which
                                assist in the preservation, enhancement, or restoration of coastal wetlands;

                                Develop regulations based on research programs concerning coastal wetland losses and
                                habitat changes; and

                                Develop regulations based on research concerning alternative technologies for the
                                mitigation of adverse impacts caused by permitted activities.








                                                                                                              16


                 Section 309(a)(2) -- COASTAL HAZARDS

                                                        INTRODUCTION

                 Coastal hazards manifest themselves as either natural phenomena or human-related incidents.
                 Natural hazards are those extreme or rare geologic, atmospheric, and hydrologic events that
                 adversely impact human life, property, or activity (Lander et al. 1979; Organization of American
                 States 1987). Natural hazards, by definition, cannot exist apart from human activities and the
                 choices in adjustments to the events (White 1974). Because of this interaction between the social
                 and natural systems, humans may modify the location, occurrence,and magnitude of natural
                 processes and in turn the vulnerability of an area. Development through its implementation
                 (drainage, dredging, extraction, construction) modifies the forms and processes that compose the
                 coastal systems. Change in itself is not always detrimental; but unwise use of the coastal zone can
                 result in a short- and long-term commitment of resources that may be better allocated to more
                 productive programs. This section identifies the natural and human-related hazards that exist in the
                 Louisiana coastal zone, describes the location and magnitude of these hazards and the communities
                 placed at risk, summarizes the interrelationships among natural hazards and people, identifies
                 government programs dealing with these hazards, and finally, suggests changes to the existing
                 CMD program. Through this analysis CMD hopes to develop parts.of its program that contribute
                 to the prevention or significant reduction of threats to life and destruction of property. Such an
                 undertaking can be achieved by eliminating development and redevelopment in high hazard areas,
                 managing development in other hazard areas, and anticipating and managing the effects of potential
                 sea level rise.

                                                      COASTAL HAZARDS

                 Of the 15 most common natural hazards in the United States (Table 3) the Louisiana coastal zone is
                 seriously affected by eight.

                         Table 3.     Occurrence* and Severity,of Natural Hazards in
                                      Louisiana.


                           SignMeant Occurrence                               Rare to Never
                           Hurricane            Greatest impact                   Avalanche
                           Storm surge                                            Drought
                           Flood                                                  Earthquake
                           Unstable soil                                          Landslide
                           Coastal Erosion                                        Tsunami
                           Tornado                                                Volcano
                           Windstorm                                              Winter storm
                           Wildfire             Least impact

                           *Source: Ile Council of State Governments 1979; Gale and Cortner
                                      1987.


                 All of the hazards that occur in Louisiana are described because it is only through a complete
                 understanding of the issues that an effective program can evolve. At this time Coastal Management
                 Division guidelines apply to those actions that contribute to the protection of the public health,
                 safety, and welfare. The hazards to which the CMD can most effectively apply its authority









                                                                                                                     17

                       include: hurricane damage; storm surge; floods; unstable soils; and coastal erosion. Tornadoes,
                       windstorms, and wildfires are discussed to inform the public of the problem.

                       Hurricane season extends from June through November with the greatest number of storms
                       expected during the first two weeks of September. Hurricane force winds exceed 74 mph and may
                       extend 100 mi from the center. Extreme gusts may exceed 200 mph at a distance of 20 to 30 mi
                       from the eye (Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness 1985). Figure 4 shows the
                       vulnerability of the Louisiana coast to hurricanes. Southwest Louisiana between the Calcasieu
                       River and Freshwater Bayou and Southeast Louisiana between Southwest Pass of the Mississippi
                       River and the Orleans - St. Bernard parish line have the highest recurrence interval for a hurricane
                       along the Louisiana coast. It must be recognized that these sections of the coast are arbitrary and
                       do not confine or limit the zone of impact or extent of damages from any storm. Most hurricanes
                       approach the Louisiana coast from the south or southeast and cross the shoreline at a high angle
                       before moving inland. Thus, the worst damage can be expected in the right front quadrant,
                       normally the northeast quadrant, and out approximately 50 mi. Occasionally, however, a storm
                       will parallel the shoreline, lingering for days and causing unexpected damages. Such was the case
                       in 1985 when Hurricane Juan looped, twice south of Morgan City before paralleling the shoreline
                       and crossing the mouth of the Mississippi River and continuing to the east.

                       General destruction of the physical, biological, and cultural elements follows the path of a
                       hurricane. Eroded barrier islands and beaches may retreat over 100 ft under the pounding of storm
                       waves. Rising water and high winds destroy wetlands resulting in open water bodies and toppled
                       trees. Camps that are not demolished float from their foundations and may be found miles from
                       their original location. Levees are topped and highways, bridges, and infrastructure (water,
                       sewage, and power lines) require extensive repair or replacement. The aftermath of a hurricane
                       means the despoilment of the natural systems and a cost of billions of dollars in property damage
                       of residential and commercial damage.

                       Several storms have become milestones when discussing the impacts of hurricanes on Louisiana
                       (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1972). The 1915 storm pushed water levels to 13 ft at Fernier
                       Beach and 12 ft at Pointe a la Hache. Over 25,000 homes or structures were damaged or
                       destroyed in New Orleans when the City flooded to a depth between I to 8 ft. Four decades later,
                       the 1947 storm flooded almost all of southeast Louisiana. Many parts of Jefferson Parish were
                       under 6 ft of water, and Moisant Airport (now New Orleans International Airport) had 6 in of
                       water on the runway and could not operate. After a much shorter hiatus, Hurricane Audrey,
                       probably t1ie most tragic, occurred in June 1957. Audrey crossed the Cameron coast placing
                       12.4 ft of water in the town of Cameron and 8.5 ft of water in Morgan City over 100 mi to the
                       east. Many people could not escape the rising water, and 556 died. Water from Hurricane Betsy
                       (1965) covered 2.5 million ac; fatalities numbered 81; and damages exceeded $2 billion. Although
                       Hurricane Camille (1969) expended most of its fury on the Mississippi coast, Louisiana east of the
                       Mississippi River was heavily damaged by a storm surge of over 11 ft.

                       Hurricanes can not be discussed without reference to storm surge, as they are inseparable. Storm
                       surge is the'rapid rise of water above mean sea level produced by a hurricane (Strahler and Strahler
                       1984). Surge is the result of low barometric pressure in the eye, wind setup, and wave setup.
                       Most of the damages and loss of life are directly attributable to storm surge and the failure of
                       individuals to evacuate in a timely fashion. Figure 4 is a composite that shows the inland extent
                       and maximum inundation along the Louisiana coast as a result of hurricane flooding. No part of
                       the study area is immune from hurricanes.. Within the 19 parishes in the Louisiana Coastal Zone
                       live an estimated 2,050,000 people. Like the other parts of the country, the Louisiana population
                       is getting older, a significant issue if evacuation is required before a storm.











        HURRICANE RECURRENCE INTERVALS IN YEARS
          Section of     Wind Speed
            Coast    74- 124 mph 125 + mph
             A         12         28

                       17         85
             C         17         0

             D                    0
             E          7         42         IATCM NOUM

             F         10

                       17         85


                                  A '01
                               7A f
                 ..........
                    ::Max


                     FD)



       Liatt of San &Nve

                                                 . .. .......
                  -IL7
        0 10 Z) 3D 40
                 Miles          M



      Figure 4. Hurricane recurrence intervals and historic inland storm-surge limit with depths of innundatio
            (Sources: USACE 1972; Carter 1988).









                                                                                                                       19

                        Gulf surges can occur during other times of the year, directly affecting the low interdistributary
                        wetlands and impinging onto the more populated natural levees of the Mississippi River and its
                        abandoned distributaries. Along the entire coast, persistent onshore winds contribute to flooding.
                        South and southeast winds in the spring and summer build water elevations in the estuaries. In the
                        case of Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, upland runoff is prevented from entering the lakes, a
                        particularly regular problem in the lower Amite River Basin to the west of Lake Maurepas. In the
                        Spring of 1991, the low-lying coastal areas south of Houma flooded, as did the Barataria Basin
                        and the area around Lake Palourde. Strong and unrelenting south winds caused backwater
                        flooding by preventing runoff from heavy precipitation or pushed Gulf waters into the bays and
                        estuaries, flooding roads, yards, and fields.

                        Floods (Figure 5) in the coastal zone may be the result of hurricanes, storms, onshore winds, or
                        heavy precipitation either in the wetlands or on adjacent uplands. The first three are discussed
                        above. This section focuses on precipitation and runoff either in the state or in the watersheds that
                        directly affect the coastal zone. Spring floods from the Mississippi River are contained by the
                        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood control levees and spillways. The levees work so well that
                        they prevent annual introduction of freshwater and sediment into the low-lying interdistributary
                        basins, a primary cause for wetland loss throughout the coastal zone (Turner and Cahoon 1987).
                        However, concern has been expressed about the causes of flooding in Terrebonne Parish, as flow
                        on the Lower Atchafalaya River increases, and about the need or advisability of constructing a
                        levee at Avoca'lsland. Interested parties are meeting on this project and may eventually arrive at an
                        acceptable solution. Another example of flooding in the coastal zone is the problem in east
                        Cameron Parish. This part of Cameron receives water from the Mermentau River watershed, the
                        Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Bell City Drainage Ditch south of La. Hwy. 14, and the Calcasieu
                        River. When the water is high in these four tributaries, the lowlands are flooded (GSRI 1986).

                        Precipitation in Louisiana results from storms commonly associated with polar fronts, squall lines
                        and tropical fronts, tropical weather systems, and showers and thunderstorms (Muller and Willis
                        1983). Heaviest rains accompany thunderstorms; for example, on February 5, 1955, 1 in of
                        precipitation fell in five minutes in New Orleans, a rate of 12 in/hr. Fortunately, thunderstorms are
                        of short duration and never approach this total even though flooding may result. Occasionally
                        thunderstorms produce high winds which contribute to the damage within a community.

                        A final meteorological phenomenon, the tornado, that can cause problems in coastal Louisiana.
                        Tornadoes are small (300 to 1500 ft in diameter at its lower end) but very intense low pressure
                        centers.. Their winds circulate in a counterclockwise direction and may reach speeds in excess of
                        250 mph. Tornadoes form in advance of cold fronts or in association with hurricanes, and are
                        most frequent during the spring and summer; however, they may occur at any time. Although
                        tornadoes only occasionally penetrate the coast, they can be very destructive when they do occur.
                        Winds uproot trees, demolish trailer parks, and damage structures.

                        The term "unstable soils" in Louisiana refers to land subsidence or "the loss of surface elevation
                        due to removal of subsurface support" (National Research Council 1991). Subsidence is caused
                        by crustal deformation; sediment compaction; withdrawal of groundwater, petroleum, and
                        geothermal fluids; and dewatering of organic soils. Natural movement along faults and human
                        caused fault movement have occurred in the coastal zone, but they are rare events. Most
                        subsidence problems result from unstable soils. Subsidence in this regard refers to the lowering of
                        surface elevation as a result of the drainage of wetlands soils, that is, those characterized as very
                        poorly drained, having mucky surface and underlying material, and low strength. Unstable soils
                        are most commonly found in the interdistributary basins and the Chenier Plain. When these soils
                        are drained the surface subsides because of "(1) shrinkage caused by desiccation, (2) consolidation
                        from loss of the buoyant force of groundwater or from loading, (3) compaction, and (4)
                        biochemical oxidation" (SCS 1983). Initial subsidence takes place during the three years after























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                                                                                                                     21

                       drainage. Approximately 50% of the thickness of the organic material above the groundwater will
                       be lost. Shrinkage continues after initial subsidence at a rate of 0.5 in to 2 in/yr. For example, in
                       Jefferson Parish the total subsidence potential in some areas is 144 in (SCS 1983). Subsidence
                       places severe limitations on urban uses. Pilings must be used to support foundations so that slabs
                       will not crack and/or tilt; however, this does not help the utility lines, patios, sidewalks, and
                       driveways which are not supported. They may be displaced to the extent that they are no longer
                       serviceable or must be replaced. Most of the Louisiana coastal zone is affected by unstable soils.

                       Sea-level rise contributes to the relative rate of subsidence. Estimates for the global rate of sea-
                       level rise by the year 2100 range from 22 to 144 in (Titus 1989). Such a significant rise in sea
                       level when combined with the many factors that contribute to subsidence (geosyncline
                       downwarping, compaction of sediments, consolidation of materials, tectonic activity, and fluid
                       withdrawal) will have a devastating effect on the low-lying coastal zone (Penland et al. 1989;
                       Ramsey and Penland 1990). Several problems expected as a result of sea-level rise include
                       community inundation, an increase in the frequency and severity of storms and storm surge,
                       accelerated shoreline erosion, inundation of wetlands and wetland loss, modification of coastal
                       processes, and damage to shoreline structures and land uses (Klarin and Hershman 1990). Coastal
                       communities, particularly outside levee systems, will be affected (Figure 6).

                       Coastal erosion is a dominant process along the Louisiana shoreline (Figure 6). Several studies
                       have investigated the history and causes of erosion (Coleman 1966; Frazier 1967; Mendelssohn et
                       al. 1987; Morgan et al. 1958; Nummedal et al. 1984; van Lopik 1955; Wicker et al. 1989a and
                       1989b). Causes include: diminishing sand supplies; relative sea level rise; storms; human actions,
                       such as jetties and navigation canals; tides; and mean annual nearshore wave energy. Barrier island
                       degredation is a common phenomenum as deltas shift from one course to another. The barrier
                       islands and beaches from the Mississippi state line to Atchafalaya Bay are eroding except for two
                       sections, one at the eastern end of Grand Isle and the second at the western end of Timbalier
                       Island. Along the Chenier Plain, accretion is occurring from the vicinity of Marsh Island west
                       approximately 25 mi into Vermilion Parish and in Cameron Parish from the Mermantau River to
                       west of the Calcasieu River. Rates of erosion range from almost 57 ft/yr in the Fourchon region to
                       10 ft/yr in sections of Grand Isle. Where accretion does occur it is significantly less, that is, from
                       a high of 30 ft/yr on eastern Grand Isle to 8.5 A/yr in Cameron Parish. Accretion is in response to
                       the progradation of the Atchafalaya River and the ready supply of sediment to be swept along the
                       Vermilion and Cameron shoreline.

                       Finally, wildfires are a sign of late fall and winter, when trappers traditionally bum the marsh to
                       encourage new growth of vegetation. These fires usually do not directly impact communities, as in
                       the burning of homes or other structures; however, smoke contributes to the presence of smog.
                       One of the most infamous regions was the eastern end of the Lake Pontchartrain estuary, primarily
                       in Orleans and St. Bernard Parishes. Several major accidents found their origin in the thick smog
                       that blinded drivers on Interstate Hwy. 10. In addition, smoke adds to air pollution, particularly in
                       an area where air quality is already low. The practice of burning is on the decline because of a loss
                       of wetlands serving as habitat for furbearing animals, stricter enforcement by state and local
                       authorities, and the acquisition of most of eastern Orleans Parish for the Bayou Sauvage National
                       Wildlife Area'

                       The impact of natural hazards on the population and economy of the Louisiana coastal zone, as
                       defined by Act 361 of 1978, as amended, is minimal. At first it appears that Louisiana is in a very
                       fortunate position until the reality of the situation is understood. The inland boundary of the
                       Louisiana coastal zone is drawn in a manner that excludes, for the most part, cities, towns, and
                       industrial complexes, except for metropolitan New Orleans and the river parishes between Baton
                       Rouge and New Orleans. These two areas, however, are little affected by the CUP process, and
                       subsequently the coastal guidelines, because most industries and much of the commercial and
                       residential developments are on lands above 5 ft in elevation or are within fastlands. Only when























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                                                                                                                                                              e
                                 (Sources: McIntire et al. 1975; Wic
                                                                                   ker et al. 1989).








                                                                                                                      23

                       projects have a direct and significant effect on coastal waters will the CMD initiate the CUP
                       process.


                         CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON COASTAL HAZARDS

                       Coastal hazards are addressed by the federal, state, and local levels of government. Several federal
                       programs influence the presence of projects in coastal high hazard areas. The Federal Emergency
                       Management Agency (FEMA) and the Flood Insurance Administration oversee the National Flood
                       Insurance Program (NFIP). The NFIP sets requirements for structures and activities within the
                       100-year floodplain in participating communities. For example, habitable structures must have
                       their first floor at or above the 100-year flood level. In lower Plaquernines Parish some structures
                       may be as much as 18 ft above ground level. Commercial structures may be flood-proofed to
                       prevent or reduce damages from inundation. The Community Rating System (CRS) is a second
                       program within the perview of FEMA that encourages governments to directly confront
                       development in flood prone areas. A community can take actions that result in up to a 50%
                       reduction of premiums paid by flood insurance policy holders. Selected actions a community may
                       undertake include: maintenance of elevation certificates; advising people of the flood hazard, the
                       availability of flood insurance, and/or flood protection measures; advising prospective property
                       purchasers of the flood hazard; having local libraries maintain and publicize documents on flood
                       insurance, flood protection, and floodplain management; and implementing higher regulatory
                       standards than required by the NFIP.

                       The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has constructed an extensive hurricane levee protection
                       system, particularly in southeastern Louisiana. Levees are constantly monitored and have been
                       upgraded. Today some levees may be 17 ft MSL or more. The Lower Mississippi River flood
                       control network of diversions, levees, and flood water retention areas is one of the most massive
                       public works projects in the nation. Levees effectively keep freshwater and sediment from entering
                       the interdistributary basins. The Corps also studies coastal erosion to determine whether a project
                       is feasible and possible. When Congress appropriates funds and a local sponsor is identified, the
                       Corps will help stabilize a shoreline. In the case of Grand Isle, the Corps' dune restoration and
                       beach enhancement project reestablished the shoreline and provided a buffer against storm surge.
                       Attempts are being made to stabilize the barrier islands and beaches through hard and soft
                       engineering practices. In the summer of 1991, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed its
                       dune creation and beach restoration project along the Grand Isle shoreline.

                       Under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) of 1982, as amended, the U.S. Department of
                       the Interior has identified the development status of coastal barriers. The purpose of the CBRA is
                       to: minimize loss of life; reduce/eliminate wasteful expenditure of federal revenues; and minimize
                       damage to natural resources (fish and wildlife) that results from development of barriers. The Act
                       prohibits federal flood insurance for new construction or substantial improvements on undeveloped
                       barriers. In addition, federal financial assistance (loans, grants, guarantees, subsidies, and other
                       assistance) and expenditures (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers structural development projects;
                       highways; bridges; and housing) are prohibited on undeveloped barrier islands.

                       The last programs to affect development in coastal areas are federal regulatory activities. The
                       Corps of Engineers administers the Clean Water Act, Section 404 (33U.S.C.A.1251-1376), a
                       program that regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the United States,
                       including coastal waters, wetlands, and navigable waters. Common activities requiring permits are
                       beach nourishment, boat ramps, bulkheads, dams, dredge spoil disposal, fill levees, piers, and
                       roadfill. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (33U.S.C.A.401-406) authorizes the Corps to
                       protect navigable waters from obstruction and pollution. Permits must be obtained from the Corps
                       for dredge and fill activities in navigable waterways. Through the Clean Water Act, Section 404(c)
                       (40C.F.R.231) the Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to veto a Corps Section 404








                                                                                                                     24

                     permit if the adverse impacts on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds and fishery areas
                     (including spawning and breeding areas), wildlife, or recreational areas are unacceptable. Under
                     Section 401 of the Clean Water Act (33U.S.C.A.1341) Louisiana may deny a certification if the
                     applicant doe not demonstrate to the state's satisfaction that a project complies with state water
                     quality standards for effluent limitations on discharges. When the state denies certification of a
                     project, then federal agencies cannot issue permits or licenses. States can place conditions on
                     certificates to protect wetlands and thereby minimize the. use of these areas for intensive
                     development subject to coastal hazards. The review and comment authority granted the U.S. Fish
                     and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service through the Fish and
                     Wildlife Coordination Act. By protecting habitat and discouraging the modification of wetlands,
                     these two agencies help reduce encroachment of development onto high-hazard areas.

                     At the state level, the SLCRMA of 1978, as amended, is the program that comes closest to
                     addressing the many aspects of coastal hazards. The SLCRMA has as its declared policies:

                             (1)     To protect,....the resources of the state's coastal zone.

                             (5)     To develop and implement a coastal resources management program which
                                     is based on consideration of our resources, the environment, the needs of
                                     the people of the state,... .

                     These two goals allow the CMD a degree of latitude for considering coastal hazards through its
                     permit application review process. The first goal applies to programs designed to confront
                     shoreline erosion, the protection and enhancement of wetlands to buffer storm surge and serve as
                     storage areas for floodwaters. Goal 2 addresses the importance of the environmental components
                     to the CMD, which considers unstable soils, earthquakes, and meteorological events as part of its
                     decision-making procedures. The CMD presently addresses natural hazards through the
                     implementation of specific Coastal Use Guidelines. The most applicable Guidelines include: 1.6a,
                     b, c, 1, r, and s; Guideline 1.7i, s, and t; Guidelines 5.2, 5.9, 6. 1 b, 6.2a, and 6.4 (Appendix).
                     These guidelines authorize CMD to evaluate construction of of project, the effect it will have on
                     barrier islands, and on the value of wetlands.

                     Other state agencies, such as the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), through
                     its review and comment authority, strives to protect wetlands, thus buffering storm surge and
                     reducing coastal erosion. Parishes and municipalities learned that unregulated construction on
                     unstable soils is not in the public's best interest. Mitigation is now required for construction; for
                     example, Jefferson Parish requires pile foundations to support the load of the building and flexible
                     connectors for gas lines. The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development has
                     attempted to control erosion along the Cameron Parish coast to protect La. Hwy. 82 between Holly
                     Beach and Peveto Beach. Jetties and groins are examples of hard practices found along the coast
                     that inevitably cause erosion in the downdrift direction. The Office of Emergency Preparedness
                     plays its part in its program through the coordination of civil defense and emergency evacuation
                     plans and hurricane preparedness activities.

                     Some local governments actively consider coastal hazards. Terrebonne Parish used spoil from the
                     Houma Navigation Canal to build part of the Isles Dernieres at Wine Island Pass. To the east sand
                     has been placed along the Fourchon shoreline to restore dunes and the beach. To help retard
                     erosion the Fourchon Port Commission sponsored the construction of cement-filled tubes, the
                     boudan bags (Edgerton 1991). But many attempts by human intervention in natural processes are
                     not successful. It is estimated that 10% of the total barrier island area was directly lost, as a result
                     of unsuccessful projects (Mendelssohn et al. 1987). A third example of local involvement is
                     Jefferson Parish and its requirements for flexible utility connections to structures on unstable soils.
                     Most parishes follow the Southern Building Code which standardizes protection of the public
                     health and safety.








                                                                                                                     25


                                            EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                       No detailed studies of the effectiveness of existing programs on coastal hazards is known to exist.
                       However, some generalizations about federal and state hazard-related programs can be made based
                       only on observations. In order to receive flood insurance new structures must be elevated or
                       flood-proofed. All of the parishes and communities in the coastal zone participate. In some cases
                       housing units have been raised to 18 ft above the ground surface, causing unhappy responses from
                       residents. Informants from lower Plaquernines Parish say the NFIP has severely retarded
                       development, but this does not seem to be the case in other parts of the coastal zone. The National
                       Flood Insurance program seems to be a very effective method of reducing coastal flooding
                       damages by causing buildings to be raised. But the NFIP has apparently not significantly
                       restricted development. Residences and camps are under construction throughout the coastal zone.
                       The Community Rating System is in its first year of full implementation. Many communities in the
                       coastal zone have submitted applications for a rate reduction, but to date no evaluation on the
                       effectiveness of the CRS has been completed.

                       The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers hurricane protection levee system has for the most part kept
                       hurricane storm surge from entering populated areas. The present levee and pump system has not
                       really been tested since 1969 and 1965, dates of the two most recent large storms. But at that time
                       the Plaquernines Parish levees were topped as were portions of the levees in Orleans, St. Bernard,
                       and other coastal parishes. Mainline Mississippi River flood control levees have not been topped
                       or failed for more than 50 years. The 1973 flood came very close to overwhelming the system
                       when the Old River Control Structure nearly failed and bank slumping required several levee set
                       backs. The levee system has prohibited annual overflow, thus reducing the quantity and quality of
                       water and sediment into the interdistributary basin. This issue is discussed in more detail in the
                       sections on cumulative/secondary impacts and wetlands.

                       The Coastal Barrier Resources Act seems to be one of the contributing factors in slowing, if not
                       stopping, development on barrier islands and beaches. The CBRA will have minimal effect in
                       Louisiana because of the absence of access routes to barriers. No study is known to analyze the
                       impact of CBRA on Louisiana.

                       The Corps of Engineers Section 404 permit process has reduced the encroachment of development
                       onto coastal high-hazard areas because both programs focus on wetlands and coastal waters. The
                       effect of Section 10 actions is not known. The EPA Section 404c responsibility has been applied
                       to coastal Louisiana and proved very effective. For example, EPA declared the Bayou au Carpe
                       wetlands of significance and under Section 404(c) protected the estuarine wetlands from drainage.
                       Water quality certification (Section 401) can delay a project, but is not known to have stopped any.
                       The USFWS, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the LDWF review and comment on
                       federal and state permit applications. All three agencies have been effective in protecting wetlands
                       by requiring mitigation (avoidance of wetlands, reduction in scope of a project, and
                       compensation). Thus, development has been restricted from the most flood prone and dangerous
                       areas of the coastal zone. But agency actions are undertaken primarily to conserve and protect
                       wetlands from the discharge of dredge and fill material, and to reduce dredging, not protect the
                       public health and safety.

                       Four major constraints inhibit the CMD's application of its coastal use guidelines to all parts of the
                       legislatively defined coastal zone, thus limiting the effectiveness of the whole program. First,
                       activities on land 5 ft or more above sea level or within fastlands do not require a permit unless
                       they have a direct and significant impact on coastal waters. Second, some uses may occur on lands
                       below 5 ft MSL but are exempt from the permitting process. Examples include agricultural,
                       forestry, and aquaculture activities on lands consistently used in the past for such activities;
                       construction of residences or camps; and activities that do not have a direct and significant impact








                                                                                                                        2 6:

                     on coastal waters whether inside or outside the coastal zone boundary. The CMD only becomes
                     involved with potential uses, that are not within the, coastal zone if these activities have a "direct and
                     significant impact on coastal water." The meaning of "direct and significant impact on coastal
                     water" is not clear and no standards or other criteria. have been established for implementing this
                     part of the CMD jurisdiction. The coastal document uses the phrase "to the maximum extent
                     practicable" in 44 of 94 provisions, for evaluating projects (Houck 1983). Houck (1983) makes a
                     case, for the tendency of this- phrase, to be, used for maintaining a development posture in the coastal
                     zone rather than equitably considering conservation during analysis.

                     The Louisiana, Department of Wildlife- and Fisheries. has review and comment responsibilities on
                     federal" and state- permits. The negative impacts of 'coastal hazards are reduced because the LDWL
                     protect wetlands and coastal waterbodies.

                     Flbod[s, continue to plague cities throughout the coastal zone... Runoff from heavy rains collect in
                     low-lying sections of New Orleans,, Jefferson Parish,. and most parishes because the pumps are too
                     small to handle the intense@ precipitation., South and east winds prevent riverine flood waters from
                     discharging into lakes and estuaries, thus causing backwater flooding a-long. the lower reaches of
                     water courses. As many studies, have concluded, structural solutions for flood damage are not the
                     complete answer. Nonstructural programs must be part of a. package for, reducing flood damage, a
                     philosophy that is only partly accepted by decision-makers and coastal residents.

                     Across the% state several deficiencies remain. Neither state agencies, parishes, nor local
                     governments are known to consider geologic hazards (faulting or regional. subsidence) when.
                     considering development. Setback limits on eroding shorelines- (canals, bayous, rivers, lakes, or
                     beaches) are unknown. Burning the marsh is restricted, but still occurs.


                            POTENTIAL CHANGE& TO CMD's. COASTAL HAZARDS PROGRAM

                     Some possible methods. to address the Coastal' Hazards issue are as follows:

                             Initiate a closer working relationship with the FEMA through the Flood Insurance
                             Administration by developing a MOU with the Louisiana Floodplain Management
                             Section, Louisiana Department of Transportation and. Development;

                             Initiate a public education program concerning coastal hazards,, the nature of coastal
                             hazards, and. the means to avoid or prevent them;

                             Assure that natural and human-related hazards are incorporated into the review process
                             on CUP applications. This would, involve permit applicants completing a form attesting
                             to the presence or absence of natural hazards within their project location and describing
                             in writing how impacts of hazards would be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable
                             level. These plans would be reviewed by the state agencies with whom they have
                             Memoranda of Understanding or Agreement;

                             Prepare an analytical report on the issues and problems of restricting direct permitting
                             authority to those activities that occur below the 5-ft contour and outside fastlands and
                             develop appropriate management practices;

                             Initiate a public and agency review of the existing state guidelines and their application
                             to coastal hazards. If it determines it is necessary for better protecting the public health
                             and safety, changes could be recommended to the guidelines;









                                                                                                                     27

                               Investigate the effects of sea-level rise on the coastal zone to develop a method for
                               confronting the issue of sea-level rise as it may affect permitting of activities in the
                               coastal zone; and

                               Coordinate with the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness to assure that projects
                               seeki ng coastal use permits would have minimal susceptibility to coastal hazards and
                               would not have a negative effect on hurricane evacuation plans.









                                                                                                                     28

                     Section 309(a)(3) -- PUBLIC ACCESS

                                                             INTRODUCTION

                     Incoastal Louisiana (Figure 1), the public access refers to the ability of the average individual to
                     use shorelines, coastal waters, and,coastal wetlands. Shorelines are the interface between land and
                     water, as represented by sand beaches (the area between high and low tide) and wetlands (Burk
                     and Associates, Inc. 1978). Wetlands are:

                             Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a
                             frequency @and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances
                             do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil
                             conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas
                             (EPA 1980; USACE 1986).

                     Beaches offer the opportunity for traditional activities, such as walking, surf fishing, and
                     swimming. Wetland shorelines are no( suitable for (hese activities, but can be used for fishing and
                     crabbing. Coastal waters and wetlands are used for hunting, crabbing, fishing, trapping, and
                     boating. The purpose of this section is to describe the way people use coastal beaches, waters, and
                     wetlands, to determine the effectiveness of existing programs, and to propose -possible changes to
                     the existing coastal program. Through this analysis CMD hopes to attain increased opportunities
                     for public access, taking into account current and future public access needs to coastal areas of
                     recreational, historical, aesthetic, ecological, and cultural value.

                                                             PUBLIC ACCESS

                     Within the top ten ranked recreational undertakings the one consumptive use is fishing, a sport
                     enjoyed 61,508,445 times in 1985, the most recent year for which information is available (Office
                     .of State Parks 1989). Durin   'g the summer of that year an estimated 45.5% of Louisiana citizens
                     went fishing. Louisiana's coastal waters and wetlands provide the resource base for most of these
                     trips.

                     In many parts of the country the concept of public access is usually limited to thoughts of bdaches
                     and how vast interior populations can reach land use these ribbons of sand. The Louisiana situation
                     is significantly different because of the state's geologic history as a deltaic plain.

                             Louisiana has an abundance of natural shoreline; however, the majority of this
                             shoreline is marsh, as is the area behind the shore. The marsh terrain, more than
                             any other factor, hinders public access to the coastal shorefront and discourages the
                             use of the shorefront for typical beach activities (i.e., bathing, wading, sun bathing,
                             walking, and surf fishing). To a lesser extent, the small number of public beach
                             areas and conflicting development along the shorefront discourage public use of the
                             coastal shore. Both public and private shorefront recreational development is
                             hindered by the marsh terrain which limits the amount of useable beach and access
                             to it (Burk and Associates 197 8, p. 10).

                     Nothing has changed since this report was prepared in 1978.

                     Recreation in Louisiana is furnished by both tile public and private sectors of the economy.
                     Several large federal and state recreational areas devoted to hunting, fishing, and related uses.
                     Statewide, local governmenis Supply less than 9% of the campsites and less than 2% of the hunting
                     acreage. Non-profit groups dim furnish S0111C aCCCSS 10 tile Outdoors include the YMCA, church
                     camps, and hunting clubs. Commercial facilities concentrate on those activities that are profitable,
                     such as tent and trailer camping facilit ics. The federal and state facilities are fewer in number, but









                                                                                                                          29

                         have greater acreage and are directed toward the more primary types of recreations, such as hunting
                         and camping.

                         The public accesses the coastal waters and wetlands in several ways. First, federal, state, local,
                         levee board, and private boat launches are found throughout the coastal zone. Government
                         launches are improved ramps with parking areas, sometimes with sanitary facilities and piers, and
                         almost always with trash barrels. Commercial launches, in addition to ramps and usually parking
                         (many times very limited), include electric hoists, bait, groceries, restaurants, and sanitary facilities
                         (occasionally primitive). To supplement these access points numerous federal, state, and local
                         highway crossings of major waterways have unofficial boat launches, that is, tracks cleared of
                         vegetation, rutted banks, and parking next to the highway. For example, along Interstate Hwy. 10
                         between the La. Hwy. 22 Exit in Ascension Parish and the U.S. Hwy. 51 Exit in St. John Parish
                         every intersection with a major bayou or canal is accessible by small boat carried on either the back
                         of a pickup truck or on a small trailer.

                         Second, state and parish roads that cross the wetlands provide opportunities for using the wetlands
                         and coastal waters. Seasonally, favored spots attract crowds of families and individual
                         recreationists who fish, shrimp, and crab for an entire day. Selected examples of the more heavily
                         utilized locations include La. Hwy. 27 south of Hackberry in Cameron Parish; La. Hwy. 82 north
                         of Pecan Island in Vermilion Parish; La. Hwy. I south of Leesville in Lafourche Parish; the
                         Fourchon area at the terminus of La. Hwy. 3090; and along La. Hwy. 434 south of Lacombe in
                         St. Tammany Parish. These areas are for the most part inadequate. Highway locations are unsafe
                         because cars park within the right-of-way on very narrow shoulders, or, in some instances, on the
                         roadway; individuals fish and crab from bridges that were not designed for such uses and are not
                         wide enough to accommodate the conflicting uses of recreation and vehicular travel; children play,
                         near and on the roadway; and no sanitary facilities exist. It can be said without reservation that'
                         people will fish and crab anywhere in the coastal zone where there is access to water,, whether or
                         not it is safe.

                         Third, the public benefits from the coastal zone when they construct camps and permanent homes
                         on leased land or on parcels they own (Figure 7). Camps are "seasonally occupied recreational
                         dwellings" (Gary and Davis 1979, p.2) that are used by a significant population for day or
                         overnight use of the coastal wetlands. Gary and Davis (1979) counted 10,220 camps; 17% are in
                         the Chenier Plain, mostly in clusters such as Holly, Rutherford, and Constance beaches, and the
                         remainder in the Deltaic Plain, of which approximately 3,500 are accessible only by water.
                         Figure 7 shows the distribution of the largest clusters of dwellings. Structures range from single
                         rooms that serve all functions to larger multistory buildings having several rooms, including a
                         kitchen and bathroom. Along the roads water is for the most part from a central treatment system,
                         while in the marsh freshwater is from cisterns. Sanitary facilities may only be a pipe leading into
                         the marsh or adjacent water body behind the camp. Camps have been cited as a major contributor
                         to estuarine water pollution problems and the necessity to close shellfish beds. Pilings raise the
                         living area above anticipated storm-surge levels because of concern for the threat or as mandated by
                         the NFIP. Some buildings may be as high as 18 ft above the parking area and lawn, which flood
                         during high tides, for example in south Terrebonne Parish. These units provide important access
                         to coastal Louisiana when they serve as bases for fishing and hunting.

                            CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON PUBLIC ACCESS


                         Federal, state, and local agencies furnish public access. Federal agencies have take specific actions
                         to provide public access of selected holdings. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has boat ramps,
                         interpretative walks, and allows bird watching, nature study, walking, hunting, fishing, and
                         crabbing on most of its property (Figure 7). On the Sabine Wildlife Refuge is a one-mile walkway
                         into the marsh. The Jean Lafitte National Park, composed of several satellite units,









                            Figure 7.     Public recreation lands and camp concentrations (Sources: Gary and Davis 1979; Reinhart,Rouse and Reggio 1986).








                                                                                                                      3 1

                       provides access to the wetlands along interpretative walks, canoe trails, and a visitors' information
                       center. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with St. Charles Parish, is developing
                       a master recreation plan of the Bonnet Carre Spillway just west of New Orleans. 'Me plan will
                       include shooting zones, fishing areas, camping sites, and an improved boat ramp.

                       At the state level, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries builds and maintains boat
                       ramps on its management areas, has interpretative walks into the wetlands, such as in the Joyce
                       Wildlife Management Area (Tangipahoa Parish), has cabins for rent, and allows camping, trailer
                       hookups (Grand Isle State Park), hunting, fishing, and crabbing on much of its property. The
                       Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism oversees the state parks and
                       commerative areas. Several of these have furnished cabins for rent to the general public (Bayou
                       Signette in Jefferson Parish), campgrounds (Cypremort Point State Park), boat launches (Fort Pike
                       Commerative Area), comfort stations, and picnicing facilities. The Louisiana Department of
                       Transportation and Development in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
                       incorporates boat launches into the interstate highway rights-of-way. Two large launches are along
                       Interstate Highway 55, one in St. John Parish and one in Tangipahoa Parish. Unfortunately,
                       neither have comfort stations. Local governments in conjunction with levee boards support parks
                       and build and maintain boat launches. Orleans and Jefferson Parishes best exemplify this
                       relationship.

                       Distributed throughout the coastal zone are examples of projects that, although not primarily
                       designed for public access, still furnish a chance to use the coastal zone. The Corps of Engineers'
                       beach restoration program on Grand Isle, although primarily for hurricane protection, serves the
                       public for swimming, walking, fishing, and crabbing. A similar cases occurs in the Fourchon area
                       at the mouth of Bayou Lafourche. The Port Commission has a beach restoration program for the
                       protection of inland development. This is one of the few stretches of sandy shoreline that is
                       accessible by automobile. As a consequence the beach is heavily used by campers, surf fishers,
                       and crabbers throughout the year. A recreationist must travel to Cameron Parish before again
                       being able to access approximately 26 mi of barrier beach shoreline by automobile. Along the
                       Cameron Parish shoreline the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development is vying
                       to restore the beach to prevent erosion of La. Hwy. 82 west of Holly Beach.

                       One of the most significant recreational issues confronting the state is protecting the natural
                       environment from destruction (Office of State Parks 1989). The CMD does not build, operate, or
                       maintain facilities for public access into the coastal zone. It assesses areas for public access and
                       recreation based on the following considerations: the need and priority of islands; the provision of
                       increased physical and visual access; the natural and cultural features; the needs of urban residents;
                       and the present supply versus future demand for public facilities (Louisiana Coastal Resources
                       Program 1980).

                       The role of the CMD is the protection of the renewable resource base, one of the most significant
                       recreation issues confronting the state (Office of State Parks 1989). The CMD undertakes its
                       responsibilities through the implementation of the following Coastal Use Guidelines: 1.6 1; n; p; q;
                       1.7 e; p; q; 1.9; 3.7; 3.8; 5.2; 5.3; 5.6; 6.5; 6.8; and 6.9 (Appendix). Most of the Coastal Use
                       Guidelines are applicable to the conservation, preservation, and/or rehabilitation of wetlands. The
                       ones referenced above seem most directly applicable to this report.

                                            EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                       The present programs do not provide adequate access to the coastal wetlands, coastal waters, or
                       shorelines. According to the State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) (Office of
                       State Parks 1989) Louisiana does not have sufficient boat launches. Acreage for public hunting
                       should be increased. An insufficient number of beaches are accessible by automobile. During the
                       summer Grand Isle State Park is usually filled to capacity.








                                                                                                                  32


                    Effective programs providing access to the coastal zone include the Corps of Engineers' hurricane
                    protection program for Grand Isle, which relies on beach restoration, and by coincidence is
                    effective in providing public access. In the Fourchon area the Port Commission's beach program
                    also is designed for protection of inland development, but, by its very existence, provides public
                    access. The Cameron shoreline maintenance program allows for limited public access. Erosion is
                    a. primary problem in each in these areas. As a result public access exists only for that period of
                    time that the sand remains as a beach.

                    The CMD's permit procedure and implementation of coastal use guidelines are effective
                    mechanisms for protecting wetlands, although there is some conflict of opinion (Houck 1983).
                    The wetlands section and cumulative/secondary impacts section of this report describes the
                    accomplishment of CMD in addressing these two issues to the benefit of the public.

                             POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's PUBLIC ACCESS PROGRAM

                    Some possible methods to address the Public Access issue are as follows:

                            Develop and implement a plan to, improve public access to the coastal wetlands, water
                            bodies, and shorelines through, the Louisiana regulatory, statutory, and legal system;


                            Develop policies that would require public access be made a part of any mitigation
                            measures applicable to a permitted project which threatened to reduce access;

                            Update the 1978 public access document;

                            Designate public access sites as Areas of Particular Concern, Areas for Preservation or
                            Restoration, or special management areas;

                            Develop and incorporate into the LCRP an education program on public access by
                            developing maps, brochures, and other written materials as well as a slide presentation
                            and script that could be distributed to schools, fraternal organizations, service groups,
                            and the general public;

                            Advise other agencies on incorporation of public access facilities into their coastal
                            projects so the state derives unanticipated benefits such as those associated with the
                            Department of Transportation and Development coastal erosion program; and

                            Work with the Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism to determine where
                            access needs are greatest and then work within the limits of the coastal program to
                            encourage greater access.








                                                                                                                      33


                        Section 309(a)(4) - MARINE DEBRIS

                                                                INTRODUCTION

                        The people of Louisiana use the coastal zone and nearshore waters for recreation year around. In
                        the winter, redfish are in the marsh and ducks are in ponds, In the spring fishing takes over with
                        boating and skiing entering in June. By the time summer arrives camping, swimming, boating,
                        and crabbing bring people into the water and onto the marsh. In the fall people are fishing and
                        hunting. Commercial fishing and trapping and oil and gas extraction, both onshore and offshore,
                        occur throughout the year. As a result of these activities, a tremendous amount of trash is
                        generated and unfortunately not brought back to land for proper disposal. Marine debris is the
                        litter and trash that accumulates along the beaches and waterways of the coastal zone. This section
                        describes the problem, then characterizes the existing programs, discusses the effectiveness of
                        existing programs, and finally, proposes the changes the CMD could make to its program.

                                                               MARINE DEBRIS

                        The presence of marine deb  ris on Louisiana's beaches and in coastal waters has economic, health
                        and safety, and ecological impacts. Loss of tourist dollars from visitors finding debris-strewn
                        beaches unappealing; expenditure of scarce tax dollars for beach cleaning; fouling of cooling
                        intakes and propellers of recreational and commercial vessels; potential injury to beach users who
                        encounter broken glass, rusting metal, or containers of toxic, hazardous, or unknown chemicals;
                        and the injury and death of marine life are all impacts of marine debris.

                        An 18-month study of marine debris in coastal Louisiana has determined that from 2590 to 23,154
                        items/mi litter the beaches (Lindstedt and Holmes 1988a). Plastic items constitute 47% of the
                        items, polystyrene 16%, glass 10%, metal 7%, rope 7%, paper 7%, and other items 6%. These
                        amounts vary by season, location, and accessibility to the beach. By grouping identifiable marine
                        debris into waste types, possible origins may be inferred. Beverage-related items constitute 40%
                        of identifiable (groupable) waste items; operational wastes 2 1 %; galley wastes 15%; personal items
                        I I %; and fishing items 6%. About 25 to 55% of all litter could be categorized in this way.

                        Except for the contributors of drink-related wastes, which is potentially everyone, the main
                        contributors of marine debris appear to be offshore users, including recreational and commercial
                        fishermen, the oil and gas industry and their service industries, and the maritime shipping industry.
                        These groups may be individually accountable for only a small number of items specific to them,
                        but galley, operational, and cargo wastes, and personal items probably come from all three
                        sources.


                           CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON MARINE DEBRIS

                        Nationally, marine debris has been attacked by federal legislation, particularly the Ocean Dumping
                        Act, part of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, and the Marine Plastic
                        Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987. The Ocean Dumping Act provides for domestic
                        implementation of the London Dumping Convention. Among provisions outlawed are the
                        common practice of transporting wastes for disposal in the high seas--beyond the 3-mi limit. The
                        Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act implemented Annex V of the International
                        Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Treaty--commonly called MARPOL. This
                        treaty and the resulting federal legislation prohibit vessels from disposing of plastics, and regulate
                        the distance from shore that other types of garbage may be dumped. The United States Coast
                        Guard is responsible for enforcing Annex V in U.S. waters.








                                                                                                                  34

                    Within the Gulf of Mexico marine debris has received additional attention. Federal legislation
                    applicable to federal waters is applicable, plus the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals
                    Management Service (MMS), which regulates oil and gas activities in the federal waters of the
                    U.S., has a regulatory role. The MMS has issued OCS Orders on trash and debris to all lessees
                    and operators of federal oil and gas leases in the Gulf of Mexico OCS region. The OCS Orders
                    prohibit deliberate discharge of containers and other similar solid waste materials in the marine
                    environment and require identifying marks on material weighing more than 40 pounds. Minerals
                    Management personnel have been active in organizing and participating in beach cleanup activities
                    and have adopted a mile of beach for periodic cleaning in Lafourche Parish.

                    In 1988, the EPA initiated its Gulf of Mexico Program to devise a strategy for protecting and
                    enhancing environmental quality within the gulf. The program has identified issues that are
                    pervasive and need immediate attention. Among them is marine debris.

                    At present the LCRP does not specifically address marine debris nor the impacts of mari    *ne debris
                    through the Coastal Use Guidelines, which were established pursuant to the SLCRMA of 1978.

                    The CMD lacks the jurisdiction to enforce existing state anti-litter laws and has no regulatory
                    authority over permitted sanitary or hazardous landfills. Nevertheless, it has funded research to
                    quantify the presence of marine debris on Louisiana's coast and has cooperated with other state and
                    federal agencies in supporting beach cleanups and publishing summary reports on cleanup results.
                    The CMD has also funded publication of technical reports on the presence of marine debris on
                    Louisiana beaches and a public information brochure on the problern of marine debris. And,
                    finally, the CMD has sponsored speakers to address private groups and attend and make
                    presentations at regional and national meetings dealing with marine debris.

                    Several state agencies are also involved with public education about litter and marine debris. The
                    Adopt-A-Beach program, sponsored and coordinated by the Louisiana Litter Control and
                    Recycling Commission (LLCRC), Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, encourages
                    private groups to periodically clean selected stretches of Louisiana's beaches. The LLCRC also
                    has been the lead state agency in coordinating state participation in the national annual beach
                    cleanups in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991.

                    The Louisiana law (La. R.S. 25:1101-1116) that created the LLCRC also requires that it coordinate
                    the various government and private organizations that deal with litter control and recycling, and
                    encourage, organize, and coordinate voluntary campaigns to focus public attention on litter control
                    and recycling. This statute established fines for littering, including littering from water vessels,
                    and requires that owners of parking lots provide and maintain litter receptacles, which must be
                    maintained by the state or local agency havingjurisdiction. Public and private boat launches, and
                    marinas both inside and outside the coastal zone are also included under the requirement.

                    The LDWF also promotes public education about litter, trash, and marine debris aimed specifically
                    at recreational fishermen and boaters. The Enforcement Division of the LDWF is the primary state
                    agency mandated to enforce the anti-litter laws on the state's waterways. Post certified agents may
                    issue citations to anyone littering or discarding material into state waters. This restriction also
                    applies on public lands and private property not owned by the individual. The Louisiana
                    Department of Public Safety and Corrections, Office of State Police, may also issue citations for
                    littering as may any parish sheriff.

                    The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Office of Solid and Hazardous
                    Wastes, regulates the disposal of wastes in sanitary landfills and hazardous waste disposal sites.
                    Marine debris collected during beach cleanups and not separated for recycling becomes solid waste
                    and must be disposed of in accordance with regulalions administered by this office. Some items
                    that wash ashore in coastal 1-ouisiana, sucli as 55-gallon drunis with petroleum products,








                                                                                                                        35

                        chemicals, or unidentified contents, are considered hazardous and, if reported, are removed by the
                        DEQ Hazardous Waste Emergency Response group. The Local Programs and Public Participation
                        Division of DEQ promotes public education of the waste disposal problem and the need to recycle
                        to reduce the waste stream. The Division works with parishes to establish local recycling
                        programs. Although it is not directly related to marine debris, recycling in the coastal parishes
                        could reduce the waste stream and consequently the amount that becomes marine debris.

                                             EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                        Marine debris, litter, and recycling are currently under the jurisdiction of at least three other state
                        agencies. These agencies have funding and staff whose jobs are to promote waste reduction and
                        recycling efforts, promote and coordinate anti-litter campaigns and cleanups, and to enforce
                        existing state and federal anti-litter laws. The CMD has no staff available for such activities nor the
                        jurisdiction to be involved in any capacity other than continuing the role of cooperating with the
                        other state agencies and user groups.

                        The data collected from four- years ofvolunlary beach cleaDups along coastal Louisiana shows no
                        conclusive trends that marine debris is either diminishing or increasing (Table 4). The percentage
                        of plastic items collected has decreased since 1988. The percentage of collected items identified as
                        galley wastes and operational wastes has decreased. Such trends may reflect the implementation of
                        the MARPOL Treaty and resulting federal legislation. All data derived from voluntary beach
                        cleanups should be viewed with extreme caution. Numerous factors such as meteorological
                        conditions, accessibility of beaches, dedication of volunteers, and sampling and recording
                        procedures are all problems that plague accurate data collection. Nevertheless, the statewide beach
                        cleanups and Adopt-A-Beach program have contributed to public awareness of the marine debris
                        problem.

                        The enforcement of Annex V ol.'MARPOL and the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control
                        Act of 1987 should significantly reduce the deliberate disposal of plastics and other materials at
                        sea. Designation of the Gulf of Mexico as a "special area" -- a provision of MARPOL -- could
                        further reduce disposal of wastes in the gulf, The MMS OCS Orders regulating oil and gas
                        activities should eliminate all debris disposal frorn (hat industry in the gulf; of course, there will
                        always be some accidental loss, The desire ofthe Offshore Operators Committee to eliminate their
                        industry as a source of marine debris and their worker education efforts have and will continue to
                        be effective. Public education of the problem and a IVS1.1hing change in attitude about the social
                        acceptability of litter will provide the most effective solution. User industries, and environmental
                        and sportsmen groups all have sponsored education efforts within their ranks. Such education will
                        eventually increase awareness and change attitudes. The enforcement of existing state laws that
                        fine persons convicted of littering in the marine environment Could significantly affect attitudes and
                        consequently reduce marine debris.

                                 POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's MARINE DEBRIS PROGRAM

                        The CMD does not have a formal Marine Debi-is Program and proposes no changes to this status.








                                                                                                                                                           36


                                 Tabit 4. Data Coll,ectedfram Four Years of Voluntary ReathCfeanup.


                                                                                                        3
                                                            119,187              19,88                119,189              1990

                              V-61unteers                   3251+                2700                 3450                 4414

                              Data Cards                    412                  ?                    ?                    592
                                     OT
                              used f
                              analy'sis

                              Pounds,df                     4,00,000             11,180,1000          110,1000             250,000
                              @debns

                              Miles cleaned                    -.60+                 77                   67                   '76


                              -1   -01                                                                '70.53               166.104
                              9b of astic                   42                   7-4.42
                              ems                                                (4th)                (3.Td)               (6th) -.nationally
                              'it

                              1% 4 Galley                   1119                 15@ 31               13.97                9-39
                              'wastes                                              I'so               (Ist)
                                                                                                                           (2nd),nationally

                                  perational                11                   3-24                 -3-:3                3.42
                              ,wastes                                            @Qrd)                @,(2nd)              ,(.3rd) nationally

                              1% fishmm.g/Boat              4                    7.5.5                4 L 4
                              &Conunerdal
                              Fishing wastes

                                                                                                                           Rased,,on standard
                                                                                                                           indicatoritems

                              Source.: 'LindstedtandRdImes 1'9,88b,; @O'Bara,119,,8,9,;;O'.,Hara',I,-990; Bierce.and O.Hara 1,991.








                                                                                                                    37


                        Section 309(a)(5) -CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY IMPACTS

                                                              INTRODUCTION

                        The Louisiana coastal zone is the site of many and varied uses, ranging from conservation projects,
                        such as wildlife management areas, to intensive development, such as platform building yards or
                        industrial complexes. Each of these actions occurs in a specific place and time, which may be
                        limited in scope and extent, and thus not appear to have much of an impact on the natural and
                        cultural systems. However, when individual uses are considered in total, they may actually have
                        heretofore unrecognized adverse impacts that build until they become significant. In addition, any
                        activity may be accompanied by associated development or elements that have an impact on the
                        coastal zone. The term "cumulative impacts" describes the former issue, while the term "secondary
                        impacts" denotes the latter. For purposes of this report cumulative impacts are "impacts increasing
                        in significance due to the collective effects of a number of activities." (Louisiana Administrative
                        Code Section 701, Chapter 7, Volume 17). "Secondary impacts" are "those impacts that result
                        from uses ancillary to, or as a consequence of, an initial development " (Louisiana Coastal
                        Resources Program [LCRP] 1980, Appendix m). In this section, cumulative and secondary
                        impacts are considered together as the term "cumulative /secondary impacts." The following
                        subsections discuss the types of cumulative/secondary impacts existing in the coastal zone. Then,
                        the existing programs that address these impacts are presented and then evaluated for their
                        effectiveness. Finally, the CMD proposes several ways for improving the state's coastal zone
                        program.

                                             CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY IMPACTS

                        Cumulative/secondary impacts are the result of many of the common activities in the Louisiana
                        coastal zone. The primary focus of the CMD has been to address these impacts to wetlands and
                        those causing water pollution. These activities include, but are not limited to:

                                               Navigation and flood control projects
                                               Hydrocarbon extraction
                                               Interaction of two or more unrelated activities, and
                                               Single family residences and homes.

                        Each of these activities is discussed in more detail below.

                        Navigation and flood control projects result in the most severe cumulative/secondary impacts on
                        the wetlands. Construction of major navigation canals, such as the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
                        (MRGO), the Houma Navigation Canal, and Freshwater Bayou'cause direct conversion of
                        thousands of acres of wetlands to open water, cover thousands of acres with spoil, isolate
                        wetlands from historic hydrologic interchange, and allow for the introduction of saltwater into
                        freshwater areas (Turner and Cahoon 1987; Wicker et al. 1989). Jetties constructed to restrict
                        channels through the nearshore shoals result in deposition on the updrift side and significant
                        erosion of beaches and wetlands on the downdrift side (Wicker et al. 1989). Navigation channels
                        stimulate port developments, which in turn require filling of wetlands. The most easily recognized
                        areas are along the Houma Navigation Canal, at the southern extent of Bayou Lafourche (Port
                        Fourchon), and in the vicinity of Morgan City and Bayou Boeuf. Finally, canals allow for
                        saltwater intrusion, a significant problern in St. Bernard Parish where the MRGO allowed saltwater
                        to penetrate into a cypress swamp. The swamp has since been replaced by broken marsh and open
                        water.


                        Flood protection projects have historically converted wetlands to drained lands for residential,
                        commercial, and industrial development. All of Orleans Parish, except for the eastern extreme, is








                                                                                                                    38

                    surrounded by hurricane protection levees. East Jefferson Parish is completely enclosed. Many
                    drainage districts and levee districts throughout the coastal zone, such as those existing and
                    proposed in Terrebonne Parish, eventually lead to the destruction of wetlands. By building levees,
                    flow and migration routes are blocked, reducing the habitat available for estuarine -dependent
                    species. Levees and spoil banks also cover wetlands and shallow water bottoms, reducing even
                    further the needed habitat.

                    Extraction of hydrocarbons usually requires the drilling of several wells, the installation of
                    pipelines, and the construction of support and production facilities. Historically, oil and gas fields
                    looked like a "spider web" of canals or roads, following only a master plan for accessing the
                    resource. Pipelines, whether from well to production facility or from the field to the refinery, ran
                    directly from one point to another without regard for surface features (Emmer 1989). In addition,
                    competitors showed little, if any, cooperation for sharing pipelines, pipeline corridors, access
                    canals, or production facilities. The overall consequences were cumulative/secondary impacts that
                    devastated many areas of the coastal zone (Turner and Cahoon 1987). Saltwater migrated far into
                    the estuaries that were originally fresh. Flow was blocked and migratory fish routes dammed.
                    Spoil and development covered wetlands and lakes.

                    Because so many users are in the coastal zone operating without regard to or knowledge of what
                    others have done or will do, projects do not, many times, operate in isolation. When seen as a
                    single element, detrimental impacts may not result, but when intersecting with other actions,
                    significant problems may result. For example, an access road constructed for a new oil well may
                    link to a levee that is part of a wetlands management area. The access road can cause unintended
                    impoundment of wetlands and in the long term an evolution of the area from vegetation to open
                    water.

                    Finally, the expansion of residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational areas into wetlands
                    usually results in the filling of wetlands. Runoff from intensive development may adversely
                    impact wetlands by introducing sediment during construction; chemicals from lawns, roadways,
                    parking lots, and vehicle washing stations; and s6lid waste, such as dumps and landfills. With
                    these types of development arises the need for the treatment of sewage. Camps and structures in
                    more rural areas rely on either septic tanks, which -do not work as designed or are not maintained,
                    or simply discharge water and solids into the bayou or onto the wetlands. Untreated or under
                    treated sewage has become such a problem in Terrebonne, Lafourche, and Plaquemines Parishes
                    that oyster beds have been closed.

                    As stated in the beginning of this section, there are activities other than those. specifically listed
                    above which cause or contribute to cumulative/secondary impacts.

                       CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON CUMULATIVE AND
                                                          SECONDARY IMPACTS


                    Cumulative/secondary impacts are evaluated when individual activities are reviewed for compliance
                    with the CMD's regulatory standards in permit, consistency, and enforcement cases. The CMD
                    relies on staff experience (Regional Coordinators in the Permit and Enforcement Sections maintain
                    an overview of activities in their areas) and data from the Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
                    the Permit Tracking System, permit records, and field inspections (if appropriate) to provide the
                    information needed to evaluate the cumulative/secondary impact potential of a proposed use.
                    Additionally, the staff coordinates activities with other regulatory agencies, thereby assuring that
                    these impacts are considered on a project-by-project basis rather than on a regional basis. The
                    process involves applying the Coastal Use Guidelines in concert with staff expertise. For
                    example, the CMD would require a change in the orientation of a proposed oil and gas canal project
                    to avoid creating an impoundment by preventing its spoil levees from connecting to existing levees.








                                                                                                                        39

                        The CMD arrives at its position because Guidelines 1.7 1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, and 10.4
                        (Appendix) provide information concerning disruption of water movement. The staff s regulatory
                        experience and the CMD's database are used to evaluate alternative measures. Consistency of
                        results is overseen by the Section Managers, who are involved in the review process as well.

                        Special management area designation provides for the planning of long-term cumulative impact
                        avoidance or abatement on a regional basis. The Maurepas-Pontchartrain Basin is under
                        consideration as a special area, and cumulative impact avoidance has been raised as an issue. The
                        two existing Special Management Areas, Marsh Island and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, are
                        managed under plans developed prior to the approval of the LCRP. Thus, uses within both areas
                        are regulated primarily by their respective management agencies, the Louisiana Department of
                        Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), and the Louisiana Offshore Terminal Authority. The CMD is
                        considering using special management to develop long-term management strategies for dredged
                        material disposal areas associated with Corps of Engineers' navigation projects. The existing
                        methods used by the CMD to control the impacts referred to in the preceding section are
                        summarized below,

                        Navigation and flood control projects are addressed through the consistency review process. The
                        Consistency Section undertakes a thorough review of each proposed new project and evaluates the
                        way in which it will interact with existing activities, and it engages in pre-project planning with the
                        agencies constructing the project. However, frequently, the Army Corps of Engineers has been
                        unwilling to consider impact reduction techniques which would either increase the cost of a project
                        or delay its implementation. The small staffing level of the Consistency Section has contributed to
                        planning difficulties.

                        Oil and gas field development projects are handled through the permit process. The Permit Section
                        undertakes a thorough review of each proposed new project and evaluates the way in which it will
                        interact with existing activities. One area of special emphasis that is encouraged and required in
                        some cases is the sharing of existing access routes and the pooling of facilities.

                        Directional drilling from existing disturbed areas is not the only method to reduce impacts, By
                        applying the Geologic Review Procedure, the CMD has been quite successful in reducing direct
                        impacts as a result of oil and gas access (Johnston et al. 1989) from an average of about 5 ac per
                        canal in 1982 to about 2.5 ac in 1988. Although the CMD has used this process to reduce
                        cumulative/secondary impacts, there are no available quantitative data to verify this statement.

                        Construction of single-family residences and camps are exempted from the CUP requirements.
                        This exemption does not apply to dredging or filling activities extending beyond the construction of
                        the home foundation and driveway. No available quantitative data exist on the extent of impacts
                        caused by these exempted uses.

                                              EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                        Based upon its regulatory experience of eleven years, the CMD believes that its use of the existing
                        Coastal Use Guidelines is successful in regulating cumulative/secondary impacts; however, as
                        previously stated, the Army Corps of Engineers has not been fully cooperative with the CMD in
                        addressing the cumulative/secondary impacts of navigation and flood-control projects.

                        For oil and gas activities, the Geologic Review Procedure is used not only to evaluate individual
                        projects, but also to insure that long-term field development is planned in a manner that will
                        minimize cumulative impacts. This planning is done by requiring applicants to pick centralized
                        locations for field development, and by conditioning permits to require that subsequent
                        development activities be located in the corridor so established. The continued exploitation of
                        11mature" oil fields that were developed prior to the regulatory process remains a problem, as does








                                                                                                                     40

                     the continued industrial impact on wetlands, because impact avoidance apparently was not a
                     component of the original planning process.

                     Interconnections of two or more unrelated activities, particularly if they are. handled by different
                     sections of the CMD, are among the most difficult to control. Information sharing between
                     sections is a problem because each section keeps its own data base, and the loss of experienced
                     staffers has resulted in a loss of institutional memory. Identifying interaction among uses is not
                     difficult if these uses are subject to the review of just one section. However, they still may be
                     difficult to regulate because applicants may not wish to cooperate with each other to reduce
                     impacts.

                     Because they are exempted activities, the CMD's ability to deal with cumulative/secondary impacts
                     resulting from the construction of camps and residences or the interaction of them with other
                     activities is limited. Subdivisions, or multi-family construction, are not exempt. Unfortunately,
                     there have been some instances in which large-scale developments have been initiated one house at
                     a time in order to avoid the permit requirement. Further, much development that affects water
                     quality occurs in areas outside of the Coastal Zone and is consequently outside of the jurisdiction
                     of the LCRP.

                           POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's CUMULATIVE AND SECONDARY
                                                          IMPACTS PROGRAM

                     Some possible methods to address the cumulativelsecondary impact issues are as follows:

                             Develop a Long-Term Management Strategy (LTMS) for dredged material disposal for
                             each individual project which would deal with some of the cumulative/secondary
                             impacts and consider the development of special management area status for certain
                             navigation and flood, control activities;

                             Evaluate the Geologic Review Procedure and the feasibility of requiring the use of
                             innovative technology as part of the state's strategy in dealing with this issue (it may be
                             necessary to provide incentives to get industry. cooperation in the latter);

                             Because construction of single-family residences and camps are exempted from coastal
                             use permitting, it is not likely that regulatory authority over such uses will be obtained.
                             However, evaluate present agreements between the CMD and the Department of Health
                             and Human Resources. (This could determine whether closer cooperation between
                             their respective agencies would alleviate the problem); and

                             Evaluate data gaps identified in the Assessment and determine whether further study of
                             the effects of cumulative/secondary impacts is warranted, and, if so, develop
                             techniques to manage them.








                                                                                                                       41


                       Section 309(a)(6) -- SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLANNING

                                                                INTRODUCTION

                       A Special Management Area is a definitive portion of the coastal zone that can be shown to possess
                       unique and valuable characteristics that need special management (Louisiana State and Local
                       Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978, as amended). The act establishes two Special
                       Management Areas (Figure 8): Marsh Island and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP)
                       complex. Special area management is a vehicle for resolving conflicts among competing users in
                       the coastal zone while at the same time protecting the renewable resources. With implementation of
                       a special area management plan, multiple use of the coastal resources may be possible. The
                       purpose of this section is to summarize historic attempts at Special Area Management Planning
                       (SAMP), to describe similar efforts at regional planning because of their potential conflict with the
                       SAMPs, to discuss the effectiveness of these programs, and to present the CMD's proposals for
                       enhancing the state's program.

                                             SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLANNING

                       Since 1978 two attempts have been made by the CMD to establish SAMPs. The first began in the
                       early 1980s when the CMD initiated a SAMP for the Lakes Maurepas-Pontchartrain Basin of
                       southeast Louisiana. After the preparation of background information, a series of meetings began
                       in 1984 when Governor Edwards appointed a task force of representatives from the eight parishes
                       in the basin that were in the coastal zone, plus representatives of federal and state agencies, special
                       interest groups, and the private sector. The Task Force functioned as an advisor to the Secretary of
                       the Department of Natural Resources. The process was designed to encourage resource use
                       planning beyond the parochial realm of particular groups or agencies and to place the more
                       important issues in their regional context. After meeting for approximately five years the process
                       lost momentum and was not reconstituted by Governor Roemer. No decisions have been made on
                       SAMP for the Lakes Maurepas-Pontchartrain Basin.

                       In the late 1980s the Barataria Basin received consideration for a SAMP. Governor Roemer
                       appointed a working group of representatives from parishes within the basin, federal and state
                       agencies, special interest groups, and the private sector. A facilitator was retained to oversee the
                       meetings during the one year allowed for the process. A draft document with recommendations
                       was prepared within the time allocated, but the decision was made by the CMD to withdraw this
                       effort in favor of the National Estuary Program (NEP) which was designated for this area during
                       the SAMP process.

                       In addition to the attempt at two new SAMPs, there have been three other initiatives to create
                       regional coordination of activities within the coastal zone. The NEP is an EPA-funded effort
                       applied to develop a regional plan for the Terrebonne-Barataria Estuarine Complex. National
                       estuaries are systems that are considered to be nationally significant and that are threatened by
                       pollution, development, and overuse. An NEP is designed to promote the development of
                       comprehensive plans to protect and improve water quality and enhance living resources within the
                       defined area; in other words, the NEP ensures the ecological integrity of the estuarine system.
                       This process is in the first year of the five-year effort. Policy and Management Committees have
                       met on several occasions and are preparing the schedule of events for the process. Nominations
                       are being made to the Scientific/Technical, Citizens Advisory, and Local Governments
                       Committees.

                       A regional coordination effort is ongoing in southwest Louisiana. The Calcasieu Estuary
                       Environmental Task Force was established by Executive Order No. ER 89-35, which was signed






















                                                                       cam


                                                              LIMM

                                                                           0
                                                                           0    0
                                                                           0  0  0            'Op-
                                                                           0    00
                                                                             0 00
                                                                             0 0


                                                  AU-
                                                                             000    0
                                                                             0000
                                                                               0000
                         cam
                                                                               00000000
                                                                                 OU
                                                                                   0 00
                                                                   %                CO
                                                                              V-     0


                                                                                        0
                                                                                         0 U
                                                                                         000
                                                             MOTiMMOM/            V)       00
                                                                                   -0.     000
                                                                                  %        00
                                                                                           0
                                                                                           04C4'
                                                                                             () 0
                                                 1 rw,^                                      0 0    000
                                                                                                      000
                                                                                           n             00
                                                                                                     900('00
                                                                                           00000000y,
                                                                                           000000000  0
             SpecialArea Managernen Plan                                                     000000ons
                                                                                                        UO
                                                                                                   0,C)OOO 00
         rl-7/1                                                                                             0 0
             Coastal kicnagemerit DIvIsion                                              0  f&iWOM-140         0
                                          Calcasleau Estu..                              0C           -        0
             Departmnt of Natural Resources Environmental Task Force                   OU066660OU 666000     0 0
                                                                                          0000czjj@jooooo      0
                                                                                            00     UU 00 0     0
         P000 Nartional Estuary Program                                                        66    0      0   0
                                                                                      0         0 00
              Lake Pontchartrain Basin                                                0    00     0
                                                                                                  000
                                                                                                    000          0
                                                                                                  00              0
              Foundation Program                                                                              .Op

             0  10 20 3D 40                                                                  V
                           I miles                                                                             (lo  flann Offs

         Figure 8. Nine hydrologic basins in coastal Louisiana as they      are frequently used in environmental    M.
                    (Source: Boesch et al. 1989).                                                                     anpgen








                                                                                                                      43

                        by Governor Roemer on November 3, 1989. The Task Force is an advisory panel on pollution in
                        the Calcasieu River estuary. The responsibilities of the Task Force are (Section 2) to:

                                A.   Act as a liaison between the general public and state agencies regarding the
                                     pollution of the Calcasieu River estuary system by holding public hearings
                                     and receiving public input regarding public concerns, sources of pollution,
                                     and possible solutions.

                                B.   Meet and work with the state agencies regarding the scope and effect of their
                                     actions, the concerns and ideas of the citizens; and generally advise such
                                     agencies concerning the environmental integrity of the system.

                                C.   Monitor the actions of the state agencies and advise the general public with
                                     regard to those actions.

                        Seventeen members representing local governments and special interest groups compose the Task
                        Force. An advisory group is composed of one member of the southwest Louisiana Legislative
                        Delegation; one representative from each of the Departments of Environmental Quality, Health and
                        Hospitals, Wildlife and Fisheries, and Justice; and Region VI, the Environmental Protection
                        Agency. Annual reports are submitted to the Governor. Interestingly, neither the Governor's
                        Office nor the Department of Natural Resources is represented in the advisory group.

                        Finally, the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation is about to begin a coordination and planning
                        effort for Lake Pontchartrain and the surrounding uplands. By Act 716 the 1989 Louisiana
                        Legislature authorized the Greater New Orleans Expressway Commission (the Commission) to
                        undertake activities for the restoration and preservation of the environmental and ecological balance
                        of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin. In response to this act the Commission prepared for the
                        establishment of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation (the Foundation) located in Jefferson
                        Parish. The Foundation, a nonprofit corporation that became active in September 1989, is
                        governed by a 13-member Board of Directors composed of representatives from the Departments
                        of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Fisheries, Environmental Quality, and Health and Hospitals;
                        and representatives from Orleans, Jefferson, St. Charles, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, and St. John
                        Parishes. Each member who serves a three-year term has some technical, ecological, or
                        environmental expertise related to the Lake Pontchartrain Basin.

                        The purpose of the Foundation's project is to bring the decision-makers (federal, state, and local
                        governments) and special interest groups within the basin together to develop a comprehensive
                        basinwide resource conservation and enhancement plan. The suggested strategy will establish a
                        philosophy for a conservation and rehabilitation program for the waters, adjacent uplands, and
                        wetlands. Realistic long-term goals for the next 20 years will guide the development and
                        implementation of a short-term strategy for the next five years. Setting a 5-year strategy allows for
                        periodic evaluation of program accomplishments and provides the opportunity for adjusting the
                        goals and directions of the program as needed so the effort is completed in a timely fashion. Initial
                        public meetings were held in October 1991. Decision-makers will have their first meeting in
                        January 1992. The final plans should be completed by the fall of 1992.

                                  CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON SPECIAL
                                                       MANAGEMENT AREA PLANNING

                        The State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978, as amended, has as its declared
                        policies:

                                (1)    To protect, ... the resources of the state's coastal zone.









                                                                                                                     44

                              (3)    To support and encourage. multiple use ofcoastal resources consistent with
                                     the maintenaryce and enhancement of- renewable- resource -management -and
                                     productivity,

                              (4)    To employ procedures -and. practices that resolve conflicts among competing
                                     uses within the.coastal zone ...

                      'Section,213.10 of Act 361 of 1978, as amended, provides for the creation of special area
                      :management. The LOOP and,Marsh Island areexisting,special management areas; the Maurepas -
                      ,Pontchartrain Basin is still. beingconsidered for SAMO;,and, as.stated previously, continued action
                      on the Barataria Basin SAMPhas been terminated in favor -of the'NEP.

                                           EffECT-WENESS OVEXISTING PROGRAMS

                      Planning is a process.that begins with. determining thebasic goals for thecommunity; second,
                      @@presenting an analysis.6f,the-.physical,,cultura'l, and institutional characteristics of thecommunity
                      .and the trends related to each element;..,third, @presenting -policies indicating how and in what
                      -direction the community. could develop- and-at -what pace; fourth, proposing effective methods    , for
                      -implementing the plan;. and-finally,:m. onitonng-th-e-plans and making-suggestions for improving the
                      plan --as.necessary. Numerousarticles review the authority ofLouisiana and local governments to
                      control land use in Louisiana (Conner 1977; Forman .1-980; Hershman and Mistric 1975-76;
                      Hershman and Fontenot 1-976; Livaudais,19.82; Marcel,and Bockroth 1980; and Midboe et al.
                      .1-97.6) and,discuss.,and.descnbe.environmentaI regulations-that apply to the coastal zone (Emmer
                      '1984; Houck 1983). The CMD -evaluated the status of @the local-state coordination process for
                      -.managing coastal development (Emmer and Thayer 1989). Planning is-possible in Louisiana and
                      ds required when planning commissions exist. Enuner-et,al. (1990), after evaluatingthe planning
                      process incoastal Louisiana, concluded.that planning is-reactionary rather than anticipatory. When
                      mandated by -federal and -state governments, some form of planning follows, such as with the
                      NFIR However, planning is not a @hi h priorit i                local decision-makers; morepressing
                                                            9         y item among
                      day--to-day, issues, ..such -as schools, -roads, and landfills, demand their attention.. The general
                      -public believes planning tells them what to do with their. land. Local planning is not universally
                      .accepted by the general public. Regional planning, suchus a,SAMPjs even less likely tobe
                      effective in its existing format.

                      TheLOOP and Marsh Island SpecialManagement Areas appear to be -functioning as designed.
                      The Maurepas-Pontchartrain Basin,SAMP.,procedure never seemed to attract widespread support
                      among the parishes,and.speci@al,interests in the basin. Unfortunate   4 timin-g also.contributed to the
                      demise,of the effort. During the,-organizational phase a,,dispute over the impact of-shell dredging in
                      'the lakes. developed. The protraction of that issue, the,concern of some interests about excessive
                      regulation, personal.animosities with roots in past contacts, and -an underlying distrust of the
                      process and each other by many of -the task force Tepre'sentatives contributed to less than
                      satisfactory results. Processing of the Maurepas-Pontchartrain Basin SAMP is ongoing, and the
                      CMD has made no decision whether to designate the basin as a SAMP. The Barataria SAMP effort
                      ,learned from the Maurepas-Pontchartrain SAMP. A facilitator was retained; the meetings were
                      :structuredand conducted in a formal manner; personal clashes were eliminated or contained to an
                      .acceptable professional level; and -accountability was stressed and achieved. More was happening
                      --in-the basin that would.affect the Barataria.SAMP process.and the processwas terminated in favor
                      .of ihe NEP.

                      At this time it appears that SAMP when applied to a.large watershed such as the Maurepas-
                      Pontchartrain Basin does not -work. However, when the SAMP procedure.is used to address
                      specific issues and a particulararea, its,,chances.for successare enhanced. Thefutureof.SAMP
                      :seems to be in the narrower-realm of individual-pr9jects.









                                                                                                               45




                                      POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's SPECIAL AREA
                                             MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROGRAM

                     Some possible methods to address the Special Area Management issue are as follows:

                             Actively support the planning effort by the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation and
                             incorporate it into the LCRP when complete; and

                             Seek specific projects that could be designated as SAMPs, for example, the shorelines
                             of navigation channels for the management of dredged material, and incorporate them
                             into the LCRP.








                                                                                                                      4:6

                     Section 309(a)(7) -- OCEAN RESOURCES

                                                              INTRODUCTION

                     'This section describes the non-fuel mineral resources and the hydrocarbon resources within the
                     nearshore water and on the Federal OCS. Base&on available information, areas of important
                     -concentrations include sand, shell,sulphur, salt, and hydrocarbons. The following characterizes
                     .the mineral resource activities that exist, in addition to any potential reserves thatmay be present in
                     aqj,ace,nt areas. Most of the information isprovided by industry (oil & gas) and much remains
                     classified; however, sufficient data allows for a basic understanding of the resources within the
                     region,. Second, this section reviews the effectivenessof existing programs over the resources,
                     and finally presents activities @CMD.could undertake.

                                                           OCEAN RESOURCES

                     Sand t(recurved spit and,spit platform deposits, distributary and,tidal channels, ebb and flood tidal
                     deltas, beach ridges,and inner sbeitfshoals) is the most abundant aggregate mineral resource
                     w
                       ithm the studyarea (Johnet al. 1989).. Deposits near the Mississippi River are approximately
                       i
                     13 mi wide, whilethose off the western Louisiana coast are more than 113 miacross. Areas
                     considered aspotentiaLsand resources include: Ship Shoal, Trinity'shoal, Cat Island Pass and
                     .associated tidal deltas, andthe tide channels of Barataria Pass/Grand Terre area (Figure 9).

                     These areas could serveas long-term sand resources for beach restoration programs, depending on
                     both,transportation and dredgingcosts. Presently, boththe Ship (up to 3,937,007,874 ft3 of fine
                     .sand), and Trinity Shoals @(over 6,561,679,790 ft3 of fine sand) are considered the largest and
                     m ost feasible sand resources available within the Louisiana Coastal Zone. Trinity Shoal, the
                     westernmost member of theHolocene groupof inner shelf shoals, parallels Marsh Island and is 25
                     mi offshore. Deposits are 19 rrdlon@g and 3 to 6mi across in 23 to.33 ft of water. Even though the
                     Trinity Shoal is a potential sand resource, some of the channels maybe covered by more than 65 ft
                     of overburden. The deposits, therefore,are considered anunlikely.sand source for extraction
                     (Johnet,al. 1989). On the other hand, the Ship Shoal has the highest potential for extraction
                     because no overburden needs removal. Ship Shoal, the largest and easternmost member of the
                     Holocene group of inner shelf shoals, is about 31 mi long and 3 to 8 mi wide. Water depths range
                     from 23 to 29.5 ft on the -eastern side to 6.5 to 23 ft on the western perimeter. The sands are 13 mi
                     south -of and parallel to Isles Dernieres. [email protected] Island Pass and associated tidal deltas
                     .(6,561,679,'790 ft3 of sand) are located within Terrebonne Bay between the Isles Dernieres and
                     Timbalier Island. The area is 13 mi longand 8 mi wide.. The Barataria Pass/Grand Terre Tidal
                     Channels (over 1,148,293.,963 W of sand) are south of Grand Isleand Grand Terre. Deposits
                     begin along the eastern endofGrand Isle and parallel the -shoreline to the western end of Grand
                     Terre. Deposits are up to 6 mi longand just over 2 mi wide (John.etal. 1989).

                     Historically, clam and oyster shells constituted a valuable mineral resource. Shellsserved as
                     aggregate in constructionand as a source of calcium carbonate in lime manufacture, acid
                     neutralization, water purification, petrochemical production, fi Ite r media,pharmaceutical needs,
                     poultryfeed, and as cultchmaterial -for oyster production. However,resulting adverse ecological
                     effects associated with the dredging operation.forced industry closure (USACE 1987a; 19-87b).
                     Even thou,gh operations ceased., the shell industry basidentified reserves in the East Cote
                     Blanche/Atchafalaya/Four League Bay estuarine system covering about 40 mi within the
                     Mississippi Deltaic Plain Region. These concentrations of @shell reserves appear as scattered
                     pockets generally paralleling the shoreline. To the east Lake Pontchartrain could be reopened for
                     -shell dred.gin,g operationsif the pending lawsuit wouldbe lifted (USACE 1987a; 1987b).




















                                                                                Pcm






                                                                                               Lw                              ff@


                                                                                                                 Sholl Operstiqns
                                                                                                   WON IOU"         (reserves)*

                                                                                             N... ...
                        tAKE CHAKS         L
                                                                  !IAFAYME
                                                                                                                wf

                                                                                                            ff-m
                                                                              %/
                                                                                                                                     NEW 0  4

                                                                Shelf Operations
                                                                                                                                    3%
                                                                   (reserves)                                A

                                                                                        "Ioltm Crry

                                                                                                           HOUMA



                                                                                                                           I Barataria Pass
                                                                                                                                 (Send) ..*0
                                                                                                                                          0
                  0  10    2D  30   40                             Trinity Shoal                                                       b
                                I     Mks                              (Sand)                                       I.,    We      aftiads
                                                                                                                     :-*#-*.- - Sulphur Mine
                                                                                                      Ship Shoal  @;t I;land Pass
                                                                                                       (Sand)         (Sand)


              Figure 9       Mineral resources off the Louisiana        coast (Sources: John et       al. 1989; USACE 1987a and           19
                             1990; 1991).









                                                                                                                        48


                       Sulphur or brimstone,,, is a highly versatile etc rnen4. Its applications:are: so, widespread that they
                       contribute and are utilized in such products as fertilizer, paper-making, pigments, petroleum.
                       refining, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, fibers:, and the list goes on. In the United States,. about I I
                       million, tons are consumed annually!,, about 1,00 pounds per person. The Frasch process,. the use of
                       super-heated water to liquify the: sulffir for extraction (Carpenter et al. 19.88), is the method by,
                       which sulphur is minedi within thest areas., Nearly, 90%, i& converted to. sulfuric acid, the
                       remaining is, used in, ele,@menta4 form. or in. various, chemical compounds (Freeport McMoRan
                       199ft), During 19,85,, Lou:isi-ana. and:, Texas, accounted for 43% of all sulphur, production
                       (Carpenteret al.. 1988).,

                       Freeport. Sulphur Conipany currently has, two. active, sulphur, mines. The Grand Isle and Caminada
                       sulphur mines are near Grand, Isle. The Grand Isle. mine has, been in operation since 1960 and has
                       produced more than 25,000,,000 long, ton.s. The Canii,nada mine began in 1968; however,
                       operations ceased in. 1969; due to economic conditions. Mining operations were reactivated in 1988
                       and@, operations, continue. (Freeport McMoRait 19,90N.. In 1,942 when operations begin, the Main
                       Pass, Mine. in 210- ft, of wawr cast of the, Mississi Ippi River will produce, more sulphur than the
                       Garden., Island Bay and Grand Isle, -Mines, combined. Basically,. it is the largest existing Frasch
                       sulphur reserve in North. America and one: of the; largest oil and natural gas discoveries in the Gulf
                       of Mexico..,. (Freeport McMIoRan, l9,90,.c,);.. Fretport.S,ulphur- Conipany and, its joint venturers have
                       six other sulphur. leases in the Gulf which will be. explored (Freeport McMoRan 1990a). The other
                       active, participant in offshore sulphur development is the, Pennzoil Sulphur' Company', which is
                       explo ding three.. active, leases..

                       The, economic impact on Louisiana from, the Main Pass Sulphur Mine, as pertains to the life of the
                       mine will be more than $34 billion. During. the A-year span, an estimated tax revenue of over
                       $8,00, million will provided to. the state,, as another $1.3 billion will be given to the federal
                       government. Total, employment for construction will be 21,274 workers. The, payroll generated
                       over the, life of the. mine- willbe@ i-nore. than $1.5 billion. Construction alone will account for more
                       than. 5 million man hours, which is stated, by Freeport to have the equivalent of 1,330 people
                       working two years (Freeport McMoR,an 19r9Oc-). As of now, three Louisiana. engineering
                       companies are the principal contractors (Freeport McMoRan 1991)@.

                       There are two active salt operations offshore.- Freeport McMoRan owns both mines--the Grand
                       Isle and Caminada Sulphur Mines. However, the salt extracted, is not utilized and. distributed for
                       sale, but rather used internally in the F@asch. process for extracting sulphur..

                       Finally, heavy mineral, placers of cominerciall value, inay have potential in the@ western. Louisiana.
                       inner continental shelf n well as in the eastern, Louisiana shelf near the Chandeleur Islands. More
                       information is needed to, evaluate correctly the opportunitie& that may exist off the Louisiana coast.

                       There is estimated 1.78 billion barrels. of oil and 28.57 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in proven
                       hydrocarbon reserves in the outer continental slielf (OCS) off Louisiana. Reserve estimates change
                       from year to year beeause of new discoveries, revised estimates of producing fields, new
                       forecasting techniques, computer models,, and, production. Since 1953, there has been 7.5 billion.
                       barrels of oil produced in the Louisiana OCS', with a market value of $91.8 billion and a royalty
                       value-, to the U. S.. Government, of $44.9 billion., For the same period of time, OCS gas
                       production was 72.8 trillion. Mcf's (e.g., thousand Cubic feet) with a market value of $89.5 billion
                       and a royalty value of $14.5 billion. OCS. oil. production peaked in 1984 and OCS gas production
                       peaked in 19,83. There is. a trend toward exploration and development in deeper waters. Figure 10
                       shows oil and gas fields, in, the coastal. zone as, well as the OCS.













                    TEXAS
                                    LOUISIANA
                                                                                     MISSISSIPPI
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                 mo
                                                             BATON ROU 3
                                                                      -C
                               *LAKE CHARLES               -7>
                                                 LAFAYETTE
           LOUISIANA
           COASTAL     -
                                                                      NEW ORLEANS      P
             ZONE      7                                                                          F
                                                                                       S
                                                                                       S
                                                           MORGAN CITY
                                                                                      WATE
                              4                                    HOUM
                                                                        A




                                                                                            db




                                                  A   jr4VIV tl-., 99
                                                     40







                                                                                            1981
                                                                                            Key
                                                                                G 0
             0      50                                                   m E X         Oil and Gas Prod
                KM                 G U L F               0 F
             0          50
                  ml
                                                                       E













            Figure 10. Louisiana Coastal and offshore oil and gas fields (Source: Lindstedt et al. 1991)









                                                                                                                      50


                      CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON OCEAN RESOURCES

                     At the Federal level,the is the primary federal representative over seeing activities in federal
                     waters off the Louisiana coastal zone.

                     The State and Local Coast Resources Management Act of 1978, as amended, has as its declared
                     policies:      

                             (1)     To protect,....the resources of the state's,coastal zone.

                             (5)     To develop and implement a coastal resources managment program which
                                     is based on consideration of our resources, the environment, the needs of                                  
						 the people of the state,...
                                     
                                     The CMD does not have direct control over activities in federal waters. However, it can address 
         					 environmental convern through the consistency review process and where activities related to
						 programs in federal waters come onshore, such as where they cross barrier islands or beaches.  In
						 addition, the CMD can imflence the location and installation of transportation networks where they
						 cross the coastal zone as well as the placement and operations of onshore support facilities.  The
						 CMD undertakes its responsibilities through the implementation of the following Coastal Use
						 Guidelines:1.6;l; m; q; and r; 1.7 e; and s; 3.4; 3.5; 3.7; 3.8; 3.12; 3.15; 5.5; 6.5; 6.7; and
						 6.13(Appendix).

                     Other state agencies involved with offshore minerals include the Office of Mineral Resource  of the
			   Department of Natural Resources which leases hydrocarbons in state waters, the Louisiana
			   Geological Survey (LGS), which evaluates potential areas for gravel, shell; and other mineral 
			   deposits, and the LDWF with responsibilities for shell dredging.
                    
								EFFECTIVENESS 0F EXISTING PROGRAMS

                     The existing MMS program does not adequaqtely consider the onshore impacts of OCS mineral
                     extraction on coastal Louisiana. The MMS should be more responsive to local needsand desires.

                     The CMD program addresses impacts in offshore waters,through the federal consistency review
                     process.

                            	POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's OCEAN RESOURCES PROGRAM

                     Other than those measures already listed in,the energy portion of Section 309(a(8), CMD could
                     develop a plan for the use of existing onshore infrastructure platform fabrication yards,supply
                     bases, heliports, pipe storage yards, pipeline corridors, and industries to support ocean-resource
                     activities.









                                                                                                                        51



                        SECTION 309(a)(8) ENERGY AND GOVERNMENT FACILITY SITING AND
                        ACTIVITIES

                                                                INTRODUCTION

                        The Louisiana coastal zone and the OCS are two of the most productive hydrocarbon areas in the
                        world. As a result of intensive activity beginning earlier in this century, the industry has had a
                        significant economic, physical, and cultural impact on the state. Debate continues on the exact
                        extent of negative environmental impacts that can be traced to the exploitation of hydrocarbons.
                        Everyone does, however, acknowledge that canals, spoil banks, and pipelines do impact coastal
                        areas and that associated support bases, commercial enterprises, and residential developments do
                        also. In addition to oil- and gas-related activities, government contributes also to the modification
                        of coastal systems.     Presently, the LCRP addresses energy and government-facility siting
                        activities as two separate issues. Thus, they are treated separately in this section. Each issue is
                        described, then existing programs that address the issue are discussed, the effectiveness of the
                        programs is evaluated, and finally, CI@M's proposed changes to the state's program are presented.

                                                                     ENERGY

                        The development of the oil and natural gas resources occurring in the Louisiana Coastal Zone plays
                        a critical role in the economic viability of both coastal communities and the state as a whole.
                        Louisiana is one of the top three states in terms of energy exploration and production. The
                        exploration for and production of these resources has required the siting of an extensive array of
                        energy-related facilities in the coastal zone. Such facilities include drilling and production
                        platforms, an offshore oil port, Strategic Petroleum Reserve facilities, onshore facilities, assembly
                        yards, storage depots, crew bases, tank farins, refining complexes, gasification facilities, and a
                        vast network of pipelines.

                        A CMD study determined that approximately 68% of all CUP applications received during a typical
                        year are related to the oil and gas industry. Oil- and gas-related permits account for approximately
                        92% of all industrial CUP applications. Oil- and gas-related activities, including those in the OCS,
                        account for about 60% of the consistency determinations made by the CMD. Since the inception of
                        the program, the CMD has reviewed 5,307 applications involving drilling rigs. Of these, 2,398
                        required the dredging of a canal and/or slip, and 786 required the construction of a boardroad
                        and/or drilling pad. Installation of pipelines was a component activity of 3,859 permit
                        applications. Production and heater platforms were proposed in 1,227 applications. These
                        numbers should be considered to be conservative estimates of the total number of energy facilities
                        authorized, as many of the applications were for more than one well site, multiple flowlines, etc.

                                 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON ENERGY

                        Energy activities are specifically addressed in the Coastal Use Guidelines, which were established
                        pursuant to the SLCRMA of 1978, in the "Guidelines for Oil, Gas and Other Mineral Activities"
                        (Guidelines 10.1-10.13). These guidelines generally call for allowing energy extraction,
                        production, transmission, and refining activities provided that appropriate steps are taken to reduce
                        environmental impacts and conflicts with other uses. Other guidelines (for example, the generally
                        applicable guidelines (Guidelines 1. 1 - 1. 10), the linear facility guidelines (Guidelines 3.1 - 3.16),
                        and the dredged spoil guidelines (Guidelines 4.1 - 4.6) are applied to individual energy activities as
                        applicable. The SLCRMA (Sec. 214.31) intended that certain aspects of energy extraction,
                        production, and transmission in the Coastal Zone would not require CUPs, but instead would be
                        regulated by the Office of Conservation, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, through the
                        "in-lieu" permit process. The CMD reviews and makes consistency determinations for oil and gas








																					52


                       activities,on "Federally excluded lands." These activities are considered as Federal Licence and
                       Permit (FLP) activities (Subpart D of 15 CRR'930.50-,66). These areas are primarily in wildlife
                       refuges operated by the USFWS.

                       The determination of whether, the construction,of an energy facility is consistent with the Coastal
                       Use Guidelines,and thus,permissible, follows a systematic process. TheCMD staff evaluates and
                       balances the probable benefits of the proposed facility and its associated activities against potential
                       adverse impacts,on the, environment and the socioeconomic characteristics of the surrounding area.
                       Consideration of feasible alternative sites and techniques is a major component of the permitting
                       process with a general philosophy of "avoid impacts where possible,minimize impacts as much
                       as practicable and mitigate for unavoidable impacts." Since mid-1982, the CMD, has employed the
                       "Geologic Review Process" to reduce environmental impacts associated with the siting of new oil
                       and gas wells. This process normally consists of a meeting with representatives from the company
                       proposing the activity, the CMD, various state and federal agencies, and the CMD contract
                       personnel (a geologist and a  petroleum engineer from the Louisiana Geological Survey) who
                       independently assess the geologic, engineering, legal, and economic factos relating to the 
                       proposed site and any available alternative locations. Generally, a Geologic Review meeting is
                       only held when the proposed activity will impact vegetated wetlands.  A CMD study found that
                       approximately 13% of the permit applications for drilling oil and/or gas wells undergo the Geologic
                       Review Process.
                         
                       The CMD has developed four General Permits to expedite teh permitting of energy-related 
			     activities.  These allow for the installation of pipelines in spoil banks and road berms, the
			     construction of minimum-sized parallel slips off of existing oil and gas acess canals, the
			     construction of minimum-sized ring levees adjacent to existing board roads, and the removal of
			     existing pipelines.  The General Permits authorizing parallel slips and ring levees require that
			     Geologic Review meetings be held prior to project authorization if the proposal will impact
			     vegetated wetlands.  The CMD also has determined that under certain known conditions several
			     energy-related activities have "No Direct and Significant Impact" to coastal waters.  These activities
			     and conditions are summarized in the Appendix.
                       
			     Consistency determinations are reviewed for oil and gas activities on "Federally exclueded lands."
			     These activities are considered as FLP activities (Subpart D of 15 CFR 930.50-.66). These areas
			     are primerily in wildlife refuges operated by the SUFWS. For FLP consistency review on 
			     federally excluded lands, the Division participateds in geologic review meetings for these projects,
			     which are called at the NODCE's discretion and review is coordinated with the refuge manager to
			     insure that his concerns are satisified by the applicant. The CMD's concerns focus primarily on
			     impacts to Louisiana waters, however, CMD does review OCS Plans of Development and
			     Exploration, Mineral Lease Sales, and pipelin siting.

                                            EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS

                       A indicated in Section 309(a)(1), CMD has seen a reduction in the amount of wetland area
                       disturbed by permitted activities from 1983 to 1990 (Figure 3). Much of this reduction is related to
                       the Geologic Review Procedure,which has resulted in a reduction in the size of the average oil and
                       gas canal from more than five acres in 1982 to about two and a half acres in 1988 (Johnston et al.
                       1989). Further, in order to facilitate energy activities that cause little or no environmental impact,
                       the CMD has developed four general permits for energy activities. Also the In-Lieu Permitting
                       procedure that CMD has developed with the Office of Conservation provides for expeditious
                       interagency processing of oil and gas drilling activities.

                       With respect to energy activities in federal waters, the State basrecently initiated a more aggressive
                       program to insure the protection of coastal resources. The recent law suit concerning Lease Sale
                       135 and the multi-agency effort to assess MMS's proposed 5-Year Leasing Plan are examples of








                                                                                                                         53

                       the increased interest in the OCS energy related activities. However, it is the position of CMD that
                       the existing MMS Program does not adequately address the adverse onshore impacts of OCS
                       energy related activities. CMD has requested that MMS give additional consideration to the
                       adverse socioeconomic, physical and ecological impacts that result from the boom-bust cycles of
                       OCS energy related activities. Also, MMS should recognize the potential adverse impacts caused
                       by the installation of pipelines in the OCS.

                                      POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's ENERGY PROGRAM

                       The CMD's existing policies and programs related to this issue are adequate. Consequently,
                       CMD recommends that it continue to address, through studies, the specific impacts resulting
                       from energy-related activities, to find new and innovative ways to avoid and reduce such
                       impacts, to find suitable mitigation measures to offset unavoidable losses, to develop additional
                       general permits, and to evaluate the success of both impact minimization and mitigation
                       techniques.

                                                      GOVERNMENTAL FACILITIES

                       State and local governmental facilities over which the CMD exercises some type of oversight
                       include such things as highways and roadways, governmental buildings, flood protection levees,
                       sewerage treatment facilities, some landfills, airports, port facilities, state parks and state wildlife
                       management areas.

                            CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING PROGRAMS ON GOVERNMENT
                                                                    FACILITIES

                       The SLCRMA, in See. 214.32 B, deals with the issue of governmental activities:

                               Any governmental body undertaking, conducting, or supporting
                               activities directly affecting the coastal zone shall ensure that such activities shall be
                               consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the state program and any
                               affected approved local program having geographical jurisdiction over the action.

                       The CMD reviews the construction of new and the expansion of existing Federal installations,
                       pursuant to the CZMA and as Direct Federal Action consistency determinations (Subpart C of 15
                       CFR 930.30-.44). Of the 74 Direct Federal Actions (DFAs) reviewed from April 1990 through
                       March 1991, nearly all were related to federal installations of one form or another. Federal
                       facilities of significance are the possessions of the U.S. Coast Guard, National Aeronautics and
                       Space Administration (NASA), U.S. Navy, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Park Service,
                       USFWS, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Although some acreage is for installations and
                       their potential expansion (e.g. U. S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, NASA), most acreage is for
                       habitat/wildlife preservation and recreation. In addition, substantial acreages have been obtained
                       for easements associated with U.S. Corps of Engineers flood control, hurricane protection, and
                       freshwater diversion projects.

                       Proposed construction activities associated with state and local governmental facilities are treated as
                       standard CUP applications and are reviewed pursuant to the permitting requirements of the
                       SLCRMA and the applicable Coastal Use Guidelines (Appendix). Some of these guidelines are
                       applicable to all uses (Guidelines 1.1 - 1.10), guidelines for levees (Guidelines 2.1 - 2.6),
                       guidelines for linear facilities (Guidelines 3.1 - 3.16), guidelines for dredged spoil disposal
                       (Guidelines 4.1 - 4.6), guidelines for surface alterations (Guidelines 6.1 - 6.14), and the
                       guidelines for waste disposal (Guidelines 8.1 - 8.9). These projects are reviewed in a manner
                       similar to the CUPs review process, in which the impacts of the proposed activity are examined in
                       relation to the Coastal Use Guidelines. Virtually all guidelines are applicable with the possible








                                                                                                                   54

                      exception of Guideline 6.11 (surface mining and shell dredging). The term "Maximum Extent
                      Practicable" (MEP) qualifier is applied to federal projects [ 15 CRF 930.39(c)] of the National
                      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) consistency regulations.

                      Close coordination exists among CMD, the sponsoring agency, and state and federal resource
                      agencies. Any dredge and fill activity associated with a facility siting must obtain a Section 401
                      "Water Quality Certification" from the Water Resources Division of DEQ. This program is under-
                      staffed and overloaded, and existing 401 certification regulations are weak. The DEQ is in the
                      process of developing regulations that should give the program firm direction. The State's Scenic
                      Streams Program, administered by the LDWF, designates waterways as waters of special
                      significance. This designation is recognized under the Clean Water Act. Under the 404 permitting
                      process various state agencies such as Wildlife and Fisheries; Environmental Quality; Human
                      Resources; Transportation and Development; and Culture, Recreation and Tourism have the
                      opportunity to comment in response to public notices. These comments are often coordinated with
                      CMD's consistency determination. The CMD has MOU's with most other State agencies.


                                           EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING PROGRAMS
                      The review of civil works projects, particularly water resources development projects, are among
                      the greatest challenges for the CMD. These projects, inclusive of maintenance, often are
                      multimillion-dollar projects, involving dredging and deposition of millions of cubic yards of
                      material, and impacting hundreds to thousands of acres of coastal habitats (Water Resources
                      Development in Louisiana 1989). Consistent with other Division regulatory policy, the Division
                      seeks a sequence of avoidance and minimization of adverse impacts resulting from these projects.
                      Strong emphasis is placed on developing beneficial use and resource enhancement components for
                      these projects. Beneficial use aspects are often more feasible, given the typically broad scope of
                      these projects. Although the CMD has made considerable advancement in this -area, additional
                      programmatic development is called for. Participation in planning at a stage in which the nature of
                      the design of the project can still be influenced is the key to managing these Direct Federal Action
                      projects. To this end, the CMD is pursuing early involvement in the reconnaissance phase of
                      planning; participation in advanced review of navigation maintenance projects, particularly Long
                      Term Management Strategy (LTMS) for dredged material; and participation in steering/advisory
                      committees for comprehensive basin management and estuary management plans. Unfortunately,
                      at present, the CMD's involvement in many projects is limited to review of consistency
                      determinations just prior to the time of implementation by the federal agency rather than earlier in
                      the planning process.

                              POTENTIAL CHANGES TO CMD's GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAM

                      Some possible methods to address the Government Siting of Facilities issue are as follows-

                             Increase involvement in federal navigation projects during the review
                             and consistency determination, with emphasis on the use of Long Term Management
                             Strategies for the creation of wetlands and bank stabilization with dredged material;

                             Update agreements with other State agencies to assure a more unified response to
                             proposed facility siting;

                             Formally develop a state interagency review committee; and

                             Include Federal facility siting in the development of SAMPs and watershed/estuary
                             plans.








                                                                                                             55



                                                            REFERENCES

                      Adams, R. D., B. B. Barrett, J. H Blackmon, B. W. Gane, and W. G. McIntire 1976 Barataria
                             Basin: Geologic Processes and Framework. Sea Grant Publication No. LSU-T-76-006.
                             Baton Rouge, LSU, Center for Wetland Resources. 117 pp.

                      Algermissen, S. T. 1969 Seismic Risk Studies in the United States. In: World Conference of
                             Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chili. January 13-18.

                      Algermissen, S. T., and D. M. Perkins 1976 A Probabilistic Estimate of Maximum Acceleration
                             in Rock in the Contiguous United States.

                      Baumann, R. H. 1980 Mechanisms of Maintaining Marsh Elevation in a Subsiding Environment.
                             M. S. Thesis, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA.

                      Berry, W. L., and G. J. Voisin 1989 One Company's Experiences with Wetlands Conservation.
                             In: W. G. Duffy and D. R. Clark (eds.). Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects
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                                                                                                               57

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																	62
	
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                                                      64












                             APPENDIX





                                                                                                                                                                                                              @V





                                 Table A-1. Aerial extent of habitat types on the Chenier Plain, delta plain, and.coastal
                                                                  zone of Louisiana in 1956, in acres (percentages in parentheses).




                                                                                                                  Ch:ni&r                                                                                                                              Coa:tal Zon*
                                                                                                                  P1 in                                                                                                              Delta Fl.in       Tot t
                                                        -Sabine       c.1c.         Me-           v.-i 1          Total --   --htchof        Terre            Bar.tAr        "is.. R        Pont.           Brecon        Pearl      Total

                                 Inland w ter              34.664       70.271      129.703       310.156         544.795       183.100         442.220        304.681       11.4,174       1.358.196       397.9fiS      1.616      [email protected]         3.376.954
                                   (natur:1                   (13)        (24)         (19)          (41)            (27)              (58)            (37)        (3   1)       (38)            (65)          (56  )           (5)         (50)              (44)

                                 Uat*r                      1. 365       3.507        8.358         6.039           19.273        3.026                8.586     ZI.4Dl         5.967          13.411         5,324             54       57.769            77.042
                                     (artificial)             (I  )         (1)          (1 )         (1)               (1)            (1)             (I)              (2)       (2)                 (I)       (1)         ('  1)            (1)              (1)

                                 Fresh iaarsh              51,054       44,481      357,942        31,220         484.697        26.189         340.560        260.840       145.033           33.661       40.168        3.303          854.753       1,339.450
                                                              (20)        (15)         (54)           (4)            (24)              (8)             (28)        (27)          (39)                 (2)       (6)         (25)            (15)              (17)

                                 Non-fresh "rsh          150.1&6      130.940       127.279       242,498         650.863        40.018         336.122        273.212,         3.648         232.136       213J20        3.556      1.101,812         1.752.675
                                                              (58)        (45)         (19)          (32)            (33)              (13)            (28)        (28)           (1)            (11)          (30)         (11)            (19)              (21,

                                 Forest                     1.032           341       7.361        14.832           23.565        1.003          15.525          32.21-6        5,6ti         105.079       15.262        4.890          179.617         203.183
                                                              (<t)        (<I)           (1)          (2)               (1)            (@I)            (1)              (3)       (1)                 (5)       (2)         (15)              (3)              (3)

                                 Swamp                            0           0          203       40,013           40,217       49.732          46,840          13.131        13.658         195.005       14.090        $,668          361.123         401.340
                                                              (0)           (0)        (<I)           (5)               (2)            (16)            (4)              (3)       (4)                 (9)       (2)         (26)              (6)              (5)

                                 Shrub/scrub                  976           435          929       10.233           12,572             392             441        2,754         3.940           1.547           839             0        1l.'15            23.986
                                                                                                                                                       (<I)        (0)            (1)            (<I)          (<I)             (0)         (-1)

                                 Shrub/scrub                  840        1.864        3.710         2.023           8,437         2,629                4,862      ).002           596                 62        295             0        11.429            19.866
                                     (.P.it)                  (<I)          (1)          (1)         (<I)            (<I)              (1)             (<I)        (@I)          (<I)            (<l)          (<I)             (0)         (<I)              (<t)
                                 Agric/pascure             17.905-      35.099        26,992       97. 122        177.118         4,670                7.781     25.557        19.686          81,626       11,400        5,588          156.108         333.426
                                                              (7)         (12)           (4)         (13)               (9)            (1)             (1)              (3)       (5)                 (4)       (2)         (17)              (3)              (4)

                                 Developed                    816        2.809        3.036         5.392           12.053        1.382                1.36S     14.162        25.954          55.819         5.644             543      104.869         116.922
                                                              (@')    .     M          (<I)           (1)               (1)            (<I)            (<I)             (1)       (7)                 (3)       (1)             (2)           (2)              (7)
                                 Aquatic vegetation               0           0             2            to             12             0               312              0             0               0             0,          0             312              324
                                                              (0)           (0)        (<I)          (<I)            (<I)              (0)             (<I)             (0)       (0)                 (0)       (0)             (0)         (<I)              (<I)
                                 Un"getat*4                   712        3.86t        1.618         2.713           8.904         2.660                2.706      3.697         7.575           3.053         1.114             44       21.049            29.954
                                                              (<I)          (1)        (<L)          (-I)            (<I)              (1)             W)          (<I)           (2)            (<I)          (<I)         (<I)            (<I)              (<I)
                                 beach                        731           299       1.212           701           2,943              0               2.163      2.438           292           3,927           491             0           9.310          12,253
                                                                                                                                       (0)             (<I)        (,I)          (<I)            (<I)          (<I)             (0)         (<I)


                                 TOTAL AREA              260.244      293.908       66S.345       762.950       1.985,441       314.801       1.209.46)        976,823       376,336        2,Oa5.524       705.714       13.264     5.701,927         7,687.374

                                 Figures do not include 1.179.471 acres of offshore state waters within the coastal zone.







                                  Table A-2.                        Aereal extent of habitat types on the Chenier Plain, delta plain, and coastal
                                                                    zone of Louisiana in 1978, in acres (percentages in parentheses).





                                                                                                                           Monte.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    L:t.1 Z.-
                                                                                                                           p                                                                                                                                Delta Plain
                                                            S.bim          Cal..           Heraq,n       Verall            %:!"l                Atchaf    Terre             Ureter                Miss. R    Pont.                 Breton            P..rl  T-al
                                  Inland w:ter                58.249       121.328         161.282)1     323.604           665.002              179.259       544.210           348 @ 640         206.999    1,107.:74             427 596           1.008  2,816. 38;           3.461,388
                                    (natur 1                        (2 2)       (41)          ( 4                (42)           (33)            (57)             (45)               (17)          (55)              ( 1)           i6l )             ,11            (52                 (47)
                                     of                       9.427         9.369          13,458        11.642            43,897               5,232         20,956            36.477            3,520             14.658         15.138            198        101.179             145.0,75
                                       artificial)                  (4)         (3 )          (2  )              (2)            (2)             (2)              (2)                (4)           (2)               (1)            (2)               (1)            (2)                 (2)

                                  'r.sh marsh                 16.779        4.939          236.801       48.512            307,031              54.983        165.857           51.063            39.672            29,685         2.542             2.603      346,605             653.636
                                                                    (6)         (2)           (35)               (6)            (15)            (17)             (14)               (5)           (11)              (2)            M)                (8)            (6)                 (9)
                                  Intermediate                65.324        41.901         75.781        42.397            225.403                 0          66.680            76.421            25,025            15.902         8.701             9.254      200,983             1626.386
                                     marsh                          (25)        (14)          (11)               (6)            (11)            (0)              (6)                (8)           (7)               (1)            (1)               (25)           (4)                 (6)

                                  brackish marsh              70.939        60,990         99.096        146,9"            380,010                 0          14.0.172          107.472           5.052             128.056        146.129           591        529.471             909.481
                                                                    (27)        (21)          (15)               (19)           (19)            (0)              (12)               (12)          (1)               (7)            (21)              (2)            (10)                (12)

                                  Sell- marsh                 4.498         4.706          15.297         6.399            30.381                  0          152.402           156.927           2,147             62.494         50.194            0          424,164             455.044
                                                                    (2)         (2)           (2)                (1)            (2)             (0)              (13)               (17)          (1)               (3)            (7)               (0)            (8)                 (6)

                                  Forest                            813         794        6,614         17,651            25.962               2.089         16.799            28.483            7.444             101.263        12,399            5.248      1 11.715            199@577
                                                                    (0)         (<I)          (1)                (2)            (1)             (1)              (1)                (3)           (2)               (6)            (2)               (16)           (3)                 (3)

                                  Swamp                             0              0          169        37.032            37,201               53.387        34.237            23.698            12.000            171.637        1.751             8.515      305.275             342.425
                                                                    (0)         (0)           (<I)               (5)            (2)             (17)             (3)                (3)           (3)               (10)           (<I)              (26)           (6)                 (5)

                                  Shrub/ocrub                 1,935             916        3.527         10,193            16.471               2.012         12.176            5.703             2.330             8.277          1.4-54            73         32.026              48.497
                                                                    (1)

                                  Shrub/scrub                 3.200         7,017          11.030         4.453            25.701               5.138         19.244            17.454            5.836             3.475          17.124            0          68. 2?2             93.973
                                       (spoil)                      (1)         (2)           (2)                (1)            (1)             (2)              (2)                (2)           (2)               (<I)           (2)               .(0)           (1)
                                  Agric/pasture               14,370       32. "0          43.053        98.985            189.398              S. 506        10.940            29.767            12.942            46.758         6.229             1.662      113.804             303,202
                                                                    (6)         (11)          (6)                (13)                                                               (3)           (1)               (3)            (1)               (5)            (2)

                                  Developed                   1.%2          4.466          4.912         10.665            22.025               2.143         4.416             38.416            32.411            106.579        11.717            4.269      199.951             221.976
                                                                                                                                                                                                  (9)               (6)            (2)               (13)           (4)                 (3)

                                  Aquatic vegetation          3,575             420        1.696          2,217              7.905              2.520         18.810            8.236             3. 9"             3.881          366               17         37.674              45,580
                                                                    (1)         M)            (<I)               (<I)           (0)             (1)              (2)                (1)           (1)               (<I)           (0)               (0)            . (1)               (1)

                                  Unwager.ted                 9.465         3,849          6.206          1.511            20,012               2.463         1.167             3.603             11.741            1.773          2,292             27         23.066              43,078
                                                                    (3)         (1)           (1)                (<I)           (1)             (1)              (<I)               (<))          (3)               (<I)           (<I)              (<I)           (<l)                (1)
                                  Beach                             675         292           9%                 578         2.539              37            1.398             1.098             124               1.930          173               0          4.761                 7.299
                                                                    (<I)        (<I)                                            (<I)            M)                                  (o)           (<I)                                               (0)            M)                  (<I)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   705.807   T3.265         -377.282            7.376.619
                                                                                                                                                                                                           76       .243
                                  TOTAL ARM:               R0.211         T93,887          120.425       T". $1'       7999.336                 T14.770  7209.454          73 3. 158              776.2B6           04

                                  figures do not include 1.179.471 acres of offshore &Late water& within the coastal Lane








                                   table A-3. Aereal extent of habitat types on the Chenier Plain, delta plain, and coastal
                                                                  zone of Louisiana in 1984, in acres (percentages in parentheses).





                                                                                                                        Ch lot
                                                                                                                        pl: in                                                                                                   Delta plain      Coastal Zono
                                                        Sabin.       C.1c.        Her...        Verwil                  Total  AtCh&f     Terra           Water          His.. R        Pont.          Breton         Pearl      Total            Total

                                   Inlam water          58.470       110.015       171.594      324.932                 665.011  184.621.    569.111        455.402       214.973       1.474.709      418,983        5.276      3,323.075        3.986,089
                                                                (22)      (37)            (25)       (42)               (33)    (58)            (47)             (37)         (54)            (61)          (59)        (12)            (53)            (48)

                                   broken ..r.h         64,205        47,256        82.254      31.833                  225.550 9.302        166.077        160.975        14.135          36.836        39.164       1.149         427.640         653.190
                                                                (24)      (16)            (12)       (4)                (ti)        (3)         (14)             (13)           (4)            (2)          (6)             (3)          (7)             (8)

                                   Marsh                105,137       95,180       367.423      238,773                 506.711  35.951      381.582        287.020        69.766          223.263     206.796        17.416     1,221.797        2.023.509
                                                                (40)      (32)            (54)       (31)               (40)    (11)            (32)             (23)         (17)             (9)          (29)        (40)            (19)            (24)

                                   Forest                       788       710        4.898      14,744                  2t.139 1.390            14,040       48.792        14.576          240.107        13,042      SJ99          337.146         358,285
                                                                (<1)      (<I)            M          (2)                (1)     M)               (1)             (4)            (4)           (10)          (2)         (12)             (5)             (4)
                                   $-.-P                        0            0            48    33.004                  33,051  52.573          22.514      117,611          4.237         201.944        1.227       7.817         407.824         440,875
                                                                (0)       (0)             M)         (4)                        (17)             (2)             (10)           (1)
                                   Shrub/scrub                  1.559     1.915      4.968      t7.173                  25.615  10.418          28.341       18.656          2.961            0.728       6,380             134      75.517         101,132
                                                                (1)       (1)             (1)        (2)                (1)         (3)          (2)             (2)            (1)           (<I)          (1)         (<I)             (1)             (1)
                                   Agric/pasturv        16.327         25.713       34.641      102.397                 t79.077 6.621           12,250       92.379        30@M            77.909         6.409       1.169         226.928         406.005
                                                                (6)       (9)             (5)        (13)               (9)         (2)          (1)             (7)            (8)            (3)          (1)             (3)          (4)             (5)
                                   Dameloped                    252       1.092           657      3.257                5.25S  1.654            1,200        32.918        27,219          93.863         10.902      1.012         170.969         176.227
                                                                (<I)      (<I)            (<I)       (<I)               (<I)        (1)         (<I)             (3)            (7)            (4)          (2)             (7)          (3)             (2)
                                   Unvesetated                  1.491     2.050      2,356           "9                 6 3A6  5.652             699             487       21.913             6,644         619             66       36.102           42.448
                                                                                                                                                                                              (<t)

                                   Beach                        t32                       931        159                1.265       22           862             833            46            1.594         160             13          3.5)0           4.816
                                                                (<I)      (0)             (<I)       (<I)               (<I)    (<  1)          (<I)             (<I)         (< 1)           (<l)          (<I )       (<  1)          (<I)            (<I)
                                   Obscured by                  0            0            0             0               0           0           5,671        10,909               0           3,340         210             0        20.129           20.129
                                     Claude                     (0)       (0)             (0)        (0)                (0)         (0)         (<I)    1        (1)            (0)           (<I)
                                   Floating             15.208            5.708     10.399              1               14,315 1.198            2,107            349              0              37             0           0           3.690         38.005
                                       vegetation               (6)       (3)             (2)        (<0                (2)     (<I)            (<L)             M)
                                   mixed                        0         927             415        384                1.726  6.092            5.722          6,725         1,239         30.476         1,761       1.646          53.892           55.608
                                       vegetation               (0)       (<I)            M)         (<I)               M)          (2)         (<I)             (1)
                                   Unclassified                 0            0            4          140                145         69              0            862              0               0             0           0            930            1.074
                                                                (0)       (0)             (0)        (<I)               <L)     (<t)             (0)             (0)            (0)            (0)          (0)             (0)

                                   TOTAL ARIA:          263.569       293,830      650.597      767.247       2,005,232      315.765      1.210,176       1.233.916       401.157       2.399.352      705.676        43.120     6.309.162        8.314.394

                                   Figures do     not include 1.179.411 acres of offshore state motor* within Cho coascal Zone.






























                                                                                                                 Flats                                                                                                           Delta Flats cemstal baso
                                                         Sabl"s        Colas        Norman       Varall          Tout         AtChol        Urge            Water         Rise. a       Past.           ocace"       Pearl       Total            Total

                                   19,56 water to 1910 88,030          104.39&      256.362      404.0"          856.093       256.473         618.229        "1.912        365,710      1.510.103      445. US        1.306     ]."1.6911
                                       motor                 (28)         (12)         (321          (471            (171          (65)          (64)            (42)         (62)

                                   1956 "Tab to IM $6.111               ". 2"         46.44a       23."3         163.736         7.647         143.00)        tts.731        77.0%          41.915       so.217          59)        441.2"          606.938
                                       water                 (12)         (18)           (6)          (3)              (7)         (2)           (10)            (10)         (121

                                   IOU low to 1976            914        1.410        3.382         4.270          10.976        2.014.          7.172         10.956        6.517           0. 799,       3.661         127         39.066          $0.022
                                       "Near                 (0)

                                   1,36 eager to tom          9%         1.%4         6.0%          5.0%           13.667        5.382          14.448         12.930        10.052          12.061      10.141          339         65.3178         ".045
                                       weak                  (0)          (41)           (1)          (1)              (1)         (1)             (1)             (1)          (2)             (1)
                                   19" megab to 1978       IS2.747     1". 201      4". 370      223.126         951.494       102.764        S49. "A        197. SIG        71,627         1".210      I97.SS9      19, i4s     1.736.916        2.646.428
                                       marsh                 (49)         (32)         (51)          (33)            (61)          (26)          439)            (35)         (it)             (to)         (211         (54)          (26)            430)

                                   IOU 104 to 1978           S,691       5.6"         7.28Y         6.116          22.701        2.206           7.170         to.799        4.737            7.6"         3.025         3S2         37.9se          "All
                                       marsh                  (2)           (2)          (1)         PCI)              (1)         M               (1)             (1)          (1)            (Cl)          (1)         M               (1)              M

                                   19% water to 1911          741)       2.Y69        3.414         2.013          8. f"         3.186           2.839          6. V"        4,495            4,SSS        1.199           is        25. Ill         14.190
                                       IMA                   (0)            (1)        tcl@          M)              (<t)          (1)           (<I)              (1)          (1)            let)          (1)         (0)           (4)             M)
                                   IOU marsh to ION         13,272       10.292       32.4"        16.938          73.092        S.441          31.011         S3.176        1'7.%0          24.M        20.414          Sol        IS2. M          22S. "I
                                       lead                   if )          (31)         (4)          (2)              (3)         (1)             (2)             M            (3)             (1)          (3)         (2)
                                   1936 10001 to 1978       IS.431       34.256       13.359     114.227         199.172         2.10)          20.002         S9.SS4        48.4$3         223.0"       23,119       10'say       405, we         6". Goo
                                       low                    (S)         ill)           (4)         (13)              (93         (2)             (1)             (5)          (0)            (10)          (4)         (32)            (6)              (1)

                                   Are* compared          314.OU       MASS         T-- -1. 8                 T, 0-1 -,0                    !-J--M,        7-1 -,1 -,"    ;2-6 2-2,          1- -0,     72-19-2.         -z"
                                   Forcearw than"            (14)         lls)         (12)           17)            M)            (71           (15)            (18)         (193              (5)         (12)         (6)           (12)            (12)



                                   Table A-4. Land cover                                       in each basin between                                     1956 and 1978, in acres (percentages
                                                                  in parentheses) (Cahoon and Groat 1990).









                                                                Appendix
                                    Energy-related Activities in Louisiana's Coastal Zone
                                               Not Requiring Coastal Use Permits.

                          Pursuant to La. R.S. 49:214.34.A. 10., determinations of no direct and significant impact
                  (NDSIs) should be made for the activities listed under the categories below, provided that no
                  environmentally or administratively sensitive areas are impacted:

                          1.      Oil and gas drilling and production activities.

                                  a.      Office of Conservation In-lieu determinations will be made for drilling rigs
                                          in open water, in existing oil/gas canals and on existing drilling pads
                                          provided that:

                                          1. no dredging (including propeller washing) for access, is required

                                          2. they will not impact any active oyster lease, seed oyster ground, or
                                          public oyster area (may be waived with approval of LDWF)

                                          3. no environmentally sensitive areas (rookeries, eagle nests, submerged
                                          vegetation beds, etc.), scenic streams, or wildlife refuges (the latter may be
                                          waived with approval of LDWF) will be impacted

                                          4. the activity is not located in the Marsh Island/Rainey Refuge Area

                                  b.      Ring levees and road dumps in non-wetland areas other than those on
                                          unaltered cheniers, salt domes, barrier islands, beaches, and similar
                                          isolated, raised land forms.

                                  C.      Fill for shell pads in open waters when the work is not authorized by the
                                          Corps general permit NOD-3, but meets all standards provided therein.

                                  d.      Fill for shell pads in existing oil and gas canals.

                                  e.      Oil and gas platforms, extensions thereof, and appurtenant structures 150'
                                          or less in cumulative length, which do not obstruct navigation and are
                                          located in open water and do not require any dredging or fill. Applicant
                                          must agree to provide as-built plats within 30 days of installation and to
                                          remove the structures within 120 days of site abandonment. Structures
                                          must also be marked/lighted in accordance with U.S. Coast Guard
                                          regulations,

                                  f.      Oil and gas platforms, extensions thereof, and appurtenant structures and
                                          activities in man-made oil and gas canals or on the spoil banks of such
                                          canals. A combination of spoil bank and canal siting is acceptable if no
                                          wetland is impacted. Canal maintenance dredging, site leveling and minor
                                          earth work is permitted provided no more than 125 cubic yards of material
                                          are involved and no wetlands, oyster leases, or other environmentally or
                                          administratively sensitive features are impacted. Minor canal maintenance
                                          and minor eanh work, involving no more than 125 cubic yards of material,
                                          is also allowed for removal of structures and for plug- and-abandonment
                                          activities under this determination, Applicant must agree to provide as-built
                                          plats within 30 days of installation and to remove the structures within 120








                                         days of site abandonment. Structures must also be marked/lighted in
                                         accordance with U.S. Coast Guard regulations.

                                 9.      Installation of piles and pile clusters for the placement of a production barge
                                         in open water areas provided that the production barge facility (barge and
                                         appurtenant structures), is no more than 350' in total length. This
                                         determination will not apply in oyster lease areas, seed oyster grounds, or
                                         other public oyster harvesting areas without the approval of LDWF. It will
                                         also not apply if other environmentally or administratively sensitive areas
                                         will be impacted. Applicant must agree to provide as-built plats within 30
                                         days of installation and to remove the barge and all related structures within
                                         120 days of site abandonment. The barge and structures must also be
                                         marked/lighted in accordance with U.S. Coast Guard requirements.


                        11.      Pipelines,

                                 a.      Pipelines laid on the surface of the ground (burial at levee and canal
                                         crossings is acceptable) provided that wheeled or tracked vehicles are not
                                         used in any phase of the installation process across vegetated, wetland areas
                                         (pulling pipe, people or equipment movement, etc.). Applicant must agree
                                         to provide as-built plats within 30 days of installation and remove the line(s)
                                         within 120 days of abandonment of the authorized use.

                                 b.      Pipelines laid in trenches in open water bottoms and canal crossings,
                                         provided that the trench will be backfilled or the pipe is installed by jetting.
                                         Pipeline must be placed a minimum of 3 ft below the mudline. Applicant
                                         must agree to provide as-built plats within 30 days of installation and
                                         remove the line(s) within 120 days of abandonment of the authorized use.

                                 NOTE: For iterns a. and b. above, if a pipeline application is to replace an existing
                                         line, the CMD requires that the old line be removed unless such removal
                                         will cause extensive environmental impacts or other significant problems.

                                 C.      Placement of up to 125 cubic yards of rip-rap or other erosion controlling
                                         material at pipeline crossings of canal and waterway (bayous, bays, etc.)
                                         shorelines. This authorization allows for the placement of 125 cubic yards
                                         of material per crossing (62.5 cubic yards on each side of a canal or bayou);
                                         it does not restrict the number of crossings which can be authorized under
                                         each determination.


                        III.     Activities occurring on the Mississippi River levees or on the batture areas of such
                                 such levees provided the activity does not pose a hazard to navigation or result in
                                 the discharge of hazardous or toxic materials into the river and that no vegetated
                                 wetlands are impacted.

                        IV.      Activities occurring wholly in areas designated as UDV1 or UDV2 under the
                                 Cowardian classification svstem and which do not result in the discharge of
                                 hazardous, toxic or other habitat degrading materials into coastal waters and
                                 wetlands.

                        V.       Other activities which, after thorough technical review, are determined to have no
                                 direct and significant effects on coastal waters. Such determinations wiH apply to








                           exceptional cases and must document: 1) the justification for the NDSI
                           determination, 2) any necessary coordination with other interested state or federal
                           agencies (examples might include LDWF, the State Land Office, etc.), 3) the
                           activity's consistency with all applicable Coastal Use Guidelines, and 4) possible
                           future impacts to the program. This type of determination is subject to case-by-case
                           approval by the Secretary or his designee.



















                         COASTAL USE GUIDELINES
              AS APPROVED BY THE HOUSE NATURAL RESOURCES
              COMMITTEE ON JULY 9, 1980, THE SENATE NATURAL
                RESOURCES COMMITTEE ON JULY 11, 1980 AND
                     THE GOVERNOR'ON JULY 24, 1980




               LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
                  LOUISIANA COASTAL RESOURCES PROGRAM













































                                  51













                                      GUIDELINES APPLICABLE TO ALL USES

                         Guideline 1.1   The guidelines must be read in their entirety. Any
                  .proposed use may be subject to the requirements of more than one guideline
                   or section of guidelines and all applicable guidelines must be complied
                   with.

                         Guideline 1.2 Conformance with applicable water and air quality laws,
                   standards and regulations, and with those other laws. standards and
                   regulations which have been incorporated into the coastal resources pro-
                   gram shall be deemed in conformance with the program except to the
                   extent that the.se guidelines would impose additional requirements.

                         Guideline 1.3    The guidelines include both general provisions applic-
                   able to all uses and specific provisions applicable only to certain types of
                   uses    The general guidelines apply in all situations. The specific guide-
                   lines apply only to the situations they address.            Specific and general
                   guidelines should be interpreted to be consistent with each other. In the
                   event there is an inconsistency, the specific should prevail.

                         Guideline 1.4 These guidelines are not intended to nor shall they be
                   interpreted so as to result in an involuntary acquisition or taldng of
                   property.

                         Guideline 1.5 No use or activity shall be carried out or conducted in
                   such a manner as to constitute a violation of the terms of a grant or
                   donation of any lands or waterbottoms to the State or any subdivision
                   thereof.    Revocations of such grants and donations shall be avoided.

                         Guideline 1. 6   Information regarding the following general factors
                   shall be utilized by the permitting authority in evaluating whether the
                   proposed use is in compliance with the guidelines.

                         a)   type, nature and location of use.

                         b)   elevation, soil and water conditions and flood and storm hazard
                              characteristics of site.

                         c)   techniques and materials used in construction, operation and
                              maintenance of use.

                         d)   existing drainage patterns and water regimes of surrounding
                              area including flow, circulation, quality, quantity and salinity;
                              and impacts on them.

                         e)   availability of feasible alternative sites or methods for implement-
                              ing the use.
                         f)   designation of the area for certain uses as part of a local
                              program.





                                                         52








                  g)   economic need for use and extent oi impacts of use on economy
                       of locality.

                  h)   extent of resulting public and private benefits.

                  i)   extent of coastal water dependency of the use.

                  J)   existence of necessary infrastructure to support the use and
                       public costs resulting from use.

                  k)   extent of impacts on existing and traditional uses of the area
                       and on future uses for which the area is suited.

                  1)   proximity to and extent of impacts on important natural features
                       such as beaches, barrier islands, tidal passes, wildlife and
                       aquatic habitats, and forest lands.

                  m)   the extent to which regional, state and national interests are
                       served including the national intere-4t in resources and the siting
                       of facilities in the coastal zones as identified in the coastal
                       resources program.

                  n)   proximity to, and extent of impacts on, special areas, particular
                       areas, or other areas of particular concern of the state program
                       or local programs.

                  o)   likelihood of, and extent of impacts of, resulting secondary
                       impacts and cumulative impacts.

                  p)   proximity to and extent of impacts on public lands or works, or
                       historic, recreational or cultural resources.

                  q)   extent of impacts on navigation, fishing, public access, and
                       recreational opportunities.

                  r)   extent of compatibility with natural and cultural setting.

                  S)   extent of long term benefits or adverse impacts.

                  Guideline 1.7  It is the policy of the coastal resources program to
            avoid the  following adverse impacts. To this end, all uses and activities
             shall be planned, sited, designed. constructed, operated and maintained to
             avoid to the maximum extent practicable significant:

                  a)   reductions in the natural supply of sediment and nutrients to the
                       coastal system by alterations of freshwater flow.

                  b)   adverse economic impacts on the locality of the use and affected
                       governmental bodies.

                  C)   detrimental discharges of inorganic nutrient compounds into
                       coastal waters.






                                                53







                           d).  alt,.-rations in the natural concantration of oxygen in coastal
                                waters.


                           e)   destruction or adverse alterations of streams, wetland, tidal
                                passes, inshore waters and waterbottoms, beaches, dunes,
                                barrier islands, and other natural biologically valuable areas or
                                protective coastal features.

                           f)   adverse disruption of existing social patterns.

                           g)   alterations   of   the    natural   temperature regime of coastal
                                waters.

                           h)   detrimental changes in existing salinity regimes,.

                           i)   detrimental    changes     in    littoral  and    sediment      transport
                                processes.

                                adverse effects of cumulative impacts.

                           k)   detrimental discharges of suspended        solids into coastal waters,
                                including turbidity resulting from dredging.

                           1)   reductions or blockage of water flow or natural circulation
                                patterns within or into an estuarine system or a wetland forest.

                           m)   discharges of pathogens     or toxic substances into coastal waters.

                           n)   adverse alteration   or destruction of archaeological, historical or
                                other cultural resources.

                           o)   fostering of detrimental secondary impacts in undisturbed or
                                biologically highly productive wetland areas.

                           p)   adverse alteration or destruction of unique or valuable habitatst
                                                                                                        or
                                critical habitat for endangered species, important wildlife
                                fishery breeding or nursery areas, designated wildlife management
                                or sanctuary areas, or forestlands.

                           q)   adverse alteration or destruction of public parks, shoreline
                                access points, public works, designated recreation areas, scenic
                                rivers, or other areas of public use and concern.
      X
                           r)   adverse disruptions of coastal wildlife and fishery migratory
                                patterns.

                           s)   land loss. erosion and subsidence.

                           0    increases    in  the     potential  for f lood,   hurricane or other
                                storm damage, or increases in the likelihood that damage
                                will occur from such hazards.







                                                           54









                    u)   reductions in the long term biological productivity of the coastal
                         ecosystem.

                    Guideline 1.8 In those guidelines in which the modifier "maximum
              extent practicable" is used, the proposed use is in compliance with the
              guideline if the standard modified by the term is complied with. If the
              modified standard is not complied with. the use will be in compliance with
              the guideline if the permitting authority finds, after a systematic consider-
   X          ation of all pertinent information regarding the use, the site and the
              impacts of the use as set forth in guideline 1.6, and a balancing of their
              relative significance, that the benefits resulting from the proposed use
              would clearly outweigh the adverse impacts resulting from non-compliance
              with the modified standard and there are no feasible and practical alterna-
              tive locations, methods and practices for the use that are in compliance
              with the modified standard and:

                    a)   significant public benefits will result from the use, or;

                    b)   the use      would serve important 'regional, state or national
                         interests,   including the national interest in resources and the
                         siting of   facilities in the coastal zone identified in the coastal
                         resources   program, or;

                    c)   the use is   coastal water'dependent.

                    The  systematic   consideration process shall also result in a determina-
              tion  of those conditions necessary for the use to be in compliance with the
              guideline. Those conditions shall assure that the use is carried out utiliz-
              ir, gthose locations,   methods and practices which maximize conformance to
              the   modified standard; are technically, economically, environmentally,
              socially and legally feasible and practical; and minimize or offset those
              adverse impacts listed in guideline 1. 7 and in the guideline at issue.

                    Guideline 1.9     Uses shall to the maximum extent practicable . be
              designed and carried out to permit multiple concurrent uses which are
              appropriate for the location and to avoid unnecessary conflicts with other
              uses of the vicinity.

                    Guideline 1. 10    These guidelines are not intended to be, nor shall
              they be, interpreted to allow expansion of governmental authority beyond
              that  established by La. R.S. 49:213.1 through 213.21, as amended; nor
              shall these guidelines be interpreted so as to require permits for specific
              uses  legally commenced or established prior to the effective date of the
              coastal use permit program nor to normal maintenance or repair of such
              uses*



                                             GUIDELINES FOR LEVEES

                    Guideline 2.1     The leveeing of unmodified or biologically productive
              wetlands shall be avoided to the maximum extent practicable.






                                                      55







                           Guidelint. 2.2 Levees shall be planned and sited to avoid segmenta-                      r
                     tion  of wetlang--areas and systems to the maximum extent practicable.

                           Guideline 2.3    Levees constructed frur the purpose of developing or
                     otherwise changing the use oi a wetland area shall be avoided to the
                     maximum extent practicable.

                           Guideline 2.4    Hurricane and flood protection levees shall be located
                     at the non-wetland/wetland interface or landward to the maximum extent
                     practicable.

                           Guideline 2.5     Impoundment levees shall only be constructed in
                     wetland areas as part of approved water or marsh management projects or
                     to prevent release of pollutants.

                           Guideline 2.6    Hurricane or flood protection levee systems shall be
                     designed, built and thereafter operated and maintained utilizing best
                     practical techniques to minimize disruptions of existing hydrologic patterns,
                     and the interchange of water, beneficial nuti-ients and aquatic organisms
                     between enclosed wetlands and those outside the levee system.


                                              GUIDELINES FOR LINEAR FACILITIES

                           Guideline 3.1     Linear use alignments shall be planned to avoid
                     adverse impacts on areas of high biological productivity or irreplaceable
                     resource areas.


                           Guideline 3.2 Linear facilities involving the use of dredging or filling
                     shall be avoided in wetland and estuarine areas to the maximum extent
                     practicable.

                           Guideline 3.3    'Linear facilities involving     dredging shall be of the
                     minimum practical size and length.

                           Guideline 3.4    To the maximum extent practicable, pipelines shall be
                     installed through the "push ditch" method and the ditch backfilled.

                           Guideline 3.5 Existing corridors, rights-of-way, canals, and streams
                     shall be utilized to the maximum extent practicable for linear facilities.

                           Guideline 3.6 Linear facilities and alignments shall be, to the maxi-
                     mum   extent practicable, designed and constructed to permit multiple uses
                     consistent with the nature of the facility.

                           Guideline 3.7 Linear facilities involving dredging shall not traverse
                     or adversely affect any barrier island.

                           Guideline 3.8 Linear facilities involving dredging shall not traverse
                     beaches, tidal passes, protective reefs or other natural gulf shoreline
                     unless no other alternative exists.        If a beach, tidal pass, reef or other
                     natural gulf shoreline must be traversed for a non-navigation canal, they




                                                            56









          shall be restored at least to their natural condition immediately   upon com-
          pletion of construction. Tidal passes shall not be permanently      widened or
          deepened except when necessary to conduct the use. The best available

          r
             toration techniques which improve the traversed area's ability to serve
            es,
          as a shoreline shall be used.

               Guideline 3.9 Linear facilities sha.U be planned. designed, located
          and  built using the best practical techniques to minimize disruption of
          natural hydrologic and sediment transport patterns, sheet flow, and water
 i
          quality, and to minimize adverse impacts on wetlands.

               Guideline 3.10 Linear facilities shall be planned, designed, and built
          using the best practical techniques to prevent bank slumping and erosion,
          saltwater intrusion. and to minimize the potential for inland movement of
          storm-generated surges. Consideration shall be given to the use of locks
          in navigation canals and channels which connect more saline areas with
          fresher areas.

               Guideline 3.11 All non-navigation canals, channels and ditches which
          connect more saline areas with fresher areas shall be plugged at all water-
          way crossings   and at intervals between crossings in order to compartmen-
          talize them. . The plugs shall be properly maintained.

 T
               Guideline 3.12 The multiple use of existing canals, directional drilling
          and  other practical techniques shall be utilized to the maximum extent
          practicable to minimize the number and size of access canals, to minimize
          changes of natural systems and to minimize adverse impacts on natural
          areas and wildlife and fisheries habitat.

               Guideline 3.13   All pipelines shall be constructed in accordance with
          parts 191. 192, and 195 of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as
          amended, and in conformance with the Commissioner of Conservation's
          Pipeline Safety Rules and Regulations and those safety requirements
          established by La.       R.S.   45:408,   whichever would require higher
          standards.

               Guideline 3.14    Areas dredged for linear facilities shall be backfilled
          or otherwise restored to the pre-existing conditions upon cessation of use
          for navigation purposes to the maximum extent practicable.

               Guideline 3.15 The best practical techniques for site restoration and
          revegetation shall be utilized for all linear facilities.

               Guideline 3.16 Confined and dead end canals shall be avoided to the
          maximum extent practicable.        Approved canals must be designed and
          constructed using the best practical techniques to avoid water stagnation
          and eutrophication.









                                              57










                                          GUIDELINES FOR DREDGED SPOIL DEPOSITION

                           Guideline 4.1    Spoil shall be deposited utilizing the best practical
                      techniques to avoid disruption of water novement, flow, circulation and
                      quality.

                           Guideline 4.2 Spoil shall be used beneficially to the maximum extent
                      practicable to improve productivity or create new habitat, reduce or com-
                      pensate for environmental damage done by dredging activities, or prevent
                      environmental damage.      Otherwise, existing spoil disposal areas or upland
                      disposal shall be utilized to the maximum extent practicable rather than
                      creating new disposal areas.

                           Guideline 4.3 Spoil shall not be disposed of in a manner which could
                      result in the impounding or draining of wetlands or the creation of devel-
                      opment sites unless the spoil deposition is part of an approved levee or
                      land surface alteration project.

                           Guideline 4.4 Spoil shall not be disposed of on marsh, known oyster
                      or clam reefs or in areas of submersed vegetation to the maximum extent
                      practicable.

                           Guideline 4.5 Spoil shall not be disposed of in such a manner as to
                      create a hindrance to navigation or fishing, or hinder timber growth.

                           Guideline 4.6 Spoil disposal areas shall be designed and constructed
                      and maintained using the best practical techniques to retain the spoil at
                      the site, reduce turbidity, and reduce shoreline erosion when appropriate.

                           Guideline 4.7 The alienation of state-owned property shall not result
                      from spoil deposition activities without the consent of the Department of
                      Natural Resources.



                                          GUIDELINES FOR SHORELINE MODIFICATION

                           Guideline 5. 1   Non-structural methods of shoreline protection shall be
                      utilized to the maximum extent practicable.

                           Guideline 5.2 Shoreline modification structures shall be designed and
                      built using best practical techniques to minimize adverse environmental
                      impacts.

                           Guideline 5.3    Shoreline modification structures shall be lighted or
                      marked in accordance with U.S. Coast Guard regulations, not interfere
                      with navigation, and should foster fishing, other recreational opportunities,
                      and public access.

                           Guideline 5.4    Shoreline modification structures shall be built using
                      best practical materials and techniques to avoid the introduction of pollu-
                      ta,nts and toxic substances into coastal waters.







                                                            58











                Guidelin.- 5.5   Piers and docks and other harbor structures shall be
          designed and built    using best practical techniques to avoid obstruction of
          water circulation.


                Guideline 5.6   Marinas, and similar commercial and recreational devel-
          opments shall to the the maximum extent practicable not be located so as to
          result in adverse impacts on open productive oyster beds, or submersed
          grass beds.

                Guideline 5.7    Neglected or abandoned shoreline modifidation struc-
          tures, piers, docks, mooring and other harbor structures shall be removed
          at the owner's -expense, when appropriate.

                Guideline 5.8 Shoreline stabilization structures shall not be built for
          the purpose of creating fill areas for development unless part of an
          approved surface alteration use.

                Guideline 5.9    Jetties, groins, breakwaters and similar structures
          shall be planned, designed and constructed so as to avoid to the maximum
          extent practicable downstream land loss and erosion.


                                  GUIDELINES FOR SURFACE ALTERATIONS

                Guideline 6.1 Industrial, commercial, urban, residential, and recrea-
          tional uses are necessary to provide adequate economic growth and devel-
          opment.    To this end, such uses will be encouraged in those areas of the
          coastal zone that are suitable for development.        Those uses shall be consis-
          tent with the other guidelines and shall, to the maximum extent practicable,
          take place only:

                a)   on lands five feet or more above sea level or within fast lands;
                     or

                b)   on lands which have foundation conditions sufficiently stable to
                     support the use, and where flood and storm hazards are minimal
                     or where protection from these hazards can be reasonably well
                     achieved, and where the public safety would not be unreasonably
                     endangered; and

                     1)    the land is already in high intensity of development use, or

                     2)    there is adequate supporting infrastructure, or

                     3)    the vicinity has a tradition of use for similar habitation or
                           development

                Guideline  6.2   Public and private works projects such as levees,
          drainage improvements, roads, airports, ports, and public utilities are








                                                 59







                    necessary tc protect and support needed deveiopment and shall be encour-
                    aged.  Such projects shall, to the maximum extent practicable, take place
                    only when:

                         a)   they protect or serve those areas suitable for development pur-
                              suant to Guideline 6.1; and

                         b)   they are consistent with the other guidelines; and

                         c)   they are consistent with all relevant adopted state, local and
                              regional plans.

                         Guideline 6.3 BLANK (Deleted)

                         Guideline 6.4 To the maximum extent practicable wetland areas shall
                    not  be drained or filled. Any approved drain or fill project shall be
                    designed and constructed using best practical techniques to minimize
                    present and future property damage and adverse environmental impacts.

                         Guideline 6.5   Coastal water    dependent uses shall be given special
                    consideration in permitting because of their reduced choice of alternatives.

                         Guideline 6.6 Areas modified     by surface alteration activities shall, to
                    the  maximum extent practicable,      be revegetated, refilled, cleaned and
                    restored to their predevelopment     condition upon termination of the use.

                         Guideline 6.7 Site clearing shall to the maximum extent practicable be
                    limited to those areas immediately required for physical development.

                         Guideline 6.8 Surface alterations shall, to the maximum extent prac-
                    ticable, be located away from critical wildlife areas and vegetation areas.
                    Alterations in wildlife preserves and management areas shall be conducted
                    in strict accord with the requirements of the wildlife management body.

                         Guideline 6.9 Surface alterations which have high adverse impacts on
                    natural functions shall not occur, to the maximum extent practicable, on
                    barrier islands and beaches, isolated cheniers, isolated natural ridges or
                    levees, or in wildlife and aquatic species breeding or spawning areas, or
                    in important migratory routes.

                         Guideline 6.10 The creation of low dissolved oxygen conditions in the
                    water or traps for heavy metals shall be avoided to the maximum extent
                    practicable.

                         Guideline 6.11 Surface mining and shell dredging shall be carried out
                    utilizing the best practical techniques to minimize adverse environmental
                    impacts.

                         Guideline 6.12     The creation of underwater obstructions which
                    adversely affect fishing or navigation shall be avoided to the maximum
                    extent practicable.







                                                        60








                   Guideline 6.13 Surface alteration sites and facilities shall be             designed,
             constructed, and operated using the best practical techniques to prevent
             the release of pollutants or toxic substances into the environment and
             minimize other adverse impacts.

                   Guideline 6.14 To the maximum extent practicable only material that
             is free of contaminants and compatible with the environmental setting shall
             be used as fill.



                                  GUIDELINES FOR HYDROLOGIC AND
                                SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODIFICATIONS

                   Guideline 7.1      The controlled diversion of sediment-laden waters to
             initiate new cycles of marsh building and sediment nourishment shall be
             encouraged and utilized whenever such diversion will enhance the viability
             and productivity of the outfall area.           Such diversions shall incorporate a
             plan for monitoring and reduction andior amelioration of the effects of
             pollutants present in the freshwater source.

                   Guideline 7.2 Sediment deposition systems may be used to offset land
             loss,  to create or restore wetldnd areas or enhance building characteristics
             of a  development site.       Such systems shall only be utilized as part of an
             approved plan.       Sediment from these systems shall only be discharged in
             the area that the proposed use is to -be accomplished.

                   Guideline 7.3 Undesirable deposition of sediments in sensitive habitat
             or   navigation areas shall be avoided through the use of the best
             preventive techniques.

                   Guideline 7.4      The diversion of freshwater through siphons and
             controlled conduits and channels, and overland flow to offset saltwater
             intrusion and to introduce nutrients into wetlands shall be encouraged and
             utilized whenever such diversion will enhance the viability and productivity
             of the outfall area. Such diversions shall incorporate a plan for monitoring
             and reduction arid/or amelioration of the effects of pollutants present in
             the freshwater source.

                   Guideline 7.5      Water or marsh management plans shall result in an
             overall benefit   to the productivity of the area.

                   G uideline  7.6 Water control structures shall be assessed separately
             based on their    individual merits and impacts and in relation to their overall
             water or marsh management plan of which they are a part.

                   Guideline 7.7      Weirs and similar water control structures shall be
             designed and      built using the best practical techniques to prevent "cut
             arounds." permit tidal exchange in tidal areas, and minimize obstruction of
             the migration of aquatic organisms.

                   Guideline 7. 8     Impoundments which prevent normal tidal exchange
             and/or the migration of aquatic organisms shall not be constructed in
             brackish and saline areas to the maximum extent practicable.




                                                       61







                       Guideline 7.9   Withdrawal of surface and ground water shall not
                  result in  saltwater intrusion or land subsidence to the maximum extent
                  practicable.


                                       GUIDELINES FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTES

                       Guideline 8.1   The location and operation of waste storage, treatment,
                  and  disposal facilities shall be avoided in wetlands to the maximum extent
                  practicable, and best practical techniques shall be used to minimize
                  adverse impacts which may result from such use.

                       Guideline 8.2 The generation, transportation, treatment, storage and
                  disposal of hazardous wastes shall be pursuant to the substantive re;uire-
                  ments of the Department of Natural Resources adopted pursuant to Act 334
                  of 1978 and approved pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery
                  -@ct. of 1976 P. L. 94-580, and of the Office of Conservation for injection
                  below surface.

                       Guideline 8.3   Waste facilities located in wetlands shall be designed
                  an d built to withstand all expectable adverse conditions without releasing
                  pollutants.

                       Guideline 8.4 Waste facilities shall be designed and constructed using
                  best practical techniques to prevent leaching, control leachate production,
                  and prevent the movement of leachate away from the facility.

                       Guideline 8.5   The use of overland flow systems for non-toxic, biode-
                  gradable wastes, and the use of sump lagoons and reservoirs utilizing
                  aquatic vegetation to remove pollutants and nutrients shall be encouraged.

                       Guideline 8.6   All waste disposal sites shall be marked and, to the
                  maximum extent practicable, all components of waste shall be identified.

                       Guideline 8.7   Wastes facilities in wetlands with identifiable pollution
                  problems that are not feasible and practical to correct shall be closed and
                  either removed or sealed, and shall be properly revegetated using the best
                  practical techniques.

                       Guideline 8.8 Waste shall be disposed of only at approved disposal
                  sites.

                       Guideline 8.9 Radioactive wastes shall not be temporarily or perman-
                  ently disposed  oFin the coastal zone.


                         GUIDELINES FOR USES THAT RESULT IN THE ALTERATION
                                OF WATERS DRAINING INTO COASTAL WATERS

                       Guideline 9.1 Upland and upstream water management programs which
                  affect coastal waters and wetlands shall be designed and constructed to
                  preserve or enhaDce existing water 'quality, volume, and rate of flow to
                  the Maximum extent practicable.




                                                      62









             Guideline 9. 2    Runoff from developed areas shall to the ffiakiffitim
        extent practicable be managed to simulate natural wate'r pattefris, quantity,
        quality and rate of flow.

             Guidline 9.3     Runoff and erosion from agricultural lands shall be
        minimized through the best practical techniques.


              GUIDELINES FOR OIL, GAS AND OTHER MINERAL ACTIVITIES

             Guideline 10.1    Geophysical surveying shall utilize the best practical
        techniques to =mmize disturbance or damage to wetlands, fish and Wildlife
        and other coastal resources.

             Guideline 10.2     To the maximum extent practicable, the huffibbef of                                3@
        mineral- exploration and production sites in Wetland areas requiring floata@
        tion access shall be held to the minimum number, c6ftsi!ï¿½tent With good ee-
        covery and conservation practices and the need foe energy d6velopth6fit,
        by directional drilling, multiple use of existing access canals and other
        practical techniques.

             Guideline 10.3    Exploration, production and refining activities shall,
        to the maximum extent practicable. be located away from critical wildlife
        areas an6 vegetation areas.        Mineral operations in wildlife peesdrvet and
        management areas shall be conducted in strict accordance with the require-
        ments of the wildlife management body.
             Guideline 10.4    Mineral exploration and production ficilitie.,g      *!,hall be
        to the maximum extent practicable designed, constructed and maintained in
        such a manner to maintain natural water flow regimes, avoid blocldng
        surface drainage, and avoid erosion.

             Guideline 10.5     Access routes to mineral exploration, productioti and
        refining sites s9-a-11 be designed and aligned so as to avoid adverse ithpactt
        on critical wildlife and vegetation areas to the maximum extent practicable.

             Guideline 10.6 Drilling and production sites shall be prepared, con-
        structed, and operated using the best practical techniques to prevent the
        release of pollutants or toxic substances into the environment.

             Guideline 10.7 All drilling activities, supplies, and equipment shall
        be kept on barges, on drilling rigs, within ring levees, or on the well
        site.

             Guideline 10.8     Drilling ring levees shall to the maximum extent
        practicable be_@_eplaced with smaller production levees ot removed entirely.

             Guideline 10.9 All drilling and production equipment, structures, and
        storase facilities shall be designed and constructed utilizing best practical
        techniques' to withstand all expectable adverse conditions without releasing
        pollutants.






                                              63








                             Guideline 10.10 Mineral exploration, production and refining facilities
                       shall be designed and constructed using best practical techniques to mini-
                       mize adverse environmental impacts.

                             Guideline 10.11    Effective environmental protection and emergency or
                       contingency plans shall be developed and complied with for all mineral
                       operations.

                             Guideline 10.12 The use of dispersants, emulsifiers and other similar
                       chemical agents on oil spills is prohibited without the prior approval of the
                       Coast Guard or Environmental Protection Agency on-Scene Coordinator, in
                       accordance with the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution
                       Contingency Plan.

                             Guideline 10. 13    Mineral exploration and production sites           shall be
                       cleared, revegetated, detoxified and otherwise restored as near as practic-
                       able to their original condition upon termination of operations to the
                       maximum extent practicable.

                             Guideline 10. 14    The creation of underwater obstructions *hich
                       adversely affect fishing or navigation shall be avoided to the maximum
                       extent practicable.


                                                      GUIDELINE DEFINITIONS

                             Levees     any use or    activity which creates an embankment to control
                       or prevent water movement, to retain water or other material, or to raise a
                       road or other lineal use above normal or flood water levels.                 Examples
                       include levees, dikes and embankments of any sort.

                             Linear Facilities    those uses and activities which result in creation o.
                       structures or works    which are primarily linear in nature. Examples include
                       pipelines, roads, canals, channels, and powerlines.

                             Shoreline 114odifications   - those     uses    and activities     planned or
                       constructed with the intention of directly or indirectly changing or pre-
                       venting change of a shoreline.           Examples include bulkheading, piers,
                       docks, wharves, slips and short canals, and jetties.

                             Spoil Deposition - the deposition of any excavated or dredged
                       material.

                             Surface Alterations - those uses and activities which change the
                                                     land area or water: bottom. Examples include fill
                       surface or usability    o
                       deposition,    land reclamation,      beach nourishment, dredging (primarily
                       areal), clearing, drair'ling, surface mining, construction and operation of
                       transportation, mineral, energy and industrial facilities. and industrial,
                       commercial and urban developments.








                                                              64










              Hlydroloai; and Sediment Transport Modifications       those. uses and
         activities intended to change water circulation. direction of flow, velocity,
         level, or quality or quantity of transported, sediment@.    Examples include
         locks, water gates, impoundments, jetties, groins, fixed and variable
         weirs, dams, diversion pipes, siphons.. canals, and surface, and ground-
         water withdrawals.

              Waste Disposal - those uses and activities which involve the
         collections, storage -and discarding or disposing of any solid or liquid
         material. Examples include littering; landfill; open dumping; incineration;
         industrial waste treatment facilities; sewerage treatment; storage. in pits,
         ponds or lagoons; ocean. dumping and subsurface, disl5osal.

              Alterations of Waters Draining in Coastal Waters    -  those   uses    or
         activities that would alter, change, or introduce pollu,,irig substances into
         runoff and thereby modify the quality of coastal waters.. Examples include.
         water control Impoundments, upland and water management, programs, and
         drainage projects from urban, agricultural and industrial developments.

              Oil, Gas and Other Mineral Activities       those uses and activities
         which are directly involved in the exploration, production, and. refining- of
         oil, gas and other minerals.      Examples include geophysical surveying
         establishment of drill sites and access to them, drilling, on site storage oi
         supplies, products and waste materials, production, refining,' and spill
         cleanup.

              Coastal Water Dependent Uses - those which must be carried out on,
         in o         t to coastal water     as or wetlands because the use- requires
         access to the water body or wetland or requires the consumption, harvest-
         ing or other direct use of coastal resources, or requires the use of coastal
         water in the manufacturing or transportation of goods. Examples include
         surface and subsurface mineral extraction, fishing., ports and necessary
         supporting commercial and industrial facilities, facilities for the construc-
         tion, repair and maintenance of vessels, navigation- projects, and fishery
         processing plants.

              Best Practical Techniques - those methods or techniques which would
         result in the greatest possible minimization of the adverse impacts listed in
         Guideline 1.7 and in specific guidelines applicable to the proposed use.
         Those methods or techniques shall be the best methods or techniques
         which are in use in the industry or trade or among, practitioners of' the
         use, and which are feasible and practical for utilization.

              Water or Marsh Management Plan - a systematic development and
         control plan to improve and increase biological productivity, or to minimize
         land loss, saltwater intrusion, erosion or other such environmental
         problems, or to enhance recreation.

              Impoundment Levees - those levees and associated water control
         structures whose primary purpose is to contain water within the levee
         system either for the prevention of the release of @pollutants, to create
         fresh water reservoirs, or for management of fish or wildlife resources.





                                            65










                        Hurtican : or Flood Protection Levees - those levees and associated
                  water control structures whose primary purpose is to prevent occasional
                  surges of flood or storm generated high water. Such levee systems do not
                  include those built to permit drainage or development of enclosed wetland
                  areas.


                        Development Levees - those levees and associated water control struc-
                  tures whose purpose is to allow control of water levels within the area
                  enclosed by the levees to facilitate drainage or development within the
                  leveed areas.    Such levee systems also commonly serve for hurricane or
                  flood protection, but are not so defined for purposes of these guidelines.

                        Feasible and Practical - those locations, methods and/or practices
                  which are of established usefulness and efficiency and allow the use or
                  activity to be carried out successfully.

                        Minerals - oil, gas, sulfur, geothermal, geopressured, salt, or other
                  naturally occurring energy or chemical resources which are produced from
                  below the surface in the coastal zone.          Not included are such surface
                  resources as clam or oyster shells, dirt, sand, or gravel.

                        Sediment De]2osition Systems - controlled diversions of sediment-laden
                  water in order to initiate land building or sediment nourishment or to
                  minimize undesirable deposition of sediment in navigation channels or
                  habitat areas. Typical activities include diversion channels, jetties, groins
                  or sediment pumps.

                        Radioactive Wastes - Wastes containing source, special         nuclear, or
                  by-product material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act              of 1954, as
                  amended (68 Stat. 923).






























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                 This public document was published at a cost of $ 413S. 41       Twelve-hundred copies of this
                 public document were published at a cost of $ 4135.41 . The total cost of all printings of this
                 document including reprints is $ 4135-41 . This document was published by the Department of
                 Natural Resources, P.O. Box 44487, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70804-4487, to inform the public
                 under authority of PL 92-583 and La. R.S. 49:214, et seq. This material was printed in
                 accordance with the standards for printing by state agencies established pursuant to R.S. 43:3 1.
                 Financial assistance was provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
                 administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
                 Atmospheric Administration.


















































































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